text:
U.S. television science fiction

U.S. television science fiction is a popular genre of television in the United States that has produced many of the best-known and most popular science fiction shows in the world. Most famous of all, and one of the most influential science-fiction series in history, is the iconic Star Trek and its various spin-off shows, which comprise the Star Trek franchise. Other hugely influential programs have included the 1960s anthology series The Twilight Zone, the internationally successful The X-Files, and a wide variety of television movies and continuing series for more than half a century.

The adventure serials
The first popular science-fiction program on American television was the DuMont Television Network children's adventure serial Captain Video and His Video Rangers, which ran from June 1949 to April 1955. Within eight months of Captain Video's debut, two other landmark series were launched - Tom Corbett, Space Cadet (August 1950 - June 1955) and Space Patrol (March 1950 - February 1955). ABC attempted to cash in on the burgeoning television science fiction market with a small screen version of Buck Rogers in 1950, but failed within months. Another series of the 1950s, Rod Brown of the Rocket Rangers broadcast live Saturdays from April 18, 1953, to May 29, 1954. The show was eventually cancelled due to a copyright infringement lawsuit based on the show's conceptual similarity to Tom Corbett, Space Cadet.

Although Captain Video was not a very sophisticated program by later standards, this series took advantage of many newly developed technologies, such as luminance key effects to create superimposition, although it also fell back on such older techniques as using stock footage from film libraries to cover scene breaks. Its reported budget for new props was just $25 per episode.

Nevertheless, Captain Video proved to be very popular, drawing audiences of 3.5 million at its peak, a more than respectable number for television at that time. It fired the imaginations of many of its young viewers, who had never before seen science fiction outside of cinemas, and had never been able to follow the same characters in a science-fiction setting over a prolonged period of time. The financial crisis of the DuMont Network eventually led to the cancellation of Captain Video, and soon the collapse of the entire network itself. However, the program had made its mark, and other science-fiction shows followed during the 1950s.

Within eight months of the debut of Captain Video, two other series would come to eclipse the program in popular memory. Tom Corbett, Space Cadet (1950–55) and Space Patrol (1950–55) were a fast-turnaround second generation of TV sci-fi, telling more compelling stories on larger budgets. Thanks to a stronger connection to their sponsors, both shows offered a shower of mail-in premiums that solidified their brand names, leading to the first TV tie-in toys on store shelves. Both offered daily radio programs featuring the television casts to augment their television adventures, and the actors were pressed into service for public appearances on a weekly basis. The schedule was grueling, but the resulting media blitz resulted in a large and loyal fan base for both programs. Both of these shows offered something Captain Video could not - due to the poor budget of the series, Captain Video was earthbound. The space adventures of Tom Corbett and Space Patrol forced Captain Video to eventually take to the stars to compete.

(A sidenote: most modern television viewers are aware of Captain Video only by his mention by Art Carney on The Honeymooners; by the time the episode was aired, the show had already been cancelled, and the space helmet Carney wore was a commercially available toy marketed from Space Patrol.)

ABC’s attempt to cash in on the success of this genre was a small screen version of Buck Rogers, which had already proved to be a huge success as a film serial in the 1930s. Running for a single season, 1950–1951, ABC's Buck Rogers starred Kem Dibbs and later Robert Pastene in the lead role. Like Captain Video, it was the victim of a very small budget, which restricted most of its action to a single laboratory set, hardly the most thrilling of situations for its young target audience.

Another 1930s serial was also resurrected for the small screen: Flash Gordon, starring Steve Holland in the title role. Episode credits indicate that it was filmed in Germany and France and syndicated in the U.S. It ran for a single season of 39 episodes, from 1953 to 1954. Another film hero, an alien living on Earth, transitioned to television in the Adventures of Superman which ran from 1952 to 1958.

Other series existed, but mostly in independent syndication. Captain Z-Ro was initially broadcast locally in San Francisco beginning in 1951, but moved to national syndication during its final two years of production beginning in 1954. Rocky Jones, Space Ranger was syndicated nationally for its two-year run from 1954 to 1955. Generally a superior program to most of the sci-fi series of the time, Rocky Jones was a victim of timing; by 1954, public interest was returning to the western genre. By the end of 1955, all of the episodic science fiction adventure series were gone from the airwaves.

The anthology series
Gradually, television producers realized that there was an adult audience as well as a young audience for science fiction. Television began to cater to a more cerebral brand of science fiction viewer, possibly inspired by the contemporary boom in literary science fiction by the likes of Isaac Asimov, or by the popularity of the allegorical science-fiction movies that were produced during the decade, such as The Day the Earth Stood Still.

One of the stalwarts of science fiction television programming in its early decades was the anthology series, in which a completely new story would be presented in each episode, with new actors, settings, and situations. The only continuing link was the producers, the genre, and the series title. The first series of this kind was Tales of Tomorrow running for 85 episodes, between 1951 and 1953, it was meant to be the first science fiction show for adults. The next popular series was Science Fiction Theatre, a syndicated series that ran for 78 episodes between 1955 and 1957.

Two years after its run finished, a much more popular and influential program in the same vein debuted on the CBS Network: The Twilight Zone, hosted by Rod Serling. The Twilight Zone began life as a one-off pilot, commissioned after the success of a science-fiction episode of the general drama anthology series Westinghouse-Desilu Playhouse. In its original form, the series ran for five years, from September 1959 until September 1964, with 156 episodes aired during that time. Presenting a vast array of science-fiction and horror concepts, its run included many memorable episodes whose imagery still lingers in American popular consciousness. One of its most enduring motifs has been its theme music, which is now recognized internationally.

The Twilight Zone was the bedrock of the more grown-up science fiction that would be produced during the 1960s. It was shot on film (as was now standard for much American non-live television programs), well-produced, and featured imaginative writing. One of the best-known episodes was the 1963 installment "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet," which starred a young William Shatner (later cast as Star Trek's Captain Kirk) as a man convinced that a hideous monster is lurking on the wing of the airplane in which he is traveling, even though nobody else can see it. That episode helped launch the career of Shatner, as well as a film version and a revival series during the 1980s.

ABC twice attempted their own science fiction anthologies, first with 1959's One Step Beyond, then with 1963's The Outer Limits. (ABC briefly tried to hire Serling after The Twilight Zone ended, but Serling noted that ABC's proposal was more horror-oriented in that it "booked (him) into a graveyard every week" and turned the network down.) Although The Outer Limits had a much shorter run, finishing in 1965, it proved to be famous and influential as well. Like its CBS contemporary, it spawned an only moderately successful revival decades later. One Step Beyond survived in frequent reruns because its owner, Alcoa, abandoned the copyright.

Return of the adventures series
Irwin Allen, who later went on to produce famous 1970s disaster movies like The Poseidon Adventure and The Towering Inferno, produced a whole range of popular science fiction series shows on American television during the 1960s. These included Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1964-1968), The Time Tunnel (1966-1967), and Land of the Giants (1968-1970). All involved futuristic, scientific concepts played out as the background to glossily produced action/adventure shows. Critics of Allen’s output often argue that it is all rather soulless and shallow, but as mass-produced entertainment it proved popular with American and international audiences. A popular non-Allen production was The Wild Wild West (1965 to 1969) which incorporated classic Western elements, espionage thriller and science fiction/alternate history concepts (in a similar vein to what would later be called steampunk).

The mid 1960s would prove to be an important period in the history of US television science fiction. It saw the creation of two brand new "space opera"-based science fiction shows, both featuring broad galactic exploration themes, with each show dealing with them in very different manners. The first of these was Irwin Allen's CBS show Lost in Space, which ran for three seasons from 1965 to 1968, and the other series, which premiered on NBC in 1966, was Star Trek.

The series
Star Trek began as an unscreened pilot made in 1964 before the series began in 1966. The show was conceived by screenwriter and producer Gene Roddenberry, depicting a future of galactic exploration and struggle, with all creeds and colors of humanity working together to explore the stars in a similar manner to the pioneers of the old West in America. Produced by Paramount for the NBC Network, Roddenberry’s original 1964 pilot for Star Trek, called "The Cage" and starring Jeffrey Hunter as Captain Christopher Pike, was regarded as being too intellectual and slow-moving by the network: however, they had sufficient faith in the ideas behind the program to commission a second pilot, which replaced the character of Pike and all but one of the rest (Spock, played by Leonard Nimoy, was the only character carried over from the original 1964 pilot) with a new crew commanded by Captain James T. Kirk, played by William Shatner. The show used a few established science fiction authors. Harlan Ellison wrote “The City on the Edge of Forever”, Richard Matheson wrote "The Enemy Within," and Theodore Sturgeon wrote “Shore Leave” and “Amok Time”.

Star Trek and social commentary
Star Trek was also known for its social commentary. The background for this commentary was a set of alien cultures that roughly paralleled the Earth of today. The United Federation of Planets was analogous to America, Starfleet to NATO, the Klingons to the Soviet Union, and the Romulans to China.

When that background seemed restrictive, Star Trek would create new cultures and new situations. When an episode was written about racial prejudice (“Let That Be Your Last Battlefield”), half-black and half-white aliens were created. Frank Gorshin, playing Commissioner Bele, was black on the right side of his body, and white on the left. He was trying to arrest Lokai, played by Lou Antonio, who was black on the left, and white on the right. When Bele brought Lokai back to their home planet, no one was left alive. A racial war had killed everybody. In spite of Kirk saying “Give up your hate”, Bele and Lokai fled the Enterprise and continued their fight on the planet's surface. The focus of this episode was not technology, but feelings and philosophy. The prejudice, and the pursuit of Lokai by Bele could have been a story without the presence of a star ship, and a pursuit across the galaxy. Therefore, it would be an example of soft science fiction.

Star Trek could also be technical. In the episode "The Changeling," Nomad is an Earth space probe that becomes damaged, and then somehow merges with the alien probe Tan-Ru. Its programming somehow changes, and it now seeks out and destroys imperfect life-forms. Nomad destroys the Malurian System's four billion inhabitants, and then encounters the Enterprise. Kirk and his crew discover Nomad's past and its new programming, and have to stop it before it destroys any more races. This, of course, they do. This is a classic case of out-of-control technology. Without Nomad, the technological artifact, there could have been no story. Science is used to analyze Nomad, and to determine how to defeat it. Therefore, this episode is an example of hard science fiction.

In this new form, Star Trek ran for three years until 1969, although it was never a huge ratings hit and stopped two years short of its planned five-year run. Only a fan campaign had prevented it from being canceled after the second season, but despite this apparent unpopularity, the show had a special quality to it that attracted a loyal fan base, and during syndication of the program in the early 1970s it proved to have an enduring popularity that would not go away. An animated series was commissioned, and eventually in the late 1970s a sequel series, Star Trek: Phase II was planned and work begun. However, after the success of Star Wars in the cinema, Paramount scrapped the idea of a new series and decided instead upon launching Star Trek as a film franchise. Star Trek would return to the small screen in a new form in due course, but not until 1987, some eighteen years after its original cancellation.

Star Trek's propensity for social commentary, in an era when American viewers were more receptive of it, was a factor in the rise in popularity of science fiction in American culture in the late 1960s. Much of this rise came at the expense of the more traditionally-positioned TV western, which collapsed in popularity at the same time.

1970s
Apart from repeats of Star Trek gathering popularity in syndication, the early 1970s proved to be at something of a low ebb for television science fiction in the US. Very few series of any great note or popularity were produced, and few if any from this period are remembered today. The success in syndication of the original Star Trek series, and fan pressure for a Star Trek revival, led to The Animated Series (1973–1974). The Animated Series continued the adventures of the Enterprise and its crew, and is considered canonical. After several false starts, a second live-action Star Trek series began development in 1977, prospectively titled Star Trek: Phase II. However, the show was abruptly cancelled just weeks away from commencing production and Paramount decided to make a feature film instead, which was eventually released in 1979.

After the end of the original Star Trek series, and before the first Star Trek movie, producer Gene Roddenberry tried unsuccessfully to pitch new science fiction shows; while most never got off the ground, some made it to the pilot stage and aired as TV movies, though none became fully-fledged series. Genesis II (1973) starred Alex Cord as a scientist who finds himself involved in a post-apocalyptic war after centuries spent in suspended animation. The story was recycled and retooled over two further pilot films, Planet Earth (1974) and Strange New World (1975), neither of which were successful. Roddenberry's later The Questor Tapes (1974) involves an android that disappears to seek his creator.

It was not until later in the decade, again inspired by the post-Star Wars boom of 1977 and beyond, that science fiction series began to return to prominence. One of those particularly keen on exploiting the networks’ new interest in the genre was producer Glen A. Larson, who created two new science fiction series in quick succession: his own original creation Battlestar Galactica/Galactica 1980 (1978–80) and another television version of Buck Rogers, this time entitled Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979–81). Both of these series had much in common. They were glossily produced on high budgets, with pilot episodes that were released theatrically into cinemas in some territories. However, both series seemed to place an emphasis on style over content, with the scripts generally being run of-the-mill action/adventure affairs with few of the more challenging concepts of science fiction of their predecessors. It is perhaps for this reason that both programs were so short lived, although they did attract highly dedicated and vociferous fan bases and do still linger to a certain extent in the popular consciousness.

A successful British science fiction series Doctor Who was syndicated in the US starting in 1972, with selected episodes of Jon Pertwee's time as the Doctor. In 1978, Tom Baker's first four seasons as the Doctor were sold to PBS stations across the United States.

1980s
Science fiction print authors didn't usually make it onto TV. Most TV scripts were created originally for TV. One of the few famous print authors to make it to the small screen was Ray Bradbury. His collection of linked stories The Martian Chronicles, was produced as a mini-series that first aired in 1980. Labeled as “faithful” but “bland'” it included such stars as Rock Hudson, Darren McGavin, Roddy McDowall and Bernadette Peters.

The most significant US science fiction television series of the early 1980s was the 1983 miniseries V, which aired on NBC. An allegorical tale paralleling the rise of Nazism in Germany of the 1930s with the arrival on Earth of an apparently friendly alien race with hidden motives, the miniseries proved to be highly popular and iconic, spawning both a sequel V: The Final Battle the following year, and then a full-blown television series for the 1984–1985 season, although neither of these were as successful as the original, being more action-oriented and somewhat less cerebral.

1987 saw the arrival of what is perhaps the most successful, in terms of sales and worldwide viewing figures, science fiction series of all time, Gene Roddenberry’s re-launching of his Star Trek franchise, Star Trek: The Next Generation. Taking place on a new starship Enterprise some seventy years after the events of the original series, unlike its predecessor it was not supported by a network, but instead sold directly into syndication. The program was a huge success, running for seven seasons and like the original series spawning several feature film spin-offs.

Another 1987 series was the oddball Max Headroom. Originally a British pilot film, it was picked up and re-made in America as a darkly comical drama series which followed an investigative video news journalist, Edison Carter (played by Matt Frewer) as he pursued stories and exposed scandals in a dystopian, TV-obsessed future. Edison was aided and abetted by a group of friends and colleagues, and by his electronic alter-ego, the stuttering, sarcastic iconoclast, Max Headroom. Although Max himself became something of a pop-culture phenomenon of the 1980s, the series itself was not a great success—despite being lauded for its portrayal of a world "20 minutes into the future", a Blade Runner-like cyberpunk world, where TV channels and ratings wars were everything, and people (particularly those at the margins of society known as "blanks", who had no record in the worldwide computer database and hence did not officially exist) were nothing.

A 1988 television series was the immensely successful British science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf. It originated from a 1980s' recurring radio sketch: Dave Hollins: Space Cadet and ran for 10 series over three time periods - Series 1-6 between 1988 and 1993, Series 7 & 8 between 1997 and 1999, plus a 3-parter (Series 9) in 2008 and Series 10 in 2012. In addition to the television series, there are four bestselling novels, two pilot episodes for an American version of the show, a radio version produced for BBC Radio 7,[2] tie-in books, magazines and other merchandise. Red Dwarf was a mining ship running between Earth and Jupiter which experienced a radiation leak that kills almost all the crew. The series is based on the "odd couple" survivors.

In the fall of 1989, the Alien Nation television series premiered. The drama was based on the 1988 film which starred actor James Caan. The original film was a buddy cop action picture with a plot involving extraterrestrials who land on earth and attempt to assimilate into human society. The television series continued the storyline, but among the theme of science fiction, the writers injected other elements such as discrimination and racism into the episodes. The series lasted only one season, but it did spawn five television films, a comics series, and a number of novels.

Star Wars is less known for its television products aside from animated shows. The mega-franchises' only known live-action television productions are the spin-off movies Ewoks: Caravan of Courage, Ewoks: Battle for Endor and the 2019 Disney+ show The Mandalorian.

1990s
The success of Star Trek: The Next Generation led to further Star Trek series which took place within the same time frame: firstly Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993–99) and later UPN’s Star Trek: Voyager (1994–2001) and Star Trek: Enterprise (2001–05). All of these series have helped affirm the iconic status of the Star Trek franchise, but as well as this they helped lead to a science fiction boom of the 1990s, as many networks and production companies sought to make their own shows in a genre which had shown itself to be incredibly popular and profitable again.

Although there were many run-of-the-mill series that did not get past a single season, this boom decade for science-fiction produced many intelligently written, creative, imaginative shows that have in a very short period of time been able to establish themselves in the popular consciousness of television viewers not just in the US, but worldwide as well.

Earth 2, story, with female lead, about castaways/colonists on extrasolar planet was cancelled after first season (1994-95). Space: Above and Beyond also lasted just one season – 1995–96. The basic premise was space Marines defending Earth against hostile aliens. seaQuest DSV, on the other hand, had a star in Roy Scheider. He played Captain Nathan Bridger from 1993 to 1995. He was replaced for the 1995–96 season by Michael Ironside, who played Captain Oliver Hudson. The show was cancelled after that season.

However, one of the more successful and most artistically ambitious series of this period was Babylon 5. Produced and largely written by J. Michael Straczynski with creative input by Harlan Ellison, this show attempted to create a series-long epic tale that avoided many of the clichés of the television genre. The series was highly acclaimed for its writing and its innovative visuals as the first television series to extensively use computer-generated imagery to create spectacular visual effects for an economical price. In addition, its five-season run (1993–98), the intended length of the series, was longer than any American non Star Trek space series up to that time.

1990s Earth-bound series
There were time-travel and dimension-hopping series in the vein of Quantum Leap (1989–93) and Sliders (1995–2000), and mysterious conspiracy thrillers such as The X-Files (1993–2002). The latter series in particular enshrined itself within the pop culture of a generation in a manner in which few television series are able, and the entire decade produced a rich vein of highly successful science fiction shows.

Declining interest
At the turn of the century, however, a change began in the type of telefantasy program that was popular with the viewing masses. Most of the genre programming to be found on the networks was horror or fantasy based rather than science-fiction as such: there was perhaps a sense that audiences were tired of science-fiction, and sought other types of programs. Others would say there was a TV exec backlash against the Genre, others would claim a media conglomerate displeasure with the costs associated with high production values needed by a good quality science fiction show. Thus the rise to production of such shows as Buffy the Vampire Slayer, its spin-off Angel and the stylistically similar Charmed. All of these were set in the real world of the present day, but involved fantastical and horrific threats to the central characters, and possessed a wit and self-awareness that had perhaps been lacking in some of their more po-faced science-fiction predecessors, not to mention much lower costs to produce.

Other shows
Nonetheless, the popularity of science fiction as a genre means that several notable programs enjoyed significant longevity. Stargate SG-1 began in 1997 and aired 10 seasons, and is somewhat unusual in being a successful spin-off series from the 1994 movie. The series became the longest-running North American science fiction television series, which warranted two spin-offs: Stargate Atlantis, which ran for five seasons; and Stargate Universe, which ran for only two seasons instead of the originally-planned five. Stargate SG-1 retained its record until Smallville completed its run with 218 episodes in 2011 and broke its record. The Sci-Fi Channel "original series" Farscape (which is in fact not American, but actually Australian, and premiered on the Nine Network), while never garnering a widespread audience, was heralded by critics and gained a dedicated fanbase, which helped the creators wrap up several story lines in the miniseries event Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars after the show's cancellation. The aforementioned Star Trek: Enterprise ran for four seasons, and the Sci Fi Channel aired a mini-series based on the original Battlestar Galactica, whose success paved the way for the acclaimed Battlestar Galactica, which lasted for four seasons and two movies, Battlestar Galactica: Razor and Battlestar Galactica: The Plan. Fringe, which featured a mad scientist character and explored alternate universes, aired for 100 episodes (2008-2013) on Fox.

The nature of science fiction as a genre and the trends of American culture allows is to explore the whole range of all types of science fiction from comedy to drama, just entertainment to socially relevant, youth to adult, soft to hard, gross to tasteful, cheap to expensive productions, and lame to thoughtful.

Despite trends in television, science fiction as a genre has firmly established its place in the make-up of American programming. The future of science fiction could be significantly helped by the advances in digital imagery, which allows for spectacular visual effects for a relatively economical price.

Other science fiction television genres
Two other subgenres were comic science fiction, and youth science fiction (children and teenagers). Examples of the former are My Favorite Martian, CBS, 1963–66; Mork & Mindy, ABC 1978–1982; ALF, NBC, 1986–90; and 3rd Rock from the Sun, NBC, 1996–2001.

There are many examples of youth science fiction. They are characterized by relatively simple plots, and characters despite lacking production value. The animated Colonel Bleep launched in 1957 and went on to a long run in first-run syndication. A British import using marionettes was Fireball XL5, initially released in 1962. Fireball XL5 was a rocket ship protecting Sector 25 of the Solar System. Also first released in 1962 was Space Angel, a cartoon. “Space Angel” was the code name for Scott McCloud, captain of a space ship.

The Jetsons, an animated domestic sitcom that debuted in 1962, was noted for its unusually accurate portrayal of future society. Jeffrey A. Tucker wrote in 2011 that The Jetsons is "distinguished in science-fiction lore by the fact that it is a rare attempt in this genre that actually succeeds in predicting the future." Usually, Jonny Quest, (1964–65), was a cartoon adventure, but with science fiction technology, e.g. a rocket ship and a hovercraft. Higher production values were quite evident in the Zenon trilogy released by the Disney Channel. Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century was released in 1999, Zenon: The Zequel was released in 2001, and Zenon: Z3 was released in 2004.

title: U.S. television science fiction


text:
Dallas Sidekicks (1984–2004)

The Dallas Sidekicks were one of the longest operating professional soccer teams, either indoor or outdoor, in the United States, based in Dallas, Texas, and operating from 1984 until suspending operations following the 2003–04 season. The team was founded as a member of the original Major Indoor Soccer League. Over the years, the team played in four other leagues (CISL, WISL, PSA, and the second incarnation of the MISL). The team's most famous player was Tatu, who was known for throwing his shirt into the stands after every goal. The team hosted the 1989 MISL All-Star Game. The team was one of the most successful franchises in indoor soccer history, making the playoffs in 16 of their 19 seasons of play. In the playoffs, the team made it to the championship game/series eight times, winning four titles.

An expansion team named after this team began play in the Professional Arena Soccer League on November 3, 2012. Home games for the new Dallas Sidekicks are played at the Allen Event Center in Allen, Texas.

Honors
Championships (4)
 * 1986–87 MISL
 * 1993 CISL
 * 1998 PSA
 * 2001 WISL

Division Titles (5)
 * 1989–90 MISL Western Division
 * 1993 CISL Regular Season
 * 1994 CISL Eastern Division
 * 1998 PSA Regular Season
 * 2003–04 MISL II Western Division

Key moments
The first goal (and first powerplay goal) in team history was scored by forward Herve Guilliod on November 2, 1984, in a game against the Las Vegas Americans. Goals #100, #2,000, and #3,000 were all scored by all-time team scoring leader Tatu.

Around noon on Feb. 13, 1989 The Dallas Sidekicks filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, one hour before the Mavericks were scheduled to file suit seeking to force the Sidekicks to repay a $519,000 debt. Team president David Shuttee said the debt was from 1986, when a group of Dallas businessmen purchased the Sidekicks from Mavericks owner Donald Carter.

Rivalry
During the MISL I days, the Sidekicks main rivals were the San Diego Sockers, Tacoma Stars, and Minnesota Strikers. During the 1990s, a rivalry developed between the Sidekicks and Monterrey La Raza.

Head coaches
In March 2013, Gordon Jago was named to the 2013 class of the Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame.

Retired uniform numbers

 * #5 Mike Powers 1987–2001
 * #8 Wes McLeod 1986–1992
 * #9 Tatu 1984–2003
 * #10 Kevin Smith 1984–92, 1995–98
 * #11 David Doyle 1991–2004
 * #22 Doc Lawson 1985–91
 * #23 Nick Stavrou 1991-04
 * #31 Krys Sobieski 1985–91
 * Gordon Jago Head Coach/General Manager 1984–98

Former players

 * #00 Shawn Ray 1994–95, 1996–98
 * #4 Rusty Troy 1995–2004
 * #5 Mike Powers 1987–2001
 * #8 Wes McLeod 1986–1992
 * #9 Tatu 1984–2003
 * #10 Kevin Smith 1984–92, 1995–98
 * #11 David Doyle 1991–2004
 * #18 Nick Efthimiou 1993–1999
 * #22 Doc Lawson 1985–91
 * #31 Krys Sobieski 1985–91

Arenas

 * Reunion Arena, 1984–2004
 * American Airlines Center, 2001 (one game)
 * Inwood Soccer Center, 1986–2004 (practice facility & exhibition games)

Year-by-year

 * *There were 7 seasons where the league the Sidekicks were competing in did not feature divisions, so there was a regular season league champion before the playoffs began.
 * **This 1986–87 Sidekicks team was inducted into the Pizza Hut Park Texans Credit Union Walk of Fame. Known forever in Dallas as the "Never Say Die" season, the Dallas Sidekicks defeated a heavily favored Tacoma Stars squad to win the 1987 MISL Championship. Down three games to two in a best-of-seven series, the Sidekicks won the final two games 5–4 and 4–3 respectively, both in overtime and both in front of sold-out arenas in Tacoma and Dallas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dallas Sidekicks (1984–2004)


text:
Talk:Pedigree (dog)

I, uh... kinda just copied the Pedigree (cat) article and changed all references to cats into references to dogs. I am not an expert, but from what I know the process is roughly equal... --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 01:00, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pedigree (dog)


text:
File:Dave Matthews Band - Under the Table and Dreaming.jpg

Summary
Cover of the album Under the Table and Dreaming by the Dave Matthews Band.


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Chuck F

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 01:01, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

Same user:
 * (Chuck F | talk | contributions)
 * (203.112.19.195 | talk | contributions)
 * (210.142.29.125 | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
''This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct. Users signing other sections should not edit here.''

Description
User:Chuck F, who frequently edits anonymously from 203.112.19.195 and 210.142.29.125, IP addresses in Japan, linked to Japan has been removing large sections from articles which he feels present corporations negatively. He has engaged in revert wars, violated the three revert rule, and modified other people's votes on VfD.

User:Chuck F has deleted factual sentences from Exxon Mobil, Wal-Mart, changed other users' votes on VfD pages Votes for deletion/FahrenHype 9/11, Votes_for_deletion/NATO_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics, Votes_for_deletion/Market_libertarianism. He has edited using an account and anonymously in an attempt to circumvent the three revert rule.

User:Chuck F has repeatedly engaged in vandalism on the Nut (hardware) page and vandalized Wikipedia by creating the nonsense page 'Hexaform Rotary Surface Compression Unit'.

These edits show that 203.112.19.195 and 210.142.29.125 are Chuck F: ,

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * Violated the three revert rule on Exxon Mobil on October 8:, , , ,
 * Violated the three revert rule on Michael Badnarik on October 10:, , ,
 * Reverted Libertarianism seven times between 12:53, Sep 9, 2004 and 00:01, Sep 10, 2004:, , , , , ,
 * Changed other people's comments on several VfD pages:, ,
 * Changed my listing of Talk:Exxon Mobil on WP:RFC
 * Removed large chunks of Wal-Mart to its own article:
 * Accused User:Mikkalai of vandalism for attempting to clean up an article Chuck started: Nato at the 2004 summer olympics - article has since been deleted, please see Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Chuck F for details. —Stormie 11:12, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Disrupted a Wikipedia article in order to prove a point in Votes for deletion/Market libertarianism. See comment by Daesotho on VfD page:, revisions to Nut (hardware): , , and history for 'Hexaform Rotary Surface Compression Unit'. Did not respond to discussion regarding these edits, and returned as Chuck F and vandalised the page again.

 * NEW complaint as of October 15. Chuck is now edit warring and removing portions of Ron Paul for no legitimate reason. Examples:,.
 * NEW complaint as of October 23. Broke 3 revert rule.
 * NEW complaint as of October 30. Chuck F has reverted a specific edit to Temple University twelve times without giving proper justification. Some of these edits have come with pretty abusive comments:
 * NEW complaint as of November 5. User:Chuck F is has reverted Liberal Democratic Party of Australia to an inaccurate version. . This seems to be part of an edit war over United States Libertarian Party and libertarianism. He seems to be trying to create evidence to support his claim about what the word libertarian means outside of America. From this article and looking at his behaviour elsewhere he refuses to compromise or to discuss the matter. He has broken the three revert rule on this article. He seems to have recently broken it many times on other articles and the edit wars have caused several pages to be protected. He also seems to be involved in a revert war over Exxon Mobile. I am concerned that his edit warring is now spreading unchecked beyond the articles where it started to related and unrelated areas. --213.120.56.41 13:45, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Darn't I wrote the intial article for that page, you act like i just followed somebody there and started revert warring, they followed me to that page Chuck F 14:03, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Applicable policies

 * Talk page - changing other users' signed comments on VfD and RFC pages
 * Three revert rule
 * No personal attacks
 * Accountability - making large changes anonymously
 * Always explain your reverts

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Talk:Exxon Mobil
 * Warnings about changing other people's comments:
 * Warning about deleting factual information for no reason:
 * Ignored my suggestion that we moderate:
 * Regarding Nut (hardware), did not respond to discussion regarding these edits and returned and vandalized the page again.

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * Rhobite 01:01, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Duk 02:23, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * RadicalSubversiv E 20:31, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC). I've only taken cursory glances at the earlier corporate material, but I wholeheartedly endorse the new complaint regarding Ron Paul.
 * Reithy 09:18, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC) Chuck_F frequently appears to be in breach of wikipedia rules as I understand them, he reverts without explanation, and deletes useful information for no good stated reason. This borders on vandalism. See his McJob efforts for recent examples of this. His deletion of General_Motors information on its finances is another.[]
 * Arcuras 16:55, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sekicho 15:57, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Improv 19:14, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC). Has also violated temporary bans by not logging in.

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

First off: wikipedia is unneutral to large-scale corporations. Look at pages of Forbes 500 companies, most all of them have history, and then criticisms, and no counter-points to those criticisms or good things those companies have done. You turn this into a database of criticisms of corporations.

The top of this page states "at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes". In the Evidence of trying to and failing to resolve a dispute, they forgot to mention in all thoese examples, the dispute was resolved.

No other people's comments were changed after "Warnings about changing other people's comments". Exxonmobile was a seriously biased article(still is, but a bit better), and I stopped reverting the page after "1.Talk:Exxon Mobil" occured and have worked towards discussion.

All thoese attempts to resolve the dispute were by Rhobite, Duk didn't show any ways he tried to resolve a dispute.

Also in terms of the claim that I called user mikkalai a vandel, that was not directed at him, but at an actual vandel of the page, I later restored the cleanup tag he added to the article.

As to Ron Paul: I wasn't removing large chunks of info, I was removing Reithy(THE Chucksch guy is obviously reithy, an admin can check that for me)'s half-truths/quotes taken out of context that he just vandalized the page with. Golby later went and fixed the congressional medal of honor one and I don't have any problems with it right now. But taking Quotes out of context from what his staffer's wrote and attrbuiating that to Mr.Paul and then putting it under a section called His views on Race is obviously vandalism

And I want to point out that ron paul has been edited by 4 different people who within mintues of them creating accounts edited ron paul(none of them editing at the same time or talking to each other, and all of them ceasing all editing acitvity once the newer one came about(I strong suspect at least two of these are for sure Reithy): http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Chuckschneider, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Schweppes42 , http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=144.132.89.151 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=Guido1970 (most likely that 144 ip though)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) 203.112.19.195 08:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

While the statement of dispute is an accurate summation of bad behaviour on Chuck's part upon first joining Wikipedia, in my opinion, it is not an accurate picture of his current behaviour.

 * There is no edit-warring on Exxon Mobil since some claims in the article have been sourced, and others have been rephrased to make it clear that they are allegations, not facts.
 * Chuck is engaging in discussions on Talk:Michael Badnarik and a rewrite of a controversial section at Michael Badnarik/Political views temp
 * There is no edit-warring on Libertarianism and as far as I can see Chuck hasn't been involved there for more than a month.
 * The removal of large chunks of Wal-Mart to Criticism of Wal-Mart is imho a perfectly reasonable act (and one which I have not seen any fundamental objections to), given how dominated by criticism the article was previously.
 * Chuck is involved in an edit war on United States Libertarian Party, but his position is aligned with the general consensus of editors, in opposition to another user who is himself the subject of an RFC: see Requests for comment/Reithy
 * Chuck has put some good work in cleaning up a hopelessly biased article, Virginia Trioli. Given that the other conflicts he has been involved in have involved articles he considered to have an anti-corporate bias, whilst this one was a clear hatchet job on a prominent left-wing journalist, I think it speaks well for his willingness to make NPOV edits.

In conclusion, I think it is clear that Chuck is moving in the direction of being a useful contributor to Wikipedia, and we would be better served by just getting on with it, rather than focusing on edits he made while still learning the ropes.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Stormie 01:38, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) MunchieRonnie 15:23, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) I think that the assume good faith policy suggests this is the right summary to endorse at this point. Shane King 05:00, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Chuck F


text:
Talk:Berkshire Downs

Watership Down
I always thought this was located above Kingsclere, in Hampshire and south of the River Kennet. The article 'Watership Down' confirms a Hampshire location. But this article defines the Berkshire Downs as north of the River Kennet.

So either Watership Down isn't in the Berkshire Downs -or- we have the wrong definition of the Berkshire Downs. Thoughts -- Chris j wood 01:02, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I think I have resolved this one. I've noticed that recent maps seem to refer to the whole downland area around West Berkshire/North Hampshire/South Oxfordshire/North Wiltshire as the North Wessex Downs, after the AONB of that name. So rather and try and make rather vague differentiations, I've created an article on that and redirected the others at it. Now Watership Down fits perfectly. -- Chris j wood 20:44, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berkshire Downs


text:
Yeshayahu Leibowitz

Yeshayahu Leibowitz (ישעיהו ליבוביץ; 29 January 1903 – 18 August 1994) was an Israeli Orthodox Jewish public intellectual and polymath. He was a professor of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and neurophysiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, as well as a prolific writer on Jewish thought and western philosophy. He was known for his outspoken views on ethics, religion, and politics. Leibowitz cautioned that the state of Israel and Zionism had become more sacred than Jewish humanist values and went on to describe Israeli conduct in the occupied Palestinian territories as "Judeo-Nazi" in nature while warning of the dehumanizing effect of the occupation on the victims and the oppressors.

Biography
Yeshayahu Leibowitz was born in Riga, Russian Empire (now in Latvia) in 1903, to a religious Zionist family. His father was a lumber trader, and his cousin was a future chess grandmaster Aron Nimzowitsch. In 1919, he studied chemistry and philosophy at the University of Berlin. After completing his doctorate in 1924, he went on to study biochemistry and medicine, receiving an MD in 1934 from the University of Basel.

He immigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1935, and settled in Jerusalem. Leibowitz was married to Greta, with whom he had six children, two of whom died at young ages. His son Elia was chairman of the Tel Aviv University astrophysics department, and the longest-serving director of the Wise Observatory. Another son, Uri, was a professor of medicine at Hadassah University Medical Center. His daughter, Yiska, was a district prosecutor.

Leibowitz's sister, Nechama Leibowitz, was a world-famous biblical scholar. Leibowitz was active until his last day. He died in his sleep on 18 August 1994. Shamai Leibowitz is one of his grandchildren.

Academic and literary career

Leibowitz joined the faculty of mathematics and natural science of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1936. He became a professor of biochemistry in 1941, and was promoted to the position of senior professor of organic chemistry and neurology in 1952. He taught at the Hebrew University for nearly six decades, lecturing in biochemistry, neurophysiology, philosophy, and the history of science.

Leibowitz served as the editor of the Encyclopaedia Hebraica in its early stages. Apart from his innumerable articles and essays, Leibowitz authored a wide range of books on philosophy, human values, Jewish thought, the teachings of Maimonides, and politics. Many of his lectures and discourses, including those given as part of the "Broadcast University" project run by Israeli Army Radio, were subsequently compiled and printed in book form. Leibowitz was a prolific letter writer, and his advice or comment was sought out widely. The first collection of his letters (in Hebrew) was published posthumously.

Religious philosophy
Leibowitz was an Orthodox Jew who held controversial views on the subject of halakha, or Jewish law. He wrote that the sole purpose of religious commandments was to obey God, and not to receive any kind of reward in this world or the world to come. He maintained that the reasons for religious commandments were beyond man's understanding, as well as irrelevant, and any attempt to attribute emotional significance to the performance of mitzvot was misguided and akin to idolatry. He believed that Jews should perform mitzvot solely for the sake of worshipping God and that although they could also have incidental benefit to the one performing the mitzvah, it would only be a religiously worthy act as long as the motivation was to worship God. He denied the idea of ethical mitzvot, believing that any mitzvot which set out duties towards others were duties based on a person's position before God rather than their position before their fellow man.

The essence of Leibowitz's religious outlook is that a person's faith is his commitment to obey God, meaning God's commandments, and this has nothing to do with a person's image of God. This must be so because Leibowitz thought that God cannot be described, that God's understanding is not man's understanding, and thus, all the questions asked of God are out of place. Leibowitz claimed that a person's decision to believe in God (in other words: to obey him) defines or describes that person, not God.

Leibowitz viewed God as transcending all reality as humans know it, believing that as an entity God is incomparable to any other form of reality humans can encounter, and is completely separate from the material world. He viewed human history in the natural world as having no divine significance and rejected the idea that God had set out a divine purpose in history or extended some form of providence over humanity. He did not see Torah as an account of historical and scientific truths, but rather as the source of the mitzvot or commandments on how Jews are to serve God. He believed that the stories presented as factual in the Torah were simply using literary forms within the realm of human comprehension to deliver demands on how to worship God, writing that "from the standpoint of religious faith, the Torah and the entirety of Holy Scripture must be conceived as a demand which transcends the range of human cognition - the demand to know God and serve him - a demand conveyed in various forms of human expression: prescriptions, vision, poetry, prayer, thought, and narrative." He believed that the Torah should not be read as a purely factual historical account, that the inclusion of any actual historical information in the Torah would be merely coincidental, and that all descriptions of God intervening in nature and history were not to be seen as factual but rather interpreted in terms of the messages they carry, as his ideas of God's transcendence denied that there could be any such contact between holiness and the world of the profane.

One result of this approach is that faith, which is a personal commitment to obey God, cannot be challenged by the usual philosophical problem of evil or by historical events that seemingly contradict a divine presence. When someone told Leibowitz that he stopped believing in God after the Holocaust, Leibowitz answered, "Then you never believed in God". If a person stops believing after an awful event, it shows that he only obeyed God because he thought he understood God's plan, or because he expected to see a reward. But "for Leibowitz, religious belief is not an explanation of life, nature, or history, or a promise of a future in this world or another, but a demand". He viewed the Holocaust as having no Jewish religious significance, as such a belief would contradict his ideas of God having no involvement in human affairs.

Leibowitz believed in the separation of state and religion, and held that mixing the two corrupted faith. He wrote that: "For Judaism, only God is holy, whereas country, nation, and state lack that status. The state is not a value in itself." He condemned the veneration of Jewish shrines, cynically referring to the Western Wall as the Discotel (a play on the words "discothèque" and "Kotel", a transliterated Hebrew word which literally means "wall", but capitalized refers to the Western Wall).

He was critical of Reform Judaism, calling it a "historical distortion of the Jewish religion", as well as Kabbalah, seeing them as encouraging people to not perform mitzvot for their own sake but ascribing a stated purpose to them. Reform Judaism teaches the concept of "ethical monotheism" and Judaism as having the mission of being a "light unto the nations" and Kabbalah seeks universal redemption through the performance of mitzvot. This was in contrast to Leibowitz's idea that mitzvot should be performed solely to serve God and not for any other explicit purpose. He rebuked the concept of Tikkun olam, a Kabbalistic idea which remains popular in Reform Judaism as a basis for supporting social justice. Further, he also claimed that placing the State of Israel, Jewish history, and Jewish culture above God was committing Avodah Zara, or idol worship.

Leibowitz did not believe in the Messianic Age as traditionally understood: "the profound religious meaning of the messianic idea consists in presenting a goal and a purpose towards which one must strive eternally. The Messiah is essentially he who always will come, he is the eternal future. The Messiah who comes, the Messiah of the present, is inevitably the false Messiah." He viewed the expectations of a literal Messianic Age as blurring the line between "religious faith aimed at the service of God and psychological yearnings for the satisfaction of human aspirations."

In his view, prayer for personal reasons, done for the needs of the person praying, was religiously meaningless and even blasphemy, as it seeks to influence God and sees God as an agent for fulfilling human needs. In his eyes, the only legitimate form of prayer was one done to fulfill commandments without any reference to the needs of the person praying.

In contrast to his strict views on some matters, he was liberal on others. On the subject of homosexuality, for example, Leibowitz believed that despite the ban on homosexual relations in Judaism, homosexuals should do their best to remain observant Jews. Leibowitz was also an advocate of increased gender egalitarianism in Jewish practice, writing that: "The halakhic decisions in Judaism barring women from public office tell us more about what actually was the case than about what ought to be" and arguing that men and women should study the Torah together.

Views and opinions
Although Leibowitz was a Zionist and Israeli patriot, in his later years he did not support Zionism for religious reasons but rather as an "endeavor to liberate Jews from being ruled by the Gentiles." In his view, the State of Israel had no religious significance and merely served a noble political purpose by fulfilling human needs. Despite being an Orthodox Jew, the version of Zionism he espoused was totally secular in nature. In line with his view that holiness was totally separate from the material world, Leibowitz denied that the Land of Israel was holy and that the Jews had a special right to it, writing that "the idea that a specific country or location has an intrinsic 'holiness' is an indubitably idolatrous idea" and that "talk of rights is pure nonsense. No nation has a right to any land."

Originally, he had been associated with religious Zionism and looked favorably on a system of law based on halakha. In the 1930s while still in Germany, he was aligned with the Mizrachi religious Zionist movement. On Zionism, he wrote that "we are presented with the opportunity and the task of realizing through and within the land of Israel the concealed power of Torah." He called for "a specific and detailed halakhic code for administering the full panoply of state functions" to demonstrate how religious parties would run the future Jewish state. He proposed a form of democratic halakhic Judaism. In the 1949 Knesset election, Leibowitz headed the United List of Religious Workers, which failed to win a seat. Following Israeli independence, Leibowitz moved away from religious Zionism. He was disappointed with the way the religious parties compromised with the secular government. In his view, they had prostituted themselves to the government to guard their own brand of religious sectarianism, subordinating religion to the government. He viewed the rabbinic leadership as morally corrupt. As a result, he became disillusioned with religious Zionism. His disillusionment was further bolstered by the Qibya massacre, which caused him to become more progressively critical of government policy. In his later philosophy, he became an outspoken defender of the complete separation between religion and state, which he was calling for by 1959. He came to view political involvement as having a corrupting influence on Judaism, and argued for the separation of religion and state for Judaism's sake. He viewed politicized religion as not being truly religious, believing that it focuses less on the demands it makes on its adherents. He was among the first Israeli intellectuals to state immediately after the 1967 Six-Day War that if the occupation continued, this would lead to the decline in moral stature.

In a 1968 essay titled "The Territories", Leibowitz postulated a hellish future:

"The Arabs would be the working people and the Jews the administrators, inspectors, officials, and police—mainly secret police. A state ruling a hostile population of 1.5 to 2 million foreigners would necessarily become a secret-police state, with all that this implies for education, free speech and democratic institutions. The corruption characteristic of every colonial regime would also prevail in the State of Israel. The administration would suppress Arab insurgency on the one hand and acquire Arab Quislings on the other. There is also good reason to fear that the Israel Defense Forces, which has been until now a people's army, would, as a result of being transformed into an army of occupation, degenerate, and its commanders, who will have become military governors, resemble their colleagues in other nations."

In an interview in Haaretz newspaper, Carlo Strenger, who knew Leibowitz personally, stated: "Because of his provocativeness, it's easy to miss Leibowitz's profound moral seriousness and the great relevance of his thought today. He is often pigeonholed as belonging to the extreme left, which is a mistake. Leibowitz, never willing to bow to collective pressure, was the most unlikely of combinations: On the one hand he was a libertarian, an extreme form of classical liberalism, and believed that human beings should be free to determine their way of life without any state interference. On the other hand, he was an ultra-Orthodox Jew who insisted that the state and religion must be separated completely to avoid corrupting each other."

During the Mossad's killing of the Palestinian and Arab figures after the murder of the Israeli Olympic athletes in September 1972 Leibowitz declared in a public speech at Beersheba University the following view: "Whoever condemns the terrorism of the Palestinian organizations must at the same time condemn the terrorism of the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza." For him the Palestinian terrorist attacks abroad against Israelis were the acts of "terrorism against terrorism."

Leibowitz became more harshly critical of Israeli policies following the 1982 Lebanon War. He repeatedly called for Israelis to refuse to serve in the occupied territories, and warned that Israel was turning its soldiers into "Judeo-Nazis", writing that if "the law . . . can allow the use of torture as a way of getting confessions out of prisoners, then this testifies to a Nazi mentality." He supported a unilateral Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories.

Awards and recognition

In 1993, Leibowitz was selected for the Israel Prize for Lifetime Achievment. Before the award ceremony, Leibowitz was invited to speak to the Israel Council for Israeli–Palestinian Peace, where his controversial remarks calling upon Israeli soldiers to refuse orders triggered outrage (and Yitzhak Rabin had threatened to boycott the ceremony). The jury convened to discuss the possibility of withdrawing the prize, but Leibowitz himself announced that he would refuse to accept it, because he did not want to create antagonism when receiving the prize.

title: Yeshayahu Leibowitz


text:
File:Railroad workers0001.jpg

Transcontinental railroad workers

title: File:Railroad workers0001.jpg


text:
French post offices in Crete

The French post offices in Crete were among a collection of post offices maintained by foreign countries during the late 1800s/early 1900s, after Crete had broken away from the Ottoman Empire, and until 1914 after Crete united with Greece in 1913. The offices were in Chania LA CANEE Rethymnon RETHYMNO Heraklion CANDIE Sitia SITIA Ierapetra HIERAPETRA and Agios Nikolaos SAN NICOLO; the last three were already closed end of 1899

France issued postage stamps for its offices in Crete in 1902 and 1903. The first set included 15 values, from one centime to five francs, consisting of the design of the French stamps of 1900, modified to be inscribed "CRETE". This was only a partial solution, since the local currency was still in piastres, and so in 1903 the post offices issued five of the larger values surcharged with values from one to twenty piastres.

title: French post offices in Crete


text:
Time Trax

Time Trax is a science fiction television series that first aired in 1993. A police officer, sent two centuries into the past to a parallel universe, must apprehend and return convicted criminals who have escaped prison in the future. This was the last new production from Lorimar Television.

Production
Time Trax was created by veteran Hollywood producers Harve Bennett, Jeffrey M. Hayes and Grant Rosenberg. Rosenberg came up with the original idea, which Bennett and Hayes helped craft into the final premise.

It was one of the first three original programming of the Prime Time Entertainment Network, alongside Kung Fu: The Legend Continues and Babylon 5, and it ran between January 20, 1993, and December 3, 1994. Despite being well received by viewers, the network cancelled the series because they wanted to go in a different direction to increase their viewer base.

Despite its Washington, D.C., setting, the series was shot in Queensland, Australia, near the Warner/Roadshow Studios. It was the last series to premiere under the Lorimar Productions name.

Premise
In the year 2193, over a hundred criminals become fugitives of law enforcement by traveling back in time two hundred years to a parallel Universe, using a time machine called Trax. Darien Lambert is a police detective of that period who is sent back to 1993 in order to apprehend as many of the fugitives as possible. He is assisted by the Specified Encapsulated Limitless Memory Archive, or SELMA, an extremely small but very powerful computer (described as equivalent to a mainframe) disguised for the mission as a credit card; SELMA communicates through a holographic interface which takes the visual form of a woman. Lambert is also equipped with a Micro-Pellet Projection Tube disguised as a keyless car alarm remote, which can stun targets or engulf them in an energy field, rendering them transportable to the future. This process, executed by SELMA, incorporates a transmission sequence to send the criminal on his way. Dr. Mordecai Sahmbi, who was responsible for sending the fugitives to 1993, tries several times to kill Lambert.

Captain Lambert, fearing the possible consequences of altering the timeline, does not actively attempt to interfere with the natural flow of history, although he frequently leaves messages for his colleagues in 2193 (via the personals sections of assorted newspapers).

Regular

 * Dale Midkiff as Captain Darien Lambert, Fugitive Retrieval Section. A police officer from the 22nd century. Born in 2160 and abandoned by his parents, he was raised in Enclave I-6 Middle City, the area formerly known as Chicago Land. As a child of his time, he has abilities superior to those of 20th-century humans: IQ 204, a speed memorization rate of 1.2 pages per second, a top speed of 8.6 seconds for 100 m, a heartbeat of 35 beats per minute and a life expectancy of 120 years, as well as mental focusing capabilities from beta wave training, including the ability to slow down the speed of visual images reaching the brain. He attended the International Police Academy at West Point, from which he graduated first in his class. In 2193, after over a hundred criminals escaped back to 1993, he is sent back to 1993 to retrieve them.
 * Elizabeth Alexander as SELMA (Specified Encapsulated Limitless Memory Archive), an advanced computer AI disguised as Darien's credit card. Selma communicates with both a voice and a holographic interface based on a picture of Darien's mother. Selma can place phone calls, perform medical and scientific testing as well as interface with virtually any computer including those belonging to law enforcement agencies, as well as having a vast amount of information in her database.

Recurring

 * Peter Donat as Dr. Mordecai Sahmbi, a MIT professor and winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics for his theoretical work in the teletransportation of particle mass. Creator of the TRAX time machine. He was paid by criminals to send them to the past. In the first episode, he traveled to the past to escape Darien.
 * Mia Sara as Annie Knox (Past - 20th century) and Elyssa Knox (Future - 22nd century)
 * Elyssa Knox was a young prodigy, accepted to MIT at age 9. By age 17, she was Dr. Sahmbi's most gifted student. In episode 1, she became Darien's love interest.
 * Annie Knox: A Secret Service Agent whom Darien encounters after his arrival and in several other episodes.

Home media
Time Trax was released on DVD on October 9, 2012, Warner Bros. released the complete first season on DVD in Region 1 via the Warner Archive Collection burn on demand service. The second and final season was released the following year on July 9, 2013.

International broadcasters

 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh - Bangladesh Television
 * 🇮🇳 India - Doordarshan
 * UK - ITV, Sci Fi Channel
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan - PTV
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka - MTV (Now known as Sirasa TV)
 * 🇩🇪 Germany - Sat.1
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary - RTL Klub
 * 🇮🇱 Israel - Channel 2 (Telad)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia - CTC
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia - RCTI
 * Korea - SBS
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine - ICTV
 * 🇨🇱 Chile - Canal 13
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden - SVT
 * NZ - TVNZ 2 (Originally known as Channel 2 and TV2)
 * 🇦🇺 Australia - Seven Network
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador - Canal 2 (TCS)
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina - Telefe
 * Perú - Canal 13 - Global Televisión

Video game

 * See main article: Time Trax (video game)

A video game for the Super NES console based on the series was released on the U.S. market by Malibu Games in April 1994 (although some sources list December 1993). A Sega Genesis version was also developed and completed, and was reviewed in major gaming publications, but it was never released by the publisher. A prototype of the Mega Drive/Genesis version in fully finished state was leaked in 2013. The Genesis version's most notable difference is its soundtrack being composed by Tim Follin.

title: Time Trax


text:
User talk:Ken2~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! andy 19:09, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Image:Molecular machine.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 02:22, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Molecular machine2.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 02:22, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ken2. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ken2~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:06, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:55, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ken2~enwiki


text:
USS Dent

USS Dent (DD–116) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during the World War I and later served as APD-9 in World War II. She was named for Captain John H. Dent.

Construction and commissioning
Dent was launched 23 March 1918 by William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia; sponsored by Miss A. W. Collins, great-granddaughter of Captain Dent; and commissioned 9 September 1918.

Service history
Dent escorted a convoy to Ireland between 19 September and 8 November 1918, and then carried out training at Guantanamo Bay. On 1 May 1919 she got underway from New York to serve on station off Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland, during the historic first aerial crossing of the Atlantic, a feat accomplished by a Navy seaplane. She returned to Newport on the 24th, and on 20 June she joined the escort for the yacht Imperator, carrying the President of Brazil from New York to Newport.

Dent arrived at San Pedro, California, 6 August 1919 to join the Pacific Fleet. She cruised to Hawaii as escort for USS New York (BB-34) with the Secretary of the Navy embarked in August, then steamed to Seattle for a Fleet Review in September. She returned to San Diego 22 September and went into reserve. She was placed in active commission again 14 December 1920, and operated with 50 percent of her complement on gunnery and torpedo practice, and in fleet maneuvers. She made a cruise to South America from 7 January to 11 March 1921, visiting Valparaíso, Chile; Costa Rica; and various ports in Mexico. Dent was placed out of commission in reserve 7 June 1922.

Recommissioned 15 May 1930, Dent acted as plane guard for carrier operations, trained reservists, and sailed for a fleet problem in the Caribbean and a visit to the United States East Coast from April to November 1934. On 18 December, she entered the Rotating Reserve at San Diego and tested ordnance until returning to active commission 10 June 1935. Dent operated along the United States West Coast and in the Hawaiian Islands until the United States entered World War II. At San Diego on 7 December 1941, she got underway the next day to screen USS Saratoga (CV-3) in her high speed run to Pearl Harbor.

World War II
Returning to San Francisco 29 December 1941, Dent had duty with the Sound School at San Diego and operated along the U.S. West Coast on convoy duty until 27 April 1942 when she sailed for Alaskan waters. From 8 May she operated out of Dutch Harbor on convoy and patrol duty, escorting transports for the invasion of Adak 1 September. She returned to Seattle 30 January 1943 for repairs and conversion to a high-speed transport. She was reclassified APD-9, 7 March 1943.

Dent arrived at Noumea, New Caledonia 20 April 1943. She operated from this base and Espiritu Santo, landing troops in the assaults on New Georgia, Rendova, Vella Lavella, and Cape Torokina, Bougainville. After overhaul at Sydney, Australia, in November, she returned to Milne Bay, New Guinea on 17 December. While training at Cape Sudest 5 days later, she grounded on an uncharted shoal. Serious structural damage necessitated her return to Australia for repairs through January 1944.

Dent arrived at Nouméa 7 February 1944 and landed men of the 4th Marines on Emirau Island 20 March. From Milne Bay, New Guinea, she carried soldiers to the Aitape landings 22 April. Sailing from New Guinea 9 May, she returned to the Solomons to train an underwater demolition team for the invasion of the Marianas. She carried her team to Roi where they were transferred for transportation to Guam, then escorted USS Mazama (AE-9) to Saipan to carry emergency supplies of ammunition to the bombardment ships. Dent patrolled off Saipan and Tinian until early July when she escorted transports to Eniwetok and sailed for overhaul at San Diego, arriving 3 August.

From 8 November 1944 until the end of the war, Dent served with the Amphibious Training Force, Pacific Fleet, at San Diego. She sailed 20 October 1945 for the U.S. East Coast, arriving at Philadelphia 6 November. Dent was decommissioned there 4 December 1945 and sold 13 June 1946.

Awards
Dent received five battle stars for World War II service.

As of 2012, no other ships of this name have served in the United States Navy.

title: USS Dent


text: Category:First Ministers of Generalitat de Catalunya


text:
List of towns in Skåne, Sweden

The following localities in Skåne, which has been one of the historical province of Sweden, were granted a charter and town privileges, mostly by the Danish king, as the province was under Danish rule up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658:

The local government reform of 1863 created the concept of municipalities in Sweden. The localities with town privileges were instituted as municipalities with the title of stad (city/town). In the province of Skåne they were: Ängelholm, Helsingborg, Kristianstad, Landskrona, Lund, Malmö, Simrishamn, Skanör med Falsterbo and Ystad. Trelleborg which had lost its privileges in 1619 got the title in 1867.

During the 20th century these localities were instituted as städer:

After 1951 no more städer were instituted and the local government reform of 1971 saw the abolishment of the term, replacing it with kommun for all municipalities, regardless of former status.

Today there is no official definition, but in some contexts (such as Sveriges Nationalatlas) localities with over 10,000 inhabitants are regarded as cities.

Urban areas in order of size
Below is a list of localities in Skåne County with a population greater than 10,000 as of 2005.

 * 1) Malmö, 258,020 (Malmö Municipality and Burlöv Municipality)
 * 2) Helsingborg, 91,457
 * 3) Lund, 76,188
 * 4) Kristianstad, 33,083
 * 5) Landskrona, 28,670
 * 6) Trelleborg, 25,643
 * 7) Ängelholm, 22,532
 * 8) Hässleholm, 17,730
 * 9) Ystad, 17,286
 * 10) Eslöv, 16,551
 * 11) Staffanstorp, 13,783
 * 12) Höganäs, 13,401
 * 13) Höllviken, 10.014 (Vellinge Municipality)

title: List of towns in Skåne, Sweden


text:
Category:Attention

Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.

title: Category:Attention


text:
Mita Congregation

The Mita Congregation (Congregación Mita) is a Christian denomination with headquarters in Puerto Rico. The congregation has chapters in the United States, Canada, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Panama, Costa Rica, Mexico, El Salvador, Spain, Italy and the Dominican Republic.

They have an estimation of 100,000 members worldwide.

History
The Mita Congregation was formed when Mita said that God had chosen her to found a church.

The congregation was founded in Arecibo in 1940, but in 1947 the church was relocated to Hato Rey.

Mitas, as her followers are called, believe that Juanita García Peraza was chosen by God and that she became the Prophet of the Holy Spirit in its third manifestation. First, as the omnipotent father in Jehovah, then in his beloved son Jesus Christ and in its third manifestation with a new name revealed Mita, name of the Holy Spirit of God.

According to their beliefs, the Holy Spirit once acted through Juanita García Peraza and anointed Teófilo Vargas Seín (October 23, 1921 - January 18, 2021) as the first anointed of God in what they call the new manifestation of God, the third manifestation, the Holy Trinity, the father, son and the Holy Spirit. According to the church, Vargas was renamed Aarón and before Peraza died in 1970, she called Aarón and told him to take care of his church and he was the spiritual leader of the Mita Congregation until he lost his battle to extensive cardiovascular conditions, passing away on January 18, 2021, in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Aarón was very known in the church and in the communities as a very enthusiastic and people-oriented leader, spending hours and hours of his days helping those in need, visiting hospitals and visiting the poorest communities.

He's also very known for bringing an extensive growth in the number of church members, taking it to many countries around The Americas and Europe. All this due to his vast campaigns of preachings where he would do 2, 3 and even 5 church services in one day in different communities.

The Congregation is now led by Rosinin Rodriguez, who had been named by Aarón in 2012 as his successor and the Spiritual Mother of the church.

Doctrine
The doctrine of the church is based on the original Reina-Valera Spanish translation of the Bible. They are trinitarian, believing in Jehovah, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit (Mita), who they believe "is on earth, that His new name is Mita and that, through Aarón, He guides His Church and guides it through truth and justice towards salvation". Aarón is considered God's prophet for today, and through him God's message of cleansing, freedom from sin, and unity is brought to the world. "Mita en Aarón" (Mita in Aaron) is a slogan of the Mita Congregation.

Mita members always clarify that when they talk about Mita in their hymns or preachings they are not referring to Juanita Garcia Peraza, but referring to the new name of the Holy Spirit who, at some point in the late 40s, called Juanita by His own name.

title: Mita Congregation


text: Template:Books of the New Testament

title: Template:Books of the New Testament


text:
Farofa

Farofa is a type of meal made from toasted cassava. It is eaten mainly in Brazil. It can be found commercially produced and packaged but can also be prepared at home based on family recipes. Most recipes will also contain varying amounts of salt, smoked meat, and spices. The consistency of the mixture ranges from large grains the size of cracked bulgur wheat or couscous down to a table-salt-sized powder. Most farofas have a very smoky and slightly salty taste, by and large used to accentuate the taste of meat, particularly barbecued meat and hearty stews.

In Brazil, where farofa is particularly popular, typical recipes call for raw cassava flour to be toasted with abundant butter, vegetable oil or olive oil, salt, bacon, onions, garlic, sausage, or olives until golden brown. It is sometimes served as an accompaniment to Brazilian feijoada and Brazilian barbecue. In Brazil, farofa is also used in a stuffing for poultry and other dishes, usually containing raisins, nuts, and/or finely chopped sweet fruits like apples and bananas. In the state of Bahia, it is common for farofa to be prepared with dendê oil, giving it a stronger taste and a rich yellow coloring.

Farofa is served alongside the main course and can either be sprinkled on by individual diners to their taste before eating, or eaten as an accompaniment in its own right, as rice is often consumed. Besides cassava, corn meal is also used for farofa making.

In West Africa, a variant of cassava flour known as garri is used in various dishes.

title: Farofa


text:
SEAT 600

The SEAT 600 is a city car made in Spain by SEAT from 27 May 1957 to 3 August 1973, built under license from Fiat on the original Italian Fiat 600, designed by Dante Giacosa. It was offered in two-door saloon body style rear engine layout, although a four-door version was also offered as SEAT 800. It is considered a pop icon of the Spanish economic miracle.

Measuring only 3.322 m long, it was launched in 1957 at an initial price of 65,000 pesetas (€390.66) –without taxes–. SEAT manufactured up to 797,319 SEAT 600s –and 18,200 SEAT 800s– at its factory in Barcelona's Zona Franca. Almost ten percent of the production was exported to countries such as Argentina, Belgium, Chile, Colombia, Finland, Poland, and Portugal. It was the best-selling car in Spain in 1958–1966, and in 1968, and in Finland in 1971–1973.

History
The Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo S.A., branded as SEAT, was born in 1950 as a joint venture of the Spanish state holding agency National Institute of Industry, six Spanish banks and Fiat. Almost all SEAT models up to 1982 were license-built Fiat-based cars, although the SEAT 1200/1430 Sport "Boca negra" and SEAT 133 were created in-house by SEAT in the 1970s.

Initially, some units of the original Italian model, the Fiat 600 –designed by Dante Giacosa and launched in 1955–, were imported to Spain, but soon the SEAT factory in Barcelona's Zona Franca began its own production based on this model, under agreement with Fiat. The first SEAT 600 manufactured left the production line on 27 May 1957. This unit was registered in Madrid on 5 December 1957 with the registration plate M-184018 and was in use until February 1985. This was not the first SEAT 600 registered, since the first one was registered in Barcelona on 8 June 1957 with the registration plate B-141141. Commercialization to the general public began on 24 June 1957.

With an initial launching price of 65,000 pesetas (€390.66) –without taxes–, it was an affordable vehicle. The sales success was such that the Commercial Division had a number of pending orders equivalent to four years of production. To stop this avalanche, the down payment for each order was established for the first time, something that lasted for several years. Sales were favored by SEAT itself with the increase in production, the reduction of the price to 63,000 pesetas in 1964 –a price that was maintained until 1969– and the creation of Fiseat –SEAT's customer financing company– in 1967, which expedited the processing of the purchase and promoted the payment in installments. With all this it became the best-selling car in Spain in 1958–1966, and in 1968. In 1971, one in every four cars circulating in the country was a SEAT 600.

Starting in March 1958, the units were delivered to the province of the client, who until then had to travel to the factory or to one of the seven subsidiaries that existed at that time. To help with personalization, there was a very extensive range of accessories: from chrome hubcaps or spoked wheels, to metal trays or roof racks to make up for the lack of storage spaces. Starting in July 1958, a fixed profile convertible body with a sliding canvas roof was also offered, which increased the price by 5,000 pesetas (€30.05). In February 1961, a commercial body appeared without rear seat or rear side windows and with a very basic finish –which made it cheaper–, to use as a small cargo vehicle or as a fleet vehicle.

In November 1965, SEAT entered the export business, shipping 150 SEAT 600s to Colombia, followed by exports to Argentina, Belgium, Chile, Finland, Poland, and Portugal. In Finland itself, the SEAT 600 D was the best-selling car in 1971–1973. When Fiat stopped manufacturing its Fiat 600 in 1969, it met demand for the model with units produced by SEAT labeled as Fiat construzione SEAT. SEAT exported nearly 80,000 units in total, almost ten percent of total production.

SEAT manufactured up to 797,319 units of SEAT 600s until 3 August 1973. After the cessation of production, it still exported 171,500 units in complete knock-down (CKD) format, that is, completely disassembled for assembly in the destination country. Among the reasons for ending production were the thin and weak B-pillars, which made it difficult to properly install seat belts after stricter passive safety requirements came into force. It was replaced by the less successful SEAT 133, the first vehicle designed by SEAT, as a modernized derivative of the SEAT 850.

The SEAT 600 helped to start the Spanish miracle –the economic boom in Spain between 1959 and 1973– that came at the end of the slow recovery from the Spanish Civil War. It was the first car that came within the modest but rapidly growing economic means of most Spanish families from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s. The vehicle has become a pop icon of the period. As of 2023, it is estimated that there are still about 10,000 Seiscientos in circulation in Spain, and there are more than a hundred fan clubs that organize meetings and excursions every weekend.

SEAT 600
The design of the SEAT 600 is a two-box two-door four-seater rear-engined saloon. Its two initial series are the 600 (1957–1963) –unofficially known as 600 N to differentiate it from later versions– and the 600 D (1963–1970), both distinguishable by the use of suicide doors. In 1958, the 600 received its first modification in finishes and equipment incorporating chrome overriders in the bumpers, new headlamps and light levers. The 600 D has instead the front position lights located under the main headlamps with the indicators at their height on the sides, the lock embedded in the door opening handle and the start no longer with a lever, having adopted an ignition key system located in the center of the dashboard. In 1966, the 600 D underwent a restyling incorporating bumpers with more curved lines and rubber overriders, larger seats and cream-colored wheels.

The third-series 600 E (1969–1973) has conventional doors, bigger headlamps, a more robust door locking system, the ignition lock next to the steering wheel with anti-theft system, a different grille, a storage tray, a central ashtray, new upholstery, and a luminous water temperature indicator. The final production run is the 600 L and the 600 L Especial (1972–1973), which incorporate a triangular air vent in the C-pillar to compensate the interior pressure when closing the doors.

Starting in July 1958, a fixed profile convertible body with a sliding canvas roof, called the SEAT 600 Descapotable, and starting in February 1961, a commercial body, with paneled rear side windows, without rear seat, and with a very basic finish, called the SEAT 600 Comercial, were also available.

SEAT 800
A slightly longer, four-door saloon version, the SEAT 800, was manufactured between October 1963 and May 1967, starting sales in January 1964. It is also known as a four-door 600, although the official designation was 800. It is the four-door derivative of the 600 D; it has front suicide doors and rear conventional doors mounted on the same B-pillar. The modification of the bodywork and painting were carried out at Carrocerías Costa in Tarrassa, after which it was incorporated into the SEAT assembly line to receive the mechanics, windows, trim and finishes. The SEAT 800 was a version developed exclusively in Spain, since it did not have a counterpart Fiat version, and up to 18,200 units were made. It had some success as a microtaxi in cities like Madrid, Bilbao or Valladolid.

Derivatives
Several versions derived from the SEAT 600 were manufactured with SEAT parts by other companies. Many of which were built by Siata Española –the Spanish branch of Siata– but cars were also modified by other carbody makers. Among the derivatives developed by Siata Española in its factory in Tarragona, the Siata Formichetta, a commercial panel van derived form the 600 D, stands out, of which approximately 6,700 units were manufactured between 1961 and 1966 and were commercialized by SEAT. Other derivatives developed by Siata Española were:
 * Siata Ampurias. A three-box saloon version with two suicide doors of which twenty-four units were manufactured in 1960.
 * Siata Patricia. A one-box nine-seater door-less beach version, with the passengers in the second and third row facing each other, of which six units were manufactured on demand with a price of 159,300 pesetas (€957,41) each.
 * Siata Tarraco. A three-box sporty saloon version with two conventional doors of which 598 units were manufactured in 1960–1971.
 * Siata Turisa. A three-box two-seater sporty convertible roadster version with two conventional doors of which 228 units were manufactured in 1960–1962.
 * Siata Minivan. A compact van with cargo, passenger and mixed versions of which 8,000 units were manufactured in 1967–1972. In 1972, Motor Ibérica took over the manufacturing of the van, which continued until 1980, replacing different components with those of newer SEAT cars. Counting all versions and updates, and all the names under which it was marketed, approximately 22,700 units were manufactured.

Manufacturas Railly (MARSA), a carbody maker from Barcelona, developed the SEAT 600 Multiple, the version with SEAT parts of the Fiat 600 Multipla, a four-door six-seater MPV, but only about twenty units were sold between 1960 and 1962.

Sporty versions of the SEAT 600 prepared for automobile competition were also developed. The most common ones were prepared by Abarth, but cars were also modified by Conti, Autolinea, and Zakspeed, and were equipped with SEAT 850 or SEAT 1430 engines –tuned up to 110 bhp capable of reaching 200 km/h–, also modifying other components such as brakes or wheels. They had taken part in several competition events, driven by pilots such as Antonio Zanini.

Technical specifications
The SEAT 600 is a license-built Fiat 600. It has a rear-engined/rear wheel-drive layout and is technically very basic. The engine is an inline-four, water-cooled unit originally with a displacement of 633 cc producing 21.5 hp-metric and later 767 cc, yielding 32.5 hp-metric at 4600 rpm. It has hydraulic drum brakes on all four wheels and three-synchro (no synchro on first) four-speed manual transaxle with reverse gear. It uses 5.20 R12 tyres –12 x–.

Issues
The biggest issue with the SEAT 600 is the engine's water cooling system, which causes regular overheating when driving at low speed and overloaded –exceeding its maximum authorized mass–, something that used to be common. This is due to a radiator with little exposure to the outside air, a water pump and radiator fan driven by a weak belt, a delicate thermostat, and the common use of water as a coolant.

Neither seat belts nor side-view mirrors came as standard on any SEAT 600, which represents a safety issue. The thin and weak B-pillars did not have space or solidity to fix the robust seat belt anchors needed when stricter passive safety requirements came into force, being this one of the reasons for ending production.

Legacy
The Seiscientos was also known as pelotilla (little ball), seílla or seíta (both stand for little SEAT), and ombligo (navel) –because "everyone" had one–.

Being such a popular vehicle, it appears extensively in the Spanish cinema of the time, even becoming the center of the plot as in the film Ya tenemos coche (1958), directed by Julio Salvador, in which a family struggles to buy a Seiscientos. It is also widely used in later Spanish period films and television series depicting the era, such as in Cuéntame cómo pasó (2001–2023) in which the first car the protagonist family has is a SEAT 800. It has even appeared in the lyrics of songs, such as in the 1973 song "Adelante hombre del 600" by Moncho Alpuente.

It has several monuments built in its honor throughout Spain, as in Fuengirola (Málaga) –inaugurated in 2008–, Churriana de la Vega (Granada) –2011– and Martos (Jaén) –2014–.

On 9 September 2017, as the closing event of the 60th anniversary of the first Seiscientos, SEAT organized at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Montmeló the highest concentration of SEAT 600s ever. The Guinness World Records adjudicator confirmed that with a total of 787 SEAT 600s on parade they broke the previous world record of 344 SEATs –of any model –, achieved in 2016.

title: SEAT 600