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Grassendale

Grassendale is a suburb of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is in the south of the city, bordered by Aigburth, Garston and Mossley Hill.

History
The hamlet of Grassendale was acquired by Robert de Blackburn, the lord of the manor of Garston, from Richard de Toxteth in the 14th century. In the 19th century it developed as a residential suburb. Grassendale was made into an ecclesiastical parish in 1855 following the opening of St Mary's Church in August 1853. Grassendale was recorded as a site with Catholic landowners in 1717. The Roman Catholic church of St. Austin, served by the English Benedictines, opened in 1838.

Description
Grassendale is an almost entirely residential suburb which consists of large, detached 19th century villas. The area is particularly green, and houses are commonly set well back from the road. This district retains classic-style streetlamps.

"Among the residences, is Grassendale House, with 20 acres of land, the property of George Hargreaves, Esq., who is also owner of Beach Lawn, occupied by W.J. Marrow, Esq.; and at Grassendale is the villa of J. Grant Morris, Esq."

- Gargrave - Gatenby: A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848), pp. 279–282.

Grassendale Park and Cressington Park were designated as conservation areas on 13 November 1968. The ward, which contains both parks and the housing, is called Cressington. Otterspool Promenade is located nearby and runs along the bank of the River Mersey from just north of Garston Docks to Otterspool Park.

Transport
Cressington railway station is located in the centre of the district, providing Northern Line (Merseyrail) services to Liverpool and Southport.

title: Grassendale


text:
Mossley Hill

Mossley Hill is a suburb of Liverpool and a Liverpool City Council ward. Located approximately 3.5 miles south east of Liverpool City Centre, it is bordered by Aigburth, Allerton, Childwall, Garston and Wavertree. At the 2001 Census, the population was 12,650, increasing to 13,816 at the 2011 Census.

The Mossley Hill has a highest elevation of 63m, the location of which is the Mossley Hill Parish Church on the corner of Rose Lane and Mossley Hill North Road.

Penny Lane
Mossley Hill was made famous in 1967 thanks to the Beatles' song "Penny Lane", written about a Mossley Hill street of the same name. The street runs between Allerton Road and Greenbank Road and receives thousands of annual tourist visits.

Notable residents

 * Kim Cattrall, actress, born in Mossley Hill and raised there for three months
 * J. Bruce Ismay, director of the White Star Line and Titanic survivor
 * Charles Lawrence, Chairman of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, lived in Carnatic Hall
 * Danielle Lloyd, model and former Miss Great Britain, raised on Penny Lane
 * Freddie Mercury, singer, lived in the flat above the Dovedale Towers pub for a short period in 1969; he was still known as Farrokh Bulsara at the time and was in local band Ibex
 * Derek Nimmo, actor, sang in the local parish church choir
 * Steven Pienaar, former footballer for Everton
 * "R.M. Qualtrough", hoax telephone-caller, giving a non-existent address of "25 Menlove Gardens East", Mossley Hill, the evening before the murder of Julia Wallace in January 1931.
 * Bertram Fletcher Robinson: Sportsman, journalist, editor, author and Liberal Unionist Party campaigner.
 * Darci Shaw, actress
 * The Rathbone family, shipowners
 * Russell Pritchard, musician, bassist of The Zutons and Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds
 * Richard Kemp CBE, Liberal Democrat Councillor, Leader of the Liberal Democrat Group.
 * Erica Kemp CBE, former Liberal Democrat Councillor and Lord Mayor of Liverpool (2014-2015).

Education
The suburb is home to Dovedale Primary School. This was the school of notable Liverpudlians George Harrison, John Lennon, Peter Sissons, Jimmy Tarbuck and John Power. Calderstones School (which Lennon attended in its previous incarnation, Quarry Bank) is located on nearby Harthill Road. In turn, this is located near the city's police horse training centre, just north of Mossley Hill's main residential area. Liverpool College (which was until 2013 a fee-paying independent school) is also located within the area, and Liverpool's only grammar school the Liverpool Blue Coat School is also nearby.

The area is also home to the Greenbank Halls of Residence and now closed Carnatic Halls of Residence student accommodation complexes (belonging to the University of Liverpool). The Greenbank Village complex consists of redeveloped Halls including Derby and Rathbone Hall and Roscoe and Gladstone Hall: commonly known as D&R and R&G. The former Carnatic Halls site at Mossley Hill on Elmswood Road was the largest of the University of Liverpool's accommodation complexes: Morton House, Lady Mountford House, Lichen Grove, McNair Hall, Salisbury Hall and Rankin Hall. Dale Hall was demolished in 2019 and now is redeveloped as a housing complex.

Parks
Mossley Hill is home to Greenbank Park, one of the most popular parks in Liverpool. Two more of the city's most popular parks, Sefton Park and Calderstones Park, are also nearby.

The Millennium Green, accessed from Penny Lane or Oakdale Road is a small popular green space including wild flower fields and woods, and is a popular dog walking area.

Art
Sudley House is one of seven museums and art galleries run by National Museums Liverpool, displaying paintings by Gainsborough and Turner, among others.

Transport
Mossley Hill railway station on Rose Lane and West Allerton railway station on Booker Avenue are located in Mossley Hill. Both stations offer regular services to Liverpool city centre (an approx 11 minute journey time), Warrington (27 minute journey) and Manchester Oxford Road (a 57-minute journey). There are connections to Birmingham via Liverpool South Parkway.

Buses outside Mossley Hill railway station route as follows:-
 * 61 - Aigburth and Bootle
 * 80A - Liverpool city centre or Speke and Liverpool John Lennon Airport
 * 201 Royal Liverpool Hospital or Speke

Buses from Penny Lane / Allerton Road route as follows:-
 * 62 to Bootle
 * 68 from Aigburth to Bootle
 * 75 and 76 from the city centre to Halewood
 * 80 and 80A
 * 86 and 86A from the city centre to Garston and Liverpool Airport

Services 80A and 86A are the only bus services that connect Mossley Hill with the airport.

The 699 service runs from the Greenbank Halls of Residence (University of Liverpool) on Greenbank Road to the University of Liverpool on Mount Pleasant/Brownlow Hill.

Government
The district lies on the border of two Parliamentary constituencies; Liverpool, Riverside and Liverpool Wavertree. It is represented on Liverpool City Council by councillors from Mossley Hill ward itself and it is in parts of Greenbank and Church wards.

Healthcare
Spire Hospital Liverpool (formerly Lourdes Hospital) on Greenbank Road is Liverpool's first private hospital. The hospital faces Greenbank Park.

Sport
Mossley Hill Athletic Club are a voluntary multi sports club. They offer facilities for archery, crown green bowling, cricket, football, rugby, hockey, running and tennis.

The district has a women's football team, Mossley Hill L.F.C., who play in the Northern Combination Women's Football League.

Architecture
Mossley Hill is considered an affluent area. It is mostly residential with a few local businesses scattered around the district. Housing is mainly semi-detached, with occasional detached and numerous terraced streets.

Places of worship
Most of the churches in Mossley Hill are members of "Churches Together in Mossley Hill", a covenanted group of churches. This group was known as "The Nine Churches of Mossley Hill" until it reformed with one new member under the new membership covenant in 1994.

The original nine member churches comprised three Anglican parishes: St Matthew and St James, St Barnabas, and All Hallows, Allerton; two Roman Catholic parishes: Our Lady of the Annunciation, Bishop Eton and St Anthony of Padua and four Free Churches: Dovedale Baptist Church, Allerton United Reformed, Elm Hall Drive Methodist and Bethel Presbyterian Church in Wales. The tenth church was Dove Community Church, which ceased to exist in 2006 and at the same time was replaced in membership of Churches Together by Wavertree Christian Fellowship.

There is at least one more church in Mossley Hill not in membership of Churches Together: Ramilies Road Chapel. There is also a mosque in the area, the Islamic Institute on Cramond Avenue.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mossley Hill


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Netherley, Liverpool

Netherley is an area in the city of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is bordered by Belle Vale and situated near to Huyton, Tarbock and Halewood.

Netherley is a leafy suburb of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is in the south of the city surrounded mostly by farmland and countryside, Liverpool City Council ward of Belle Vale. At the 2001 Census, Netherley had a population of 8,068 (3,703 males, 4,365 females).

Description
Netherley is predominantly a residential area located on the eastern side of Liverpool and is taken up by 44% green belt which restricts potential industrial growth.

However Netherley's Caldway Drive is the new location for the Belle Vale Junior Football League which had to relocate from playing fields in nearby Belle Vale to accommodate the building of a new school.

History
Netherley was built on farmland on the edge of Gateacre in 1968 for tenants moved out of unfit housing in Liverpool city centre.

Lee Manor High School, built in 1970, was originally called Netherley Community Comprehensive School. The school changed its name to Lee Manor High School in the early 1990s and closed in 2000.

Many of Netherley's flats and maisonettes were demolished between 1983 and 1985 to make way for new houses. Lee Valley Housing took over management of council properties in 2003, making improvements to 1,700 homes.

Crime
The area has a relatively low crime rate and high employment in 2020.

Economy
The area lost a major local employer, HPL Jars & Containers, in 2006. After thirty plus years, it was bought out by M&H Plastics and production was transferred out of the area.

Education
St. Gregory's Catholic Primary School received an excellent Ofsted report in 2005. Built at the same time as the local housing, the school has adapted over the years to meet the demands of the area, such as admitting a large number of pupils from Cross Farm School which was closed by the local educational authority due to a surplus of places in the area. The nearby Norman Pannell Primary School is also a popular school in Netherley.

Other services

 * Netherley Health Centre
 * Post Office
 * Valley Community Theatre

.

title: Netherley, Liverpool


text:
Category:Outsider artists

Outsider artists are artists with little or no contact with the mainstream art world. They are frequently on the margins of society: for example, slaves, prisoners, and the mentally ill. Their creative output is referred to as Outsider Art.

title: Category:Outsider artists


text:
Old Swan

Old Swan is an eastern neighbourhood of Liverpool, Merseyside, England, bordered by Knotty Ash, Stoneycroft, Broadgreen, Fairfield and Wavertree. At the 2011 Census, the population was 16,461.

Description
Old Swan is centred on the road junction between Prescot Road, running east to west, Derby Lane (from the north) St Oswald Street (from the south) and Broadgreen Road (from the south-east). It is named after a public house called the Three Swans, which served the pack-horse route along Prescot Lane (now Prescot Road) in the 18th century. The name was derived from the coat of arms of local landowners, the Walton family. The inn stood at the corner of Prescot Lane and Pettycoat Lane (now Broadgreen Road). The junction later acquired two more pubs, the Swan Vaults (now called the Old Swan) and the Cygnet (now closed), while the original pub was replaced by another, the Red House (now closed); this has become a branch of Costa Coffee.

Geography
The A57 road passes through Kensington and Fairfield before running through Old Swan and then through Knotty Ash, towards Prescot and on to St Helens.

Housing in the district is mostly in densely packed terraced houses, though there are exceptions. Doric Park is tucked away behind rows of terraced houses. Liverpool Shopping Park runs parallel to Old Swan. The retail park is currently being improved and phase 2 opened in autumn 2020.

Health
There are numerous primary care services located within Old Swan, including a NHS walk-in health centre, along with an urgent care unit, a GP practice on Derby Lane, and several pharmacies and opticians.

There are also several dentists practices within the ward.

Old Swan also has an emergency ambulance station which is located on St. Oswalds Street.

Government
Old Swan's representation on Liverpool City Council is largely through the Old Swan ward, though parts also lie in Tuebrook and Stoneycroft ward. The elected councillors for Old Swan ward are Councillor William Shortall (Labour Party), Councillor Joanne Calvert (Independent) and Councillor Rona Heron (Liverpool Community Independents).

Old Swan is represented by Paula Barker MP (Labour Party) and is in the parliamentary constituency of Liverpool Wavertree; prior to the constituency's re-creation the area was part of Liverpool Broadgreen.

Council Services
Old Swan library is managed by Liverpool City Council. It was built with Victorian black and white features, originally opening in 1913 as a reading room, and has its own garden, the entrance to which is on the A57.

Economy
Old Swan has a varied collection of clothes and food shops situated along Prescot Road serving local residents. In addition, the area is also served by a large Tesco supermarket and an Aldi facing it across St. Oswald Street. Further down Prescot Road, away from the city centre, is a Sainsbury's supermarket in neighbouring Knotty Ash ward. During 2011, Asda took over the Netto premises, and it is now an Asda supermarket. In July 2015, work began refurbishing the Red House pub and a Costa Coffee store was opened later the same month.

Transport
Fairly regular bus routes 7, 8, 9 and 10/10A/10B connect Old Swan to Liverpool City Centre and in the opposite direction to Huyton, Prescot, St Helens and Warrington. Old Swan has other bus links - routes 60, 61, 62, 68/68A, 81/81A and 102, which do not serve Liverpool City Centre but provide important links to other areas of Liverpool including Aigburth, Anfield, Bootle, Childwall, Clubmoor, Croxteth, Fazakerley, Hunt's Cross, Mossley Hill, Norris Green, Orrell Park, Speke, Toxteth, Tuebrook, Walton, Wavertree, West Derby, Woolton and Liverpool John Lennon Airport.

There is a bus depot in Old Swan on Green Lane. It is owned by Arriva North West.

The M62 motorway starts at the end of Broadgreen Road out of the city, and is the east gateway into the city via Edge Lane Drive.

The nearest railway stations to Old Swan are Broad Green railway station and Wavertree Technology Park railway station. Both are operated by Northern and served by local stopping trains to and from Liverpool Lime Street. The Merseytram System (Line 2) was due to run through Old Swan but this has now been cancelled after funding from the British Government was denied.

The Old Swan Tramway was one of the first street tramways in Britain, opening in 1861.

Education
There are six schools in Old Swan, including Broadgreen Primary School, St Anne's Stanley C of E Primary, St Oswald's Catholic Primary, Corinthian Avenue Primary, St Cuthbert Catholic Primary and Dixons Broadgreen Academy, a secondary school with an adjoining sixth form. There are also three nurseries in the area.

Places of worship
The Parish Church is St Anne's on Prescot Road. In September 2022, Lady Dodd endowed stained glass windows at St Anne's Church, in memory of her late husband, Sir Ken Dodd.

Notable residents

 * Former Manchester United manager Ron Atkinson was born in Old Swan.
 * Judith Berry (nee. Hawkins), mother of Academy Award-winning American actress Halle Berry, was born in Old Swan.
 * Alan Caldwell, known as Rory Storm, rock 'n' roll singer of the late 1950s and early 1960s. He was born in Old Swan in 1939, was a member of Old Swan Boys' Club (1956–57) and attended St Margaret's Anfield School.
 * Dennis Evans, former captain of Arsenal F.C., was born in Old Swan.
 * Tommy Scott, lead singer with 1990s band Space lived in Old Swan at the height of their fame.
 * Jazz Saxophonist Ken Stubbs, leader of First House, was born in Old Swan.

title: Old Swan


text:
England Rural Development Programme

England Rural Development Programme was the instrument by which the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) fulfilled its rural development obligations in England, as set out by the European Union. It is derived primarily from Council Regulation European Union Regulation No. 1257/1999 and the related successive implementing Commission Regulations (1750/1999 and subsequent amending regulations 445/2002, 817/2004).

England Rural Development Programme 2000-2006
The England Rural Development Programme 2000-2006 included the following schemes:

 * Environmental Stewardship Scheme (introduced in March 2005): Provides funding to farmers and other land managers in England who deliver effective environmental management on their land.
 * Countryside Stewardship Scheme (closed to new applicants and superseded by the Environmental Stewardship Scheme): Made payments to farmers and other land managers to enhance and conserve English landscapes, their wildlife and history and to help people to enjoy them.
 * Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme (closed to new applicants and superseded by the Environmental Stewardship Scheme): Offered incentives to encourage farmers to adopt agricultural practices which would safeguard and enhance parts of the country of particularly high landscape, wildlife or historic value.
 * Energy Crops Scheme Provided establishment grants for short-rotation coppice and miscanthus, and aid to help short-rotation coppice growers set up producer groups.
 * Farm Woodland Premium Scheme (closed to new applicants and superseded by the English Woodland Grant Scheme): Provided annual financial incentives to farmers to convert productive agricultural land to woodland with the objective of enhancing the environment, improving the landscape, providing new habitats and increasing biodiversity.
 * Woodland Grant Scheme (closed to new applicants and superseded by the English Woodland Grant Scheme): Provided grants for the establishment of woodland.
 * English Woodland Grant Scheme (introduced in 2005): Provides a suite of grants aimed at sustaining and increasing the public benefits given by existing woodlands and helping to create new woodlands to deliver additional public benefit.
 * Organic Farming Scheme (closed to new applicants and superseded by the Environmental Stewardship Scheme): Provided financial help during the process of converting from conventional to organic farming methods.
 * Hill Farm Allowance: Aims to contribute to the maintenance of the social fabric in upland communities through support for continued agricultural land use and help to preserve the farmed upland environment by ensuring that land in the Less Favoured Areas is managed in a sustainable way.
 * Rural Enterprise Scheme (closed to new applicants): Provided assistance for projects that help to develop more sustainable, diversified and enterprising rural economies and communities with the primary aim of helping farmers adapt to changing markets and develop new business opportunities. It also had a broader role in supporting the adaptation and development of the rural economy, community, heritage and environment.
 * Vocational Training Scheme (closed to new applicants): Provided funding for vocational training activities that contribute to an improvement in the occupational skill and competence of farmers and other persons involved in forestry and farming activities and their conversion (i.e. diversification into non farming or forestry activities, or a change from one type of agricultural activity to another).
 * Processing and Marketing Scheme (closed to new applicants): Provided support for capital investment in projects aimed at improving the processing and marketing of agricultural products in order to increase their competitiveness in the market place and their added value.

The England Rural Development Programme for 2000-2006 ended on 31 December 2006.

Further EU legislation
Council Regulation (EC) 1290/2005 of 21 June 2005 on the financing of the common agricultural policy provided for the creation of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) for the financing of rural development programmes. Council Regulation 1698/2005 set out four objectives for support for rural development:

(a) improving the competitiveness of agriculture and forestry by supporting restructuring, development and innovation;

(b) improving the environment and the countryside by supporting land management;

(c) improving the quality of life in rural areas and encouraging diversification of economic activity.

to be achieved by means of four axes:

Axis I: 	Improving the competitiveness of the agricultural and forestry sector

Axis II:	Improving the environment and the countryside

Axis III:	The quality of life in rural areas and diversification of the rural economy

Axis IV:	Leader

Each axis contained a range of measures that may be adopted by Member States.

Rural Development Programme for England 2007-2013
A consultation on the priorities for the next Programme for 2007-2013 ran from 27 February to 22 May 2006. However, finalisation of the Programme has been delayed due to the EU regulation that would give legal basis to European Council agreement on voluntary modulation, a method of funding which switches money from direct payments to farmers to Rural Development Programmes, having been blocked by the European Parliament.

On 19 March 2007, the European Agriculture Council voted unanimously in favour of a regulation on voluntary modulation tabled by the German Presidency. The European Parliament agreed, on the basis of this text and associated declarations, to lift its 20% reserve on EU rural development budgets for 2007. This enables Member States to proceed to finalising their rural development programmes.

Defra announced a further consultation on the draft England Rural Development Programme 2007-2013 in the context of the Programme's likely overall impact on the environment. The closing date is 5 July 2007. According to this consultation document, the measures proposed for the England Rural Development Programme 2007-2013 are:

Axis I:

 * Provision of advisory services to farmers and forest holders.
 * Support for the setting up of farm management, farm relief and farm advisory services, and forestry advisory services.
 * Modernisation of agricultural holdings.
 * Improvement of the economic value of forests.
 * Support for adding value to agricultural and forestry products.
 * Promotion of cooperation for the development of new products, processes and technologies.
 * Support for investment in infrastructure related to the development and adaptation of agriculture and forestry.

Axis II:

 * Support for farming in Less Favoured Areas.
 * Support for agri-environment schemes.
 * Support for non-productive investments in agri-environment measures.
 * Support for the establishment of permanent woodland and short-rotation coppice on agricultural land.
 * Support for the management of existing woods and forests.
 * Promotion of cooperation for the development of new products, processes and technologies.
 * Support for non-productive investments in forestry measures.

Axis III:

 * Support for farm business restructuring through the development of diversified activities.
 * Support for the creation and development of micro-enterprises.
 * Encouragement for tourism activities.
 * Provision for more and better basic services for the economy and the rural population.
 * Support for village renewal and development.
 * Conservation and enhancement of the rural heritage.
 * Provision of training in support of measures in Axis III.
 * Provision of support for skills acquisition and animation with a view to preparing and implementing a local development strategy.

Axis IV:
 * Support for Local Action Groups.
 * Support for cooperation actions across regions or countries.
 * Support for the effective design and implementation of LAG local development strategies.

Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) 2014-2020
From 2014 to 2020 Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) was originally adopted by the European Commission on 13 February 2015. The document follows the format laid down in the Commission Implementing Regulation (EC) No 808/2014. Version 15 was finally modified on 8 June 2022 in a document endorsed by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and Defra.

title: England Rural Development Programme


text:
Swift

Swift or SWIFT most commonly refers to:
 * SWIFT, an international organization facilitating transactions between banks
 * SWIFT code
 * Swift (programming language)
 * Swift (bird), a family of birds

It may also refer to:

Organizations

 * SWIFT, an international organization facilitating transactions between banks
 * Swift Engineering, an American engineering firm
 * Swift & Company, a meat processing company
 * Swifts (aerobatic team), a Russian aerobatic team

Transportation companies

 * Swift Cooper, a British racing car manufacturer
 * Swift Leisure, a British manufacturer of caravans
 * Swift Motor Company, of Coventry, England
 * Swift Transportation, a US trucking company

Places

 * River Swift, a river in England
 * Swift, Illinois, an unincorporated community in northeastern Illinois
 * Swift County, Minnesota, a county in west-central Minnesota
 * Swift, Minnesota, an unincorporated community in northern Minnesota
 * Swift, Missouri, a ghost town in southeastern Missouri

Astronomy

 * Swift (lunar crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Swift (Deimian crater), a crater on Deimos
 * 5035 Swift (1991 UX), a Main-belt Asteroid
 * Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer, a NASA spacecraft in low-Earth orbit

Biology

 * Swift (bird), a family of birds
 * Swift butterflies, several genera in the skipper butterfly tribe Gegenini
 * Swift lizards, iguanian lizards typically of the genus Sceloporus
 * Snow swift lizards, of the iguanian genus Liolaemus
 * Swift moth, of the family Hepialidae
 * Swift fox, a species of North American fox

Computing and telecommunication

 * Swift (distributed storage), OpenStack's distributed storage component
 * Swift (programming language), a programming language developed by Apple Inc.
 * Swift (parallel scripting language), a programming language for parallel computing developed at the University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory
 * Swift, the ARM architecture CPU core in the Apple A6 and Apple A6X
 * Swift, an XMPP client for Windows, Mac and Linux
 * SWIFT – System for wireless infotainment forwarding and teledistribution: former abbreviation for Data Radio Channel (DARC) subcarrier messaging standard

Aircraft

 * Aériane Swift, a Belgian sail plane design
 * Comper Swift, a British 1930s single-seat sporting aircraft
 * Globe GC-1 Swift, an American two-seat light airplane produced from 1946 to 1951
 * Swift S-1, a Polish sailplane
 * Supermarine Swift, a British jet fighter built after World War II

Land

 * Leyland Swift, a British mid-sized bus
 * Suzuki Swift, a car
 * Skokie Swift, now known as the CTA Yellow Line, between Chicago and Skokie, IL, US
 * Swift Bus Rapid Transit, in Snohomish County, Washington, US
 * Swift card, a public transport smartcard-based ticketing scheme operated by Transport for West Midlands

Water

 * Swift Boat (disambiguation)

Military

 * HSV-2 Swift, a non-commissioned catamaran leased by the United States Navy
 * Swift Boats, used by the US Navy in the Vietnam War
 * Swift-class coastal patrol craft, patrol vessels built for the Republic of Singapore Navy
 * HMS Swift, several ships of British Royal Navy
 * Operation Swift, in the Vietnam War

Sport

 * Swifts F.C., a defunct English football club
 * New South Wales Swifts, an Australian netball team

People

 * Swift (surname)
 * Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish writer
 * Taylor Swift, American singer and songwriter
 * Swift (rapper) (born Ondre Moore), US rapper in D12

Fictional characters

 * Tom Swift, the central character in five series of books of juvenile science fiction and adventure novels, first appearing in 1910
 * Tom Swift Jr., following in the tradition of the earlier Tom Swift novels, first appearing in 1954
 * Swift Alternetter, a character in the film Cars
 * Swift (character), comic-book character from The Authority
 * Swift Wind, a fictional character from She-Ra: Princess of Power
 * Miss Swift, character in Cardiacs

Other uses

 * Swifts, Darling Point, a mansion in Sydney, Australia
 * Structured What If Technique, in risk management
 * ISO 9362, the SWIFT/BIC code standard in banking
 * Swift (textiles), tool used to hold a hank of yarn
 * .220 Swift, a rifle cartridge
 * Swift card, a card on public transport in Birmingham, United Kingdom
 * Swift, a newsletter of the James Randi Educational Foundation
 * Swift (comic), a Hulton Press publication related to Eagle
 * Swift Memorial College (1883–1952) in Rogersville, Tennessee, US

title: Swift


text:
Fireball (album)

Fireball is the fifth studio album by English rock band Deep Purple, released in 1971 as the second album with the Mark II line-up, consisting of Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord and Ian Paice. It was recorded at various times between September 1970 and June 1971. It became the first of the band's three UK No. 1 albums, though it did not stay on the charts as long as its predecessor, Deep Purple in Rock. Even though the album has sold over a million copies in the UK, it has never received a certification there.

Background
The album was the first that Deep Purple worked on after establishing their career with In Rock, which had been a critical and commercial success, staying on the charts for over a year. Because of this, the group were in continual demand for live concerts, which began to affect band members' health. Keyboardist Jon Lord suffered back problems (dating back to his days in The Artwoods when he had to transport a Hammond organ to gigs without the assistance of a road crew), and bassist Roger Glover had stomach problems which prevented him from performing live on several occasions. Guitarist Ritchie Blackmore felt he had been vindicated by the decision to concentrate on hard rock, and believed the group's success was largely because of him. This led to increasing conflict with singer Ian Gillan and the relationship between the two began to become strained.

As with the previous album, sessions for the follow-up to In Rock were booked in the space of many months in between the bands touring commitments. On the first of these, in September 1970, the band completed just one song, "Anyone's Daughter", with the band struggling to come up with more ideas.

Further material for the album was rehearsed in Welcombe Manor, Devonshire in December 1970. The band cancelled several live performances in order to put together material that could serve as a follow-up to In Rock. "Strange Kind of Woman", "I'm Alone" and "The Mule" were written during these sessions, and recorded in January 1971, with the first two coupled together as Deep Purple's next single in February, to keep the band in the public eye while the album was still being worked on. Another song, "Freedom" was written at Welcombe and recorded during these sessions, but didn't make the final track listing. Other material was recorded in-between gigs through to March. "Strange Kind of Woman" was added to the group's live set at the end of January, quickly developing into a showpiece for Gillan to sing back Blackmore's guitar riffs in a call and response manner. The last song to be recorded was "Demon's Eye" in June.

Meanwhile, their American record label, Warner Bros, grew impatient waiting for the new album, as the band had an American tour booked for July. As a result, "Demon's Eye" could not make the final tracklist there, with the label opting to include "Strange Kind Of Woman" instead.

Chart performance
Fireball reached the No. 1 position on the UK albums chart, while also hitting No. 1 in several other European countries, such as Germany, Austria, and Sweden. In North America, it outperformed its predecessor, In Rock, reaching No. 32 in the US and No. 24 in Canada.

Singles
The original UK version had "Demon's Eye" as its third track, but did not include "Strange Kind of Woman", which was instead released as a single there. The US version includes the latter track in place of the former. The boogie-inspired "Strange Kind of Woman" single reached No. 8 in the UK and Germany, and No. 1 in Denmark. "Fireball", the album's title track, was also released as a single and reached No. 15 in the UK.

"Strange Kind of Woman" has been a staple of the live set up to the present day, and "Fireball" also made a few live appearances, mainly as an encore as it required Ian Paice to use a double bass drum, which was set up during the break after the main set. "Strange Kind of Woman" and "The Mule" were played regularly live throughout 1972 (and appear on the live album Made in Japan), with the latter replacing an instrumental "Paint It Black" as a vehicle for Paice's drum solo. 1971's Fireball Tour frequently featured "No No No" in addition to the three aforementioned songs.

"Anyone's Daughter" was played on the 1993–1994 tours, while "Fools", "No One Came", "I'm Alone", and "Demon's Eye" have all made periodic appearances in various tours since 1996.

Releases and reissues
The original vinyl release was in a gatefold sleeve, with a generic Harvest LP-bag and a lyric-insert.

In September 2010, a limited-edition 24k gold CD was released by Audio Fidelity. The CD was mastered from the original master tapes by Steve Hoffman. The gold CD contained the original USA track listing with "Strange Kind of Woman" and does not have "Demon's Eye".

Response
Most of the band do not consider the album a classic, although it is one of Ian Gillan's favourites. He stated in a 1974 interview: "The reason I liked that so much was because I thought, from a writing point of view, it was really the beginning of tremendous possibilities of expression. And some of the tracks on that album are really, really inventive." However, Gillan also said that the inclusion of "Anyone's Daughter" on the album was "a good bit of fun, but a mistake."

Ritchie Blackmore, in particular, stated publicly that he was not overly pleased with Fireball. He said of the production: "That was a bit of a disaster, because it was thrown together in the studio. Managerial pressure, we had no time. 'You gotta play here, here, there, then you've got to make an LP.' I told them, 'if you want an LP, you've got to give us time.' But they wouldn't. I just threw ideas to the group that I thought up on the spur of the moment."

Jon Lord stated that Fireball "wanders slightly" and "goes to places that the band wasn't expecting it to go to." Lord did praise several songs on the album, including "No No No" and "Fools", and particularly singled out Ian Paice's drumming on the title track.

Later influences
On 9 April 2011 episode of That Metal Show, guitar virtuoso Yngwie Malmsteen stated that his older sister had given him Fireball when he was eight years old, and "it changed everything" for him. Similarly, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich stated that he purchased a copy of Fireball within 12 hours after his father had taken him to a 1973 Deep Purple concert in Copenhagen, and he credits the concert and album for sparking his interest in hard rock music.

Likewise, Michael Monroe stated on Eddie Trunk's podcast that it was the first album he ever bought, and one of the first he ever heard along with Led Zeppelin II, and was a major influence to get him into a career in rock and roll.

King Diamond also mentions Fireball as the first studio album he purchased as a teenager and an important influence in his future career.

Track listings
All songs written by Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord and Ian Paice.

 * Original European release
 * Side one

 * Side two

 * Original US/Canadian/Japanese release
 * Side one

 * Side two

 * 25th Anniversary Edition bonus tracks

Personnel

 * Deep Purple
 * Ian Gillan – vocals
 * Ritchie Blackmore – guitars
 * Roger Glover – bass
 * Jon Lord – keyboards, Hammond organ
 * Ian Paice – drums

 * Production
 * Recorded between September 1970 and June 1971 at De Lane Lea Studios and Olympic Studios
 * Engineered by Martin Birch, Lou Austin and Alan O'Duffy
 * Peter Mew – Original album remastering
 * Tom Bender – Engineering work on the bonus tracks

title: Fireball (album)


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User:Rmattson

No content right now.

title: User:Rmattson


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Pirate ship (ride)

A pirate ship is a type of amusement ride based on pirate ships, consisting of an open, seated gondola (usually in the style of a pirate ship) which swings back and forth, subjecting the rider to various levels of angular momentum. A variant where the riders must pull on ropes to swing the ride is known as a swing boat.

The first known predecessor of the ride was invented by Charles Albert Marshall of Tulsa, Oklahoma between 1893 and 1897. This ride was originally called "The Ocean Wave".

The Ocean Wave was first used in the Marshall Bros Circus in 1897. The circus was run by Charles and his brothers Mike, Will, Ed, Tim, friends, and family.

Height requirements
Height requirements for this type of ride vary from park to park. For example, Hersheypark, which has a Huss Pirate Boat, has a height requirement of 42 in or more to ride, while at LaRonde, which also has a Huss Pirate Boat, riders must be 52 in or taller. Huss recommends that the lowest a height requirement should be is 39 in, but parks can make it higher if they choose to.

Pirate ship rides

There are a number of Swinging Ship-type rides, and multiple manufacturers.
 * Chance Rides' original version is known as the Sea Dragon which are permanent or two trailer portable models. The later version is known as "Pharaoh's Fury" and could be permanent or transported on one 53-foot trailer.
 * Fabbri's version is known as the Pirate Ship, and can hold 40 passengers.
 * HUSS' version is known as the Pirate Boat, and can hold up to 54 passengers in 9 rows.
 * Intamin version is called Bounty.
 * Mulligan's version is known as the Sea Ray.
 * SBF Visa's version is known as Pirate and can accommodate 32 passengers.
 * SDC makes a version called the Pirate Ship.
 * Zamperla's version is known as the Galleon, and has four sizes available, which can hold 33, 42, 54 or 84 passengers.
 * Zierer's version is known as the Viking Ship and can accommodate 40 passengers.
 * Metallbau Emmeln's version is known as the Schiffsschaukeln and can accommodate 24/40 passengers.
 * Helmut Hauser
 * DAL Amusements
 * Staudenmeyer & Weidmann's version was most iconic from Wicksteed Park's double pirate ship.

Variants

 * The Looping Starship, manufactured by Intamin is similar to a pirate ship, except that goes upside down. This gives the rider a feel of zero gravity for a moment as it swings back down while making 360° loops.

 * Manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf, the Shuttle Boat is a pirate ship ride which instead of swinging back and forth rides on a half pipe track. This idea would later be adopted by Zamperla and turned into the Rockin' Tug, featuring a ship that rotates about its own axis also.

The names listed are given by the manufacturers, and individual parks may change the name of the ride itself. Many parks use a Viking Ship theme for their ride. Smaller versions of the ride are often called "Swingboats".
 * Some traveling fairs in Europe have pirate ships in which the riders can choose to stand up in cages located at the ends of the ships. These do not go upside down, but do swing to a horizontal position.

Appearances

 * Anchor's Away: Enchanted Kingdom
 * Barco Pirata: Pola Park
 * Bateau Pirate: La Ronde
 * Bateau pirate: Le Pal
 * Berserker Kings Dominion
 * The Battering Ram: Busch Gardens Williamsburg
 * Bluebeard's Bounty: Kentucky Kingdom
 * The Blade: Alton Towers
 * Blue Barnacle: Chessington World of Adventures
 * The Bounty: Drayton Manor
 * Bounty: Heide Park
 * Buccaneer: Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Magic Mountain
 * Capitán Piraña: Parque de la Costa
 * Caribbean Boat: Walygator Parc
 * Conquistador: Six Flags Over Texas, Lotte World
 * Crazy Galleon: Ocean Park Hong Kong
 * Drageskibet: Djurs Sommerland
 * Dragon Swing: Knott's Berry Farm
 * Flying Cutlass: Lightwater Valley
 * Flying Galleon: Galaxyland
 * Galion Pirate: Nigloland
 * Galleon: Knoebels
 * Galleon: Adventureland (Iowa)
 * Galleon: Alabama Splash Adventure
 * Ghostly Galleon: Adventure Wonderland
 * Halve Maen: Efteling
 * High Seas: Six Flags America
 * The Hook: Lihpao Land
 * Jolly Rocker: Legoland Windsor
 * Journey to Zanzibar: Columbus Zoo
 * Kontiki: PortAventura Park
 * Mayflower: Holiday World & Splashin' Safari
 * Mr Monkey's Banana Ride: Thorpe Park
 * Navío Barbarroja: Isla Mágica
 * Ocean Motion: Calaway Park
 * Ocean Motion: Cedar Point
 * Pharaoh's Fury: Casino Pier, DelGrosso's Amusement Park, Kemah Boardwalk, Wild Adventures, Keansburg Amusement Park (Keansburg, New Jersey), Old Town Kissimmee
 * Pirata: Canobie Lake Park
 * Pirate: Darien Lake, Lake Winnepesaukah, Playland (Vancouver B.C.), Hersheypark
 * Pirate: Kennywood
 * Pirate Ship: Adventureland (New York), Lake Compounce, Nicolândia Center Park, Rainbow's End, Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk, Wonderland Park (Texas), Bottons Pleasure Beach, Skegness, Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach
 * Piratenboot: Bellewaerde
 * Piratta: Tibidabo Amusement Park
 * Prairie Schooner: Frontier City
 * RipTide (formerly Sea Dragon): Morey's Piers
 * Rum Runner: Magic Springs and Crystal Falls
 * Sand Pirates: Adventuredome
 * Sea Dragon: Clementon Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Funland (Rehoboth Beach, Delaware), Funtown Splashtown USA, Michigan's Adventure, Santa's Village AZoosment Park, Waldameer Park, Worlds of Fun, Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier, Pacific Park, Castles N' Coasters, Elitch Gardens, Indiana Beach, Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World
 * Sea Swell: Lost Island Theme Park
 * Smiles Per Galleon: Adventure Island
 * The Swinging Viking: Motiongate Dubai
 * Tidal Wave: Lagoon Amusement Park
 * Viikinkilaiva: Linnanmäki, Särkänniemi
 * Viking: Star City
 * Viking Fury: Kings Island
 * Viking's Rage: Canada's Wonderland
 * Vindjammer: Europa-Park

Former appearances

 * "Buccaneer": Geauga Lake
 * "Canoa Krakatoa": Six Flags México
 * "The Galleon": Camelot Theme Park
 * "Galleon": Santa's Village AZoosment Park and Bowcraft Amusement Park
 * "Pirate": Alabama Adventure
 * "Pirate Ship": Astroland, Sea World The Great Escape
 * "Sea Dragon": Morey's Piers (closed because the mast broke off the ride), Ghost Town in the Sky in Maggie Valley, NC and Indiana Beach, DelGrosso's Amusement Park
 * "Sea Ray": Martin's Fantasy Island
 * "Sturmschiff": Holiday Park
 * "The Galleon": Kiddieland Amusement Park
 * "Bounty's Revenge": Adventure World in Perth
 * Black Buccaneer: Chessington World Of Adventures

title: Pirate ship (ride)


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Patterson Park

Patterson Park is an urban park in Southeast Baltimore, Maryland, United States, adjacent to the neighborhoods of Canton, Highlandtown, Patterson Park, and Butchers Hill. It is bordered by East Baltimore Street, Eastern Avenue, South Patterson Park Avenue, and South Linwood Avenue. The Patterson Park extension lies to the east of the main park, and is bordered by East Pratt Street, South Ellwood Avenue, and Eastern Avenue.

Patterson Park was established in 1827 and named for William Patterson (1752–1835). The park consists of open fields of grass, large trees, paved walkways, historic battle sites, a lake, playgrounds, athletic fields, a swimming pool, an ice skating rink and other signature attractions and buildings. At 137 acre, Patterson Park is not the city's largest park; however, it is nicknamed "Best Backyard in Baltimore."

Attractions and activities
Patterson Park has four main entrances at each corner. Its notable attractions include the boat lake (where fishing is permitted), the marble fountain, the Pulaski Monument, and the Patterson Park Observatory The Patterson Park Observatory was built in 1891 as an observation tower for viewing the city and is still open to visitors. The park is also home to the Virginia S. Baker Recreation Center.

The park has smooth pathways suitable for biking and jogging. The sports fields are open for use to anyone who wants to play a game, and there are public tennis courts as well. There are two playgrounds for children as well as a fenced-in dog park. There is a swimming pool open during the summer and an ice skating rink that operates during winter. From spring to early autumn, several festivals are held in the park. The neighborhood surrounding the park is part of an innovative urban renewal campaign by the city and neighborhood leaders.

Nature
There are no heavily forested areas of Patterson Park; however, there are plenty of open spaces. The boat lake, reconstructed in 2001 and set for a small renovation in 2022, is inhabited mostly by mallard ducks and nesting Green Heron, but its avian visitors include American Coots and Wood Ducks. Great Blue Heron and Black-crowned Night-Heron are occasionally seen on the lake. There are also fish, frogs, and turtles in the lake.

History
The high ground at the northwest corner of Patterson Park, called Hampstead Hill, was the key defensive position for U.S. forces against British ground forces in the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. The redoubt was known as Rodgers Bastion, or Sheppard's Bastion, and was the centerpiece of the earthen line dug to defend the eastern approach to Baltimore, from the outer harbor in Canton north to Belair Road. On September 13, 1814, the day after the Battle of North Point, some 4,300 British troops advanced north on North Point Road, then west along the Philadelphia Road toward Baltimore, forcing U.S. troops to retreat to the defensive line. When the British began probing actions, the American line was defended by 100 cannon and more than 10,000 troops. The American defenses were far stronger than anticipated, and U.S. defenders at Fort McHenry successfully stopped British naval forces from advancing close enough to lend artillery support, and British attempts to flank the defense were countered. Thus, before dawn on September 14, 1814, British commander Colonel Arthur Brooke decided the land campaign was a lost cause, and ordered the retreat back to the ships, and the United States was thus victorious in the Battle of Baltimore.

William Patterson (d. 1835), a Baltimore merchant, donated 5 acre to the city for a public walk in 1827, and the city purchased 29 acre additional from the Patterson family in 1860. Additions and improvements to the park made after 1859 were funded through the city's "park tax" on its streetcars, which was initially set at 20% of the fare. During the Civil War, the site was used as a Union troop encampment. Additional purchases in later years increased the park size to its present 137 acre.

Several public accommodations at the park such as the swimming pools, picnic pavilions, and playgrounds were managed as "separate but equal" until they were desegregated in 1956. The park is included in the Baltimore National Heritage Area.

On October 10, 1962, President John F. Kennedy visited Baltimore and landed in his helicopter at the park and took an open top car to the 5th Regiment Armory. He was in town prior to the midterm elections to stump for the Democratic ticket.

Patterson Park Observatory
The 60 ft Observatory, previously known as the Pagoda, was designed in 1890 and completed in 1892 by Charles H. Latrobe, who was the general superintendent and engineer under the Park Commission, led along with architect George A. Frederick, who also designed Baltimore City Hall. It was designed as a people's lookout tower with an Asian motif, inspired by Latrobe's fascination with the East. The Observatory was designated as a Baltimore City Landmark in 1982.

title: Patterson Park


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Band geeks

Band geek
''Guys, sorry about this. I need to work out what to do with this incorrectly listed page, so have very very temporarily locked it so that I don't lose any of your votes! Again, sorry for the inconvience caused. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:33, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)''

''This was removed incorrectly and never finalised. I'm relisting to see what happens. I won't be voting. - Ta bu shi da yu 13:54, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)''

Non-notable episode of SpongeBob SquarePants. violet/riga (t) 21:38, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete (Forgot to sign on)BrokenSegue 64.204.162.98 00:01, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * There could be a perfectly decent article written on high school band ("band geek") sub-culture. This is not it (and I wouldn't want this in its edit history). Delete. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 01:07, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Not notable. Delete. --Slowking Man 06:21, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 12:05, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Doesn't seem right to delete this when we let individual episodes of Enterprise have their own articles. No vote, just an observation. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:10, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Stanisław Mazur

Stanisław Mieczysław Mazur (1 January 1905, Lwów – 5 November 1981, Warsaw) was a Polish mathematician and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Mazur made important contributions to geometrical methods in linear and nonlinear functional analysis and to the study of Banach algebras. He was also interested in summability theory, infinite games and computable functions.

Lwów and Warsaw

Mazur was a student of Stefan Banach at University of Lwów. His doctorate, under Banach's supervision, was awarded in 1935. Mazur, with Juliusz Schauder, was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.

Mazur was a close collaborator with Banach at Lwów and was a member of the Lwów School of Mathematics, where he participated in the mathematical activities at the Scottish Café. On 6 November 1936, he posed the "basis problem" of determining whether every Banach space has a Schauder basis, with Mazur promising a "live goose" as a reward: 37 years later and in a ceremony that was broadcast throughout Poland, Mazur awarded a live goose to Per Enflo for constructing a counter-example.

From 1948 Mazur worked at the University of Warsaw.

title: Stanisław Mazur


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Rapture (disambiguation)

The rapture is a predicted event in certain systems of Christian eschatology.

Rapture or The Rapture may also refer to:

 * Rapture (Buddhism), a common translation of the Pali word piti, which is a factor of meditative absorption
 * A feeling of ecstatic joy or delight, synonymous with ecstasy

Film and television

 * Rapture (1950 film), an Italian romantic drama film
 * The Rapture (1954 film), a Mexican drama film
 * Rapture (1965 film), a film starring Dean Stockwell
 * The Rapture (1991 film), a film starring Mimi Rogers
 * Rapture (TV series), a 2018 American docu-series
 * "Rapture" (Battlestar Galactica), an episode of the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica
 * "Rapture" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), the fifth-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 * "The Rapture" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural
 * The Rapture (2023 film), a French drama film
 * Rapture TV, a UK television station

Literature

 * Rapture (Sosnowski novel), a 1996 novel by David S. Sosnowski
 * Rapture, a 2002 novel by Susan Minot
 * The Rapture, a 2009 novel by Liz Jensen
 * The Rapture (novel), the fifteenth book in the Left Behind series written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins
 * The Rapture (audio drama), audio drama based on the British science fiction television series Doctor Who
 * Rapture (Kate novel), the fourth novel in the Fallen series by American author Lauren Kate

Bands

 * The Rapture (band), a rock band based in New York City
 * Rapture (Finnish band), a Finland-based doom metal band
 * Rapture (hardcore band), a Christian punk band from San Francisco, California

Albums

 * Rapture (Anita Baker album), 1986
 * Rapture (Betraying the Martyrs album), 2019
 * Rapture (Bradley Joseph album), 1997
 * Rapture (Dragonlord album), 2001
 * Rapture (Impaled Nazarene album), 1998
 * Rapture (EP), by Koffee, 2019
 * Rapture (The Mavis's album), 2001
 * Rapture (Johnny Mathis album), 1962
 * Rapture (Trio X album), 1999
 * Rapture (Peter Mulvey album), 1995
 * Rapture, a 2012 album by Romeo's Daughter
 * The Rapture (album), by Siouxsie and the Banshees, released in 1995

Songs and instrumental works

 * "Rapture" (Blondie song), 1981
 * "Rapture" (iiO song), 2001
 * "Rapture" (Hurt song), 2006
 * "Rapture" (Morbid Angel song), 1993
 * Rapture (composition), a 2000 orchestral composition by Christopher Rouse
 * Rapture, a 2001 composition by Michael Torke
 * "Rapture", a song by Deftones from the 2006 album Saturday Night Wrist
 * "Rapture", a song by Laura Veirs from the 2004 album Carbon Glacier
 * "Rapture", the opening theme of anime series  Zodiac War by Panama Panorama Town
 * "The Rapture", a song by Senses Fail from the 2006 album Still Searching
 * "The Rapture", a song by Puscifer from the 2011 album Conditions of My Parole

Video games

 * Rapture (video game), a codename for Square Enix's MMORPG video game Final Fantasy XIV
 * Rapture (BioShock), a fictitious underwater city

Other uses

 * Rapture, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Posey County, Indiana, United States
 * Rapture (character), a character from Image Comics
 * Rapture (engine), the proprietary engine of Iron Realms Entertainment which handles networking issues and supports C-like script

title: Rapture (disambiguation)


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Who Do We Think We Are

Who Do We Think We Are is the seventh studio album by the English rock band Deep Purple, released on 12 January 1973 in the US and in February 1973 in the UK. It was Deep Purple's last album by the Mark II line-up with singer Ian Gillan and bassist Roger Glover until 1984’s Perfect Strangers.

Musically, the record showed a move to a more blues-based sound, even featuring scat singing. Although its production and the band's behaviour after its release showed the group in turmoil, with frontman Gillan remarking that "we'd all had major illnesses" and felt considerable fatigue, the album was a commercial success. Deep Purple became the top-selling U.S. artist in 1973. The album featured the energetic hard-rock single "Woman from Tokyo," which while scarcely played during the 1970s, would become a live staple from the band's 1984 reunion onward.

Recording
Who Do We Think We Are was recorded in Rome in July 1972 and Walldorf near Frankfurt in October 1972, using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio.

"Woman from Tokyo," the first track recorded in July, is about touring Japan for the first time (e.g. the lyric "Fly into the Rising Sun"). The only other track released from the Rome sessions is the outtake "Painted Horse." The rest were recorded in Frankfurt after more touring (including Japan, which yielded Made in Japan). The group, riven with internal strife, struggled to come up with tracks they agreed upon. Members were not speaking to each other and many songs were finished only after schedules were arranged so they could record parts separately.

Of "Mary Long," Gillan said: "Mary Whitehouse and Lord Longford were particularly high-profile figures at the time, with very waggy-waggy finger attitudes… It was about the standards of the older generation, the whole moral framework, intellectual vandalism – all of the things that exist throughout the generations… Mary Whitehouse and Lord Longford became one person, fusing together to represent the hypocrisy that I saw at the time."

Ian Gillan left the band following this album, citing internal tensions – widely thought to include a feud with guitarist Ritchie Blackmore. However, in an interview supporting the Mark II Purple comeback album Perfect Strangers, Gillan stated that fatigue and management had a lot to do with it: "We had just come off 18 months of touring, and we'd all had major illnesses at one time or another. Looking back, if they'd have been decent managers, they would have said, 'All right, stop. I want you to all go on three months' holiday. I don't even want you to pick up an instrument.' But instead they pushed us to complete the album on time. We should have stopped. I think if we did, Deep Purple would have still been around to this day."

Added Jerry Bloom, editor of the book More Black than Purple: "At this point, Deep Purple had become hugely successful. Success breeds demand, demand breeds more work, more work means you’re spending more time together. Generally, when you spend more time together, you get on each other’s nerves."

The last Mark II concert in the 1970s before Gillan and Glover left was in Osaka, Japan on 29 June 1973.

Album title and artwork
The original album artwork has many quoted articles from newspapers. One of them is from magazine Melody Maker of July 1972, where drummer Ian Paice remarks:

"Deep Purple get piles of passionate letters either violently against or pro the group. The angry ones generally start off "Who do Deep Purple think they are..."" Another clipping simply has the Paice quote "I bought it so i'll bloody well boot it", which was his reply to an angry letter admonishing the drummer for kicking over his drum kit at the end of a live performance on the television show South Bank Pops from 1970.

On the back cover of earlier pressings, the opening track is listed as "Woman from Tokayo." Coincidentally, Ian Gillan's pronunciation of "Tokyo" does resemble this misspelling.

Release
Despite the chaotic birth of the album, "Woman from Tokyo" was a hit single and other songs picked up considerable airplay. In the United States, it sold half a million copies in its first three months, achieving a gold record award faster than any Deep Purple album released up to that time.

It hit number 4 in the UK charts and number 15 in the US charts. These numbers helped make Deep Purple the best-selling artist in the United States in 1973 (with the release of Made in Japan and the prior acclaim for Machine Head helping considerably).

In 2000 Who Do We Think We Are was remastered and re-released with bonus tracks. The last bonus track is a lengthy instrumental jam called "First Day Jam" that features Ritchie Blackmore on bass. Roger Glover, the group's usual bassist, was absent, allegedly lost in traffic.

In 2005 Audio Fidelity released their own re-mastering of the album on 24 karat Gold CD.

Reception
The album received mixed reviews. Ann Cheauvy of Rolling Stone reviewed the album negatively and, comparing Who Do We Think We Are to Deep Purple's breakthrough album In Rock, wrote that the former "sounds so damn tired in spots that it's downright disconcerting", and "the band seems to just barely summon up enough energy to lay down the rhythm track, much less improvise." In a retrospective critical review, Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic expresses the same opinion and writes that, apart from "Woman from Tokyo", the album's songs are "wildly inconsistent and find the band simply going through the motions", although he does praise "Rat Bat Blue".

On the contrary, reviewer David Bowling writes in the Blogcritics site that Who Do We Think We Are "is one of the band’s strongest and stands near the top of the Deep Purple catalogue in terms of quality", providing "some of the best hard rock of the era".

Personnel

 * Deep Purple
 * Ritchie Blackmore – guitar
 * Ian Gillan – vocals
 * Roger Glover – bass
 * Jon Lord – keyboards
 * Ian Paice – drums, percussion

 * Additional personnel
 * Produced by Deep Purple
 * Martin Birch – engineer
 * Jeremy Gee, Nick Watterton – Rolling Stones Mobile Unit operators
 * Ian Paice and Roger Glover – mixing
 * Ian Hansford, Rob Cooksey, Colin Hart, Ron Quinton – equipment
 * Roger Glover and John Coletta – cover design
 * Peter Denenberg with Roger Glover – bonus tracks remixing (2000 edition)
 * Peter Mew – remastering (original album tracks) and mastering (bonus tracks) at Abbey Road Studios, London (2000 edition)

title: Who Do We Think We Are


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Polythene (album)

Polythene is the debut studio album by Welsh rock band Feeder. It was released 19 May 1997 on the Echo Label, and then re-issued on 28 October in the same year in an Enhanced CD version, featuring their UK top 40 breakthrough single "High" and its video. The original version of the album was deleted soon after and is relatively rare due to this reason.

Despite sizeable critical success, the album had minor commercial success, charting at number 65 in the UK albums chart. However, Polythene would later achieve Gold record status despite never having appeared in the top 50 of the album charts, a rare feat reflecting steady and consistent sales over a period of 20 years, rather than strong initial sales.

The album saw the group's early take on a more grunge-influenced sound, which was not seen on their other albums that followed. Many critics at the time called the band the UK's answer to the Smashing Pumpkins.

In April 1998, a VHS compilation of the music videos for the album's singles was released, titled Polythene: The Video Singles.

Background
Polythene's working title was Here in the Bubble.

Prior to the release of Polythene, Feeder had released several singles, which helped them build a cult following.

The album carries over two tracks – "Descend" and "Stereo World" – from Feeder's earlier EP, Swim.

Reception
The band's second single off Polythene, "Cement" was given a 5/5 review rating by Kerrang!, and their "Single of the Week" accolade. The album itself was ranked 6th in the magazine's best albums of the year chart. Metal Hammer voted it the best album of 1997 in its end of year critic's poll.

Kerrang! later included Polythene in their 200 Albums For the Year 2000 list in the "Essential Britrock" category. It appeared at number 87 in an early 2005 Kerrang! magazine vote, ranking the top 100 British rock albums of all-time.

Track listing
total 46:30 total 51:04 total 57:57
 * The album was reissued on 20 October 1997 with Polythene Girl being replaced with a remix by Chris Sheldon, non album single "High" was added to the track listing as track 4 and Waterfall was removed and replaced by Change as track 10 between "Stereo World" and "Tangerine"

Personnel

 * Feeder
 * Grant Nicholas- vocals, guitar, production on "Polythene Girl", "My Perfect Day" and "Crash", concept, photography
 * Taka Hirose- bass guitar
 * Jon Lee- drums

 * Production
 * Chris Sheldon - production, mixing, engineering
 * Feeder - production on "Cement"
 * Brian Sperber - production, engineering and mixing on "Polythene Girl", "My Perfect Day" and "Crash", remix on "Cement"
 * Audrey Riley - string arrangements on "High"
 * Matt Sime - engineering, mixing on "High"
 * Steve Power - mixing, additional engineering on "High"
 * Howie Weinberg - mastering

 * Artwork
 * Jeremy Plumb - concept, design
 * Scarlet Page - photography
 * Dan McLewin - photography
 * Andrew Cameron - photography

title: Polythene (album)


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Hilden

Hilden is a town in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is situated in the District of Mettmann, 10 km west of Solingen and 15 km east of Düsseldorf on the right side of the Rhine. It is a middle sized industrial town with a forest and numerous attractions.

The Mayor is Claus Pommer, who took office in 2020.

Geography
With approx. 57,000 inhabitants, Hilden is the fourth largest city in the District of Mettmann. In contrast to the surrounding cities, it has no suburban districts or incorporated villages. Hilden has a compact urbanized city centre and borders some smaller woods.

History
Hilden was named in written sources already in the 11th century. In the 13th century in the centre of the early settlement a Romanesque church was erected, which during the Reformation became Protestant. Later a second church for Catholics had been built. In the time of industrialization many factories especially in textiles, engineering and painting had been founded. In both World Wars the people of Hilden had many losses, a list of the soldiers' names is written on a memorial. During the Nazi rule Jews and opponents of the regime have been persecuted. In the factories forced labourers, allegedly 3000, have been employed.

In 1945 American troops, then units of the British Army of the Rhine had occupied the town, stationed in the local barracks erected in 1937. The relationship between the population and the British soldiers were good especially after Germany's accession to NATO in May 1955, when former adversaries became allies. The initiative of the regiment to get in touch with local citizens led to the twin partnership Hilden - Warrington (1968), to school exchanges and various contacts between people. In March 1968 the British troops left Hilden, having been replaced by German military units which took over the barracks.

In the aftermath of the War refugees from East Germany found a new home in Hilden nearly doubling its population. In 1956 the Council of Hilden granted patronage to the association of refugees from the town and district of Wohlau, Lower Silesia. They held several meetings in Hilden with more than 1000 former Wohlau citizens having received refuge in various parts of Germany.

Since the 1960s thousands of foreign migrant workers were employed in various industrial sections. An economical boom in the following decades contributed to further expansion of the town.

Politics
Since World War II, Hilden had six mayors:

 * Robert Gies – a Social Democrat and Mayor (1952–1969)
 * Ellen Wiederhold – a Christian Democrat, the first female and longest ruling Mayor (1969–1994)
 * Günter Scheib – a Social Democrat and Mayor (1994–2009)
 * Horst Thiele – a Social Democrat and Mayor (2009–2014)
 * Birgit Alkenings – a Social Democrat and Mayor (2014–2020)
 * Claus Pommer – non-party and Mayor (2020 – now)

The current City Council, elected in 2009, consists of 40 members: 13 Christian Democrats, 13 Social Democrats, 6 Liberals, 4 Greens, 4 Civic Action and 4 Independents. In summer 2010 one member left the Christian Democrat faction and two members left the Liberals founding their own faction. Missing a formal coalition the Council rules with changing majorities.

Economy
Hilden was once home to textile factories, a big paint enterprise, pharmaceutical and metallurgic companies. After the economic crisis in the 1980s many of these companies have been closed. Flourishing companies now include the German headquarters of 3M and Qiagen, as well as many other businesses and enterprises from the technology and logistics sector.

Transportation
Until the 1960s Hilden had an old fashioned tram, that connected the city in three directions with Düsseldorf-Benrath, Solingen-Ohligs and Wuppertal-Vohwinkel. It was nearly a tourist attraction, as it was one of the few trams that operated on metre gauge track. Meanwhile, the trams have been replaced by buses.

Hilden station has local trains operating to Düsseldorf, Solingen and Dortmund. This service is now operated as line S 1 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn, stopping at several newly built stations, including Hilden Süd station. Line S 1 continues past Düsseldorf to Düsseldorf Airport station and the Ruhr area.

Hilden is also accessible by the nearby intersecting freeways A3, A59 and A46.

Within Hilden, residential speed limits were reduced to 30 km/h in 1992 to encourage cycling. The main street in the center became a pedestrian zone.

Festivities

 * carnival parade (in February)
 * annual "Hildener Jazztage" - Hilden jazz days (in May/June)
 * Schützenfest - festivity of St. Sebastian's brotherhood (in June)
 * exhibition of fire fighters' brigade (August/September)
 * Day of German Reunification (on October 3)
 * Christmas market (in December)

Notable people

 * Wilhelm Fabry (1560–1634), founder of the scientific surgery
 * Max Volmer (1885–1965), physical chemist
 * Christian Petzold (born 1960), movie director
 * Michael Tarnat (born 1969), footballer
 * Blumio (born 1985), rapper
 * Julian Hanses (born 1997), racing driver

Twin towns – sister cities
Hilden is twinned with:
 * 🏴 Warrington, England, United Kingdom (1968)
 * 🇨🇿 Nové Město nad Metují, Czech Republic (1989)

title: Hilden


text:
Avellino

Avellino is a town and comune, capital of the province of Avellino in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is situated in a plain surrounded by mountains 47 km east of Naples and is an important hub on the road from Salerno to Benevento.

History

Before the Roman conquest, the ancient Abellinum was a centre of the Samnite Hirpini, located on the Civita hill some 4 km outside the current town, in what is now Atripalda. The city could correspond to the ancient Velecha, documented by coins found in the area. Abellinum was conquered by the Romans in 293 BC, changing name several times in the following centuries (Veneria, Livia, Augusta, Alexandriana, and Abellinatium). However, the construction of a true Roman town occurred only after the conquest by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in the civil wars in 89 BC. He razed the old site and in 82 BC founded the colony Veneria Abellinatium on the left bank of the river Sabato.

The new city was surrounded by massive walls and had an orthogonal hippodamian urban layout. In 7 AD Augustus changed its name to Livia Augusta in honour of his wife, Livia Drusilla who owned the territories between Abellinum and Aeclanum. In the 3rd century Alexander Severus expanded the colony under the title of Livia Augusta Alexandrina with a massive immigration of oriental settlers. This helped to spread ancient Levantine cults such as Sol Invictus in the territory.

There followed economic crises (III and IV centuries), violent earthquakes (346) and disastrous volcanic eruptions (472). The town was Christianised around 500, becoming an episcopal seat.

There were invasions of the Goths (535–555) and the Vandals. After the Lombard conquest of southern Italy, the ancient city was abandoned in 568 (it is disputed if completely or partly) and a new settlement grew on the Terra hill, corresponding to the modern Avellino.

Defended by a castle, it became part of the Duchy (later Principality) of Benevento and, after the latter's fall, of the Principality of Salerno. In 1100, during the Norman rule of southern Italy, it was acquired by Riccardo dell'Aquila. Later, King Charles I of Anjou assigned it to the Montfort family, who were succeeded by the Del Balzo and the Filangieri.

The feudal rights to Avellino were purchased in 1581 by Don Marino I Caracciolo, duke of Atripalda, of a patrician family of Naples, who was made Prince of Avellino in 1589. Avellino became the main seat of the Caracciolo. Don Marino's son and grandson were consecutively Grand Chancellor of the Kingdom of Naples and chevaliers of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The grandson, Don Marino II (1587–1630), was the patron of Giambattista Basile, author of the Pentamerone.

In 1820 Avellino was seat of revolutionary riots. However, the Unification of Italy some fifty years later did not bring any benefit to the city, being cut off from the main railway line Naples-Benevento-Foggia, and far from the sea as well.

In 1943 the city was bombed by Allied planes in an attempt to cut off the retreat of German panzer units over the important Bridge of Ferriera.

Avellino has suffered from seismic activity throughout its history and was struck hard by the earthquakes of 23 November 1980 and 14 February 1981. Avellino has also received ashfall from numerous eruptions of Vesuvius which lies almost due west; the city sits on type locality of pumice deposited from a Plinian eruption of Vesuvius about 3800 years ago.

Economy
The 1980 Irpinia earthquake represented a turning point for the town and for the entire province of Avellino. Large amounts of money flowed in for infrastructure investment, and the extra money generated innovation and economic expansion more generally. By 2008 a per capita annual income level of €20,180 placed Avellino well above the regional average in terms of individual prosperity.

Agriculture
Agriculture was at the heart of Avellino's economy until the mid-1970s, since then many younger people have moved away from family farms, and sometimes also migrated away from the area, in pursuit of higher wages. Nevertheless, tobacco, viticulture and especially the production of hazelnuts remain important to the local economy and, with increased investment in recent years, employ a number of people.

Industry
The manufacturing sector plays an important role in Avellino, with two industrial zones on the eastern and western peripheries of the main urban area, at Pianodardine suburb, Montefredane, Prata di Principato Ultra and Pratola Serra. Many small and medium-sized businesses are located in the industrial zones, including notably FMA (Fabbrica Motori Automobilistici, Automobile Engine Factory) who produces Fiat Pratola Serra modular engines for Fiat, Opel, Jeep, Lancia and Alfa Romeo, and creator of the "multi-jet" (fuel injected) car engine.

Air
The nearest airports are those of Salerno-Pontecagnano, 51 km to the southwest and Napoli-Capodichino, 53 km to the west.

Rail
The station, located where the city limits of Avellino meet Atripalda, was once the terminus for passenger rail services to Benevento, Cancello, and Rocchetta Sant'Antonio. The station provided a reliable link with Benevento and Salerno. A few long-distance trains to Naples and Rome were also added to try and reinvigorate the local economy, but these services came to an end in 2010, following cuts that saw the closure of the railway between Avellino and Rocchetta Sant'Antonio. A regional decree dated 9 August 2012 forced the closure of the remaining 19 local rail services. However, in response to protests from rail users a small number of services were reinstated on 28 October 2012.

Road
Avellino is served by two access points (Avellino Est/East and Avellino Ovest/West) on the A16 Autostrada (originally numbered A17, and known also as "Autostrada of the two seas") which runs approximately west–east and links Naples to the west with Canosa di Puglia and Bari on the farther side of the country. Near Naples the A16 connects with the A3 Autostrada, ensuring good road access with the principal population centres across Italy. Also important is the so-called "Ofantina" superstrada (dual carriageway) linking with several locally important towns to the east and south, en route to Salerno.

Public transport
Public transportation in Avellino is provided by AIR Campania. Since 2023, the service includes trolleybuses (locally referred to, inaccurately, as the metropolitana leggera, or light metro), on a new trolleybus route that opened on 3 April 2023. A trolleybus system previously operated in Avellino from 1947 to 1973.

Sport

 * U.S. Avellino 1912, a football club based in the town
 * S.S. Felice Scandone, a basketball club based in the town

Main sights
The ruins of the ancient Roman Abellinum are situated near the modern village of Atripalda, 4 km east of modern Avellino. They include the forum, faced by temples, baths, parts of the Serino aqueduct and a patrician domus. There was also an amphitheatre and a brothel.

Avellino Cathedral, with its Romanesque crypt, stands on the site of a rich Roman villa which was built around 129 BC and abandoned after the eruption of Vesuvius, and an earthquake in 346 AD. The church and convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie were built in 1580.

There are some remains of the Lombard castle in Piazza Castello (Castle Square). Because the castle was built at the base of a small valley, its tactical purpose continues to puzzle modern-day historians throughout Europe. The Fountain of Bellerophon was executed in the 17th century by Cosimo Fanzago.

Museums

 * National Gallery of Selachoidei, housing one of the largest collections of cartilaginous fishes in Italy.
 * Museum of Art (MdAO – Museo d'Arte)
 * Museum of the Cathedral and the Diocese of Avellino
 * Provincial Archaeological Museum
 * Provincial Art Gallery, in the “Carcere Borbonico”
 * Zoological Museum of invertebrates "L. Carbone”

Notable people

 * Sonia Aquino (1977 – ), actress
 * Milly D'Abbraccio (1964 – ), pornographic film actress
 * Luigi Di Maio (1986 – ), politician
 * Carmine Biagio Gatti (1988 – ), footballer
 * Carmen Giannattasio (1975 – ), operatic soprano
 * Joe Grim (1881–1939), Italian American boxer
 * Maurizio Lanzaro (1982 – ), footballer
 * Antonio Maccanico (1924–2013), politician
 * Gianfranco Rotondi (1960 – ), politician
 * Ralph Sazio (1922–2008), Italian Canadian football player and coach
 * Tony Soprano (1959–2007), fictional New Jersey mob boss
 * Cesare Uva (1824–1886), painter

In fiction
In the HBO television series The Sopranos, mob boss Tony Soprano has his family roots in Avellino. Tony's grandfather, Corrado Soprano Sr, a stonemason, emigrated from Avellino to the United States in the early 20th century. In the episode "In Camelot", Junior Soprano claims "The whole village of Avellino settled in this area" in which the main characters live, in Essex County, New Jersey.

title: Avellino


text:
Dik Evans

Richard G. "Dik" Evans (born 1957) is an Irish musician. He is a co-founder and guitarist of the band Virgin Prunes, and a co-founder and early guitarist of the band that later became U2. He is the older brother of U2 guitarist The Edge.

Early life
Richard G. Evans was born in Barking in 1957, the son of Welsh parents. His younger brother David is a guitarist better known by his stage name The Edge. At a young age, the family moved to Ireland. Evans first began to learn how to play guitar with an acoustic guitar bought by his brother, which the two shared.

Career
The band that would eventually be named U2 formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976. Dik and his brother Dave were two of six people to respond to a note that Larry Mullen Jr. posted on the notice board at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in search of musicians for a new band. The group set up in Mullen's kitchen, with the Evans brothers on guitar; at the first meeting, the duo shared a single home-made instrument between them. They soon whittled down the lineup to a five-piece and settled on the name "Feedback" because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their initial material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, and Sex Pistols. The popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to success.

In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for a paying audience at St. Fintan's High School. Shortly after, the band changed their name to "The Hype". Dik, who was older than the other band members and by this time at college, was becoming the odd man out. The rest of the band was leaning towards the idea of a four-piece ensemble. In March 1978, the group changed their name to "U2". That same month, U2, as a four-piece without Dik, won a talent contest in Limerick sponsored by Harp Lager and the Evening Press. The win was an important milestone and affirmation for the fledgling band. Within a few days, Dik was officially phased out of the band with a farewell concert at the Presbyterian Church Hall in Howth. During the show, which featured the group playing cover songs as the Hype, Dik ceremonially walked offstage. The remaining four band members returned later in the concert to play original material as U2.

Evans was later a founding member of Dublin-based band The Virgin Prunes and their guitarist from 1977 to 1984. He co-founded the band The Kid Sisters, later known as The Screech Owls, along with the American musician Deborah "Debbie" Schow.

Recent solo work includes contributions to Snakes & Ladders – A Festival of New Irish Music, curated by composer and former Virgin Prunes' band member, Daniel Figgis.

title: Dik Evans


text:
Kidd-class destroyer

The Kidd-class destroyers were a series of four guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) based on the Spruance-class destroyer. In contrast to their predecessor's focus on anti-submarine warfare, the Kidds were designed as more advanced multipurpose ships with the addition of considerably enhanced anti-aircraft capabilities. Originally ordered for the former Imperial Iranian Navy, the contracts were canceled when the 1979 Iranian Revolution began, and the ships were completed for the United States Navy. They were decommissioned in 1999 and sold to Taiwan, where they have served in the Republic of China Navy as the Kee Lung class since 2005.

History
These destroyers were originally ordered by the last Shah of Iran for service in the Persian Gulf in an air defence role around 1973/74. The original order of six ships was tentatively assigned hull numbers DD 993–998 by the U.S. Navy but it was reduced to four ships after U.S. Congress declined to halt the original production run of 30 Spruance ships. Compared to the preceding Spruance class, they retained the former's anti-submarine capabilities while adding two Tartar-D missile launchers for the Mark 26/Standard anti-aircraft missile system. In order to operate more effectively in the Middle East, they also had four air conditioning plants to the Spruances' three, additional dust separators on their gas turbines' air intakes, and increased water distillation capacity. The Shah was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution, prior to Iran accepting delivery of the ships, causing the United States Navy to integrate the vessels into its own fleet in 1981–82 as the Kidd class.

On 3 February 1979, the Iranian government canceled the second two ships in the class, signing a memorandum of understanding indicating that they were available for acquisition by the U.S. Navy. On 21 February. 1979, the Iranian Prime Minister notified the U.S. government that Iran intended to terminate the contract of the first two ships, officially cancelling delivery on 8 March 1979.

Each ship in the class was named after a U.S. Navy Admiral who had died in combat in the Pacific in World War II:
 * USS Kidd (DDG-993) was named after Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, who died on the bridge of his flagship, USS Arizona (BB-39), during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.
 * USS Callaghan (DDG-994) was named after Rear Admiral Daniel Callaghan, who was killed during a surface action at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 13 November 1942, aboard USS San Francisco (CA-38).
 * USS Scott (DDG-995) was named after Rear Admiral Norman Scott, who was killed during the same surface action that killed Admiral Callaghan at the First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, aboard USS Atlanta (CL-51).
 * USS Chandler (DDG-996) was named after Rear Admiral Theodore Chandler, who died on 7 January 1945, as a result of burns received from a kamikaze crashing into his flagship, USS Louisville (CA-28), the previous day.

Because they were equipped with heavy-duty air conditioning and other features that made them suitable in hot climates, they tended to be used in the Middle East, specifically the Persian Gulf itself. During their service with the U.S. Navy from the 1980s to the late 1990s, the ships were popularly known as the "Ayatollah" class.

In 1988–90, the Kidds received the "New Threat Upgrade", which allowed cooperative engagement with Aegis Ticonderoga-class cruiser cruisers, enabling the cruisers to control the Kidds' surface-to-air missiles in flight while the destroyers remained electronically silent. However, the arrival of the Aegis-equipped Arleigh Burke-class destroyer destroyers led to the accelerated retirement of the Kidd class.

All four ships were decommissioned from the U.S. Navy in the late 1990s and were initially offered for sale to Australia in 1997 for A$30 million each. The Royal Australian Navy was a strong supporter of buying the Kidd-class destroyers to replace the Perth class as their air warfare ships. In 1999, the offer was rejected, based on extensive problems the Royal Australian Navy had encountered during the acquisition of two surplus Newport-class tank landing ships from the U.S. Navy in 1994. In the early 1990s the Labor government of Paul Keating chose to maintain the Royal Australian Navy's existing Adelaide-class frigates instead of replacing them with the more expensive and much more labour-intensive, but more capable Kidd-class destroyers. Under the succeeding Liberal government of John Howard, in the mid-1990s they commenced the SEA 1390, also known as the FFG Upgrade Project, to improve the Adelaide frigates' capabilities; however, this project ran over costs and was behind schedule.

After the Australian refusal, the four ships were offered to Greece, which also refused.

Sale and reactivation
In 2001, the U.S. authorized the reactivation and sale of all four ships to Taiwan (Republic of China). All four have been transferred to the Republic of China Navy under the Kuang Hua VII program. They were sold for a total price of US$732 million with upgraded hardware, overhaul, activation, and training, and included a reduced missile loadout of 148 SM-2 Block IIIA and 32 RGM-84L Block II Harpoon anti-ship missiles. The reactivation was done in Charleston, South Carolina, by VSE/BAV.

Kee Lung-class destroyers
The first two ships, ex-Scott and ex-Callaghan, arrived at Su-ao, a military port in eastern Taiwan, in December 2005, and were named ROCS Kee Lung and ROCS Su Ao in a commissioning ceremony on 17 December 2005. Following the tradition of ship class naming, ROCN has referred to these vessels as Kee Lung-class destroyers, with the ships named after military ports in Taiwan. The remaining two units, ex-Kidd and ex-Chandler, were delivered in 2006, and named ROCS Tso Ying and ROCS Ma Kong, respectively.

The opposition-led Legislature Yuan originally allocated only enough money to purchase half of the SM-2 missiles that the destroyers can carry; a further purchase of 100 supplemental SM-2MRs was included in the 2007 annual budget to ensure all four ships had a full load of SM-2.

By end of 2008, Su Ao was spotted to have eight HF-3 AShMs installed in place of eight Harpoon AShMs. It has been speculated from 2014 on that a navalized Sky Bow missile system, currently planned for an upcoming shipbuilding programme that involves the procurement of up to 15 general purpose frigates and three or four air defense destroyers, will also be replacing the Standard Missile system on these vessels. No plan for any Mk 26-compatible version of the Sky Bow III missile is ever known to have existed.

Ships in class

 * Original name: USS Kidd (DDG-993)
 * Tentative Iranian name: Kourosh
 * Present name: Tso Ying (左營, DDG-1803); was to be Tung Teh (同德); commissioned on 3 November 2006
 * Original name: USS Callaghan (DDG-994)
 * Tentative Iranian name: Dariush
 * Present name: Su Ao (蘇澳, DDG-1802); was to be Ming Teh (明德); commissioned on 17 December 2005
 * Original name: USS Scott (DDG-995)
 * Tentative Iranian name: Nader
 * Present name: Kee Lung (基隆, DDG-1801); was to be Chi Teh (紀德); commissioned on 17 December 2005
 * Original name: USS Chandler (DDG-996)
 * Tentative Iranian name: Anoshirvan
 * Present name: Ma Kong (馬公, DDG-1805); was to be Wu Teh (武德); commissioned on 3 November 2006

title: Kidd-class destroyer


text:
User talk:Brodie~enwiki

Hi Brodie and welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for taking the time to contribute. We look forward to working with you.If you have not done so already please have a look at Welcome, newcomers. You can ask questions at Help desk.

You have added the article Catboy. It's not clear from this article what it refers to. If this is a fictional character please say so, and explain what book, movie etc he is from. If not then your article is in danger of being deleted.

DJ Clayworth 21:50, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Brodie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Brodie~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:41, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:14, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brodie~enwiki


text:
NVH

NVH may refer to:

 * Newhaven Harbour railway station, a railway station in Sussex, England
 * Noise, vibration, and harshness, mechanical properties of vehicles
 * Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, a public university in Oslo, Norway
 * NVH-1 and NVH-4 armored fighting vehicles, variants of the Type 85 AFV

title: NVH