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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of famous people who lost their virginity at an early age

List of famous people who lost their virginity at an early age
How does this even begin to be encyclopedic? RadicalSubversiv E 18:18, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. --Improv 18:33, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 'Dustin screamed like a little girl when he had his orgasm'. Ahem. Kill this now, delete. Darksun 18:34, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good lord. Delete Cool Hand Luke  18:48, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lists are good if they serve a purpose. Many don't, and this is a case in point. When are we going to see List of people allergic to asparagus? -R. fiend 18:49, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * shortly before the creation of List of famous people whose cats are allergic to asparagus and who regained their virginity at a later date Ianb 20:28, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I want List of famous people who are allergic to virginity and lost their asparagus at an early age. Oh, and delete. -- Jmabel|Talk 23:23, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Just to keep at it, why not List of early people who are allergic to famous cats and lost their virginity to aged asparagus? (Man, if someone makes one of these links blue I hope it can go straight to speedy) -R. fiend 04:40, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. anthony (see warning) 19:15, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That looks like it is getting out of hand. If it had references for the information one could perhaps argue to keep it, but in it's current form without references it should be deleted. Thue | talk 19:46, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if verifiable, I presume it is all in biographies. — siro  χ  o  20:17, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * comment: None of the linked articles I looked at mentioned when the person lost his virginity. Thue | talk 20:27, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well I meant actual in-depth biographies (: — siro  χ  o  09:28, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, largely unsubstantiated trivia. --Ianb 20:28, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete DCEdwards1966 20:48, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * So when did losing one's virginity at 15 become notably early? Gdr 23:20, 2004 Oct 14 (UTC)
 * It's clearly another case of systemic bias. fabiform | talk 00:49, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed. 13 is the legal age of consent in many countries and it is 12 in some. Gdr 10:16, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)
 * Delete: unverifiable hearsay. -Sean Curtin 23:31, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I suspect this article should be at List of famous people who claim to have lost their virginity at an early age and may or may not be telling the truth. Delete. Dbiv 00:13, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Good lord. Delete.
 * Oath by Wyllium, I believe.
 * Yes it is, forgot to sign. Wyllium 12:38, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

 * Delete: As useful as the List of people born by autoparthenogenesis Geogre 00:28, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Leave my kids out of this... ;-) Fire Star
 * Delete this nonsense. Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 00:31, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 16 for me: is that early or late? Oh, and Delete. func(talk) 02:31, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. —No-One Jones (m) 04:45, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D One of my mates lost his virginity to a hand at 7 - does that merit inclusion? Chris 05:32, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mackensen 05:38, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete RustyCale 11:28, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable hearsay. Fire Star 15:17, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not encyclopedic, totally unverifiable, POV (who defines an "early age"?), and way too complete. Creepy.  Delete  Plutor 18:15, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this article at an early age. JamesMLane 21:30, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Did you notice that Gillian Anderson lost hers at 13, and David Duchovny at 14 with a 13 year old girl? I thought that was funny, notwithstanding the fact that he is actually 8 years older than her. Anyway, enough rambling, delete. Adam Bishop 21:34, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this article, no single letter or word is worth to be read in Wikipedia JOJO 06:50, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting info verifiable in bios - junk non verifiables ones. Mark Richards 16:24, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable, non-encyclopedic, POV, plain useless. crimmer ‣ (Talk) 16:32, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Very very non verifaible and pretty ameteur in subject as well.--BoomerangBob 01:28, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Remove all names below age 12. Some things man is not meant to know. Auric The Rad 01:31, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Unsubstantiated gossip. Ejrrjs 23:13, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Conti|✉ 23:41, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for mopery and dopery. --Jerzy(t) 11:11, 2004 Oct 18 (UTC)
 * Delete.-PlasmaDragon 15:55, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 20:34, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --L33tminion 01:59, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Timrollpickering 13:44, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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User:Demitsu

Demitsu is Daniel Werner from Frankfurt, Germany. As a trained IT specialist, my current work is based in the IT industry, encompassing software development and Linux system administration. In my spare time, you'll find me programming in Python (mostly) or Common Lisp, reading fantasy novels, playing Pen-and-paper roleplaying games, going out or baking low-fat muffins. My greatest passion currently is, however, to research more advanced topics in computer science, and consciousness itself.

My activities regarding Wikipedia are rather sparse as of October 2008. I am helping out mostly by correcting, wikifying and expanding the articles I read. And I read a lot, considering that Wikipedia is and has been so far an invaluable reference for all things technical (and non-technical as well).

You can also find me at the following wiki sites:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Demitsu


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Market power

In economics, market power refers to the ability of a firm to influence the price at which it sells a product or service by manipulating either the supply or demand of the product or service to increase economic profit. In other words, market power occurs if a firm does not face a perfectly elastic demand curve and can set its price (P) above marginal cost (MC) without losing revenue. This indicates that the magnitude of market power is associated with the gap between P and MC at a firm's profit maximising level of output. The size of the gap, which encapsulates the firm's level of market dominance, is determined by the residual demand curve's form. A steeper reverse demand indicates higher earnings and more dominance in the market. Such propensities contradict perfectly competitive markets, where market participants have no market power, P = MC and firms earn zero economic profit. Market participants in perfectly competitive markets are consequently referred to as 'price takers', whereas market participants that exhibit market power are referred to as 'price makers' or 'price setters'.

The market power of any individual firm is controlled by multiple factors, including but not limited to, their size, the structure of the market they are involved in, and the barriers to entry for the particular market. A firm with market power has the ability to individually affect either the total quantity or price in the market. This said, market power has been seen to exert more upward pressure on prices due to effects relating to Nash equilibria and profitable deviations that can be made by raising prices. Price makers face a downward-sloping demand curve and as a result, price increases lead to a lower quantity demanded. The decrease in supply creates an economic deadweight loss (DWL) and a decline in consumer surplus. This is viewed as socially undesirable and has implications for welfare and resource allocation as larger firms with high markups negatively effect labour markets by providing lower wages. Perfectly competitive markets do not exhibit such issues as firms set prices that reflect costs, which is to the benefit of the customer. As a result, many countries have antitrust or other legislation intended to limit the ability of firms to accrue market power. Such legislation often regulates mergers and sometimes introduces a judicial power to compel divestiture.

Market power provides firms with the ability to engage in unilateral anti-competitive behavior. As a result, legislation recognises that firms with market power can, in some circumstances, damage the competitive process. In particular, firms with market power are accused of limit pricing, predatory pricing, holding excess capacity and strategic bundling. A firm usually has market power by having a high market share although this alone is not sufficient to establish the possession of significant market power. This is because highly concentrated markets may be contestable if there are no barriers to entry or exit. Invariably, this limits the incumbent firm's ability to raise its price above competitive levels.

If no individual participant in the market has significant market power, anti-competitive conduct can only take place through collusion, or the exercise of a group of participants' collective market power. An example of which was seen in 2007, when British Airways was found to have colluded with Virgin Atlantic between 2004 and 2006, increasing their surcharges per ticket from £5 to £60.

Regulators are able to assess the level of market power and dominance a firm has and measure competition through the use of several tools and indicators. Although market power is extremely difficult to measure, through the use of widely used analytical techniques such as concentration ratios, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the Lerner index, regulators are able to oversee and attempt to restore market competitiveness.

Market structure
In economics, market structure can profoundly affect the behavior and financial performance of firms. Market structure depicts how different industries are characterized and differentiated based upon the types of goods the firms sell (homogenous/heterogenous) and the nature of competition within the industry. The degree of market power firms assert in different markets are relative to the market structure that the firms operate in. There are four main forms of market structures that are observed: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Perfect competition and monopoly represent the two extremes of market structure, respectively. Monopolistic competition and oligopoly exist in between these two extremes.

Perfect competition power
"Perfect Competition" refers to a market structure that is devoid of any barriers or interference and describes those marketplaces where neither corporations nor consumers are powerful enough to affect pricing. In terms of economics, it is one of the many conventional market forms and the optimal condition of market competition. The concept of perfect competition represents a theoretical market structure where the market reaches an equilibrium that is Pareto optimal. This occurs when the quantity supplied by sellers in the market equals the quantity demanded by buyers in the market at the current price. Firms competing in a perfectly competitive market faces a market price that is equal to their marginal cost, therefore, no economic profits are present. The following criteria need to be satisfied in a perfectly competitive market:

 * 1) Producers sell homogenous goods
 * 2) All firms are price takers
 * 3) Perfect information
 * 4) No barriers to enter and exit
 * 5) All firms have relatively small market share and cannot influence price

As all firms in the market are price takers, they essentially hold zero market power and must accept the price given by the market. A perfectly competitive market is logically impossible to achieve in a real world scenario as it embodies contradiction in itself and therefore is considered an idealised framework by economists.

Monopolistic competition power
Monopolistic competition can be described as the "middle ground" between perfect competition and a monopoly as it shares elements present in both market structures that are on different ends of the market structure spectrum. Monopolistic competition is a type of market structure defined by many producers that are competing against each other by selling similar goods which are differentiated, thus are not perfect substitutes. In the short term, firms are able to obtain economic profits as a result of differentiated goods providing sellers with some degree of market power; however, profits approaches zero as more competitive toughness increases in the industry. The main characteristics of monopolistic competition include:

Firms within this market structure are not price takers and compete based on product price, quality and through marketing efforts, setting individual prices for the unique differentiated products. Examples of industries with monopolistic competition include restaurants, hairdressers and clothing.
 * 1) Differentiated products
 * 2) Many sellers and buyers
 * 3) Free entry and exit

Monopoly power
The word monopoly is used in various instances referring to a single seller of a product, a producer with an overwhelming level of market share, or refer to a large firm. All of these treatments have one unifying factor which is the ability to influence the market price by altering the supply of the good or service through its own production decisions. The most discussed form of market power is that of a monopoly, but other forms such as monopsony and more moderate versions of these extremes exist. A monopoly is considered a 'market failure' and consists of one firm that produces a unique product or service without close substitutes. Whilst pure monopolies are rare, monopoly power is far more common and can be seen in many industries even with more than one supplier in the market. Firms with monopoly power can charge a higher price for products (higher markup) as demand is relatively inelastic. They also see a falling rate of labour share as firms divest from expensive inputs such as labour. Often, firms with monopoly power exist in industries with high barriers to entry, which include, but are not limited to:

 * 1) Economies of scale
 * 2) Predatory pricing
 * 3) Control of key resources (required in production of the good)
 * 4) Legal regulations

A well-known example of monopolistic market power is Microsoft's market share in PC operating systems. The United States v. Microsoft case dealt with an allegation that Microsoft illegally exercised its market power by bundling its web browser with its operating system. In this respect, the notion of dominance and dominant position in EU Antitrust Law is a strictly related aspect.

Oligopoly power
Another form of market power is that of an oligopoly or oligopsony. Within this market structure, the market is highly concentrated and several firms control a significant share of market sales. The emergence of oligopoly market forms is mainly attributed to the monopoly of market competition, i.e., the market monopoly acquired by enterprises through their competitive advantages, and the administrative monopoly due to government regulations, such as when the government grants monopoly power to an enterprise in the industry through laws and regulations and at the same time imposes certain controls on it to improve efficiency. The main characteristics of an oligopoly are:

 * 1) A few sellers and many buyers.
 * 2) Homogenous or differentiated products.
 * 3) High barriers to entry. This includes, but is not limited to, 'technology challenges, government regulations, patents, start-up costs, or education and licensing requirements'.
 * 4) Interaction/strategic behaviour.

It is salient to note that only a few firms make up the market share. Hence, their market power is large as a collective and each firm has little or no market power independently. For firms trying to enter these industries, unless they can start with a large production scale and capture a significant market share, the high average costs will make it impossible for them to compete with the existing firms. Generally, when a firm operating in an oligopolistic market adjusts prices, other firms in the industry will be directly impacted.

The graph below depicts the kinked demand curve hypothesis which was proposed by Paul Sweezy who was an American economist. It is important to note that this graph is a simplistic example of a kinked demand curve.

Oligopolistic firms are believed to operate within the confines of the kinked demand function. This means that when firms set prices above the prevailing price level (P*), prices are relatively elastic because individuals are likely to switch to a competitor's product as a substitute. Prices below P* are believed to be relatively inelastic as competitive firms are likely to mimic the change in prices, meaning less gains are experienced by the firm.

An oligopoly may engage in collusion, either tacit or overt to exercise market power and manipulate prices to control demand and revenue for a collection of firms. A group of firms that explicitly agree to affect market price or output is called a cartel, with the organization of petroleum-exporting countries (OPEC) being one of the most well known example of an international cartel.

Sources of market power
By remaining consistent with the strict definition of market power as any firm with a positive Lerner index, the sources of market power is derived from distinctiveness of the good and or seller. For a monopolist, distinctiveness is a necessary condition that needs to be satisfied but this is just the starting point. Without barriers to entries, above normal profits experienced by monopolists would not persist as other sellers of homogenous or similar goods would continue to enter the industry until above normal profits are diminished until the industry experiences perfect competition

There are several sources of market power including:

 * 1) High barriers to entry. These barriers include the control of scarce resources, increasing returns to scale, technological superiority and government created barriers to entry. OPEC is an example of an organization that has market power due to control over scarce resources — oil.
 * 2) Increasing returns to scale. Firms that experience increasing returns to scale also experience decreasing average total costs and therefore become more profitable with size and higher demand levels.
 * 3) High start-up costs. This barrier makes it difficult for new entrants to succeed as the initial creation costs are ingrained within the industry. Firms like power, cable television and telecommunication companies fall within this category. A firm seeking to enter such industries require the ability to spend millions of dollars before starting operations and generating revenue.
 * 4) Brand loyalty of consumers and value placed by consumers on reputation. Incumbent firms often have a competitive advantage over new entrants as customers are familiar with the product and service. An incumbent firm can engage in several entry-deterring strategies such as limit pricing, predatory pricing and strategic bundling. Microsoft has substantial pricing or market power due to technological superiority in its design and production processes.
 * 5) Government policies/regulations. One significant technique of governmental action to create monopolies is the granting of franchises and operating licenses. This is due to the fact that no other businesses are permitted by law to operate without a franchise. A prime example are patents granted to pharmaceutical companies which prevent competitors from creating and selling their specific goods. These patents give the drug companies a virtual monopoly in the protected product for the term of the patent.
 * 6) Factors of Production Barriers. An important influencing factor of market power is the control of the supply of factors of production to produce the good. Factors of production can be divided into tangible land, capital, and intangible human resources, intelligence, etc. As the industrial economy changes to a knowledge-based economy, the control of the supply of intangible factors of production such as talent, intelligence, information, etc. will become more and more of a barrier to entry for companies with unlimited market power.

Measurement of market power
Measuring market power is inherently complex because the most widely used measures are sensitive to the definition of a market and the range of analysis.

Magnitude of a firm's market power is shown by a firm's ability to deviate from an elastic demand curve and charge a higher price (P) above its marginal cost (C), commonly referred to as a firm's mark-up or margin. The higher a firm's mark-up, the larger the magnitude of power. This said, markups are complicated to measure as they are reliant on a firm's marginal costs and as a result, concentration ratios are the more common measures as they require only publicly accessible revenue data.

Concentration ratios
Market concentration, also referred to as industry concentration, refers to the extent of which market shares of the largest firms in the market account for a significant portion of the economic activities quantifiable by various metrics such as sales, employment, active users. Recent macroeconomic market power literature indicates that concentration ratios are the most frequently used measure of market power. Measures of concentration summarise the share of market or industry activity accounted for by large firms. An advantage of using concentration as an empirical tool to quantify market power is the requirement of only needing revenue data of firms which results in the corresponding disadvantage of the inconsideration of costs or profits.

N-firm concentration ratio
The N-firm concentration ratio gives the combined market share of the largest N firms in the market. For example, a 4-firm concentration ratio measures the total market share of the four largest firms in an industry. In order to calculate the N-firm concentration ratio, one usually uses sales revenue to calculate market share, however, concentration ratios based on other measures such as production capacity may also be used. For a monopoly, the 4-firm concentration ratio is 100 per cent whilst for perfect competition, the ratio is zero. Moreover, studies indicate that a concentration ratio of between 40 and 70 percent suggests that the firm operates as an oligopoly. These figures are viable but should be used as a 'rule of thumb' as it is important to consider other market factors when analysing concentration ratios.

An advantage of concentration ratios as an empirical tool for studying market power is that it requires only data on revenues and is thus easy to compute. The corresponding disadvantage is that concentration is about relative revenue and includes no information about costs or profits.

Herfindahl-Hirschman index
The Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is another measure of concentration and is the sum of the squared market shares of all firms in a market. The HHI is a more widely used indicator in economics and government regulation. The index reflects not only the market share of large firms within the market, but also the market structure outside of large firms, and therefore, more accurately reflects the degree of influence of large firms on the market. For example, in a market with two firms, each with 50% market share, the HHI is $$\sum(S_i)^2$$ = 0.502 + 0.502 = 0.50. The HHI for a monopoly is 1 whilst for perfect competition, the HHI is zero. Unlike the N-firm concentration ratio, large firms are given more weight in the HHI and as a result, the HHI conveys more information. However the HHI has its own limitations as it is sensitive to the definition of a market, therefore meaning you cannot use it to cross-examine different industries, or do analysis over time as the industry changes.

Lerner index
The Lerner index is a widely accepted and applied method of estimating market power in a monopoly. It compares a firm's price of output with its associated marginal cost where marginal cost pricing is the "socially optimal level" achieved in market with perfect competition. Lerner (1934) believes that market power is the monopoly manufacturers' ability to raise prices above their marginal cost. This notion can be expressed by using the formula:

 * $$L = (P-MC)/P$$

Where P represents the price of the good set by the firm and MC representing the firm's marginal cost.The formula focuses on the nature of monopoly and emphasising welfare economic implications of the Pareto optimal principle. Although Lerner is usually credited for the price/cost margin index, the generalized version was fully derived prior to WWII by Italian neoclassical economist, Luigi Amaroso.

Connection with Competition Law
Market power within competition law can be used to determine whether or not a firm has unfairly manipulated the market in their favour, or to the detriment of entrants. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 under section 2 restricts firms from engaging in anticompetitive conduct by utilising an individual firm's power to manipulate the market or partake in anticompetitive acts. A firm can be found in breach of the act if they have leveraged their market power to unfairly gain further market power in a manner that is detrimental to the market and consumers. The measurement of market power is key in determining a breach of the act and can be determined from multiple measurements as discussed in measurements of market power above.

In Australia, consumer law allows for firms to have significant market power and utilise it, as long as it is determined to not have “the purpose, effect or likely effect of substantially lessening competition”

Elasticity of demand
The degree to which a firm can raise its price above marginal cost depends on the shape of the demand curve at a firm's profit maximising level of output. Consequently, the relationship between market power and the price elasticity of demand (PED) can be summarised by the equation:

 * $$\frac{P}{MC}=\frac{PED}{1+PED}.$$

The ratio $$P/MC$$ is always greater than 1 and the higher the $$P/MC$$ ratio, the more market power the firm possesses. As PED increases in magnitude, the $$P/MC$$ ratio approaches 1 and market power approaches zero. The equation is derived from the monopolist pricing rule:

 * $$\frac{P-MC}{P}=-\frac 1 {PED}.$$

Nobel Memorial Prize
Jean Tirole was awarded the 2014 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and economic regulation.

Further references

 * Syverson, Chad. 2019. "Macroeconomics and Market Power: Context, Implications, and Open Questions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 33(3): 23–43.
 * "The Theory of Industrial Organization", Tirole, MIT Press 1988
 * Thomas Philippon. 2019. The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets. Harvard University Press.
 * Thomas Philippon. 2019. The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets. Harvard University Press.

title: Market power


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User talk:Mr squirrel

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be prevented from editing Wikipedia. andy 18:22, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Squirrel dispute
My coment on the squirrel was a fact that was interesting and valid. the comment was not ment to insult Germans, i am sure that i can not prenouce your words correctly to. please reply with why you have so unexpectadly removed my helpfull addition. mr squirrel

 * That contribution is nothing but vandalism. So stop with it and contribute valid stuff, or go somewhere else. If you don't stop you'll get blocked quickly. This is the last warning. andy 18:35, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Squirrel
Andy, can you properly pronounce the word squirrel? If you cannot this has proved the point I was trying to make. In fact it is you that is vandalising this web page by denying people the truth and/or interesting facts.

 * Please stop your vandalism, Intrigue 20:17, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr squirrel


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Talk:School of Salamanca

Whig history?
I'm the person responsible for translating nearly all of this (with a little help from Mpolo. I'm wondering: as I go through this, the School of Salamanca are presented as so uniformly modern in their thinking that I suspect a bit of "Whig history". That is, I suspect that there are some characteristic (but less modern) aspects of their thinking that are left out and perhaps there are even ideas attributed to them here that are not correct descriptions of their own ideas, but instead are extrapolations of the later developments of those ideas. Does anyone know the subject matter well enough to comment? -- Jmabel|Talk 18:23, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Here's some info from "Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche" (as a translation of copyrighted material, it can't be just quoted, obviously): While the two first generations (of the Salmanticenses) were very creative, B. de Medina and D. Báñez (third generation from F. de Vitoria) received the mission from their religious superiours to collect the unprinted material of their predecessors. Their commentaries to the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas show a notable advance in the formulation of the theological problems. In Báñez, who no longer had the intellectual gifts of F. de Vitoria, there is a notable scholastic spirit (see "dispute over grace"). This was probably the beginning of the fall of the school, although P. de Herrera, F. Araujo, and P. de Godoy remained on a notable high point.

 * On the Coimbricenses (or Conimbricenses) LTK has: These are the editors of the "Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis SJ" on Aristotle in 5 volumes.... The course contains no commentary on the Metaphysics, because this was provided by P. da Fonseca's Metaphysics I-IV. The printing "Colegii Conimbricensis commentarii in universam Logicam" is a private publication of Fonseca's Logic, which was not recognized by the Conimbricenses. Mpolo 13:47, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Merge proposal
There appears to be a duplicate article Salamanca school that is written mostly from an economics perspective. It should clearly be merged here, but since this article is already quite long, I propose the following: Any ideas/objections? jni 11:29, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Split the section "Economics" into its own article with title Economic thought of the Salamanca School or something similar.
 * 2) Merge everything from Salamanca school to that article.
 * 3) Keep Salamanca school as a redirect to this page.

 * I'd have no problem with that. And then have a section in this article saying See main article: Economic thought of the Salamanca School or some such and giving a one-paragraph summary. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:23, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Argh, I started merging this and was almost finished before I noticed this discussion on the talk page. I figure that rolling back what I already did would be pointless, so I went ahead and finished the merge up. Since I merged the bulk of the other article into the "Economics" section, I'm hoping this won't pose a problem for splitting that section off into its own article as indicated. I apologize for any inconvience and I'm sorry that I didn't read the Talk page first. :\ -- Zawersh 06:09, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Questionable Statement
I find this statement problematic, especially since its scope is unclear: "The School of Salamanca distinguished two realms of power, the natural or civil realm and the realm of the supernatural, which were not differentiated in the Middle Ages." While this may be true as a general rule, it also seems to stretch to Medival thought. Dante in The Divine Comedy expresses a similar need for the seperation of the natural and spiritual, at least until the return of Christ. --chemica 01:56, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * How about "…which were often conflated in the Middle Ages through doctrines such as the Divine Right of Kings and the temporal powers of the pope"? - Jmabel | Talk 23:14, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that is more accurate statement. Thank you. --chemica 01:31, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Another passage is, "The mendicant orders considered the possession of goods and private property as, at least, morally objectionable. In contrast, the Dominicans in general and Thomas Aquinas in particular, defended private property as a morally neutral human institution." The Dominican's ARE mendicants, thus one cannot contrast the mendicants and the Dominicans. The mendicants, at least in general, didn't have a moral problem with private property, but freely gave it up.

I don't understand the comment about the "onslaught of secular humanism." In the Renaissance, humanism was an intellectual practice geared towards, inter alia, the redaction and translation of classical texts. Can someone give me an example of a secular humanist before the sixteenth century? Even if one can be named (Machiavelli?), this is not the best way to frame this problem. It is better to note that the scholastic method (as a method) was criticized for its barbaric language and scholastic content was criticized with a lack of attention to ethical matters, etc.

The whole statement is still quite questionable. As the reference to divine right theory makes clear, the confusions between and confusions of the secular and temporal were actually worse in early modernity than in the mediaeval ages. Vexilloid (talk) 20:44, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Private Property
The first paragraph of this passage is self-contradictory: "The growth of the mendicant orders in the 13th century began a movement that, with ever more force, insisted on poverty and the brotherhood of man, deploring the accumulation of wealth in the Church. The mendicant orders considered the possession of goods and private property as, at least, morally objectionable. In contrast, the Dominicans in general and Thomas Aquinas in particular, defended private property as a morally neutral human institution." The Dominicans (including Aquinas)were mendicants, thus contrasting mendicant teaching as a whole with Thomistic/Dominican teaching is implicitly contradictory. While the mendicants did take a vow of poverty it was not because poperty was viewed as evil, but becasue they wanted to remove the temptaions to greed and arrogance, as well as to generally free them from the concerns of maintaining property to more fully concentrate their efforts on their work. 69.138.210.176 22:05, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

That sounds like a technicality. Kylenielsen (talk) 22:54, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Neo-Austrian retroactive imperialism
It may well be a matter of taste and style, but I think the late Murray Rothbard could have found more modest ways to express his admiration for the insights of the Salamanca School than labelling them proto-Austrians, which is essentially anachronistic and a strange thing to do for an historian of economic thought. Any opinions? Robertsch55 13:14, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Questionable Statement
So, there is this "Francisco de Vitoria was perhaps the first to develop a theory of ius gentium (the rights of peoples), and thus is an important figure in the transition to modernity." This is not even close. I in no way want to discount the legacy of Vitoria. His influence on Grotius was immense and any work on natural law, international law or Thomas Aquinas should reference him. He might be the "founder" of international law, as Grotius is considered its "father", but Vitoria did not develop jus gentium. the jus gentium or "law of nations" (not the rights of peoples) was Roman customary law, as opposed to jus civile, which was Roman civil law. In addition, modern international law is not just positive law. The number one source of international law are jus cogens norms. Even among the problematic (See Alvarez:IOs as law-makers) sources of international law listed in Article 38 of the ICJ statute only one of the sources is really positive law. The other two principle sources customary law and the general principles of law are generally not codified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.92.76.114 (talk) 03:09, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

Unsourced questionable claim
§The conquest of America is not only entirely unsourced, but contains dubious claims such as:

"In this period, in which European colonialism began, Spain was the only western European nation in which a group of intellectuals questioned the legitimacy of conquest rather than simply trying to justify it by traditional means."

That is a HUGE claim, and one I'm not sure is backed up by the facts. Not even one Western European intellectual outside of Spain questioned colonial imperialism? Are you sure? It is also unclear as to when specifically this period refers to. This whole page needs serious rewriting, frankly.  — Mr. Guye (talk) (contribs)  05:08, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Mr. Guye puts the finger on a problem that has been troubling the entire article since inception ( translation from the Spanish page in 2004, i.e. uncritical transfer /origination). Unsourced sections of this page have metastasized into other articles, like for example the Just War theory. I ususally try to find and addresse the editor who adds unsourced stuff, but in this case it clearly happened at inception, too late.
 * On the English WP unsourced claims can be so wonderfully tagged (not so in some other language WPs...), so persistently unsourced claims can and absolutely should be deleted!Wuerzele (talk) 10:27, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The former vague and biased statement has been replaced for an improved, cited intro to the section. Agreed that other parts of this page also are badly in need of sources.--Darius (talk) 16:34, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:School of Salamanca


text:
Tony Ray-Jones

Tony Ray-Jones (7 June 1941 – 13 March 1972) was an English photographer.

Life
Born Holroyd Anthony Ray-Jones in Wells, Somerset, he was the youngest son of Raymond Ray-Jones (1886–1942), a painter and etcher who died when Tony was only eight months old, and Effie Irene Pearce, who would work as a physiotherapist. After his father's death, Tony's mother took the family to Tonbridge in Kent, to Little Baddow (near Chelmsford, Essex), and then to Hampstead in London. He was educated at Christ's Hospital (Horsham), which he hated.

Tony Ray-Jones studied at the London School of Printing, where he concentrated on graphic design. In the early 1960s he obtained a scholarship that enabled him to join Yale University School of Art on the strength of photographs he had taken in north Africa from a taxi window. Although only 19 on his arrival at Yale, Ray-Jones' talent was obvious, and in 1963 he was given assignments for the magazines Car and Driver and Saturday Evening Post.

Eager to use photography for more creative purposes, Ray-Jones went to the Design Lab held by the art director Alexey Brodovitch in the Manhattan studio of Richard Avedon; Brodovitch's gruff manner and high standards won respect and hard work from Ray-Jones and others. Ray-Jones also got to know a number of New York "street photographers", such as Joel Meyerowitz, a fellow Brodovich student at the time. Ray-Jones graduated from Yale in 1964 and photographed the United States energetically until his departure for Britain in late 1965. From then until 1970, he lived and worked at 102 Gloucester Place, Marylebone; this is now marked by a memorial plaque.

On his return to Britain, he was shocked at the lack of interest in non-commercial photography, let alone in the publication of books presenting it. He was also unsure of what subject he might pursue, but the idea of a survey of the English at leisure gradually took shape. He began work on that, at the same time doing portrait and other work for the Radio Times, Sunday newspapers, and magazines.

In the October 1968 issue of Creative Camera magazine, he described what he was trying to achieve:

"My aim is to communicate something of the spirit and the mentality of the English, their habits and their way of life, the ironies that exist in the way they do things, partly through their traditions and partly through the nature of their environment and their mentality. For me there is something very special about the English 'way of life' and I wish to record it from my particular point of view before it becomes Americanised and disappears."

His photographs of festivals and leisure activities are full of a somewhat surreal humour, and show the influence of photographers such as Henri Cartier-Bresson, Garry Winogrand, as well as his own collection of the work of Sir Benjamin Stone.

In 1969, Architectural Review magazine commissioned photojournalists for eight themed issues called Manplan, examining the contemporary state of architecture and town planning. The photos were published between September 1969 and September 1970. Ray-Jones's work documenting people living on housing estates in Britain was published in an issue on housing in 1970, and were included in his second unsuccessful submission to join Magnum Photos.

Critic Sean O'Hagan wrote in The Guardian:

"Ray-Jones was in many ways a social anthropologist with a camera, but it is his eye for detail and often brilliantly complex compositions that sets him apart. His images often appear cluttered ... On closer inspection, though, what we are glimpsing is several small narratives contained in the bigger defining one.'"

Ray-Jones was both sociable and abrasive, introducing himself to Bill Jay, the editor of Creative Camera, by saying "Your magazine's shit, but I can see you're trying. You just don't know enough, so I am here to help you". However, he impressed Jay (who later acknowledged Ray-Jones as one of the greatest influences on his view of photography), and also worked hard and successfully to have exhibitions of his works.

He returned to the United States in January 1971 to work as a teacher at the San Francisco Art Institute – one of the few ways in which he could legally stay in the US. He disliked teaching, finding the students self-centred and lazy, but he was soon able to busy himself working on assignments for both the British and the US press.

Ray-Jones's non-assignment photographs were first published in the October 1968 issue of Creative Camera.

In late 1971, Ray-Jones started to suffer from exhaustion. Early the next year leukaemia was diagnosed, and he started chemotherapy. Medical treatment in the US was too expensive, so Ray-Jones flew to London on 10 March and immediately entered the Royal Marsden Hospital; he died there on 13 March.

Sean O'Hagan said "in his short life he helped create a way of seeing that has shaped several generations of British photography."

Legacy
Ray-Jones' book about the English, unfinished at the time of his death, was published posthumously by Thames & Hudson in 1974 as A Day Off: An English Journal.

Ray-Jones' archive has been housed at the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford since 1993. It consists of 700 photographic prints, 1,700 negative sheets, 2,700 contact sheets, 10,000 colour transparencies and Ray-Jones' notebooks and correspondence.

Publications

 * A Day Off: An English Journal.
 * London: Thames & Hudson, 1974. Hardback ISBN 978-0-500-54012-1.
 * London: Thames & Hudson, 1975. Paperback ISBN 978-0-500-27034-9. Second edition.
 * A Day Off: 120 Photographs. Waterbury, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1977. Paperback ISBN 0-8212-0708-3.
 * Loisirs anglais: 120 photographies de Tony Ray Jones. Paris: Éditions du Chêne, 1974..
 * Tony Ray-Jones. Edited by Richard Ehrlich. Manchester: Cornerhouse, 1990. ISBN 0-948797-36-3 (paper); ISBN 0-948797-31-2 (cloth). Also New York, NY: Aperture, 1991 ISBN 978-0-893814-84-7. Exhibition catalogue, includes biography and photographs.
 * Tony Ray-Jones. By Russell Roberts. London: Chris Boot, 2004. ISBN 0-9542813-9-X. Introduction by Russell Roberts; transcript of interview between Bill Jay and Martin Parr.
 * American Colour 1962–1965. London: Mack, 2013. ISBN 978-1-907-94655-4. Introduction by Liz Jobey.
 * Only in England: Photographs by Tony Ray-Jones. Bradford: National Science and Media Museum, 2013. ISBN 978-1-900747-67-7. . Exhibition catalogue. Introductions by Hannah Redler and Greg Hobson, essays by Martin Parr, David Alan Mellor and Ian Walker. The photographs are grouped into 'The English Unseen: Tony Ray-Jones Photographs Newly Selected by Martin Parr' and 'The English Seen: Classic Tony Ray-Jones Photographs'.
 * Tony Ray-Jones. RRB/Martin Parr Foundation, 2019. With an introduction by Martin Parr and an essay by Liz Jobey.
 * French-language edition. Paris: Maison CF, 2019.

Exhibitions (incomplete)

 * Current Report 2, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1968. With others.
 * Vision and Expression, George Eastman House, Rochester, New York, 1969
 * The English Seen, part of The Spectrum series, Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA), London, 1969. Solo show.
 * Personal Views, ICA, London, 1970. With others.
 * Rencontre Gallery, Paris, 1970
 * Photographs of the English, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 1972
 * Four Photographers in Contrast (with Dorothy Bohm, Don McCullin, and Enzo Ragazzini), ICA, London
 * Tony Ray-Jones. Touring exhibition organised by the Photographers' Gallery, 1990
 * A 'father and son' exhibition for Raymond and Tony Ray-Jones, the Astley Cheetham Art Gallery, Ashton-under-Lyne, England, 1996
 * A Gentle Madness: The Photographs of Tony Ray-Jones (1941–72), National Museum of Photography, Film & Television, Bradford, England, 2004; and toured to Rencontres d'Arles, 2004; Nederlands Fotomuseum, Rotterdam, 2005.
 * Les Rencontres d'Arles festival, France, 2004
 * The Guernsey Photography Festival, 2011
 * Mass Photography: Blackpool through the Camera, Grundy Art Gallery, Blackpool, England, 2011
 * Only in England: Photographs by Tony Ray-Jones and Martin Parr, Media Space, Science Museum, London, 19 September 2013 – 16 March 2014; National Science and Media Museum, Bradford, 28 March – 29 June 2014; Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, 13 February – 7 June 2015. With material from the National Science and Media Museum's Ray-Jones archive curated by Martin Parr and Greg Hobson.

Commissioned magazine work

 * "Passport to Cornwall", Sunday Times Magazine, 25 September 1966 V.I. No. 29/30, 1966.
 * "The Island", Cycle magazine, October 1967.
 * "Britten Country", Opera News, 11 February 1967.
 * "Manplan 8", Architectural Review, September 1970.
 * "Happy Extremists", Sunday Times Magazine, 18 October 1970.
 * "The All American Love Nest", Sunday Times Magazine, 28 March 1971.
 * "The Air Conditioned Zion", Sunday Times Magazine, 21 November 1971.
 * "There's thirteen hundred and fifty-two guitar-pickers in Nashville...", Sunday Times Magazine, 22 February 1972.

Collections

 * Robert Elwall Photographs Collection, British Architectural Library, Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), London.

title: Tony Ray-Jones


text:
ELCA (disambiguation)

ELCA most commonly refers to:

 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran body in the United States

ELCA may also refer to:

Historic trail

 * El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

Religious organizations

 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia, a predecessor to the Lutheran Church of Australia
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church (United States) (1917-1960) (then sometimes called ELCA, formerly the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America)
 * Eielsen Synod, the former Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

Medical procedure

 * Excimer Laser Coronary Angioplasty

Other

 * Enforcement of Limitations on Community Activities

title: ELCA (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:P7A77

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Neschek 18:26, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:P7A77


text:
User talk:P7a77

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Neschek 18:27, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:P7a77


text: Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt


text:
Francesca Martinez

Francesca Martinez (born 1978) is an English comedian, writer and actress. She has cerebral palsy, but prefers to describe herself as "wobbly". Martinez first came to public attention in 1994, when she made her debut on the television series Grange Hill, where she went on to portray the role of Rachel Burns for a total of 55 episodes. Later turning her focus to stand-up comedy, she has performed at the Edinburgh Festival and internationally, including the Melbourne Comedy Festival, the Adelaide Fringe Festival, the Perth Festival and the Just For Laughs Festival in Montreal. In 2018 she completed a 140-date tour, and has had off-West End London runs at the Tricycle Theatre, the Hackney Empire, and the Soho Theatre. Martinez's debut play, All of Us, was scheduled to be performed at the National Theatre in 2020, but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It opened in July 2022.

Early life
Martinez was born in London to a Spanish father and a half-Swedish, half-English mother in 1978. She was diagnosed with cerebral palsy aged two. Martinez was also incorrectly diagnosed as intellectually disabled by a consultant physician, but her parents chose for her to be educated at an integrated school, an experience that Martinez enjoyed. She later attended an all-girls' high school, an experience that harmed her previously good self-esteem. She was 14 when she secured a role on the series Grange Hill.

Career
Before becoming a comedian, Martinez appeared in the BBC children's drama series Grange Hill from 1994 to 1998, where she played the first disabled pupil to appear in the fictional school, and has acted in other drama series such as Holby City.

A year after she began performing stand-up comedy, in 2000, Martinez became the first female comic to win the prestigious Daily Telegraph Open Mic Award at the Edinburgh Festival. She performed her debut solo show, I'm Perfect, in 2002. In 2003 she was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy.

In August 2005, she appeared in the BBC sitcom Extras.

In April 2008, Martinez made global headlines when (live on Channel 4 News) she became the first Olympic torch bearer to pull out of the London relay in protest over China's treatment of Tibet.

Martinez performed at the 2008 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland alongside Emma Thompson.

In April 2009, she appeared on the BBC Radio 4 stand-up comedy show, 4 Stands Up.

In October 2012, she made her debut appearance on BBC Radio 4's topical panel show The News Quiz, alongside regulars Jeremy Hardy and Sandi Toksvig. She appeared on The News Quiz again in January and July 2013.

In 2014, her best-selling book WHAT THE **** IS NORMAL?! was published by Random House to critical acclaim. It was nominated for the Chortle Comedy 'Best Book' Award and The Bread And Roses Radical Publishing Award. Her tour of the same name clocked up over 140 dates around the world – winning a Fringe Media Network Award at the Edinburgh Fringe, as well as being nominated for Best Show at Dave's Leicester Comedy Festival and at the Perth Festival, Australia.

In 2015, she opened series 11 of Live At The Apollo, which also featured Alan Carr and Nish Kumar. In 2016, Martinez supported Frankie Boyle on his sell-out UK tour.

Martinez has become a regular face on television, including appearances on The Frank Skinner Show, Russell Howard's Good News (BBC Three), The Jonathan Ross Show, ITV's Loose Women, Free Speech (BBC3), RTÉ's The Saturday Night Show with Brendan O'Connor, Adam Hills Tonight, Spicks and Specks and Question Time on BBC1.

Martinez has written scripts for the BBC and Channel 4. In 2018, her debut radio play How We're Loved aired on BBC Radio Four.

Campaigning
On 8 December 2012, Martinez launched a campaign War on Welfare which pledged to get 100,000 supporters to sign a petition calling for an end to UK government cuts for disability benefits and an independent impact assessment of the government's welfare changes. The petition attracted 5,000 signatures in the first 48 hours and achieved its target of 100,000 supporters on 30 November 2013.

An outspoken opponent of welfare reform by the government, she uses her public profile to raise issues about disability and fight for what she believes would be a fairer system. Martinez said: "As a disabled person in the media, I want to help give this issue a voice. It's morally wrong for the government to target those in need instead of saving money by targeting the real causes of this crisis – and close tax loopholes and regulate the financial sector. To me, it's a human rights issue."

She is patron of a number of charities.

She has challenged the government in numerous TV interviews, including on Newsnight and This Week, and in other TV appearances such as Question Time.

In 2015 she helped organise This Changes Everything, a one-day event on climate and social justice, with Naomi Klein, Russell Brand, and many other speakers. The event was streamed globally and aimed to kick-start a movement to unify the left against climate change.

Awards and nominations
In 2013 she was nominated for a Women in Public Life Award, and won the Public Affairs Achiever of the Year Award. In April 2014 she was named as one of Britain's most influential women in the BBC Woman's Hour power list 2014. She was also nominated for Red Magazine's Woman of the Year Award 2014 and for a European Diversity Hero of the Year Award 2014.

Martinez has received honorary doctorates from the Open University and Bradford University.

Political views
In July 2015, Martinez endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. In 2016, along with other celebrities, Martinez toured the UK to support Corbyn's bid to become Prime Minister. In September 2016, she performed at the Keep Corbyn rally in Brighton in support of Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.

In November 2019, along with other public figures, Martinez signed a letter supporting Corbyn. In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, she signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 general election.

title: Francesca Martinez


text:
Jimmy Mulville

James Thomas Mulville (born 5 January 1955) is an English comedian, comedy writer, producer and television presenter. He is best known for co-founding (in 1986) the British independent television production company Hat Trick Productions with Denise O'Donoghue and Rory McGrath (who left in 1992). In 2003, Mulville and O'Donoghue, as co-founders of Hat Trick, were listed in The Observer as two of the 50 funniest people in Britain.

Early career
Brought up in Walton, Liverpool, Mulville attended Alsop High School, a local comprehensive. He began his career as an actor and writer for the Cambridge Footlights, whilst reading French and Classics at Jesus College, Cambridge.

At Cambridge, Mulville met Rory McGrath with whom he both performed and wrote. He became president of Cambridge Footlights in 1977 and after graduating, went on to work for BBC Radio comedy for four years, producing shows such as Injury Time (1980–1982) and Radio Active, before moving to television in 1984 as script editor and producer of Alas Smith and Jones.

TV appearances and radio broadcasts
He appeared in and co-wrote the cult TV show Who Dares Wins (1983–1988). He was one of the cast of the British comedy series The Steam Video Company (1984). He starred in the ITV sitcom That's Love in the 1980s, along with Diana Hardcastle and Tony Slattery.

He co-wrote and starred with Rory McGrath in the two series of Chelmsford 123, a comedy set in Roman Britain, broadcast on Channel 4 in 1988 and 1990. They also co-wrote the radio comedy Glompus Van Der Hloed's Tales From The Crypt, which starred Andrew Sachs, Mel Smith and Griff Rhys Jones, which aired on Capital Radio in the early 1980s and subsequently released in an abridged version as an album. He featured on the radio version, as well as the television pilot, of UK improvisation show, Whose Line Is It Anyway?, alongside Stephen Fry and Nonny Williams.

Mulville had a non-comic acting role in Alan Bleasdale's G.B.H. in 1991, playing a researcher hired by the lead character Michael Murray to trace his childhood nemesis. On radio, he appeared in the BBC Radio 4 comedy series Old Harry's Game (1995–2012) as Thomas Quentin Crimp; he and writer and co-star Andy Hamilton are old friends, having met at Cambridge, where they were at university with Rory McGrath, Clive Anderson and Griff Rhys Jones.

Personal life
He has been married three times, with the first two marriages ending in divorce. He has four children, a step-daughter and three sons. His second marriage was to Denise O'Donoghue, with whom he continued to work after they divorced. In 1999 Mulville and O'Donoghue jointly received the BAFTA Alan Clarke Award for their creative contribution to television. His third wife is Karen Mulville, the co-founder of the retirement complex Auriens.

Mulville received a driving ban in 2020. In 2023 he was found guilty by magistrates of driving whilst using his mobile phone.

He is an Everton F.C. supporter. In 2004 he was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Liverpool.

title: Jimmy Mulville


text:
Matt Pritchett

Matthew Pritchett MBE (born 14 July 1964) is a British cartoonist who has worked on The Daily Telegraph newspaper under the pen name Matt since 1988.

Early life and education
Pritchett's father Oliver Pritchett, who was a columnist for The Telegraph for all decades, is the son of the writer V. S. Pritchett. Matt's sister is screenwriter Georgia Pritchett.

At young age, Pritchett attended a grammar school in southeast London before studying graphics at Saint Martin's School of Art. He started working as a waiter in a pizza restaurant, and started drawing cartoons in his spare time. His first cartoon was published in the New Statesman, and he soon started drawing more cartoons for The Telegraph diary. He had considered becoming a film-cameraman, but gave up after realising he had misunderstood the role.

Career and honours
Following the death of Mark Boxer in 1988, Pritchett was hired by Max Hastings to be The Telegraph's new cartoonist. His first cartoon in this role came the day after the newspaper was printed with the date error, leading them to make a front-page apology accompanied by a cartoon saying "I hope I have a better Thursday than I did yesterday".

He was appointed an MBE in the 2002 New Year Honours "for services to Journalism", and in 2005, Press Gazette inducted him into their Hall of Fame as one of the 40 most influential journalists of the past four decades.

He has won the British Press Awards' "Cartoonist of the Year" multiple times, and has been a nominee many other times. His work has also been published in Punch.

Personal life
Pritchett is married to Pascale Smets, a Belgian former fashion designer. They met whilst studying at Saint Martin's, and have three daughters and a son together, including The Guardian cartoonist Edith Pritchett. His wife's sister, Benedicte, is married to Martin Newland, a former editor of The Daily Telegraph.

Awards

 * British Press Awards (The Press Awards after 2010): "Cartoonist of the Year" (2000, 2008, 2009, 2019 )
 * The Press Awards: "The Journalists' Charity Award" (2014)

title: Matt Pritchett


text:
Talk:E-waste

 * Gone for an overhaul and skipped the "advertorial" - don't promote companies! Best, --NicolasCH 12:40, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:E-waste


text:
Talk:Greatest (Duran Duran album)

Credit and thanks for the full hidden track listing goes to "The Spyyy" at the Lizard King Duran Duran site message board. Catherine | talk 18:37, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DURANGREATEST.jpg
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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 07:00, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Hidden Tracks
What is the point of hidden tracks or Easter eggs? Why not just put them in the standard menu? I've just bought this DVD and I don't want to have to **** about finding stuff I've paid for. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LewisR (talk • contribs) 14:28, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Video CD
In some Asian countries, EMI released the video compilation (in 1998) on VCD. The track listing was as follows:

Disc One: Disc 2 ('Bonus songs'): (Girls On Film and The Chauffeur are absent) Does anyone have objections against including this info? The Seventh Taylor (talk) 22:06, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Electric Barbarella
 * Ordinary World
 * Come Undone
 * Burning The Ground
 * Planet Earth
 * Hungry Like The Wolf
 * Save A Prayer
 * Rio
 * Is There Something I Should Know?
 * Union Of The Snake
 * New Moon On Monday
 * The Reflex
 * Wild Boys
 * A View To A Kill
 * Notorious
 * Skin Trade
 * I Don't Want You Love
 * All She Wants Is
 * Serious

Rerelease
Is it perhaps worth mentioning the 2CD+DVD edition that was issued later? I guess since there's only one DVD in it the content is different. The Seventh Taylor (talk) 21:36, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080421051255/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com:80/article/record_review/17181-greatest to http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/17181-greatest

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title: Talk:Greatest (Duran Duran album)


text:
User talk:Scholarist

About myself: Born 1953, married, 2 kids, work in higher education, live in Wisconsin, USA.

Kevin Welch 18:38, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Scholarist


text:
Harry Thompson

Harry William Thompson (6 February 1960 – 7 November 2005) was an English radio and television producer, comedy writer, novelist and biographer. He was the creator of the dark humour television series Monkey Dust, screened between 2003 and 2005.

Born in London, Thompson was educated at Highgate School and Brasenose College, Oxford, then joined the BBC as a trainee in 1981. He soon focused his attention on comedy, working as a researcher for Not the Nine O'Clock News and BBC Radio's The Mary Whitehouse Experience. Rising to the level of producer, he produced the BBC radio shows The News Quiz and Lenin of the Rovers. Hat Trick Productions subsequently employed Thompson to produce a television adaptation of The News Quiz, entitled Have I Got News for You, a critical and commercial success which Thompson produced for five years before moving onto other projects.

A biographer and novelist, Thompson wrote six books: an investigation into the story of The Man in the Iron Mask; a biography of Hergé with a commentary on his Adventures of Tintin series; biographies of Peter Cook and Richard Ingrams; a novel, This Thing of Darkness; and the semi-autobiographical Penguins Stopped Play.

Early life and career: 1960–1989
Harry William Thompson was born on 6 February 1960 in London. His father was a marketing manager who worked for The Guardian, while his mother was a teacher who campaigned for higher standards in education. He attended the private, fee-paying school Highgate School before going on to study History at Brasenose College, Oxford. There he became editor of the university newspaper, Cherwell, working alongside arts editor Roly Keating, the future controller of BBC2.

Leaving university, he joined the BBC as a trainee in 1981. Here, he worked on the late-night news programme Newsnight, later commenting that it was "the most awful experience of my life, full of people who barked into phones, professionally". Switching his focus to comedy, he worked as a researcher for BBC2's Not the Nine O'Clock News and for various comedy shows on BBC Radio, including BBC Radio 4's The Mary Whitehouse Experience. Rising to the level of producer, he was responsible for the production of long-established show The News Quiz as well as Alexei Sayle's new comedy series, Lenin of the Rovers (1988). The Guardian would note that at this time he established himself as "a maverick" who pushed established boundaries with "outrageous jokes".

Panel shows and early writing: 1990–98
During the 1980s several independent producers realised that BBC Radio 4 had a number of comedy shows that could be successfully converted to television. Among them was the company Hat Trick Productions, who decided to adapt The News Quiz for television in 1989. Jimmy Mulville, the company's managing director, asked Thompson to produce this venture, which first appeared in 1990 as Have I Got News For You. Thompson selected Angus Deayton to present the show, with Ian Hislop and Paul Merton as the team leaders. He oversaw the production of the show for 93 episodes over five series. He later remarked that when the show first began, he was extremely confident, considering it to be "the best comedy show on TV. It never occurred to me that anything else could be better… I know it sounds arrogant". Have I Got News For You initially screened on BBC2, but proved enough of a success that by 2000 it had been moved to BBC1.

Moving on to produce other comedy panel shows, in 1995 he began work on They Think It's All Over, a BBC sports show. He followed this in 1996 by the creation of a music quiz show, Never Mind the Buzzcocks. In 1998 he was part of BBC Radio 4's five-part political satire programme Cartoons, Lampoons, and Buffoons.

Later comedy career: 1998–2005
In 1998 Thompson produced and co-wrote the first series of Channel 4's The 11 O'Clock Show, where he was instrumental in the creation of the comic character Ali G, played by Sacha Baron Cohen. Thompson later wrote for spin-off Da Ali G Show. Defending the humour in the show, he publicly announced that "You'll never see anything PC or right-on in my shows. I get accused quite a lot of straying into bad taste, but I think you can laugh at almost anything."

In 2003 Thompson, alongside Shaun Pye, created and wrote the adult cartoon comedy Monkey Dust. The programme was known for its dark humour and handling of taboo topics such as bestiality, murder, suicide and paedophilia. There were three series broadcast on BBC Three between 2003 and 2005; no further series were made following Thompson's death from lung cancer. In 2003 The Observer listed him as one of the 50 funniest or most influential people in British comedy, citing Monkey Dust as evidence: "the most subversive show on television. The topical animated series is dark and unafraid to tackle taboo subjects such as paedophilia, taking us to Cruel Britannia, a creepy place where the public are hoodwinked by arrogant politicians and celebrities. This edgy show doesn't always work, but when it does there is nothing quite like it". More recently a Guardian critic called it "a wonderful programme... perhaps the best thing in Thompson's formidable CV".

Thompson's last broadcast work was the Channel 5 sitcom Respectable, on which he finished work the week before he died. Co-written with Shaun Pye, the programme was set in a suburban brothel and aired in 2006. The Guardian criticised the programme's "woefully old-fashioned, juvenile outlook" and called it "drearily unsophisticated". The programme was also criticised in some quarters on the grounds that it made light of prostitution.

Other work
Harry Thompson also produced non-comedy documentaries for BBC Radio. He made several programmes with writer/presenter Terence Pettigrew, starting with anniversary tributes to Hollywood icons James Dean (You're Tearing Me Apart) and Montgomery Clift (I Had The Misery Thursday). Pettigrew and Thompson subsequently worked together on a second series of documentaries, including on national service (Caught in the Draft), and also about the evacuation of children from major British cities during the Second World War (Nobody Cried When The Trains Pulled Out). Both programmes were presented by Michael Aspel.

As well as writing for television, Thompson wrote biographies of Hergé (1991), Private Eye editor Richard Ingrams (1994) (of which The Independent said, "The problem is that Thompson simply worships Ingrams, and his biography melts steadily into hagiography... [an] overlong panegyric") and Peter Cook (1997). His novel This Thing of Darkness, a historical fiction about Charles Darwin and Robert FitzRoy, the captain of the Beagle, was longlisted for the Booker Prize in 2005. Thompson described Fitzroy, rather than Darwin, as the book's hero: "At its heart, it is the true story of someone who epitomised a certain sort of person that this country produced in the 19th century. There was a fantasy of chivalric empire, run by Britons who were gentlemen and played the game. Of course the reality was that our empire was no better than any other. We were busy conniving in the extermination of tribes, robbing natives of their land and we sent droves of brilliant young men, brought up with the chivalric fantasy, to enforce what was in many cases a visibly corrupt system [...] But Fitzroy's morality was iron. He said no. And it destroyed him."

His final book, the semi-autobiographical Penguins Stopped Play, was finished in 2005; it dealt with his amateur cricket team, the Captain Scott XI, and was published posthumously in 2006.

Personal life
Thompson was married to Fiona Duff. They had two children, Betty and Bill. The breakdown of their marriage became public in 1997 when Duff wrote an article about Thompson's affair with a 25-year-old woman (later revealed to be Victoria Coren ) in the Daily Mail. In 2003, Thompson began a relationship with Lisa Whadcock; they met after she wrote a fan letter to him about Monkey Dust.

Thompson was diagnosed with lung cancer in April 2005. Treated at a London hospital, he married Whadcock on Monday 7 November 2005, before dying later that day. The British Comedy Awards had planned to present him with a Jury's Award in December, with executive producer Michael Hurll stating that "It's sad he won't be there to receive it, but the legacy of his enduringly popular series lives on". Upon learning of his death, BBC One controller Peter Fincham said Thompson was "that rarity in television – the talented, single-minded, subversive maverick" and that his death would "leave a big hole in the comedy world". Fincham's comments were echoed by BBC Two controller Roly Keating, who stated that "Harry was a truly independent spirit and one of the funniest people I've ever known". His literary agent Bill Hamilton told BBC News that Thompson had been "plainly a genius".

In a 2005 episode of Have I Got News For You, featuring Alexander Armstrong as host and Fi Glover and Ian McMillan as guest panellists, a message stating "In Memory of Harry Thompson, the first producer of Have I Got News For You (1960–2005)" was displayed.

title: Harry Thompson


text:
User:DannyMuse

Hi! Welcome to my User Page!

I'm interested in a variety of subjects:

 * Music:
 * Composition & Film Scoring
 * Music theory
 * MIDI Composition
 * Guitar - everything about it
 * Taiko Drumming

If you want to contact me, write a note on my Talk page and leave me a way to get in touch!

Thanks,

--DannyMuse - June 1st, 2012

title: User:DannyMuse


text:
Don Ward (comedian)

Don Ward is a British comedy entrepreneur, producer and CEO of The Comedy Store which he co-founded in 1979 in London's Soho. In 2003, he was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy, and although he performed as a variety performer in the 1970s, he is not actually known as a comedian.

Owner of the London and Manchester Comedy Stores, he opened a branch in Leeds in 2002, but closed it after just eight months. The company now has clubs in Manchester and Mumbai. In 2001 he founded the Manchester Comedy Festival.

Ward started out as a stand-up himself, hosting rock and roll road shows with the stars of the day including Cliff Richard, Marty Wilde, and Billy Fury. He is also co-executive producer of The Comedy Store series for Comedy Central.

title: Don Ward (comedian)


text:
Scrap

Scrap consists of recyclable materials, usually metals, left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Unlike waste, scrap has monetary value, especially recovered metals, and non-metallic materials are also recovered for recycling. Once collected, the materials are sorted into types — typically metal scrap will be crushed, shredded, and sorted using mechanical processes.

Scrap recycling is important for creating a more sustainable economy or creating a circular economy, using significantly less energy, the scrap recycling industry is a significant source of employment, from collection and processing to manufacturing using recycled materials and having far less environmental impact than producing metal from ore. Metal recycling, especially of structural steel, ships, used manufactured goods, such as vehicles and white goods, is a major industrial activity with complex networks of wrecking yards, sorting facilities, and recycling plants. The industry includes both formal organizations and a wide range of informal roles, with waste pickers and other informal economy roles around the world playing a critical role in sorting through scrap.

Processing
Scrap metal originates both in business and residential environments. Typically a "scrapper" will advertise their services to conveniently remove scrap metal for people who don't need it.

Scrap is often taken to a wrecking yard (also known as a scrapyard, junkyard, or breaker's yard), where it is processed for later melting into new products. A wrecking yard, depending on its location, may allow customers to browse their lot and purchase items before they are sent to the smelters, although many scrap yards that deal in large quantities of scrap usually do not, often selling entire units such as engines or machinery by weight with no regard to their functional status. Customers are typically required to supply all of their own tools and labor to extract parts, and some scrapyards may first require waiving liability for personal injury before entering. Many scrapyards also sell bulk metals (stainless steel, etc.) by weight, often at prices substantially below the retail purchasing costs of similar pieces.

A scrap metal shredder is often used to recycle items containing a variety of other materials in combination with steel. Examples are automobiles and white goods such as refrigerators, stoves, clothes washers, etc. These items are labor-intensive to manually sort things like plastic, copper, aluminum, and brass. By shredding it into relatively small pieces, the steel can easily be separated out magnetically. The non-ferrous waste stream requires other techniques to sort.

In contrast to wrecking yards, scrapyards typically sell everything by weight, instead of by item. To the scrapyard, the primary value of the scrap is what the smelter will give them for it, rather than the value of whatever shape the metal may be in. An auto wrecker, on the other hand, would price exactly the same scrap based on what the item does, regardless of what it weighs. Typically, if a wrecker cannot sell something above the value of the metal in it, they would then take it to the scrapyard and sell it by weight. Equipment containing parts of various metals can often be purchased at a price below that of either of the metals, due to saving the scrapyard the labor of separating the metals before shipping them to be recycled.

Thieves sometimes sell stolen items to scrapyards. Copper pipes and wiring, bronze monuments and aluminium siding have all been targets of metal theft, with the number of thefts increasing as prices rise. Manhole covers have also been stolen. In the 1970s, the term "newsjacking" was coined to describe the theft of newspapers for sale to scrap dealers.

Resources
Scrap prices may vary markedly over time and in different locations. Prices are often negotiated between buyers and sellers directly or indirectly over the Internet. Prices displayed as the market prices are not the prices that recyclers will see at the scrap yards. Other prices are ranges or older and not updated frequently. Some scrap yards' websites have updated scrap prices.

In the US, scrap prices are reported in a handful of publications, including American Metal Market, based on confirmed sales as well as reference sites such as Scrap Metal Prices and Auctions. Non-US domiciled publications, such as The Steel Index, also report on the US scrap price, which has become increasingly important to global export markets. Scrap yards directories are also used by recyclers to find facilities in the US and Canada, allowing users to get in contact with yards.

With resources online for recyclers to look at for scrapping tips, like websites, blogs, and search engines, scrapping is often referred to as a hand and labor-intensive job. Taking apart and separating metals is important to making more money on scrap, tips like using a magnet to determine ferrous and non-ferrous materials can help recyclers make more money on their metal recycling. When a magnet sticks to the metal, it will be a ferrous material, like steel or iron. This is usually a less expensive item that is recycled but usually is recycled in larger quantities of thousands of pounds. Non-ferrous metals like copper, aluminum, and brass do not stick to a magnet. Some cheaper grades of stainless steel are magnetic, other grades are not. These items are higher priced commodities for metal recycling and are important to separate when recycling them. The prices of non-ferrous metals also tend to fluctuate more than ferrous metals so it is important for recyclers to pay attention to these sources and the overall markets.

Urban mining
This term is used to describe the recovery of "dormant" materials that once served a purpose in society but have become disused since. For example, large amounts of metal are buried underground as part of the provision of basic services including telecoms. Infrastructure, buildings and equipment stored or lying dormant in this way accounted for 28% of Sweden's copper use in 2021. In the same period, one sixth of the cables installed in Sweden's telecoms came from harvesting via urban mining. In particular this involved copper, aluminium, iron and steel. Figures for this are issued by SGU, a Swedish government body responsible for geological survey of bedrock, soil and groundwater.

Hazards
Great potential exists in the scrap metal industry for accidents in which a hazardous material present in scrap causes death, injury, or environmental damage. A classic example is radioactivity in scrap; the Goiânia accident and the Mayapuri radiological accident were incidents involving radioactive materials. Toxic materials such as asbestos, and toxic metals such as beryllium, cadmium, lead and mercury may pose dangers to personnel, as well as contaminating materials intended for metal smelters.

Many specialized tools used in scrapyards are hazardous, such as the alligator shear, which cuts metal using hydraulic force, compactors, scrap metal shredder, and vacuum.

Benefits of recycling
According to research conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency, recycling scrap metals can be quite beneficial to the environment. Using recycled scrap metal in place of virgin iron ore can yield: Every ton of new steel made from scrap steel saves: Energy savings from other metals include:
 * 75% savings in energy.
 * 90% savings in raw materials used.
 * 86% reduction in air pollution.
 * 40% reduction in water use.
 * 76% reduction in water pollution.
 * 97% reduction in mining wastes.
 * 1,115 kg of iron ore.
 * 625 kg of coal.
 * 53 kg of limestone.
 * Aluminium savings of 95% energy.
 * Copper savings of 85% energy.
 * Lead savings of 65% energy.
 * Zinc savings of 60% energy.

Metal recycling industry
The metal recycling industry encompasses a wide range of metals. The more frequently recycled metals are scrap steel, iron (ISS), lead, aluminum, copper, stainless steel, and zinc. There are two main categories of metals: ferrous and non-ferrous. Metals that contain iron in them are known as ferrous.

Metals without iron are non-ferrous.
 * Common non-ferrous metals are copper, brass, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, tin, nickel, and lead.
 * Usable coins can be deposited in banks. Damaged US coins can be redeemed for money via the Mutilated Coin Redemption Program.

Non-ferrous metals also include precious and exotic metals:
 * Precious metals are metals with a high market value in any form, such as gold, silver, and platinum group metals.
 * Exotic metals contain rare elements such as cobalt, mercury, titanium, tungsten, arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cerium, cadmium, niobium, indium, gallium, germanium, lithium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, vanadium, and zirconium. Some types of metals are radioactive. These may be "naturally occurring" or formed by nuclear reactions. Metals that have been exposed to radioactive sources may also become radioactive in settings such as medical environments, research laboratories, and nuclear power plants.

OSHA guidelines should be followed when recycling any type of scrap metal to ensure safety.

Ferrous metal recycling
Ferrous metals are able to be recycled, with steel being one of the most recycled materials in the world. Ferrous metals contain an appreciable percentage of iron and the addition of carbon and other substances creates steel.

Description
In the United States, steel containers, cans, automobiles, appliances, and construction materials contribute the greatest weight of recycled materials. For example, in 2008, more than 97% of structural steel and 106% of automobiles were recycled, comparing the current steel consumption for each industry with the amount of recycled steel being produced (the late 2000s recession and the associated sharp decline in automobile production in the US explains the over-100% calculation). A typical appliance is about 75% steel by weight and automobiles are about 65% steel and iron.

The steel industry has been actively recycling for more than 150 years, in large part because it is economically advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during the recycling process, and has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from iron ore. The energy saved by recycling reduces the annual energy consumption of the industry by about 75%, which is enough to power eighteen million homes for one year. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the per capita stock of steel in use in Australia, Canada, the European Union EU15, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, New Zealand, and the US combined is 7085 kg (about 860 million people in 2005).

Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) uses 25–35% recycled steel to make new steel. BOS steel usually contains lower concentrations of residual elements such as copper, nickel, and molybdenum, and is, therefore more malleable than electric arc furnace (EAF) steel, and is often used to make automotive fenders, tin cans, industrial drums, or any product with a large degree of cold working. EAF steelmaking uses almost 100% recycled steel. This steel contains greater concentrations of residual elements that cannot be removed through the application of oxygen and lime. It is used to make structural beams, plates, reinforcing bar, and other products that require little cold working. Downcycling of steel by hard-to-separate impurities such as copper or tin can only be prevented by well-aimed scrap selection or dilution by pure steel. Recycling one metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of steel saves 1.1 metric tons of iron ore, 630 kilograms of coal, and 55 kilograms of limestone.

Types of scrap used in steelmaking

 * Heavy melting steel – Industrial or commercial scrap steel greater than 6 mm thick, such as plates, beams, columns, channels; may also include scrap machinery or implements or certain metal stampings
 * Old car bodies – Vehicles with or without interiors and their original wheels
 * Cast iron – Cast iron bathtubs, machinery, pipe, and engine blocks
 * Pressing steel – Domestic scrap metal up to approx. 6 mm thick. Examples - "White goods" (fridges, washing machines, etc.), roofing iron, water heaters, water tanks, and sheet metal offcuts
 * Reinforcing bars or mesh – Used in the construction industry within concrete structures
 * Turnings – Remains of drilling or shaping steels. Also known as "borings" or "swarf"
 * Manganese steel – Non-magnetic, hardened steel used in the mining industry, cement mixers, rock crushers, and other high-impact and abrasive environments.
 * Rails – Rail or tram tracks

Ship breaking

The hulls of ships, with any usable equipment salvaged and removed, can be broken up to provide scrap steel. For a time countries in south Asia carried out most shipbreaking, often using manual methods that were hazardous to workers and the environment. International regulations now dictate the treatment of old ships as sources of hazardous waste, so shipbreaking has returned to ports in more developed countries. In 2013, about 29 million tons of scrap steel were recovered from broken ships. Some of the scrap can be reheated and rolled to make products such as concrete reinforcing bars, or the scrap may be melted to make new steel.

United States
The scrap industry was valued at more than $90 billion in 2012, up from $54 billion in 2009 balance of trade, exporting $28 billion in scrap commodities to 160 countries. Since 2010, the industry has added more than 15,000 jobs and supports 463,000 workers, both directly and indirectly. In addition, it generates more than $10 billion in revenue for federal, state, and local governments. Scrap recycling also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserves energy and natural resources. For example, scrap recycling diverts 135 e6ST of materials away from landfills. Recycled scrap is a raw material feedstock for nearly 60% of steel made in the US, almost 50% of the copper and copper alloys produced in the US, more than 75% of the US paper industry's needs, and for 50% of US aluminum. Recycled scrap helps keep air and water cleaner by removing potentially hazardous materials and keeping them out of landfills.

title: Scrap


text:
Belgian official journal

The Belgian official journal (Belgisch Staatsblad, Moniteur belge, Belgisches Staatsblatt) is the official journal or gazette of the Kingdom of Belgium. It is where the official publication of laws, royal decrees, decrees, ordinances, and official notices are published. The publication is handled by the Federal Public Service Justice.

Content and history
Any new law or changes to it made by the government can only take effect once it has been published in the Staatsblad/Moniteur. Other legal formalities about which the Belgian people need to be informed, including activities such as starting a business, are also published in this paper. Also published are Court mournings after important deaths, and official banquets at Court, with transcripts of speeches.

The journal was established on 16 June 1831. During World War II, the journal was published separately but under the same title by both the Belgian government in exile and the occupying authority. In order to distinguish between the two, the government-in-exile version is retrospectively entitled Belgian Official Journal (Exile Government). To save money, the paper version of the Staatsblad/Moniteur was replaced by an electronic equivalent in 2003, which is available to the public on the Internet. Three copies of every issue are still printed: one for the Royal Library, one for the Senate and one for the House of Representatives.

title: Belgian official journal


text:
Category talk:Polish nobility

Untitled
I was actually thinking about making such a category - good job. See my user page for some ilinks you may want to add to it. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:43, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

When adding new biographies, please link them at List of szlachta. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:13, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Rv. edit by anon adding some minor family info to the category article. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 17:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The S list contains a number of items which belong in other groupings, like for instance STANISLAW MOKRONOWSKI and several others. The problem is that the FIRST name was used for grouping instead of the LAST name. I am not sure how an edit can be made to these lists so I leave you with this observation. Wyzzsr 20:53, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Polish nobility


text:
USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709)

USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709), a Los Angeles-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, pioneer of the nuclear Navy, and the only Los Angeles-class submarine not named after a United States city or town. She was initially to be named USS Providence; however, following the retirement of Admiral Rickover, her name was reassigned prior to official christening. SSN-719 was later given the name USS Providence.

The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 10 December 1973 and her keel was laid down on 24 July 1981. She was launched on 27 August 1983 sponsored by the Admiral's wife, Mrs. Eleonore Ann Bednowicz Rickover. Hyman G. Rickover was commissioned on 21 July 1984.

Ship's crest
The ship's crest was designed by the wife of a former crewmember, it symbolically represents Admiral Rickover and the boat.

The four white stars symbolize Admiral Rickover's rank upon retirement. The submarine's upward angle represents seeking out our nation's enemies. The nuclear power symbol is a reminder that Admiral Rickover is father of the nuclear Navy, and the motto, "Committed to Excellence" symbolizes the Admiral's 64 years of active naval service.

Service
During the months of January through April 1984 Hyman G. Rickover was nearing the completion of her construction. The initial manning was completed in January. Initial criticality of the ship's S6G reactor was achieved on 10 March 1984. Berthing and messing areas were completed in April and, on 23 April 1984, the crew moved aboard the ship. A special meal of ribeye steaks, baked potatoes, and corn on the cob was served to remember the occasion.

The ship was placed into service on 24 April 1984 and initial sea trials began on 16 May 1984 with Admiral Kinnaird R. McKee aboard. Admiral McKee served as Director of the Office of Naval Nuclear Propulsion, United States Department of Energy. The sea trials were completed smartly and in the shortest time ever for a 688-class submarine built at Electric Boat. Admiral McKee complimented the crew on their fine performance prior to his departure.

At exactly 12:08, 21 July 1984 Hyman G. Rickover was placed in commission by the commissioning officer Vice Admiral Bernard M. Kauderer, Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. The ceremony was held in a downpour at Submarine Base Groton, Conn., and was well attended despite the weather and the one-hour delay due to the late arrival of U.S. Representative Charles E. Bennett of Florida, the principal speaker.

Hyman G. Rickover was featured prominently in the documentary "Submarine: Steel Boats-Iron Men" filmed in 1989 and aired in November 1991.

Hyman G. Rickover was inactivated on 14 December 2006 and was transported to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, in 2007 for the year-long inactivation process. Hyman G. Rickover was decommissioned in 2007, with the crew departing for the final time on 17 December 2007. The submarine was towed the next year to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, where she remains moored until dismantlement and disposal, which is scheduled for 2016.

title: USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709)


text:
USS Hyman G. Rickover

One ship of the United States Navy and one planned one have been named USS Hyman G. Rickover, after Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, known as the "Father of the Nuclear Navy".

 * USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709), was a Los Angeles-class submarine commissioned in 1984 and decommissioned in 2006
 * USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-795), is a Virginia-class submarine commissioned in October 2023

title: USS Hyman G. Rickover


text:
Talk:Belgian official journal

A more detailed explenation of its contents and history with dates would be nice.

Capitalisation
What exactly is the reason to make it lowercase to "Belgian official journal"? This is not a description of something, this is a specific official thing, regardless of whether or not there is an official English translation. Look at Category:Government gazettes: all or virtually all other articles are capitalised. Similarly, most Belgian institutions or things that have an article have a capitalised title. As for this specific topic, quickly googling finds several uses for "Belgian Official Gazette". Even if we were to more or less invent a translation, English capitalises proper nouns (why would it not be a proper noun?) or even "titles of works", which you might consider this to be. It really makes no sense not to capitalise it. Regards, SPQRobin (talk) 02:43, 19 May 2014 (UTC)
 * No, it is a description of something, something that does not have just one name in the original or an official English name. If we capitalise it, that suggests that name is its official English name. It's also not italicised for the same reason. The others in the category are also italicised where appropriate and follow the same rule, though some may be wrong. Philafrenzy (talk) 10:42, 19 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The official title of the Belgian official journal is Moniteur belge in French, Belgisch Staatsblad in Dutch, or Belgisch Staatsblatt in German (see fr:Moniteur belge, with a picture of its front page). It just happens to be the official journal of Belgium, unlike the official journal of France, whose official title (Journal officiel de la République française, or Journal officiel for short) actually means "Official Journal (of the French Republic)". Therefore I regret the recent decision to use a capital O in the title of this article. IMHO it ought to be either "Belgian official journal" as a matter-of-fact statement of what this newspaper happens to be, or one (or more) of its titles in the three national languages, as the official title(s) of the paper. — Tonymec (talk) 08:32, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belgian official journal


text: Category:Districts of Saxony-Anhalt

title: Category:Districts of Saxony-Anhalt