text:
Talk:Dress code

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Contradiction ("Business casual" subsection)
This article states "Business casual dress, also "smart casual", is [...]". However on the Smart casual page it is said that "Smart casual (as distinct from business casual) is [...]". Which page is the correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.132.248.85 (talk) 22:16, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Smart casual is smarter than business casual. Business casual is what you wear in work on a hot day after ariving in a suit and tie (ie: you take off the jacket and tie). Smart casual has a jacket (eg: sportscoat, blazer, or linen suit) but no tie. FurryAminal (talk) 15:38, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

Poorly Written
This Article's other problems notwithstanding, it jumps from topic to topic, and lists irrelevant information repeatedly. It needs major work, if not a total re-write.

 * Agreed. "Clothing can be a deliberate social message, even if none is meant." That's a contradiction. --Muna (talk) 20:22, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Ethnocentric
Article is extremely ethnocentric; it's primarily about modern American clothing. If you're going to keep the title, suggest expanding the material. Zora 08:16, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Almost universally nudity in a public place is illegal, except in special nudist areas

It should probably be noted that in some cultures (mainly so-called "primitive" ones) total nudity (some indigenous tribes of Brazil) or women's topless (idem, plus some societies in Africa) is accepted or the norm. -- tmegapscm 2005-08-14

Organization
This needs to be split into two articles:- Lumos3 8 July 2005 13:09 (UTC)
 * Dress code - explaining what this means with examples
 * Sociology of clothing - an article thats adequate to this title

 * I've made a new article, Dress code (Western), in order to aid in this process

Biased
Not only is the article ethnocentric, I also think it doesn't hold to a NPOV. After reading it through, I can't help but get a sense that it was written by someone who opposes at least some of the social restrictions of dress code, giving the article a sense that there is an active debate, without declaring it so. Elements such as the incongruous reference to sharia without any explanation seems to be making a point and illiciting a rejection of social dress codes, rather than simply being a reference to a specific kind of dress code with explanation as I think it should be. The examples given also lean towards the rejecting view and seem designed to illicit a "dress codes are strange and silly" response, rather than to illuminate the topic. -: Romann 02:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The article seems quite neutral about dress code. Sharia has a section on dress code, so it is quite appropriate and useful to link to that section.--Patrick 12:00, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that a link is appropriate for the page as it refers to a dress code, but it's in a section entitled "no shoes, no shirt, no service", which is a dress code with an different context. The last paragraph of this section switches without adequate bridging or justification from commercial dress codes of restaurants to the deliberate breaking of laws. Given the intent of the social aspect, would it not make more sense to link to the society sub-section of trousers instead of the law section and place the link it in a different section of this article?

 * The following statement has no research justification to back it up.
 * "The "no shoes, no shirt" slogan appears so prevalently in some settings that it has become the target of mockery and flagrant disregard."
 * In addition to the lack of support, use of superlatives makes for a more emotional statement than necessary. Overall this entire section is heavily focussed on the north american treatment of dress codes in commercial establishments and needs to be rewritten.

 * Another example from the deficiencies subsection:
 * "Clothing deficiencies may reduce functionality and/or be unesthetical, but may well have social repercussions also."
 * What social repercussions? No further comment is made on the social aspects.
 * Taken independently there might not be a bias in the separate sentences, but taken as a whole there is a sense of specifically targetting conservative dress codes in the first few sections.

 * I would agree with Lumos, that the dress code and social sections should be separated and further justified with adequate references. Most pages that link to "dress code" aren't referencing from a sociological aspect, which could be confusing.
 * - Romann 07:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I made some changes. I don't quite understand what separation you would like, dress code is a social matter.--Patrick 11:35, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Dress is not only a social matter, but can also have functional aspects such as safety or utility. Something straightforward as the requirement to wear a hard hat and steel toed boots on a construction site can be considered a dress code under the general term. The social aspects of this code are quite distinct from its existence. A hard hat with boots works as an identifiable costume outside of its functional application as a dress code(do I have to mention the Village People?)
 * A dress code article would cover only the functional and historical aspects of dress codes, while the current article would primarily contain the social aspects of dress codes (costumes, religious edicts, conformity, perception). I think this makes the point a bit clearer. Romann 02:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The section Clothing could be expanded, and if it gets large, split off. History can be considered for each, it does not belong to just one of the two.--Patrick 14:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you suggesting that "dress code" as a topic should be integrated into functional clothing (with the potential to be branched off further)? I don't entirely understand what that would achieve relating to this article.
 * Responding to your suggestion to separate functional aspects from social ones, I meant to suggest that you can add content about non-social, functional aspects to that existing section.--Patrick 14:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I would suggest that the redirect of "dress code" to this page, instead redirect to "clothing" in general with any expansion of that article to include only relevant and researched information from this page. Romann 02:26, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Currently this is the page about dress-code, after possibly moving and/or expanding content we can always change the redirect.--Patrick 13:57, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

No original research
The content needs to be backed up by REFERENCES. Original research will be deleted. 4.250.132.22 15:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please be more specific about the parts of the text that you have doubts about, because you have searched the internet and could not find any confirmation.--Patrick 15:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Huh... is there a problem with posting one's observations or original research here? I didn't write this article, but I'm certainly an advocate of author's rights. As far as I can see, this is pretty much a decent article and I don't get why so many people are railing against it. --219.77.137.199 16:37, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Read WP:NOR - FrancisTyers 16:40, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Poorly organized
As it stands, this article is just a random list of free-floating thoughts on the anthropology of Western clothing. I'm not sure it's salvageable in its current form. Even if there weren't lots of unverified statements and missing sources, the very organization of the article makes it smack of original research, because it seems to just be "1) here's a topic i thought of" "1a) here's an aspect of that topic i thought of" etc. Apollo58 19:12, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Well, should we try putting this article up for deletion? I don't think there's anything useful here that isn't already covered in Clothing. In fact, I believe that this article was created after I extensively rewrote the Clothing article and Patrick objected to his material being removed. So he moved it to a new article. Zora 22:55, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Not that it is relevant, but I did not create this article, as you can see in the page history. Also e.g. dress-code is not covered (not even mentioned) by clothing.--Patrick 00:38, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

By country
How about moving the relevant portions (which is not everything) to articles like Legal restrictions on public dress (by country) and Commercial restrictions on customer dress (by country). If we don't specify by country, ethnocentrism creeps in. Perhaps there are some books or online resources that treat these issues. Just setting up Dress code would be a poor stop-gap. Zora 01:17, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see that you have, as a re-direct. Zora 01:17, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * If you use ambitious titles, make sure to add enough content to fit those titles.--Patrick 09:58, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * That means you don't want to do any moves? Zora 10:24, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The titles suggest there is a section for each country. That would be nice (although I am not sure whether commercial restrictions on customer dress can suitably arranged by country), but a wish for expansion of the content is not enough a basis for these names.--Patrick 20:44, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

As it stands, all the material you have assembled on dress codes, whether public or commercial, assumes that the only "world" existing is modern urban North American or European. It's profoundly ethnocentric. If we set up dress codes by country, then we've created a space in which other editors can contribute, AND we've established a slot for some of your NA-Euro material. Though it's not clear to me that there's one code for this whole area. We'd have to have sub-sections. Aargh. Zora 21:14, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Creating empty sections does not seem a good idea.--Patrick 22:14, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

OK, are you a Brit or a USAian? If USAian, create an article called Dress codes in the United States and divide it into public dress (enforced by government) and commercial (enforced by commercial establishments). Oh, and a section on school dress codes. Wouldn't that cover it? If Brit, ditto but change country name. Zora 22:33, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not about the US or UK in particular. On the whole the content is either general or in the form "this is sometimes the case". If needed you can add in applicable paragraphs "in some countries" and/or "however, in .., ..".--Patrick 23:51, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You are writing about dress codes based on your experiences, hence your observations are valid ONLY for the social sphere in which you move. You can't just assume that the rest of the world doesn't exist! Believe me, there are different dresscodes out there! In Tonga, showing my calves was provocative; in the US, it's routine. In Tonga, it's ILLEGAL for men to appear in public without shirts; in the US, there is no such law. You are a "native informant", to use anthro-speak, only within the context in which you are native. So you have to tell us what that context is. If you're not willing to specify exactly WHERE these dress codes apply, or do any research to support your observations, then this article fails any reasonable test of encyclopedic usefulness. You're just using Wikispace to put up a personal essay. Zora 01:44, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * If people come up with a very small country for a counterexample, that looks like a confirmation of the content being fairly universal. Anyway, I added a line about Tonga.--Patrick 02:20, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Holy moly! I mentioned Tonga because I lived there for two and a half years, dang it. I have two anthropology degrees! I tell you your content is not universal! In Japan, it's OK to change into beach togs in hotel lobbies, or to wear flimsy cotton yukatas through town on your way to the public baths. Japanese aren't fussy about nudity the way North Americans and Brits are. In the Amazon, some people wear nothing except a string. In New Guinea, men wear nothing but penis sheaths in public. Women wear string skirts. In Bali, women go topless. In India, women can show belly but not legs. There are thousands of counter-examples to your ethnocentrism. It would be a major PROJECT to dig all the clothing material from the Human Relations Area Files, but the material is there. That's not counting historical examples! See. Zora 06:11, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not clear which text this contradicts. Anyway, you are welcome to add this kind of info.--Patrick 11:39, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I strongly support the idea because it's US-centristic. In central Europe, there are no dress codes at public schools unless they have school uniforms. Saemikneu (talk) 20:33, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

This is one of the most strangest things I have ever read on wikipedia. I doubt whoever wrote this hasn't been to China for the last 80 years or so. It is very difficult to write a paragraph entirely correct, but it is even more challenging to make up a paragraph entirely wrong. My source: Beijing Born and Raised. Check this out :"Chinese people are very conservative when it comes to clothing. No swimsuits on the beach just because they are very conservative. During traditional festival, the Chinese like to dress to join the festival. Middle aged women wear cheong-sam which is a skirt; men usually dress up in a suit and tie. The Chinese feel that wearing an indecent dress will take away your dignity. The younger generation would wear semiformal clothing to fit in the banquet". First of all, Chinese people are not conservative when it comes to clothing. Hot pants and mini skirts are everywhere in the cities in summer time. Second, where you got the idea no one wears swimsuits on the beach in China, and give a legitimate reason "because they are very conservative" ?? Some guy from your local "China town" who actually never been to China in his whole life? Or a really really old book with a publish date in the 1930s. Third, it would be great all women will wear cheongsam or "旗袍" in festival, but that is not true. That part of the dress code history lost in Mao's era 50 years ago. Also, men don't dress up in suit and tie in festival either. The truth is: Chinese people are actually dressed very informally for most of the time, except for those who work in multi-national companies. 99% of the people wear "street wear". You would not regonize any difference between a Beijing girl and a girl from NYC or any U.S. city. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.204.244.80 (talk) 13:22, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Okay, so it may not be neutral
But is there really a need for four hundred banners proclaiming this in the face of the reader? Joffeloff 22:40, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Apparently since fixed. -- Beland 21:07, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've added a POV-section tag to the "Nudity..." section. Between it's lack of content and opinion-biased second paragraph, the section needs to be reviewed, revised, expanded, or just removed. Wolfraem 02:08, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Move to "Dress code"
I propose moving this article to dress code which currently redirects to here. It's already about that, dress code is an actual word. This is not heavily visited. Dress code is more important. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dwarf Kirlston (talk • contribs) 12:06, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * While an article on the "social aspects of clothing" might be warranted, this article, introduction notwithstanding is primarily about "dress code." —  AjaxSmack   21:42, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Page moved, per request and comments above. -GTBacchus(talk) 03:32, 19 November 2007 (UTC) I propose that this article indicates the dress code in school instutions in the United States and other countries also.--KHEnglish (talk) 19:36, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

The sign from Qatar
I had completely forgotten about those signs at mall entrances. While they were largely ignored by westerners, some did abide by the request of the Qatari people. It makes an excellent addition to the article to illustrate different cultures approaches to dress codes in different locales/venues.Wzrd1 (talk) 18:50, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

Personal essay
Who wrote this crap? The entire article reads like a personal essay from the perspective of a middle school kid, jumping from one bizarre opinionated statement to another, with hardly any statements having citations, or proper citations that actually meet Wikipedia guidelines. This is to say nothing of the rampant grammatical atrocities littered throughout.

Can anyone elevate the article to a more urgent class? Maybe a more competent editor will come along and rewrite it from scratch. 98.86.114.104 (talk) 18:56, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

In what ways does dress code effect gender and gender inequality in the way that women are viewed and looked at. Does dress code play a part in the success or lack of success with women? Julianoel (talk) 21:11, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

Parents against dress code
I suggest we add something to the article that shows how not only kids rebelled against dress code in the “Rebellion against dress code” sections, but how parents rebelled against it too. Madisoncupples (talk) 19:36, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Recent Revisons
I have assigned myself this article for a class project and plan to do a lot of major reworking. Edits will be made for tone, quality, and accuracy. If you can find source info please put it in. I will be looking for my own reliable sources and working them in, deleting the biased and wrong information. Kayla Andr. (talk) 04:45, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

Codes
There should be no dress codes 74.96.217.65 (talk) 00:45, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

I agree with 74.96.217.65
I can't stand "dress codes", what a load of rubbish! If I'm going to a fancy/poncy/posh event (with family) I wear what I think is appropriate for it and I've never had any issues. 51.7.117.129 (talk) 00:33, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

"Laws and social norms" isn't about either but how they vary by location
i dont know what else to write here

maybe it could be renamed or merged into something else? Porcupo (talk) 00:55, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 10 Dean
— Assignment last updated by AndrewLiu5 (talk) 00:23, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dress code


text:
Jill White

Jacqueline Jill White (born 22 February 1941) is a former New Zealand Labour Party politician, and a registered nurse.

Early life and career
White was born in Feilding in 1941. She attended Manchester Street Primary School and Feilding Agricultural High School before attending Victoria University of Wellington where she gained a Bachelor of Science and then Canterbury Teachers' College. She later completed a Master of Arts at Massey University.

She first worked as a secondary school teacher in New Zealand from 1965, and later Samoa via Volunteer Service Abroad, before becoming a nurse in 1972. White also worked in the United Kingdom as a nurse before returning to New Zealand in 1979 where she became a community and public nurse before retiring in 1988.

Local body politics
White was a councillor on Palmerston North City Council from 1983 to 1992. This was followed by some years in Parliament, a role from which she resigned in 1998 to become Mayor of Palmerston North. She held that post until 2001. She was the first woman to hold the position. In 1989, she was elected a member of the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council, remaining a member until 1994 when she resigned. She was later a Horizons Regional Councillor from 2007 until 2013.

White's community involvement was with the Girl Guides, District Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse and the National Council of Women.

Member of Parliament
From 1993 to 1998, she was a member of Parliament for the Labour Party, first as MP for Manawatu and then as a list MP. In 1996, she had stood in Rangitīkei unsuccessfully.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jill White


text:
Rusk

A rusk is a hard, dry biscuit or a twice-baked bread. It is sometimes used as a teether for babies. In some cultures, rusk is made of cake, rather than bread: this is sometimes referred to as cake rusk. In the UK, the name also refers to a wheat-based food additive.

Argentina
In Argentina, rusk is called tostadas de mesa (literally 'table toasts'), slices of twice-baked bread generally available in supermarkets in plain and sweetened variants. Cake rusk is called bay biscuit; its ingredients are egg, sugar, oil, self-rising flour, and vanilla.

Azerbaijan
Rusk is called sukhary (suxarı – a loanword from Russian via Persian) in Azerbaijani. It is usually made from stale bread and buns. In Baku, some bakeries use their stale buns and bread for making rusks. The price of rusk in those bakeries is usually low, as the bakeries do this to avoid wasting the leftover bread and buns.

Bangladesh
Rusk is commonly called toast biscuit. Toast biscuits come in a variety of flavours, such as ghee toast, garlic toast, and sugar toast, and are usually served with tea. Cake rusk is commonly known as dry cake.

Britain
Butcher rusk is a dry biscuit broken into particles, sorted by particle size and sold to butchers and others for use as a food additive in sausage manufacture. Though originally made from stale bread, now called bread-rusk, a yeast-free variety called simply rusk is now more commonly used.

Various rusk particle sizes are used in the food industry, where uses include:
 * A carrier for flavours, colours and seasonings
 * A binding agent in hamburgers, sausages, stuffings, pies, and other compound meat products
 * As an ingredient for dried stuffing mixes

Farley's Rusks
In the UK, Farley's Rusks are a dry teething biscuit dating from the 1880s, but manufactured by Heinz since 1994. They are usually given to infants, either soaked in milk and mashed up or in their original hard form as a teething aid.

Cuba
Sponge rusk is similar to biscotti but it is made out of twice-baked yellow cake batter. The yellow cake batter is baked into a flat, rectangular cake pan. After it is baked and cooled, it is sliced into strips and baked again or toasted to make cake toast. It is usually eaten with café cubano (Cuban espresso) or as an accompaniment to ice cream, custard, or other dessert dishes.

Denmark
Tvebak is derived from Dutch tweebak (literally 'two bake'), an archaic synonym of beschuit.

France
A biscotte is a French type of rusk. They are sold packaged in supermarkets.

Finland
A Finnish type of rusk is called korppu, usually a dried piece of bun, flavoured with cinnamon or sugar. Korppu is a common coffee bread, normally eaten after having been dipped in coffee. A sour version, called hapankorppu, is a flat rusk made from rye flour and salt, and can be eaten like crispbread.

Germany
Zwieback (literally 'twice baked') is a form of rusk in Germany. Like the Danish and French words, the name refers to being baked or cooked twice.

Greece
The term paximadi (παξιμάδι) covers various forms of Greek rusk, commonly made from barley or chickpea flour, and softened with wine, water, or oil before eating. Paximadi form the basis of the Cretan snack dakos (ντάκος).

India
In India rusk (often called toast biscuit) is a traditional dried bread or cake. It is also known as papay, rattan, khasta (खस्ता), russ or cake rusk in Hindi-Urdu, and Punjabi or porai பொறை in Tamil or kathi biskut in Bengali. It is usually eaten dipped in milk tea which softens the rusk. The sweet "cake rusk" version is made of cake whose ingredients include wheat flour, sugar, fat, leavening agent, and, optionally, eggs. A popular variant is flavoured with cardamom.

Indonesia
Double baked bread in Indonesia is called bagelen, believed to originate from Bagelen, a village in Central Java. Before the second bake, the bread is smeared with sugar and buttercream. It is usually eaten as a snack.

Iran
In Iran, rusk is called nān-e sokhāri. It is made from wheat flour, sugar, skimmed milk powder, vegetable oil, gluten, malt extract, soy flour, salt, yeast, and water. It is eaten as a dunking biscuit, particularly with Persian chai (tea). The most common brand of naan sukhaari is Vitana.

Italy
In Italy, rusk is called fette biscottate (twice-baked slices). It should not be confused with biscotti (sweet cookies or biscuits).

Japan
In Japan, rusk is often a delicacy made from baguette, cake or croissant. It is often sweet.

The Levant
In the Levant this form is called boksum (بقصم) in Iraq and Syria or qurshalla (قرشلة) in Jordan. It is made from flour, eggs, oil or butter, sugar, yeast or baking powder, and sometimes a small amount of cardamon. It is topped with roasted sesame seeds, black caraway seeds, or anise, and eaten as a dunking biscuit, especially with herbal tea.

Netherlands and Belgium (Flanders)
Beschuit, also known as Dutch crispbakes, are light, round, rather crumbly, rusks as eaten in the Netherlands and Belgium. When a baby is born in the Netherlands, it is customary to serve beschuit met muisjes (with 'little mice', which are aniseeds covered in a white and pink or blue sugar layer, depending on the newborn's gender). Beschuiten are also eaten as a breakfast food with a variety of toppings, most commonly butter and sprinkles in flavours such as chocolate (chocoladehagel or chocoladevlokken) or fruit (vruchtenhagel), jam or cheese. A longtime Dutch favourite is to serve strawberries on beschuit, which is usually topped with sugar or whipped cream.

Beschuiten are made by first baking a flat round bread (beschuitbol), slicing it in half, and then baking each half again, usually at a lower heat. It is almost always sold in rolls; a roll typically has 13 rusks (a baker's dozen). Etymologically, biscotto (16th-century Italian), biscuit (19th century, from 16th-century bisket) and beschuit come from the Latin phrase (panis) bis-coctus, '(bread), twice cooked'.

Norway
In Norway, rusk is referred to as kavring, and is similar to the Swedish skorpor. Crushed kavring, called strøkavring, is used, amongst other things, for making kjøttkaker and in the traditional dessert tilslørte bondepiker. Kavring is also broken up and can be served with regular, soured or cultured milk.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, rusk is colloquially known as russ (رس). It is either available as a spherical shape that is akin to a bun or as separate rectangular pieces. It is a popular breakfast food, and is usually eaten by dipping it into milk tea, locally known as doodh chai, to soften it. It is called papay (پاپے) in Punjabi.

Philippines
The Philippine version of rusk is called biscocho. Cake rusks are called mamon tostado.

Portugal
The Portuguese version of rusk is called tosta. Tosta is a hard coarse-textured slice of bread – which can be sweet, but most often savory – and it can be of various shapes and thicknesses. It is often ground up and used as bread crumbs.

Russia
The Russian version is called sukhar' (Cyrillic: сухарь), from сухой 'dry'. They are either baked a second time from sweet challah-like bread, sliced in biscotti fashion or made of leftover stale bread, cut into small cubes and air-dried or baked at a very low temperature. The first one is like a cookie, which can be served with milk, kefir, tea, coffee or cacao. The second one is usually added to soup, clear or otherwise, softening up from absorbed liquids and accompanying it instead of bread. It became a tradition to avoid wasting leftover bread that always was a staple in Russian cuisine. There is much folklore about bread in the Russian language, paying respect to this grain food that is one of the cornerstones of Slavic nations' life and history. Rye bread rusks are the major ingredient in making of the Russian kvass, a traditional fermented beverage.

Definition
Rusks is the anglicized term for beskuit and is a traditional Afrikaner breakfast meal or snack. They have been dried in South Africa since the late 1690s as a way of preserving bread, especially when traveling long distances without refrigeration. Their use continued through the Great Trek and the Boer Wars through to the modern day. Rusks are typically dunked in coffee or tea before being eaten.

Recipe
Rusks are essentially double-baked bread dough. Round balls of dough are closely packed in pans and baked like bread, after which long chunks are cut or broken off and slowly re-baked to a dry consistency. Several modern-day, mass-produced versions are available, the most famous brand being Ouma Rusks. Many bakeries, delis, and home industries sell commercial rusks, sometimes made from non-traditional ingredients, such as baking powder rather than sourdough. In addition to plain and buttermilk flavours, aniseed, wholewheat, condensed milk, muesli, and lemon poppyseed variations are also available.

Sweden
Skorpor (plural; singular skorpa) are a Swedish form of rusk. They are usually unflavoured or flavoured with cardamom, but can also be flavoured with herbs, dried fruit, nuts, or spices such as anise. Swedish bakery company Pågen makes the world's most-sold rusk brand, Krisprolls. The traditional Swedish way to eat them is dipping them into a beverage such as coffee, milk or juice. Butter and possibly cheese, marmalade or jam can be added on top; they may be eaten together with a beverage or a fruit soup.

Rusks are known in Sweden at least since the 16th century. Rusks were provisions in the military units and on ships. Back then they could also be crushed with a hammer and the crumbs ended up in svagdricka, beer and soup.

Turkey
In Turkish, rusk is called peksimet. Pek means 'solid, tight, durable' in Turkish and simet/simit is an Arabic word (سميد) meaning 'bread' or 'flour'. Another name is galeta, a loanword from Catalan.

United States
In the US, commonly available types of rusk include melba toast and croutons, which are sold packaged in grocery stores, and biscotti, which is found both at grocery stores and coffee shops.

title: Rusk


text:
Talk:V (franchise)

Earth: Final Conflict
Is it just me or does this sound just like Earth Final Conflict? — 09:22, Oct 15, 2004 User:Gedca
 * It might sound like it, but they're not very similar. V was very much more allegorical about World War II and the two plots went in quite different directions. The initial premise might have been quite similar, but they're not very alike really. Imho, of course. — OwenBlacker 13:16, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * V came long before EFC, though it's possible Gene Roddenberry might have had the original idea before V. The similarities between V and Independence Day which followed a decade later are somewhat more striking, however, though the aliens were far less attractive! 23skidoo 18:54, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sagan
Wasn't some mention of Carl Sagan? Either Nathan Bates reminded of him or, in the comic books, some Earl Megan appears welcoming the Contact with extraterrestrial beings? Were the aliens attracted by the Voyager mesage? I may be mixing stories, as well.

 * Arthur Clarke and Isaac Asimov are mentioned - Julie Parrish is getting ready for work when her boyfriend Denny gets out of bed - it has been a few hours since the Visitor ships arrived but before the ships beep, count down and make an announcement. Julie tells Denny that the TV networks are doing recaps, that they just had Clarke and Asimov on for comments. GBC 16:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Needs editing.
The grammar is really bad. It sounds like a non-native speaker.
 * Er ... can you be a bit more specific as to what part of this article needs editing? 23skidoo 15:43, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * After reading this comment, I went back to the article and found this:
 * Humanoid (and completely human-looking) aliens arrive on Earth from the sixth planet of Sirius in a fleet of huge saucer ships that they park over the major cities of the planet.
 * That they. Maybe it was a crossing of ideas while typing (thinking two sentences at once), or it was really written by a non-native English speaker. In this case I suggest removing "they".
 * 16:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Now I see that it could fit properly. They come in ships that they park over cities...
 * Laserion 16:53, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Miniseries cast
I am working, gradually, at building up the list of characters for the miniseries. It will take me awhile. Since whole families were often involved, rather than list individual characters, I generally am grouping families together (the Bernsteins, the Maxwells, the Taylors), though excluding opposing members of a family by listing them separately, e.g. Daniel Bernstein is listed under Collaborators while the Bernsteins are listed under the Resistance.

As far as I can tell, Wikipedia does not have a separate entry for V: the Original Series and for V: The Final Battle, so I have prepared a sub-heading under characters for the miniseries, and will run the two miniseries together since one continues the adventures of the first.

 * May I suggest that a seperate entry for V:The Original Series be created in Wikipedia, so if anyone has any contributions to make, it can be placed there?Anneka9842 (talk) 13:08, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the confusion, but that was an old post that's undated. V (The Original Miniseries) was re-created in December 2007, as mentioned fruther down on the page. Feel free to take a look there and see if the issue has been addressed adequately. Thanks! - BillCJ (talk) 17:18, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

2007 miniseries
I was just browsing the IMDB and found infor for a new miniseries to be released next year. I put the link on the main page. --nihon 18:45, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Be very careful about citing IMDb for such things as it often lists speculative and even cancelled projects. Last I heard the new miniseries was off. Has Johnson changed his mind? 23skidoo 19:26, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's down to Johnson. It's more the networks that are delaying it. Essexmutant 19:37, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It should be interesting to see what they design for sets and exteriors. If Earth has been occupied since 1983, with the scientific community marginalized, technological innovation has probably been absent, so very little will have changed, but there will be imported Sirian technology that the Visitors deem harmless to their objectives but seducive to Earth people so they stop resisting the Visitors. GBC 18:13, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Characters - a work in progress
I am currently working on the characters section of this article. I am considering busting them out of this article and starting a new one just on them. This article is a big long. The work will be up in a few days. It will take me that long to edit out all of the POV problems and other errors. If anyone has any suggestions, post them here please.

Lady Aleena 12:12, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Seems reasonable to move most of them to separate articles. I think that separate articles should be made for V: The Final Battle and V: The Series too though. Essexmutant 12:44, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I have added two pages out of four. I will add links to those two pages within this article. I am still working on the Visitors and the Resistance, but the Fifth Column and the Collaborators are done. Lady Aleena 01:07, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * UPDATE: Visitors are done. Lady Aleena 03:17, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Finished
'UPDATE:'' It is done. '''

Now, I know that a little tweaking may need to be done, but the major grunt work is complete. Please review them carefully.

Lady Aleena 11:09, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Do you think that it would be possible to add pages for the V novels? (75.21.101.109 02:13, 17 July 2007 (UTC))

I've put in in-universe tags for the various character pages. I'll try to rework them if I have the time. --Eaglestorm (talk) 02:09, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Pics
Don't we have any pictures of the Visitors in their true reptilian forms? If so, can somebody please put them on the page? Scorpionman 23:51, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Episode length
How long are the episodes of this show? The info box says 60 min, but I assume that there are ads. --Arctic Gnome 21:30, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * They ran from 45 - 48 minutes, usually right around 47 minutes though. Sabalon 05:52, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Clashes with Wikiversity Namespace
Some of the "V:" links are going to wikiversity pages. Don't know how to fix this immediately so I'm leaving a note. Merosonox 02:42, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Until someone figures out how to solve the problem I made a direct link to the pages, only now it looks like they go off-site. Meh. I like Radiohead 09:23, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

New name?
Seeing as this article deals with the TV series, miniseries, comic book, etc., perhaps it's time for a name change. I'm thinking something like V (science fiction) or something similar. Thoughts? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cholmes75 (talk • contribs) 13:00, 31 January 2007 (UTC).

timeline
"The story is set in the near future." As far as I know, the story takes place in the present (id the eighties), not the near future.

Music Score
Does anyone know who did the music for V ? The theme music was great. Any info would be much appreciated. --Spewmaster 03:15, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The original miniseries was scored by Joe Harnell, while "Final Battle" and "The Series" were mostly scored by Dennis McCarthy.

"V" action figures?
Was there ever a toy or merchandise line made for "V"?

In the original miniseries, several action figures and toys representing the "visitors" are displayed. Were they ever marketed in real life, or was there just one set made as "props" for the series?

Pine 08:58, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

I believe that they were prototype toys that were never mass-produced.

(75.21.101.109 02:06, 17 July 2007 (UTC))

Check the merchandise section of thevisitors.info. There's some information there about V-related toys that were released-plus some that were simply slapped with the Visitors logo and passed of as from V. Eaglestorm 11:02, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Article splits
I've noticed this page covers all 3 Vs, in a somewhat haphazard way. From the history, it seems the page started out at V (TV miniseries), and was moved here after others added info on the 1984-85 series. Also, the V (The Final Battle) page was merged here at some point. While perhaps the content doesn't exist at this point, I believe all 3 entities need to be covered separately, with perhaps an overview page to tie things all together. It makes no sense to have articles on the characters and concepts (as per the navbox), but not pages on the individual films.

These are my proposals:
 * 1) V (science fiction) - overview page for the franchise, including info on novels and sequels.
 * 2) V (TV miniseries) or V (The Original Miniseries) - 1983 mini-series.
 * 3) V (The Final Battle) - 1984 mini-series; this page has history that can be restored and expanded.
 * 4) V (TV series) - 1984-85 series.

There may be other pages that exist that can be merged into some of these pages. - BillCJ (talk) 17:58, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Note - At this point, we can't format the titles with colons, such as The Final Battle, as this redirecte to another part of Wikipedia. Does anyone know how to work around this? - BillCJ (talk) 01:50, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree that the article is going to need separated into subpages due to the forthcoming Second Generation and its continuity-changing content. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.219.235.164 (talk) 22:20, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

V:The Next Chapter
I've noticed theres a citation needed at the section regarding JMS's desire to make a new V series at one point. Here's the script if someone wants to clear things up

http://www.noreascon.org/users/sflovers/u1/ftp/pub/sf-lovers/fandom/fiction/v-rebirth.txt

Douglasnicol (talk) 15:53, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Rename as franchise?
Would it be worth renaming this to "V franchise" or "V (franchise)" like CSI franchise or Alien (franchise)? It would better reflect what the article is and its focus and range fit perfectly.

There is also an infobox that can be used here too:

Question of characters
Are we going to split them between the 1980s and 2009 versions, especially with the difference of the Resistance since the new version has the New York Resistance?? Ominae (talk) 04:10, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:V (franchise)


text:
Iriy

Iriy, Vyrai (Вырай, Wyraj), Vyriy (Вырий, Ирий, Ирей, ), or Irij (Croatian, Czech, Slovak: Ráj, Raj, Irij, ) is a mythical place in Slavic mythology where "birds fly for the winter and souls go after death" that is sometimes identified with paradise. Spring is believed to have arrived on Earth from Vyrai.

According to Andrzej Szyjewski (religion expert), initially the Early Slavs believed in only one Vyrai, connected to the deity known as Rod—it was apparently located far away beyond the sea, at the end of the Milky Way. According to folkloristic fables, the gates of Vyrai were guarded by Veles, who sometimes took the animal form of a raróg, grasping in its claws the keys to the otherworlds. It was often imagined as a garden beyond an iron gate that barred the living from entering, located in the crown of the cosmic tree. Whereas the branches were said to be nested by the birds, who were usually identified as human souls.

The etymological reconstruction of the word, supported by preserved beliefs, allows us to connect the Iriy with the oldest Slavic ideas about the other world, which is located underground or beyond the sea, where the path lies through water, in particular, through a whirlpool. The pagan Slavic peoples thought the birds flying away to Vyrai for the winter and returning to Earth for the spring to be human souls. According to some folk tales, the human soul departs the Earth for Vyrai during the cremation of its deceased flesh on a pyre; however, it does not stay in paradise forever, returning some time later to the womb of a pregnant woman (traces of reincarnation can be seen in this belief)—carried by a stork or nightjar.

Boris Uspenskij, having analyzed the extensive ethnographic material about Iriy, concluded that "Iriy" is a general designation of the otherworld (i.e., not a real geographical place).

Etymology
This term is sometimes said to be derived from rai, the Slavic word for paradise, but this is probably a folk etymology. It could be derived from the Proto-Slavic *rajъ in connection with the Persian rayí (wealth, happiness). Similarities to other languages have also been found, for example: the Greek éar (spring), Sanskrit áranyas (alien, distant), or the Proto-Indo-European *ūr- (water), but none of these three theories have found common recognition or approval.

Heaven and hell
Eventually the idea of Vyrai was split into two separate realms, most likely under the influence of Christianity. One Vyrai, for birds, was located in the heavens (simply another version of the original myth) and another underground for snakes/dragons, which is perceived as analogous to Christian hell. During the Christianization of Kievan Rus' and the Baptism of Poland, people were able to imagine heaven and hell based on the idea of Vyrai.

Vyrai and storks
Storks carried unborn souls from Vyrai to Earth.

title: Iriy


text:
United Order

In the Latter Day Saint movement, the United Order (also called the United Order of Enoch) was one of several 19th-century church collectivist programs. Early versions of the Order beginning in 1831 attempted to fully implement the law of consecration, a form of Christian communism or communalism, modeled after the New Testament church which had "all things in common". These early versions ended after a few years. Later versions within Mormonism, primarily in the Utah Territory, implemented less-ambitious cooperative programs, many of which were very successful. The Order's full name invoked the city of Enoch, described in Latter Day Saint scripture as having such a virtuous and pure-hearted people that God had taken it to heaven.

The United Order established egalitarian communities designed to achieve income equality, eliminate poverty, and increase group self-sufficiency. The movement had much in common with other communalist utopian societies formed in the United States and Europe during the Second Great Awakening, which sought to govern aspects of people's lives through precepts of faith and community organization. The Latter Day Saint United Order was more family- and property-oriented than the utopian experiments at Brook Farm and the Oneida Community. Membership in the United Order was voluntary, although during a period in the 1830s, it was a requirement of continued church membership. Participants would deed (consecrate) all their property to the United Order, which would in turn deed back an "inheritance" (or "stewardship") which allowed members to control the property; private property was not eradicated but was rather a fundamental principle of this system. At the end of each year, any excess that the family produced from their stewardship was voluntarily given back to the Order. The Order in each community was operated by the local bishop.

The United Order is not practiced within mainstream Mormonism today; however, a number of groups of Mormon fundamentalists, such as the Apostolic United Brethren and Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church), have revived the practice. The United Order was also practiced by the liberal Mormon sect called the United Order Family of Christ and the Cutlerite sect the Church of Jesus Christ.

Under Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith learned of a group of about 50 people known as "the family" living on Isaac Morley's farm near Kirtland, Ohio, who had established a cooperative venture based on statements in the Book of Acts. Members of "The Morley family" were originally followers of Sidney Rigdon, a minister associated with the Restoration Movement who later converted to Mormonism. Many of these communalists also joined the new church and several, including Isaac Morley, served in leadership positions. Levi Hancock records an early event wherein a "family member" stole his pocket watch and sold it, claiming it was "all in the family."

Smith was troubled because of the number of members joining the church in poverty in Kirtland, Ohio. Revenue was needed for the church to publish books and tracts. At this time, Smith and Rigdon were both in economic distress. Smith and his wife Emma lived on the Morley farm for a period of time.

On February 4, 1831, Smith said he had received a revelation calling Edward Partridge to be the first bishop of the church. Five days later, on February 9, 1831, Smith described a second revelation detailing the law of consecration.

Smith said he had received a revelation directing the Latter Day Saints to impart of their land and money to the church. Partridge assigned the incoming saints from New York lots according to another revelation. Smith directed Colesville immigrants to settle in Thompson, Ohio, a few miles east of Kirtland, on a farm owned by Leman Copley. Saints from Seneca County were assigned to the Morley farm.

Partridge attempted to implement the United Order in Thompson; however, disagreements broke out and he was unsuccessful. Shortly after, Smith announced a revelation directing Newel Knight to lead the saints on the Copley farm to settle in Missouri.

Originally, the United Order was intended to be "an everlasting order for the benefit of my church, and for the salvation of men until I come". In practice, however, the Order was relatively short-lived during Smith's life.

Under Brigham Young
From 1855 to 1858, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) once again considered living under the United Order. During this period, under the leadership of Brigham Young, church members were instructed to prepare deeds of consecration, but these deeds were never acted upon perhaps due to the community disruption caused by the Utah War.

It was not until 1874 that Young initiated the United Order of Enoch, beginning in St. George, Utah, on February 9, 1874. There were a number of differences between the United Order of Enoch and United Order communities established years earlier by Joseph Smith. Under Young's leadership, producers would generally deed their property to the Order, and all members of the Order would share the cooperative's net income, often divided into shares based on the amount of property originally contributed. Sometimes, the members of the Order would receive wages for their work on the communal property.

The cooperative plan was used in at least 200 Mormon communities, most of them in rural areas outlying the central Mormon settlements near the Great Salt Lake. Most of the communities held out for only two or three years before returning to a more standard economic system. One of the last United Order corporations established the new community of Bunkerville, Nevada, in 1877. In 1880, the Bunkerville cooperative dissolved under pressure from limited water and a lack of individual dedication and initiative.

Like the United Order established by Smith, Young's experiment with the United Order was short-lived. By the time of Young's death in 1877, most of his United Orders had failed. By the end of the 19th century, the Orders were essentially extinct. Historian Andrew Karl Larson pointed out that the failure of these ventures are rooted in the frailties of human nature:
 * The habits of an acquisitive society were too strongly forged to be broken without the utmost devotion and selflessness to the cause, and rugged individualism triumphed over the abortive attempt at communal ownership and communal living here.

Some leaders and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that the United Order will be reestablished some time in the future. Many leaders have taught that the church's present system of welfare and humanitarian aid is a predecessor or stepping stone to the renewed practice of the United Order in the future.

Kanab
Many United Order communities were set up amongst Mormon towns beginning in 1874. One in particular was the United Order of Kanab, which was a settlement initiated by Brigham Young. Kanab was established in 1870. That year, John R. Young and the local bishop, Levi Stewart, began colonizing this area and twelve families followed to begin this endeavor. There was confusion as to who was the leader of this society. LDS Church authorities appointed the bishop and only they could revoke his status. But many wanted to elect John R. Young as president because he was related to LDS Church president Brigham Young. This conflict of power lasted until January 5, 1875, when Levi Stewart became the president. Eventually, Stewart resigned from his position and L. John Nuttall of Provo took his place.

Other families followed that were either unhappy in their own lives or were from other failing colonies. By 1874, there were 81 families and about 17% of the men that lived in this community practiced polygamy. The households were simple in structure and were usually two to three bedrooms. There were about three children per mother in every household and polygamous wives lived in the same home as well. Large families in all Mormon communities were regarded as a spiritual practice and the child to woman ratio in Kanab reflected that.

The main source of income for the community was raising livestock. Most of their wealth was in livestock, vehicles, and shares of stock in corporate enterprises. The land and the improvements made up the remainder of their wealth. This particular United Order was wealthy, but within the society, there were major gaps. Everyone owned property, but some pieces of land were better than others. Eventually, Brigham Young ordered the community to diminish the financial gap that set them apart from the other communities.

Many suffered hardships while living on the frontier and tended to move frequently, around the same area to escape the harsh conditions and seek greater opportunities. It also made it easy to migrate since most of the wealth people had was movable. The number of families moving three or more times was below 50. Only 23 families moved four times or more and 13 moved five times or more.

By 1880, the United Order at Kanab had greatly decreased. Only 32 families remained of the original 81 families that came within the first year of its establishment. Many eventually migrated to Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Mexico. The young men tended to leave home before they were married and started families of their own.

Property
Private property was not abolished and sharing of goods was voluntary under the United Order. Members of the church who chose to participate in the United Order voluntarily deeded their properties to the church, which would then give all or a portion of it back to the original property owner as a stewardship. The "residue," or property which was over and above what the owner and his family required for themselves, was used by the church to provide to the less fortunate, who would be required to pay it back either monetarily or by labor. The private property owner was not forced to participate in the Order nor was his property forcefully confiscated. Private property owners were free to join or leave the orders and were in control of their stewardship. J. Reuben Clark, a member of the First Presidency, explained:

"The fundamental principle of this system was the private ownership of property. Each man owned his portion, or inheritance, or stewardship, with an absolute title, which he could alienate, or hypothecate, or otherwise treat as his own. The church did not own all of the property, and the life under the United Order was not a communal life. ... The United Order is an individualistic system, not a communal system."

Lorenzo Snow, a president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also highlighted the United Order's preservation of individual free will:

"In things that pertain to celestial glory there can be no forced operations. We must do according as the spirit of the Lord operates upon our understandings and feelings. We cannot be crowded into matters, however great might be the blessing attending such procedure. We cannot be forced into living a celestial law; we must do this ourselves, of our own free will. And whatever we do in regard to the principle of the United Order, we must do it because we desire to do it."

Relation to Marxist communism
This United Order was an attempt to eradicate poverty and promote a sense of unity and brotherhood within Latter Day Saint communities. The LDS Church's view is that the doctrine and the various attempts at practicing it should not be seen as part of the 19th-century utopian movement in the United States, and is distinct from both Marxist communism and capitalism.

Leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the 20th century sought to make a clear distinction between Marxist communism and the law of consecration as practiced by the United Order, teaching that the practices differed as related to the topics of free will, private property, and deity. The law of consecration and the United Order can be compared to the shared economic arrangement presented in the New Testament as practiced by 1st-century Christians in Jerusalem. In the 20th century, leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, including David O. McKay, Harold B. Lee, Ezra Taft Benson, Marion G. Romney, and J. Reuben Clark, claimed that communism is a "counterfeit" version of the law of consecration. In 1942, the church issued the following statement:

"Communism and all other similar isms bear no relationship whatever to the United Order. They are merely the clumsy counterfeits which Satan always devises of the Gospel plan ... The United Order leaves every man free to choose his own religion as his conscience directs. Communism destroys man's God-given free agency; the United Order glorifies it. Latter-day Saints cannot be true to their faith and lend aid, encouragement, or sympathy to any of these false philosophies."

Nevertheless, communal unity and equality are central tenets of the Latter Day Saint doctrine of Zion as described in, "And the Lord called his people Zion, because they were of one heart and one mind, and dwelt in righteousness; and there was no poor among them."

title: United Order


text:
Tenet (band)

Tenet (stylized in all caps) is a heavy metal band formed as a side project by Jed Simon of Strapping Young Lad and Zimmers Hole.

Background
Tenet was formed by Jed Simon in the summer of 1996. Together with Steve Wheeler (Zimmers Hole drummer at the time), they started getting Simon's ideas down to demo-tape form, but while both continued playing with their respective bands, nothing much happened for Tenet apart from some casual jam-sessions, which among others also included musicians like Stu Carruthers (Grip Inc.) Simon had met guitarist Glen Alvelais (ex-Forbidden) in 1997 when Strapping Young Lad was touring with Testament, with whom Alvelais was playing at the time. After becoming friends, Simon asked Alvelais to join Tenet.

After signing a deal with Century Media Records, Simon began working on Sovereign with bassist Byron Stroud (Fear Factory, Strapping Young Lad, Zimmers Hole) as well as drummer Adrian Erlandsson (At the Gates, the Haunted, Cradle of Filth, Paradise Lost, Brujeria). After reviewing the fact that not enough attention could be devoted to the project by Erlandsson, due to the large geographical distance and other pending commitments, Simon turned back to his long-time partner Gene Hoglan (Death, Dark Angel, Strapping Young Lad, Testament), to take care of the final drum duties. Tenet was still looking for a vocalist, though after a few auditions, Steve "Zetro" Souza (Legacy/Exodus) was selected for the album. It was mixed by Simon together with Vincent Wojno, and mastered by Andy Sneap.

Sovereign (2009)
After many years of delays and setbacks, Tenet finally released their debut album Sovereign on July 20, 2009, in Europe (August 11, 2009, in the United States).

Discography

 * Sovereign (2009)

Band members
Current
 * Jed Simon – guitars
 * Glen Alvelais – guitars
 * Byron Stroud – bass
 * Gene Hoglan – drums
 * Steve Souza – vocals

Past
 * Adrian Erlandsson – drums
 * Stuart Carruthers – bass
 * Rob Urbinati – vocals
 * Steve Wheeler – drums

title: Tenet (band)


text:
Potassium sulfate

Potassium sulfate (US) or potassium sulphate (UK), also called sulphate of potash (SOP), arcanite, or archaically potash of sulfur, is the inorganic compound with formula K2SO4, a white water-soluble solid. It is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur.

History
Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) has been known since early in the 14th century. It was studied by Glauber, Boyle, and Tachenius. In the 17th century, it was named arcanuni or sal duplicatum, as it was a combination of an acid salt with an alkaline salt. It was also known as vitriolic tartar and Glaser's salt or sal polychrestum Glaseri after the pharmaceutical chemist Christopher Glaser who prepared it and used medicinally.

Known as arcanum duplicatum ("double secret") or panacea duplicata in pre-modern medicine, it was prepared from the residue (caput mortuum) left over from the production of aqua fortis (nitric acid, HNO3) from nitre (potassium nitrate, KNO3) and oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid, H2SO4) via Glauber's process:
 * 2 KNO3 + H2SO4 -> 2 HNO3 + K2SO4

The residue was dissolved in hot water, filtered, and evaporated to a cuticle. It was then left to crystallise. It was used as a diuretic and sudorific.

According to Chambers's Cyclopedia, the recipe was purchased for five hundred thalers by Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Schroder, the duke's physician, wrote wonders of its great uses in hypochondriacal cases, continued and intermitting fevers, stone, scurvy, and more.

Natural resources
The mineral form of potassium sulfate, arcanite, is relatively rare. Natural resources of potassium sulfate are minerals abundant in the Stassfurt salt. These are cocrystallizations of potassium sulfate and sulfates of magnesium, calcium, and sodium.

Relevant minerals are:
 * Kainite, KMg(SO4)·Cl·3H2O
 * Schönite (now known as picromerite), K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O
 * Leonite, K2SO4·MgSO4·4H2O
 * Langbeinite, K2Mg2(SO4)3
 * Aphthitalite (previously known as glaserite), K3Na(SO4)2
 * Polyhalite, K2SO4·MgSO4·2CaSO4·2H2O

The potassium sulfate can be separated from some of these minerals, like kainite, because the corresponding salt is less soluble in water.

Kieserite, MgSO4·H2O, can be combined with a solution of potassium chloride to produce potassium sulfate.

Production
Approximately 1.5 million tons were produced in 1985, typically by the reaction of potassium chloride with sulfuric acid, analogous to the Mannheim process for producing sodium sulfate. The process involves intermediate formation of potassium bisulfate, an exothermic reaction that occurs at room temperature:
 * KCl + H2SO4 -> HCl + KHSO4

The second step of the process is endothermic, requiring energy input:
 * KCl + KHSO4 -> HCl + K2SO4

Structure and properties
Two crystalline forms are known. Orthorhombic β-K2SO4 is the common form, but it converts to α-K2SO4 above 583 °C. These structures are complex, although the sulfate adopts the typical tetrahedral geometry.

It does not form a hydrate, unlike sodium sulfate. The salt crystallizes as double six-sided pyramids, classified as rhombic. They are transparent, very hard and have a bitter, salty taste. The salt is soluble in water, but insoluble in solutions of potassium hydroxide (sp. gr. 1.35), or in absolute ethanol.

Uses
The dominant use of potassium sulfate is as a fertilizer. K2SO4 does not contain chloride, which can be harmful to some crops. Potassium sulfate is preferred for these crops, which include tobacco and some fruits and vegetables. Crops that are less sensitive may still require potassium sulfate for optimal growth if the soil accumulates chloride from irrigation water.

The crude salt is also used occasionally in the manufacture of glass. Potassium sulfate is also used as a flash reducer in artillery propellant charges. It reduces muzzle flash, flareback and blast overpressure.

It is sometimes used as an alternative blast media similar to soda in soda blasting as it is harder and similarly water-soluble.

Potassium sulfate can also be used in pyrotechnics in combination with potassium nitrate to generate a purple flame.

A 5% solution of potassium sulfate was used in the beginning of the 20th century as a topical mosquito repellent.

Acidification
Potassium hydrogen sulfate (also known as potassium bisulfate), KHSO4, is readily produced by reacting K2SO4 with sulfuric acid. It forms rhombic pyramids, which melt at 197 C. It dissolves in three parts of water at 0 C. The solution behaves much as if its two congeners, K2SO4 and H2SO4, were present side by side of each other uncombined; an excess of ethanol the precipitates normal sulfate (with little bisulfate) with excess acid remaining.

The behavior of the fused dry salt is similar when heated to several hundred degrees; it acts on silicates, titanates, etc., the same way as sulfuric acid that is heated beyond its natural boiling point does. Hence it is frequently used in analytical chemistry as a disintegrating agent. For information about other salts that contain sulfate, see sulfate.

title: Potassium sulfate


text:
Bethóc

Bethóc Ingen mac Maíl Coluim (also Beatrice) was the elder daughter of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, and the mother of his successor, Duncan I.

Biography
Bethóc was the eldest daughter and heir of Malcolm II of Scotland, who had no known sons. She married Crínán, Abbot of Dunkeld, about 1000. This marriage may have been designed to encourage the Dunkeld's clan to remain loyal to Malcolm II. Together, Bethóc and Crínán had an heir, Donnchad I. Crínán has also been assigned other children, that may have been by Bethóc: Maldred, Lord of Allerdale, married Ealdgyth, daughter of Uhtred the Bold, and ancestor of the Earls of Dunbar; and a daughter (name not known) mother of Moddan, Earl of Caithness.

Their heir Duncan, also known as Donnchad, succeeded his grandfather Malcolm II to become King of Alba in 1034.

Bethóc had 2 younger sisters: Donada, who married Findláech mac Ruaidrí, Mormaer of Moray, and was the mother of Macbeth and Olith, who married Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney. and was the mother of Thorfinn the Mighty. Early writers have asserted that Máel Coluim also designated Donnchad as his successor under the rules of tanistry because there were other possible claimants to the throne.

title: Bethóc


text:
Talk:Nursing home

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 February 2019 and 13 March 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wikigirl 0690.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 August 2021 and 21 September 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Elizabethpicazo.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:45, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2019 and 10 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rcfz.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:30, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Why
Why do I get a strong feeling the author lives in an assisted living home?

The entire 'what is a nursing home not?' wording is VERY confusing. --168.56.111.51 6 July 2005 20:22 (UTC)

I made a few changes to this page if anyone has any questions to why i did so please feel free to ask I feel that a lot of the info that was on there was misguided and there was at least over half the info that was incorrect or poorly written all my changes do have the sources to back them up so feel to check if you like. if there is any question please feel free to ask. Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tazman1989 (talk • contribs) 01:17, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Denver Screening group edits (Nic, Sam, and Ted): 1. Under the considerations section would consider using bullet points, it might make it easier to follow. Additionally, where do these considerations come from and what makes them more important than other considerations? It would benefit from several citations/references.

2. In the intro, would consider mentioning the other members of the nursing home team, such as physicians, physical Therapist, OTs etc. 3. In the history of the United Kingdom is mentioned, would be possible to mention other countries? Not sure if this would extend beyond the scope of the page interested to see other countries models of care. 4. Under the elder abuse section, I would consider including what an individual can do or who should they report to if they suspect abuse. Overall great job on the page!! 5. Under the Physicians section, maybe explain what an internist is

Under considerations for the article would consider mentioning ADLs and IADLS as a way to determine if NH is needed Nick Sam Ted

Article Introduction
What is the source for this information, included in the introduction to this article: "In the US, nursing homes are required to have a licensed nurse on duty 24 hours a day, and during at least one shift each day, one of those nurses must be a Registered Nurse." --Austin Matthews 20:07, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Addition of text by 195.92.67.65
The following addition was made 05:12, December 13, 2005 by 195.92.67.65 : ''There is often cases of horrific abuse and human rights infrigements in these kinds of placements in which it is extremily difficult to give evidence of that abuse. Over 95% of nursing homes fall below the standard set by authortities. See elderly abuse'' This was added to the introduction and the same text was inserted as a seperate section. Is this necessary? --Austin Matthews 06:48, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Copyright infringment
The whole "What is a Nursing home not" section appears to be a copyright violation of this site. Deathawk 00:50, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Difference between SNF and nursing home
The author seems to be confusing a nursing home with an assisted living facility (ALF). Typically, the terms 'nursing home' and 'SNF' are used interchangeably in the industry. However, each state determines the difference between a SNF and an ALF.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/skilled%20nursing%20facility

http://www.helpguide.org/elder/nursing_homes_skilled_nursing_facilities.htm

http://www.calregistry.com/housing/snf.htm

http://www.ohca.com/docs/medicare_coverage.pdf

(from the above Medicare booklet on SNFs, under "To find out about the SNFs in your area," one of the bullet points states: Look at www.medicare.gov on the Internet. Click on Nursing Home Compare. You can find a list of all the nursing homes in your area and general information about every Medicare- and Medicaid-certified nursing home in the country. It includes nursing home inspection results, the number of nursing staff, and resident information. Call the nursing home to find out if it provides skilled care. If you do not have a computer, your local library or senior center may be able to help you.

I don't have time to learn the citation customs on Wiki, so hopefully someone else will correct this.

g7f7

Make New Page for non-US homes
This page needs a lot of work in organization and coherence.

First step in that direction would be separating the US home information from other country's. (Apples/Oranges deserve their own pages.)

Second step would be to place reliable information into logically organized categories. Don't want to step on toes/bruise egos, but the organization of contents does not make sense or build reader understanding.

Agreement needed before proceeding with organization and content overhaul.

Afterlaws 21:26, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think that the US information needs its own page, rather than having one page for the US and one page for everything else (which would be horribly skewed). So perhaps nursing home itself being should be a summary with "Main article: XYZ" sections leading off it. This current article is so overwhelmingly US-based that it's almost funny - for example, I'm British and while "nursing home" is a common phrase here, I don't think I've ever heard "skilled nursing facility" before - it may be used in specialist jargon for all I know, but it's not used in everyday language. All this American stuff makes the photo of a Czech home looks strangely out of place. Loganberry (Talk) 14:49, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Skilled nursing facility is definitely a bit of jargon. In everyday situations, you'd say that your very elderly grandmother was in a nursing home.   I believe SNF originated with the government and insurance companies, who needed a way to say "we'll pay for medical needs, but not for basic housing."  SNF is used to indicate that it provides actual medical services and isn't just a single-room occupancy hotel or assisted-living center.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 06:16, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Tomorrow's Guides (talk) 11:16, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Are there any objections to the inclusion of an External Link (UK section) to the web resource: www.carehome.co.uk ?

I know Wikipedia isn't keen on too many external links but the website is the only complete database of every UK residential care service, kept up-to-date in collaboration with regulatory body the Care Quality Commission. Visitors to Wikipedia looking for information on care and nursing services should find the link useful if they happen to be groping in the dark on the availability of the services close to them.

 * a) If the site is not WP:SPAM which I haven't checked. ".co" is not a good start! :)
 * b) Should not be located in article under UK subsection. Could be located in externals as separate subsection: *UK then **external underneath.
 * c) We are really not trying to "help" anyone. We are merely trying to inform the general audience as to the nature of Nursing Homes, not find one! We are not a help manual. We are trying to be an encyclopedia. "Helping" might be better located in a .com site. Student7 (talk) 21:04, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Tomorrow's Guides (talk) 12:52, 21 February 2011 (UTC) Thanks for your reply and perspective. I understand where you're coming from but I really don't see what the difference is with the External Links that are already part of the article. The carehome.co.uk could itself be viewed as an extended encyclopedia of the UK residential care sector, with a much wider range of information than that of charity Age UK - which is the current link under the description 'guide to care homes' but has relatively little info on care homes in comparison and is much more about fundraising and volunteering.

History
I'd like to know more about the history of nursing homes as an industry. We do it for countries, so why not for industries as well? 68.32.48.59 (talk) 04:04, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

From Nick, Sam, and Ted's group: Great job overall. We are curious to learn more about the history besides UK in the intro paragraph. Additionally, there are a variety of statements that are not supported by references, so it would be nice to add references after the addition of new material or the rewording of old material.

Appel's views on nursing homes
Regarding the reversal of the recent deletion of Appel's comment. I dislike Appel as much as the next guy, but that doesn't mean that any one editor should delete his Wikipedia presence without good reason. As long as he's being cited for the content of his columns as evidence of his views, rather than the factuality of his arguments, then he's a perfeclty legitimate source Crayvella (talk) 23:51, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The "good reason" for removing the many additions of Jacob Appel's views is lack of sourcing. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary sources, not links to Appel's blog posts. Reference Appel's views being quoted in TIME or the NYT, not just the Huffington Post. And just because someone has prolific and uberpromoted opinions does not mean he or they belong in Wikipedia. Flowanda | Talk 06:40, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

About the definition for the term.....
--222.67.207.131 (talk) 02:18, 24 June 2010 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+define+nursing+home&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+defined+nursing+home&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+defining+nursing+home&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

--222.67.207.131 (talk) 02:20, 24 June 2010 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+definition+nursing+home&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

Merge CHSLD
The article CHSLD is a stub, basically defining that a CHSLD is a nursing home in Québec.--UnQuébécois (talk) 21:49, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Looks more like WP:SPAM. There is an Afd in process. Student7 (talk) 14:20, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't agree that it's spam, but I also don't favor a redirect of CHSLD to this article. If there is anything unique about nursing homes in Québec, it could be added to this article, but I think the article CHSLD should simply be deleted, as both a definition and an unlikely search term. --MelanieN (talk) 23:35, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Split article
The article has become too US-Centric. I am going to split it up into 4 articles: one is the lead for this one, plus pointers to Canada, UK, and the US (esssentially). The other three will be articles called (awkwardly) Nursing Home (Canada), Nursing Home (UK), and Nursing Home (US). The latter will contain most of the article that didn't get left here. "Nursing home(s) in the United Kingdom" sounds funny. Don't know whether to use singular or plural.

The split in the US article will allow us to deal with the new material at the top which clearly needs to be merged with the material that is already in the article. No sense in trying to include two other countries when we can't even make an organized article for one country. Student7 (talk) 17:34, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I've split the article into 4: Nursing home care, Nursing home care in Canada, Nursing home care in the United Kingdom, and Nursing home care in the United States. Care is too low down in implementation to have many similarities between countries in details. Please use country article when possible. Student7 (talk) 23:18, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

Health support
Specifically, much has been revealed regarding chlorine and flouride being detrimental to elderly so where do I find if the nursing home has amended their water supply to remove chlorine and flouride? Specifically, much has been revealed regarding negative ions and their benefit so where do I discover that the air is amended with negative ions? Please note that the above is common policy in hospitals. It should be in nursing homes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.50.151.151 (talk) 21:32, 25 December 2014 (UTC)

Elderly Abuse
I made a few additions to the article mostly to the "nursing" section. To the nursing section I stated how many years of education the employee needed to work at the nursing home and that all employees are required to be licensed or certified by the state they work in. I felt that most of the sections all needed more information and also added an "Elderly Abuse" section stating the major abuses physical, emotional, and sexual abuse because they are a very big issue throughout the united states but yet it was not mentioned. The article seemed biased without it because it was only stating the positive about nursing homes and what they provide but nothing about the risk of putting elderly patients there. If you have any questions referring to my edit please feel free to ask. Rcfz (talk) 18:08, 19 April 2019 (talk) 18:08, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Would consider including which next steps to add/who report to if you witness elder abuse. -Nick Ted Sam

"EHPAD" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect EHPAD. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 19:28, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

UCSF MS2 Edititg
Our current editing plan: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H-zMhtve0JPvHZq8PMpHbTQ177YiMADDjhTJbbpTKbY/edit Elizabethpicazo (talk) 17:45, 30 August 2021 (UTC)Elizabethpicazo

Wiki Education assignment: HIST 225 - U.S. History
— Assignment last updated by Grubbhp (talk) 01:48, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Perspectives in Gerontology
— Assignment last updated by Sigh22 (talk) 17:16, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Insensitive language - “Elderly”
Hi, I’m going to come here before making the changes because it will be quite a bit as the word is mentioned a lot. I am considering changing the word “elderly” in the article to older people or senior citizens. The word “elderly” may potentially be insensitive to some people. Wording that recognizes people as people rather than their circumstance or condition may be more effective. Please reply to this comment if this isn’t a good idea or you have feedback, thanks. Dylan | ✉ | ✓ 21:01, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nursing home


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Fritz von Below

Fritz Theodor Carl von Below (23 September 1853 – 23 November 1918) was a Prussian general in the German Army during the First World War. He commanded troops during the Battle of the Somme, the Second Battle of the Aisne, and the German spring offensive in 1918.

Biography
Born in Danzig (Gdańsk), Below was appointed to the command of XXI Corps in 1912. In this capacity, he fought along with the 6th Army on the Western Front at the beginning of World War I. His corps was transferred in 1915 to the Eastern Front where it participated in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. Below was awarded the Pour le Mérite on 16 February 1915 for successful campaigns on the Western Front and in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.

Below was elevated to command of the 2nd Army on 4 April 1915. In 1916 the 2nd Army bore the brunt of the Allied attack in the Battle of the Somme. Reinforcements increased the size of the 2nd Army to such an extent that a decision was made to split it. The 1st Army was reformed on 19 July 1916 from the right (northern) wing of the 2nd Army. Below took command of 1st Army and 2nd Army got a new commander General der Artillerie Max von Gallwitz, who was also installed as commander of armeegruppe Gallwitz-Somme to co-ordinate the actions of both armies. Below was awarded the Oakleaves to the Pour le Mérite (signifying a second award) on 11 August 1916 for his success in operations during the Battle of the Somme.

Below was appointed to command the 9th Army in June 1918, still on the Western Front. Below had contracted pneumonia and its former commander, General der Infanterie Johannes von Eben, remained in provisional command.

Below died in Weimar on 23 November 1918, shortly after Germany had signed the armistice. He is buried in the Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery in Berlin.

Family
Below was the cousin of Otto von Below, another German commander during the war. The two generals are often confused.

Glossary

 * Armee-Abteilung or Army Detachment in the sense of "something detached from an Army". It is not under the command of an Army.
 * Armee-Gruppe a group within an Army and under its command, generally formed as a temporary measure for a task.
 * Heeresgruppe or Army Group in the sense of a number of armies under one commander.

title: Fritz von Below


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User talk:Dan-nie

PABX (private Automatic Branch eXchange)
The PABX is the newer version of the PBX (private Branch eXchange). The reason that the PABX was made, was that the PABX was to slow and the PBX would cost you much time because he was not automatic. Also it would cost a lot of maintenens. So there was an automatic verion made the PABX.

The PABX is a faster and more capabel machine. The data commmunication speed is now as fast as ADSL (2Mbps). The speed of the PBX is comparible with internet over the telephone line (ISDN) 64bps.

title: User talk:Dan-nie


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Unit (album)

Unit is the second studio album by Australian rock band Regurgitator, released in November 1997. Its style is a mixture of 1980s style synthesised pop music and alternative rock, with some hip hop influences. The album debuted and peaked at number 4 on the ARIA Charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1998, the album won five ARIA Music Awards; including Album of the Year.

In October 1998, the album was re-released as Unit Re-Booted, which included the album's five music videos.

In 2012, Regurgitator performed the entire album along with Tu-Plang on the Australian RetroTech tour.

The album was re-issued on vinyl by Valve in October 2013.

Prior to recording
Regurgitator had just completed their eleventh extensive Australian tour (with The Fauves and Tomorrow People), when they planned to start recording a follow-up to their first album, Tu-Plang. This was delayed when the band decided to make their third trip to America to do a tour with bands Helmet and The Melvins. Yeomans said of the tour, "I remember being completely frightened the whole time. They were real hard-arses. Helmet were a little army unit, and their fans were fucking really intense, really aggressive guys. Yeah, really full-on. So maybe it did have an effect." In 2008, manager Paul Curtis recalled that Yeomans had also stated "thank god Grinspoon came along because they took all the male angst away from our shows".

The Dirty Room
Upon return, the group rented a condemned warehouse in Brisbane's Fortitude Valley to write and record Unit. They affectionately named this studio "The Dirty Room". Yeomans said, "Martin did a lot of the set up – Magoo as well – and they put in carpet underlay that they'd found somewhere that was just filthy. Ergh! It had this real soporific effect as soon as you walked in and you just wanted to fall asleep. One of the funny stories is Rob Cavallo coming in to have a listen to one of the tracks, and he just fell asleep on this piss-stained mattress we had lying on the ground. It was a really dingy vibe."

Writing and recording
Regurgitator had begun experimenting with drum machines and synthesizers on their first album, Tu-Plang. Amongst the gear that Yeomans and Ely were using at the time was the Clavia Nord Lead, the Akai S3000XL, the Farfisa Super Bravo Organ and the newly released  Roland MC-303 "Groovebox, which featured on a number of tracks including "Unit" and "Polyester Girl". Ely stated that the track that ultimately helped the band decide the change in musical direction was the ironically titled "I Like Your Old Stuff Better Than Your New Stuff", which began as a punk rock track with some keyboard but gradually "breaking it down with a more minimal keyboard heavy sound, leaving off most of the distorted guitar attack, and adding a vocoder gave the song something we were excited and terrified by at the same".  After 6 weeks of recording, the album was completed on 2 August 1997.

Cover art
The cover is a large, plain yellow circle centred on a plain silver background. On the outside surface of the jewel CD case is a transparent sticker with the words "REGURGITATOR" and "UNIT" printed in black for identification in stores. This minimalist design, credited to "The Shits" (Quan Yeomans and Janet English) and Ben Ely, won the 1998 ARIA award for best cover art.

Unit Re-Booted has very similar cover art, and came in four bright colour variations – lime green, purple, royal blue and peach-orange. On the re-releases, the title text was printed directly onto the paper.

Legacy
In October 2010, the album was listed in the top 30 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums. In July 2011, the album was voted 10th in Triple J's Hottest 100 Australian Albums of All Time. In December 2021, the album was listed at no. 14 in Rolling Stone Australia's '200 Greatest Albums of All Time' countdown.

Regurgitator played Unit & Tu-Plang in full on the RetroTech Tour in 2012.

In 2017, Regurgitator played a special one-off show at the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre celebrating 20 years of Unit, with the show called UNIT20. The show was filmed & was later released on DVD in 2019.

In 2022, the album was included in the Oceania line of the 331⁄3 book series.

In 2023, Regurgitator toured around Australia for 25 years of Unit, with Custard, DZ Deathrays, Butterfingers & Glitoris.

title: Unit (album)


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Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous)/Archive

The archives of Village pump (miscellaneous) may be viewed by looking through the edit history of this page, or by following the links on Village pump archive.


text:
Mateusz Kusznierewicz

Mateusz Kusznierewicz (born 29 April 1975 in Warsaw) is a Polish sailor, specialising in the Finn and Star classes.

His first sailing success came in 1985, where he won the Puchar Spójni at the Zalew Zegrzyński in Warsaw. Most recently, he competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, winning a bronze medal in the Finn.

For his sport achievements, he received the Order of Polonia Restituta: Knight's Cross (5th Class) in 1996, Officer's Cross (4th Class) in 2004.

Major successes

 * 1993:
 * 2nd place at OK Dinghy World Championship
 * 1994:
 * European Champion OK dinghy
 * 2nd place at OK Dinghy World Championship
 * 1996:
 * Olympic Champion Finn dinghy
 * 2nd place European Championships Finn dinghy
 * 1998:
 * 1st place World Championships Finn dinghy
 * Winner of the Kieler Week Finn dinghy
 * 1999:
 * Winner of the Kieler Week Finn dinghy
 * 2000:
 * World Champion Finn dinghy
 * European Champion Finn dinghy
 * 4th place at the Olympic Games Finn dinghy
 * 2001:
 * 2nd place World Championships Finn dinghy
 * 2002:
 * 2nd place World Championships Finn dinghy
 * Winner of the Kieler Week Finn dinghy
 * 2003:
 * 2nd place European Championships Finn dinghy
 * 6th place World Championships Finn dinghy
 * 2004
 * European Champion Finn dinghy
 * 4th place World Championships Finn dinghy
 * 3rd place at the Olympic Games Finn dinghy
 * 2008
 * 1st place Star World Championship
 * 2019
 * 1st place Star World Championship
 * 2023
 * 1st place 5.5 Metre World Championship

Kusznierewicz has also won over 20 international regattas, and won World Sailing main award in 1999 the World Sailor of the Year Awards.

title: Mateusz Kusznierewicz