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Houston, Renfrewshire

Houston (Houstoun), is a village in the council area of Renfrewshire and the larger historic county of the same name in the west central Lowlands of Scotland.

Houston lies within the Gryffe Valley on the banks of the River Gryffe 6 mi north-west of Paisley and is the largest settlement in the civil parish of Houston and Killellan, which covers the neighbouring village of Crosslee and a number of smaller settlements in the villages' rural hinterland.

The village grew around a 16th-century castle and parish church dedicated to Saint Peter, which gave the area its former name of Kilpeter ("Cille Pheadair" in Scottish Gaelic). The present-day old village dates mainly back to the 18th century and was a planned community, replacing earlier buildings. Historically, the economy was based around agriculture and, in common with a number of other Renfrewshire villages, cotton weaving. The old village was designated as a conservation area in 1968.

From the middle of the 20th century, a larger area of residential settlement expanded the village into nearby areas such as the more upmarket Craigends, removing the open country between Houston and Crosslee. These additions to the village have expanded its population considerably, changing its character chiefly to a dormitory settlement for nearby Glasgow and Paisley with a largely service-based economy.

Toponymy
Houston was originally known as Kilpeter. In the mid 12th century, the fee of Kilpeter was granted by Baldwin of Biggar, Sheriff of Lanark, to Hugh of Pettinain. From Hugh, the lands eventually became known as Houston (meaning "Hugh's town or manor").

In a bull of Pope Honorius in 1225–7, the churches of Kilmacolm and Houston are mentioned as "ecclesiae de Kilmacolme et de Villa Hugonis". In a later bull of Pope Clement IV in 1265, the churches belonging to Paisley Abbey are listed including the church of "Howston".

Early history
Houston had long been a site of human settlement. In the 1970s, a Bronze Age burial site was found at South Mound on the western edge of the village. To the north-east lies Barochan Hill, the site of a Roman fort. A later Antonine era fort was found on a farm near Bishopton, less than 2 miles away.

The first village in Houston was constructed around the parish Church of St Peter and Houston Castle, now respectively the parish church and Houston House – largely 19th century buildings. Houston House and the castle which is partially incorporated within its structure date back to the time of Hugh of Pettinain and remained in the possession of his family who later became the Houstons of Houston. The Castle stayed in the ownership of the family until 1740 when it was purchased by Glasgow tobacco lord Alexander Speirs of Elderslie. Following ownership by five generations of the Speirs family, Houston House passed to Major David Crichton Maitland in 1959 and then to his son Mark Crichton Maitland in 1995 before being divided into a number of flats. James McGuire MacRae was presented with the estate by his father's friend, James MacRae. It passed to his son, who demolished the castle and built the weavers cottages with the stones. With this 18th-century change in ownership of the land therefore, the 'old village' was cleared from around the castle by the laird. The new village of some thirty five cottages constructed to the west in 1781 from the stone of the Castle, which was later to evolve into a country house. This new village – which forms the basis of the modern village – was a planned community built along two main streets: North Street and South Street and is an example of the 18th century Planned Village Movement. The layout, straddling the Houston Burn, provided washing facilities accessible to local people as well as supporting the small-scale weaving industry. This 'new village' is designated by the Renfrewshire authorities as a conservation village.

A notable remnant of this move is the village's mercat cross, which incorporates parts dating back to the 14th century. Due to the move from an original position on Kirk Road, and the fact that it incorporates a large sundial, it has been placed at an unusual angle at the centre of the 'new' village. The mercat cross has become used as a symbol for the village.

Modern history
Both railway stations (on separate lines) built within the parish in the 19th century, Houston and Crosslee Station and Georgetown station (both now closed), bypassed the village itself. As a consequence, Houston did not experience the railway boom of nearby villages like Bridge of Weir and Kilmacolm, expanding slowly until the later half of the 20th century when it became a popular commuter settlement.

The main industry of Houston between the 17th and 19th century was weaving. The River Gryffe later provided a cotton spinning industry with the creation of the Crosslee cotton mill with other small manufacturing concerns, such as embroidery, later opening in the village.

In July 2007, Houston was featured prominently in news reports around the United Kingdom after it was discovered that inhabitants of a house in the village were linked to the 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack of 30 June. The Houston Community Council observed that "it is a sobering thought that such a situation could happen on our very doorstep and that even in a quiet, rural setting such as ours there can be people intent on disrupting the natural balance of things by violent means."

Local government
Houston and its parish form part of the Renfrewshire council area. For the 2007 local authority elections in Scotland, Houston was entered into a new four-councillor ward, Ward 9, alongside Crosslee and the town of Linwood (Ward 9).

The boundaries of the civil parish of Houston and Kilellan follow the creation of a united ecclesiastical parish centred on Houston in the 18th century. The parish spreads over a wide rural hinterland including a number of nearby settlements, the most significant being Crosslee, Craigends and Barochan.

With the decline of significance of the civil parish in local government, this area has largely become part of the Houston Community Council area. The community council is chiefly a consultative body, forming a focus for local views, and has no statutory powers of its own.

Central government
Houston forms part of the Paisley and Renfrewshire North constituency for elections to the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The current Member of Parliament (MP) for this area is Gavin Newlands. The constituency was created in 2005 following boundary changes with Houston previously forming part of the West Renfrewshire constituency.

For devolved matters, Houston is part of the Scottish Parliament constituency of Renfrewshire North and West, which straddles the boundary between the council areas of Inverclyde and Renfrewshire. Since 2011, the constituency Member of the Scottish Parliament for the area is Natalie Don MSP. The Renfrewshire North and West constituency forms part of the West of Scotland Scottish Parliament electoral region. Seven further MSPs are elected for this region through the Scottish Parliament's Additional Member electoral system.

Landmarks
Houston's historic village centre, located at the north-west edge of the village, is a designated conservation area. The area is home to the main village pubs, small shops and the village's Post Office. North Street and South Street are dominated by traditional white cottages, some dating to the 17th century. The old village was a planned community of houses largely built around the Houston Burn, which gave communal access to washing facilities.

Some remains of the 16th century Houston Castle still exist largely in the grounds of the current Houston House. The area sits beside Houston and Killellan Kirk, the established (Church of Scotland) parish church. It is possible that Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots resided at the castle for some years.

The Barochan Cross, an 11 ft (3.4 metre) tall Celtic Christian cross possibly dating to the 8th century, formerly lay just south of the Mill of Barochan in the parish. In the 19th century, it was moved to a knoll opposite Corsliehill closer to the village before finally being moved in the 20th century to Paisley Abbey where it now remains in order to protect it from further weathering.

The Craigends Yew is an ancient yew tree in the parish, supposed to be the oldest living thing in Renfrewshire, with a potential age of around a thousand years. There are two ancient wells in Houston, once considered to have healing powers. St Fillan's Well sits in the fields beside Kilallan Kirk and St Peter's Well that also gives its name to a locally brewed ale.

The parish church, which is a congregation of the Church of Scotland, lies to the east of the old village. A 19th century Roman Catholic church, St Fillan's, is to the south of Main Street.

Religion
Houston's has a long association with St Peter, providing the village's historic name of Kilpeter. Its current parish church, Houston and Killellan Church or Kirk, lies in the grounds of Houston House. The Kirk was constructed in the 1870s, replacing a church on the same site constructed in 1775, and dedicated to Archibald Alexander Speirs of Elderslie. Following his death aged 28 while sitting as Member of Parliament for West Renfrewshire, his mother provided the building costs as a memorial.

The current parish dates from 1771, when the parishes of Houston and Killellan were united. The former parish church in the nearby hamlet of Killellan was known as the Church of St Fillan, which the name of the settlement derives. The former church building was left redundant by the unification and was abandoned. The ruin, dated 1635 but believed to have originated in the 10th or 11th century, still stands some 4 mi west of the centre of Houston on the Barochan Cross Road. This church is now held by the Kilallan Kirk Preservation Trust following its donation by Elderslie Estates in 2005 and is a scheduled historic monument. An annual evening service is held amongst the ruins in July by the congregation of the united parish. The church's manse, which is immediately adjacent to it, also finds continued use as a private residence and is thought to be the oldest existing dwellinghouse in Renfrewshire. St Fillan's Holy Well and St Fillan's Seat are located near to the old kirk.

St Peter's Well stands in a field below Greenhill Farm on Chapel Road close to the site of a pre-Reformation chapel and is a rare example of a covered or house holy well, the waters of which were once thought to ensure the safe return of travellers such as pilgrims.

The Houston and Kilellan church hall on Main Street was built immediately following the Disruption of 1843 as a separate congregation forming part of the Free Church of Scotland, and later the United Free Church of Scotland being known during this time as the West Kirk. Following the reunification of the United Free Church and the established Church of Scotland in 1929, the West Kirk existed as a second Church of Scotland congregation in the village until a fire destroyed much of the building in March 1941. The lack of a building caused the two congregations to again worship in the same parish church. The West Kirk building was fully restored by 1953, taking its place as the church hall it remains to this day.

St. Fillan's Roman Catholic Church, also on Main Street, was established in 1841 on a property called "Four Windings" now remembered in the name of an adjacent street.

Economy
Chiefly serving a commuter village, Houston's chief local economic activity is agriculture, with some tertiary sector businesses such as local shops and public houses serving residents and visitors. There are a number of these shops and pubs in the old village, and a number of shops located on the boundary with Crosslee.

Public houses and brewing
The parish supports a number of public houses, with two located in the historic village centre: the Fox and Hounds on South Street and the Houston Inn on North Street, established in 1779 and 1784 respectively. Until 2010, a third, the Cross Keys Inn, lay on Main Street, with a name derived from the crossed keys symbol of St Peter as a reference to the village's original name, Kilpeter. It has since operated as a restaurant. A further restaurant and public house, the River Inn, lies in Crosslee and was formerly the Crosslee Inn and the Pine Trees.

The village hosts a regular beer festival/ A microbrewery, the Houston Brewing Company, also formerly operated from a building adjacent to the Fox and Hounds.

Culture and community
There are a number of community organisations and events that take place in the village. The village's main park, Houston Public Park, is adjacent to the old village, with others at South Street and Ardgryffe Park among the more modern housing developments.

Houston Public Park is the venue for the village's annual agricultural show, taking place in the summer and organised by the Houston and Killellan Agricultural Society. Another significant local event is the Kirk Carnival, organised by the parish church and focused around the church hall and Carrick Centre on Main Street, which involves a parade and a number of stalls and entertainments and including the local primary schools.

In 1992, Strathgryffe Tennis Squash and Fitness Club, opened with support from the Lawn Tennis Association and the National Lottery Sports Fund, is also located in the village. An equestrian club, the Kilmacolm and Kilallan Riding Club is based on the boundary of the parish. A foxhunt, the Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire Foxhounds, has operated from kennels in the village since 1850.

The village also hosts a lawn bowls club, the John G. Fleming Bowling Club, which was founded the local landowner whose name it bears to mark the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria.

Education
Gryffe High School is a non-denominational co-educational state secondary school which serves the village and surrounding settlements, most particularly neighbouring Bridge of Weir. The school has a strong academic reputation, and in 2009 was ranked as the seventh best-performing state secondary school in Scotland by The Times newspaper's league tables. Also in 2009, the school was praised in a report by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education.

There are two primary schools in Houston. Houston Primary School is a non-denominational school, whereas St Fillan's Primary School is a Roman Catholic faith school. Both are co-educational state schools. As stated above, Gryffe High School is the non-denominational secondary for the village whereas St. Benedict's High School is the Roman Catholic secondary serving Houston along with Bridge of Weir (which St. Fillan's also serves).

The 'old schoolhouse' at the north end of Main Street in the old village centre has been converted into self-catering accommodation and the former school at the south end of Main Street now exists as a community building known as the Carrick Centre.

Public services
The territorial police force covering Houston is the Police Service of Scotland. It is part of the Renfrewshire and Inverclyde division and the Renfrew area Command. The nearest local police station is at Johnstone. There was a police station and police house in the village opened in the mid-1940s, which was closed in 2001.

For judicial purposes, the Houston forms part of the sheriffdom of North Strathclyde and public prosecutions are directed by the Procurator Fiscal for North Strathclyde. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service covering the village and maintains three fire stations in Renfrewshire with the closest at Johnstone.

NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde is the National Health Service Board providing public health care. The nearest major hospitals with accident and emergency facilities is the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Paisley. There is one medical practice in the village, which is linked to another surgery in Bridge of Weir.

Water and sewerage is provided by Scottish Water, a public body, and water and sewerage charges are collected alongside council tax by Renfrewshire Council, the local authority, on its behalf. Renfrewshire Council is also responsible for the provision of waste management in the area. The local distribution network operator, the organisation licensed to transmit electricity from the National Grid to consumers, is Scottish Power.

There is a Post Office branch in the village and the postal town, with a larger delivery centre, is Johnstone.

title: Houston, Renfrewshire


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Heraclitus (crater)

Heraclitus is a complex lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged southern highlands of the Moon. The crater Licetus forms the northern end of the formation. Just to the east is Cuvier, and due south is Lilius. Just to the west of Heraclitus is the small satellite crater Heraclitus K, to the south of which is a pair of larger overlapping craters, Lilius E and Lilius D.

The entire formation is heavily worn, with features smoothed down by a long history of impacts. Heraclitus is a complex formation composed of three sections divided by a triple-armed interior ridge. Of the three sections, the most eroded and irregular is at the eastern end where the outer rim forms a low ridge that joins to Cuvier.

The circular southwest end is the most intact section, forming the circular satellite crater Heraclitus D, which is attached to the other two sections along the northeast rim. There are a pair of ghost-crater rims on the floor, and a low ridge in the southwest. The crater is 90 kilometers in diameter and 3.8 kilometers deep. It may be from the Pre-Imbrian period, which lasted from 4.55 to 3.85 billion years ago.

It is named after the 6th-century BC Greek philosopher Heraclitus.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Heraclitus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Heraclitus (crater)


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Category:Houston Colt .45s players

This category should be reserved for players who played for the Houston Colt .45s from the franchise's inception in 1962 through 1964.

title: Category:Houston Colt .45s players


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Talk:Centrex

Besides being a stub, this definition is copy, almost word by word, from the one in Webopaedia. Please take a look at http://www.webopaedia.com/TERM/c/centrex.html Centrex at Webopaedia].

IP Centrex
A section on IP Centrex should be added. I may do this later; meanwhile feel free. JanCeuleers 15:49, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it belong in PBX? Jim.henderson 13:49, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Centrex article - More Useful Information - Part 1
The following points should be made clear in the Centrex article:-
 * 1) Centrex was provided from step-by-step central offices in the early 1960s and on crossbar-based COs in 1968. The service was well-established in large N. American cities by 1972, when four (out of the total of five) of the major Canadian banks used several thousand Centrex lines in each of their head offices, in Toronto or Montreal.
 * 2) The advent of fully electronic, digital, PBXs in 1976 reversed the growth of Centrex services. This situation changed, again, in 1984 when Northern Telecom (later Nortel) introduced Centrex III on its digital DMS-100 switch. By early 1985 AT&T (now Alcatel-Lucent) was offering digital Centrex on its 5ESS COs. There may have been nearly ten million Centrex lines in the US around 1978, which was the high point, before new digital PBXs eroded the market. By mid-1988 there were some 6.5 million Centrex lines in N.America (i.e. about 10% of all business phones), of which over 50% were on the DMS-100 switch.
 * 3) Most telephone operating companies offer discounts on their Centrex tariffs, by both length of contract and quantity of lines from one serving CO (public exchange). Since most digital CO switches have a distributed architecture, in which remote cabinets can be colocated within other CO buildings, one CO can, in fact, serve a large metropolitan area. This means that large users, such as governments or banks, could obtain a fully-featured telephone service for less than $20./month per line.
 * 4) Centrex remained a uniquely N.American service for 25 years. In 1987 Centrex was introduced by Mercury (now C & W) in the City of London .   David Charles A (talk) 23:34, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Centrex article - More Info - Part 2
Here's some further topics re Centrex:- (a) The user has less control over the Centrex system and reliquishes quality control to the service provider. (b) The cost of Centrex lines is usually subject to tariff regulations and will, inevitably, increase over time. (c) The multiple use of an integrated wiring system for voice and data services is not feasible, as the telco owns the MDF and any Centrex concentrators. David Charles A (talk) 15:10, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) A London-based conference on Centrex, in January 1988 (organized by the National Computing Centre), brought the service to the attention of the European telecom manufacturers. LM Ericsson, Alcatel and Siemens soon announced Centrex packages. Since then Ericsson has emphasized the value of its Centrex service for mobile users and Alcatel has installed Centrex on its COs in a number of S. American cities. It has been difficult to find reliable statistics about Centrex outside N. America.
 * 2) The capital cost of a Centrex package for a full-size CO is several million dollars. This means that a telco only installed Centrex on those COs serving a large business district, where there was the prospect of renting thousands of lines. The downside for a potential Centrex customer, especially those with multiple sites, is that legacy Centrex was not available everywhere, even in an urban area.
 * 3) The dictum that "you cannot have the advatages without the disadvantages" applies to Centrex where we can identify one concern for each attractive feature. The main disadvantages of traditional, TDM, Centrex, compared with an in-house PBX, are:

Centrex article - More Info - Part 3
IP Centrex still seems to be an unknown quantity in the business telephone market - but here are some pointers:- David Charles A (talk) 15:34, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Hosted IP Centrex has been available since 2003 and is now offered by a variety of vendors in, perhaps, a dozen countries. IP Centrex delivers more advantages, over an in-house PBX, than legacy Centrex , such as support for mobile phones, single number service for multiple devices and international coverage.
 * 2) "Hosted IP-PBX" and "IP Centrex" are really synonymous, but some smaller service providers prefer to use "Hosted PBX" - to avoid any Centrex connotations . We believe that the take up of these hosted VOIP services has, so far, been disappointing, but it's difficult to obtain data, without spending a lot of money! .
 * 3) The attraction of putting the complex software for telephone service, customer relationship management, contact center operations and multi-media services into  a secure, central, site may well become obvious over the next few years. However, some major telcos that were early to announce IP Centrex seem not to be offering that service any longer.

Centrex - Reading & References
Further Reading

Abrahams, John R (1987) Centrex - Making the Right Decision - National Computing Centre, Manchester, UK.

Abrahams, John R (1988) Manager's Guide to CENTREX - Artech House, Boston, MA.

Abrahams, John R & Lollo, Mauro (2003) Centrex or PBX: the Impact of IP - Artech House, Boston, MA.

______________________________________________________________________________

References
 * www.cwworldwide.com/united-kingdom
 * www.primustel.ca/en/business/pbx/PBXvsCentrex
 * www.verizonbusiness.com/us/products/voip/centrex
 * www.instat.com/abstract.asp?/id=18&SKU=IN08033769CT
 * www.telus.com/en_CA/BC/products/Small_Business/Telephone_and_Voice

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An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Centrex® service and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 15 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. BD2412 T 04:45, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Centrex


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Ferna

Ferna is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Ferna


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Craigends

Craigends is a residential area in the civil parish of Houston and Killellan in Renfrewshire, Scotland lying south of the River Gryffe and on the banks of the River Locher. Craigends is on the south-eastern edge of the village of Houston, bordering the parish's other village, Crosslee. As with most of Houston, Craigends is predominantly a commuter settlement.

Craigends was formerly an estate most notably the seat of the Cunninghames of Craigends, related to the nearby family of the same name who were the Earls of Glencairn, with their seat in Kilmacolm. Craigends House, a notable example of Scottish Baronial architecture designed by David Bryce was demolished in 1971. Ardgryfe House, a category B-listed Renaissance-style stone mansion built in 1867, is on Craigends Road.

The Craigends Yew is a circa 700 old layering yew tree grove located in the grounds of the old estate next to the River Gryfe. It is one of the largest of its species in Scotland.

Etymology
The estate's name is of uncertain origin though it is likely that the Craig construct comes from the Scottish Gaelic creagh: "a steep rugged mass of rock projecting upward or outward".

Craigends does entail a number of igneous rock outcroppings: notably on the banks of the Gryffe near Crosslee, beneath the Gryffe Bridge, and in the centre of what is now Cunningham Gardens. It is interesting to speculate which (if any) of these features may have impressed on the ancient landscape to inspire the estate's name.

History
On the 4 February 1479 Craigends was granted to William Cuninghame. William was the second son of the Earl of Glencairn and his entitlement created a new branch in the influential Cuninghame family of Ayrshire: the Cuninghames of Craigends. The first mansion house was built around this time by William; it would be the home to his descendants for over 400 years. Members of the family were elected to Parliament for Renfrewshire in 1643 and 1689.

John Charles Cuninghame, the 17th and final laird died in 1917. His estate and personal fortune was inherited by his widow, Alison Cuninghame, who maintained the mores of the landed gentry for decades to come. When she died in November 1958 the estate was inherited by a nephew. Not having the means to maintain the estate, however, the estate was left derelict and, after a few years, sold to the housing construction company Taylor Woodrow. The estate and mansion house were left abandoned for many years and fell into extreme dilapidation. In 1971 the mansion house was demolished and by 1973, Taylor Woodrow had started construction on the first of what would be many housing estates within the grounds.

Lodge Craigends
In 1907, John Charles Cunninghame became one of the many benefactors in the establishment of a Masonic Lodge in the area. In addition to a financial donation, he also allowed the Lodge to use his family estate's name.

Lodge Craigends No 1042 was established in the nearby town of Linwood and continues to operate there. Craigends Social Club (the social arm of Lodge Craigends) has become a valuable facility which is used by many members of the local community.

Landscape
Craigends straddles two rivers: the Gryffe and the Locher. Situated on rolling land the estate rises gently to its highest point in the southeast. Though now dominated by private houses, roads and pavements some ancient woodland remains - most notably in the west, along the banks of the Gryffe.

title: Craigends


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Pont-de-Chéruy

Pont-de-Chéruy is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

Geography
Pont-de-Chéruy is located in the department of Isère and in the region of Auvergne-Rhone-Alps, and is an outer suburb of Lyon. The Bourbre flows north through the middle of the commune and crosses the town.

Population
The population has evolved according to the following table:

Health centers and schools
In 2009 there were 1 medical center and 3 pharmacies.

Since 2009 Pont-de-Chéruy has 2 maternal schools and 1 elementary school, 1 high school and 2 lyceums.

Public and private companies
Regarding the establishments of services to the population since 2009, there are 1 office of public treasury/tax, 1 unemployment office, 1 police station, 1 post office, various banks, 1 mortuary and multiple private companies of industrial, agricultural, catering and real estate services.

Twin towns
Pont-de-Chéruy is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇦 Bucha, Ukraine, since 2016
 * 🇮🇹 Livorno Ferraris, Italy, since 2001

title: Pont-de-Chéruy


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Crosslee

Crosslee is a small village lying on the bank of the River Gryffe in the civil parish of Houston and Killellan, Renfrewshire, in Scotland. It lies around half a mile south of the old village centre of Houston and immediately west of Craigends, although residential development has removed any significant open space between the three.

The village itself is largely composed of private housing and exists chiefly as a dormitory settlement. There is one public house and a small public park.

History
Crosslee developed as a small community around a cotton mill, which opened in late 1700s. The factory was later developed and operated by R&T Jack who manufactured thread on the site. During the World War I their major customer was Nobel and the factory converted to producing “gun cotton” for the war effort. After the war the factory was rebuilt with the original stone building being replaced by a concrete structure in the 1920s.

The factory was eventually sold to Nobel Explosives (who became ICI) in 1926. They operated it till it was sold to TH Lawson in 1959 where the company traded as Lawtex and they manufactured umbrellas. It was demolished in 1985. An existing mill building, which still exists beside the river, has been redeveloped to provide office space.

Governance
Crosslee is part of Ward 9 (Houston, Crosslee and Linwood) for local authority elections to Renfrewshire Council, a four-councillor ward.

With the decline in the importance of the civil parish, Crosslee has found itself associated for local government purposes with Houston Community Council.

title: Crosslee


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Hundeshagen

Hundeshagen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since July 2018, it is part of the town Leinefelde-Worbis.

title: Hundeshagen


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FieldTurf

FieldTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. It is manufactured and installed by FieldTurf Tarkett, a division of French company Tarkett. FieldTurf is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and its primary manufacturing facility is located in Calhoun, Georgia, United States. With a design intended to more accurately replicate real grass, the new product rapidly gained popularity in the late 1990s.

History
Jean Prévost bought the patent of the FieldTurf product in 1988, and originally named his Montreal-based company SynTenni Co., a name which would eventually be dropped in favor of FieldTurf Inc. In 1995, John Gilman, a former Canadian Football League player and coach, joined FieldTurf as CEO.

In 1997, FieldTurf made its first major installation for a professional team, at the training facility for the English Premiership's Middlesbrough F.C., FieldTurf has installed over 7000 athletic fields.

In 2005, French flooring manufacturer and minority shareholder Tarkett increased its share in FieldTurf, which led to the integration of the two companies. FieldTurf is a part of the Tarkett Sports division of the holding company Tarkett SA.

In May 2010, FieldTurf acquired the American company EasyTurf of San Diego, California, as a way to gain entry into the rapidly growing residential and commercial synthetic grass markets in the United States.

Product details
The surface is composed of monofilament polyethylene-blend fibers tufted into a polypropylene backing. The infill is composed of a bottom layer of silica sand, a middle layer which is a mixture of sand and cryogenic rubber, and a top layer of only rubber. The fibers are meant to replicate blades of grass, while the infill acts as a cushion. This cushion is intended to improve safety when compared to earlier artificial surfaces and allows players to plant and pivot as if they were playing on a grass field.

Each square foot of turf contains about 3 kg (7 lb) of sand and 1.5 kg (3 lb) of cryogenic rubber. FieldTurf does not use shock-absorbency pads below its infill. The backing of the turf is a combination of woven and nonwoven polypropylene. These materials are permeable and allow water to drain through the backing itself.

Safety
Some evidence shows higher player injury on artificial turf. In a study performed by the National Football League Injury and Safety Panel, published in the October 2012 issue of the American Journal of Sports Medicine, Elliott B. Hershman et al. reviewed injury data from NFL games played between 2000 and 2009. They wrote, "...the injury rate of knee sprains as a whole was 22% higher on FieldTurf than on natural grass. While MCL sprains did not occur at a rate significantly higher than on grass, rates of ACL sprains were 67% higher on FieldTurf."

Studies of the safety of FieldTurf are conflicting. A five-year study funded by FieldTurf and published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine found that injury rates for high-school sports were similar on natural grass and synthetic turf. However, notable differences in the types of injuries were found. Athletes playing on synthetic turf sustained more skin injuries and muscle strains, while those who played on natural grass were more susceptible to concussions and ligament tears. In 2010, another FieldTurf-funded but peer-reviewed study was published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine, this time on NCAA Division I-A football, concluding that in many cases, games played on FieldTurf-branded products led to fewer injuries than those played on natural grass. However, the NFL's Injury and Safety Panel presented a study finding that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries happened 88% more often in games played on FieldTurf than in games played on grass. In 2012, the Injury and Safety Panel published an independently funded analysis of actual game data over the 2000–2009 seasons. Their statistically significant findings showed a 67% higher rate of ACL sprains and 31% higher rate of eversion ankle sprains.

Gridiron football
The first installation of FieldTurf in the United States took place at Dick Bivins Stadium in Amarillo, Texas (which was the home field for the Amarillo Independent School District's football teams) in 1998. The first major college football installation was at University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. The following year, it was installed at the two Pac-10 stadiums: Martin Stadium in Pullman, Washington and Husky Stadium in Seattle. The first installation in an NFL (and by extension, professional) stadium was in 2002, at the Seattle Seahawks' new stadium, known as Lumen Field. Originally planned to have a natural grass field, the Seahawks instead decided to install FieldTurf after they had played the two previous seasons in Husky Stadium on that surface.

Association football
FieldTurf's first high-profile installation came in January 1997 as English club Middlesbrough chose FieldTurf for its new training field. Only artificial fields with FIFA-recommended 2-star status can be used in FIFA and UEFA Finals competitions. Other FIFA and UEFA competitions require at least 1-star status.

In 2001, Boston University's FieldTurf soccer field became FieldTurf's first to obtain FIFA 1-star status. In 2005, Saprissa Stadium in San José, Costa Rica became the first stadium to host a FIFA World Cup qualifying match on FieldTurf. The Dundalk F.C. Stadium, Oriel Park, received FieldTurf's first FIFA 2-star rating. FieldTurf has 29 FIFA-recommended 1-Star installations and 31 FIFA Recommended 2-Star installations. In 2007, the FIFA U-20 World Cup Canada had almost 50% of its games played on FieldTurf.

Major League Soccer
The use of FieldTurf in Major League Soccer (MLS) has received criticism.

The installation of the surface at CenturyLink Field in Seattle was approved only after the operator of the then-new stadium agreed to install a natural grass field when needed. Their concern derived from the surface potentially hindering the city's ability to attract an MLS franchise and international soccer events.

In September 2006, several top Canadian soccer players appealed to the Canadian Soccer Association to install a natural grass surface at BMO Field in Toronto. The club removed the FieldTurf playing surface and switched to a traditional grass surface starting in 2010.

Following David Beckham's move to Major League Soccer in 2007, he voiced his opinion that the league should convert to grass for all pitches. In an apology, he stated that the surface is fine at lower levels, but that his feelings had not changed about the MLS use because of the toll the harder surface takes on the body. Thierry Henry never played at Seattle's CenturyLink Field during his time in MLS due to the surface.

Public works
A specialized version of FieldTurf called Air FieldTurf has been installed to cover the edges of runways at several airports.

title: FieldTurf


text:
Talk:Carcinoma

Hi
Fasterfester 17:26, 30 November 2006 (UTC) Hi, can someone with some background try to make this page more readable to the unwashed masses? :) I was trying to get a broad understanding of carcinoma (found it on Web MD), but the description here is chock full of medical terms, and is fairly undecipherable.  Just a sinlge paragraph at the top would go a long way to making this a very useful article.  Thanks!

Presuming it to be a typographic error, I have changed "adenocortical" to "adrenocortical". The original word had an internal hyperlink to another page which in turn redirected it back to this page. I do not know how to fix this broken link. In any case I feel it would be rude to the original author to change this link without my change being checked.

--Mfitchtoo 15:26, 1 November 2007 (UTC) I agree with the comments above completely. In the first short definition I had to look up two words. Cytological (having to do with cells, so why not just say cellular? or if that won't do, something similar) and histological. I think what was being said about the histological thing was "no evidence of the carcinoma spreading beyond the immediate tissue, or something like that. Would someone clean this up so we non-doctors can use it? Please.

Deletion
User:Nqn removed virtually all content of the page without a good reason. I have reverted this and asked what he was thinking. JFW | T@lk  17:10, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Illegible
Is it just me or is this page completely unreadable? I'm sure it doesn't need that many links. This page needs a complete do-over imho. Stealth Wilde (talk) 09:44, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Carcinoma External Link to Add
(Browneee (talk) 18:22, 7 May 2008 (UTC)) Hello. We would like to add a link to the carinoma page to direct users to the carcinoma clinical study currently being conducted. This is not a promotion to buy or sell anything, just a link for carcinoma patients looking in the Wiki to find answers, current information and treatment.

You can access the site at Arqule Studies for more information. Maybe we could add a new "External Links" section to the page for the link? Would that be okay?

Tone / Viewpoint in the Last Section ("Differentiated carcinoma")
"Many people get frightened when they hear the word cancer. Cancer unfortunately is a common illness in our society. Cells in almost every part of the body can become cancerous. While cancer is a disease of old age, children can also develop certain cancers. [8] There are many types of cancers that affect different parts of our body. While we do know what causes some cancers, (e.g. sun causes skin cancers or that smoking can cause lung cancers), for the vast majority of cancers the cause remains unknown. All we know is that cancers represent cells that have lost the ability to die and continue to proliferate."

This reads like it came out of a children's book. Not sure if it was taken from somewhere somewhere else, but the sources cited don't seem to have much of direct connection to the material. Punctum (talk) 23:06, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Organization
What do you think about putting all the staging/grading/types/variants/ICD codes under ==Classification of carcinomas==, and putting most of what's currently in that section under ==Classification of malignancies== (i.e., that there are things that aren't carcinomas)? WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:46, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Carcinoma
Cancer? ==

This article talks about Ductal Carcinoma in Situ not being considered "cancer". If this is true (mammary ductal carcinoma says otherwise) does it make sense to define "carcinoma" the way this article does?--Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 17:22, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

This is an important question for non-medical researchers trying to interpret results given by medical professionals. The current definition precludes a "non-cancerous" carcinoma. This artcicle needs to be reconciled with lobular carcinoma in situ. Macdust (talk) 17:18, 20 December 2013 (UTC) 17:16, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Have you read the Carcinoma section carefully? WhatamIdoing (talk) 17:01, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

Are you suggesting that a competent reader would not have this problem? If so, let me assure you that I am as competent a reader as you could hope for, resourceful enough to research this subject without Wikipedia. My purpose in commenting here is to make Wikipedia more useful and more reliable.

The problem lies in the contradictory definitions of carcinoma between articles, not within this one article.

Now that you bring that passage into the conversation, however, consider this sentence: " CIS is a pre-invasive cancer, and not a pre-malignant entity." Does that mean it won't be malignant in the future? Click to the hyperlinked article "Cancer" and read "Cancer, known medically as a malignant neoplasm ..." Don't expect readers to decipher such sloppy exposition. Macdust (talk) 02:07, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Carcinoma in situ redux; ducks in rows
See the previous section - it's that time of year again clearly - and the discussion here at the Cervix PR. Currently we have the following (my bolds):
 * Here at Carcinoma, the very short lead begins: "Carcinoma (from the Greek karkinos, or "crab", and -oma, "growth") is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells.[1] Put simply, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body,....". Lower down the Carcinoma in situ sections reads, in its entirety: "The term carcinoma in situ (or CIS) is a term for cells that are significantly abnormal but not cancer.[6] They are thus not typically carcinomas.[7]" - should that be "not typical of carcinomas" btw? Wiki CRUK John (talk) 15:56, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * "Carcinoma in-situs" are not in fact carcinomas except maybe DCIS so "not typically carcinomas" is correct. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 17:22, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * but terminally unclear then; and this should be in the lead also. Wiki CRUK John (talk) 19:13, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * At Carcinoma in situ, the lead begins: "Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a group of abnormal cells.[1] They are not cancer but can potentially become cancer.[1] They are a form of neoplasm.[2]"... "Some CIS, however, do form tumors, such as in the colon (polyps), in the bladder (pre-invasive papillary cancer)..."Wiki CRUK John (talk) 15:56, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * At Mammary ductal carcinoma Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS, also known as intraductal carcinoma) is the most common type of noninvasive breast cancer or pre-cancer in women. Ductal carcinoma refers to the development of cancer cells within the milk ducts of the breast.Wiki CRUK John (talk) 15:56, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Yup this is the controversial one. Some say cancer some say not cancer. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 17:22, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * At Intraductal carcinoma "Intraductal carcinoma, also called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), is a noninvasive condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, intraductal carcinoma may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues,..."Wiki CRUK John (talk) 15:56, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The proper term is DCIS. I have fixed the situation. "intraductal carcinoma" is not a carcinoma or a cancer even though it has carcinoma in its name. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 04:57, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

 * "Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition caused by unusual cells in the lobules of the breast.[1] It is usually not considered cancer, but it can indicate an increased risk of future cancer.[2][3][4] Unlike ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), LCIS is not associated with calcification, and is typically an incidental finding in a biopsy performed for another reason. LCIS only accounts for about 15% of the in situ (ductal or lobular) breast cancers.[5]" - that's the whole lead. Wiki CRUK John (talk) 15:56, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Definitely not cancer Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 17:22, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Then there are other articles on cancers, screening etc etc. It is somewhat confusing. Would it be practical/a good idea to work out a standard wording to cover the borderline aspect of this?  Btw Pre-cancer redirects to CIS. Wiki CRUK John (talk) 15:56, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Exceeding complicated. One cannot use common sense. Words are not used consistently and often not in a technically correct manner in the literature. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 17:23, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * So we have to explain these inconsistencies in vocabulary more clearly, and not just leave up stuff that any lay reader will find contradictory. The insertion of "classified as" or similar can be useful in places where the standard terminology begins to tie itself in knots. Wiki CRUK John (talk) 19:13, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. This would be a good source. But simply put medicine is a huge feild. Our number of active editors are so small. We need more people who are can and are willing to address these issue.  Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 23:39, 18 June 2014 (UTC)
 * It's difficult because the sources don't agree, and there's no recognized "authority" that could make them use the same terms to mean the same thing. Does "cancer" specifically mean "malignant carcinoma", or could leukemia also be a type of cancer?  It depends entirely on the definition chosen by the source.  DCIS is disputed:  it may be non-cancerous (perhaps as much as a third of cases?) or precancerous or already cancerous, depending one who you read and their exact definition (for example:  if there are microinvasions, is it still "in situ"?).  The accepted term for a condition does not necessarily map perfectly to the actual condition.  Chronic Fatigue Syndrome does not just mean being tired for a long time, and some "cancers" aren't exactly "cancer".  WhatamIdoing (talk) 00:44, 19 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The recognized authority is WHO. All carcinomas are cancers, but not all cancers are carcinomas. Carcinoma is a type of cancer. I will look at DCIS soon. It is one of the few grey zones. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 02:57, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

 * One consideration is the context in which the term is being used. At a cellular level (eg "cancer ous cells" within DCIS), or at a clinical level (eg "breast cancer"). As noted above, there are borderline cases, such as -- and I'm only going from memory, rather than the best recent MEDRS on staging/classification (eg ?) -- microinvasive 'DCIS', where some cancer cells have escaped the capsule. 86.128.169.211 (talk) 13:54, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Carcinoma


text:
Ranfurly, Renfrewshire

Ranfurly (Scottish Gaelic: Rann Feòirling) is a small settlement on the southern edge of the village of Bridge of Weir, which lies within the Gryffe Valley in the council area and historic county of Renfrewshire in the West-Central Lowlands of Scotland.

Ranfurly derives its name from the 15th century Ranfurly Castle situated there. The area became a dormitory settlement of residential housing in the Victorian Era. Today Ranfurly is a conservation area.

Ranfurly Castle
Ranfurly Castle was constructed around 1440 by the Knox family who, in the 19th century, took the title of Earl of Ranfurly in the Peerage of Ireland. The building was three stories high and the remains of the Castle are located in the grounds of the Old Course Ranfurly Golf Club. In 1665 it was sold to the Cochrane Earls of Dundonald, later it was sold to the Hamiltons of Holmhead, then to the Aitkenheads.

Victorian settlement
The settlement of Ranfurly originated primarily in the 1880s to 1910s, with quality stone-built houses and some fine villas in the higher land above the village following the expansion of the area and the arrival of the railway in Bridge of Weir in 1864.

Significant in the area was the Ranfurly Hotel which was built in 1882 in the Scots Baronial style, designed by architect Robert Raeburn for the Bonar family of Ranfurly estate and an extension designed by James Miller. It was closed as a hotel prior to the First World War and seen a number of uses since.

The Eastwing of Castle Terrace was severely damaged in a fire during the 1990’s and demolished in the mid 90’s. The rest of Castle Terrace was refurbished, which included seven flats and seven shops. The luxury flats were refurbished to a high standard, including designer kitchens, Jacuzzi baths, pine-lined sauna, mod cons and private parking.

Governance
Ranfurly is part of Bridge of Weir for local government purposes, which is in turn part of the council area of Renfrewshire, as well the historic county of Renfrewshire which has wider boundaries and retains some official functions, for example as a registration county and lieutenancy area.

For elections to Renfrewshire Council, Bridge of Weir is part of ward 10, named 'Bishopton, Bridge of Weir and Langbank', which elects three of Renfrewshire's forty three councillors. T

Bridge of Weir is also one of Renfrewshire's twenty-seven community council areas, which represents the Ranfurly area. Historically, Bridge of Weir was split between the civil parishes of Houston and Kilellan and Kilbarchan, with Ranfurly falling into the latter.

Religion
The former Ranfurly Church merged with St Machar's Church, also in the area, to form the Ranfurly St Machar Church in 1968 within the Church of Scotland. The latter church building, constructed in 1878 in the Gothic Revival style, is now used by the joint congregation. The former Ranfurly Church has been converted into private residences.

St Machar's, and later St Machar's Ranfurly, has been the historical parish church of Bridge of Weir since the area's elevation to a quoad sacra parish in 1887.

title: Ranfurly, Renfrewshire


text:
Blue-fronted amazon

The blue-fronted amazon (Amazona aestiva), also called the blue-fronted parrot, the turquoise-fronted amazon and the turquoise-fronted parrot, is a South American species of amazon parrot and one of the most common amazon parrots kept in captivity as a pet or companion parrot. Its common name is derived from the distinctive blue/turquoise marking on its head just above its beak.

Taxonomy
The blue-fronted amazon was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Its specific epithet is the feminine form of the Latin adjective aestivus, "of the summer". Two subspecies are recognized:

 * A. a. aestiva (nominate) is found in eastern Brazil. The leading edge of the wing ("shoulder") is red.
 * A. a. xanthopteryx occurs from northern and eastern Bolivia through adjacent parts of Brazil, to Paraguay and northern Argentina. The "shoulder" is partly or wholly yellow. Generally with more yellow to the head than nominate.

The taxon xanthopteryx has been treated as a separate species, but the two subspecies interbreed freely where they come into contact.

Additionally, there are significant individual variations in both facial pattern and amount of yellow/red to the "shoulder". In one extreme, individuals with essentially no yellow on the head and entirely green "shoulders" are known from north-western Argentina.

Description
The blue-fronted amazon is a mainly green parrot about 38 cm long. They have blue feathers on the forehead above the beak and yellow on the face and crown. Distribution of blue and yellow varies greatly among individuals. Unlike most other Amazona parrots, its beak is mostly black. There is no overt sexual dimorphism to the human eye, but analysis of the feathers using spectrometry, a method which allows the plumage to be seen as it would be by a parrot's tetrachromatic vision, shows clear differences between the plumage of the sexes. Juveniles of parrots are duller and have dark irises.

Distribution and habitat
The range of the blue-fronted amazon extends over eastern and northern Bolivia, eastern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina. It is found in forests (though generally avoids extensive humid forests such as the Amazon), woodland, savanna and palm groves.

A small feral breeding population is also present in the greener regions of Stuttgart in Germany. Although they have been observed in the wild in Puerto Rico, they are probably the result of escaped pets, and no reproduction has been recorded.

Breeding
The blue-fronted amazon nests in tree cavities. The oval eggs are white and measure around 38 × 30 mm. There are usually three to five in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 27 days and the chicks leave the nest about 60 days after hatching.

Status
The status of this species is evaluated as being of least concern by BirdLife International. However, while it remains common throughout a significant part of its range, there is evidence of a population decline, and this species has been heavily traded: Since 1981 when it was listed on CITES Appendix II, 413,505 wild-caught individuals have been recorded in international trade (UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database, January 2005). It is regarded as a crop pest in parts of its native range.

Paradoxically, illegal trade may have contributed to expansions of the range of this parrot: It is becoming common in Rio de Janeiro, which is not a part of its historical range, something attributed to escaped caged birds.

Aviculture
The blue-fronted amazon is commonly seen as a pet, both in South America and other parts of the world. Their talking ability varies greatly from individual to individual, but some speak nearly as well as the yellow-headed amazon group (yellow-naped, Panama, yellow-crowned, double yellow-headed). They seem to have a proclivity for singing. They require interaction but also can play with toys contently for several hours at a time. Pets require plenty of toys, perches, and climbing room. As with some other birds, under no circumstances are blue-fronted amazons to eat avocado. Some individuals, particularly males, can be aggressive in spring, the mating season.

An extremely rare red (or chocolate raspberry) mutation of the species appeared in captivity in 2004, bred by the psittaculturist Howard Voren. The mutation results in yellow plumage being replaced by that of a red/pink hue and greens with a chocolate-brown, with the depth and intensity of color varying by location upon the body.

title: Blue-fronted amazon


text:
Mairan (crater)

Mairan is a lunar impact crater that is located on a highland peninsula between Oceanus Procellarum to the west and Mare Imbrium to the east. To the north-northeast is the comparably sized crater Sharp. Northwest of Mairan is the heavily eroded Louville.

The outer rim of Mairan has not been significantly eroded or impacted, and retains a sharp edge. The surface around Mairan is rough and irregular, with a multitude of many tiny craters, particularly to the south and west. The inner walls display some terracing, and flow down to a relatively flat interior floor.

Mairan is a crater of Upper (Late) Imbrian age.

Mairan domes
The volcanic complex, known as Mairan Hills or Mairan Domes, is composed of Mairan T together with three satellite domes (Mairan Northwest, Mairan Middle, and Mairan South). It was formed by two volcanic episodes 3.75$$ and 3.35$$ billion years ago, extruding a viscous silicic lava simultaneously with basalt eruptions in nearby mare. Most of volcanic complex, except for dome summits, is now buried under mare surface.

In the mare, due west of Mairan, is a small lunar dome designated Mairan T with 3.8 km wide depression at the summit (in official IAU nomenclature "Mairan T" name refers only to the depression), believed to be a caldera The width of hill is about 7 km, and height is about 800 m. It is one of four unusually steep (with slopes reaching 22-27 degrees) and bright domes in area which are thought to be formed by very viscous, high-Si lava.

The composition of domes is changing from the north to south, with Mairan Northwest composed of pyroxenes with 30% quartz admixture, while Mairan South dome composed of nearly pure quartz, with extremely high thorium concentration of 83$$ ppm.

Rima Mairan
There is a sinuous rille along the southwest edge of the highland peninsula containing Mairan. It is designated Rima Mairan, and follows a north–south course for a length of about 100 kilometers.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Mairan.

title: Mairan (crater)


text:
Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park

Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park (Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella nasjonalpark) is a National Park in Norway. It was established in 2002 to replace and enlarge the former Dovrefjell National Park which had been established in 1974. The park occupies 1693 km2 and encompasses areas in three Norwegian counties: Innlandet, Trøndelag, and Møre og Romsdal and includes large parts of the mountain range of Dovrefjell along with the Sunndalsfjella mountains. Together with the National Park, there are eight landscape protected areas and two biotope protected areas that were established adjacent to the park in 2002, comprising a total protected area of 4366 km2. The park itself lies within the municipalities of Dovre and Lesja (in Innlandet county), Oppdal municipality (in Trøndelag county), and Sunndal and Molde municipalities (in Møre og Romsdal county).

Ecology
The National Park was established to  The public do have access to experience the nature through the exercise of the traditional and simple outdoor life, with technical infrastructure only established to a very modest extent.
 * preserve a large, continuous and essentially untouched mountain area,
 * preserve an alpine ecosystem with its natural biodiversity,
 * preserve an important part of the range of the stocks of wild reindeer in Snøhetta and Knutshø,
 * safeguard a variation in habitats,
 * preserve the landscape morphology and its distinctive geological deposits,
 * protect cultural heritage.

In short: To preserve an intact alpine ecosystem with its indigenous wild reindeer. Together with the reindeer in Rondane National Park the last remaining population of wild Fennoscandian reindeer of possible Beringia origin (other wild Norwegian reindeer are of European origin and have interbred with domesticated reindeer to a various extent), wolverine, and various large birds as golden eagle and gyrfalcon can be seen, and also the recently (1947) imported (and potentially dangerous) musk oxen. Arctic fox was common a hundred years ago, diminished gradually from around 1900 and went extinct in the area around the year 1990. A reintroduction program from 2010 on has so far been successful.

Some of the plant life predates the last ice age. There are many endemisms in the area.

Although it is a harsh environment, the mountains make for spectacular hiking during the summer and skiing in the winter. The highest mountain in the park is the 2286 m Snøhetta. Due to rather long walks between mostly unstaffed huts, great areas without huts and trails and harsh and unstable weather conditions, this area is recommended for experienced and well-equipped wanderers only.

An unequaled natural attraction in Norway is the 156 m high waterfall down in Åmotan (62.51004°N, 9.05896°W). It is located at along Road 70 between Oppdal and Sunndalsøra at the northern border of Åmotan-Grøvudalen Landscape Protected Area, on the northern edge of Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park.

Administration
The park is divided into a major western part and a minor eastern part by the European route E6 paralleled with the main railway between Oslo and Trondheim. Altogether the protected area amounts 4,365 km2 and also includes areas in the county of Hedmark in addition to the three of the National Park.

The park, its five adjacent landscape protection areas, and two biotope-protected areas are managed by the National Park Board of Dovrefjell. This is a governmental board: the members are from the same eight municipalities and four counties as the former Dovrefjell Council. They are nominated by those municipalities and counties, and appointed by the Ministry for the Environment. The members are much the same persons (local mayors) as in the Dovrefjell council and one may still consider Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park as being managed locally.

The former management model from July 2003 was a trial intended to last until July 2007. The final decision on the permanent management model was made in August 2010 and the new board was formally established on 4 January 2011. The Dovrefjell council was closed down during 2011 and its website closed. From 2007 to 2011 the Dovrefjell Council managed the National Park and co-ordinated the management of the other areas. The council consisted of the eight involved municipalities and four counties, with political representatives, usually the mayors, elected by the members. Except for the National Park, the conservation areas were managed by the municipality or municipalities (some PAs comprises more than one municipality). The council's responsibility for coordinating regional planning and society development, mainly through the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism of The EUROPARC Federation are now being transferred to the new board.

title: Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park


text:
Vis-viva equation

In astrodynamics, the vis-viva equation, also referred to as orbital-energy-invariance law or Burgas formula , is one of the equations that model the motion of orbiting bodies. It is the direct result of the principle of conservation of mechanical energy which applies when the only force acting on an object is its own weight which is the gravitational force determined by the product of the mass of the object and the strength of the surrounding gravitational field.

Vis viva (Latin for "living force") is a term from the history of mechanics, and it survives in this sole context. It represents the principle that the difference between the total work of the accelerating forces of a system and that of the retarding forces is equal to one half the vis viva accumulated or lost in the system while the work is being done.

Equation
For any Keplerian orbit (elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic, or radial), the vis-viva equation is as follows: $$v^2 = GM \left({ 2 \over r} - {1 \over a}\right)$$ where:

The product of $a > 0$ can also be expressed as the standard gravitational parameter using the Greek letter $v$.
 * $r$ is the relative speed of the two bodies
 * $a$ is the distance between the two bodies' centers of mass
 * $M$ is the length of the semi-major axis ($a = ∞$ for ellipses, $1/a = 0$ or $a < 0$ for parabolas, and $G$ for hyperbolas)
 * $GM$ is the gravitational constant
 * $μ$ is the mass of the central body

Derivation for elliptic orbits (0 ≤ eccentricity < 1)
In the vis-viva equation the mass $m$ of the orbiting body (e.g., a spacecraft) is taken to be negligible in comparison to the mass $M$ of the central body (e.g., the Earth). The central body and orbiting body are also often referred to as the primary and a particle respectively. In the specific cases of an elliptical or circular orbit, the vis-viva equation may be readily derived from conservation of energy and momentum.

Specific total energy is constant throughout the orbit. Thus, using the subscripts $a$ and $p$ to denote apoapsis (apogee) and periapsis (perigee), respectively, $$ \varepsilon = \frac{v_a^2}{2} - \frac{GM}{r_a} = \frac{v_p^2}{2} - \frac{GM}{r_p} $$

Rearranging, $$ \frac{v_a^2}{2} - \frac{v_p^2}{2} = \frac{GM}{r_a} - \frac{GM}{r_p} $$

Recalling that for an elliptical orbit (and hence also a circular orbit) the velocity and radius vectors are perpendicular at apoapsis and periapsis, conservation of angular momentum requires specific angular momentum $$ h = r_pv_p = r_av_a = \text{constant}$$, thus $$v_p = \frac{r_a}{r_p}v_a$$: $$ \frac{1}{2} \left( 1-\frac{r_a^2}{r_p^2} \right) v_a^2 = \frac{GM}{r_a} - \frac{GM}{r_p} $$ $$ \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{r_p^2 - r_a^2}{r_p^2} \right) v_a^2 = \frac{GM}{r_a} - \frac{GM}{r_p} $$

Isolating the kinetic energy at apoapsis and simplifying, $$\begin{align} \frac{1}{2}v_a^2 &= \left( \frac{GM}{r_a} - \frac{GM}{r_p}\right) \cdot \frac{r_p^2}{r_p^2-r_a^2} \\ \frac{1}{2}v_a^2 &= GM \left( \frac{r_p - r_a}{r_ar_p} \right) \frac{r_p^2}{r_p^2-r_a^2} \\ \frac{1}{2}v_a^2 &= GM \frac{r_p}{r_a(r_p+r_a)} \end{align}$$

From the geometry of an ellipse, $$2a=r_p+r_a$$ where a is the length of the semimajor axis. Thus, $$ \frac{1}{2} v_a^2 = GM \frac{2a-r_a}{r_a(2a)} = GM \left( \frac{1}{r_a} - \frac{1}{2a} \right) = \frac{GM}{r_a} - \frac{GM}{2a} $$

Substituting this into our original expression for specific orbital energy, $$ \varepsilon = \frac{v^2}{2} - \frac{GM}{r} = \frac{v_p^2}{2} - \frac{GM}{r_p} = \frac{v_a^2}{2} - \frac{GM}{r_a} = - \frac{GM}{2a} $$

Thus, $$ \varepsilon = - \frac{GM}{2a} $$ and the vis-viva equation may be written $$ \frac{v^2}{2} - \frac{GM}{r} = -\frac{GM}{2a} $$ or $$ v^2 = GM \left( \frac{2}{r} - \frac{1}{a} \right) $$

Therefore, the conserved angular momentum $L = mh$ can be derived using $$r_a + r_p = 2a$$ and $$r_a r_p = b^2$$, where $a$ is semi-major axis and $b$ is semi-minor axis of the elliptical orbit, as follows: $$v_a^2 = GM \left( \frac{2}{r_a} - \frac{1}{a} \right) = \frac{GM}{a} \left( \frac{2a-r_a}{r_a} \right) = \frac{GM}{a} \left( \frac{r_p}{r_a} \right) = \frac{GM}{a} \left( \frac{b}{r_a} \right)^2 $$ and alternately, $$v_p^2 = GM \left( \frac{2}{r_p} - \frac{1}{a} \right) = \frac{GM}{a} \left( \frac{2a-r_p}{r_p} \right) = \frac{GM}{a} \left( \frac{r_a}{r_p} \right) = \frac{GM}{a} \left( \frac{b}{r_p} \right)^2 $$

Therefore, specific angular momentum $$h = r_p v_p = r_a v_a = b \sqrt{\frac{GM}{a}}$$, and

Total angular momentum $$L = mh = mb \sqrt{\frac{GM}{a}}$$

Practical applications
Given the total mass and the scalars $r$ and $v$ at a single point of the orbit, one can compute:

 * $r$ and $v$ at any other point in the orbit; and
 * the specific orbital energy $$\varepsilon\,\!$$, allowing an object orbiting a larger object to be classified as having not enough energy to remain in orbit, hence being "suborbital" (a ballistic missile, for example), having enough energy to be "orbital", but without the possibility to complete a full orbit anyway because it eventually collides with the other body, or having enough energy to come from and/or go to infinity (as a meteor, for example).

The formula for escape velocity can be obtained from the Vis-viva equation by taking the limit as $$a$$ approaches $$\infty$$: $$v_e^2 = GM \left(\frac{2}{r}-0 \right) \rightarrow v_e = \sqrt{\frac{2GM}{r}}$$

title: Vis-viva equation


text:
Tastungen

Tastungen is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Tastungen


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Inchinnan

Inchinnan (Innis Fhionghain) is a small village in Renfrewshire, Scotland. The village is located on the main A8 road between Renfrew and Greenock, just south east of the town of Erskine.

History
The name of Inchinnan village is derived from the Gaelic word 'Innis', which means an island or low-lying land near a river or stream. The other part of the name is taken from Saint Inan, a 9th-century confessor at Irvine. An ornamental cast iron enclosure near the ford protects "St Conval's Chariot" which is supposedly the stone that brought Saint Conval from Ireland to Inchinnan around 590, and a 12th-century church dedicated to Saint Conval was given to the Knights Templar by David I of Scotland. Another church called 'Hallows Church' replaced it in 1900. The newer church was then replaced by part of the airfield at Abbotsinch. The latest church (Inchinnan Parish) is in the centre of the village. It contains burial stones possibly dating back to around the 9th century. In the same enclosure as St Conval's Chariot, "Argyll's Stone" was supposedly where the 9th Earl of Argyll rested when he was captured in 1685, before he was executed in Edinburgh on the Maiden.

The confluence of the rivers Black Cart and White Cart is situated near Inchinnan. Travelers crossed by a ford and later by ferry. A stone bridge was built to cross the Black Cart and a bascule bridge crosses the White Cart.

In the 1700s there were quarries within the village. The quarries produced high quality freestone right up until the 1900s. In 1809-1812 stone from the quarries built the nearby Black and White Cart bridges.

William Gilmour, farmer of Town of Inchinnan Farm, was the husband of Charlotte Gilmour who stood trial for his   murder by arsenical poisoning in 1843.

Landmarks
The bascule bridge at the border with Renfrew was replaced in 1923 by a bascule bridge, which was made by Sir William Arrol & Company. It is still capable of opening, as the Doosan Babcock factory at Renfrew requires the capability to move large loads by river. The bridge crosses White Cart Water and onto the River Clyde.

Inchinnan hosts an art deco style category A listed building called India of Inchinnan. It is the former office block of India Tyres factory which occupied the site from 1927 until the early 1980s. It has now been renovated into private offices. The company also built two groups of houses to accommodate its workers. These streets were called Allands Avenue and India Drive. Prior to its use as a tyre factory, the site was used by William Beardmore and Company to build airships in World War I. Several airships, the No's R24, R27, R34 and the R36 were built on this site. The company built 52 houses in Inchinnan, at Beardmore Cottages, to house its workers.

Inchinnan has a large industrial estate within the town. There are a few manufacturing companies left within the area. Some of the companies associated with Inchinnan past and present include: Reekie Machine Tools, Scot Tubes, Gas Measurement Instruments, Bairdswear, Armour Park, Metecno, Aulds and Rolls-Royce. M&Co (Mackays) has its head office at Caledonia House in the industrial estate.

There is a bus depot in Inchinnan which belonged to Arriva Scotland West and before that Western SMT (later Clydeside Scottish). In December 2011, it was announced that Arriva had agreed to sell the company to the independent operator McGill's Bus Services and all of Arriva Scotland West's operations ceased on Monday 26 March 2012.

East of the village beside the A8 road is a spoil tip from a disused ironstone mine. This hillock is now covered with trees. The mine, known as the Blythswood mine was abandoned by 1875.

A palace was situated within the village about 1506. It was built by Matthew, Lord Darnley, second Earl of Lennox. Remains of the building known as Palace of Inchinnan could be seen up to 1710 but have now since been destroyed. It was situated on the border with Erskine; near to Flures Drive in Erskine. An inventory was made of the contents of the palace and chapel around the year 1570. The chapel goods included; two missals, statues of Jesus as a baby, the Virgin Mary and St Anne, with an ivory statue for the hanging chandelier.

Wilhelmina Alexander, famous as Robert Burns' 'The Bonnie Lass of Ballochmyle', is buried in the Old Inchinnan Cemetery near the Black Cart Water. The site has restricted access and is very overgrown.

The Inchinnan Cruising club was established in 1932. It is sited east of the village.

The disused Park or Fulton's Quay stands on the River Clyde in the parish of Inchinnan. It was used privately by the owners of Park House.

Education
Inchinnan Primary school is the only school within the village. It is a non-denominational state school. For secondary education the village falls within the catchment area of Park Mains High School in Erskine. For Roman Catholic denomination education, the nearest primary school is St Anne's in Erskine and Trinity High School in Renfrew is the nearest secondary school. Inchinnan Community Nursery provides pre-school education within the village.

Transport
Inchinnan is served by Glasgow International Airport, which is located 2 km south of the town. The village has close links to the nearby M8 motorway and Erskine Bridge. Inchinnan is serviced by McGill's Bus Services. Services operate to Glasgow, Paisley, Renfrew, Erskine, Clydebank, Glasgow Airport.

Geography
Inchinnan is situated in the north east of Renfrewshire. It lies to the south of the River Clyde and close to where the River Gryffe meets the River Cart. The village borders a number of nearby settlements, some separated by a rural hinterland.

title: Inchinnan


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User:ChrisG

Just a note to say that I never have the time now to edit Wikipedia. I still drop in a check how things are going. It never ceases to amaze me. :) --ChrisG 20:53, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm tremendously excited by Wikipedia; it is the most exciting project I have seen since I have started using the Internet. I intend to become a regular contributor. I have a wide range of interests - Philosophy, New Age, Psychology, Politics, Religion, Science Fiction, Soccer and Information Systems - so who knows where I shall contribute.

My Vision for Wikipedia
My vision of Wikipedia is that in a time of ever increasing information overload on the internet there is a need a free and neutral source of information that is not afraid to tackle controversial topics and is independent of the systematic biases created by state, economy, and religion. Currently on the internet the best way to find information is to use Google and then use your own judgment to identify a useful article. Wikipedia can solve this problem and serve to direct you to other articles within its information space, but also in its exploration of issues direct people intelligently to other sources of information on the internet.

The problem will be ensuring the trustworthiness of information to the external world. I agree that the anarchic process advocated will work most of the time and in the long term; but many people will not trust it, because they will not know if the article has been recently re-edited in a poor or biased way or just defaced; which would prevent Wikipedia from becoming an authority in some eyes.

As such then some form of Trusted Wikipedia or Wikipedia pages will be necessary for such concerns. Many users on the Internet will prefer to surf the approved pages and only go to the unapproved and developing pages for current information and to see if the debate has changed. This Trusted Wikipedia should not interfere except positively with the ongoing Wikipedia project. It seems obvious that such a 'trusted' Wikipedia, though obviously it won't be a Wiki, will evolve out of the Wikipedia 1.0 project.

Personally I am against any Trusted Wikipedia which comes to rely on people with the best academic qualifications. How many people in the world have even a degree? I would like intelligent contributions from anyone, whatever their qualifications or age. The people who approve articles - the trusted -should be the people who somehow evolve out of the system. There needs to be a process whereby people earn trust and status through their actions.

The beauty of this schema, is that people who are anarchists will be happy that Wikipedia remains as it is with only some subtle approval mechanism going on.w While those people who value order can have their own Encyclopedia that uses the Wikipedia as the source of its articles, but of course approves them as suitable and appropriate.

I have a detailed a suggested approval mechasism here.

Categorisation
Thoughts about an alternative top level categorisation schema. User:ChrisG/categorisation

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title: User:ChrisG