text:
USS Sturgeon

USS Sturgeon  has been the name of three submarines of the United States Navy:

 * USS Sturgeon (SS-25) was renamed USS E-2 (SS-25) in 1911; E-2 was commissioned in 1912 and scrapped in 1922.
 * USS Sturgeon (SS-187), a Salmon-class submarine, was commissioned in 1938 and scrapped in 1948.
 * USS Sturgeon (SSN-637), the lead ship of the Sturgeon-class submarine, was commissioned in 1967 and scrapped in 1994.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Sturgeon


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Canadian science fiction

A strong element in contemporary Canadian culture is rich, diverse, thoughtful and witty science fiction.

History of Canadian science fiction
The first recorded Canadian works of science fiction or proto-science fiction include Napoléon Aubin's unfinished serial, Mon Voyage à la Lune, a satirical Moon voyage published in 1839, and James De Mille's novel, A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder, published posthumously in 1888.

Another early instance is the 1896 work Tisab Ting, or, The Electrical Kiss, a pseudonymous first novel by an Ida May Ferguson of New Brunswick under the pseudonym "Dyjan Fergus". Set in late 20th century Montreal, it features an "electrical genius": a "learned Chinaman" who woos and wins a Canadian wife through his superior scientific knowledge as embodied in "the Electrical Kiss". It is of interest mainly because of its early publication date and female authorship; a microfiche reprint was issued in 1980.

In 1948, the 6th World Science Fiction Convention, also called Torcon, was held in Toronto. Although it was organized by members of a local science fiction fandom group called "The Derelicts" and chaired by local fan Edward "Ned" McKeown, the Guests of Honor, Robert Bloch (pro) and Bob Tucker (fan), were both Americans. Among those in attendance were Forrest J Ackerman, Bloch, Leslie A. Croutch, E. Everett Evans, James "Rusty" Hevelin, David H. Keller, Judith Merril, Sam Moskowitz, Chad Oliver, George O. Smith, Will Sykora, Tucker, and Donald Wollheim.

Like many aspects of Canadian culture, Canadian science fiction emerged from a variety of isolated sources, including A. E. van Vogt, the fantasy works of John Buchan, the poetry of Phyllis Gotlieb, and a handful of other writers. In the late 20th century, political upheaval in the United States brought such talents as Spider Robinson and Judith Merril to Canada.

In 1973, the World Science Fiction Convention was held again in Toronto, bringing a new generation of interest to writers like Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens. This led to a range of activities and interest in the genre. Merril began hosting quarterly gatherings of authors in a loose group called "Toronto Hydra", a tradition she had brought from the New York SF community. In 1977, the Ottawa Science Fiction Society was founded, providing a venue for writers such as Charles R. Saunders and Charles de Lint through their club fanzine Stardock, as well as sponsoring Maplecon in its early years.

In the early 1980s, the Ontario Science Fiction Club was set up by Robert J. Sawyer, while the Bunch of Seven became the first known science fiction writing circle in Canada, helping the success of authors like S. M. Stirling and Tanya Huff, which later led to the Cecil Street Irregulars which included writers like Cory Doctorow. De Lint, Huff and Guy Gavriel Kay became notable for using Canadian settings in science fiction and fantasy, and William Gibson pioneered the cyberpunk subgenre with his novel Neuromancer.

In Quebec, Élisabeth Vonarburg and other authors developed a related tradition of French-Canadian SF. The Prix Boreal was established in 1979 to honour Canadian science fiction works in French. The Prix Aurora Awards (briefly preceded by the Casper Award) were founded in 1980 to recognize and promote the best works of Canadian science fiction in both French and English.

Regular annual science fiction conventions, notably Ad Astra, brought fans and writers together to further broaden awareness and appreciation of science fiction literature in Canada.

By the 1990s, Canadian science fiction was well established and internationally recognized; mainstream authors such as Margaret Atwood began including SF in their repertoire.

SF Canada, Canada's National Association of Speculative Fiction Professionals, was established in 1992.

Canadian science fiction authors
Some of the most famous Canadian writers of science fiction include Margaret Atwood, John Clute, Charles de Lint, Cory Doctorow, James Alan Gardner, William Gibson, Ed Greenwood, Tanya Huff, H. L. Gold, Nalo Hopkinson, Guy Gavriel Kay, Judith Merril, Spider Robinson, Robert J. Sawyer, Karl Schroeder, Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, A. E. van Vogt, and Robert Charles Wilson.

Canadian science fiction in film and television
The Canadian Broadcasting Company began producing science fiction as early as the 1950s. CTV produced The Starlost at the CFTO studios in Scarborough. In the early 1990s, Toronto and Vancouver became prominent centres of television and film production, with shows like Forever Knight and RoboCop, then The X-Files raised the profile of Canadian science fiction television much higher, although only Forever Knight was itself set in Canada. By the late 1990s, a significant fraction of science fiction and fantasy on television was produced in Canada. In the early 2000s, due to changes in tax laws, production companies shifted much of their operations from Toronto to Vancouver.

Some of the most popular science fiction movies and TV shows seen around the world are made primarily or entirely in Vancouver & Toronto which are both often called Hollywood North, or elsewhere in Canada. Quebec produces shows in French. Canadian studios also produced a large volume of animation, notably specializing in 3D animation.

Canadian science fiction films of note include:
 * eXistenZ
 * Cube
 * Nothing
 * Johnny Mnemonic
 * Scanners
 * Screamers (1995)
 * Last Night

Awards

 * Aurora Awards—Canadian science fiction novels (English and French), administered by the Canadian Science Fiction & Fantasy Association
 * Prix Boréal - Canadian science fiction awards for works in French
 * Sunburst Awards - annual juried award for Canadian speculative fiction novel in two categories: adult and young adult
 * Constellation Awards - given to actors, writers, and technical artists for excellence in science fiction film and television, as selected by the Canadian viewing public

title: Canadian science fiction


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Talk:Surf Lifesavers

I'm thinking it would be a good idea to merge this page with Surf lifesaving any thoughts?? Hmette 12:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surf Lifesavers


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The Bazaar

"The Bazaar" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tea Party. It was released as a promotional single in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and the USA. The music video was shot in Istanbul, and its Grand Bazaar. An acoustic version was recorded also and released on Alhambra as "The Grand Bazaar".

"The Bazaar" is a standard three-piece rock song with an introduction composed of harmonium and goblet drums. Jeff Burrows described the song as fusing "the exotic with heavier rock side of the band better than any other song".

The song has been covered by the symphonic metal band Hollenthon as a bonus track on their 2008 album, Opus Magnum.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Bazaar"

title: The Bazaar


text: User:Blauw~enwiki

title: User:Blauw~enwiki


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Talk:Lou Seal

This page seriously needs some tidying up. It does not read like an encyclopedia article at all. Not being an American, it is hard for me to comment on the content but I know that it needs sorting into a clear sentence structure, for example. Chrisblore 16:30, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Agreed. Wherever these "facts" were sourced from, they were tongue in cheek, not encyclopedic. Confusing fact with fiction, and being non-neutral, I'll mark the article as disputed and requiring attention. --hadley 00:11, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've been to the Giants' website. The text of the article is basically a word for word reproduction of the team profile for the mascot, so technically it's all the facts you're ever going to get about a fictional character that has no "human history" unlike, say, the San Diego Chicken (Ted Giannoulas) or the Phillie Phanatic.

--- So does that mean it's a copyvio?

title: Talk:Lou Seal


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Bayreuth Circle

The Bayreuth Circle (German: Der Bayreuther Kreis) was a name originally applied by some writers to devotees of Richard Wagner's music who attended and supported the annual Bayreuth Festival in the later 19th and early twentieth centuries. As some of these devotees espoused nationalistic German politics, and some of them were supporters of Adolf Hitler from the 1920s onwards, this group of people has been associated by some writers with the rise of Nazism.

History
The term 'Bayreuth Circle' was originally applied to the enthusiasts of Wagner's music who were also associated with or subscribed to the publication Bayreuther Blätter, established in the 1880s by Wagner himself and edited by Hans von Wolzogen. This journal, apart from containing snippets by Wagner himself on social, political and aesthetic matters, was also strongly nationalistic and anti-Semitic. Its circulation was small and it was not politically influential.

After the death of Wagner in 1883, his second wife Cosima, in continuing to propagate what she saw as her husband's views, was supported by a number of active anti-Semites, including Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Ludwig Schemann. Schemann, the founder of the German Gobineau Society, 'did a great deal to bring Gobineau's term 'Aryan' into vogue amongst German racists'. Chamberlain (d. 1927), who wrote an influential anti-Semitic book, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, married Eva Wagner, daughter of the composer.

Assertions of political influence
There never was any organisation named the 'Bayreuth Circle' or any group of people who identified themselves by that name, but the term has been used by some historians from about the 1960s onwards as a convenient label for Hitler supporters associated with Bayreuth. Examples of such association are given in the following citations.

 * "Only with timely support from the Bayreuth circle, especially Houston S. Chamberlain, Winifred Wagner, and henchmen like Dietrich Eckhart in the Thule Society, could the unimpressive Hitler assume the self- then public image of a Wotan/Siegfried figure, complete with telling nickname: "Wolf." "

 * "Thus Hitler himself admitted: `It was Cosima Wagner's merit to have created the link between Bayreuth and National Socialism'. It was the Bayreuth circle which raised Wagner's message to the status of gospel, manoeuvring his ideas into a Germanic-Christian doctrine of salvation."

Strong on assertion, such statements are void of supporting evidence: it should be borne in mind that Eckhardt died in 1923, Chamberlain was dead in 1927, and Cosima Wagner in 1930, i.e. before the first political victory of the Nazi party in the September 1930 elections. Whilst these personages were (or would have been) undoubtedly supporters of Hitler, they played little or no part, and had no influence, in his climb to power. These citations also make the typical, and unsubstantiated, assumption of many modern historians that the German people in general (or even active Nazis in particular) knew, or cared, anything at all about Wagner or his operas.

Evidence for any political active role played by a 'Bayreuth Circle' as a group is therefore highly contentious.

Personalities cited as members
Amongst those often listed as 'members' of a Hitlerian Bayreuth Circle are Cosima Wagner (d. 1930), second wife of the composer, Winifred Wagner, wife of the composer's son Siegfried, and H. S. Chamberlain. None of the Wagners, however, played any personally active role in the Nazi movement, although Hitler was undoubtedly influenced by Chamberlain's Foundations of the Nineteenth Century. Chamberlain himself joined the Nazi Party and contributed to its publications. The Nazi journal Völkischer Beobachter dedicated five columns to praising him on his 70th birthday, describing Foundations as the "gospel of the Nazi movement". Hitler later attended Chamberlain's funeral in January, 1927 along with several highly ranked members of the Nazi party. Other members of the putative 'Circle', such as Winifred Wagner, were sycophants of Hitler, partly from political sympathy, partly in the hopes of obtaining advantages (including financial support) for the Bayreuth Festival. There is however no evidence that the actions of either Chamberlain or Winifred Wagner - or others associated with Bayreuth - led Hitler to power or had any influence over him once he obtained it.

Bayreuth and Nazi appropriation of German culture
Later in the Nazi era, as part of the regime's propaganda intentions of 'Nazifying' German culture, specific attempts were made to appropriate Wagner's music as 'Nazi' and pseudo-academic articles appeared such as Paul Bulow's Adolf Hitler and the Bayreuth Ideological Circle (Zeitschrift fur Musik, July 1933). Such articles, as pointed out by cultural historian Frederic Spotts, were Nazi attempts to rewrite history to demonstrate that Hitler was integral to German culture. Modern writers who assert any political or social significance to the 'Bayreuth circle' risk falling into the traps thus set by Nazi ideologues.

Literature

 * Evans, Richard J., The Coming of the Third Reich, London 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-100975-9
 * Altgeld, Wolfgang, "Wagner, der Bayreuther Kreis und die Entwicklung des völkischen Denkens". In: Richard Wagner 1883-1983, ed. U. Müller. Stuttgart 1984, S. 35-64. Considers Wagner's relationships with Bayreuth enthusiasts in his own lifetime.
 * Schüler, Winfried, Der Bayreuther Kreis von seiner Entstehung bis zum Ausgang der Wilhelminischen Ära. Wagnerkult und Kulturreform im Geiste völkischer Weltanschauung. Münster 1971. Deals with Bayreuth enthusiasts of the late nineteenth century.
 * Spotts, Frederic, Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival, 1996 ISBN 0-300-06665-1

title: Bayreuth Circle


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Talk:Metalanguage

Metalanguage
149.167.148.77 18:34, 21 November 2006 (UTC)Metalanguage recently survived vfd. See: Votes for deletion/Ah Liveto Domun, etc. -- Wile E. Heresiarch 16:31, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

JBold textust noticed the link to Michael Reddy is about a football player. I am a little suspicious that the same person is also a linguist. 66.153.117.118 22:09, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Strange stuff
"Reddy estimates that fully 70% of the language we use to talk about the English language is based on this metaphor. While recognizing the prominence of this metaphor, Reddy is deeply troubled by it. He thinks of it as erroneous, misleading, and dehumanizing."

WTF?? There should be some type of reference for these bizarre facts. Crakkpot 10:46, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Also, "Like a maggot in a turd" -- really? Would "worm in an apple" work?72.64.76.67 (talk) 04:40, 27 November 2009 (UTC)Josh

Copyediting
I did a lot of copyediting on this article. With no insult intended, here are some tips to the original writer, whoever they might be: I hope this helps, if you read it. I agree with most of the people on VfD who said this article describes a notable concept. Deco 03:31, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't capitalize something unless it's a proper name or is typically capitalized in other modern writing. In particular, capitalizing Important Concepts is not standard writing, and will lead to incorrect links to other articles. Deco 03:31, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You must leave a blank line between paragraphs in wiki syntax, or else they will run together into a single paragraph.
 * Omit needless words. If you can rearrange how you say something to say it in half as many words, do so — it saves the reader time and makes the writing more forceful.
 * Spellcheckers are your friend.

Thank you, Deco. Unfortunately, there are still lots of errors. (Perhaps they've been introduced since your edits?) Actually, I find it ironic that an article on language uses such poor English. For example, let's look at the section "Embedded visual metalanguage." The second sentence has a subject-verb agreement error: "In its turn the various languages belongs to the metalanguage superstructure and are necessary only for image description." The fourth "sentence" isn't a sentence at all: "Feeling - a sensual image of individual aspects, processes, phenomena of the objective world." The next sentence is ungrammatical and makes little sense: "Due to the vigorous activity of the human mind the feeling images, coming into the human brain, undergo an active handling and transformed into images of perception, giving a prerequisite for granting the meanings of these images." It's hard for me to clean this up since I don't know what the author was trying to say. Could someone who knows this topic better than I do either fix the language or delete the portions of the article that don't make sense? 74.71.77.150 (talk) 00:35, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Bad link
in section called "Role in metaphor" Michael Reddy is said to have proven something in 1979 but the link given leads to a football player born in 1980. I am new to wikipedia and I dont know how to fix the problem myself.

Can this be cleared up and clarified perhaps with a glossary and more examples?
This seems to the layperson very hard to understand. Can someone please clarify with a re-working, plus some real life examples? thankyou. 149.167.148.77 18:34, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Merge "Metasyntax" stub into "Metalanguage" article?
Should the Metasyntax stub be mergerd into this article, or does that precise topic warrant an article of its own?

Stephan Leeds (talk) 13:13, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Adjectives as metalanguage
There needs to be a citation for the claim that adjectives and adverbs are an embedded metalanguage, since that is a precise theoretical claim. Does it really make sense to say the sentence "this is a red barn" is making a metatheoretic statement about a theory (maybe the theory is "this is a barn")? If so it seems like verbs are a metatheory on nouns as well and nothing can be said in logic or natural language without using a metatheory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.241.137.116 (talk) 16:47, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Even if this comes form Hofstadter, it is a very dubious example. Terms like "English languagge", "polysyllablic", "prose", "pentameter" and so one are better examples. 1Z (talk) 21:54, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Adjective as metalanguage ⇒ "red" as metalanguage ?

 * The statement
 * Thus, the adjective “red” in the phrase “red barn” is part of the embedded metalanguage of English; the noun “barn” is part of the object language. In the phrase “slowly running,” the verb “running” is part of the object language; the “slowly” is part of the embedded metalanguage.
 * appears to be based on the author’s understanding of a view taken in his citation 3, where the relevant passage appears to be
 * When we use a language to talk about language, we may conveniently call it “metalanguage.” Such words as word, sentence, clause, preposition, adverb, adjective, pronoun, noun, and verb belong to metalanguage. Words such as object, actor, action, goal, event, relation, and attribute may be either language or metalanguage, depending upon whether they are used in speaking about ordinary aspects of experience or about grammatical features of discourse…
 * from page 56. The italics are the cited author’s own. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.45.20.146 (talk) 15:18, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

I'm not an expert on linguistics but based on the definition given in the introduction, there doesn't seem to be any basis to the claim that adjectives are in a metalanguage describing the English language. I think, rather, that the correct understanding is that the specific word "adjective" as well as other words describing grammar and parts of speech are members of such a metalanguage. I am going to be bold and simply correct this in the main article. Joshua Davis (talk) 19:48, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was not moved. Angr (talk) 13:02, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

Metalanguage → Meta-language – This is a compound word. A hyphen also makes the title easier to read, as the current title when read quickly seems like "metal language". Lmatt (talk) 12:18, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Here are three reasons to prefer the current version:
 * The word is used in print quite often without a hyphen (try a search on google books for "metalanguage"). I perceive "meta-language" as significantly in the minority, as someone who works in logic and sees the word very often.
 * In general, compound words do not get hyphens except in special circumstances. This is described in our MOS . This is a general trend in English style in which hyphens are now omitted unless needed, so most compound words are written without hyphens (so-calls "closed compounds").
 * The Merriam-Webster online dictionary and the Cambridge online dictionary  both include the word without the hyphen.
 * You could bring this up at WT:MOS to see what the people there think. — Carl (CBM · talk) 13:35, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose – prefixes generally don't need hyphens; this word is no exception. Dicklyon (talk) 04:08, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Metalanguage and Meta-communication
I think that the two articles, Meta-communication (mostly concerning Bateson's work - a cybeneticist AND linguist) and this one, could be related better. In this article there is also no reference to the bringing of the term Metalanguage to prominence in 1933 by Alfred Tarski, nor to the work of Frits Staal on metalanguage in Indian languages. Together with the observation made on the article by the message box from Sep 2010, this all seems to me to suggest that the article needs a considerable overhaul. LookingGlass (talk) 15:47, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

is this article metametalanguage — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.94.71.166 (talk) 18:13, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

Problem linking
Linking to "Role in computing" not working. It goes to "Role in metafore" or above "Meta theories".

metalanguages

is the problem link. Not going to Metalanguage.

Can an expert in wiki markup look at the problem. Added extra metaprogramming heading that also has same problem.

Metaprogramming also fits.

Note. Using android app. My computer is down.

Steamerandy (talk) 16:40, 12 December 2014 (UTC)Steamerandy (talk) 16:37, 12 December 2014 (UTC) Steamerandy (talk) 21:18, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Does anyone know the origin of the term metalanguage? The first use of meta as a prefix was metamathmatics in 1920.Steamerandy (talk) 21:14, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metalanguage


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Coriolanus

Coriolanus ( or ) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1605 and 1608. The play is based on the life of the legendary Roman leader Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus. Shakespeare worked on it during the same years he wrote Antony and Cleopatra, making them his last two tragedies.

Coriolanus is the name given to a Roman general after his military feats against the Volscians at Corioli. Following his success he seeks to be consul, but his disdain for the plebeians and mutual hostility with the tribunes lead to his banishment from Rome. In exile, he presents himself to the Volscians, then leads them against Rome. After he relents and agrees to a peace with Rome, he is killed by his previous Volscian allies.

Synopsis

The play opens in Rome shortly after the expulsion of the Tarquin kings. There are riots in progress after stores of grain have been withheld from ordinary citizens. The rioters are particularly angry at Caius Marcius, a brilliant Roman general whom they blame for the loss of their grain. The rioters encounter a patrician named Menenius Agrippa, as well as Caius Marcius himself. Menenius tries to calm the rioters, while Marcius is openly contemptuous, and says that the plebeians are not worthy of the grain because of their lack of military service. Two of the tribunes of Rome, Brutus and Sicinius, privately denounce Marcius. Marcius leaves Rome after news arrives that a Volscian army is in the field.

The commander of the Volscian army, Tullus Aufidius, has fought Marcius on several occasions and considers him a blood enemy. The Roman army is commanded by Cominius, with Marcius as his deputy. While Cominius takes his soldiers to meet Aufidius's army, Marcius leads a rally against the Volscian city of Corioli. The siege of Corioli is initially unsuccessful, but the Romans conquer it when Marcius is able to force open the gates of the city. Even though he is exhausted from the fighting, Marcius marches quickly to join Cominius and fight the other Volscian forces. Marcius and Aufidius meet in single combat, fighting until Aufidius's own soldiers drag him away from the battle.

In recognition of his great courage, Cominius gives Caius Marcius the agnomen, or "official nickname", of Coriolanus. When they return to Rome, Coriolanus's mother Volumnia encourages her son to run for consul. Coriolanus is hesitant to do this, but he bows to his mother's wishes. He effortlessly wins the support of the Roman Senate, and seems at first to have won over the plebeians as well. However, Brutus and Sicinius scheme to defeat Coriolanus and instigate another plebeian riot in opposition to his becoming consul. Faced with this opposition, Coriolanus flies into a rage and rails against the concept of popular rule. He compares allowing plebeians to have power over the patricians to allowing "crows to peck the eagles". The two tribunes condemn Coriolanus as a traitor for his words and order him to be banished. Coriolanus retorts that it is he who banishes Rome from his presence.

After his exile from Rome, Coriolanus makes his way to the Volscian capital of Antium, and asks Aufidius's help to wreak revenge upon Rome for banishing him. Moved by his plight and honoured to fight alongside the great general, Aufidius and his superiors embrace Coriolanus, allowing him to lead a new assault on Rome.

Rome, in its panic, tries desperately to persuade Coriolanus to halt his crusade for vengeance, but both Cominius and Menenius fail. Finally, Volumnia is sent to meet her son, along with Coriolanus's wife Virgilia and their child, and the chaste gentlewoman Valeria. Volumnia succeeds in dissuading her son from destroying Rome, urging him instead to clear his name by reconciling the Volscians with the Romans and creating peace.

Coriolanus concludes a peace treaty between the Volscians and the Romans. When he returns to the Volscian capital, conspirators, organised by Aufidius, kill him for his betrayal.

Characters
Romans

 * Caius Marcius – later surnamed Coriolanus
 * Menenius Agrippa – Senator of Rome
 * Cominius – consul and commander-in-chief of the army
 * Titus Larcius – Roman general
 * Volumnia – Coriolanus' mother (historically, Veturia)
 * Virgilia – Coriolanus' wife
 * Young Martius – Coriolanus' son
 * Valeria – chaste lady of Rome and friend to Coriolanus' family
 * Sicinius Velutus – tribune
 * Junius Brutus – tribune
 * Roman Citizens
 * Roman Soldiers
 * Roman Herald
 * Roman Senators

Volscians

 * Tullus Aufidius – general of the Volscian army
 * Aufidius' Lieutenant
 * Aufidius' Servingmen
 * Conspirators with Aufidius
 * Adrian – Volscian spy
 * Nicanor – Roman traitor
 * Volscian Lords
 * Volscian Citizens
 * Volscian Soldiers

Other

 * Gentlewoman
 * Usher
 * Volscian senators and nobles
 * Roman captains
 * Officers
 * Messengers
 * Lictors
 * Aediles

Date and text

Most scholars date Coriolanus to the period 1605–10, with 1608–09 being considered the most likely, although the available evidence does not permit great certainty.

The earliest date for the play rests on the fact that Menenius's fable of the belly is derived from William Camden's Remaines, published in 1605. The later date derives from the fact that several other texts from 1610 or thereabouts seem to allude to Coriolanus, including Ben Jonson's Epicoene, Robert Armin's Phantasma and John Fletcher's The Woman's Prize, or the Tamer Tamed.

Some scholars note evidence that may narrow down the dating to the period 1607–09. One line may be inspired by George Chapman's translation of the Iliad (late 1608). References to "the coal of fire upon the ice" (I.i) and to squabbles over ownership of channels of water (III.i) could be inspired by Thomas Dekker's description of the freezing of the Thames in 1607–08 and Hugh Myddleton's project to bring water to London by channels in 1608–09 respectively. Another possible connection with 1608 is that the surviving text of the play is divided into acts; this suggests that it could have been written for the indoor Blackfriars Theatre, at which Shakespeare's company began to perform in 1608, although the act-breaks could instead have been introduced later.

The play's themes of popular discontent with government have been connected by scholars with the Midland Revolt, a series of peasant riots in 1607 that would have affected Shakespeare as an owner of land in Stratford-upon-Avon; and the debates over the charter for the City of London, which Shakespeare would have been aware of, as it affected the legal status of the area surrounding the Blackfriars Theatre. The riots in the Midlands were caused by hunger because of the enclosure of common land.

For these reasons, R.B. Parker suggests "late 1608 ... to early 1609" as the likeliest date of composition, while Lee Bliss suggests composition by late 1608, and the first public performances in "late December 1609 or February 1610". Parker acknowledges that the evidence is "scanty ... and mostly inferential".

The play was first published in the First Folio of 1623. Elements of the text, such as the uncommonly detailed stage directions, lead some Shakespeare scholars to believe the text was prepared from a theatrical prompt book.

Analysis and criticism
A. C. Bradley described this play as "built on the grand scale," like King Lear and Macbeth, but it differs from those two masterpieces in an important way. The warrior Coriolanus is perhaps the most opaque of Shakespeare's tragic heroes, rarely pausing to soliloquise or reveal the motives behind his proud isolation from Roman society. In this way, he is less like the effervescent and reflective Shakespearean heroes/heroines such as Macbeth, Hamlet, Lear and Cleopatra, and more like figures from ancient classical literature such as Achilles, Odysseus, and Aeneas—or, to turn to literary creations from Shakespeare's time, the Marlovian conqueror Tamburlaine, whose militaristic pride finds its parallel in Coriolanus. Readers and playgoers have often found him an unsympathetic character, as his caustic pride is strangely, almost delicately balanced at times by a reluctance to be praised by his compatriots and an unwillingness to exploit and slander for political gain. His dislike of being praised might be seen as an expression of his pride; all he cares about is his own self-image, whereas acceptance of praise might imply that his value is affected by others' opinion of him. The play is less frequently produced than the other tragedies of the later period, and is not so universally regarded as great. (Bradley, for instance, declined to number it among his famous four in the landmark critical work Shakespearean Tragedy.) In his book Shakespeare's Language, Frank Kermode described Coriolanus as "probably the most fiercely and ingeniously planned and expressed of all the tragedies".

T. S. Eliot famously proclaimed Coriolanus superior to Hamlet in The Sacred Wood, in which he calls the former play, along with Antony and Cleopatra, the Bard's greatest tragic achievement. Eliot wrote a two-part poem about Coriolanus, "Coriolan" (an alternative spelling of Coriolanus); he also alluded to Coriolanus in a passage from his own The Waste Land when he wrote, "Revive for a moment a broken Coriolanus."

Coriolanus has the distinction of being among the few Shakespeare plays banned in a democracy in modern times. It was briefly suppressed in France in the late 1930s because of its use by the fascist element, and Slavoj Žižek noted its prohibition in Post-War Germany due to its intense militarism.

Performance history
Like some of Shakespeare's other plays (All's Well That Ends Well; Antony and Cleopatra; Timon of Athens), there is no recorded performance of Coriolanus prior to the Restoration. After 1660, however, its themes made it a natural choice for times of political turmoil. The first known performance was Nahum Tate's bloody 1682 adaptation at Drury Lane. Seemingly undeterred by the earlier suppression of his Richard II, Tate offered a Coriolanus that was faithful to Shakespeare through four acts before becoming a Websterian bloodbath in the fifth act. A later adaptation, John Dennis's The Invader of His Country, or The Fatal Resentment, was booed off the stage after three performances in 1719. The title and date indicate Dennis's intent, a vitriolic attack on the Jacobite 'Fifteen. (Similar intentions motivated James Thomson's 1745 version, though this bears only a very slight resemblance to Shakespeare's play. Its principal connection to Shakespeare is indirect; Thomas Sheridan's 1752 production at Smock Alley used some passages of Thomson's. David Garrick returned to Shakespeare's text in a 1754 Drury Lane production.

Laurence Olivier first played the part at The Old Vic in 1937 and again at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1959. In that production, he performed Coriolanus's death scene by dropping backwards from a high platform and being suspended upside-down without the aid of wires.

In 1971, the play returned to the Old Vic in a National Theatre production directed by Manfred Wekwerth and Joachim Tenschert with stage design by Karl von Appen. Anthony Hopkins played Coriolanus, with Constance Cummings as Volumnia and Anna Carteret as Virgilia.

Other performances of Coriolanus include Alan Howard, Paul Scofield, Ian McKellen, Ian Richardson, Toby Stephens, Robert Ryan, Christopher Walken, Morgan Freeman, Colm Feore, Ralph Fiennes and Tom Hiddleston.

In 2012, National Theatre Wales produced a composite of Shakespeare's Coriolanus with Bertolt Brecht's Coriolan, entitled Coriolan/us, in a disused hangar at MOD St Athan. Directed by Mike Brookes and Mike Pearson, the production used silent disco headsets to permit the text to be heard while the dramatic action moved throughout the large space. The production was well received by critics.

In December 2013, Donmar Warehouse opened their new production. It was directed by Josie Rourke, starring Tom Hiddleston in the title role, along with Mark Gatiss, Deborah Findlay, Hadley Fraser, and Birgitte Hjort Sørensen. The production received very strong reviews. Michael Billington with The Guardian wrote "A fast, witty, intelligent production that, in Tom Hiddleston, boasts a fine Coriolanus." He also credited Mark Gatiss as excellent as Menenius, the "humorous patrician". In Variety, David Benedict wrote that Deborah Findlay in her commanding maternal pride, held beautifully in opposition by Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Coriolanus's wife Virgilia. Helen Lewis, in her review of Coriolanus, along with two other concurrently running sold-out Shakespeare productions with celebrity leads—David Tennant's Richard II and Jude Law's Henry V—concludes "if you can beg, borrow or plunder a ticket to one of these plays, let it be Coriolanus." The play was broadcast in cinemas in the UK and internationally on 30 January 2014 as part of the National Theatre Live programme.

Adaptations
Bertolt Brecht adapted Shakespeare's play in 1952–55, as Coriolan for the Berliner Ensemble. He intended to make it a tragedy of the workers, not the individual, and introduce the alienation effect; his journal notes showing that he found many of his own effects already in the text, he considered staging the play with only minimal changes. The adaptation was unfinished at Brecht's death in 1956; it was completed by Manfred Wekwerth and Joachim Tenschert and staged in Frankfurt in 1962.

In 1963, the BBC included Coriolanus in The Spread of the Eagle.

Slovak composer Ján Cikker adapted the play into an opera which premiered in 1974 in Prague.

In 1983, the BBC Television Shakespeare series produced a version of the play. It starred Alan Howard and was directed by Elijah Moshinsky.

In 2003, the Royal Shakespeare Company performed a new staging of Coriolanus (along with two other plays) starring Greg Hicks at the University of Michigan. The director, David Farr, saw the play as depicting the modernisation of an ancient ritualised culture, and drew on samurai influences to illustrate that view. He described it as "in essence, a modern production. The play is basically about the birth of democracy."

In 2011, Ralph Fiennes directed and starred as Coriolanus with Gerard Butler as Aufidius and Vanessa Redgrave as Volumnia in a modern-day film adaptation Coriolanus. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in May, 2012. It has a 93% rating on the film review site Rottentomatoes.com. Slavoj Žižek argued that unlike preceding adaptations, Fiennes' film portrayed Coriolanus without trying to rationalise his behaviour, "outlining the unique figure of a radical freedom fighter" whom he compares to Che Guevara, whom Žižek characterises as making clear that "a revolutionary also has to be a 'killing machine'".

In 2019, the Tanghalang Pilipino staged a Filipino translation of the tragedy. It was translated by Guelan Varela-Luarca and was directed by Carlos Siguion-Reyna. The play was led by TP Actors Company's senior member Marco Viaña as Coriolanus, opposite to him is Brian Sy as Tullus Aufidius, Frances Makil-Ignacio and Sherry Lara alternating the role of Volumnia. Along with them are Jonathan Tadioan as Menenius, JV Ibesate as Velutus, Doray Dayao as Brutus, and the Tanghalang Pilipino Actors Company.

Parody
While the title character's name's pronunciation in classical Latin has the a pronounced "[aː]" in the IPA, in English the a is usually pronounced "[eɪ]." Ken Ludwig's Moon Over Buffalo contains a joke dependent upon this pronunciation, and the parody The Complete Wrks of Wllm Shkspr (Abridged) refers to it as "the anus play". Shakespeare pronunciation guides list both pronunciations as acceptable.

Cole Porter's song "Brush Up Your Shakespeare" from the musical Kiss Me, Kate includes the lines: "If she says your behaviour is heinous,/Kick her right in the Coriolanus".

Based on Coriolanus, and written in blank verse, "Complots of Mischief" is a satirical critique of those who dismiss conspiracy theories. Written by philosopher Charles Pigden, it was published in Conspiracy Theories: The Philosophical Debate (Ashgate 2006).

title: Coriolanus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Labmistress.com

Labmistress.com
Non-notable personal blog. Joyous 16:36, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable indeed.  Also, it seems like User:Haydes has been going around creating a whole lot of substub articles, some of them of questionable value--check out newpages and see.--Wolfychan 17:28, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete The article has all of the traits that represent a deletable entry: it's spam, POV, and completely non-notable. ClockworkTroll 20:29, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete concur with above --Ianb 21:29, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete jni 06:56, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable blog, Wikipedia is not a web guide.   — Gwalla | Talk 18:09, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, also vanity. --Improv 21:47, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 02:57, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable.  Famous.  Not vanity. anthony (see warning) 22:06, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd hate to see you seeking autographs for everyone you'd find famous. It'd be a fulltime job! --Improv 19:45, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Kevin Mitnick. Sander123 10:08, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vain nonnotability. —tregoweth 17:36, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Sinhale

Cleanup
I've added the clean up tag but it's possible that this material should be merged with Sinhala or Sinhalese. There are some NPOV problems with the text and it needs some attention to the flow of ideas. --LeeHunter 16:39, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure there's any real 'material' to merge. I am going to just replace this with a redirect to Sinhalese, which seems to me to give both the above two choices on the subject.  Someone else can revent/clean up/make neutral if they want, but that strikes me as more trouble than it's worth. --Stancollins 03:34, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

---

WayneRay 21:44, 19 September 2005 (UTC)WayneRay I have cleaned up headings and sentence structure and some grammar. It flows much better.

title: Talk:Sinhale


text:
Talk:Northern Crusades

Rugians
The Rugians article describes some Proto-Germanic tribe that might've lived on the island of Rugen before the Slavs came there, not the Slavic tribe that was the target of one of the crusades. This needs correction - either in this article or in the Rugians article. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 16:40, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Right! — This is one of the wonders with Wikipedia.
 * I guess slavicist knowledge is good for making this. I have none, so I'll refrain.
 * All in all, there is in my opinion a real problem with medieval and earlier sources. They tend to be too sparse, particularly here up in the North, so you don't really have that much of context and references to know for sure exactly what was ment by certain terms.
 * Maybe "Rugians", if there were any left, had been as disturbed by that notion as I was by the unhistorical notion of Finns — a term that today primarily is associated with the state of Finland that didn't exist before 1809, and that wasn't created even in the thought before the (late?) 18th century.
 * Maybe, it would be an improvement to characterize these "crusades" by their target areas instead of their target peoples, since the areas are not as controversial and diffuse.
 * Please go ahead! /Tuomas 13:23, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Lack of sources indeed is a problem but not in this case. One of the "crusades" was indeed aimed at the Rugians, or rather a Slavic people that inhabitated the island of Rugia (now Rugen). The problem is that the very term is geographical rather than ethnic so perhaps the Rugians article could either be made into a disambiguation or enhanced. I hope there are some Early Slavs freaks around here to do the job. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 14:49, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

Orthodox
I expanded the section on Estonians/Livonians and tried to make the result a better fit with previous data relating to other aspects but the result is not a fully coherent article. Someone with detailed period knowledge should work up the existing article into a coherent whole. Ehaver.

Matsuhito, are you questioning that the assertions below are fact? "The Teutonic attempts to conquer Orthodox Russia (particulary Pskov and Novgorod), an enterprise ordered by the Pope [citation needed], can also be considered as a part of the Northern Crusades. Christians of other denominations who were not subordinated to Rome were put on the same level as heathens by the conquerors [citation needed]". I do not know whether they are fact or not, I did not write them, but in my piece for example I have the pope declaring (a) that the crusades against the Baltic heathen were of equal status to a crusade in the Holy Land and (b) dedicating the Baltic Lands to the Virgin Mary. I agree that every assertion should be verifiable but if we are to support every idea with a quotation then Wikipedia will grow 1,000 times bigger. I suggest that if your research tells you the assertions are wrong you delete them, otherwise let them stand as they were. Ehaver 09.02.2006

well, it talks here about against orthodox crusades, not ones against pagan balts. such information indeed needs to be verified. Matsuhito 17:22, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Russians?
Someone seems to keep adding "Russians" to the phrase "Between 1030 and 1197 pagan Estonia was attacked no fewer than thirteen times by Sweden and Denmark.". I'd like to see a reference to how Russia figures in this count. Also what is "Russia" in this context? The Kievan Rus'? And if they did attack, was it really a northern crusade, given that that term is for Western countries' forceful christianization of eastern ones? (Without more information, I suspect this edit is just Estonian anti-Russian POV-pushing) --BluePlatypus 18:35, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

It is important not to confuse wars against pagan Estonians by Christians (ie crusades) with "crusades" by Catholic Christians against Orthodox Russians - the latter seems to be the bone of contention for some contributors. Between 1030 and 1192, pagan Estonian counties had to repel thirteen seperate attacks by Russians alone. These campaigns, led alernatively by the Princes of Kiev, Novgorod and Pskov, sometimes scored considerable successes, as in the years 1030, 1134 and 1192, when the important Estonian fortress of Tartu was conquered.
 * Not "conquered" but "founded". A big difference. --Ghirla -трёп- 07:47, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Similar military expeditions were carried out by Sweden and Denmark. The first Danish King to begin military operations against the Estonians was Knut the Holy, who reigned from 1040-86. In the year 1197 another Danish King Knut invaded Estonia. In 1191 the Swedes made an unsuccessful attempt to impose Christianity on the Estonians by force. The next Danish expedition, initiated by Bishop Albert, was the ultimately successful expedition of 1219. The Swedes tried again, unsuccessfully, in 1220. During the wars of the Knights of the Sword against Estonian counties, Russian principalities were involved on one side or the other ten times between 1210 and 1224. I have not included this information in the article because it seems to me far too detailed for an encyclopedia which should try to give a summary. -- Ehaver 08.03.2006

It is easy for contributors to write "POV" and use it to justify making changes but the changes must make sense. Someone who thinks they have imporved a text by deleting the word "Russia" from the sentence "attacked no fewer than thirteen times by Russia and also by Denmark and Sweden" is only demonstrating their own POV. If Denmark and Sweden did not attack Estonia thirteen times in the period in question there is no point in making the text say that they did.

Why is anyone surprised that pagan Estonia was attacked many more times by Russians than by Danes or Swedes prior to the arrival of the German Crusaders? The Russian principalities were near neighbours by land, Danes and Swedes had to mount a naval expedition to reach the place.

As for Tartu (see a little bit above in this discussion): Tartu was first mentioned in old Russian chronicles following its capture by Duke Jaroslav of Kiev in 1030. In 1061 it was recpatured by the local inhabitants. So whoever founded it and when, it was certainly not founded in 1192 as Ghirlandajo says above.
 * Where did I say something about 1192? Yaroslav (Christian name: Yuri) made a raid into Estonia and founded a fort which he named Yuriev after himself. This has been discussed ad nauseum before. Quite irrelevant in this article, however. --Ghirla -трёп- 13:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

The article about the Northern Crusades DOES need more editing but this must be done by a period specialist who can integrate everything from the list of campaigns at the start of the article to the piece about the Teutonic Order at the end. Please will non-historians stop trying to "improve" the article by removing single words. -- Ehaver 09.03.2006
 * Russians were as much victims of the Crusades as the Estonians. To call the East Slavic expansion into Estonia "a crusade" is not proper, as there was no religious motivation behind it. If you feel that the subject is important, write an article about Early East Slavic colonization of Estonia. Just don't call their occasional raids "a crusade". Wikipedia doesn't need original research, you should know it. --Ghirla -трёп- 13:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not disputing that Russians most likely attacked Estonia in that time period. What I'm questioning is whether this qualifies as a Northern Crusade or not, under the common definition of the term? The above doesn't really clairify the issue. If the "13 attacks" figure includes Russian campaigns, and those campaigns aren't regarded as N. Crusades, then the number should be changed. --BluePlatypus 14:58, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That's not a Northern Crusade...that's just a war. Adam Bishop 17:16, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

As I understand, the dispute is because 13 times is the count that includes both Danish-Swedish and Russian attacks, and after removing the word "Russian" the number becomes incorrect. Therefore, I am removing the number - add the new, correct number that would only count Danish-Swedish attacks if somebody here knows it. Alcatel 13:18, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Well I suppose I had written off Ghirlandajo as some kind of 21st century nationalist but his last comments shed some light on the picture and prompts further explanation. Our dispute is about one reference in one sentence at the beginning of a section "Subjugation of Livonians and Estonians" out of an article which is currently 49 sentences long. The sentence in question is an introduction to the situation of the Estonian counties PRIOR to the arrival of German Crusaders in the region, which was from 1193 onwards. The point being made does not concern crusades, the point is that since 1030 at least, the Estonian counties had been attacked many times by their neighbours.

Here a note for Alcatel: The original sentence was: "Between 1030 and 1197 pagan Estonia was attacked no fewer than thirteen times by Russians and also by Sweden and Denmark". That means that the Russian pricipalities attacked (OK Ghirlandajo says "raided" which is quite believable, he also talks about "colonisation" which is equally believable and I personally stick to my catch-all and neutral word "attack") thirteen times. To this we can add attacks by Swedes and Danes. According to my information the Swedes attacked once and the Danes at least twice but I do not have access to more specific information about the number of Danish attacks. Therefore 13 is not the total number of attacks the total is at least 16. Unfortunately historical records being what they are we may have missed a few here and there.

I am not calling the East Slavic expansion into Estonia a crusade though I am imagine that to the natives the difference was minimal - some guys come in bringing their own government and their own religion, which at the very least takes precedence over the old religion of the natives. Given the evangelical nature of the Christian gospel I am sure no Orthodox priest or monk slept easy in his bed knowing that the neighbours were worshipping Thor or tree spirits... OK OK this is pure speculation let me come back to the point. I accept the article's opening definition "The Northern Crusades, or Baltic Crusades, were undertaken by Western Europeans against the "still heathen" (i.e., non-Christian) people of North Eastern Europe around the Baltic Sea". I am also prepared to accept the attacks by the Teutonic order on Russian Principalities as part of the "Northern Crusades" or at least as a relevant footnote to them, which is why I took issue with Matsuhito (his edit 9th Feb 2006). Let me come back to our one sentence out of the 49 sentences in the article. It is important that the stage be set leading up to Bishop Albert's arrival at the mouth of the Daugava river in 1200. That includes 13 attacks by Russian Principalities. Don't try to take away events that have been recorded in chronicles. If you have anything to add about Estonian raids in the territory of Russian Principalities then please go ahead and add to the rich tapestry of history for us.

Finally, about Yuriev: According to Estonian historians and apparently according to Russian chronicles, in 1030 Yaroslav conquered an existing Estonian fortress at Tartu and established his own fortress of Yuriev on the same site. Therefore Tartu was not founded by Yaroslav, it existed before. -- Ehaver 12.03.2006

Explanation to Olessi
Regarding the inclusion of the wars against Novgorod as Northern Crusades, I would like to note that these wars are far from always included as a part of Northern Crusades (in fact, I have yet to read a single book that would claim that these wars were a part of the Northern Crusades (if you know any, give me the name of it) - these wars are usually explained in the books about the Northern Crusades as they are related, but not *because* they are part of the Northern Crusades). The crusades were (officially) against the pagans (to christianise them). Attacks on the Orthodox lands were largely related to the will of the attacking nations to expand their territories. As it says in the article, " can also be considered as a part of the Northern Crusades". "Can be considered" and "are considered" are two different things; minor theories should not be included in the introduction. Therefore, I will edit the introduction. Burann 18:33, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Salutations, Burann! Eric Christiansen's The Northern Crusades (Amazon), one of the more regarded books on the topic (in North America, at least), definitely includes the campaigns against Novgorod by Sweden and the Teutonic Knights as part of the Northern Crusades. From the back cover, "Inspired by the Pope's call for a Holy War, Scandinavian rulers and German military monks conquered and settled Finland, Estonia and Prussia, before turning on the eastern empires of Orthodox Novgorod and pagan Lithuania. These 'Northern Crusades' are less celebrated than those in the Middle East, but they were also far more successful." While you may be right in that in traditional historiography the Northern Crusades were restricted to the activities of the German knights, the campaigns against Orthodoxy are now sometimes included (Christiansen, Urban). Any objections if I include a phrase such as "...southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Swedish and German campaigns against Orthodox Russian principalities are also sometimes considered part of the Northern Crusades."? Olessi 20:00, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for providing the information, I haven't read the Christiansen's book. Ok, you can add it indeed. Also it would be good then if you would write in parenthesis the name of the particular book because, as you and I have said, in traditional historiography only the German Orders' conquests (the Orders were purposefully created for the crusades, unlike states like Sweden which were ordinary states) are considered to be Northern Crusades. Burann 20:29, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I recommend picking up a copy of Christiansen's book, if possible. His work seems balanced and comprehensive to me, and is not written in a dry style. Olessi 20:48, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I remember reading the first edition of Christiansen´s book several years ago. I recall it had a lot of errors and mistakes.217.112.242.181 11:30, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * From the introduction to his second edition: "The work on which the first edition of this book was based was composed in haste over twenty years ago, and the author has had time to repent of the many errors and misconceptions which it contained. The flowering of Baltic and Northern medieval research since then has made it necessary not only to correct mistakes, but to revise almost every conclusion from the evidence. The very notion of 'crusade', as it existed in the 1970s, has been largely discredited, and dark areas of Lithuanian and North Russian history are being continually lit. These developments have resulted in a fuller section of further reading at the end of the book; although work published in English or French is still scarce" (p. 5). Olessi 14:53, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Battle of Grunwald
The timeline says, that in 1410's Battle of Grunwald - Lithuanian forces led by Grand Duke Vytautas with a combined army of Russians, Tatars, Poles and Czechs defeated the Teutonic Knights. That is true, but most of the allied forces were Polish and led by the Polish king (who was... :) Lithuanian). I think the sentence should be rephrased somehow, so it wouldn't seem like the Polish knights were just part of the army that was fighting together with Lithuanians and second to last in significance judging by the order in which the nations are mentioned. Of course Lithuanians are most relevant to this article and probably Russians as well (although I guess these Russians might have been actually Ruthenians). I don't know how to rephrase this sentence, but it these little subtleties that make the truth in history go wander. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xyzzer (talk • contribs)

 * Thank you for pointing that out. Looking into the situation more closely, the information has been copied directly from this external link. With Copyright problems in mind, I will remove the text from the article. The actual information, of course, is accessible through the page history or through the external link itself. Olessi 17:13, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Norwegians, too
Should we add the Norwegian expedition to Finland, the attack of the (then young) Norwegian Christian king Olaf who became later the "Saint Olaf"? He was already Christian during the attack and became later widely known and worshipped (of course, not only because of taking part in the attack). Not only is he depicted in Medieval Scandinavian church paintings as sailing to pagan Finland but even in Finland there are surviving paintings of him in the walls of the Medieval church buildings. While his attack is not usually attributed as being crusade in nature, the connection to attacking then pagan Finland is extremely clear. The exact year is not clear but sometimes it is placed in the year 1008.

For some odd reason this whole matter is almost never mentioned in English-language sources, I believe many have not even heard about this before, but it's a well known thing amongst historians in Finland. For example there is nothing mentioned about this in Wikipedia's article on him (Olaf II Haraldsson) which is strange considering that both the Nordic sagas and church wall paintings agree on this matter.

 * The Northern Crusades is systematic warfare in the 12-13 century. The one Norwegian attack in 1008 doesn't fit in really. It belongs to Early Finnish wars and that's where the facts including Battle at Herdaler are listed. --Termer (talk) 02:58, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
Spelling:bacame==>became You can help Aclayartist (talk) 17:05, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Differences with Livonian Crusade page
There's a whole section in this page on the Livonian Crusade, and there's a full page on the Livonian Crusade, but the content between these two is either redundant or not coherent. For instance, the subsection titles are not always the same, and when they are, maybe their dates don't fit. "Campaign against the Livonians (1198–1212)" <-> "War against Livs and Latgalians (1198–1209)", "Wars against the Curonians and Semigallians (1201–90)" <-> "Wars against Curonians and Semigallians (1219–1290)". NazcaHand (talk) 01:52, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

What Pope?
What pope ordered this crusades? (if no Pope ordered, then this article is not science but marxism) Razzham (talk) 05:38, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northern Crusades


text:
Wikipedia:Irish wikipedians' notice board/ICOTW/previous

This is a list of all the previous ICOTWs and their discussions. The most recent nominations are at the top.

Electricity Supply Board (3)
Very little information relative to what could be written about it - there's enough to make it a FA. CGorman 16:51, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 18:37, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support this and/or the Rural Electrification Scheme - which was pretty major socially to the country. Kiand 16:16, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rivers of Ireland (3)
This whole area needs a lot of work. Perhaps some standard river maps? Zoney, you did some stellar work on the county and city maps, want to take up the challenge of the rivers?

Helpful links
 * River Lee (Ireland)
 * River Corrib
 * River Shannon
 * River Suir
 * River Nore
 * River Barrow, and more from List of rivers in Ireland.
 * Hydroelectricity in Ireland
 * Ardnacrusha
 * Canals of Ireland

 * Good Examples
 * Rhine
 * Amazon River

Perhaps also, each river article should include links to the towns on its banks. Maybe in a nice table format. See also the Talk page. Seabhcán 00:20, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. I had thought previously of nominating an area as ICOTW because it offers more choice on what to edit. I like this idea. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 18:37, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. zoney ♣ talk 18:50, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Belfast (2)
Compared to the other Irish city articles, it is quite pathetic, especially considering the amount there is to say about it, even minus the Troubles. No stub, but there's only an unsorted general introduction, brief history section and a boring politics section (recent/electoral areas). The infobox is ugly and needs cleaned up, with a photo and map to be added. Photos in general are needed. zoney ♣ talk 00:02, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed - most of the Northern Ireland city articles are "dark" and revolve around the troubles too much. Djegan 19:13, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Architecture in Ireland (2)
Nice and broad, I am sure we all know something on this. A good structure will be needed, but boy is there plenty to write about! From early Christian Ireland to the British era, to the mid-20th century demolitions and the recent Celtic Tiger modern developments. Wow. Where to begin?! I see this as an ideal ICOTW - though depending on how long Irish Wikipedians are online during the week, and how quickly the article develops - this may need two weeks. There's enough to write articles for each city (even towns?) nevermind the country as a whole! See Architecture of Limerick. zoney ♣ talk 12:27, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Good choice, but I'd say at least two weeks. Filiocht 13:36, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)

Sport in Ireland (3)
Created the beginnings of the article, but loads to do. This is following Zoney's (good) penchant for broader articles. Loads to write about, and everyone must know something. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 22:49, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Absolutely support - excellent article for ICOTW. CGorman 15:05, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 14:09, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

Cuisine of Ireland (5)
Quite abysmal really. Again going for my preference of focussing on broader articles that really need attention :-) zoney ♣ talk 11:25, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 22:27, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. (only if TV3 and TG4 are done first!) CGorman 20:42, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * NeoJustin 02:46, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sarge Baldy 16:13, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

TV3 Ireland & TG4 (3)
2 out of the 4 main channels in Ireland have stub articles - noting really about Hector, Ratings figures, market share, RTE/TV3 advertising battle, etc. --CGorman 20:52, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. This looks like something more likely to get knowledgeable contributions. It should also be reasonably easy to source information about media companies. —Rory ☺ 21:49, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, good candidates. May have problems getting images. Filiocht 08:17, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

Comment

I think (if possible) the articles List of TG4 Programming and List of TV3 (Ireland) Programming would also be worth creating, like is already done for RTE. CGorman 18:08, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * While we are at it rename "TV3 (Ireland)" to "TV3 Ireland" - it is largely the companies name on an international scale and to a lesser extent domestically anyway. Djegan 20:33, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've just moved the page to TV3 Ireland. CGorman 12:27, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ireland (3)
I'd suggest Geography of Ireland (apply all that recent J. Cert geography?) this week, Junior Cert next week and Ireland the week after that. What does anyone think?? Filiocht 11:42, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. —Rory ☺ 11:46, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. zoney ♣ talk 12:26, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Aren't iCOTW candidates meant to be stubs? I know Ireland isn't. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 12:34, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * They're not "meant" to be anything, just articles many Irish contributers can work on; articles that could (should) be better than they are. The COTW are all stubs when nominated, but I don't see why our project should match that one identically. I certainly think that such a general article as Ireland needs to be feature-quality considering the input the Irish Wikipedians project gets. —Rory ☺ 13:15, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree with Rory. zoney ♣ talk 13:20, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * That said, Geography of Ireland and Junior Cert are stubs. Personally I think the Ireland (or any country article, for that matter) page should be a flagship for a project like Wikipedia. Filiocht 13:47, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Junior Cert (2)

 * I went to see what the Junior Cert article was like and I am appalled. Maybe this nomination is biased 'cos I'm still on the Junior Cert course but there is so much more to be said. My contributions will be very anti JC obviously :). Maybe a pic of people biting their nails would be a good illustration of the atmosphere before the exam... Anyway I'll stop rambling. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 10:36, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Support J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 10:36, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure the Junior Certificate is that easy for people other than students and teachers to write about. I'd favour covering the more general articles first like Ireland, Geography of Ireland, Politics of Ireland (currently a redirect but I think it could be a seperate article to both Politics of the Republic of Ireland and Politics of Northern Ireland). —Rory ☺ 10:55, Sep 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Still, the JC is a major part of life for any Irish 13-15 year old and I'm sure a lot of Irish Wikipedians will remember it well. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 11:59, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - I just finished my JC (8 A's, 3 B's!) and have plenty to say about it. If theres a lack of support, i'll still give John a hand if he wants it. --CGorman 17:00, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * After adding a few things to the JC earlier this week, I found myself quoting the LC constantly - I wonder should next weeks collaboration be the JC & LC instead of just the JC? They are so closely linked. --CGorman 18:50, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Geography of Ireland

 * In the absence of other nominations, and because I didn't see anything in the todo list that I thought everyone could easily contribute to, I nominate Geography of Ireland for next week, which should be accessible to any editor with an Irish primary school education (if anyone remembers back that far) or a bit of light reading. I would like to remove the redirect and make this an article about the island as a whole. List objections below if you have any. —Rory ☺ 13:57, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Filiocht 14:09, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. No need for the redirect to Geography of RoI of course, it should be the other way around. zoney ♣ talk 15:13, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Went on to be featured.


text: User talk:69.85.147.128

title: User talk:69.85.147.128


text:
Institute for Scientific Information

The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was an academic publishing service, founded by Eugene Garfield in Philadelphia in 1956. ISI offered scientometric and bibliographic database services. Its specialty was citation indexing and analysis, a field pioneered by Garfield.

Services
ISI maintained citation databases covering thousands of academic journals, including a continuation of its longtime print-based indexing service the Science Citation Index (SCI), as well as the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI). All of these were available via ISI's Web of Knowledge database service. This database allows a researcher to identify which articles have been cited most frequently, and who has cited them. The database provides some measure of the academic impact of the papers indexed in it, and may increase their impact by making them more visible and providing them with a quality label. Some anecdotal evidence suggests that appearing in this database can double the number of citations received by a given paper. The company's main product was Current Contents, which gathers the tables of contents for recent academic journals.

The ISI also published the annual Journal Citation Reports which list an impact factor for each of the journals that it tracked. Within the scientific community, journal impact factors continue to play a large but controversial role in determining the kudos attached to a scientist's published research record.

A list of over 14,000 journals was maintained by the ISI. The list included some 1,100 arts and humanities journals as well as scientific journals. Listings were based on published selection criteria and are an indicator of journal quality and impact.

ISI published Science Watch, a newsletter which every two months identified one paper published in the previous two years as a "fast-breaking paper" in each of 22 broad fields of science, such as Mathematics (including Statistics), Engineering, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. The designations were based on the number of citations and the largest increase from one bimonthly update to the next. Articles about the papers often included comments by the authors.

The ISI also published a list of "ISI Highly Cited Researchers", one of the factors included in the Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. This continues under Clarivate.

History
Initially, the company was named Documation. In 1992, ISI was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare, and became known as Thomson ISI. It was a part of the Intellectual Property & Science business of Thomson Reuters until 2016, when the IP & Science business was sold, becoming Clarivate Analytics. In February 2018, Clarivate announced it will re-establish ISI as part of its Scientific and Academic Research group. It exists as a group within Clarivate as of November 2018.

ISI Highly Cited
"ISI Highly Cited" is a database of "highly cited researchers"—scientific researchers whose publications are most often cited in academic journals over the past decade, published by the Institute for Scientific Information. Inclusion in this list is taken as a measure of the esteem of these academics and is used, for example, by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. It was founded under ISI and as of 2018 continues under the same name at Clarivate.

The methodology for inclusion is to consider papers in the upper first percentile based on citation counts of all articles indexed in the Scientific Citation Databases and published in a single, fixed year. Papers in the upper first percentile with respect to their year of publication are called highly cited papers. Each paper in the data is assigned to one or more of 21 categories, based on the ISI classification of the journal in which the article was published. The Highly Cited Researchers list is compiled by selecting, in every field, those researchers with the highest number of highly cited papers in a 10-year, rolling time period. The number of highly cited researchers varies from field to field and is determined accordingly to the total number of researchers contributing to the single field.

The categories are as follows: • Agricultural Sciences

• Biology & Biochemistry

• Chemistry

• Clinical Medicine

• Computer Science

• Ecology/Environment

• Economics/Business

• Engineering

• Geosciences

• Immunology

• Materials Science

• Mathematics

• Microbiology

• Molecular Biology & Genetics

• Neuroscience

• Pharmacology

• Physics

• Plant & Animal Science

• Psychology/Psychiatry

• Social Sciences – General

• Space Sciences

The publication list and biographical details supplied by the researchers are freely available online, although general access to the ISI citation database is by subscription.

title: Institute for Scientific Information