text:
Talk:Myopia

There is mention of outdoor play
Obviously outdoor play will increase Vitamin-D synthesis in children.

There are even more research papers that link Myopia to low serum levels of 25(OH)D due to inadequate Vitamin-D.

A search for "Myopia Vitamin-D" on Google scholar, Pub-Med or Google traditional will find many published papaers that support a mention here of the simple remedy of increasing serum levels to reduce the prevalence.

Idyllic press (talk) 19:04, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I do not see how prehormon/vitamin D3 can cause any problems with the eye, myopia is considered to be genetical. It is possible that it affects growth... Valery Zapolodov (talk) 00:07, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Causes
To the editor Ruslik0: Please refrain from deleting the latest and most important references to knowledge and comprehensive reviews published by renowned authors in prestigious journals. You are doing a disservice to the readers and the general public. This article about myopia needs a lot of improvement. Please do help, do not obstruct knowledge and science. 2601:647:5580:D20:5066:AD09:92B2:211 (talk) 17:41, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Please take note of CV9933 's edit summary on their reversion: "please see WP:MEDRS and use the article talk page to discuss". Please also be aware of the 3RR rule. -- Jmc (talk) 19:51, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I will drop a note on IP user talk page. CV9933 (talk) 14:57, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * An anonymous editor operating from different IP addresses persists in inserting a lengthy account of a recent literature review article, implying that the cause of myopia is now definitively established. I've no objection to the inclusion of a reference to this review, but IMO it needs to be more balanced, along the lines of "A single-author literature review in 2021 contended that "myopia is the result of corrective lenses interfering with emmetropization". I'd note here, though, that it appears to come dangerously close to stating that the cause of myopia is myopia. -- Jmc (talk) 20:01, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Disguising a hypothesis as fact is irresponsible, and phrases like “the cause of myopia was finally narrowed down to a single factor” and “The latest comprehensive article about “ do not belong here. Continually re-adding the material when different editors all agree that it doesn’t belong here is not the way to proceed and is likely to lead to a block. CV9933 (talk) 09:03, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

To the editor Ruslik0: Please refrain from deleting the latest and most important references to knowledge and comprehensive reviews published by renowned authors in prestigious journals. You are doing a disservice to the readers and the general public. This article about myopia needs a lot of improvement. Please do help, do not obstruct knowledge and science. 2601:647:5580:D20:1017:DDBC:C750:AC9C (talk) 07:34, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
 * @CV9933 This anonymous editor seems incorrigible. Time to consider a block? -- Jmc (talk) 08:27, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I suspect might not have seen the discussion here, so lets wait for their input. CV9933 (talk) 11:37, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Earlier versions of your edits resembled a salad of words and were incomprehensible. It seems that you do not fully understand what you are writing about. Emmetropization artcile actually offers a more nuanced view of this subject. Ruslik_ Zero 12:20, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
 * IMO the edit warring by the anonymous editor has gone on long enough, without any cogent attempt by them to justify their persistent edits. A block would seem to be the only course of action to bring an end to their campaign? -- Jmc (talk) 07:58, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, a block of 2601:647:5580:d20:0:0:0:0/64 range is warranted. Ruslik_ Zero 17:34, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The anonymous editor is still at it, I'm afraid. -- Jmc (talk) 07:13, 15 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Maybe time for an uninvolved admin such as to take a look at this IP hopper. CV9933 (talk) 10:42, 16 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I've partially-blocked 2601:647:5580:D20::/64 from editing this article for two weeks for the ongoing edit warring. I hope that this nudges them to discuss the issues on the article's talk page rather than continuously reverting.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   22:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

Emmetropization is a concern for children/teenagers, since they are growing bodily. So, yeah, staying too close to their mobile phones instead of playing outside produces myopia in children—that's endorsed by eye doctors, so it's not controversial. But that is rendered a non sequitur for the adult eye. And if there is any emmetropization in adults, it is a slow process wherein slightly myopic people become emmetropic. Nothing too spectacular. It happens that at age 40 you don't need reading glasses, since being slightly myopic counts as natural reading glasses, but at 60 you do need reading glasses. tgeorgescu (talk) 02:49, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
 * No, staying too close to a phone or TV or a book does not cause myopia. And no, at 60 you do not have myopia, you have presbiopia, which has completly different reasons due to broken lens. Valery Zapolodov (talk) 00:05, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Non Scientific focus
This article focuses far too much on causes of something that is inadequately described It is important for a physics textbook description to be more paramount. The third paragraph of the intro is woo. The fourth paragraph of the intro mistakes increased detection for increased incidence. The causes section is suspiciously eugenicist, and completely wrong.

sorry for the pun 104.247.228.73 (talk) 14:30, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 25 November 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Myopia. Per consensus, WP:MEDTITLE applies here. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 18:57, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Near-sightedness → Nearsightedness – This term is used more often without that hyphen than with the hypen. See this ngram. Move per WP:COMMONNAME. – Treetoes023 (talk) 03:56, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and the convincing ngram. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:40, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Well now. This article used to be entitled 'Myopia' until an editor decided to rename it 'Near-sightedness' after very little discussion - and certainly with no reference to this ngram. -- Jmc (talk) 17:57, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * "Myopia" has multiple uses, that ngram isn't useful because it includes other uses for "myopia". See Myopia (disambiguation). – Treetoes023 (talk) 03:34, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree. The three Myopia (disambiguation) are pretty obscure and after eliminating most of the 'Music' entries by going back to 1950 in the ngram, there's still a great majority in favour of 'myopia' as a refractive defect of the eye. Jmc (talk) 04:32, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed and from WP:MEDTITLE which can't be overidden by local consensus as far as I am aware, I would agree with CV9933 (talk) 11:51, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * for clarity in closing this discussion: would you be opposed to a move to "myopia"? Elli (talk | contribs) 04:31, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I am neutral. – Treetoes023 (talk) 16:53, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Move to Myopia, per Jmc and CV9933's analysis. A dip into Google Scholar suggests that myopia is most common in a corpus that includes (but is not strictly limited to) high-quality sources. I included LASIK in the search terms to limit the results (loosely) to topics related to this article subject. I got: The Google test is imperfect (as is ngrams), but I'd say this is contributory evidence toward what is already a rock-solid MEDTITLE case. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 18:51, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I concur with Firefangledfeathers that a move back to Myopia is a rock-solid MEDTITLE case. For the record, the move to Near-sightedness was a unilateral action by Mast303 on 22 December 2022. -- Jmc (talk) 20:29, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Myopia


text:
Ictaluridae

The Ictaluridae, sometimes called ictalurids, are a family of catfish native to North America, where they are an important food source and sometimes fished for sport. The family includes about 51 species, some commonly known as bullheads, madtoms, channel catfish, and blue catfish.

Taxonomy
The family Ictaluridae is strongly supported as a monophyletic group. It is closely related to the Asian family Cranoglanididae. These two families are sister taxa in the superfamily Ictaluroidea.

Though the family includes three genera of blind, subterranean, and troglobitic catfishes, Trogloglanis, Satan, and Prietella, none of these three genera is closely related. Instead, Satan is closely related to Pylodictis, Prietella to Noturus, and Trogloglanis possibly to Ictalurus, although it may not be closely related to any of the other ictalurids. Ameiurus is sister to a clade formed by Satan, Pylodictis, Noturus, and Prietella.

The oldest fossil member of the family is Astephus from the Eocene Green River Formation of Utah and Wyoming.

Distribution and habitat
Ictalurids originate from North America from southern Canada to Guatemala. Both bullheads and madtoms tend to be found in small streams and ponds, but are also known in larger bodies of water. Channel catfish, bullheads, and madtoms are "bottom feeders" with widely varied diets that include scavenging.

Notable species

 * Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus
 * Tadpole madtom
 * Brown bullhead
 * Yellow bullhead
 * Black bullhead
 * Channel catfish
 * Widemouth blindcat

Description
Ictalurid species have four pairs of barbels (commonly referred to as "whiskers" as applied to catfish). Their skin does not have any scales. The dorsal and pectoral fins usually possess a spine. The dorsal fin usually has six soft rays. The palate is toothless except in the fossil genus Astephus. The genera Trogoglanis, Satan, and Prietella include four species of blind catfishes. They have the ability to inflict painful stings with venomous spines embedded in their fins.

One of the largest species is the blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, specimens of which have been found to weigh over 50 kg. The maximum length is 160 cm in the blue catfish and the flathead catfish. The bullheads, though, are small catfish which at maturity often weigh less than 0.5 kg (1 lb), while the madtoms (genus Noturus) are in general much smaller.

Relationship to humans
The North American catfish has acquired an association with American Southern folklore which exceeds its place as a mere food fish. The image of cane-pole fishing for catfish at a proverbial lazy stream has become a stand-by of southern Americana.

In some areas, the bullhead is seen as a desirable quarry, for its fighting qualities exceed its size. In other areas, it is seen as a nuisance fish due to its efficient bait-stealing qualities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ictaluridae


text: Category:Elections by country

title: Category:Elections by country


text:
Talk:FieldTurf

Untitled
I have included every Professional arena that uses FieldTurf, with the exception of Yokohama Field which didn't have a page so I didn't know (I mean, I know that Yokohama is gargantuan so I assume their field must be pretty important in Japan) if it counts as a major stadium. I applied a few college football arenas based on the few historical arenas that they are actually in, but there are others. I didn't know if the list should become a mile long so I throw it to the talk page for discussion.

Oh, and there are a few soccer teams that could make the list but I have no way of knowing whether or not these teams rate as significant or not.

Here's the webpage to check the list and see if there are any others you think should make it on. Fieldturf High Profile Installations --TheGrza 06:15, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

Brand specific pages
To 24.126.238.10,

This page is specific to one product and not a generic page.

I added RealGrass to the artificial turf page. It would be appropriate to start a product specific page for RealGrass and I would be happy to help you with that if you like.

1/1/06:

I am the contributor at 24.126.238.10. Yes, I would like help in launching a separate entry for RealGrass, as soon as I gather the necessary information for it. Thank you for your consideration.

Half of the "facts" in this article are wrong and it is obvious that competitors of FieldTurf are populating this page with nonsense. Can an editor please write back to me so we can discuss how to clean up this page so that it is truly unbiased.JaySmo 15:32, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Firestone Tires at Ford Field? Sounds dubious
"The Ford Field installation differs from the standard installation as the recycled rubber used is made from recalled Firestone tires." I looked around and didn't find any coraboration for this potentially ironic claim. (Ford Motor Company recalled many vehicals due to problems with Firestone tires.) Crag 21:07, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I took it out meantime Guinnog 23:07, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I see it's been reverted; it's coming down unless you can supply a cite. Guinnog 20:36, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It was a stipulation in the deal with Fieldturf. I have direct contact with the company and any information I add to this pages is a result of that contact.  -- Coz

Europe
"many European clubs are considering installing it"

I flagged this one up for a cite too. Sorry to be a pain, but I find the article way too positive. Here in Scotland, and I think in Europe in general, artificial turf has a long way to go to being accepted. Guinnog 01:00, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, it's coming down unless it can be verified. Guinnog 18:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I contacted the company, they are in various stages of negotiations with many clubs. -- Coz

 * Not that I don't believe you, but can you provide a more encyclopedic reference for that? It doesn't seem to appear on the firm's website.Guinnog 22:17, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * My "research" consisted of talking with the company president about watching the upcoming Seahawks playoff game and he said he was going to be in Europe on negotiations but had found an adult beverage establishment that would carry the game. While I won't mention club names his response would verify the statement that was made.

 * You dumb shit; Wikipedia does NOT allow Original Research.

 * Please read WP:NPA and read it VERY carefully. Please do not make personal attacks against other editors, continuation of such behaviour will lead to you being blocked from editing here at wikipedia.  Thanks, SFC9394 09:52, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Separate List of FieldTurf installations article?
This list is too long. Can we make a separate article for it? One has to ask, does it even belong here at all? Guinnog 22:17, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably a good idea to move the "lessor" installs to another page. -- Coz

 * So which would be the most important of the ones there at present? Guinnog 07:13, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm about to do this. The article is in danger of just becoming a list. Two or three high profile installations would be plenty for the main article. Guinnog 20:10, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

original research
It may just be me but hearing something from a guy or having contacts in an organisation sounds awfully like original research which may just come into conflict with wikipedia guidelines. Anyone? Cesar.vialpando 05:18, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Yep. Guinnog 07:11, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Injury reduction
I thought that the selling point for all the AstroTurf alternatives was that they reduce the number of injuries and wear on the body, but there is no mention here. I'd like to hear more about how it works and what players think about it. Skidmark 02:38, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

As I understand it, there have been numerous studies by synthetic turf companies to prove this very point, none of the studies were conclusive enough to prove that artificial turf is better or worse than natural grass in the prevention of injuries. Tygast411 13:06, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * As I understand Skidmark's question, he's speaking of alternatives TO astroturf, not 'fake turf' vs. real soil. Please respond tot hat question. Thank you. ThuranX 18:56, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

I think I understand the question you're asking. To answer the question you'll have to understand the names of the original and current product line. The original product was simply called AstroTurf. The current product line consists of several different and more advanced products, GameDay Grass, PureGrass, etc... So any synthetic turf alternative to the current AstroTurf products aren't any safer and vice-versa. Hope that helps. Tygast411 01:33, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Special Shoes
I thought players needed special cleats to play on this surface? Maybe Im wrong and it was an older surface, but I always remember the college football pugnauts saying that the Oregon ducks Autzen Stadium always needed special shoes (cheap advantage)... Thanks Steve

It depends on the depth of the field. Some products are very shallow which would need smaller studded shoes. Other products that mimic natural grass have much deeper root zones which allow for regular cleats. Tygast411 13:05, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Lawsuit
Isn't it a little inaccurate to lead the readers into believing that SRI duplicated the FieldTurf product, when the US court system found SRI innocent of all charges and made FieldTurf pay 4.3 million in legal fees? Tygast411 13:54, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

"Product"
The claim: "FieldTurf is a major synthetic turf competitor, contributing to the replacement of what was once the most popular artificial turf, Tygast411 14:23, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * done --Selket Talk 06:12, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Selket. Can you look into the concerns I have regarding the "Lawsuit" section (see above) as well? Tygast411 14:00, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * yup --Selket Talk 15:23, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for taking a look, but you added your version to the "Product" section instead of editing the statement in the "Business" section. Tygast411 15:52, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Business section
I don't think the sentance or two on the lawsuit deserves a special section, especially one titled buisness. It just doesn't make sense to me. --Selket Talk 16:05, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, but you probably expected that. It would be my suggestion to remove it entirely, but if there's a consensus for it to stay then it definetly needs to be neutralized to say the least (as you've done. Thanks). There are probably three places where citations would be needed to prove it's accuracy, two sources are already provided but neither of those sources states that AstroTurf introduced the questionable product after FieldTurf had which implies that FieldTurf had a better product. And if it stays, then how about including the other side of the story from a source already referenced that states:"The November, 2000 verdict arose from a jury’s finding that FieldTurf was guilty of false advertising and breach of contract. In conjunction with the November, 2000 trial, the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas found that FieldTurf and its CEO John Gilman acted in bad faith and engaged in conduct that was intended to prevent a fair trial and constituted obstruction of justice in a Federal Court proceeding." Adding in legal and courtroom details is going to open a can of worms for FieldTurf since they have been in numerous litigations with just about every synthetic turf provider, not just AstroTurf.   etc... I will leave the decision up to you. Ben 16:47, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Installations
"'Super Bowl XL, featuring the Seahawks and the Pittsburgh Steelers, marked the first time that the Super Bowl has been played on this new generation turf.'"

I'd like to post a concern about the use of adjectives to describe a product instead of the product name. The confusion is that the SuperBowl was first played on AstroTurf back in 1974 (Miami Dolphins v. Minnesota Vikings Super Bowl VIII – Rice Stadium, Houston, TX. ) and in 1974, it could have been considered "new generation turf". It would be more accurate and less confusing to simply change the existing language into the product name. It could also use a citation.

I'm also attempting to add references for all of the installations on the AstroTurf article, could you post on the FieldTurf article where you feel citations are needed? Thanks, Ben 17:03, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The statement is "This" new generation turf not "A" new generation turf. There is nothing wrong with the reference.  --Coz 17:41, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No where in the article does it define what "new generation turf" is. When does a turf become "new generation"? When does it become old? It's misleading. The AstroTurf statement: "Super Bowl VIII, featuring the Dolphins and the Vikings, marked the first time that the Super Bowl has been played on this new generation turf is just as valid as the original FieldTurf statement, and thus causes confusion and misrepresentation of the facts. I still suggest it be removed and changed to the product name.

 * I can see what you are getting at, but when Artificial Turf was used in Super Bowl VIII (I assuming your reference is correct) it was the first time instead of natural grass. In this case it was the next generation of artifical turf.  I don't have a problem with it being re-worded to be clearer, but it shouldn't be deleted.  --Coz 22:00, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you not understand that the term "next generation" is a marketing term and purely subjective? An example would be if AstroTurf started describing one of their products as the "future generation" of artificial grass. Then AstroTurf could market it like FieldTurf does and could claim it to be "newer" and "more advanced" than FieldTurf's out-dated artificial turf. Then AstroTurf could start claiming all these new "firsts" for the "future generation" of turf, like "Super Bowl C, marked the first time that the Super Bowl has been played on this future generation grass." So...

 * If you don't have a problem with rewording it to be neutral then change it to read:"The 2006 Super Bowl (Super Bowl XL), was the first time that FieldTurf was used in a Super Bowl."Another option:"The first time that FieldTurf was used in a Super Bowl was Super Bowl XL, in 2006. "--Ben 15:28, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

FYI, you reverted a bunch of changes made by WP admin and moderators. They will probably be contacting you shortly to discourage further edits. Ben 18:23, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It won't be a problem, I'll clean up my mess. ;-)  --Coz 22:00, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Other than adding two references (without reference tags) I don't see where any neutralizing changes were made. Ben 22:32, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

PR-speak is back
This article is back to reading like a well crafted press release from a PR company. I think we can do a lot better. --Selket Talk 22:02, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I was reverting the wholesale deletion of content. I agree we can do better at wording and sourcing but I prefer that the content be left in an article and cleaned up.  I'll be happy to help where I can.  --Coz 22:22, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Unbelievable, Coz. You just added some more content with a pro-FieldTurf/anti-SRI(AstroTurf) spin without a verifyable reference. "The Oregon Ducks in 2001 installed NexTurf in Autzen Stadium but the surface did not perform as expected and during the remodel in 2002 it was scrapped and they replaced the surface with Field Turf." Would it not have been enough for you to simply state that "FieldTurf was installed at Autzen Stadium in 2002"? I'm sitting here transparently trying to abide by the policies, watching you continue to edit with obvious bias. --Ben 23:27, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I will be posting a reference. My link to the original article was via a local paper that has since shut down so I must now dig out the origional article.  I have no bias against your clients but the two products lines share common traits only in the same way as Mercedes and Kia are both cars.  There is a reason Field Turf has become the new standard and this is just one of many facilities that removed other brands and replaced it with the "standard".  --Coz 17:21, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You have an obvious affinity for FieldTurf, you've made that very clear on WP as well as elsewhere on the web. You also don't have a very good understanding of the AstroTurf product offerings. (Feel free to visit the AstroTurf talk page where I have posted information as well as photos of several current AstroTurf products.) It's going to be tough for you to make a claim that AstroTurf is nothing like FieldTurf and at the same time have a court case reference on the FieldTurf article describing FieldTurf's attempt to sue AstroTurf for allegedly duplicating the FieldTurf product. So which is it?

 * But I'm not going to continue sitting here and argue with you over which turf is better by spewing warped analogies. That sort of unproductive discussion is waste of time. My time is better served to make both articles as neutral and accurate as possible. I would certainly appreciate it if you could set your bias aside and help clean up both articles. Ben 22:43, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * With what I do on turf I have an affinity for top quality. I don't really care who makes it just the results.  The lawsuit information was not mine, but it is valid, and is a significant part of the "story".  The bottom line is that facilities are voting with their feet (litterly) and there must be a reason the vast majority are picking one product and why so many are switching from the other as well. You can insist I am biased all you want, but I am not the one working for the PR firm who is bent on making that product look good and making Field Turf look bad.  I think that speaks for itself.  --Coz 05:45, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Just stop with the marketing speak. This is an encyclopedic resource, not a place for your bias rhetoric. Make both articles accurate and neutral, remove the subjective claims and allow the public to make an informed decision. And please give me an example of how I have tried to make FieldTurf look bad? --Ben 15:00, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * By the way Coz, you were the one who added the marketing spin to the Lawsuit content.Revision as of 18:56, December 22, 2005 --Ben 19:09, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Just another note. I'm concerned about the over emphasis on the lawsuit and think that spending too much time listing damages, etc. can be an NPOV problem also. --Selket Talk 00:15, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

RfC
I have posted an RfC to gain a neutral perspective on the POV content posted on the FieldTurf article. In the essence of transparency, I must mention that I am an employee of French West Vaughan (FWV) which handles PR and Marketing for GeneralSports Venue (GSV), the current licensee of the AstroTurf brand. Because of my affiliation with FWV and GSV, my views could be seen as biased although my intentions are purely neutral. Ben 16:56, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

The Product
I'd like to discuss making neutral edits to the Product section. The section currently reads: "FieldTurf is an artificial turf composed of sand and crumb rubber mixture with properties similar soil, and plastic shafts which are used to simulate the grass. As of 2005, at least seven out of the nine Canadian Football League teams will had installed either FieldTurf or a similar surface, as well as approximately half of National Football League venues as well as several Major League Baseball stadiums List of FieldTurf installations . The surface is now also becoming popular with high school football and is now even being seen in various world soccer venues, a sport where natural grass had always been preferred.[citation needed]"

It would be a good idea to elaborate a little bit more on the elements and construction of the product without making any subjective claims and avoiding marketing speak.

The current section starts off pretty good, with the exception of a few subjective claims. Then the section starts to migrate from the original focus of the section. The following is how I would interpret the definition of the FieldTurf product. "FieldTurf is an artificial turf composed of monofilament polyethylene blend fibers tufted into a polypropylene backing with a mixture of silica sand and cryogenic rubber infill." Here is a photo for reference to the FieldTurf product: http://www.fieldturf.com/superbowl/downloads/FTGrass_info.jpg

And just for neutrality, here is how a similar AstroTurf product description would read. (This was more difficult since there are several different AstroTurf products with a variety of features and information about the original product should also be included in the article.)

"Current AstroTurf is composed of slit-film or monofilament polyethylene blend fibers, knitted or tufted into a polypropylene backing with an all rubber infill or a mixture of silica sand and cryogenic rubber infill or no infill at all."

And here is a description of the original AstroTurf: "The original AstroTurf, developed in 1964, was a monofilament polyethylene turf with a short pile tufted into a polypropylene backing."

Note: to maintain the neutrality of both the FieldTurf and AstroTurf articles the same adjectives should be used where appropriate to describe the product features. An example of this is "cryogenic rubber infill" versus just "rubber infill". There are significant differences between the two types and since both brands use cryogenic rubber both should be able to use the adjective. When and when not to use feature adjectives may spark debate, but let's discuss any problems as they arise. Ben 00:39, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Criticism
I've added sources for Beckham's claim that MLS ought to use only natural surfaces, and I also added a source for another MLS player's negative comments. After adding the citations and extra information, the section was not displayed properly in the article. Can someone verify this and/or help fix it? Amavel 17:11, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Disregard the previous comment. I forgot to conclude my citations with the  tag. All is well. Amavel 19:22, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Please note that the author of this Wikipedia article incorrectly states the temperature used in the study by Mattina et al. as 100 degrees Celsius. In fact the temperature to which the rubber was heated was 60 degrees Celsius which is equivalent to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The study is accessible on the Internet.Mjfim (talk) 14:04, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added the C-F conversion and also restored much of the "Criticism" section that was deleted on February 18 without explanation. As it is reliably-sourced content, the deletion of it requires an explanation.  JGHowes talk  -  14:18, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

AstroTurf Link
I recently removed a link to the AstroTurf article that was placed in the reference section of the FieldTurf article. In the recent past the inclusion of such a link has been the topic of debate and I'd like to start a sincere and neutral discussion on whether the link should be permitted or not. The floor is open. Ben 14:00, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I would say no. "Astro Turf" is a specific brand name of a completely different type of product.  --Coz 02:05, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Though your suggestion that the FieldTurf and AstroTurf products are "completely different" is inaccurate your stance on the inclusion of an AstroTurf link has been noted. Ben 14:13, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course they are completely different, but a link to the generic version would be different as opposed to one specific brand. This is like putting a link to Yugo's on the Formula 1 race car page. --Coz 17:54, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Coz, please keep this conversation on subject. If you'd like to discuss the similarities between AstroTurf and FieldTurf then start a new thread and I'll be happy to correct any misperceptions you may have. Ben 22:34, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that someone from the FieldTurf company doesn't want an astroturf link. These products are both artificial grass.  And astroturf is the for runner for it - therefore anyone doing research on FieldTurf should be aware of the products origins - astroturf.  Themepark

The origins of FieldTurf have nothing to do with Astroturf. If you are familiar with the product, you will see that they are not even similar. Don't believe me? Ask any professional athlete that has played on both surfaces - or search the internet to find out how many people think it is leaps and bounds different than Astroturf. Also, it is quite clear that people involved with FieldTurf's competition are trying to vandalize the FieldTurf page as it is the only well-known brand of artificial turf on wikipedia. On wikipedia, there is no room for this kind of smearing campaignJayjaysmo (talk) 19:46, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

health issues
does anyone want to add the questions some have about health concerns associated with the rubber? some people were worried it contained a lot of toxins. it was mentioned in the ny times a couple months ago. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 129.170.124.162 (talk) 17:26, 13 March 2007 (UTC).

 * I'm personally not aware of any health risks with rubber infill (also called Crumb_rubber) used in most artificial turfs. Rubber infill is generally ground up automotive tires. I assume if there were a health risk associated with rubber infill, the same health risk would be associated with tires and would be a lot more public. I'm also not a chemist so there could be some leaching of toxins that I'm not aware of. Since rubber infill is relatively new (20 years old) there are probably a lot more tests to be done before determing conclusively one way or the other. Hope this helps. Ben 22:04, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Criticism About Crumb rubber
"In 2007, a Connecticut non-profit organization Environmental and Human Health Inc. (EHHI), released a report ... [etc., etc] " should probably be moved to the crumb rubber article, with a shorter mention here of the concerns raised. It's a general concern related to the rubber, not to FieldTurf specifically. 204.4.13.72 (talk) 02:30, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Headlines
A source was from the manufacturer and quotes were taken out of context. Neutrality is disputed. FieldTurf looks like the best of all artificial surfaces from what I have read but those sources also say that grass is better. Top tier players have had concerns and that is OK to say in the article. Headlines isn't even appropriate anyways. The section is discussing praise and criticism so that is what it should be split into two sections or at least retitled and and include the proper content.Cptnono (talk) 06:06, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality
Many recently removed sources were press releases from the company. These are not inline with Wikipedia policy. For others. quotes were taken out of context to show the stadium in a better light while weasel words and phrases were added when the attention was negative.Cptnono (talk) 08:38, 28 February 2009 (UTC) If nobody minds, I would like to go through the article and delete the puffery to achieve a more neutral POV. I see that there has been a lot of discussion about this article in the past. Please do contact me if you have any questions. Katharine908 (talk) 10:25, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

The list of "awards" is out. The out of context quotes (essentially: "so and so player who sucked said it was bad" are out. Most of the work done by what I assume are sales reps is out. Unsourced and unrelated safety and environmental benefits are out. Product guide is out.Cptnono (talk) 05:58, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Given that I work for FieldTurf, my opinion may be disregarded as a biased one. However, it seems blatant to me that the FieldTurf page is littered with one line quotes from soccer players who dislike the turf. Looking at the history of the page, it seems to me that tons of information about the company and product itself was deleted on the pretext of it being "positive spin" and "marketing material". Also, it doesn't look as though as though there were very many positive quotes about the turf to begin with whereas the page has always had its fix of negative ones. While every product has its pros and cons, those who support it and those who don't, the essence of this article should deal much more with facts about the company and product and much less about whether or not individual soccer players prefer natural grass or FieldTurf.Mike22022 (talk) 15:49, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Another editor previously mentioned putting in some info from NFL, high school, and college players and teams. There has been some great press. Most of the info removed was unsourced public relations material form editors who I assume were outside sales reps or with the company. Some of the negative quotes were actually twisted to support the company. I am all for adding in all sides and neutral info. However, I think it is inappropriate to remove well sourced criticism.Cptnono (talk) 23:28, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

So unsourced material is out. That makes sense from the verifiability end of things. On removing well sourced criticism: would you not agree with me, that David Beckham's comments which explain his dislike of the turf do not belong in the "safety" section of the page. While sources are happy to mention that he does not like the turf, Beckham is by no means contending that the surface is unsafe. The same thing goes for the part: "Martin O'Neill said FIFA officials should "have their heads examined" for allowing FieldTurf after Tomas Sorenson suffered a non-contact hamstring injury during a game in Toronto. " By putting this in the "safety" section, the editor is strongly implying that the surface is the cause of the injury. Hamstring pulls occur in almost every sport that involves running, and attributing the injury to the surface itself brings forth unjustified negative implications with regard to the safety of the product.Mike22022 (talk) 14:24, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I like his statment in and think it is relevent to the section. However, it is given too much weight with so many lines. The lines should at the very least be tightened up. Alternativley, we could also make it perfectly clear through summarizing reliable secondary sources without the direct quote. Players have expressed concerns over injuries and claimed to have experienced more cramping/soreness in the later stages of games. Beckham's comments did recieve signifigant coverage and it is interesting so I think the snafu should go somewhere but the primary goal is to factually present info. Martin O'Neill's comments are interesting and the quote is sourced properly. Again we run into wieght concerns, though. I would be curious to see what other editors think about the quotes.

 * Also, you have a conflict of interst (Conflict of interest) but you are completely within this project's guidelines to mention any concerns here. I'm sure we can get anything straightened out.Cptnono (talk) 14:43, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

The point I'm trying to make is that the "safety" section should consist of facts about the safety of FieldTurf. The source that claims that according to FIFA, non-contact injuries are higher on turf should by all means be listed under the safety section. The same should be true of the results of independent crumb rubber studies. As Wikipedia maintains, the information needs to be verifiable. Even though sources reveal that David Beckham and Martin O'Neill in fact said what they said, putting them under the issue of safety is a tactic employed to show FieldTurf in a bad light. The outburst of the understandably upset Martin O'Neill after his keeper pulls a hamstring should not inextricably link the surface and the injury, when there is nothing to suggest the connection between the two other than O'Neill's outburst itself. Do you understand the point I am trying to make? There is a subtle logical fallacy here which is being overlooked, regardless of my supposed conflict of interest. Do you agree?Mike22022 (talk) 17:03, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It isn't in there to show the product in a poor light. It is in there because it is sourced information regarding the product. We are not saying that it is FieldTurf, O'Neil is saying that it is FieldTurf. Like I said, it might be given too much weight so hopefully other editors will chime in. Also, months of promotional editing by people associated with your company caused this article to be choppy and poorly written. If you look at the history, one editor was so fed up that he tried to delete the article. We eventually just ripped out unverified info and put the information in context that was included for the sole purpose of skewing the article in a promotional tone. The most egregious concern was the attempt to twist the quotes around. I apologize if it looks like editors are only negatively editing the page but it looks to me as editors trying to achieve balance. It doesn't matter what our opinions are since this is supposed to a medium to present factually based information without bias. We should be able to achieve that but blatant POV pushing has historically caused other editors to react in a knee-jerk fashion.Cptnono (talk) 01:07, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article is a mess now but at least it is not a series of press releases. Below are my thoughts on improvement:

General structure needs to be corrected *Things are repeated (Middlesbrough and construction). What deserves to go where?
 * Grammar and proper prose were unfortunately removed in an effort to get rid of the fluff

Soccer *Section might need to be broken down into a paragraph for pros and a paragraph for cons instead of being what is essentially a back and forth list. *Growing FIFA acceptance (not World Cup finals but everything else) *The growing trend of use in the MLS (please do not removed sourced information again. It is better to reword it and find additional sources if it looks off but to completely removed it is bad form)

NFL players and coaches along with stadium owners have expressed many positives which deserves space (no divots, surface is softer than other turfs, yada yada yada)

Both environmental concerns and benefits with artificial surfaces with an obvious emphasis on this particular brand

Industry Leader

*Expanded use in US pro stadiums *Replaced market share lost by AstroTurf

Other uses *Paris Airport Cptnono (talk) 06:48, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * MLB
 * Originally made for golf (history section best?)
 * Street medians in Windsor

 * I definitely agree that there should be discussion on the surface's use in (American) football and baseball. Soccer is basically the only sport for which it is controversial, so only mentioning its use in that sport may paint an overly negative picture of the product. 24.11.127.26 (talk) 18:15, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I saw one source mentioning criticism with high school football. Most of the information regarding sports other than soccer is positive, though. Also: Thanks for the recent cleanup.Cptnono (talk) 18:59, 18 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Market share is in. Does anyone want to expand the uses as mentioned above?Cptnono (talk) 23:29, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Cryogenic rubber?
Is cryogenically ground rubber what is meant? Delmlsfan (talk) 21:48, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I really have no idea what it is but their website states "Cryogenic rubber" and term is used in secondary sources. Is "cryogenically ground" the same thing and a more descriptive term we should be using?Cptnono (talk) 22:38, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I believe that the term "cryogenically ground rubber" should be used, as it is probably what was intended. Its not that its any more descriptive, but its a clarification on the process, which demonstrates how fine of a grind they get.Radiomantodd (talk) 23:34, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

This means that the rubber is frozen until it becomes fragile, so that when it is groud it snaps instead of being ripped. This produces a more granular less fuzzy rubber crumb. The rubber blends better with the sand, drains better, and doesn't fly around as much. You can also put more if it in the infill. I used to work for FieldTurf. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.254.235.158 (talk) 22:43, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Company History
The section about Middlesbrough is misleading. They installed a training pitch. The wording here makes it sound to anyone not familiar with the Premiership that they play competitive matches on FieldTurf rather than just train on it. The article is still reading like a PR piece. Jonknight73 (talk) 09:37, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Macae
Macae misread the 2 sources provided. Henry has not played due to the turf. Further edit warring without using the talk page will result in a request for admin intervention. Cptnono (talk) 06:36, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121202233952/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017343/index.htm to http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017343/index.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081217111633/http://www.fieldturf.com/product/designConstruction.cfm to http://www.fieldturf.com/product/designConstruction.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060824092758/http://www.athleticturf.net/athleticturf/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=130784 to http://www.athleticturf.net/athleticturf/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=130784
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130522072133/http://www.sd129.org/database/district/downloads/district/College%20Safety%20Study-b.pdf to http://www.sd129.org/database/district/downloads/district/College%20Safety%20Study-b.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090420040340/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/pitchequipment/footballturf/star%3D1/index.html to http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/pitchequipment/footballturf/star%3D1/index.html
 * Added tag to https://www.lusheslawn.co.za
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120729110223/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/soccerinsider/2007/08/beckham_speaks.html to http://blog.washingtonpost.com/soccerinsider/2007/08/beckham_speaks.html

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title: Talk:FieldTurf


text:
Normal force

In mechanics, the normal force $$F_n$$ is the component of a contact force that is perpendicular to the surface that an object contacts. In this instance normal is used in the geometric sense and means perpendicular, as opposed to the common language use of normal meaning "ordinary" or "expected". A person standing still on a platform is acted upon by gravity, which would pull them down towards the Earth's core unless there were a countervailing force from the resistance of the platform's molecules, a force which is named the "normal force".

The normal force is one type of ground reaction force. If the person stands on a slope and does not sink into the ground or slide downhill, the total ground reaction force can be divided into two components: a normal force perpendicular to the ground and a frictional force parallel to the ground. In another common situation, if an object hits a surface with some speed, and the surface can withstand the impact, the normal force provides for a rapid deceleration, which will depend on the flexibility of the surface and the object.

Equations

In the case of an object resting upon a flat table (unlike on an incline as in Figures 1 and 2), the normal force on the object is equal but in opposite direction to the gravitational force applied on the object (or the weight of the object), that is, $$F_n = mg$$, where m is mass, and g is the gravitational field strength (about 9.81 m/s2 on Earth). The normal force here represents the force applied by the table against the object that prevents it from sinking through the table and requires that the table be sturdy enough to deliver this normal force without breaking. However, it is easy to assume that the normal force and weight are action-reaction force pairs (a common mistake). In this case, the normal force and weight need to be equal in magnitude to explain why there is no upward acceleration of the object. For example, a ball that bounces upwards accelerates upwards because the normal force acting on the ball is larger in magnitude than the weight of the ball.

Where an object rests on an incline as in Figures 1 and 2, the normal force is perpendicular to the plane the object rests on. Still, the normal force will be as large as necessary to prevent sinking through the surface, presuming the surface is sturdy enough. The strength of the force can be calculated as: $$F_n = mg \cos(\theta)$$ where $$F_n$$ is the normal force, m is the mass of the object, g is the gravitational field strength, and θ is the angle of the inclined surface measured from the horizontal.

The normal force is one of the several forces which act on the object. In the simple situations so far considered, the most important other forces acting on it are friction and the force of gravity.

Using vectors
In general, the magnitude of the normal force, N, is the projection of the net surface interaction force, T, in the normal direction, n, and so the normal force vector can be found by scaling the normal direction by the net surface interaction force. The surface interaction force, in turn, is equal to the dot product of the unit normal with the Cauchy stress tensor describing the stress state of the surface. That is: $$\mathbf{N} = \mathbf{n}\, N = \mathbf{n}\, (\mathbf{T} \cdot \mathbf{n}) = \mathbf{n}\, (\mathbf{n} \cdot \mathbf{\tau} \cdot \mathbf{n}).$$ or, in indicial notation, $$N_i = n_i N = n_i T_j n_j = n_i n_k \tau_{jk} n_j.$$

The parallel shear component of the contact force is known as the frictional force ($$F_{fr}$$).

The static coefficient of friction for an object on an inclined plane can be calculated as follows: $$\mu_s=\tan(\theta)$$ for an object on the point of sliding where $$\theta$$ is the angle between the slope and the horizontal.

Physical origin
Normal force is directly a result of Pauli exclusion principle and not a true force per se: it is a result of the interactions of the electrons at the surfaces of the objects. The atoms in the two surfaces cannot penetrate one another without a large investment of energy because there is no low energy state for which the electron wavefunctions from the two surfaces overlap; thus no microscopic force is needed to prevent this penetration. However these interactions are often modeled as van der Waals force, a force that grows very large very quickly as distance becomes smaller.

On the more macroscopic level, such surfaces can be treated as a single object, and two bodies do not penetrate each other due to the stability of matter, which is again a consequence of Pauli exclusion principle, but also of the fundamental forces of nature: cracks in the bodies do not widen due to electromagnetic forces that create the chemical bonds between the atoms; the atoms themselves do not disintegrate because of the electromagnetic forces between the electrons and the nuclei; and the nuclei do not disintegrate due to the nuclear forces.

Practical applications
In an elevator either stationary or moving at constant velocity, the normal force on the person's feet balances the person's weight. In an elevator that is accelerating upward, the normal force is greater than the person's ground weight and so the person's perceived weight increases (making the person feel heavier). In an elevator that is accelerating downward, the normal force is less than the person's ground weight and so a passenger's perceived weight decreases. If a passenger were to stand on a weighing scale, such as a conventional bathroom scale, while riding the elevator, the scale will be reading the normal force it delivers to the passenger's feet, and will be different than the person's ground weight if the elevator cab is accelerating up or down. The weighing scale measures normal force (which varies as the elevator cab accelerates), not gravitational force (which does not vary as the cab accelerates).

When we define upward to be the positive direction, constructing Newton's second law and solving for the normal force on a passenger yields the following equation: $$N = m(g + a)$$

In a gravitron amusement ride, the static friction caused by and perpendicular to the normal force acting on the passengers against the walls results in suspension of the passengers above the floor as the ride rotates. In such a scenario, the walls of the ride apply normal force to the passengers in the direction of the center, which is a result of the centripetal force applied to the passengers as the ride rotates. As a result of the normal force experienced by the passengers, the static friction between the passengers and the walls of the ride counteracts the pull of gravity on the passengers, resulting in suspension above ground of the passengers throughout the duration of the ride.

When we define the center of the ride to be the positive direction, solving for the normal force on a passenger that is suspended above ground yields the following equation: $$N = \frac{mv^2}{r}$$ where $$N$$ is the normal force on the passenger, $$m$$ is the mass of the passenger, $$v$$ is the tangential velocity of the passenger and $$r$$ is the distance of the passenger from the center of the ride.

With the normal force known, we can solve for the static coefficient of friction needed to maintain a net force of zero in the vertical direction: $$\mu = \frac{mg}{N}$$ where $$\mu$$ is the static coefficient of friction, and $$g$$ is the gravitational field strength.

title: Normal force


text:
T-schema

The T-schema ("truth schema", not to be confused with "Convention T") is used to check if an inductive definition of truth is valid, which lies at the heart of any realisation of Alfred Tarski's semantic theory of truth. Some authors refer to it as the "Equivalence Schema", a synonym introduced by Michael Dummett.

The T-schema is often expressed in natural language, but it can be formalized in many-sorted predicate logic or modal logic; such a formalisation is called a "T-theory." T-theories form the basis of much fundamental work in philosophical logic, where they are applied in several important controversies in analytic philosophy.

As expressed in semi-natural language (where 'S' is the name of the sentence abbreviated to S): 'S' is true if and only if S.

Example: 'snow is white' is true if and only if snow is white.

The inductive definition
By using the schema one can give an inductive definition for the truth of compound sentences. Atomic sentences are assigned truth values disquotationally. For example, the sentence "'Snow is white' is true" becomes materially equivalent with the sentence "snow is white", i.e. 'snow is white' is true if and only if snow is white. The truth of more complex sentences is defined in terms of the components of the sentence: Predicates for truth that meet all of these criteria are called "satisfaction classes", a notion often defined with respect to a fixed language (such as the language of Peano arithmetic); these classes are considered acceptable definitions for the notion of truth.
 * A sentence of the form "A and B" is true if and only if A is true and B is true
 * A sentence of the form "A or B" is true if and only if A is true or B is true
 * A sentence of the form "if A then B" is true if and only if A is false or B is true; see material implication.
 * A sentence of the form "not A" is true if and only if A is false
 * A sentence of the form "for all x, A(x)" is true if and only if, for every possible value of x, A(x) is true.
 * A sentence of the form "for some x, A(x)" is true if and only if, for some possible value of x, A(x) is true.

Natural languages
Joseph Heath points out that "The analysis of the truth predicate provided by Tarski's Schema T is not capable of handling all occurrences of the truth predicate in natural language. In particular, Schema T treats only "freestanding" uses of the predicate—cases when it is applied to complete sentences." He gives as "obvious problem" the sentence: Heath argues that analyzing this sentence using T-schema generates the sentence fragment—"everything that Bill believes"—on the righthand side of the logical biconditional.
 * Everything that Bill believes is true.

title: T-schema


text:
Luisa Capetillo

Luisa Capetillo (October 28, 1879 – April 10, 1922) was one of Puerto Rico's most famous labor leaders. She was an anarchist writer, activist, labor organizer who fought for workers' rights, women's rights, free love, and human emancipation.

Early years
Capetillo was born in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, to a Spanish father Luis Capetillo Echevarría from the Basque country and Luisa Margarita Perone, a Corsican immigrant. Luis Capetillo arrived in Puerto Rico at around the same time as Margarita, traveling with his family.

In 1898, Capetillo had the first of her two children out of wedlock. She found a job as a reader in a cigar-making factory in Arecibo. After the Spanish–American War, the American Tobacco Company, which had gained control of most of the island's tobacco fields, would hire people to read novels and current events to the workers. It was in the tobacco factory that Capetillo had her first contact with labor unions. In 1904, Capetillo began to write essays, titled Mi Opinión (My Opinion), about her ideas, which were published in radical and union newspapers.

Influences
Luisa Capetillo was greatly influenced by her parents, her environment, her personal experiences and the literature she surrounded herself with. Both of her parents shared many ideals, including those related to Romanticism. Her mother being of French descent, believed women should defend their ideals and act according to themselves. She strongly sided with George Sands' beliefs that the old liberated woman could be "revolutionary, both politically and in her personal life, opposed to marriage and to all social contracts that would regulate human relations, but willing to sacrifice everything in the name of love". Margarita reflected these ideals since she lived and procreated with the man she loved at the same time providing for herself. Later on, Luisa would dedicate the following words to her mom: "To you, dear mother of mine, who tried to control me, or make me think traditionally. You allowed me to inquire freely, only reproaching what you thought were exaggerations, without forcing me in any way". As for her father, Luis, he taught her how to read and write.

Luisa Capetillo also developed her ideals of anarchism and romanticism from the literature she read in her childhood. She read much of French writers like Victor Hugo and Émile Zola and of Russian Romantics like Leo Tolstoy. Through some of these books, she encountered anarchists' beliefs that "the closer behavior is to being natural, the closer it will be to a just society". Tolstoy was probably the author that most closely reflected her spiritual beliefs. His legacy inspired her even further as a writer. She wrote a play titled "Influencias de las ideas modernas" (The Influence of Modern Ideas) which clearly was motivated by his philosophies. One of the main characters can be said to be Tolstoy himself. One of the characters says "Well, my friends, don't let my ways surprise you. I have read Malatesta, Tolstoy and Zola, so I have understood many things that I couldn't before", which can be interpreted as a reflection of herself.

Even though Luisa was baptized as a child, as an adult she rejected the Catholic Church and even called priests hypocrites. In one of her essays titled Ensayos Libertarios (Libertarian Essays), she wrote "don't baptize your children. Think about it. If it were so necessary, it would be stupid for there to be millions of human beings who don't believe in it". As a mother, she never baptized her children and in one letter she wrote to her daughter she said " I never taught you to pray, that is something you have to feel. You are not baptized by any religious rite." She considered organized religion to be a form of prison for humans.

Beliefs
She considered herself both an anarchist and spiritual person. In an essay she wrote, titled ¿Anarquista y espiritista?.... ¡Uf, uf! (Anarchist and Spiritis?...Humph!), Luisa opened up on how she considered herself a Christian and an anarchist. Traditionally you're either an anarchists or a Christian, but she defended the position that you can be both. She taught her children how to be a good Samaritan without having to follow a particular religion. In a letter she wrote to her daughter she advised her that in order to be considered good, she didn't have to attend Mass. Instead, she could visit the poor, feed the hungry and nurse the sick.

Labor leader and women's rights activist

During a farm workers' strike in 1905, Capetillo wrote propaganda and organized the workers in the strike. In 1910 she became a reporter for the "FLT" (American Federation of Labor) and traveled throughout Puerto Rico educating and organizing women. Her hometown, Arecibo, became the most unionized area of the country. Additionally, she also started her own newspaper called La mujer, which confronted women's issues.

Capetillo started a program of reading to the women who worked 12 hour shifts on the shop floor making cigars. It is assumed that is where she developed many of her feminist principles. In 1908, during the "FLT" convention, Capetillo asked the union to approve a policy for women's suffrage. She insisted that all women should have the same right to vote as men. Capetillo is considered to be one of Puerto Rico's first suffragists.

In 1912, Capetillo traveled to New York City, where she organized Cuban and Puerto Rican tobacco workers. Later on, she went to Tampa, Florida, where she also organized the workers. In Florida, she published the second edition of "Mi Opinión". She also traveled to Cuba and the Dominican Republic, where she joined the striking workers in their cause.

In July 24, 1915, she challenged the mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear pants in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was then considered to be a "crime", but the judge later dropped the charges against her. She would repeat this act of rebellion again stepping off the boat into Cuba where the judge was not so lenient leading to her serving time. In that same year, along with other labor activists, she helped pass a minimum-wage law in the Puerto Rican Legislature.

In 1916, Capetillo was deported by President Menocal.

Legacy
On May 29, 2014, The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico honored 12 illustrious women with plaques in the "La Plaza en Honor a la Mujer Puertorriqueña" (Plaza in Honor of Puerto Rican Women) in San Juan. According to the plaques the 12 women, who by virtue of their merits and legacies, stand out in the history of Puerto Rico. Capetillo was among those honored.

title: Luisa Capetillo


text:
Hurlstone Agricultural High School

Hurlstone Agricultural High School (HAHS, colloquially as Hurlstone Ag) is a government-funded co-educational academically selective and specialist secondary day and boarding school, located in Glenfield, a south-western suburb of Sydney, in the Macarthur region of New South Wales, Australia. HAHS is the oldest government boarding school in New South Wales.

Farrer Memorial Agricultural High School, Yanco Agricultural High School and Hurlstone Agricultural High School are the state's only public selective and agricultural schools that also include a co-educational boarding school. The 112 ha Hurlstone Agricultural campus includes classroom blocks, an operational farm, sporting facilities and student accommodation.

History
Hurlstone was established as a boys-only school in 1907 in Hurlstone Park, approximately ten kilometres south west of Sydney, at the present site of Trinity Grammar School. The original owner of the land was a teacher, John Kinloch, one of the first graduates of the University of Sydney. He named the land 'Hurlstone Estate', after his mother's maiden name and set up his own school on it in 1878 which he called the Hurlstone School and College.

In those days most students completed their schooling after primary school and students at 'Hurlstone Agricultural Continuation School' (as it was known at the time) studied there for only two years. In 1926 the school moved to its present site in Glenfield, approximately 42 km south-west of Sydney (between Liverpool and Campbelltown) and adjacent to Glenfield railway station. By then its student numbers had grown from 30 in 1907, to 148. The school supported government policy to promote productivity in the agricultural sector through the training of boys in all aspects of agricultural sciences and farm management.

For a brief period in the early 1940s it was known as 'Macarthur Agricultural High School' in honour of wool-grower John Macarthur, but it soon reverted to its previous name.

Hurlstone was a boys' school until 1979, when the decision was made to become co-educational.

In 2008, the New South Wales Government declared 140 hectares of Hurlstone's farmland 'surplus' and proposed the sale of the land, leaving the school with just 20 hectares. The announcement was met with immediate public protest and the formation of a local community group Save Hurlstone Educational and Agricultural Property (SHEAP) eventuating in a government inquiry into the proposed sale and proceeds of the sale. There was further pressure against the plans when the National Trust heritage listed the school in late 2009. The government inquiry resulted in a recommendation of the sale of a small parcel of school land with the proceeds intended to help upgrade school facilities.

On 18 November 2015, there was another proposal to sell the land the school and its farm operated on.

Principals
The following individuals have served as principal of the Hurlstone Agricultural High School:

Population
Enrolment at the school is dependent on selective examinations of Year 6 students from across the state. New students coming in later grades have to sit a similar exam.

Campus
Hurlstone features a fully functional farm and a commercial dairy. Animals on the farm include: beef and dairy cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, and chickens. Clarke House is a heritage listed building which houses Hurlstone's memorabilia museum.

The school also hosts a memorial forest and cairn on Roy Watts Road, past the boarding school. Established in 1950, it is believed to be Australia's first living war memorial, with a gum tree dedicated to each of the 600 students from the school who served in WWI and II. Currently, ANZAC and Remembrance Day ceremonies are held at the memorial forest.

As part of the 2008 mini-budget, the New South Wales Government declared 140 hectares of the school to be surplus to educational needs and the land will be sold in 2011. However, due to a strong public protest against this action, an inquiry was led into process of selling approximately seven-eighths of the school. As a result, Mal Peters, the Inquiry Chair, recommended the school's agricultural sector to be upgraded in order to reflect current industry practice and standards due to it being an economic, wise and important public investment for the people of NSW as it supplies young scientists with the knowledge for the ever declining, but demanding agricultural sector of the world.

In 2020 a new school called Hurlstone Agricultural High School was to open at Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury. The existing school in Glenfield would be renamed Roy Watts High School (after Hurlstone alumnus Roy Watts) and would remain fully selective but would no longer be an agricultural school. However, this decision was cancelled in December 2019. The farm land would have been converted to a new public school as well as housing and a shopping centre.

Notable alumni

 * Phil Burton – Australian musician, member of the Australian pop vocal band Human Nature
 * Alan O. Trounson (1958–1962) – biologist, stem cell researcher and IVF pioneer

Military

 * Mark Binskin – Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) Australia.
 * John Hurst Edmondson – soldier in World War II; the Hurlstone school hall is named in his honour
 * Sir William Keys – National Secretary of RSL

Politics, public service and the law

 * John Kerin – Australian Labor Party politician, former Federal Treasurer (1991), Minister for Transport and Communications (1991), Minister for Primary Industries and Energy (1983-1991) and Member for Werriwa
 * Mark Latham – politician, former Leader of the Australian Labor Party
 * Dick Klugman – Member for the federal seat of Prospect 1969–1990, Co-founder of NSW Council for Civil Liberties;

Sport

 * David Lyons – rugby union player, Wallabies
 * Cec Ramalli – Wallaby
 * Charles Melton – winemaker

title: Hurlstone Agricultural High School


text:
Strait from the Heart

Strait from the Heart is the second studio album by American country music artist George Strait, released on June 3, 1982, by MCA Records. The album includes Strait's first No. 1 single, "Fool Hearted Memory", as well as follow-up singles "Marina del Rey", "Amarillo by Morning" and "A Fire I Can't Put Out", reaching No. 6, No. 4, and No. 1 respectively on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. The album peaked at No. 18 on the US Billboard Top Country Albums chart. Strait from the Heart is certified platinum by the RIAA.

There were three cover songs on the album: "Honky Tonk Crazy", which had been released a couple of months earlier in 1982 by the duo of Gary Stewart and Dean Dillon on their Brotherly Love album; 2) the Guy Clark song, "Heartbroke", which was first recorded by Rodney Crowell on his 1980 album, But What Will the Neighbors Think; and 3) "Amarillo by Morning" which was first recorded by Terry Stafford in 1973. "The Only Thing I Have Left" was later recorded by Tim McGraw for his 1993 debut album of the same name.

Recording
Strait from the Heart was recorded at Music City Music Hall in Nashville, Tennessee. The album was fully recorded and mixed digitally.

Critical reception
Strait from the Heart received positive reviews upon its release in 1982. On the music review website AllMusic, it received five out of five stars. In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek called Strait "a singer of uncommon vitality who could sing honky tonk, countrypolitan, and the new traditional sounds". Jurek singled out the depth and breadth of the singer's talent, delivering his first number one hit, "Fool Hearted Memory", a slow two-step, alongside the equally successful ballads "Amarillo by Morning", "Marina del Rey", and "A Fire I Can't Put Out", as well as the raw traditional numbers "Honky Tonk Crazy", "Heartbroke", "I Can't See Texas from Here", and the barroom anthem "The Steal of the Night"—songs that "offer a portrait of Strait as a man who can do it all". Jurek concludes: "His work is not over-produced, and his voice rings clear and true, offering only what the song needs to reveal itself to the listener. Strait from the Heart may not be the exact beginning of the story, but it is the first part of the legend." In 2022, Rolling Stone ranked the album 19 on its 100 Greatest Country Albums of All Time publication.

Personnel
Musicians
 * George Strait – lead vocals
 * Mitch Humphries – keyboards
 * Gregg Galbraith – lead guitar
 * Fred Newell – lead guitar
 * Jimmy Capps – rhythm guitar
 * Bobby Thompson – rhythm guitar
 * Steve Chapman – acoustic guitar (1)
 * Dave Kirby – acoustic guitar (1)
 * Sonny Garrish – steel guitar
 * John Hughey – steel guitar
 * Mike Leech – bass guitar
 * Larry Paxton – bass guitar
 * Clyde Brooks – drums (1)
 * Jerry Kroon – drums (2-10)
 * Mark Feldman – fiddle (1)
 * Rob Hajacos – fiddle
 * Buddy Spicher – fiddle
 * The Nashville String Machine – strings
 * Alan Moore – string arrangements
 * Sudie Callaway – background vocals
 * Buddy Cannon – background vocals
 * Rita Figlio – background vocals
 * Arlene Harden – background vocals
 * Bobby Harden – background vocals
 * Gwen Kay – background vocals
 * Curtis Young – background vocals

Production
 * Blake Mevis – producer
 * Bill Harris – engineer, mixing
 * Doug Crider – assistant engineer
 * David DeBusk – assistant engineer
 * Milan Bogdan – digital editing (CD)
 * Glenn Meadows – digital mastering (CD)
 * Simon Levy – art direction
 * Jim McGuire – photography
 * Katie Gillon – coordination
 * Sherri Halford – coordination

title: Strait from the Heart


text:
Étueffont

Étueffont (Staufen) is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

History
The separate villages of Étueffont-Bas (founded in the 16th century, with 28 families in 1760) and Étueffont-Haut (founded in the 12th century, with 38 families in 1760) were merged into the current commune on 12 June 1973.

Geography
The town sits at the foot of the Vosges mountains on the banks of the river Madeleine, in the Regional Natural Park Les Ballons des Vosges.

Sights
In the village center an 18th-century smithy houses a Forge Museum that commemorates four generations of blacksmiths working in the village from 1843 to 1977.

title: Étueffont


text:
Aero AT-3

The Aero AT-3 is a two-seat, low wing, utility aircraft manufactured in Poland by Aero AT in ready-to-fly certificated form and as a kitplane. The aircraft is of conventional configuration and features fixed tricycle undercarriage. The structure is largely of all-metal construction. Designed by Tomasz Antoniewski it first flew in 1997 and deliveries to customers commenced in 2002. It is certified under the European Very Light Aircraft regulations. On July 2, 2010 Aero AT-3 was granted an American Federal Aviation Administration type certificate, based on its European VLA certification.

Design and development
The AT-3 R-100 is a single-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction and a fixed tricycle landing gear. It is powered by a nose-mounted Bombardier-Rotax 912 with either a two-bladed wooden or three-bladed composite propeller.

Acquisition by Jiangsu LanTian Aerospace Industrial Park of China
In April 2013, the manufacturer of the AT-3 VLA and AT-4 LSA aircraft, Aero AT Sp. z o.o. was acquired by Jiangsu LanTian Aerospace Industrial Park of China. While production for the European and US markets is to remain in Mielec, Poland, a new assembly facility is being developed in China for the local Chinese Market. In early 2014 plans included production of more than 100 aircraft for Chinese customers by the end of 2015.

Operational history
The first Aero AT-3s were supplied to the Aeroclub of Warsaw in Poland in the early 2000s. The first sales outside Poland were to the UK in 2004 (a total of 16 AT-3s have since been sold to the UK). The aircraft has also proved popular in France with a similar number of sales. Further examples operate in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain and Hungary. As of early 2014, approx 70 Aero AT-3 aircraft have been delivered to customers in Europe, North Africa and Asia. Over 20 LSA variants (AT-4) have been supplied to the North American market. The aircraft are primarily used by flight training organisations with a smaller number of private owners. Variants with glass cockpits and certified for Night VFR have also been delivered in recent years.

Variants

 * AT-3 SK
 * Standard Kit, homebuilt variant.

 * AT-3 R100
 * Factory-built variant to EASA-VLA standards.

 * AT-4
 * Light-sport aircraft version for the US market, also sold as the Gobosh 700.

title: Aero AT-3


text: Category:United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest


text:
User:AikoS

Hello, nice to meet you!

I'm a doctoral student in Tokyo (Japan) and belong to a laboratory of inorganic chemistry. Although we say 'inorganic chemistry' in a single phrase, we are studying about metal complexes related to a variety of fields such as interfaces, organometallics, nanoparticles, polymers and so on.

Incidentally, my study is about constructing photofunctional interfaces using metal complexes and azobenzene. I can learn about organic synthesis, metalcomplexes, self-assembled monolayers, electrochemistry, and photochemistry through this study. It's usually difficult for me, but all of them are very interesting.

Thank you for reading to the end. I'd like to see you again through my topics.

title: User:AikoS


text:
Hypocapnia

Hypocapnia (from the Greek words υπό meaning below normal and καπνός kapnós meaning smoke), also known as hypocarbia, sometimes incorrectly called acapnia, is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia usually results from deep or rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation.

Hypocapnia is the opposite of hypercapnia.

Effects
Even when marked, hypocapnia is normally well tolerated. Symptoms include tingling sensation (usually in the limbs), abnormal heartbeat, painful muscle cramps, and seizures. Acute hypocapnia causes hypocapnic alkalosis, which causes cerebral vasoconstriction leading to cerebral hypoxia, and this can cause transient dizziness, fainting, and anxiety. A low partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood also causes alkalosis (because CO2 is acidic in solution), leading to lowered plasma calcium ions (Hypocalcaemia), causing increased nerve and muscle excitability. This explains the other common symptoms of hyperventilation—pins and needles, muscle cramps and tetany in the extremities, especially hands and feet.

Because the brain stem regulates breathing by monitoring the level of blood CO2 instead of O2, hypocapnia can suppress breathing to the point of blackout from cerebral hypoxia, as exhibited in shallow water blackout.

Hypocapnia also results in bronchoconstriction in order to decrease ventilation. This mechanism is meant to counteract hyperventilation, and decrease the amount of oxygen coming into the lungs. The body's "goal" is to have a relatively even ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Chemoreceptors in the body sense a change in partial pressures and pH (hydrogen ion concentration) in the blood. Chemoreceptors are responsible for signaling vasoconstriction, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and bronchodilation.

Causes
The main physiologic causes of hypocapnia are related to hyperventilation. Hypocapnia is sometimes induced in the treatment of medical emergencies such as intracranial hypertension and hyperkalemia.

Self-induced hypocapnia through hyperventilation is the basis for the dangerous schoolyard fainting game. Deliberate hyperventilation has been used by underwater breath-hold divers for the purpose of extending dive time as it effectively reduces respiratory drive due to low levels. This allows one to break their standard limit of breath holding, at an increased risk of shallow water blackout (which is a significant cause of drownings). This risk is caused due to air hunger being reduced (due to low blood carbon dioxide levels) but oxygen levels not being increased. In fact hypocapnia reduces the oxygen levels available to the brain due to the elevated affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin (Bohr effect) hence highly increasing the chances of blackout.

Neonatal infants
Monitoring the level of carbon dioxide in neonatal infants to ensure that the level is not too high (hypercarbia) or too low is important for improving outcomes for neonates in intensive care. Carbon dioxide can be monitored by taking a blood sample (arterial blood gas), through the breath (exhalation), and it can be measured continuously through the skin by using a minimally invasive transcutaneous device. The most effective and safest approach for measuring carbon dioxide in newborn infants is not clear.

title: Hypocapnia


text:
X-ray spectroscopy

X-ray spectroscopy is a general term for several spectroscopic techniques for characterization of materials by using x-ray radiation.

Characteristic X-ray spectroscopy
When an electron from the inner shell of an atom is excited by the energy of a photon, it moves to a higher energy level. When it returns to the low energy level, the energy which it previously gained by the excitation is emitted as a photon which has a wavelength that is characteristic for the element (there could be several characteristic wavelengths per element). Analysis of the X-ray emission spectrum produces qualitative results about the elemental composition of the specimen. Comparison of the specimen's spectrum with the spectra of samples of known composition produces quantitative results (after some mathematical corrections for absorption, fluorescence and atomic number). Atoms can be excited by a high-energy beam of charged particles such as electrons (in an electron microscope for example), protons (see PIXE) or a beam of X-rays (see X-ray fluorescence, or XRF or also recently in transmission XRT). These methods enable elements from the entire periodic table to be analysed, with the exception of H, He and Li. In electron microscopy an electron beam excites X-rays; there are two main techniques for analysis of spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS). In X-Ray Transmission (XRT), the equivalent atomic composition (Zeff) is captured based on photoelectric and Compton effects.

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
In an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, a semiconductor detector measures energy of incoming photons. To maintain detector integrity and resolution it should be cooled with liquid nitrogen or by Peltier cooling. EDS is widely employed in electron microscopes (where imaging rather than spectroscopy is a main task) and in cheaper and/or portable XRF units.

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
In a wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, a single crystal diffracts the photons according to Bragg's law, which are then collected by a detector. By moving the diffraction crystal and detector relative to each other, a wide region of the spectrum can be observed. To observe a large spectral range, three of four different single crystals may be needed. In contrast to EDS, WDS is a method of sequential spectrum acquisition. While WDS is slower than EDS and more sensitive to the positioning of the sample in the spectrometer, it has superior spectral resolution and sensitivity. WDS is widely used in microprobes (where X-ray microanalysis is the main task) and in XRF; it is widely used in the field of X-ray diffraction to calculate various data such as interplanar spacing and wavelength of the incident X-ray using Bragg's law.

X-ray emission spectroscopy
The father-and-son scientific team of William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg, who were 1915 Nobel Prize Winners, were the original pioneers in developing X-ray emission spectroscopy. An example of a spectrometer developed by William Henry Bragg, which was used by both father and son to investigate the structure of crystals, can be seen at the Science Museum, London. Jointly they measured the X-ray wavelengths of many elements to high precision, using high-energy electrons as excitation source. The cathode ray tube or an x-ray tube was the method used to pass electrons through a crystal of numerous elements. They also painstakingly produced numerous diamond-ruled glass diffraction gratings for their spectrometers. The law of diffraction of a crystal is called Bragg's law in their honor.

Intense and wavelength-tunable X-rays are now typically generated with synchrotrons. In a material, the X-rays may suffer an energy loss compared to the incoming beam. This energy loss of the re-emerging beam reflects an internal excitation of the atomic system, an X-ray analogue to the well-known Raman spectroscopy that is widely used in the optical region.

In the X-ray region there is sufficient energy to probe changes in the electronic state (transitions between orbitals; this is in contrast with the optical region, where the energy loss is often due to changes in the state of the rotational or vibrational degrees of freedom). For instance, in the ultra soft X-ray region (below about 1 keV), crystal field excitations give rise to the energy loss.

The photon-in-photon-out process may be thought of as a scattering event. When the x-ray energy corresponds to the binding energy of a core-level electron, this scattering process is resonantly enhanced by many orders of magnitude. This type of X-ray emission spectroscopy is often referred to as resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS).

Due to the wide separation of orbital energies of the core levels, it is possible to select a certain atom of interest. The small spatial extent of core level orbitals forces the RIXS process to reflect the electronic structure in close vicinity of the chosen atom. Thus, RIXS experiments give valuable information about the local electronic structure of complex systems, and theoretical calculations are relatively simple to perform.

Instrumentation
There exist several efficient designs for analyzing an X-ray emission spectrum in the ultra soft X-ray region. The figure of merit for such instruments is the spectral throughput, i.e. the product of detected intensity and spectral resolving power. Usually, it is possible to change these parameters within a certain range while keeping their product constant.

Grating spectrometers
Usually X-ray diffraction in spectrometers is achieved on crystals, but in Grating spectrometers, the X-rays emerging from a sample must pass a source-defining slit, then optical elements (mirrors and/or gratings) disperse them by diffraction according to their wavelength and, finally, a detector is placed at their focal points.

Spherical grating mounts
Henry Augustus Rowland (1848–1901) devised an instrument that allowed the use of a single optical element that combines diffraction and focusing: a spherical grating. Reflectivity of X-rays is low, regardless of the used material and therefore, grazing incidence upon the grating is necessary. X-ray beams impinging on a smooth surface at a few degrees glancing angle of incidence undergo external total reflection which is taken advantage of to enhance the instrumental efficiency substantially.

Denoted by R the radius of a spherical grating. Imagine a circle with half the radius R tangent to the center of the grating surface. This small circle is called the Rowland circle. If the entrance slit is anywhere on this circle, then a beam passing the slit and striking the grating will be split into a specularly reflected beam, and beams of all diffraction orders, that come into focus at certain points on the same circle.

Plane grating mounts
Similar to optical spectrometers, a plane grating spectrometer first needs optics that turns the divergent rays emitted by the x-ray source into a parallel beam. This may be achieved by using a parabolic mirror. The parallel rays emerging from this mirror strike a plane grating (with constant groove distance) at the same angle and are diffracted according to their wavelength. A second parabolic mirror then collects the diffracted rays at a certain angle and creates an image on a detector. A spectrum within a certain wavelength range can be recorded simultaneously by using a two-dimensional position-sensitive detector such as a microchannel photomultiplier plate or an X-ray sensitive CCD chip (film plates are also possible to use).

Interferometers
Instead of using the concept of multiple beam interference that gratings produce, the two rays may simply interfere. By recording the intensity of two such co-linearly at some fixed point and changing their relative phase one obtains an intensity spectrum as a function of path length difference. One can show that this is equivalent to a Fourier transformed spectrum as a function of frequency. The highest recordable frequency of such a spectrum is dependent on the minimum step size chosen in the scan and the frequency resolution (i.e. how well a certain wave can be defined in terms of its frequency) depends on the maximum path length difference achieved. The latter feature allows a much more compact design for achieving high resolution than for a grating spectrometer because x-ray wavelengths are small compared to attainable path length differences.

Early history of X-ray spectroscopy in the U.S.
Philips Gloeilampen Fabrieken, headquartered in Eindhoven in the Netherlands, got its start as a manufacturer of light bulbs, but quickly evolved until it is now one of the leading manufacturers of electrical apparatus, electronics, and related products including X-ray equipment. It also has had one of the world's largest R&D labs. In 1940, the Netherlands was overrun by Hitler’s Germany. The company was able to transfer a substantial sum of money to a company that it set up as an R&D laboratory in an estate in Irvington on the Hudson in NY. As an extension to their work on light bulbs, the Dutch company had developed a line of X-ray tubes for medical applications that were powered by transformers. These X-ray tubes could also be used in scientific X-ray instrumentations, but there was very little commercial demand for the latter. As a result, management decided to try to develop this market and they set up development groups in their research labs in both Holland and the United States.

They hired Dr. Ira Duffendack, a professor at University of Michigan and a world expert on infrared research to head the lab and to hire a staff. In 1951 he hired Dr. David Miller as Assistant Director of Research. Dr. Miller had done research on X-ray instrumentation at Washington University in St. Louis. Dr. Duffendack also hired Dr. Bill Parish, a well known researcher in X-ray diffraction, to head up the section of the lab on X-ray instrumental development. X-ray diffraction units were widely used in academic research departments to do crystal analysis. An essential component of a diffraction unit was a very accurate angle measuring device known as a goniometer. Such units were not commercially available, so each investigator had do try to make their own. Dr Parrish decided this would be a good device to use to generate an instrumental market, so his group designed and learned how to manufacture a goniometer. This market developed quickly and, with the readily available tubes and power supplies, a complete diffraction unit was made available and was successfully marketed.

The U.S. management did not want the laboratory to be converted to a manufacturing unit so it decided to set up a commercial unit to further develop the X-ray instrumentation market. In 1953 Norelco Electronics was established in Mount Vernon, NY, dedicated to the sale and support of X-ray instrumentation. It included a sales staff, a manufacturing group, an engineering department and an applications lab. Dr. Miller was transferred from the lab to head up the engineering department. The sales staff sponsored three schools a year, one in Mount Vernon, one in Denver, and one in San Francisco. The week-long school curricula reviewed the basics of X-ray instrumentation and the specific application of Norelco products. The faculty were members of the engineering department and academic consultants. The schools were well attended by academic and industrial R&D scientists. The engineering department was also a new product development group. It added an X-ray spectrograph to the product line very quickly and contributed other related products for the next 8 years.

The applications lab was an essential sales tool. When the spectrograph was introduced as a quick and accurate analytical chemistry device, it was met with widespread skepticism. All research facilities had a chemistry department and analytical analysis was done by “wet chemistry” methods. The idea of doing this analysis by physics instrumentation was considered suspect. To overcome this bias, the salesman would ask a prospective customer for a task the customer was doing by “wet methods”. The task would be given to the applications lab and they would demonstrate how accurately and quickly it could be done using the X-ray units. This proved to be a very strong sales tool, particularly when the results were published in the Norelco Reporter, a technical journal issued monthly by the company with wide distribution to commercial and academic institutions.

An X-ray spectrograph consists of a high voltage power supply (50 kV or 100 kV), a broad band X-ray tube, usually with a tungsten anode and a beryllium window, a specimen holder, an analyzing crystal, a goniometer, and an X-ray detector device. These are arranged as shown in Fig. 1.

Since the alpha line is often the only line of interest in many industrial applications, the final device in the Norelco X- ray spectrographic instrument line was the Autrometer. This device could be programmed to automatically read at any desired two theta angle for any desired time interval.

Soon after the Autrometer was introduced, Philips decided to stop marketing X-ray instruments developed in both the U.S. and Europe and settled on offering only the Eindhoven line of instruments.

In 1961, during the development of the Autrometer, Norelco was given a sub-contract from the Jet Propulsion Lab. The Lab was working on the instrument package for the Surveyor spaceship. The composition of the Moon’s surface was of major interest and the use of an X-ray detection instrument was viewed as a possible solution. Working with a power limit of 30 watts was very challenging, and a device was delivered but it wasn’t used. Later NASA developments did lead to an X-ray spectrographic unit that did make the desired moon soil analysis.

The Norelco efforts faded but the use of X-ray spectroscopy in units known as XRF instruments continued to grow. With a boost from NASA, units were finally reduced to handheld size and are seeing widespread use. Units are available from Bruker, Thermo Scientific, Elvatech Ltd. and SPECTRA.

Other types of X-ray spectroscopy

 * X-ray absorption spectroscopy
 * X-ray magnetic circular dichroism

title: X-ray spectroscopy


text:
Talk:Second Macedonian War

Untitled
Illyria was certainly a Roman province before 9 BC - I had though 167 BC, with indirect dominance for some decades before that, although I'm not certain. The hinterlands up to the Danube were not conquered until Augustus's time. But surely you know that there may have been someone named "Galba" who was not the same as the Roman emperor of that name. john k 06:31, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes you're right Illyria was a Roman province before well before 9 BC. Caesar had it in 59 BC.  The last king Genthius of Illyria was defeated by L. Anicus Gallus in 168 BC. But even after that there was no permanent Roman administration for a long time. Of course as you say there had been indirect Roman control for some time. As for the reference to "Galba", I had supposed that they meant P. Sulpicius Galba, consul in 200 BC who did have Macedonia for his province, during the war, I think. Paul August 00:02, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Second Macedonian War


text:
Category:Philosophical logic

Understood in a narrow sense, philosophical logic is the area of logic that studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems, often in the form of extended logical systems like modal logic, which forms one field of inquiry within the philosophy of logic.

title: Category:Philosophical logic


text:
Hooglanderveen

Hooglanderveen is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Amersfoort, and lies about 4 km northeast of Amersfoort. It is notable for the presence of a large Catholic church.

Formerly, the village of Hooglanderveen was located outside of the city limits of Amersfoort, but the new residential areas of Nieuwland and Vathorst now mean that Hooglanderveen is surrounded by the city from three sides.

It was first mentioned in 1899 as Hooglanderveen, and means moorland of Hoogland. In 1918, a Catholic church was built in Hooglanderveen.

title: Hooglanderveen