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Matt Chamberlain

Matthew Chamberlain (born April 17, 1967) is an American session musician, drummer, producer and songwriter. He has played with various artists, including Pearl Jam, Edie Brickell & New Bohemians, David Bowie, Tori Amos, The Wallflowers, Elton John, Fiona Apple, Bob Dylan, Brandi Carlile, Garbage, Macy Gray, Soundgarden, Painted Shield.

Biography
Chamberlain was born in San Pedro, California on April 17, 1967. He began learning how to play the drums at 15 years old, taking lessons with David Garibaldi from the band Tower of Power. He attended North Texas State's music program, leaving after less than a year. After leaving college, he moved to Dallas, Texas and played with multiple bands in the Dallas Deep Ellum music scene.

While in Texas, he joined the band Edie Brickell & New Bohemians, and was the drummer on their album, "Ghost of A Dog."

He was the second drummer of the band Pearl Jam and played with them for about three weeks in the summer of 1991. He was in their music video for their song "Alive."

During the 1991 and 1992 season, he was a drummer for the house band of Saturday Night Live.

Along with Skerik, Brad Houser and Mike Dillon, he co-created the jazz-fusion band Critters Buggin.

In 2016, 2019 and 2021, he won Modern Drummer magazine's readers poll in the Studio Musician category. In 2014 he filled in for drummer Matt Cameron in Soundgarden. He played over 51 shows with them through South America, Europe and a co-headlining tour with Nine Inch Nails in the United States.

He was the Music Director for More Music at The Moore Theatre Seattle, Washington, in 2019 and 2020.

Chamberlain joined Bob Dylan's Never Ending Tour in 2019 and played on his 2020 release Rough and Rowdy Ways.

Selected discography
as leader
 * Matt Chamberlain (Web Of Mimicry, 2005)
 * Company 23 (Independent, 2012)
 * Comet B (Independent, 2016)

with Critters Buggin
 * Guest (Loosegroove, 1994)
 * Host (Loosegroove, 1997)
 * Monkeypot Merganzer (Independent, 1997)
 * Bumpa (Loosegroove, 1998)
 * Amoeba (Loosegroove, 1998)
 * Stampede (Ropeadope, 2004)
 * Live in 95 at the OK Hotel - Seattle 1995 (Independent, 2009)
 * Muti EP (Independent, 2014)

with Floratone (Bill Frisell, Tucker Martine & Lee Townsend)
 * Floratone (Blue Note, 2007)
 * Floratone II (Savoy Jazz, 2012)

with Sean Watkins & Matt Chamberlain Duo
 * Sean Watkins & Matt Chamberlain (Self Released, 2020)

with Slow Music Project (Bill Rieflin, Robert Fripp, Peter Buck, Fred Chalenor, Hector Zazou, Matt Chamberlain)
 * Live El Rey Theater, May 13 2006 (DGM Live)
 * Live The Coach House, May 12 2006 (DGM Live)
 * Live Largo, May 11 2006 (DGM Live)
 * Live Great American Music Hall, May 9 2006 (DGM Live)
 * Live Showbox, May 6 2006 (DGM Live)
 * Live Aladdin Theater May 5 2006 (DGM Live)

with Painted Shield
 * Painted Shield (Loosegroove, 2020)
 * Painted Shield 2 (Loosegroove, 2022)

as a sideman

with Bob Dylan
 * Rough and Rowdy Ways (Columbia, 2020)

with A Perfect Circle
 * Eat the Elephant (BMG, 2018)

with Amos Lee
 * My New Moon (Dualtone Music Group, Inc., 2018)

with Brandi Carlile
 * The Story (Columbia, 2007)
 * Bear Creek (Columbia, 2012)

with Perfume Genius
 * Set My Heart on Fire Immediately (Matador Records, 2020)
 * Eye In The Wall (Matador Records, 2020)

with Brad Mehldau
 * Largo (Warner Bros, 2002)
 * Highway Rider (Nonesuch Records, 2010)

with Bruce Springsteen
 * Wrecking Ball (Columbia, 2012)
 * Western Stars (Columbia, 2019)

with Jars of Clay
 * Inland (Gray Matters, 2013)

with Shelby Lynne
 * Love, Shelby (Island Records, 2001)

with Kanye West
 * Late Registration (Uncredited) (Def Jam Roc-A-Fella, 2005)

with Leonard Cohen
 * Thanks for the Dance (Columbia Records, 2019)

with Chris Cornell
 * Higher Truth (UM, 2015)

with The Wallflowers
 * Bringing Down the Horse (Interscope Records, 1996)
 * Breach (Interscope, 2000)

with Chris Isaak
 * Speak of the Devil (Reprise Records, 1998)

with Stevie Nicks
 * Trouble in Shangri-La (Reprise Records, 2001)

with David Bowie
 * Heathen (Columbia Records, 2002)
 * Reality (Columbia Records, 2003)

with Edie Brickell and New Bohemians
 * Ghost of a Dog (Geffen, 1990)

with Elton John
 * Songs from the West Coast (Mercury Records, 2001)

with Fiona Apple
 * Tidal (Columbia Records, 1996)
 * When the Pawn... (Epic Records, 1999)

with Frank Ocean
 * Channel Orange (Def Jam, 2012)

with John Mayer
 * Heavier Things (Aware Columbia, 2003)

with Laura Marling
 * Semper Femina (More Alarming Records, 2017)

with Mac Miller
 * Circles (Warner, 2020)

with Macy Gray
 * On How Life Is (Epic Records, 1999)

with Of Montreal
 * False Priest (Polyvinyl, 2010)
 * The Controllersphere (Polyvinyl, 2011)

with Phantogram
 * Voices (Republic, 2014)
 * Three (Republic, 2016)

with Peter Gabriel
 * Flotsam and Jetsam (Real World, Virgin EMI, Republic, 2019)

with Randy Newman
 * Dark Matter (Nonesuch, 2017)

with Robbie Williams
 * Intensive Care (Chrysalis Records, 2005)

with Sara Bareilles
 * Little Voice (Epic, 2007)
 * Kaleidoscope Heart (Epic, 2010)

with Sam Phillips
 * Omnipop (It's Only a Flesh Wound Lambchop) (Virgin Records, 1996)

with Rufus Wainwright
 * Unfollow the Rules (BMG, 2020)

with Sean Lennon
 * Friendly Fire (Parlophone, Capitol, EMI, 2006)

with Tori Amos
 * From the Choirgirl Hotel (Atlantic, 1998)
 * To Venus and Back (Atlantic, 1999)
 * Strange Little Girls (Atlantic, 2001)
 * Scarlet's Walk (Epic, 2002)
 * The Beekeeper (Epic, 2005)
 * American Doll Posse (Epic, 2007)
 * Abnormally Attracted to Sin (Universal Republic, 2009)
 * Midwinter Graces (Universal Republic, 2009)
 *  Christmastide (Universal Republic, 2020)
 * Ocean To Ocean (Decca, 2021)

with Willie Nelson and Miranda Lambert
 * Restoration: Reimagining the Songs of Elton John and Bernie Taupin (Universal Nashville, 2018)

with The Who
 * Who (Polydor, 2019)

with Lorde
 * Solar Power (Universal Music New Zealand Limited, 2021)

with Amber Arcades
 * Barefoot on Diamond Road (Fire Records, 2023)

with Zola Jesus
 * Arkhon (Sacred Bones Records, 2022)

with Ghost
 * Phantomime (Loma Vista Recordings, 2023)

Movie soundtracks

 * Trainwreck
 * Man of Steel
 * Frozen

title: Matt Chamberlain


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Home advantage

In team sports, the term home advantage – also called home ground, home field, home-field advantage, home court, home-court advantage, defender's advantage or home-ice advantage – describes the benefit that the home team is said to gain over the visiting team. This benefit has been attributed to psychological effects supporting fans have on the competitors or referees; to psychological or physiological advantages of playing near home in familiar situations; to the disadvantages away teams suffer from changing time zones or climates, or from the rigors of travel; and in some sports, to specific rules that favor the home team directly or indirectly. In baseball and cricket in particular, the difference may also be the result of the home team having been assembled to take advantage of the idiosyncrasies of the home ballpark/ground, such as the distances to the outfield walls/boundaries; most other sports are played in standardized venues.

The term is also widely used in "best-of" playoff formats (e.g., best-of-seven) as being given to the team that is scheduled to play one more game at home than their opponent if all necessary games are played.

In many sports, such designations may also apply to games played at a neutral site, as the rules of various sports make different provisions for home and visiting teams. In baseball, for instance, the visiting team always bats first in each inning. Therefore, one team must be chosen to be the "visitor" when games are played at neither team's home field. Likewise, there are uncommon instances in which a team playing a game at their home venue is officially the visiting team, and their opponent officially the home team, such as when a game originally scheduled to play at one venue must be postponed and is later resumed at the other team's venue.

Advantages
In most team sports, the home or hosting team is considered to have a significant advantage over the away or visiting team. Due to this, many important games (such as playoff or elimination matches) in many sports have special rules for determining what match is played where. In association football, matches with two legs, one game played in each team's "home", are common. It is also common to hold important games, such as the Super Bowl, at a neutral site in which the location is determined years in advance. In many team sports in North America (including baseball, basketball, and ice hockey), playoff series are often held with a nearly equal number of games at each team's site. However, as it is usually beneficial to have an odd number of matches in a series (to prevent ties), the final home game is often awarded to the team that had more success over the regular season.

An example is UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League and UEFA Europa Conference League home and away legs, with weaker teams often beating the favourites when playing at home. The World Cup victories of Uruguay (1930), Italy (1934), England (1966), Germany (1974), Argentina (1978) and France (1998) are all in part attributed to the fact that the World Cup was held in the winner's country. A 2006 study by The Times found that in the English Premiership, a home team can be expected to score 37.29% more goals than the away team, though this changes depending on the quality of the teams involved. Others have suggested that the increase in British medals during the 2012 Olympics may have been impacted by home court advantage. (However, having home court did not help Canada at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, the only Summer Games at which the hosting country failed to win a single gold medal.)

The strength of the home advantage varies for different sports, regions, seasons, and divisions. For all sports, it seems to be strongest in the early period after the creation of a new league. The effect seems to have become somewhat weaker in some sports in recent decades.

Adams & Kupper (1994) described home-field advantage as an expertise deficiency. They demonstrated that, in theory and in practice, home-field advantage decreases as superiority of performance increases. They also showed that home-field advantage is not applicable for no-hit major league baseball games for pitchers who either replicated performance by winning two or more no-hitters or amassed a large number of career wins. Their general finding was that home-field advantage is a metric for the inability to maintain performance independent of environment and that this metric is inversely related to variables of expertise.

In recognition of the difficulty in winning away matches, cup competitions in association football often invoke the away goals rule. Away goals can also sometimes be used to separate teams level on points and goal difference in league competitions.

Factors related to the location and the venue
There are many causes that attribute to home advantage, such as crowd involvement (for instance Marek and Vávra (2024) conducted a study on ice hockey results during COVID-19, where no spectators were allowed at matches), travel considerations, and environmental factors. The most commonly cited factors of home advantage are usually factors which are difficult to measure and so even their existence is debated. Most of these are psychological in nature: the home teams are familiar with the playing venue; they can lodge in their homes, rather than in a hotel, and so have less far to travel before the game; and they have the psychological support of the home fans.

Other factors, however, are easier to detect and can have noticeable effects on the outcome of the game. In American football, for instance, the crowd often makes as much noise as it can when the visiting team is about to run a play. That can make it very difficult for the visiting team's quarterback to call audible play changes, or for any player to hear the snap count. In contrast, the crowd is often quiet while the home team is on offense, and that enables the quarterback to use the hard count intended to draw the defense offsides as the defense can hear the hard count. In basketball, when a visiting player is making a free throw, home fans behind the backboard typically wave their arms or other objects in an attempt to break the visiting player's focus on making the shot. Environmental factors such as weather and altitude are easy to measure, yet their effects are debatable, as both teams have to play in the same conditions; but the home team may be more acclimated to local conditions with difficult environments, such as extremely warm or cold weather, or high altitude (such as the case of Denver teams, as well as the Mexico national football team, many of whose home matches are played in Mexico City).

The stadium or arena will typically be filled with home supporters, who are sometimes described as being as valuable as an extra player for the home team. The home fans can sometimes create a psychological lift by cheering loudly for their team when good things happen in the game. The home crowd can also intimidate visiting players by booing, whistling, or heckling. Generally the home fans vastly outnumber the visiting team's supporters. While some visiting fans may travel to attend the game, home team fans will generally have better access to tickets and easier transport to the event, thus in most cases they outnumber the visitors' fans (although in local derbies and crosstown rivalries this may not always be the case). In some sports, such as association football, sections of the stadium will be reserved for supporters of one team or the other (to prevent fan violence) but the home team's fans will have the bulk of the seating available to them. In addition, stadium/arena light shows, sound effects, fireworks, cheerleaders, and other means to enliven the crowd will be in support of the home team. Stadium announcers in many sports will emphasize the home team's goals and lineup to excite the crowd.

Ryan Boyko, a research assistant in the Department of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, studied 5,000 English Premier League games from 1992 to 2006, to discern any officiating bias and the influence of home crowds. The data was published in the Journal of Sports Sciences and suggested that for every additional 10,000 people attending, home team advantage increased by 0.1 goals. Additionally, his study found that home teams are likely to be awarded more penalty kicks, and this is more likely with inexperienced referees.

Further, home players can be accustomed to peculiar environmental conditions of their home area. The city of Denver, being 1 mile above sea level, has thinner air, enough so that it affects the stamina of athletes whose bodies are not used to it. Although baseball is less aerobically demanding than many other sports, high altitude affects that sport's game play in several important ways. Denver's combination of altitude and a semi-arid climate (the city averages only about 16 in/400 mm precipitation annually) allows fly balls to travel about 10% farther than at sea level, and also slightly reduces the ability of a pitcher to throw an effective breaking ball. The low humidity also causes baseballs to dry out, making it harder for pitchers to grip them and further reducing their ability to throw breaking balls. The Colorado Rockies have a very large home advantage. This anomaly has been countered with Colorado's innovative use of humidors to keep the baseballs from drying out. Denver's altitude advantage has also come into play in gridiron football; the second longest field goal in National Football League history took place in Denver, as did the longest recorded punt. The national association football team of Bolivia also enjoys the advantage of playing at high altitude: at home during World Cup qualifiers at the even more extreme 3,600 m (11,800 ft) altitude of La Paz they have even been known to beat Brazil, a team regularly ranked number one in the FIFA World Rankings. More recently, Bolivia beat Argentina, who were ranked sixth in the world, 6–1 on April 1, 2009, Argentina's heaviest defeat since 1958. In cricket, the condition of the pitch and the behaviour of the ball when it bounces off the pitch varies significantly in different parts of the world, and consequently the players on the visiting team must adjust to the ball behaving in an unfamiliar way to be successful on foreign surfaces; additionally, the home team has the right to adjust the preparation of its pitches in a manner which specifically enhances its own strengths or exacerbates its opponent's weaknesses.

The weather can also play a major factor. For example, the February average temperature minimum in Tel Aviv, Israel is 50 F, while the average at the same time in Kazan, Russia is 10 F, with snow being common. This means that when Rubin Kazan played at home to Hapoel Tel Aviv in the 2009-10 UEFA Europa League, Hapoel needed to acclimatize and were therefore at a disadvantage. Hapoel duly lost the match 3–0. This advantage, however, can also be a disadvantage to the home team, as weather conditions can impede the home team as much as the visitors: the Buffalo Bills, whose home stadium (Highmark Stadium) is subject to high and unpredictable winds and lake-effect snow in the late fall and early winter, regularly suffer large numbers of injuries late in the season.

Sometimes the unique attributes of a stadium create a home-field advantage. The unique off-white Teflon-coated roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome trapped and reflected noise to such an extent that it was distracting or even harmful. This, combined with the color of the roof, caused opposing baseball players to commit more errors in the Dome than in other ballparks. While this is no longer an issue for opponents of the Minnesota Twins with that team's 2010 move to the open-air Target Field, it remained important to the many college baseball teams that played games in the Dome until its late 2013 closing. Hard Rock Stadium, the home stadium of the NFL's Miami Dolphins, is designed in such a way that when the sun is overhead, the home sideline is in the shade while the visitors sideline is directly in the suns path. This, combined with the hot tropical climate South Florida receives, can lead to differences of up to 30 degrees Fahrenheit or more between the two sidelines, with the visiting sideline temperature getting as high as 120 °F (49 °C). The parquet floor at the Boston Celtics' former home of Boston Garden contained many defects, which were said to give the Celtics, who were more likely to be familiar with the playing surface, an advantage. During the 1985–1986 season, the Larry Bird-led Celtics posted a home court record of 40–1; this record still stands in the NBA. Memorial Gymnasium, the venue for men's and women's basketball at Vanderbilt University, was built in 1952 with the team benches at the ends of the court instead of along one of the sidelines, a setup that was not unusual at the time. However, the configuration is now unique in U.S. major-college sports, and has been said to give the Commodores an edge because opposing coaches are not used to directing their teams from the baseline. Cherry Hill Arena, a New Jersey-based arena in the southern suburbs of Philadelphia, had a number of idiosyncrasies that its home teams used to their advantage but earned the arena an extremely poor reputation, including a slanted ice surface that forced opponents to skate the majority of the game uphill and lack of showers for the visiting team.

Sports Illustrated, in a 17 January 2011 article, reported that home crowds, rigor of travel for visiting teams, scheduling, and unique home field characteristics, were not factors in giving home teams an advantage. The journal concluded that it was favorable treatment by game officials and referees that conferred advantages on home teams. They stated that sports officials are unwittingly and psychologically influenced by home crowds and the influence is significant enough to affect the outcomes of sporting events in favor of the home team.

Other research has found that crowd support, travel fatigue, geographical distance, pitch familiarity, and referee bias do not have a strong effect when each factor is considered alone suggesting that it is the combination of several different factors that creates the overall home advantage effect. An evolutionary psychology explanation for the home advantage effect refers to observed behavioral and physiological responses in animals when they are defending their home territory against intruders. This causes a rise in aggression and testosterone levels in the defenders. A similar effect has been observed in football with testosterone levels being significantly higher in home games than in away games. Goalkeepers, the last line of defense, have particularly strong testosterone changes when playing against a bitter rival as compared to a training season. How testosterone may influence results is unclear but may include cognitive effects such as motivation and physiological effects such as reaction time.

An extreme example of home advantage was the 2013 Nigeria Premier League; each of the 20 teams lost at most 3 of 19 home matches and won at most 3 of 19 away matches. Paul Doyle ascribed this to visiting teams' facing "violent crowds, questionable refereeing and [...] [a]rriving just before kick-off after long road trips, often on hazardous surfaces".

The 2020–21 NHL season saw major disruption due to COVID-19-restricted conditions that resulted in bubble playoffs and ghost games, as fans were unable to attend in person. New research has shown that this led to a significant drop to home advantage compared with the previous six seasons. In 592 games played under the restricted conditions through March, home teams suffered a decline of 10% while road teams’ win rates increased by 7%.

Factors related to the game rules
In a number of sports, the hosting team has the advantage of playing with their first choice uniforms, while the visiting team wears their alternative away/road colors. Some sports leagues simply state that the team wears its away uniforms only when its primary jerseys would clash with the colors of the home team, while other leagues mandate that visiting teams must always wear their away colors regardless. However, sometimes teams wear their alternative uniforms by choice. This is especially true in North American sports where generally one uniform is white or grey, and "Color vs. color" games (e.g., blue vs. red uniforms) are a rarity, having been discouraged in the era of black-and-white television. Many teams from warm-weather cities may wear their white uniforms at home, forcing their opponent to wear dark uniforms in the hot weather. An exception is a rule in high school American football (except Texas, which plays by NCAA football rules), requiring the home team to wear dark jerseys and the visiting team to wear white jerseys, which may work as a disadvantage to the home team in hot-weather games.

In ice hockey, there are at least three distinct rule-related advantages for the home team. The first is referred to as "last change", where during stoppages of play, the home team is allowed to make player substitutions after the visiting team does (unless the home team ices the puck, in which case no substitutions are allowed). This allows the home team to obtain favorable player matchups. This rule makes the home team designation important even in games played on neutral ice. Traditionally, the second advantage was that when lining up for the face-off, the away team's centre always had to place his stick on the ice before the centre of the home team. However, in both the NHL and international rule sets, this now applies only for face-offs at the centre-ice spot; when a face-off takes place anywhere else on the ice, the defending centre has to place his stick first. The centre who is allowed to place his stick last gains the ability to time the face-off better and gives him greater odds of winning it. The third advantage is that the home team has the benefit of choosing whether to take the first or second attempt in a shootout.

In baseball, the home team – which bats in the bottom half of each inning – enjoys the advantage of being able to end the game immediately if it has the lead in the ninth inning (or other scheduled final inning) or in extra innings. If the home team is leading at the end of the top half of the ninth inning, the game ends without the bottom half being played. If the home team is trailing or the score is tied in the bottom half of the ninth inning or any extra inning, the game ends immediately if the home team takes the lead; the visiting team does not get another opportunity to score and the home team does not have to protect their lead. On the other hand, if the visiting team has the lead when the top half of the ninth inning or extra inning ends, the home team still gets an opportunity to score and so the visiting team must protect their lead. In addition, in the late innings, the home team knows how many runs they need to win or tie, and can therefore strategize accordingly. For example, in a tie game in the ninth inning or extra innings, the home team may employ strategies such as bunting or stealing bases, which oftentimes increase the chance of scoring one run, but decrease the chance of scoring multiple runs.

Additionally in baseball, the host team is familiar with the unique dimensions of their home field yielding them advantages (pitching, hitting, fielding) over visiting teams. Before the Major League Baseball labor agreement that ended the 2021–22 lockout saw the designated hitter added permanently in the National League, the home league's rules concerning the designated hitter (DH) were followed during interleague games, including the World Series. This put AL teams at a disadvantage when they played in NL parks, as AL pitchers were typically not used to batting nor baserunning. NL teams at AL parks were at a disadvantage because a player who did not play often had to bat an entire game, usually on consecutive nights. The NL team's DH was a pinch-hitter who batted perhaps once every two or three games during the season, or alternated in a platoon system with other players (such as a catcher who does not start because the starting pitcher uses the other catcher), while the AL team's DH batted three or more times a game throughout the season.

Measuring and comparing of home-field advantage

Measuring the home-field advantage of a team (in a league with balanced schedule) requires a determination of the number of opponents for which the result at home-field was better ($$k_1$$), same ($$k_0$$), and worse ($$k_{-1}$$). Goals scored and conceded – in so called combined measure of home team advantage – are used to determine which results are better, same, and which are worse. Given two results between teams $$T_1$$ and $$T_2$$, $$h_{T_1}:a_{T_2}$$ played at $$T_1$$'s field and $$h_{T_2}:a_{T_1}$$played at $$T_2$$'s field, we can compute differences in scores (e.g. from $$T_1$$'s point of view): $$d_{h,T_1}=h_{T_1}-a_{T_2}$$and $$d_{a,T_1}=a_{T_1}-h_{T_2}$$. Team $$T_1$$ played better at home field if $$d_{h,T_1}>d_{a,T_1}$$, and $$T_1$$ played better at away field if $$d_{h,T_1}<d_{a,T_1}$$ (for example, if Arsenal won 3–1 at home against Chelsea, i.e. $$d_{h,Arsenal}=2$$, and Arsenal won 3–0 at Chelsea, i.e. $$d_{a,Arsenal}=3$$, then the result for Arsenal at home was worse). Same approach has to be used for all opponents in one season to obtain $$k_1$$, $$k_0$$, and $$k_{-1}$$.

Values of $$k_1$$, $$k_0$$, and $$k_{-1}$$ are used to estimate probabilities as $$\hat{p}_r=\frac{k_r+1}{K+3}, r=-1,0,1$$, where $$K$$ is total number of opponents in a league (this is Bayesian estimator). To test hypothesis that home-field advantage is statistically significant we can compute $$P(p_1>p_{-1})=1-I_{1/2}(k_1+1,k_{-1}+1)$$, where $$I_{1/2}$$ is incomplete gamma function. For example, Newcastle in 2015/2016 English Premier League season recorded better result at home field for 13 opponents, same result with 4 opponents, and worse result for two opponents; therefore $$P(p_1>p_{-1})=1-I_{1/2}(14,3)=0.998$$ and hypothesis about home team advantage can be accepted. This procedure was introduced and applied by Marek and Vávra (2017) on English Premier League seasons 1992/1993 – 2015/2016. Later, the procedure was finalised in Marek and Vávra (2020).

Marek and Vávra (2018) described procedure which allows to use observed counts of combined measure of home team advantage ($$k_1$$, $$k_0$$, and $$k_{-1}$$) in two leagues to be compared by the test for homogeneity of parallel samples (for the test see Rao (2002) ). The second proposed approach is based on distance between estimated probability description of home team advantage in two leagues ( $$\hat{p}_r=\frac{k_r}{K}, r=-1,0,1$$) which can be measured by Jeffrey divergence (a symmetric version of Kullback–Leibler divergence). They tested five top level English football leagues and two top level Spanish leagues between 2007/2008 and 2016/2017 season. The main result is that home team advantage in Spain is stronger. Spanish La Liga has the strongest home team advantage, and English football league two has the lowest home team advantage, among analysed leagues.

Comparison of home advantage in 19 European football leagues between the 2007/2008 and 2016/2017 seasons was made in Marek and Vávra (2024). They found that, among the analysed leagues, the Super League Greece had the strongest home advantage and English Football League Two had the lowest home advantage.

Gaining or losing home-field advantage
During the regular season for a sport, in the interest of fairness, schedulers try to ensure that each team plays an equal number of home and away games. Thus, having home-field advantage for any particular regular-season game is largely due to random chance. (This is only true for fully organized leagues with structured schedules; for a counterexample, college football schedules often have an imbalance in which the most successful and largest teams can negotiate more home appearances than mid-majors, a situation that was also prevalent in the early, disorganized years of the National Football League.)

However, in the playoffs, home advantage is usually given to the team with the higher seed (which may or may not have the better record), as is the case in the NFL, MLB, and Stanley Cup playoffs. One exception to this was MLB's World Series, which from 2003 to 2016, awarded home-field advantage to the team representing the league which won the All-Star Game that year, to help raise interest in the All-Star Game after a tie in 2002; before 2003, home-field advantage alternated each year between the National League and the American League. Starting in 2017, home-field advantage in the World Series is nowadays given to the team with the best regular season record. Home-ice advantage in the Stanley Cup Finals is given to the team with the best season record. The NBA is the only league that has home-court advantage based solely on which team has the best record (using various tiebreakers to settle the question should the teams finish with identical records).

For most championship series, such as the NBA Finals, the team with the better regular season record, regardless of seed, has home-court advantage.

Rugby union's European Rugby Champions Cup also uses a seeding system to determine home advantage in the quarterfinals (though not in the semifinals, where the nominal "home" teams are determined by a blind draw).

In many sports, playoffs consist of a 'series' of games played between two teams. These series are usually a best-of-5 or best-of-7 format, where the first team to win 3 or 4 games, respectively, wins the playoff. Since these best-of series always involve an odd number of games, it is impossible to guarantee that an equal number of games will be played at each team's home venue. As a result, the team with the better regular season record must be scheduled to have one more home game than the other. This team is said to have home-field advantage for that playoff series.

During the course of these playoff series, however, sports announcers or columnists will sometimes mention a team "gaining" or "losing" home-field advantage. This can happen after a visiting team has just won a game in the series. In playoff series format, the home-field advantage is said to exist for whichever team would win the series if all remaining games in the series are won by the home team for that game. Therefore, it is possible for a visiting team to win a game and, hence, gain home-field advantage. This is somewhat similar to the concept of losing serve in tennis.

As an example, in the 1982 NBA Finals, the Los Angeles Lakers played the Philadelphia 76ers, with the 76ers having earned home court advantage because of a better regular season record. Four games were scheduled to be played in Philadelphia, while three were scheduled in Los Angeles. If the home team were to win each game, then the 76ers would have won four games, the Lakers would have won three games, and the 76ers would have won the series, so we say that Philadelphia had the home-court advantage. However, the visiting Lakers won Game 1. Los Angeles now had one win, and there were three games remaining at each arena. The home team went on to win all of the remaining games in that series, so Los Angeles won four games, while Philadelphia won two (Game 7, which would have been played in Philadelphia, was omitted, as even if the 76ers won, they'd still lose the series 4–3). Since the Lakers won the series in this scenario, it is said that they have taken home-court advantage away from the 76ers.

In some cup competitions, (for example the FA Cup in all rounds prior to the semi-final), home advantage is determined by a random drawing. However, if the initial match is drawn (tied), home advantage for the replay is given to the other team.

Neutral venues
For certain sporting events, home advantage may be removed by use of a neutral venue. This may be a national stadium that is not a home stadium to any club (for example Wembley Stadium hosts the FA Cup Final and semi-finals). Alternatively the neutral venue may be the home stadium of another club, such as was used historically to stage FA Cup semi-finals.

If the venue is chosen before the start of the competition however, it is still possible for one team to gain home field advantage. For example, in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League, there have been four instances where a club has managed to reach the final hosted in its own stadium (1957, 1965, 1984, and 2012). Most recently Bayern Munich played (and lost) the 2012 final at their home stadium of Allianz Arena, as it was chosen as the venue in January 2010. In the Champions League Final, however, if the "home" shirt colors of both teams conflict (e.g. both are red) then there is a draw which assigns one of the teams their "away" shirt. The NFL's Super Bowl is also played in a venue chosen years in advance of the game. Super Bowl LV in 2021 was the first Super Bowl in which one of the participating teams was playing in its home stadium, as the Tampa Bay Buccaneers played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The next year saw the Los Angeles Rams play Super Bowl LVI at their home of SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California. Both games were awarded to their respective locations in 2017. Two other Super Bowls (XIV in 1980 and XIX in 1985) were played in neutral stadiums in the market area of one of the participating teams. Regardless, tickets are allocated equally between both competing teams, even if one happens to be playing in its own stadium.

Neutral-venue matches may arise out of necessity. For example, on December 12, 2010, the roof of the Minnesota Vikings' stadium, the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome collapsed due to a snowstorm. The Vikings were supposed to play against the New York Giants at the stadium the next day. The game was moved to the Detroit Lions' stadium, Ford Field. The following week, the Vikings' Monday Night Football game against the Chicago Bears was moved to the University of Minnesota's TCF Bank Stadium.

As part of a settlement for a 1992 strike by the NHL Players Association, the National Hockey League scheduled two neutral-site games for each team in a non-NHL market, with one as designated home team and one as the designated away team. The neutral site games ended after the 1993–94 NHL season, as the following season was lockout-shortened, and the 1995–96 NHL season reduced the regular season from 84 to 82 games per team. The NHL has held neutral-site, season-opening games in Europe (sometimes also including preseason exhibitions against European clubs), first from 2007 to 2011 as the NHL Premiere, and from 2017 as the NHL Global Series. The 2019 NHL Heritage Classic was also a neutral site game, played in the non-NHL market of Regina, Saskatchewan—falling roughly halfway between the markets of the participating teams, the Calgary Flames and Winnipeg Jets.

A requirement to play home matches at a neutral venue has been used as a punishment by UEFA for teams whose fans cause disturbances at a previous match. For example, after the violent clashes after the Turkey-Switzerland game in 2005, UEFA punished the Turkish team with playing the next six regular international home matches abroad. It is also required where one team's home location is in a war zone or at high risk of terrorism, or if the visiting team is prevented from travelling to (one of) their opponent's regular stadium(s) for political reasons. The latter consideration is uncommon because governing bodies typically implement measures to prevent national teams from jurisdictions with the most serious political disputes (for example, Spain and Gibraltar or Serbia and Kosovo) from being drawn in the same group, but it does happen - for example, the Ukraine–Kosovo qualifier game for the 2018 World Championships was held in Krakow, Poland, because Ukraine does not recognize Kosovo and does not admit Kosovar nationals to its territory. In all such cases, the match is still treated as a "home" match for such purposes as implementing the away goals rule.

In North America, Major League Soccer formerly hosted its MLS Cup final at a neutral site. Since 2012, the game has been held at the venue of the participating team that had the better regular season record.

Baseball
In the 2018 Major League Baseball regular season, the home team won 1,277 games (52.6%), and the away team won 1,149 games (47.4%). These totals do not include the six games played at neutral sites (though all of the neutral-site games had a designated "home" team).

 * The team with the best overall record, the Boston Red Sox, finished 108–54, going 57–24 at home and 51–30 away. Of their wins, 52.8% were at home, and 55.6% of their losses were on the road.
 * The team with the worst record, the Baltimore Orioles, went 47–115 (28–53 at home, 19–62 away). Of their total wins, 59.6% were at home, and 53.9% of their losses were away.
 * The largest differential between home and road records was that of the Philadelphia Phillies, going 48–32 at home, 31–50 away, and winning their only neutral-site game as the designated home team. Exactly 60% of their wins were in their home park, and 61.0% of their losses were on the road.
 * An especially anomalous home/away split was that of the Houston Astros, whose 103–59 record was second-best in MLB. They were 11 games better on the road than at home (46–35 home, 57–24 away). Of their wins, 44.6% were at home, while 40.7% of their losses were away.
 * The 2019 World Series is the first 7-game series in the history of major North American sports where all seven games were won by the road team. Ironically, both finalists, the Washington Nationals and the Houston Astros, had been stronger at home than on the road in both the regular season and playoffs, until the World Series. The 2023 ALCS was the second 7-game Major League Baseball series where all seven games were won by the road team.

Basketball
In the 2018–19 NBA regular season, the home team won 729 games (59%), and the away team won 501 games (41%).

 * The team with the best overall record, the Milwaukee Bucks, finished 60–22, going 33–8 at home and 27–14 away. In all, 55% of their wins were at home, and 64% of their losses were on the road.
 * The Denver Nuggets had the best home record, going 34–7 at home, but went 20–21 away. This meant that 63% of their wins were at home, and 75% of their losses were away.
 * The only teams with a better record on the road than at home were the Chicago Bulls and the Miami Heat, going 9–32 and 19–22 at home and 13–28 and 20–21 on the road, respectively.

Cricket
Across the 2008, 2010, and 2011 seasons of the Indian Premier League, the home team won 95 games (54.3%), and the away team won 80 games (45.7%).

American football
At least some degree of home field advantage has been recorded in almost every National Football League season; each year, designated home teams have won more games than lost. The 2020 NFL season, played in empty and near-empty stadiums, was the first in which no significant advantage was recorded: home teams that year finished 127–128–1 (.490).

Hockey
In the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs, for the first time in NHL history all division winners (who had home-ice advantage) were eliminated in the first round as all the wild-cards advanced to the second round. The Columbus Blue Jackets won a playoff series for the first time, defeating the first-place Lightning in four games, and marking the first time in Stanley Cup playoff history that the Presidents' Trophy winners were swept in the opening round, and the first time since 2012 that the Presidents' Trophy winners were defeated in the opening round. They were soon followed by the Calgary Flames, who with their five-game loss to the Colorado Avalanche, ensured that for the first time in NHL history, neither of the conference number one seeds advanced to the second round. After that, the two remaining division winners, the Nashville Predators and Washington Capitals, were each eliminated in an overtime game, the Predators in six by the Dallas Stars, and the Capitals in seven by the Carolina Hurricanes.

Association football
In the 2018–19 Premier League, the home team won 181 matches (47%), the away team won 128 matches (34%), and teams drew in 71 matches (19%); however, this is considered an aberration, as home advantage has statistically been steadily declining for over a century.

 * Liverpool had 30 wins, 7 draws and 1 loss. They had 57% of their wins at home, and 100% of their losses away.
 * Crystal Palace had 14 wins, 7 draws and 17 losses. They had 64% of their wins away, and 53% of their losses at home.

"Big Four" playoff series in which the home team goes undefeated

 * This list includes MLB, NBA, and NHL playoff series that are best-of-five or best-of-seven in which the home team wins every game.

MLB

 * In a best-of-five or best-of-seven series, the home team has won every game of a Major League Baseball postseason series 11 times.

NBA

 * In a best-of-five or best-of-seven series, the home team has won every game in 43 different NBA playoff series.

NHL

 * In a best-of-five or best-of-seven series, 13 times in the Stanley Cup playoffs has the home team gone undefeated across the entirety of the series.

"Big Four" playoff series in which the road team goes undefeated

 * Conversely, only six playoff series that are either best-of-five or best-of-seven have seen the road team win every game of the series.
 * Only three have occurred in a best-of-seven format.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Home advantage


text:
Glossary of cryptographic keys

This glossary lists types of keys as the term is used in cryptography, as opposed to door locks. Terms that are primarily used by the U.S. National Security Agency are marked (NSA). For classification of keys according to their usage see cryptographic key types.

 * 40-bit key - key with a length of 40 bits, once the upper limit of what could be exported from the U.S. and other countries without a license. Considered very insecure. See key size for a discussion of this and other lengths.
 * authentication key - Key used in a keyed-hash message authentication code, or HMAC.
 * benign key - (NSA) a key that has been protected by encryption or other means so that it can be distributed without fear of its being stolen. Also called BLACK key.
 * content-encryption key (CEK) a key that may be further encrypted using a KEK, where the content may be a message, audio, image, video, executable code, etc.
 * crypto ignition key An NSA key storage device (KSD-64) shaped to look like an ordinary physical key.
 * cryptovariable - NSA calls the output of a stream cipher a key or key stream. It often uses the term cryptovariable for the bits that control the stream cipher, what the public cryptographic community calls a key.
 * data encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt the underlying data.
 * derived key - keys computed by applying a predetermined hash algorithm or key derivation function to a password or, better, a passphrase.
 * DRM key - A key used in Digital Rights Management to protect media
 * electronic key - (NSA) key that is distributed in electronic (as opposed to paper) form. See EKMS.
 * ephemeral key - A key that only exists within the lifetime of a communication session.
 * expired key - Key that was issued for a use in a limited time frame (cryptoperiod in NSA parlance) which has passed and, hence, the key is no longer valid.
 * FIREFLY key - (NSA) keys used in an NSA system based on public key cryptography.
 * Key derivation function (KDF) - function used to derive a key from a secret value, e.g. to derive KEK from Diffie-Hellman key exchange.
 * key encryption key (KEK) - key used to protect MEK keys (or DEK/TEK if MEK is not used).
 * key production key (KPK) -Key used to initialize a keystream generator for the production of other electronically generated keys.
 * key fill - (NSA) loading keys into a cryptographic device. See fill device.
 * master key - key from which all other keys (or a large group of keys) can be derived. Analogous to a physical key that can open all the doors in a building.
 * master encryption key (MEK) - Used to encrypt the DEK/TEK key.
 * master key encryption key (MKEK) - Used to encrypt multiple KEK keys. For example, an HSM can generate several KEK and wrap them with an MKEK before export to an external DB - such as OpenStack Barbican.
 * one time pad (OTP or OTPad) - keying material that should be as long as the plaintext and should only be used once. If truly random and not reused it's the most secure encryption method. See one-time pad article.
 * one time password (OTP) - One time password based on a prebuilt single use code list or based on a mathematical formula with a secret seed known to both parties, uses event or time to modify output (see TOTP/HOTP).
 * paper key - (NSA) keys that are distributed in paper form, such as printed lists of settings for rotor machines, or keys in punched card or paper tape formats. Paper keys are easily copied. See Walker spy ring, RED key.
 * poem key - Keys used by OSS agents in World War II in the form of a poem that was easy to remember. See Leo Marks.
 * public/private key - in public key cryptography, separate keys are used to encrypt and decrypt a message. The encryption key (public key) need not be kept secret and can be published. The decryption or private key must be kept secret to maintain confidentiality. Public keys are often distributed in a signed public key certificate.
 * public key infrastructure - (PKI) a set of roles, policies, hardware, software and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.
 * pre-placed key - (NSA) large numbers of keys (perhaps a year's supply) that are loaded into an encryption device allowing frequent key change without refill.
 * RED key - (NSA) symmetric key in a format that can be easily copied, e.g. paper key or unencrypted electronic key. Opposite of BLACK or benign key.
 * revoked key - a public key that should no longer be used, typically because its owner is no longer in the role for which it was issued or because it may have been compromised. Such keys are placed on a certificate revocation list or CRL.
 * session key - key used for one message or an entire communications session. See traffic encryption key.
 * symmetric key - a key that is used both to encrypt and decrypt a message. Symmetric keys are typically used with a cipher and must be kept secret to maintain confidentiality.
 * traffic encryption key (TEK)/data encryption key (DEK) - a symmetric key that is used to encrypt messages. TEKs are typically changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message. See session key. DEK is used to specify any data form type (in communication payloads or anywhere else).
 * transmission security key (TSK) - (NSA) seed for a pseudorandom number generator that is used to control a radio in frequency hopping or direct-sequence spread spectrum modes. See HAVE QUICK, SINCGARS, electronic warfare.
 * seed key - (NSA) a key used to initialize a cryptographic device so it can accept operational keys using benign transfer techniques. Also a key used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator to generate other keys.
 * signature key - public key cryptography can also be used to electronically sign messages. The private key is used to create the electronic signature, the public key is used to verify the signature. Separate public/private key pairs must be used for signing and encryption. The former is called signature keys.
 * stream key - the output of a stream cipher as opposed to the key (or cryptovariable in NSA parlance) that controls the cipher
 * training key - (NSA) unclassified key used for instruction and practice exercises.
 * Type 1 key - (NSA) keys used to protect classified information. See Type 1 product.
 * Type 2 key - (NSA) keys used to protect sensitive but unclassified (SBU) information. See Type 2 product.
 * Vernam key - Type of key invented by Gilbert Vernam in 1918. See stream key.
 * zeroized key - key that has been erased (see zeroisation.)

title: Glossary of cryptographic keys


text:
Spotted danio

The spotted danio or dwarf danio (Danio nigrofasciatus) is a tropical fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae). Originating in northern Myanmar, this fish is sometimes found in community tanks by fish-keeping hobbyists. It grows to a maximum length of 1.5 inches to 1.6 inches (3.7 cm to 4 cm).

In the wild, the spotted danio is found in rivers in a tropical climate and prefers water with a pH of 6.5 – 7.0 and a hardness of 5.0 – 12.0 dGH, and an ideal temperature range of 75–82 °F (24–28 °C). The spotted danio is oviparous (an egg layer).

title: Spotted danio


text:
Situs ambiguus

Situs ambiguus is a rare congenital defect in which the major visceral organs are distributed abnormally within the chest and abdomen. Clinically heterotaxy spectrum generally refers to any defect of Left-right asymmetry and arrangement of the visceral organs; however, classical heterotaxy requires multiple organs to be affected. This does not include the congenital defect situs inversus, which results when arrangement of all the organs in the abdomen and chest are mirrored, so the positions are opposite the normal placement. Situs inversus is the mirror image of situs solitus, which is normal asymmetric distribution of the abdominothoracic visceral organs. Situs ambiguus can also be subdivided into left-isomerism and right isomerism based on the defects observed in the spleen, lungs and atria of the heart.

Individuals with situs inversus or situs solitus do not experience fatal dysfunction of their organ systems, as general anatomy and morphology of the abdominothoracic organ-vessel systems are conserved. Due to abnormal arrangement of organs in situs ambiguus, orientation across the left-right axis of the body is disrupted early in fetal development, resulting in severely flawed cardiac development and function in 50–80% of cases. They also experience complications with systemic and pulmonary blood vessels, significant morbidity, and sometimes death. All patients with situs ambiguus lack lateralization and symmetry of organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities and are clinically considered to have a form of heterotaxy syndrome.

Heterotaxy syndrome with atrial isomerism occurs in 1 out of every 10,000 live births and is associated with approximately 3% of congenital heart disease cases. Additional estimation of incidence and prevalence of isomerism proves difficult due to failure to diagnose and underestimation of the disease by clinicians. Furthermore, right isomerism is much more easily recognized than left isomerism, contributing to the failure to diagnose.

Situs ambiguus is a growing field of research with findings dating back to 1973.

Signs and symptoms
There are a variety of clinical manifestations of situs ambiguus. Acute symptoms can be due to both cardiac and non-cardiac defects. Cyanosis or blue skin coloration, primarily affecting the lips and fingernails, can indicate a systemic or circulatory issue. Poor feeding, failure to thrive, and rapid shallow breathing may also be observed due to poor circulation. Upon examination, arrhythmia and heart murmur may raise further suspicion of a cardiac abnormality. Non-cardiac symptoms include impairments of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Biliary atresia, or inflammation and destruction of the bile ducts, may lead to jaundice. Vomiting and swelling of the abdominal region are features that suggest improper positioning of the intestines. Poor positioning of the intestine also makes it more prone to blockage, which can result in numerous chronic health issues. Asplenia and polysplenia are also possible features of heterotaxy syndrome.

Due to abnormal cardiac development, patients with situs ambiguus usually develop right atrial isomerism consisting of two bilaterally paired right atria, or left atrial isomerism consisting of two bilaterally paired left atria. Clinical features and symptoms can vary dependent upon assignment of left versus right atrial isomerism. In either instance, the apex of the heart will be poorly positioned, which should alert a clinician of the likelihood of atrial isomerism. It is estimated that 5–10% of isomeric patients have mesocardia, in which the heart is positioned at the center of the thorax, 25–50% have dextrocardia, in which the apex of the heart is pointed toward the right side of the thorax, and 50–70% have levocardia, in which the apex of the heart is pointed toward the left side of the thorax.

Right atrial appendage isomerism
Right atrial appendage isomerism, also called right atrial isomerism, is a cardiac development defect in which the heart has bilateral right atria and atrial attachments in the muscle wall, as opposed to the normal right atrium and left atrium. In right atrial isomerism, the pulmonary blood oxygen tract is damaged due to right-left shunting of blood. In addition, the atrial septum which distinguishes the 2 atria is absent. These impairments, in addition to congestion in the pulmonary tract, allows deoxygenated blood to mix with oxygenated blood, contributing to cyanosis and possible respiratory distress. Poor systemic circulation also results due to improper positioning of the aorta.

Left atrial appendage isomerism
Left atrial appendage isomerism, also called left atrial isomerism, is a cardiac development defect in which the heart has two bilateral left atria and atrial appendages in the muscle wall. Left atrial isomerism can have varied clinical manifestations, including a later onset of symptoms. Heart failure is often a concern because the inferior vena cava is disrupted due to the inappropriate morphology of the left ventricle to support the vena cava.

Conductive nodes and tissues
Abnormal development of the heart results in impaired doubles of conductive nodes, as well as faulty electrical fibers throughout the ventricles. Individuals with right atrial isomerism develop two sinoatrial nodes, as they have 2 mirrored right atria, whereas those with left atrial isomerism fail to develop a sinus node at all. Thus, patients with left atrial isomerism are more likely to experience atrial fibrillation, or irregular rapid heart beat, and abnormal heart rhythm, known as atrial flutter. Development of the atrioventricular node and bundle of His largely depends on physiological looping of the ventricles. Abnormal looping of the ventricles contributes to arrhythmia and heart block in fetuses.

Bronchial tree and lungs
Isomerism of the bronchial tree is not typically damaging and presents no significant clinical complications. Pulmonary valve stenosis results in issues of blood flow to the lungs.

Abdominal organs
Abdominal organs, including the liver, stomach, intestinal tract, and spleen may be randomly arranged throughout the left-right axis of the body. Distribution of these organs largely dictates treatment, clinical outcomes, and further evaluation.

The liver is typically symmetrical across the left-right axis in patients with situs ambiguus, which is abnormal. A majority of left atrial isomeric patients have defects throughout the biliary tree, which is responsible for bile production, even when the gall bladder is functional and morphologically normal. This biliary atresia can lead to acute problems such as nutrient malabsorption, pale stools, dark urine, and abdominal swelling. If this condition continues without proper treatment, cirrhosis and liver failure become a major concern. Biliary atresia is not usually observed in patients with right atrial isomerism.

Random positioning of the stomach is often one of the first signals of situs ambiguus upon examination. Malrotation of the entire intestinal tract, or improper folding and bulging of the stomach and intestines, results in bowel obstruction. This impairment leads to vomiting, abdominal distension, mucus and blood in the stool. Patients may also experience abdominal pain. Intestinal malrotation is more commonly identified in patients with right atrial isomerism than in those with left atrial isomerism.

Isomeric patients often experience disruptions to splenic development during embryogenesis, resulting in an overall lack a spleen (asplenia) or development of many spleens (polysplenia). Asplenia is most often observed in patients with right atrial isomerism. Polysplenia results in 90% of patients with left atrial isomerism. Although they have many spleens, each is usually ineffective resulting in functional asplenia. Rarely, left atrial isomeric patients have a single, normal, functional spleen. Patients lacking a functional spleen are in danger of sepsis and must be monitored.

Causes
Situs ambiguus has been linked to family history of malformations  and maternal cocaine use, suggesting both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Several genes in the TGF-beta pathway, which controls left-right patterning of visceral organs across the body axis, have been indicated in sporadic and familial cases of atrial isomerism. There is also overlap between genes associated with situs ambiguus and primary ciliary dyskinesia, likely due to the important role of cilia in establishing left-right asymmetry. The planar cell polarity has an important role in positioning these cilia, and thus genes within this pathway are increasingly associated with situs ambiguus.

Disrupted mitochondria function has also been recently linked to heterotaxy.

Molecular and cellular mechanism
Several genes have been identified in normal development of the right-left axis. These genes have been extensively researched. Gene mutations that lead to atrial isomerism is a growing area of research. Mutations in genes that encode proteins in the TGF-beta pathway, including NODAL, NKX2-5, and ZIC3, have been linked to tetralogy of Fallot and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Mutations in the ZIC3 gene, which encodes a zinc finger family transcription factor, is linked to a 50% risk of atrial isomerism in families. It is also an X-linked disorder, so testing for ZIC3 mutations is highly encouraged in male births.

The most prevalent and best characterized genetic associations of heterotaxy include:

Classical pathology

 * Cardiac looping malformations:
 * Fallot's tetralogy
 * transposition of the great vessels
 * Ventricular and atrial septal defects.
 * Deranged abdominal organ asymmetry:
 * The stomach and spleen are prone to isolated reversal
 * The stomach, liver, and a single adrenal gland are occasionally found in the midline.
 * Organ malformations:
 * asplenia and polysplenia often lead to sepsis
 * More rarely, the head of the pancreas fails to form
 * Horseshoe kidneys develop, which can lead to cancer, kidney stones, and/or infection.
 * Malrotation errors cause volvulus and/or faulty peritoneal attachments, which completely obstruct the bowel.
 * Vascular abnormalities:
 * Interrupted inferior vena cava,
 * Bilateral superior or inferior venae cavae
 * Intrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with connection to the azygos or hemiazygos veins
 * Aberrant portal veins.

Bronchial tree and lungs
Pathophysiology in the bronchial tree can be observed by radiography. Under normal development, the bronchial tree consists of two main bronchi that are anatomically different: In situs ambiguus, there is a duplication of either the hyparterial or eparterial bronchus. These features are not associated with any significant clinical complications. Mechanisms leading to bronchial duplication are not thoroughly understood.
 * Hyparterial bronchus (below the pulmonary artery): supplies blood to the bi-lobed left lung
 * Eparterial bronchus (adjacent to the artery): supplies blood to the tri-lobed right lung

In pulmonary valve stenosis, there is a reduction in blood flow to the lungs due to an obstruction of the heart at the pulmonic valve. This contributes to cyanosis and pulmonary hypertension.

Diagnosis
For proper diagnosis of situs ambiguus, cardiac and non-cardiac features must be evaluated. Diagnostic criteria for atrial isomerism includes observation of symmetry of thoracic visceral organs upon echocardiogram, arrhythmia upon electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray for confirmation of the heart's location across the left-right axis. Additional radiographic and cross-sectional imaging may be obtained to evaluate both cardiac and non-cardiac manifestations of situs ambiguus. In addition, a series of gastrointestinal tests can be conducted for observation of intestinal malrotation, as well as a scan of the liver and spleen for biliary function.

Diagnostic techniques for cardiac causes

 * Echocardiography
 * Electrocardiography
 * Computed tomography
 * Magnetic resonance imaging
 * Cardiac catheterization and angiography
 * Chest x-ray

Diagnostic techniques for non-cardiac causes

 * Computed tomography
 * Magnetic resonance imaging
 * Splenic function analysis
 * Evaluation of biliary anatomy and cholangiogram
 * Evaluation of intestinal malrotation
 * Pulse oximeter

Other diagnostic features

 * Assessment of family history
 * Genetic testing

Management
Each of the symptoms of situs ambiguus must be managed with appropriate treatment dependent upon the organ system involved. Intestinal malrotation is treated surgically using the Ladd procedure. This procedure widens a fold in the peritoneum so that the intestines can be placed in non-rotated formation. It is not possible to return the bowel to a normal morphology However, 89% of patients that undergo the Ladd surgery experience a complete resolution of symptoms.

Following cholangiogram, a Kasai procedure is usually performed in cases of biliary atresia. In this surgery, a Y-shaped shunt is used to passage bile from the liver directly to the intestine. If this is unsuccessful, liver transplantation can be considered based on the overall health of the patient. The Kasai procedure is successful in approximately 80% of patients. Following the operation, patients are advised to take fat-soluble vitamins, choleretics, and anti-inflammatory medications.

Functionally asplenic patients have an elevated lifetime risk of sepsis, as they have no functional spleen for fighting infection. For this reason, asplenic patients are under constant observation for any signs of fever or infection. In the case of infection, patients are placed on controlled empiric antibiotic therapy to avoid development of antibiotic resistance. This therapy battles infection by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Right-atrial and left-atrial isomerism and associated pulmonary issues are treated in a series of steps based on the severity of symptoms. Isomeric patients are first treated by inserting a shunt that will move incoming blood through the pulmonary circuit. The Fontan procedure routes blood through the patient's single ventricle, to the lungs, and into systemic circulation. This process is favorable in patients aged 2 to 5 years old. About 20–30% of patients will require a heart transplant. Left-atrial isomeric patients have less severe complications, as they typically have 2 functional ventricles. In this case, they can undergo biventricular repair to form 2 separate ventricles and functional associated valves.

Prognosis
Prognosis for patients with situs ambiguus is quite varied, owed to the spectrum of clinical manifestations. Infants who experience severe cyanosis at birth may die within hours of delivery if medical intervention is not immediate. Alternatively, longevity of neonates with mild cardiac lesions is unaffected. Ten percent of patients born with right atrial isomerism die by the age of 5 without intervention. Improvements in therapies has increased the 5-year survival to 30–74% for right atrial isomeric patients and 65–84% for left atrial isomeric patients based on the cause of their disease.

Research
There have been vast amounts of research on the clinical features, racial disparities, and physiological mechanisms of heterotaxy syndrome dating back to 1973.

Mishra et al. published a review in November 2015 describing current knowledge of cardiac and non-cardiac abnormalities associated with situs ambiguus. The author stresses the importance of genetic testing prior to deciding a prognosis for affected patients. She also proposes prenatal screening and evaluation in cases at risk for development of situs ambiguus.

Recent studies have shown higher rates of heterotaxy syndrome among Hispanic infants of Mexican descent, as well as female infants of non-Hispanic black and white mothers. Additional studies must be done to clarify the mechanisms behind racial disparities in heterotaxy syndrome. Individuals of Asian descent show a higher prevalence of heterotaxy syndrome in general than members of the Western world.

The National Birth Defects Prevention study (October 2014) attempted to link clinical presentations of situs ambiguus to demographics in an epidemiological study. This proved a difficult task due to the vast differences in presentation of this disorder. However, the authors are hopeful that finding a link can help inform clinical decision-making, predictive analyses, and future outcomes.

title: Situs ambiguus


text:
Castle Combe

Castle Combe is a village and civil parish within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wiltshire, England. The village is around 5 mi north-west of Chippenham. A castle once stood in the area, but was demolished centuries ago.

The village is in two parts: one is in the narrow valley of By Brook, while Upper Castle Combe is on higher land to the east, on the B4039 road connecting Chippenham and Chipping Sodbury. No new houses have been built in the historic area since about 1600. South of the upper village is the Castle Combe motor racing circuit.

History
A Roman villa once stood about three miles from the village, indicating Roman occupation of the area. The site has been excavated on at least three occasions, the first by Scrope in 1852 and the most recent in 2010. Some reports refer to the site as the North Wraxall or the Truckle Hill villa. Evidence of a bath house and corn drying ovens were found, the latter from the 4th century. The villa itself apparently contained 16 rooms, and there were additional buildings and a cemetery. Neolithic flint tools and Iron Age brooches were also discovered not far from the villa, in 1985.

The settlement was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086, with 33 households; the Lord was Humphrey de l'Isle.

The village takes its name from the 12th-century castle which stood about 1/3 mi to the north. The site where the castle once stood now only contains the old earthworks and masonry, which are estimated to date from the 12th century. It is believed that the castle was constructed as the seat of the Barony of Combe under Reginald de Dunstanville either during the reign of Henry I or his son. Reginald was thought to support Empress Matilda during the Anarchy, and the castle was constructed during the wave of castle buildings of the Anarchy period.

The 14th-century market cross, erected when the privilege to hold a weekly market in Castle Combe was granted, stands where the three principal streets of the lower village converge. The Market Cross, a scheduled monument, reflects "the significance of the cloth industry in this area". Next to the cross is one of Castle Combe's two village pumps. Small stone steps near the cross were for horse riders to mount and dismount, and close by are the remains of the buttercross, built in the late 19th century from old masonry. This structure, also known as Weavers' Steps and 'the stone', is another scheduled monument.

During the 14th century, the seat of the Barony was transferred to the Manor House within Castle Combe village and a deer park was created next to the castle. The market town prospered during the 15th century when it belonged to Millicent, the wife of Sir Stephen Le Scrope and then of Sir John Fastolf (1380–1459), a Norfolk knight who was the effective lord of the manor for fifty years. By 1340, the village had a fulling mill, confirming the importance of wool by that time. Scrope promoted the woollen industry, supplying his own troops and others for Henry V's war in France. The parish was in the ancient hundred of Chippenham.

By the 17th century, John Aubrey stated that a market was held on the site of the old castle. At some time in the late 1700s, the level of the Bybrook River fell, so it could no longer be used to power mills. The cloth industry began leaving the area during that century; "industrial prosperity was over and the population decreased". Notable houses include the Dower House, from the late 17th century is now Grade II listed.

The village was owned by the Scrope family for over five centuries, until 1866 when it was sold to the Gorst family and Edward Chaddock Lowndes (who was previously also known as Gorst). The latter spent a great deal of money on improving the manor house and the estate.

A National School was built in 1826, on a site between the upper and lower villages. The school was taken over by the county council in 1909, and educated children of all ages until 1956 when older pupils were transferred to secondary schools in Chippenham. It closed in 1998 on the opening of a new primary school at Yatton Keynell.

During the Second World War, the RAF Castle Combe airfield was built east of the village, with runways, hangars and a control tower. Between 1946 and 1948 the airfield buildings were used as temporary housing for former military from Poland. The property was sold in 1948, and was later modified for motor racing; the tower is still used during races at Castle Combe Circuit. Also during the war, the Manor was used as a hospital; some time after the war, the manor was converted to a hotel and continues in this use.

For decades the village had a number of gristmills and sawmills but all went out of business; Nettleton Mill closed before 1916 and Gatcombe Mill closed circa 1925; both are Grade II listed. The Long Dean Mill shut down in 1956; the Lower mill is now Grade II listed; Colham Mill was demolished in 1962. The last remaining stone tower of the castle stood for centuries, but it too was demolished, in 1950.

Listed buildings
Castle Combe parish has 107 listed buildings; nearly all are in the Grade II category.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Andrew is a Grade I listed building. Part of the chancel is 13th-century; in 1850–51 nearly all of the building, except the 15th-century tower, was taken down and reconstructed to the same plan.

Congregational Church
The first chapel was built in 1757 and extended with a schoolroom in 1846. The current church, opened in 1914, is in the upper part of the village on what is now the B4039 road. The building is a former malt house and is attached to an 18th-century house which became the manse. The church continues in use.

Today
The motor racing venue, Castle Combe Circuit, is located on the site of the former RAF Castle Combe airfield near the village.

The village has twice held the Combe Sunday event, a music festival which attracted 4,000 visitors to the village in 2006.

Castle Combe is represented in Parliament by James Gray, and in Wiltshire Council by Jane Scott, both Conservatives.

In popular culture
The village was a location for the 1967 film musical Doctor Dolittle. Its frequently rainy summer climate frustrated production, as did attempted sabotage – including by British Army officer (and future explorer) Sir Ranulph Fiennes - because of residents' irritation at the producers' modifications of the area for shooting. Other productions include "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd", an episode of Agatha Christie's Poirot, and the films Stardust and The Wolfman. Throughout September 2010, the village was a filming location for Steven Spielberg's production of War Horse.

Raymond Austin set the action of his book Find me a Spy, Catch me a Traitor in the village and at the Manor. The house of Alice Cartalet in the manga and anime series Kiniro Mosaic was based on Fosse Farmhouse, a guesthouse near Castle Combe.

The village was a filming location for the fantasy adventure movie Mariah Mundi and the Midas Box in 2012, and later for a series of Downton Abbey.

Tourist services
Castle Combe has a car park at the top of the hill, and toilet facilities over the bridge at the bottom of the village. A small museum closed in 2012.

The Manor House was built in the 17th century and rebuilt in the 19th. It has 48 rooms and 365 acre of gardens. During World War II, the New Zealand Forestry Officers had the Manor House as their headquarters. In 1947, the owner of the Castle Combe estate sold the houses of the estate and the Manor House became a country club. After 18 months, the club left the premises, and the house was shortly thereafter sold to Bobbie Allen, an amateur hotelier, and her husband. Mrs Allen wrote a book of her experiences, From Claridge's to Castle Combe. The manor house and estate were sold in 1947. The property was owned by the Allen family for some time, and they sold the Manor House to Mr and Mrs Oliver Clegg who (some time after 1976) sold it to the corporation which now owns the property. By the time it was listed as a Grade II property in 1960, it was already operating as a hotel. The 5-star Manor House Hotel is in the west end of the village and features 21 rooms, including a suite and 29 cottages. In addition to the golf course (which opened in 1992), the grounds include "a glorious Italianate garden" and the River Bybrook.

title: Castle Combe


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Barayev

Barayev or Baraev (Russian: Бараев) is a masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Barayeva or Baraeva. The surname may refer to:

 * Arbi Barayev (1974–2001), Chechen warlord
 * Movsar Barayev (1979–2002), Chechen warlord, nephew of Arbi
 * Zura Barayeva (died 2002), Chechen terrorist, wife of Arbi

title: Barayev


text:
User:Aratin

Andrew Ratin

title: User:Aratin


text:
Talk:Closed ecological system

Untitled
I renamed this article to remove the plural. Astudent 14:21, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

Why does the article state in the introduction that it isn't a closed system because it can exchange energy with its surroundings, when the article for closed system states a closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings? I will remove the offending sentence. 203.211.99.87 00:03, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Closed ecological system
"Although the Earth itself fits this definition, the term is most often used to describe much smaller manmade ecosystems." [24 May 2009] This is false. The Earth is not a closed ecological system. The ecology of the Earth relies on the sun, the moon (tides), stars (animal navigation) and more. - Trevor Blake

 * Today, at least, the definition of "Closed ecological system" in the lede refers to "matter" being exchanged, not energy; but I am going to fact-tag the above sentence anyway; it needs a reference. Comet Tuttle (talk) 18:18, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

In popular culture
In movies as Sunshine (2007 film), life support systems are shown.

PS: I don't now if its a closed ecological or controlled ecological life support system (please include in appropriate article if someone knows this)

Phototrophs and closed systems.

 * While both chemotrophic and phototrophic organisms are plausible, almost all closed ecological systems to date are based on a phototroph such as green algae.

There are some close systems, like Movile Cave, where the ecosystem uses chemosynthesis as a source of energy. bogdan (talk) 00:39, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Popular culture (2)
• Rendezvous with Rama, (book), Arthur C Clark 1973

• Silent Running, (film), 1972

Admittedly old, but ...

GeeBee60 (talk) 07:14, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Closed ecological system


text: Category:High Court of Australia cases

title: Category:High Court of Australia cases