text:
Talk:Dozen

"stórhundrað"
The Icelandic dictionary "Íslensk orðabók fyrir skóla og skrifstofur" mentions "stórhundrað". "stórhundrað" means 120. Regards Gangleri 21:49, 2004 Sep 26 (UTC)

Moved from article
Cannot agree with the Latin origination of the word. Really it is one of the oldest worlds in Hindo-European languagies, with the meaning "(full) right hand". One of the oldest method of counting is not by fingers, but by the fingers phalanges, using the thumb as a pointer. It allowed count rather big quantities (up to gross), using only two hands.

Removed possible copyvio
I removed the following paragraph:

 * Dozen
 * The word dozen is a contraction of the Latin Duodecim (two + ten). This root also appears in dodecagon (from duodecagon) and duodenum, the first part of the intestine that is about twelve inches long. Some math and language historians think that a dozen is one of the earliest primitive groupings, perhaps because there are approximately a dozen cycles of the moon in a cycle of the sun. It appears to be the basis of many larger values that were developed by many cultures. A shock was 60, or five dozen (a dozen for each finger on one hand) and many cultures had a "great hundred" [see hundred] of 120 or ten dozen (a dozen for each finger on both hands). The Romans used a fraction system based on 12 and the smallest part, an uncil became our word for an ounce. Charlemagne established a monetary system that had a base of twelve and twenty and the remnants persist in many places. In English money today 100 pence equals a Pound, but only a few short years ago a Pound was divided into 20 shillings of 12 pence each.

It may have been taken from http://www.pballew.net/arithme1.html (copyvio???).

Some of the material I have merged into the present article; some I have added to Duodecimal and 12 (number).--Niels Ø 13:38, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

thers no synonyms and antonyms 68.155.151.230 22:36, 2 November 2006 (UTC)Bob greoge

Baker's dozen
The description here of a baker's dozen being 12 plus one to taste is inconsistent with the wikipedia article on baker's dozen, which states that 13 were sold to avoid short measures in English medieval law. Not my place to determine either way, but there should be some consistency here. 212.248.246.18 13:18, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Totally agree. Says in the intro that a dozen is 12. yet then a baker's dozen is 12 (one more than a standard dozen)?!?Bensnowden (talk) 13:10, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Both are the case. That tradition (selling 13 per nedieval law) is antiquated. As far as I know...no one refers to a baker's dozen these days in this way. The common definition is a dozen plus one (as an extra bonus or one for the chef). It shouldn't be hard to revise the article Shabidoo | Talk 15:53, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

what the "baker's dozen" description is missing is the notion of price, that you pay for 12 and get an extra one, 13. It may well have started in a particular place because of net weight regulations, but this notion of price has the same meaning (13 for the price of 12) in the case of the "grocer's profit", or just a reward for any customer who buys 12 in bulk. The idea of a price discount for bulk purchase is not hard to understand, and the baker's innovation in this case is to maintain the same revenue rather than give a lower price. 2603:8001:D3F0:87E0:0:0:0:10D0 (talk) 20:30, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Last line: "This method for accounting was introduced by the Babylonians and its still in use today." Does this refer to base 10 or base 12 ? Suggest the pronoun "this" be replaced to clarify. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.45.164.59 (talk) 09:57, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
 * it could be both, things change from time to time, cultures to cultures but base was originally 10 in most cultures, whatever! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.107.0.139 (talk) 18:50, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Weird news
EU to ban selling eggs by the dozen. — Monedula (talk) 20:54, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Merge with Baker's dozen and Decimal Dozen
The Dozen article is not about the number twelve; that is the subject of the 12 (number) article. The Dozen article is about the word dozen, its etymology, and its usage. Baker's dozen and decimal dozen are simply two different cultural uses of the word dozen. Baker's dozen and Decimal Dozen should therefore be merged here. Neelix (talk) 14:40, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Mathematical rationale for baker's dozen
I removed the for baker's dozen, which albeit plausible, reads like original research. It's fascinating, and if it's been published in a reliable source it should be put back. –Pnm (talk) 16:04, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Wait, what?
How does counting your digits with your thumbs magically add two extra digits? Weren't Mesopotamians also equipped with the usual ten? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.12.144.81 (talk) 15:54, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You don't count the digits; you count the segments of your digits. This system is also easily extensible to tetradecimal (counting the thumb's segments as well) or hexadecimal (counting the endpoints of the segments). As such you can count on your fingers for every human-scale even base, namely {6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16} (the first and last are arguably only marginally human-scale). Double sharp (talk) 15:13, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

Can we get any sort of citation for this idea? If not, I will remove the sentence as OR. Imaginatorium (talk) 09:26, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

I would add to this by pointing out that The "Do" "Duo" etc refers to 2. The Mesopotamians also combined 10 into their system. There is a simpler way to account for the word dozen, which may also shed light on other significant numbers. Counting each digit on your right hand goes up to 5. Adding a digit on your left hand gets you 6. Cycling thru your right hand again gets you to 11, and the next digit on your left hand will be two digits. This is where the the "two" comes from, often referred to as "2 + 10," but is really "2 cycles". Using this you can count up to 36. Again, you have not run out of digits. You have 10 toes. Ten fingers. 360days was a year [almost, off by 5 or 6], but that was a full circle. The lucky number 7 was a single digit on each hand. This has the added benefit of being demonstrative. You can hold up those two fingers to another person, and he will know "7" without the need for verbalization.

This is my first time doing anything on wikapaedia. My addition is simply based on an idea I had about 40 years ago, and I actually use this system I describe when doing exercise repetitions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:48:C500:E2C:7108:77B0:5D32:9C24 (talk) 13:45, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

Baker's dozen again
I removed the quote claiming the baker's dozen originated in America, and referencing Forest, Heather (1988). The Baker's Dozen: A Colonial American Tale. This is a story book for (American) children, and not a reliable historical source. The webidence points towards a mediaeval English custom, with all sorts of specific references, yet tantalising not-quite-definite sources. But see Worshipful Company of Bakers (website) and Assize of Bread and Ale. Imaginatorium (talk) 02:57, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dozen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061210005528/http://www.bartleby.com:80/61/24/D0372400.html to http://www.bartleby.com/61/24/D0372400.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:53, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Other uses
This section contains very little material -- mostly just musings. Should it just be deleted? The Etymology section says that the various corresponding words in other languages can be used "as indefinite quantifiers to mean 'about twelve'..." -- this whole section does not really expand on this notion in any useful, sourced way. Possibly a couple of literary quotes would be a much better contribution, but where to find them? Imaginatorium (talk) 09:07, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

Infobox

 * 1) It's not a unit (natural unit?), so infobox unit is inappropriate. It's certainly not a unit defined by a standards committee, which is what Infobox unit} is for, per the documentation.
 * 2) The link to Tally is to a disambiguation page and none of the links are correct; counting might be correct, once (not repeated in the infobox).
 * 3) The conversions are misleading as to system, although 1/10 long hundred, 1/12 gross, and 0.6 score are technically correct.
 * 4) The "unit system" and "unit of" fields are meaningless or absurd.  (See point 1)
 * 5) The "Named after" field is technically correct, although contains Easter eggs.
 * 6) The "created" field may be correct, although it requires a source, not being in the body.

IMO, the infobox is inappropriate, and more wrong the right. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 07:47, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:The Dozens which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 21:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Why dozen eggs?
I have deleted the following about eggs being priced per dozen: "According to one source, sales by the dozen may derive from English units, a system under which “one egg could be sold for a penny or 12 for a shilling, which was equal to 12 pennies.”"

While sourced, it is nonsense. In mediaeval times eggs cost 1d for two dozen; in the first half of the nineteenth century prices varied rather than being a steady 1d, but typically around 8d/dozen.

Best wishes, Pol098 (talk) 21:24, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

Phalange counting
I removed this bit:

"Counting in base-12 can easily be accomplished on one's hands by counting each finger bone with one's thumb. Using this method, one hand can count to twelve, and two hands (with the second hand as a placeholder for representing units of twelve) can count to 144."

It has been there a long time, unsourced; somewhere in the history there is a suggestion it was just "Someone's Bright Idea". There is also an unsource, unsigned claim above, but this all looks extremely dubious. Imaginatorium (talk) 08:36, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Half-dozen
6|Six mentions that 6 is half-dozen JMGN (talk) 09:48, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dozen


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William Grayson

William Grayson (1742 – March 12, 1790) was a planter, lawyer and statesman from Virginia. After leading a Virginia regiment in the Continental Army, Grayson served in the Virginia House of Delegates before becoming one of the first two U.S. Senators from Virginia, as well as a leader of the Anti-Federalist faction. Grayson became the first member of the United States Congress to die while holding office.

Early and family life
Grayson was born in 1742 to Benjamin and Susannah (Monroe) Grayson at Belle Aire Plantation. in what is now Woodbridge, Virginia. His father had emigrated from Scotland to the confluence of the Potomac River and Quantico Creek which became Dumfries, Virginia. Benjamin Grayson Sr. became a successful merchant and planter, as well as militia officer and (by 1731) one of the justices of the peace (who jointly governed the vast county of that day, in addition to their judicial duties). Their mother, twice-widowed, had been born to an important family upriver in Westmoreland County and had children by her previous marriages to Charles Tyler and William Linton (also a Scottish-born merchant). One of her nephews, James Monroe, would later serve in the Continental Army, succeed this man as U.S. Senator from Virginia and became President of the United States. Susanna Grayson bore three sons (Spence, Benjamin Jr. and William) and a daughter (also Susanna) in this marriage before she died in 1752, when this boy was ten. His father remarried, to another widow, Sarah Ball Ewell, who also had children by prior marriage, but none in this marriage before her husband died in 1757.

William was sixteen when his father died, so his eldest brother (Benjamin Grayson Jr.) became his legal guardian until he reached 21 years. Benjamin Grayson Jr. and Spence Grayson, being the elder brothers, inherited their father's business and plantations approximating 2,800 acres in Prince William County, by a will drafted in 1753 which was admitted to probate in 1758 but no longer exists. However, William was well-provided for from the personal estate (which required a 10,000 bond), especially compared to his future commander, George Washington (whose far smaller inheritance caused him to earn a living by surveying beginning as a teenager). One of the Grayson plantations included a house on a hill above Dumfries that became known as "Grayson's Hill" and later "Battery Hill" (for a Confederate battery during the American Civil War). The other, Belle Aire (often confused with a plantation about five miles inland with the same pronunciation but the name Bel Air which was owned and operated by the Ewell family) was between the Occoquan River and Neabsco Creek near the ferry (later bridge) conducting the King's Highway across the Occoquan River and which became Woodbridge, Virginia. It had been the property of William Linton a previous husband of this man's mother, Susan, who married Benjamin Grayson by 1732. William Grayson received his first schooling locally under Charles Tyler, and later became known for familiarity with Latin and Greek as well as English history. His guardian allowed his education in Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania, and (after graduating) William Grayson sailed to England. Although some family sources claim he studied law for two and a half years, and received his degree from the University of Oxford, neither university nor Inns of Court documentation exists to support that tradition, so he was likely apprenticed to British merchant bankers like William Lee. When his brother and guardian Benjamin faced financial troubles in 1762 (so that he mortgaged his entire estate to his brother Spence), William returned home and as his need for a guardian ended, found that his spending abroad had also diminished the capital he had inherited. Grayson married Eleanor Smallwood, a sister of Maryland Governor William Smallwood, who survived him. They had four sons (Frederick, George, Robert and Alfred) and a daughter (Hebe).

Return to the Virginia colony
About three years after returning to Virginia (probably at the conclusion of a clerkship with a local lawyer), Grayson began practicing law in Prince William County and three nearby counties. The county seat was at Dumfries, Virginia, a port town (now the oldest in the state) not far from Grayson's home as well as Belle Aire Plantation, which his brother Spence Monroe Grayson (1737–1798) inherited in 1757. On the other side of the Occoquan River lay Fairfax County, Virginia, which had split from Prince William County when Grayson was a boy. The wealthiest planter families (who could hire lawyers to protect their interests) owned land in both counties, and often held positions on church vestries, responsible for social welfare activities, including caring for orphans and the poor. Thus Grayson was familiar with local leaders, especially George Mason and George Washington, who served on the vestry of Pohick Church. Furthermore, after his brother Spence Grayson was ordained an Anglican priest in England in 1771, he served as rector of Cameron and Dettingen parishes in Prince William County, so both brothers socialized with Rev. Scott of Pohick Church both vestries.

American revolutionary
Grayson became involved in the political prelude to the Revolution in Virginia. He was on various Committees of Correspondence and military preparedness, as did nearby planters, including Richard Henry Lee with whom he would serve as the inaugural U.S. Senators from Virginia. In June 1776 he became an assistant secretary to George Washington, and was promoted as an aide-de-camp to Washington in August, which came with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In January 1777, William Grayson recruited a regiment for the Continental Army known as Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment, and served as its colonel (and Spence as its fighting chaplain). The Regiment was attached to General Charles Scott's Brigade and saw frequent action in late 1777 in the Philadelphia Campaign, notably in the delaying skirmishes in Northern New Jersey, the Battle of Brandywine and the Defense of Philadelphia. In the winter of 1777-78, he led his troops to Valley Forge, where they suffered privations, and emerged in the spring with considerably fewer men fit for service. On June 28, 1778, Grayson was central to the Battle of Monmouth. In Scott's absence, Colonel Grayson took temporary command of the brigade, which was in the vanguard of an assault as part of Charles Lee's Advance Guard. Grayson and the brigade were in the center of the battle in 100 degree heat, and held a far superior force to a stalemate, when Lee took personal command of all of his forces, while Grayson himself returned to Washington's field command. General Lee badly misunderstood intelligence he was receiving, and the line broke into a disorganized retreat. Subsequently, Lee was court-marshalled by Washington, and Grayson, as one of the key officers at Monmouth, had to testify at the proceedings. In 1778, William Grayson served on a commission dealing with war prisoners. In 1779, he resigned his military commission to serve on the Congressional Board of War.

Post-War career
In 1781 Grayson returned to Dumfries and his legal practice. Like many Continental Army officers, he was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He was also elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1780.

Like his brothers, Grayson owned slaves. In the 1787 Virginia tax census, by which time his eldest brother Benjamin Jr. had died, William Grayson owned eight enslaved adults in Prince William County, as well as four enslaved teenagers, two horses and eighteen cattle, compared to Rev. Spence Grayson, who owned fourteen enslaved adults, 21 enslaved teenagers, ten horses and 17 cattle. Grayson's political career began in 1784, when he won election as one of Prince William County's two delegates (part time) in the Virginia House of Delegates. He replaced Arthur Lee and the following year would be replaced by the same man, who was then removed from office as disqualified by his federal office. Grayson had not stood for re-election because he was a delegate to the Confederation Congress from 1785 to 1787. While in that office, he helped to pass the Northwest Ordinance, including a provision that forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory.

As an Anti-Federalist, he joined George Mason, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry in opposing ratification of the proposed new United States Constitution at the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788. In that Convention, Grayson argued that the proposed constitution was neither fish nor fowl—neither strong enough for a national government nor decentralized enough for a federal one — and thus eventually would either degenerate into a despotism or result in the dissolution of the Union.

Grayson experienced the inflation caused by Virginia and other states issuing paper fiat currency during the Revolutionary War. He later wrote to James Madison that:

"The Ancients were surely men of more candor than We are; they contended openly for an abolition of debts in so many Words, while we strive as hard for the same thing under the decent and specious pretense of a circulating medium. Montesquieu was not wrong when he said the democratical might be as tyrannical as the despotic, for where is there greater act of despotism than that of issuing paper to depreciate for the paying debts, on easy terms."

United States Senate
Although the Anti-Federalists lost the battle in opposition of the new Constitution, Patrick Henry, Virginia's leading Anti-Federalist, rewarded Grayson by arranging his election to the first United States Senate. Grayson served from March 4, 1789, until his death on March 12, 1790. He and Richard Henry Lee were the only members of the first Senate who had opposed ratification, and so they were unhappy when the Bill of Rights omitted any provisions making serious corrections to the division of powers between the central government and the states. Grayson continued to believe that the Philadelphia Convention had struck precisely the wrong balance.

Death and legacy
Grayson and his family had moved to Frederick County, Virginia (where his widow ultimately died), but he died at the home of his brother Rev. Spence Grayson on March 12, 1790. He hand wrote a will shortly before his death which appointed executors and charged them to make "all my slaves born since Independance [sic] of America Free", which will was admitted to probate in Frederick County, despite some difficulties with the court clerk, on December 7, 1790. He was the first member of the United States Congress to die in office.

Rev. Spence Grayson survived another eight years, and both are interred in the Grayson family vault, with the current address (pathway and historical marker) at 2338 W. Longview Drive, Woodbridge. However, the house long out of family hands was used as a field hospital during the Civil War and the vault tomb dynamited. The estate of Richard Stonnell (who had owned the property and died in 1857) was finally settled though special chancery commissioner Eppa Hunton Jr. in 1887, with S.B. Stonnell receiving a deed and erecting a frame house atop the remaining foundation. The tomb's restoration was opposed by the property owner in 1975, but the Daughters of the American Revolution restored it in 1981 and further restoration occurred in 2005, and 2014, despite the remainder of the property being in private hands.

A grandson, William Grayson Carter, became a Kentucky state senator; another grandson was Confederate General John Breckinridge Grayson.

Spence Grayson's son John Robinson Grayson (born in 1779 at Belle Aire), was captured near the Occoquan River from the brig Polly, operated by Lund Washington. Impressed into the British Navy, upon his release in 1800, John Grayson became a captain in the United States Navy. During the War of 1812, Capt. Grayson commanded a squadron of gunboats off Georgia, where he settled. The original Belle Aire house, as well as mortuary vault, were destroyed during the American Civil War. The mortuary vault was rebuilt, encased in concrete and buried by the Daughters of the American Revolution in the early 20th century. Grayson County, Kentucky, the city of Grayson, Kentucky, and Grayson County, Virginia, were all named for the senator. in 1976, Prince William County erected a gazebo in Merchant Park beside the Weems-Botts Museum to honor William Grayson, and Virginia also erected a highway marker on Route 1 to commemorate him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: William Grayson


text:
North Loop

North Loop refers to:

Places

 * North Loop, Minneapolis
 * North Loop, Austin, Texas
 * North Loop, El Paso, Texas

title: North Loop


text:
Salem Poor

Salem Poor (c. 1747–1802) was an enslaved African-American man who purchased his freedom in 1769, became a soldier in 1775. He was involved in the American Revolutionary War, particularly in the Battle of Bunker Hill.

Early life
Salem Poor was born in 1747 into slavery on a farm in Andover in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The farm was owned by John Poor and Rebecca Poor and his son John Poor Jr. His first name may be derived from the Arabic word "salaam", meaning peace. Other sources explain that his name may have been derived from his place of birth. He bought his freedom on July 10, 1769, from John Poor Jr. for £27, a year's salary for an average working man at the time. This would be equivalent to about $5,600 in 2019 dollars.

Military career
In May 1775, Poor enlisted in the militia when he was about 28 years old. He served under Captain Benjamin Ames in Colonel James Frye's regiment. Colonel Frye's command consisted of Lieutenant-Colonel James Bricket, Major Thomas Poor, Adjutant Daniel Hardy, and Surgeon Thomas Kittredge. His regiment, with two others, totaled 850 soldiers. They marched from Cambridge to Charlestown, Massachusetts, where the officers decided to fortify Breed's Hill. At Breed's Hill, the regiments built a fort on the top of the hill using pick axes and shovels. The men worked quickly and quietly to ensure the British army occupying Boston did not know they were there.

Salem Poor was one of three dozen African Americans who fought on Bunker Hill. As many as 5000 soldiers, both free and enslaved African Americans fought for the Patriots. Meanwhile, about twenty to thirty thousand black soldiers fought for Britain. The British had an army twice the size of the Americans. They would assault Breed's Hill on June 17, 1775. The Americans would push the British back in two assaults but would run out of ammunition and retreat during the third assault.

Poor is best remembered today for his actions during the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, where he was credited with mortally wounding British Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie, as he jumped onto the redoubt and yelled, "Surrender, you rebels." However, Abercrombie may have been killed due to friendly fire. John Pitcairn's army had previously fired on the patriots at Lexington and Concord. John Trumbull would create his famous series of paintings, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775, depicting the death of American rebel General Joseph Warren and British Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie.

Poor's valor and gallantry at the Battle of Bunker Hill prompted 14 officers, including Colonel William Prescott and Colonel Jonathan Brewer, to cite him for heroism and petition the General Court of Massachusetts with the following statement:

"The Reward due to so great and Distinguished a Character. The Subscribers beg leave to Report to your Honorable. House (Which We do in justice to the Character of so Brave a man) that under Our Own observation, we declare that A Negro Man Called Salem Poor of Col. Frye's Regiment, Capt. Ames. Company in the late Battle of Charleston, behaved like an Experienced Officer, as Well as an Excellent Soldier. to Set forth Particulars of his Conduct would be Tedious, We Would Only beg leave to say in the Person of this Negro Centers a Brave & gallant Soldier."

There is no evidence that Poor received a reward.

On July 10, 1775, George Washington ended the recruitment of African Americans. On November 12, he issued orders prohibiting all black men from serving in the Continental Army. Despite the ban on recruitment, those who had already been serving for some time were allowed to stay until this point. On hearing of this, Lord Dunmore, who at the time was Governor of Virginia, offered freedom to all enslaved people willing to serve with the British. Washington, sensing the disaster that would almost surely result, immediately changed his position, at once ordering all recruiters to enlist any black men who wanted to fight.

He is known to have retreated to the winter camp at Valley Forge and fought in the Battle of White Plains, Battle of Saratoga and Battle of Monmouth. He also served at Fort George. Salem Poor served in New York in 1776 under General Benedict Arnold. He would eventually re-enlist for three years and spend his time in Saratoga. In 1777–1778, he was at Valley Forge and fought in the Battle of White Plains. Poor immediately re-enlisted in the militia and fought with the Patriot forces until March 20, 1780, when he was discharged in Providence, Rhode Island.

Personal life
In August 1771, Poor married Nancy Parker, "a part Indian servant in the family of Capt. James Parker", according to papers in the Charlotte Helen Abbot Collection of the Andover Historical Society. Lois Kerschen, in the Encyclopedia of African American History, lists her as a "free African American". They had a son, Jonas, who was baptized on September 29, 1776. In 1780, he married his second wife, Mary Twing, a free African American. The couple moved to Providence but were ordered to leave that city, presumably because they could not support themselves. In 1785, he placed an advertisement in the Boston Gazette to disown Mary's debts and "forewarn all Persons from trusting MARY, the Wife of the Subscriber".

Poor then married Sarah Stevens, a white woman, in 1787, and 1793 he spent several weeks in the Boston Almshouse. He was briefly jailed for "breach of peace" in 1799, married for the fourth and final time in 1801, and died in 1802. Details of his life after the Revolutionary War were not widely known until research by genealogist David Lambert, a descendant of Poor's former enslavers; an article about this research appeared in The Boston Globe in 2007. He was interred at Copp's Hill Burying Ground near Boston, Massachusetts.

Honors
The petition sent by Col. Prescott and the other 13 officers suggested the Continental Congress offer Poor "The Reward due to so great and Distinguish a Character." This memorial was dated at Cambridge on December 5, 1775. While the battle is thought to have been fought on Bunker Hill, it was fought on Breed's Hill. A monument commemorates the battle on Breed's Hill when General Warren fell on June 17, 1775. Daniel Webster gave two speeches at the 1843 ceremony, later known as the Bunker Hill Orations, commemorating soldiers like Salem Poor who fought in the battle. The monument's cornerstone was laid by Lafayette in 1825. In 1876, in a speech at the time of the United States' centennial celebration, George Washington Williams commemorated Poor and other African-American soldiers who fought at Bunker Hill. For the 1976 United States Bicentennial, Poor was honored in 1975 with a stamp in the "Contributors to the Cause" series. Poor Street in Andover was named after him.

title: Salem Poor


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Jovanka Broz

Jovanka Broz (Budisavljević; Јованка Броз, Будисављевић; 7 December 1924 – 20 October 2013) was the First Lady of Yugoslavia as the wife of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito. She was a lieutenant colonel in the Yugoslav People's Army.

She was married to Tito from 1952 until his death in 1980. Following her husband's death, all of her property was seized and she moved to a state-owned villa, where she reportedly lived under virtual house arrest.

Early life
Jovanka Budisavljević was born on 7 December 1924, to an ethnic Croatian Serb family of Milica (Svilar) and Milan "Mićo" Budisavljević in Pećane near Udbina, in the historical Krbava and Lika regions of Croatia, at the time part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In April 1941, when World War II started in Yugoslavia, the Budisavljević family was forced to flee the violently anti-Serb Ustaše regime of the Independent State of Croatia, which targeted one third of the prečani Serbs for forced conversion to Catholicism, another third for expulsion and the final third for extermination. The family's house was eventually burned down by the Ustaše troops. She joined the Yugoslav Partisans shortly thereafter, at the age of 17.

Life with and around Tito

Former JNA General Marjan Kranjc says Jovanka was assigned to the Marshal as early as 1945 as part of the personnel that checked his food and overall cleanliness for the purpose of preventing disease. After the death of Tito's great love, whose grave is in the Royal Compound in Dedinje, in 1946, Jovanka became his personal secretary according to Kranjc. "In this way she became a part of the inner most security ring around Tito and had to sign a secret cooperation agreement with the State Security Service (SDB), which was the law" - says Kranjc.

Initial relationship
Milovan Đilas, one of the communist revolutionary movement's leading members and ideologues, and a subsequent dissident, provides more details about Jovanka during this period in Druženje s Titom (Friendship with Tito). According to him, the relationship with Tito was extremely difficult for her: She never appeared outside of Tito's company. We'd see her many times as she was keeping a vigil for hours in a hallway [while we're holding a late-night meeting inside], to make sure she is available if Tito needs anything as he's going to sleep. Because of that, the wrath and the lack of trust she was receiving from other servants was almost inevitable. [According to what was on offer] the motives for her closeness to Tito could've been explained in endless ways, none of which would show her character in a good light: career climbing, cajolery, malicious female extravagance, exploitation of Tito's lonesomeness...

As far as she was concerned, Tito was a war and communist party deity for whom everyone was supposed to sacrifice everything they had. She was a woman deep in the process of comprehending Tito as a man, while also increasingly and devotedly falling in love with him. She was resigned to burn out or fade away, unknown and unrecognized if need be, next to the divine man about whom she dreamt and to whom she could only belong now that he has chosen her.

Marriage

The exact date of their marriage is also subject to debate. The secret wedding ceremony happened either during 1951 or in April 1952; however, the location of the ceremony is also not clear. Some sources say it took place in the Dunavka villa in Ilok while others list Belgrade's municipality of Čukarica as the location.

Deterioration
Many believed her to be a victim of the ambitions of various politicians who managed to manipulate the ageing Marshal into turning against his wife. Ivo Eterović, a writer and photographer with unprecedented decades-long access to Yugoslavia's ruling couple, stated "the main culprits for the Tito-Jovanka split are that pig Stane Dolanc and General Nikola Ljubičić". In 1975, Tito left their common home, and she did not see him from 1977 to 1980 when he died. After Marshal Tito's death she lived in seclusion in Dedinje, a Belgrade suburb, under house arrest. The house was in a very bad condition; nobody cared to repair anything. The roof was leaking, she did not have her pension or her documents (ID and passport and health insurance card). She lived without heating for eight years. She got her ID and passport in 2009. They took her car, so she was not able to go to her husband's grave when she wanted. The government had to be notified if she left the house. She had practically no human rights for 30 years.

Death
Broz was hospitalized on 23 August 2013, and died from a heart attack in a Belgrade hospital on 20 October 2013, aged 88. She was buried in the House of Flowers mausoleum near her husband's grave.

Memoirs
The book titled My Life, My Truth was released three weeks before she died.

Honours

 * 🇫🇷 France : Dame Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (8 May 1956).
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (22 October 1970).
 * 🇮🇷 Iran : Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971).
 * Nepalese Royal Family: Member First Class of the Most Illustrious Order of the Three Divine Powers (2 February 1974).

References in popular culture
In the British television series Doctor Who, the fictional character of Tegan Jovanka, one of the companions of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors, and one of the longest running companions of the Doctor, got the name as a combination of Tegan, named by one of the producers' niece, and Jovanka, after Jovanka Broz.

title: Jovanka Broz


text:
University of Ottawa Heart Institute

The University of Ottawa Heart Institute (UOHI) (French: Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa (ICUO)) is Canada's largest cardiovascular health centre. It is located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It began as a department in The Ottawa Hospital, and since has evolved into Canada's only complete cardiac centre, encompassing prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, research, and education.

UOHI cares for more than 100,000 cardiac patients each year, and patient satisfaction is among the highest in Ontario, averaging 98 percent. The Heart Institute is affiliated with the Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, specifically the Faculty of Medicine.

The institute also provides training to more than 100 physicians annually and runs an extensive cardiovascular research program, with 60 principal investigators and research funding of approximately $65 million a year.

History
UOHI was founded in 1976 by Dr. Wilbert Keon, with financial support from the Ontario Ministry of Education. Keon worked with numerous partners, including all of the hospitals in the region, the University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Regional District Planning council, to ensure the vision of a world-renowned institute would unfold as planned. The first phase of the Heart Institute—the Cardiac Unit, as it was then known—officially opened on May 11, 1976.

UOHI is now the sole, independent provider of specialized cardiovascular care for the Champlain Local Health Integration Network, home to over 1 million people (9 percent of the population of Ontario), and serves more than 40 referral hospitals throughout the province.

In 2004, UOHI recruited Dr. Robert Roberts from Baylor College of Medicine to serve as President and Chief Executive Officer. Roberts, an internationally recognized investigator in the field of molecular genetics, was brought in to place a greater emphasis on research within the institute. Shortly afterwards, UOHI established the Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, the first such centre in Canada and one of only a handful worldwide dedicated to cardiovascular genetics.

In April 2014, former Heart Institute Chief of Cardiac Surgery Dr. Thierry Mesana took over as the third President and CEO of UOHI.

The institute has been responsible for numerous ‘firsts’, including:
 * First use of point of care genetic testing in clinical medicine as part of the RAPID GENE study.
 * Ontario's first angioplasty
 * The first use in Canada, and 11th in the world, of the Jarvik 7 artificial heart as a bridge to transplant
 * A heart transplant on the youngest recipient in Canada (an 11-day-old infant)
 * Canada's first cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) centre
 * Discovery of a genetic mutation that causes one of the most common forms of heart disease—atrial fibrillation
 * Identification of the first single-nucleotide polymorphism that increases susceptibility to heart disease regardless of other established risk factors
 * A one-of-a-kind Canadian home tele-health monitoring program that cuts hospital readmission by 54 percent for heart failure patients
 * A first multi-faceted Women's Heart Health Centre that will focus its programs on prevention and management services for women at risk of and diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.

Clinical specialties
UOHI maintains a clinical staff of over 700, including physicians, nurses, technicians, and other health professionals. In addition to standard care, approximately 100 clinical trials are underway at the institute at any time.

Cardiac anesthesiology
More than 1,900 open-heart procedures at UOHI each year require anesthesia, including coronary artery bypass, valve replacement, heart transplant, pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, mechanical circulatory assist devices and others. Clinical anesthesia is also provided for a growing number and variety of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, percutaneous aortic valve, and arrhythmia procedures.

Cardiac imaging
UOHI is a national centre for cardiac imaging. The institute employs all standard imaging modalities and evaluates experimental techniques and applications. UOHI also has the rare capability to develop and produce novel, short-lived nuclear tracers on site. The on-site cyclotron lets the institute produce many of its own medical isotopes, particularly for PET imaging. UOHI’s Nuclear Cardiology Program is the largest such clinical program in Canada.

Cardiac surgery
UOHI's cardiac surgeons perform more than 1,900 open-heart procedures annually, and the institute is known for its reconstructive heart-valve surgery program. Dr. Pierre Voisine is the Chief of Cardiac Surgery. It has among the lowest mortality rates and largest patient volumes in North America, especially for high-risk patients. Surgical specialties include:
 * Heart valve repair
 * Percutaneous aortic valve replacement
 * Multi-vessel small thoracotomy
 * Heart transplantation
 * Mechanical assist devices
 * Thoracoscopic surgical ablation
 * Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy

The Heart Institute is the provincial centre for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.

Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation
The Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation program focuses its efforts in five areas: cardiac rehabilitation, the Prevention & Wellness Centre (for patient and public education), the Champlain Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Network, the Ottawa Model for Smoking Cessation (implemented in more than 200 medical institutions across Canada), and behavioral and risk modification research.

Cardiology
Approximately 50,000 patients a year visit UOHI’s cardiology clinics for testing and treatment of heart disorders. The Cardiology program operates a number of specialized clinics that address various conditions and risk factors for heart disease.

The institute's cardiologists conduct more than 12,000 non-surgical interventions annually.

The ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Protocol, developed at UOHI, specifies that paramedic in Ottawa identify patients with a STEMI heart attack and transport them directly to the Institute. The program has cut mortality rates from heart attack in Ottawa by half.

Clinical services
UOHI’s division of nursing manages or supports programs and units within the Heart Institute, including the cardiac catheterization and electrophysiology labs, the cardiac operating rooms, the cardiac surgery intensive care unit and the cardiac intensive care unit.

UOHI offers specialized cardiac nursing training and education in a number of areas, such as critical care, provincial programs in cardiac CT, cardiac PET, artificial hearts, and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.

Research
Since 2004, a concerted effort to grow research funding at UOHI has resulted in a 300 percent increase in total grant awards. The Institute has more than 60 principal investigators and 175 research staff members whose work encompasses all aspects of cardiovascular medicine. Research programs include:
 * Atherosclerosis, Genetics & Cell Biology
 * Biomaterials and Regeneration
 * Biomedical Engineering
 * Cardiac Anesthesiology
 * Cardiac Imaging
 * Cardiac Prevention & Rehabilitation Research
 * Cardiac Surgery Research
 * Cardiology Research
 * Cardiovascular Devices
 * Cardiovascular Endocrinology
 * Cardiovascular Genetics
 * Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre
 * Clinical Services Research
 * Clinical Trials
 * Hypertension

Major findings
Heart Institute investigators:
 * Identified the strongest genetic risk factor for coronary artery disease and heart attack to date (the 9p21 gene)—the first major risk factor discovered since cholesterol
 * Discovered the genetic basis for atrial fibrillation, the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia, affecting 250,000 Canadians
 * Conducted the most comprehensive assessment of high blood pressure in Canada in 15 years
 * Developed a model smoking cessation program that is in use in more than 200 hospitals across Canada and is being adopted internationally
 * Unlocked the mechanism controlling a gene that regulates weight loss
 * Developed a novel biomaterial that grows new blood vessels
 * Developed Canada's first cardiac autopsy guidelines now in use in Ontario
 * Developed an integrated regional protocol that cuts heart attack deaths by half

Education and training
UOHI trains physicians, nurses, technologists, technicians, and other health professionals, as well as graduate students and post-doctoral students in the life and biomedical sciences. The Heart Institute also provides continuing education and best practice training for health care professionals and institutions, and develops patient education tools and programs to facilitate and support self-management of cardiovascular risk factors.

The institute is certified by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada for residency and fellowship training in cardiac surgery, cardiology, and cardiac anesthesiology.

title: University of Ottawa Heart Institute


text:
F. Trubee Davison

Frederick Trubee Davison (February 7, 1896 – November 14, 1974) was an American World War I aviator, assistant United States Secretary of War, director of personnel for the Central Intelligence Agency, and president of the American Museum of Natural History.

Biography
He was born on February 7, 1896, to Henry Pomeroy Davison. He graduated from Groton School and then attended Yale University as part of the class of 1918.

He was a member of Yale's secret Skull and Bones society.

War years
Davison was the founder of the First Yale Unit, which is considered to be the first naval air reserve unit. He founded the unit in 1916 in response to the war that was raging in Europe. Davison and a handful of other students from Yale feared that the United States would soon be dragged into the war effort and would find itself poorly prepared, especially in aviation. Davison told his mother that the government was "asleep at the switch". After consulting with John Hays Hammond Jr. and Henry Woodhouse, Davison decided to pull together a group of twelve from amongst Yale's undergraduates to form a unit of flyboys that would possibly operate along the Atlantic Coast. Hammond and Admiral Peary of the American navy had worked out plans to develop a type of coast guard along the eastern shores that would operate from the air. They wanted to set up a series of seaplane stations which would each have a specific piece of territory to patrol. Davison took to this idea immediately and formed the unit. In the First Yale Unit with him were Robert A. Lovett, John Vorys, John Villiers Farwell III, Albert Ditman, Wellesley Laud Brown, Artemus L. Gates, Erl Clinton Barker Gould, Allan Wallace Ames, C. D. Wiman, Albert Dillon Sturtevant, and H. P. Davison Jr. Davison and his friends began their aviation training privately with the help of pilot David Hugh McCulloch in the summer of 1916 while staying at the Davison's house at Peacock Point. in Locust Valley on Long Island.

Davison also relied on the financial aid provided by his father, Henry P. Davison, and his friends in the form of flying boats and equipment for the unit. Over the next year, Trubee Davison would fight tirelessly to have the unit officially recognized by the U.S. Navy making trips to Washington to speak to the Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels. Turned down again and again, Davison didn't lose hope but instead became more persistent in his efforts to have the unit trained under military conditions and to have all of the members earn their navy wings so that they would be prepared to serve America at a moment's notice. A short while after returning to the Yale campus, Davison learned that Lieutenant John H. Towers, a legendary pilot and the third ever to earn navy wings, was in New York. Davison went to speak with him and Towers was sympathetic to their cause and asked him to write a letter to Daniels telling him about their meeting. When he didn't hear a response, Davison again contacted Towers and then went to Washington to meet with him. It was during this meeting that he gained the approval of the U.S. Navy to have the unit become part of the Naval Reserve and train in Palm Beach. Within five days Davison was off to Palm Beach along with the rest of the First Yale Unit to continue training as naval pilots.

On July 28, 1917, Davison was set to take his flying test in order to obtain his navy wings. Having fainted only a short while before the test, Davison was not sure about whether or not he should fly but decided he felt well enough. During the flight, he lost control of his seaplane in a panic attack and spiralled into the sea, the impact of which split the plane in two. Davison was admitted to St. Luke's hospital where he was diagnosed with a broken back and injured spinal cord. He would spend six weeks there. Davison never saw combat but was active in unit activities throughout the war and was awarded the Navy Cross for his services.

After the war
After the war, Davison went back to Yale and, while rooming with fellow unit member "Di" (Artemus) Gates, finished his undergraduate program graduating in 1919. In 1920, he married Dorothy Peabody, the daughter of the headmaster at Groton School where he had attended before attending Yale. After his father died Trubee and Dorothy built a house on the Davison estate, Peacock Point, in order to keep his mother company.

Davison proceeded to attend Columbia University Law School where he earned a Law Degree and then went on to work with White and Case, Manhattan lawyers.

Every year, Davison held a reunion for the First Yale Unit in New York City in the summer and sometimes other naval aviators would attend as well original members.

He was on the cover of Time magazine for August 24, 1925.

In 1951, he became a trustee of Yale and the first personnel director of the newly formed CIA.

Political life
Davison was elected to the New York State Legislature after the war where he gained a reputation as being one of the hardest-working members. In 1925, he became head of the unofficial "Crime Commission", sponsored by Judge Elbert H. Gary.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Nassau Co., 2nd D.) in 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1926. He was Assistant Secretary of War for Air from July 1926 to March 1933. In the New York state election, 1932, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York with William J. Donovan, but they were defeated in a landslide by Democrats Herbert H. Lehman and M. William Bray. Davison was an alternate delegate to the 1940 Republican National Convention.

He died on November 14, 1974, in Locust Valley, New York.

title: F. Trubee Davison


text:
Category:University of Ottawa

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:University of Ottawa


text:
Västerås

Västerås is a city in central Sweden on the shore of Lake Mälaren in the province of Västmanland, 100 km west of Stockholm. The city had a population of 127,799 at the end of 2019, out of the municipal total of 158,653, over 100,000 more than the next largest of the 17 localities included in the Västerås Municipality. Västerås is the seat of Västerås Municipality, which is the capital of Västmanland County and an episcopal see.

History
Västerås is one of the oldest cities in Sweden and Northern Europe. The name originates from Västra Aros (West Aros), which refers to the river mouth of Svartån. The area has been populated since the Nordic Viking Age, before 1000 CE. In the beginning of the 11th century it was the second largest city in Sweden, and by the 12th century had become the seat of the bishop. Anundshög is located just outside the City of Västerås. Anundshög is Sweden's largest burial mound. "Hög" is derived from the Old Norse word haugr meaning mound or barrow. It was built about 500 CE and is over 74 yd wide and is almost 10 yd high.

In the ensuing centuries, a cathedral and a monastery were built; the Gothic cathedral, rebuilt by Birger Jarl on an earlier site, and consecrated in 1271, was restored in the 19th century. The first City Arms date from the end of the 13th century. A castle commands the town from an eminence; it was captured by King Gustav I and rebuilt by him, and Eric XIV was confined there from 1573 to 1575. Gustav also called together the riksdag in Västerås. During the riksdag assembly, the decision was made to convert Sweden into a Protestant state and to remove the power of the Catholic Church. Rudbeckianska gymnasiet, the oldest gymnasium (secondary school) in Sweden, was built in Västerås by Johannes Rudbeckius in 1623. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the growing of cucumber became popular, and Västerås received the nickname Gurkstaden (the Cucumber City), which it still retains today.

Today
Västerås is predominantly known as an industrial city, but also a retailing and logistics city. The city wants to distinguish itself as Västerås – Mälarstaden, meaning "Västerås—the city by Lake Mälaren", in order to attract tourists and new inhabitants, as well as students to the local University, Mälardalen University (approximately 16,000 enrolled students in Västerås and in the nearby Eskilstuna). To this effect, the city has started using a designed logo as branding in some official contexts, partially replacing the coat of arms, as well as rebuilding several old harbor areas to make them more attractive to live in. Västerås has the largest lakeside commercial and recreational port in Scandinavia on Lake Mälaren. The lake has many islands, and there are tourist boats that go out to them daily in the summer. The city also has a skyscraper colloquially nicknamed "Skrapan" (The Scraper) which has Sweden's highest-located cocktail bar, called Sky Bar, on the 24th floor of the building. Until 2017, Västerås hosted Power Big Meet, an annual event for owners and enthusiasts of classic American cars. The event moved to Lidköping in 2017, with arrangers citing having outgrown the available facilities in Västerås. Long-time Power Big Meet collaborator Klas Brink instead arranged the competing Västerås Summer Meet at the same location as Power Big Meet had been arranged for years.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Västerås experiences a humid continental climate bordering, according to the original -3 C isotherm, an oceanic climate (Dfb/Cfb) with cold winters and warm summers. Summers tend to be quite unpredictable with sunny spells but with a risk of sudden showers. The sunniest weather usually occurs when high-pressure systems are blocking the low-pressure systems that usually move in from the Atlantic Ocean. Daytime temperatures in July mostly hover around 22 C, but may sometimes exceed 25 C and occasionally even 30 C. Winters are usually cold with a snow cover that lasts for several months. Some winters can be mild with longer spells without snow on the ground. The weather differs a lot whether the air masses are coming from the Atlantic Ocean or from the Eurasian continent. In the first case, temperatures over 5 C might be expected. In the second case, the temperature may not rise above -15 C in the middle of the day. Lake Mälaren is usually frozen from December until the end of March. The highest official temperature reading of 36.0 C was recorded on 9 July 1966. The lowest temperature of -36.5 C was recorded on 24 January 1875.

The Åkesta observatory stands 4km to the north of the town, in Åkesta.

Industry
In 1891, the Turbine House, a small hydroelectric dam was built on Svartån, in central Västerås. This early electrification encouraged ASEA, a large electricity equipment manufacturer, to concentrate its operations in Västerås, shifting focus away from Arboga. After the 1988 merger with the power systems company Brown, Boveri & Cie, ASEA became ABB Group. As a result, Västerås is home to its ABB AB Swedish subsidiary headquarters. ABB in Västerås maintains production, e.g. robots and drive systems for industry, high-voltage direct current transmission and power grids. A number of business units have been spun out of ABB. Principal among them is Hitachi Energy (Hitachi). Since the Westinghouse takeover of ABB's nuclear business it is owned by Westinghouse Electric Company. It is situated mainly in Finnslätten, an industrial area in the northern part of Västerås. Westinghouse Sweden produces nuclear fuel and offers nuclear services for Boiling Water Reactors and Pressurized water reactors. , Westinghouse Sweden had more than 1000 employees. The plant has provided fuel for Ukraine since 2005. On 11 April 2014, after the Russian annexation of Crimea, the contract with Energoatom for the South Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant was extended through 2020.

Mälarenergi AB is a city-owned district heating and electric power provider for Västerås and surrounding area. Mälarenergi owns and operates a number of plants of which the biggest one is the heat and power plant in Västerås. It is Sweden's largest combined heat and power plant, and the latest unit (number 6) uses waste as fuel. Other major industries include Bombardier Transportation, which is active in railway business with production of propulsion systems for trains with worldwide customers, GE Power Sweden, Enics, Quintus Technologies AB (high pressure metal working and material densification equipment for the manufacturing industry) and Northvolt AB which designs, develops and manufactures lithium-ion battery cells and complete battery systems for electric vehicles, heavy transport, mining, and energy industries, as well as portable devices.

Retailing and trade
One of the historical reasons that made Västerås a city is its trading-friendly location by the river Svartån and lake Mälaren. The city remains one of the main logistical centers in Sweden due to its central location in the densely populated region Mälardalen and favourable infrastructure connections with railways, waterways and highways. Amongst others, ICA AB has one of its main distribution centres located in Västerås. Västerås is the birthplace of multinational clothing retailer H&M. Their first store was opened in the town centre in 1947. Erikslund Shopping Center, on the outskirts of Västerås, was Sweden's biggest mall until Mall of Scandinavia opened in 2015, and the retail park is the third biggest in sales after Kungens Kurva and Barkarby.

Sports

 * De grönvita (The Green and White), Västerås SK – Founded on 29 January 1904, "The Green and White" is the most successful bandy team in Sweden, with 22 Swedish Championships won (20 male, 2 female). They have the largest permanent indoor arena for bandy in Sweden, ABB Arena Syd. The Bandy World Championship have been played in Västerås several times.
 * VIK Västerås HK, known as VIK Västerås Hockey Klubb. The club had its greatest moment in 1992/1993 when the club won the regular series in the Swedish Elitleague (VIK reached quarter finals in the playoff). In 2000 the club was degraded from the league and faced a financial crisis. The club was declared bankrupt. During the fall of 2000 the club restarted in the lowest division which the team won. Today (2019) they are playing in Hockeyallsvenskan, the second tier. Among hockey players from Västerås you find: Nicklas Lidström, Tommy Salo, Patrik Berglund, Mikael Backlund and many more.
 * Västerås SK, currently plays in the second tier of Swedish football, Superettan. Having mostly been playing in the higher divisions of Swedish football. The last time the club was in the premier division was in 1997.
 * IFK Västerås FK, football club in Division 4 Västmanland
 * IK Franke, football club in Division 3 Norra Svealand
 * Skiljebo SK, football club in Division 2 Norra Svealand
 * Västerås IK, football club in Division 4 Norra Svealand
 * Syrianska IF Kerburan, football club in Division 3 Norra Svealand
 * Gideonsbergs IF football club in Division 3 Norra Svealand

Notable natives

 * Gerda Ahlm, artist
 * Carl-Henry Alström, psychiatrist
 * Mattias Andréasson, singer
 * Axenstar, power metal band
 * Mikael Backlund, ice hockey player
 * Maria Bonnevie, actress
 * Ana Diaz, musician
 * Lars Ekborg, comedian
 * Embee, hip hop deejay and producer
 * Fronda, rapper
 * Joakim "Jocke" Götberg, heavy metal musician and singer
 * Frida Hansdotter, alpine skier
 * Patrik Isaksson, swimmer
 * Fredrik Johansson, musician
 * Pontus Kåmark, football player
 * Dagmar Lange, author under the pen name Maria Lang
 * Nicklas Lidström, ice hockey player
 * Victor Lindelöf, footballer for Manchester United
 * Magnus Lindgren, jazz musician
 * Loreen, singer, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 and the Eurovision Song Contest 2023
 * Maria Montazami, television personality
 * Markus Oscarsson, Olympic gold medalists in canoeing 2004
 * Pandora, singer
 * Stefan Pettersson, footballer
 * Promoe, rapper
 * Jonny Rödlund, football player
 * Pugh Rogefeldt, musician
 * Linda Rosing, singer, politician, model
 * Tommy Salo, ice hockey player
 * Ola Sandström, singer, songwriter and musician
 * Bobo Stenson, jazz pianist
 * Gary Sundgren, football player
 * Åsa Svensson, tennis player
 * Esbjörn Svensson, jazz pianist
 * Olof Thunberg, actor
 * Tomas Tranströmer, poet
 * Lars Wallin, fashion designer
 * Mai Zetterling, actress and film director

Travel

 * Stockholm-Västerås Airport
 * Västerås Central Station

title: Västerås


text:
Talk:Västerås

Removing notables
Taking these "notables" off the article page. If they get articles (which I doubt) they may be re added.

 * Åke Ohberg
 * Olof Thunberg
 * Maria Bonnevie
 * Lena Brogren
 * Marian Gräns
 * Ann Petrén
 * Dagmar Lange

// Fred-Chess 13:24, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * That's perfectly all right with me, I just didn't want to be blamed for censoring this information when redirecting a misguided new creation here. However, some of these definitely ought to have articles; in fact, I'm going to add Dagmar Lange (who published some 40 very popular mystery books under the alias Maria Lang) to List of Swedish language writers straight away. / Alarm 15:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Expanding
The swedish article is much bigger. Understandable, of course, but I am sure the english version could borrow a whole lot. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.84.192.238 (talk • contribs) 09:03, 28 August 2006

VIK hockey
Corrected the faulty information that VIK won the elite series in 1990. They haven't won that once. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.226.109.241 (talk) 12:48, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Climate and sources for climate table
Added some information about the climate, but since I'm not used the new system of editing I had some trouble with adding the sources to the climate table. I got told there was an error because there were no proper reference list in the reference section. It's probably an easy problem to solve (althrough I couldn't) so if someone is more used to this than me, please add the reference here for the weather table:

http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/dataserier-med-normalv%C3%A4rden-1.7354

Also, I had some problems to move the picture of the old painting, which I think belong to history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eastvillage91 (talk • contribs) 18:56, 27 June 2013

 * I fixed this. /NH (talk) 17:09, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

West Aros
I do not believe that this edit was constructive. There are enough instances in English literature, in history and now, where this town has been call West Aros in English to warrant that English Wikipedia not hide that fact from our readers. I will be reinstating that unless there is more input by neutral editors supporting the hush up. I say neutral because the editor from Swedish WP who removed it has a long history of choosing to be confrontational with me. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 20:20, 5 December 2016 (UTC)
 * My edit was not a "hush up" – I removed information I have reason to believe is wrong, which I motivated in my edit comment.

 * Authoritative sources in English and from English-speaking countries where "West Aros" is used for "Västerås" seem to be hard to find: I have looked in the online version of "Encyclopedia Britannica", which does not have it. Google shows some Swedish companies, organizations etc that uses it, including the page referenced by SergeWoodzing, but very few mentions of "West Aros" on pages from the UK or the USA. Large Swiss–Swedish ABB Group with national headquarters (and historical roots) in Västerås uses "Västerås" on their web pages, not "West Aros". The same goes for the corporate (American) web pages of Westinghouse Nuclear, also with facilities in Västerås.

 * In short, "West Aros" seems not to be an established English exonym for the city of Västerås. And Wikipedia is not the place to introduce new such exonyms. In fact, I don't think there are very many Swedish cities or towns having established English exonyms. Gothenburg is the only one I can think of right now, and also the only city given here: English exonyms. /NH (talk) 09:16, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I believe the sources you removed are sufficient for us to mention this exonym in the article, not as a Wikipedia invention (which it obviously is not), but as a service to readers bound to encounter it on the Internet in sources such as those and in other future entries. Not to do so would be using Wikipedia pointers toward (against) knowledgeable Swedish companies and others who do use it. That's not our objective. What we need now is neutral input here. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 11:19, 6 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Searching in Google Books also gives no "West Aros" as an English exonym. /NH (talk) 12:32, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your input! The ref that was removed is an official European Union website in English and specifically gives West Aros as the "Location" of Mälardalen University College. When following the link given right there for that university, we find the address given in Swedish, as an address in Sweden should be. The EU gives the location of it as West Aros, in English, and the address all in Swedish using Västerås. I find it hard to imagine finding a more reliable source. Had I not found that one, and seen many others of good repute (mostly by Swedish organizations in West Aros who would like readers of English to be able to grasp the name of their city, in English) or course I would not have added the exonym. Would you please reconsider your opinion? --SergeWoodzing (talk) 19:44, 6 December 2016 (UTC)
 * The objection from is that it is not well-established. In order to prove that this is a well-established English exonym, you may need more than one source. In this case, the EU could be attempting to push the English exonym, but it is not yet well-established in English usage. Perhaps if you can find a few more sources, may be even a source which clearly links the two names together and explains their relationship, that will satisfy 's objections.  Bradv  19:53, 6 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm not asserting that it's well-established, as in widely known and generally used like the exonym Gothenburg. I'm asserting that the European Union uses it, as well as companies and other organizations in that town, when writing its name in English. To me, that's enough for us not to deny our readers the substantiated knowledge which they deserve and which we are here to provide. We are here for them, not to appease any Wikipedian, you, me or anyone else. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 21:41, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

 * The web site referred to (this page) is not "the European Union". It is a page that collects information on various master education programs in the EU. It is not run by some EU institution or other body, but by an independent institution or company in Germany, as far as I can understand. It offers universities/etc the opportunity to advertise their various education programs to students and others. The text on the particular page is probably written by someone at the Mälardalen university college. It does use "West Aros" instead of "Västerås" – but is one of (very!) few pages on the internet that does so, in the sense of using it as an English exonym.

 * Many web pages which are operated by institutions or other bodies of the EU use the .europa.eu-suffix. Using Google to search only these pages for "West Aros" gives no result. "Västerås", on the contrary, gives lots.

 * Many occurences of "West Aros" on the Internet as a whole are from companies etc around Västerås in Sweden, using "West Aros" as a humorous Swedish–English variant. There is almost no evidence that "West Aros" is used as an exonym in English. On the other hand, if it were an established exonym, then it should not be so hard to find plenty of evidence.

 * /NH (talk) 22:00, 6 December 2016 (UTC)
 * "Humorous" is an interpretation that is far from obvious. I maintain that those companies and other websites merely want to use what they know from their own history is an accepted, albeit not extensively known, exonym that is easier to grasp and pronouce for non-Swedes. It's called good business sense, not "humorous". --SergeWoodzing (talk) 07:03, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

If the exonym in question is "Westerosian", that is just an in-joke pun. 192.121.232.253 (talk) 08:52, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Västerås


text:
Surahammar

Surahammar ( or ) is a locality and the seat of Surahammar Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden, with 6,179 inhabitants in 2010.

History
During the reign of Gustav Vasa, there was a hammer in Surahammar. However, it is not known when the operation started, but it must have been before the year 1561. In 1637, a hammer with two hearths was erected by Axel Oxenstierna on the site where the current mill is located. In 1866, railway wheels and axles began to be manufactured and have been an important part of production ever since.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the sale of railway material declined. The mill's subsidiary Vagnfabriks-Aktiebolaget in Södertälge (Vabis) was therefore looking for new products to sell. The newly hired engineer Gustaf Erikson was sent on a study trip to Europe and back in Surahammar he built Sweden's first internal combustion engine car, which was his own construction with a kerosene engine. Vabi's first car hit the market in 1901.

Culture and sights
Hembygdsgården contains historic buildings with objects, serving all year round at events.

The stone house is used for art exhibitions and is also the start and finish of the 2.5 km "historical walk" with information boards with unique historical images.

The Golden Wheel MC Museum contains, in addition to motorcycles and bicycles, a drivable replica of Sweden's first car, Gustaf Eriksson's carriage from 1897. The museum building has unique murals. Surahammar's mills museum shows the production chain from pig iron to railway wheels.

title: Surahammar


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Sala, Sweden

Sala is a locality and the seat of Sala Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden. As of 2010, it has a population of 12,289.

Sala is the home of several famous places and people, but it is most known for its silver mine, which today is a popular tourist attraction.

The Sagån River flows south through the locality, en route to Mälaren.

Silver mine
The small town is best known for the historic Sala Silver Mine (Sala silvergruva), which is located about 1.7 mi southwest of the town. It dates back to at least Medieval times, and was in operation until 1908. In 1624, the town of Sala was moved to its current location close to the mine, receiving its royal charter from King Gustavus Adolphus.

The silver was important for Sweden's economy and the base for coin production. A total of 400 tonnes of silver was extracted, and 40,000 tonnes of lead; with at most 3-5 tonnes of silver during a year.

The mine eventually reached a depth of 300 m, and a total heading length of 12 mi.

Amenities

The main streets, in terms of retail outlets, are Drottninggatan (which begins at stora torget — the town square — and runs west to Ekebygatan) and Bergsmansgatan (which begins at stora torget and runs east to Kålgårdsgatan).

The spa town of Sätra brunn, about 9 mi from Sala, is another important place for the town.

Måns Ols Utvärdshus

Måns Ols Utvärdshus is a restaurant on the southeastern shore of Långforsen, a reservoir to the northwest of Sala's centre. The location was originally a dust keeper's home, and its first resident was Måns Olsson, who worked at the silver mine between 1709 and 1748. The building's purpose evolved, and from around 1791 it began serving food and drink. Starting in the summer seasons from the late 19th century, the venue played host to carnivals, performances and competitions. The current building was erected in the 1960s. The Skanevall family took over the business in 2002.

Transportation
Sala's bus and train station is located on Stationsplan, a short semi-circular road off Väsbygatan. About 35 trains from Stockholm Central Station (either directly or indirectly) arrive at the station each day, with around 40 making the return trip. The three high-speed SJ Snabbtåg trips take about one hour and twenty minutes. Journeys on SJ InterCity trains take a similar amount of time and run seven times a day. The slower SJ Regionaltåg trains take just over two hours but make around 20 trips from the capital. There is one SJ Tåg i Bergslagen, which departs Stockholm at 22:14 and is direct to Sala.

The SJ trains that pass through terminate at either Stockholm, Linköping, Falun, Mora (once per day), Uppsala or Västerås.

Sala's airfield, Salanda flygfält, is located just east of highway 56, between Norrkivsta and Kumlaby. It is the home of Salaorten Flying Club (Salaorten Flygklubb), which flies Ultralight UL-B aircraft of type Atec Zephyr.

Climate
Sala has a humid continental climate influenced by both its inland position but also frequent maritime winds reaching the town, moderating winter averages compared to what would be expected for an inland location on its latitude.

Sport
Sala's football club, Sala FF, play in Division 3 Södra Norrland in Sweden's fifth tier. They were founded in December 1972, when IF Norden and IFK Sala merged. Their former home was Silvervallen, but they now play at the sports fields on Sportfältsgatan.

The first floorball club in the world, Sala IBK, was founded in Sala 1979.

Notable people
The impressionist painter Ivan Aguéli was born in Sala in 1869. There is a small museum and a park dedicated to his memory in the centre of the town. Sala is also the domicile of the former Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs and former Deputy Prime Minister Lena Hjelm-Wallén. She held several ministerial posts in the Social Democratic government in the 1980s and 1990s and has, despite her career in politics, remained in Sala and is still active in local life.

Ice hockey player Erik Ersberg was born here. British horror and thriller writer Steven Savile lives in Sala.

International relations
Sala is twinned with:

 * Kristinestad, Finland

title: Sala, Sweden


text:
Köping, Sweden

Köping is a locality and the seat of Köping Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden. It had 17,743 inhabitants in 2010. It is known for the television series I en annan del av Köping.

Etymology
Köping means merchant place. It was mentioned for the first time in the 13th century. It was probably given such a name as it did not yet have a charter. The central location of Köping deems it appropriate for merchancy for people from different parts of the country.

History
People have lived on the site for a long time, which is evident not least from the Viking-age boat burial ground at Norsa. An old trading post has been located near Köping. It is first mentioned in a document from the year 1257, when a bishops' meeting was held on the site. Köping, with central and southern Sweden was сhristianised in the 11th century. A church built around the year 1300, the Köping Church, still remains from the early days. Köping has been known as a city since 1349 when its city seal was invoked in a letter.

At Köping was the bailiff's stronghold Köpingshus, mentioned for the first time in 1375 and destroyed by Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson's revolt in 1434. Köping got its charter on January 19, 1474. Köpingshus was rebuilt in the 1580s during Johan III's reign. Charles IX continued the work but later the work ceased and the bail had to lapse. In the 1660s, only ruins remained. Remains remained until the railway was built. Even in the 15th century, the name Laglösa kiöping still appears, which probably means that the trading post had no privileges.

The city's oldest church is probably a church dedicated to St. Olof, which was located after the current Mullgatan. The church appears to have been in poor condition in the early 15th century and then fell into disrepair and was demolished in the 1440s. After the current Köping church was ravaged by fire in 1437, it was given a size sufficient after the rebuilding to suffice for both the county and city parish.

In 1641, Queen Kristina Prästgärdet was donated east of the river to plots, and gradually the "new city" grew here with its own square, Hökartorget or Lilla torget. In the 17th century Köping municipality produced large amounts of iron that was transported to other countries.

In the 19th century Köping established itself as an industrial city, with a large mechanical workshop and a prosperous harbor. A fire in 1889 destroyed large parts of Köping, whereafter it was rebuilt using stone material under supervision of architect Theodor Dahl.

In the 20th century all kinds of companies have established themselves in Köping. Volvo built a large industry there in the 1920s; the arguably most known bed manufacturer in Sweden, Hästens, in 1924; and a number of gold groceries between 1940 — 1960.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Köping:

 * Forsby FF, association football club
 * IBK Köping, floorball club
 * IK Westmannia Frisk, athletics and ski club
 * IKW/Köping BK, bowling club
 * Köping FF, association football club
 * Köping HC, ice hockey club
 * Köping UBBK, basketball club
 * Köpings BTK, table tennis club
 * Köpings GF, gymnastics and cheerleading club
 * Köpings IS, association club, bandy and football
 * Köpings RK, riding club
 * Köpings SS, swimming club
 * Köpings TK, tennis and padel club
 * Köping/Kolsva OK, orienteering club

Notable natives

 * Carl Wilhelm Scheele — 18th century chemist who discovered the functions of oxygen.
 * Richard Dybeck — One of the writers of the Swedish national anthem.
 * Henrik Sjögren — Ophthalmologist best known for the eponymous condition Sjögren's syndrome.
 * Emir Bajrami — Plays in the Swedish national football team.
 * Charta 77 (band) — Swedish punk rock band.
 * Johan Gustafsson — Plays professional ice hockey, drafted by Minnesota Wild, plays in Iowa Wild.
 * Agda Östlund (1870-1942) suffragist and social democrat

title: Köping, Sweden


text:
Kungsör

Kungsör is a locality and the seat of Kungsör Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden with 5,452 inhabitants in 2010.

title: Kungsör


text:
Heby

Heby is a locality and the seat of Heby Municipality in Uppsala County, Sweden, with 2,550 inhabitants in 2010.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Heby:

 * Heby AIF

title: Heby


text:
Hallstahammar

Hallstahammar is a locality and the seat of Hallstahammar Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden with 10,478 inhabitants in 2010.

Overview
The King Gustaf Vasa built Strömsholm Castle along the lake about 1558. Its current appearance goes back to the 1680s. Today it hosts an interesting museum. The town is situated by the small river Kolbäcksån. Along that river many industries were established, and in 1628 the first smithy was built. In 1795 the Strömsholm Canal was inaugurated which enhanced goods transports. The town became a centre for transportation and commerce. In the 1930s it was shaped as a typical Swedish industrial town with close ties to the engineering industry. From the 1970s on, however, that industry has gradually lost its strong significance.

The Swedish soap opera Vänner och Fiender, which aired between 1996 and 2000, was recorded in the studio known as Hollyhammar.

The local bus traffic in Hallstahammar is free of charge, one of very few Swedish experiments with that type of service.

Economy
Steel production company Ovako has a production site in Hallstahammar.

Notable residents

 * Anders Hans Karlsson, scientist and agronomist
 * Thore Skogman, singer, actor and entertainer
 * Hans von Kantzow, engineer
 * Sofi Flinck, track and field athlete
 * Emma Strandberg, beauty queen, model

title: Hallstahammar


text:
Fagersta

Fagersta is a locality and the seat of Fagersta Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden, with 11,130 inhabitants in 2010.

Geography
The city is located at the junction of two railways between Ludvika-Västerås and Avesta (Krylbo)-Örebro, in the heart of the historic Bergslagen region which is rich in copper and iron ore. The 60th parallel north passes through the town.

History
There has been mining activity in the Fagersta area since the 15th century but it was not organized until the 17th century and was not made a corporation until 1873, when Fagersta Bruks AB was founded.

Fagersta was made a city in 1944 when the industrial hot spot of Fagersta merged with its service-oriented neighbour Västanfors. It is now the seat of Fagersta Municipality. The Fagersta airspace surveillance tower is a Second World War observation platform located to protect a nearby steel mill.

Industry
Today's industry is focused on hard metal tools (Seco Tools AB and Atlas Copco Secoroc AB) and stainless steel products (Fagersta Stainless AB and OUTOKUMPU Stainless Tubular Products AB).

Notable natives

 * Ulf Samuelsson, ice hockey player (NHL)
 * Tomas Sandström, ice hockey player (NHL)
 * The Hives, garage rock band
 * 59 Times the Pain, garage rock band
 * Johan August Brinell, metallurgist and inventor of the Brinell hardness test at the Fagersta Iron and Steel Works in 1900
 * Kjell Ramstedt, drummer for punk rock band No Fun at All

title: Fagersta


text:
Arboga

Arboga is a locality and the seat of Arboga Municipality in Västmanland County, Sweden with 10,989 inhabitants in 2020.

Overview
The city of Arboga is known to have existed as a town since the 13th century but the area has been inhabited since around 900 AD. The name (originally Arbugæ) consists of the two words "Ar" which in ancient Swedish means river and bughi which means "bend" and which together have the meaning "river bend".

The city was at one time a residence of the royal family of Vasa. It was the scene of church assemblies and national diets, and it is known for the antiquities in its neighborhood. The first session of the Riksdag of the Estates was held in Arboga in 1435. Albertus Pictor, the most famous Swedish artist of the late medieval period, was admitted burgher of the town in 1465.

Today the city is an important traffic link since the highways E18 and E20 merge there. Two railways Mälarbanan and Svealandsbanan, between Stockholm and Hallsberg also merge in Arboga. The city has a population of about 14,057 (2023).

Events
Bands like Bring Me the Horizon, Arch Enemy, Architects, and Dimmu Borgir recorded albums with Fredrik Nordström in his own recording studio Studio Fredman. Recently, the studio was relocated to Gothenburg.

Sports
The following sports clubs are in Arboga: In addition the Sixth Women's World Gliding Championships was held 15–25 June 2011.
 * Arboga Södra IF
 * IFK Arboga IK

Alexander Gustafsson, mixed martial artist, was born in Arboga.

title: Arboga


text:
Joseph Stanton Jr.

Joseph Stanton Jr. (July 19, 1739 – December 15, 1821) was a military officer, a United States senator of the Anti-Federalist faction and a United States Representative of the Democratic-Republican party.

Early life
Stanton was born in Charlestown in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1739. During the French and Indian War he served in the expedition against Quebec 1759. In June 1762 he was elected captain of the Artillery Company of Westerly, Charlestown and Hopkinton, an independent company of the Rhode Island Militia which still exists as the 169th Military Police Company. He represented Charlestown in the Rhode Island General Assembly from 1768 to 1774 and again in 1776.

Military service
During the American Revolutionary War, Stanton was commissioned as the lieutenant colonel of the 1st Kings County Regiment of the Rhode Island Militia in July 1776. He then served as the colonel of a regiment of state troops, raised for 15 months service, from December 12, 1776, until his resignation on November 10, 1777. (The regiment was part of a brigade of two infantry and one artillery regiments which was formed to deter an invasion of the mainland portion of Rhode Island by the British forces occupying Newport.)

In May 1779 he was appointed at the colonel of the 1st Kings County Regiment of the militia and was subsequently appointed a brigadier general in command of the Kings County Brigade of militia in October of the same year. In May 1788 he was promoted to major general in command of the entire Rhode Island Militia. He held this position until his resignation in October 1790.

Political career
He was a delegate to the Rhode Island Constitutional Convention in 1790, which ratified the United States Constitution and enabled Rhode Island to be the last of the 13 colonies to join the Union.

He was elected by the General Assembly to serve as one of the first two U.S. Senators from Rhode Island, and served from June 12, 1790, to March 3, 1793, as a member of the Anti-Administration Party (i.e. opposed to President George Washington). He was later elected to the United States House of Representatives, where he served from March 4, 1801, to March 3, 1807, as a member of the Jeffersonian Democrat-Republican Party.

Stanton died in Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1821 at the age of 82, and was buried in the Stanton family cemetery in Charlestown.

Legacy
There is a monument to Senator Stanton on US Route 1 in Charlestown, Rhode Island, in front of his birthplace, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The General Stanton Inn in Charlestown is named after him.

title: Joseph Stanton Jr.


text: User talk:68.239.124.174

title: User talk:68.239.124.174