text:
Talk:Economy of Europe

Poverty
I'm just wondering where are the source for the "Population below poverty threshold"-number? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.229.73.179 (talk) 07:35, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

More dross removed.
More little factoids about how the EU is soooo great compared to the United States were removed from the first paragraph, as were some facts about how the United States is soooo great compared to the EU. Those could be put someplace lower--though it's unnecessary--but they don't belong in the first paragraph.  C h i s s B o y        01:28, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

I've shortened the first, long winded, sentence. It was way OTT refering to the EU economy "if considered as a single state" - the whole article is predicated on treating the EU economy as a single economy, which is after all what it is - there is complete freedom of labour, goods, services and capital. You'd never say "the US economy, if considered as a single ecomomy" because the US constitution provides that the power for regulating interstate commerce rests with the congress, therefore it is one economy.

Focus of the Page
This article is supposed to be on the Economy of the European Union, not on how the EU supposedly beats the United States in some areas.  C h i s s B o y        01:09, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Unnecessary reference to the American economy removed.
The comment that the EU's GDP is larger than the United States' was removed. If the EU has the largest economy in the world, then it obviously is larger than the USA's. However, stating that it is so is debatable. The United States is a single country--the EU is not. There are several other trade blocs with an economy larger than the EU's (notably NAFTA's--for a functioning bloc, and APEC for a looser one).  C h i s s B o y        01:02, 4 February 2007 (UTC

While you are correct that the EU is not a nation, NAFTA is much looser grouping than the EU. You will find a great deal more said about the EU BECAUSE it is very 'nation' like than any other trading block. EU trade and economic policy operates more as one nation than it does in other true nations. 143.167.202.7 12:07, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

True, the EU gonverns every aspect of life within member states. For example, the highest court of the land in Great Britain can be over-ruled by the European court. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.55.124.2 (talk) 20:21, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

GNI per capita figure
The article contains a nice figure of GNI per capita in various European countries. However, it is far from clear what figures the map is based from. In particular, they do not seem to agree with World Bank 2005 estimates. It is also not obvious why GNI should be used instead of GDP, when individual country pages in Wikipedia list GDP per capita.

At the very least, I think the caption should specify what estimates the figure is based upon.

Filur 22:55, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Deficit number
There seems to be a problem with the deficit number, several countries are running a surplus, yet all have a deficit in this article.

Woo, I was hoping somebody would create this. I'll try and add something to it at the weekend -- Joolz 23:26, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

GDP Growth
Big, BIG BIG bone of contention, I've been looking at this for a long time now. According to the Summary Template of the EU's economy, growth is 1%. Also, in several places within the article it says that "EU growth has been far behind US GDP growth for some time now". Both of these are wrong.

Using IMF figures I have complied GDP growth listing for the EU25, broken down into the EU15 and the 10 new member states and growth is as follows: EU15: 2.787% (2004) and 1.973% (2005 est.). 10 new memberstates, 5.18% (2004) and 4.63% (2005 est.).

Table for your conveniance:

Table to show IMF EU15 GDP Growth Rates, 2004 & 2005 (est.)

A fraction of a percentile from 3% is not 1%. However this just represents part of the EU (however this does represent the vast majority of total EU GDP).

Table to show IMF GDP Growth Figures for 10 new EU Memberstates, 2004 & 2005 (est.)

As can be seen the 10 new memberstates have much higher growth rates, for obvious reasons. So that brings us to a grand total, as mentioned previously:

Now I was never good at maths, but can someone tell me how 1% = 3.989%? I don't know, maybe some smartly dressed student came up with a new theory perhaps...

Getting to the point, the EU isn't some clapped out old heap of impoverished nations about to collapse in on themselves because of "socialist social democracy", as undoubtedly some Washington Hawks and our learned friends at Timbro would like.

I will be re-entering this table removed by User:Osomec:

As this table correctly shows overall EU25 growth rates, and Global World Production share.

All my sources of information come from the International Monetary Fund, which is in the process of being used as the main Wikipedia Economic information source.

Links to specifics: Link to Growth Rates for the Eurozone

Link to non-Eurozone EU15 countries Growth Rates

Link to 10 new memberstates Growth Rates

I have been thorough so hopefully there will be no need to edit much. --JDnCoke 20:49, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Incorect average values of GDP growth
In the calculations cited above a wrong approach was follwed. Here is the way to do these calculations correctly: Total GDP of the EU = Sum of the GDP volumes of all member contries. GDP growth of a country = volume of GDP in one year divided by the volume of GDP in the previous year (adjusted for inflation etc). Total GDP growth of the EU = Sum of the GDP volumes of all countries in one year divided by the corresponding figure in the previous year. Hence, what we need here is a sum of weighted averages (which is a growth rate multiplied by the size of a country's economy)). That's why I deleted incorrect average values.

EU GDP growth = Σ  (Member state's GDP growth)* (member state's GDP) / (Total EU GDP)

Im bored doing it right now maybe another time.Basiljabber (talk) 22:08, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Contents
Why doesn't the contents show on this page ? Parmaestro 08:02, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * It shows fine for me. It might not have shown for you because of cache problems, or because it may have been hidden by your browser behind the economy infobox. I've rearranged the page now because with the contents it (for my browser anyway) pushed the economy infobox into the middle of the page. -- Joolz 13:52, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Dollar v. Euro
At the moment some figures are quoted in euros, some in dollars. It's easier if we use one currency instead of both, since at the moment it's confusing. I'd prefer the use of the dollar as it's easier to compare to most other pages which are also in dollars. -- Joolz 23:57, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * All other things being equal, I'd favour the usage of the Euro instead. It is the European Union's own currency after all, and (especially as its use expands over the coming years) it should soon become even easier to find statistics on the EU economy that use the euro instead of the dollar. Also I'm not sure Wikipedia should intrude the dollar on EU-related articles when such a thing is needless -- it seems a bit like intruding Americanized spellings in UK articles. But on the whole I don't feel strongly over this, one way or another -- I won't revert if the opposite decision is taken. (though perhaps we should have a poll of this if further opinions are divided) Aris Katsaris 00:39, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe it's best for on the whole use the Euro, but for some figures (not all because it will clutter up the page) quote the figures in dollars as well. Otherwise I personally keep forgetting it's in the Euro, which makes me think why the figures are lower here than ones quoted elsewhere :P -- Joolz 11:25, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If we're talking about national per capita income and GDP, then the standard would be the dollar. If we were to talk about how much oil prices are, it would still be the dollar -- again, it's the standard (but a few years back OPEC was thinking of switching to the Euro, though nothing has come of it). :/ But oh well, it's stupid that way. --Sean WI 15:01, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Not an economist, but I'd like to point out two things:
 * 1. The article currently says in the introduction that the EU economy is number two in the world, while the info box says it's number one. (GDP ranking 1st (2006).) It would be nice if there was at least consistancy.
 * 2. As for specifying figures in USD, this is very problematic because the numbers are so large relative to total world figures, and because the euro-dollar exchange rate swings as much as it does. Is the EU economy really growing, or is it just the Dollar becoming less valuable relative to the Euro? Keeping all figures in Euros avoids the exchange rate problem.

 * Let's just be careful to make sure whichever currency we use is used by the source cited.Zebulin (talk) 06:42, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Regional variation
As it stands now, half the section of "regional variation" consists of an essay on why the other half is utterly meaningless.

I tried to reduce the essay-on-meaningless to half its size, but I was told it is all essential. If the meaningless of the rest of the section truly needs two whole pages to be detailed in full, then I think it's better to just remove the section in its entirety. If it's truly community consensus that the NUTS divisions are utterly useless, then don't use them. But if they are useful at all, then let's cut down on the whining. People get it already -- the regions are largely arbitrary, some figures are thus hyperinflated, all this can all be explained in *three sentences*.

Wikipedia is not a soapbox to complain about the regional divisions used by the Statistics organizations of the European Union, and it's not a place for original research either. Aris Katsaris 20:07, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you don't understand the point here. It's not about whether NUTS regions are meaningless or not. NUTS regions exist, and whatever we think of them, we use them, because we don't have any other data to provide. The reason for the lengthy explanation is because now the table compares some NUTS 1 with some NUTS 2, and so people may not understand why we do that if we don't offer an explanation beforehand. When I revised the table, I could have dispensed with an explanation altogether, but the reason I wrote this lengthy "babble" as you call it, is because I did not want to start the zillionth controversy on Wikipedia. I know there are nationalist people here and there that will complain that "their" NUTS region was downgraded in the new list (such as London or Vienna), so I thought it was necessary to explain in detail the reasons behind the changes, to avoid having people reverting the new list over and over. One thing we can do, if you want, is to put all this lengthy explanation into a new article, which we could call "Notes for the table of 10 richest areas of the EU", and simply link to that article before the table itself. Hardouin 20:19, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * We don't create separate articles as "notes", AFAIK. Other than that, I think it's you who don't understand, but that's probably because my edit itself has only touched on half the problem, and so has largely my comment above. The thing is: the shorter the explanation, the more easily we can explain the suitability of this section to remain a part of Wikipedia. The longer and the more arbitrary the explanation, the less likely it is. What seems to me now to be the case is that you've arbitrarily joined a number of NUTS sections, downgrading, upgrading or merging as you saw fit, without using any specific criteria for doing so -- and if you've mentioned the specific criteria anywhere, I've overlooked it in the unreadable babble of words and numbers. This smacks to me of "original research": you've essentially created your own regional divisions system and are passing it off as "more useful" for statistical purposes than the one the European Statistics organizations themselves are using.

 * Once again if NUTS 2 regions are good to use for statistical comparison, then use them, with a sufficient and succinct explanation of their flaws. If they're utterly useless, then let's not use them at all. But the arbitrary downgradings, upgradings and mergings that need an essay to explain them are original research and do not belong to Wikipedia, I believe. Aris Katsaris 20:37, May 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've reverted most of the changes (which I've described as butchering, which I'll now explain) of the tables because it appears to be own research. The tables as they stood was all information from eurostat. These were not manipulated in any way, they were directly from their data. It was a comparison of the lowest-area level available. It's fine to say that some areas are artificially inflated because of commuters, it's certaintly not as simple as adding a land area value to the table, since that's pretty meaningless. It clearly doesn't take into account population density. Furthermore, mixing NUTS:1 and NUTS:2 levels is a dangerous thing to do because it can only be arbitary. Before the inclusion of data in the table was based on eurostat's definitions. We can discuss the costs and benefits of their definitions, but mixing regions up isn't acceptable. The "homogenous regions" table was removed completely because it's clearly your own research. It's also inaccurate - it talks of some mysterious "Greater London metropolitan area" amogst other things. This is compiled by you, not any research institution, but you. (Specifically about the London metropolitan area, it's it's frankly silly, it doesn't doesn't even match up with anything else on wikipedia, such as London commuter belt (which doesn't include oxfordshire, doesn't include all of berkshire). If you want to research your own data, that's fine, but don't do it on wikipedia. -- Joolz 23:59, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Joolz, you don't seem to be aware that the so-called table of the "Top 10: economically strongest areas" as it stands now is actually mixing NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 levels. So this table presents the same flaws that you criticized above in the table that I had put and that you deleted. Specifically, in your "Top 10: economically strongest areas" table, there are four NUTS 1 regions (Brussels-Capital, Luxembourg, Hamburg, Île-de-France) and six NUTS 2 regions (Inner London, South Tyrol, Stockholm County, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Oxfordshire, Oberbayern, Vienna). Hardouin 11:42, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

In order to solve this problem, I have replaced the top 10 as it stood with a top 10 of the NUTS-1 regions. So this time all the regions are in the same category. It is not possible to provide a top 10 of the NUTS-2 regions, because there are some parts of the EU without NUTS-2 regions. For instance, Île-de-France is a NUTS-1 region that is not divided into smaller NUTS-2 regions, and Denmark is also a NUTS-1 region that is not divided into smaller NUTS-2 regions. There is still a problem with the bottom 10 list of weakest NUTS regions. 9 of the regions there are NUTS-2 regions, but one is a NUTS-1 region (Latvia). Latvia is not subdivided into smaller NUTS-2 regions, so either we change the table and put a bottom 10 list of weakest NUTS-1 regions, either we leave it as it is, but with a little note. Hardouin 13:09, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * That's simply not true, Luxembourg for instance is both a NUTS:1 region and a NUTS:2 region. I advice you to read up on the EU's website. I've reverted your change. You may also note that the Top10 and bottom10 is the exact same list as supplied by Eurostat themselves (ie, they came up with the top10/bottom10 - not me). -- Joolz 13:16, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Check this. Read the table at the bottom, not just the flashy headline on top. NUTS-1 regions are bolded, NUTS-2 regions are unbolded, it's quite clear. Besides, I really don't like your peremptory tone and your total faith in everything Eurostat say. For one, I have been following that subject since 1995, and I have seen the regional GDPs ever since 1995. Until 2000, Eurostat was highlighting the top 10 with only NUTS-1 regions. For example, in their top 10 they listed Greater London, they didn't list Inner London. Then suddenly in the beginning of the 2000s, God knows why, they started to mix NUTS-1 and NUTS-2, so that up to 2000 Luxembourg was regularly number one, but now suddenly for the last years Inner London is number 1. Why did it suddenly change? Perhaps the arrival of new bureaucrats at Eurostat (perhaps some British bureaucrats? after all Tony Blair said the UK needed to re-conquer Brussels from within... makes you wonder...). Anyway, understand that the top 10 and bottom 10 at the beginning of the document is just bogus. Just a headline to attract journalists. The real stuff is the detailed table at the bottom, and the table is pretty clear, and I have just copied numbers that are inside the table. We are not a news agency here, we are not here to report Eurostat news releases without changing dots. We are here to present information that makes sense, with an encyclopedic perspective. Hardouin 20:11, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Leaving your conspiracy theories aside, I apologise if you have found my tone less than what it should be. However I would like to draw your attention to which shows how they classify regions, keeping with the example of Luxembourg, it has a population of around 450,000, so really it should be a NUTS:3 region according to eurostat, but obviously it needs to be contained by something, so it has to be a NUTS:1 and NUTS:2 region as well ( shows this). I also believe that we have to present information that makes sense, at the moment we're comparing one region which has 450,000 people in it with another that has over 7 million. I don't believe that that makes sense. In the interests of avoiding a revert war I won't reinstate the previous version, I think we should bring others into the discussion to resolve this. -- Joolz 22:03, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Having said that, I have removed your footnote about commuter flows as I believe it to be original research and subject to bias, there are many reasons why the figures for the different areas may not represent 100% of the actuality, there are many things which may be taken into consideration for each area, after all, none are the same. All areas will be subject to artificial inflation or deflation to varying degrees. -- Joolz 22:08, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

The little stars I put for commuters inflows are based on statistical information that can be found anywhere. It's not me who invented it. Brussels-Capital is known to receive 1 to 2 million commuters daily, coming from Antwerp and Ghent. Greater London is also known to receive from 3 to 4 million commuters daily, coming from Surrey, Kent, Berks., and so on. Same with Hamburg and Bremen, with commuters coming from the suburbs located outside of the states of Hamburg and Bremen. On the other hand, regions like Île-de-France or Hesse have only few commuters coming from outside the region (a few commuters from Chartres, Orléans, or Lille come into Île-de-France, a few commuters from Mainz come into Hesse), but these commuter inflows are too small to change much to the GDP per capita. I think it is important to leave the stars so that people don't get the wrong idea, especially people not familiar with statistics. For instance, someone not familiar with statistics will leave with the idea that Hamburg is the richest area of Germany, which is totally not true. If Munich was a state by itself (as Hamburg is), then this "State of Munich" would surely be on top of the list, way above Hamburg. Hardouin 19:07, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Guys, I read through the discussion here and I am rather confused that nobody has as of now even defined NUTS-1, NUTS-2 and NUTS-3: Judging from the definition on the eurostat-homepage there are a couple of factors that determine the structure of the various NUTS regions, but most importantly there are population limits. As for the list of NUTS-1 regions given on the page here, I would suggest to include another list of NUTS-2 regions (or even replace the NUTS-1 region table) -> the official bottom 10 and top 10 are given as NUTS-2 regions as stated in footnote 3 here:  -> and these regions are (Inner London; Bruxelles-Capitale; Luxembourg; Hamburg; Ile de France; Wien; Berkshire &al; Bolzano; Stockholm; Oberbayern) -> they are ALL NUTS-2 regions. Themanwithoutapast 23:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Those are the ones that we originally had anyway. -- Joolz 02:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

As you may have noticed, the NUTS regions are totally surreal, and the population criteria that user Themanwithoutapast dug out is absolutely not respected. I mean, Île-de-France, with 11,264,000 inhabitants, is absurdly considered a NUTS-2 region, although NUTS-2 regions are supposed to have 3 million inhabitants at the most. The département of Paris (2,142,800 inhabitants), of the département of Hauts-de-Seine (1,428,881 inhabitants), clearly fall into the definition of NUTS-2 regions, and their GDP per capita is higher than Inner London, in fact the highest in Europe, but no, Eurostat in its unfathomable ways decided that Paris and Hauts-de-Seine would be NUTS-3, and that Île-de-France would be both NUTS-1 and NUTS-2. Go figure! And so, tadam, Inner London is the richest area of Europe. If you think this is detail, check this and this, and you'll understand that these "details" are actually widely expected by the press and used to promote a city over another (both articles are even confusing Inner London with London as a whole! - "Fortunately for many Londoners, they at least have the highest gross domestic product in the European Union to help them cope with their living expenses."). So I just say, we should not use Eurostat data with blind eyes, and help concur to cliches and misunderstandings. We need to select data that make sense, not just surreal data that received an official stamp. Hardouin 11:43, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Removed table
I have removed the table which absurdly showed that the EU economy is roaring ahead at 4.6% growth. I can only think that is the cash increase includign inflation, but inflation is always excluded when growth rates are discussed. A new table showing legitmate figures which can be compared with other entities is needed. Osomec 07:04, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

"Low Countries" in "Economic Growth" section
What's the meaning of "Low Countries" in the "Economic Growth" section? Nederlands? Southern Europe?

User:Bruguiea 02:54, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Low Countries are The Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium).Thunderhawk89 19:25, August 8, 2006 (CET)

IMF figures vs World Bank
True, they are better for the EU but it could be a little POV. Which one is considered the most reliable?

User:Bruguiea 17:33, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Employment
In addition to unemployment, it would be good to know how high the actual employment is. From an economical perspective, this is much more informative since it says how many people actually work (and hence incorporates demography etc.)--Filur 06:48, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

This is especially true since many countries in Europe have a mandatory service requirement --- without it, EU unemployment would be substantially higher.

2006 GDP per capita projections
Should I (or somebody else) change the GDP per capita data to the 2006 projections, taken from here?

Edit: Since I know this talk page won't be visited for days I've changed to what I said above. If anybody has any problems with that then just revert back. MichaelJBuck 14:39, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

reorder of sections
I slightly reordered the sections. It seems much more natural to me to write about the size of the EU economy and the economies of member states first, than about the economic growth. I do hope that's fine with you guys. MikeZ 10:51, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Spain's poorest region
The Spain's poorest region is not Extremadura. It's Andalucía. At least that's what I've alredy know and read in Spanish wikipedia. I'm not changing anything because I'm not totaly sure but I asked for reviewing it. Sgined a Spanish guy, September 2006.

the percentage of Gross world product is decreasing
Although EU25 GDP is on the increase, the percentage of Gross world product is decreasing

is this true by back dating the economies of acceding contries,or new members ar conted as quantum leaps?--Pixel ;-) 01:15, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Obviously, as developing countries such as the PRC and India start gaining a larger portion of global GDP, and are growing at a much faster rate than the EU, the EU's percentage of global GDP will decline. [[Image:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|20px]]  C h i s s B o y         01:07, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Let me explain it using an abstract example. Suppose you have two varaibles (A & B). In 2004, A had a value of 50 and so did B. Toghther thay had a combined value of 100 with A and B making up 50% of the total. The value of a A is growing at 5 points a year, the value of B is growing at 7 points a year. In 2006, after two years of mutual growth, variable A has a value of 60, while B has a value of 74. The total combined value is 134 with A making up 45% of the total and B making up 55% of the total. You see, even though both A and B increased in value, B just grew so much faster that it changed the overall breakdown. That will either help or confuse you ;-)  Signature brendel  03:14, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Deficit
What does this field (see the table) actually mean, could someone give a link. Regardng Budget deficit e.g Estonia: revenues: $5.126 billion; expenditures: $5.017 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.) (CIA World fact Book). So the -1.8 can't be this. 213.35.213.206 11:38, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Romania and Bulgaria
This needs to be updated to include Romania and Bulgaria.

Yes I perfectly agree. I don't understand why nobody does that, its already passed more than a month that the 2 countries have joined the EU. And the people still say that Wikipedia is an exactly and accurate source....Come on people, what do you have against these two countries??? Arthur 4 February 2007

Infobox
Table needs to be converted to the form Infobox Economy. Thanks — Jack · talk · 01:59, Monday, 19 March 2007

GDP
Romania is now the 12th economy in European Union. However, Romania will be soon the 7th largest economy in European Union.

Preceding unsigned edit by User:Monobook maker at 18:18, 16 April 2007

 * Source? --Red King 19:32, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

GDP lists should better be based in Eurostat and not CIA Factbooks
Shouldnt Eurostats be the official source for the measure of economic evolution instead of CIA? 5 days ago (21st May`07) the updated table appeared on their official website and contradicts somehow much of the info given here.

Shouldnt it be appropiate switching to eurostats? Besides i consider it should be stated that the average gpd per capita is calculated in relation to EU-25, that´s it, Romania and Bulgaria excluded.

A complete official GPD table 1997- 2008 can be found here:

I could add it myself if most of you think it´s allright, but i don´t know how to make such clear and polished tables like you do.

I think Eurostat is the most fair and objective source when it comes to EU data, at least these are THE official numbers EU works with.

I updated it myself. Keep on the good work!

Foxbasealpha 17:28 CET 9 May 2007

 * I've deleted the obsolete CIA Factbook information, since this should have replaced it. --Red King 19:02, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, better use Eurostat values, but I think that it is better to use the GDP (nominal) column instead of two GDP (PPP) columns with forecasts for two years ahead... Alinor 14:29, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Red King, the figures you deleted were from the IMF.

I really don't think we should use Eurostat for projections, considering there is already so much confusion about economic statistics. There's already CIA Factbook, World Bank and the IMF to get projections from; why further muddy the waters? FusionWarrior 15:53, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The primary source for current data is Eurostat: the others are copies of decreasing provenance. So I make no apology for deleting them. Projections, on the other hand, are expert opinion.  It is reasonable to use these opinions provided we make clear the source. For example, I would personally give more weight to the IMF opinion than to the World Bank.  I don't see any value in citing the CIA-WFB here (but recognise its value for places without a functioning independent Office of National Statistics).  --Red King 19:20, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

There are new updated figures of GDP per capita from eurostat for 2006 (not estimates as previously). This section needs to be updated with them as the ones currently showing are estimates from April '07. Thanks 18 Dec '07

The following are two general, but important, things: 1) according to me there should be an obvious difference between the PROJECTED figures and the KNOWN figures. This is also the case at the EUROSTAT page. Now it looks as if the growth is know in several cases in which it is not, this will fool readers. 2)Furthermore, what happens when the projected figures are updated by national agencies. And is the EUROSTAT date not acctually bases on the national data? Lets take a case: the Netherlands statistical agency (CBS) just published a new figure of growth: 3.5% for 2007. Do we change the figure in this case? Lennart Feb 16, 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.50.116.6 (talk) 18:04, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

I would like to draw your attention to the following site, which offers updated information about the GDP, GDP p.c. and economic growth of the EU. Source is Eurostat: http://www.economic-growth.eu/English/index_eng.html --84.174.89.160 (talk) 15:56, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Montenegro

 * Few days ago Montenegro signed a treaty of stabilisation and integration. Does that make it a candidate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Harac (talk • contribs) 10:25, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

economic variation tables wrong
There is something obviously wrong with the tables. how can it be that all countries' percentage of EU27 GDP per capita grew from 2006 to 2007? This would mean that the average also grew which is nonsense (the average is set equal to 100). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.60.210.24 (talk) 05:28, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Update
The map and data tables should be updated for the year 2007 or at least for the estimates. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.22.255.118 (talk) 18:44, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Unemployment
Can somedody explain me why the unemployment rate is different in the "Economies of member states" and in the "Unemployment section"...why this?!!?!??!?!?Olliyeah (talk) 14:13, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Update
Eurostats has given new statistics about per capita income. The most relevant data is that Spain has surpassed Italy. I can remenber the following data:

Germany 114%

France 111%

Spain 105%

Italy !03%

I do not have the links, but maybe someone with the links or all the data can apdate the tables. Newyorker. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.175.249.250 (talk) 13:10, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Here are the latest available figures as published at Eurostats website: Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27, released on Feb 12, 2008. Gugganij (talk) 13:30, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Yes, but the data are for 2005. >Jon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.175.249.250 (talk) 13:23, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Table Update
I have updated the percentages in the table using the latest EUROSTAT data (the link is actually below the table itself). There were some dramatic differences for some countries - esp. Romania, Greece and Poland. I don't know if the data in the table was outdated or simply tampered with but it was very wrong. The amounts should be edited, as well, as they are completely inconsistent. It is scandalous to quote a source and then to have data completely different from it. user:78.83.225.63 (Talk) 19:01, 4 March 2008
 * It is unfortunate and regretable that people vandalise the data. Thank you for correcting it. Did you apply the 2007 data or the 2008 data? --Red King (talk) 22:58, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Eurostat has published data for 2008. Unfortunately I don't have time to update it, I should be in bed! Would someone else please do so? --Red King (talk) 22:58, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

I updated the figures on Public Debts, Deficit and Unemployment rate (sources provided and -tag removed). But the article still needs more current figures, namely the sections about "regional variations" (Top 10: economically strongest NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions) and about the "Comparison with regional blocs". Gugganij (talk) 13:18, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

One can update further the table from IMF: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=914%2C946%2C963%2C962%2C918%2C943%2C960%2C964%2C935%2C968%2C939%2C942%2C944%2C936%2C941%2C186&s=NGDPD%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=23&pr.y=8 --SouthStream (talk) 06:49, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Benefits, pensions...
I suggest to put here an information about percentage of working people in all of this countries. For instance in Poland this is about 50% - the rest is taking benefits. However an article contains information that we have only 7,7% rate of unemployment (!) It's silly to think that is reliable indicator which measures the phenomenon. IlluminatiX (talk) 21:44, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * There is a huge difference between types of benefits, pensions etc. For example, in the Netherlands most of the pensions are paid from obligatory partaking in pension funds, while in France the pensions are almost completely funded by the state. Also differences in inury benefits, welfare etc make it hard to compare this. Unemployment is simple - those people registered to find a job. I think other indicators may not be consistent over EU countries. Arnoutf (talk) 21:57, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's no difference whether people are getting money from state or private pensions funds, I think. My thought is to show how many people is working - this could illustrate the trend for the economies in the future. For exaple:

 * Poland 15,6/38 mln = 41%.

 * In our country it is a serious problem. Similar situation is in many others elderly european societies. IlluminatiX (talk) 22:12, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not saying it is not an issue, I am only stating that definitions of different classes of "non working" may differ over EU countries which makes aggregation into a single statement very difficult maybe impossible. Since we need to stay away from original research we need to be very, very careful with this kind of things. I.e. my objections are more on the line of verifiability of any statements made than on notability of the problem. But if you manage to find reliable sources for pan-EU numbers, I would welcome them. Arnoutf (talk) 22:28, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The data requested here is available at Eurostat: Employment rate - total for the last 11 years. A section on the (positive) EU employment rate development (58% in 1996 to 66% in 2007) and a comparison between EU memberstates could be added to the article. The employment rate is foremost dependent on a. unemployment rate b. rate of woman in the workforce and c. effective pension age and effective work starting age. It is true that Poland with an employment rate of 57% in 2007 has actually seen a moderate decrease in its employment rate over the last couple of years, especially due to an increasing number of retirees offsetting the positive unemployment rate change. In most other countries the trend is going into the other direction. Themanwithoutapast (talk) 11:16, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks that is clear. The definition is also clear - % of people 15 to 64 being employed. However this does not necessarily mean that the rest is taking benefits. For example: Students, spouses who do the homework while the partner is making all the money, and a few very rich people who live of their money do not count as being employed, but don't get benefits either. For example in the Netherlands (very high employment %) parttime work, where both partner in a household work 3 or 4 days is reasonably common; this might be less the case in Poland where the more classical one full-time job, other partner full-time household may be more common (I am not sure, but this may be an explanation).
 * Secondly, this number excludes retired people (at least those retire 65 and older), who are of make up the largest part of the retired people
 * Unemployment figures do have a different meaning; those people ready to enter paid labout but are not yet hired. So we have to be very clear what we want to say with these numbers before adding them. Arnoutf (talk) 13:02, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The employment rate is an internationally acknowledged measurement of the workforce of a country. The reason why people older than 65 are excluded is that in most countries the legal retirment age is above 65, so including those does not make sense as a mesasurement of how much of the potential workforce is actually working. As to the reasons for Poland's comparitatively low and falling employment rate, the female employment race can't really be blamed for that. It is about 50% compared to 63% for males in Poland. In other country the gap is even much wider (Italy for instance) - the 50% is also a steady figure compared to a few years ago, it even increased a bit. As to students, apprentices, "playboys" - of course the unemployment rate is deflated the more of these people there are, but this is part of what the unemployment rate measurements want to express. It is a measurement for the productivity of a society and its working culture. For some reason, Poland has a low employment rate, while the Netherlands for instance has a rather high employment rate (78% - but NL has a very low unemployment rate as well) or Sweden (74% - with actually only a comparatively high unemployment rate). It is interesting to mention that only tiny Malta has a lower employment rate than Poland. One big problem for Poland is its low average exit age from the work force of only 59.5 while most EU countries have an average exit age of at least above 60.
 * For the data on all of this see: Eurostat employment data Themanwithoutapast (talk) 14:18, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Employment/population ratio is also acknowledged. See this: Employment Outlook 2005 - "Table B". Shows vitality of the population and its workforce. I don't have time to put this data here, but If someone could do this I'd be appreciate. IlluminatiX (talk) 19:09, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
 * IlluminatiX, the employment/population ratio is the employment rate (15-64) that I am linking to as stated by Eurostat. The oly difference is, your link has old numbers (up to 2004). Themanwithoutapast (talk) 07:21, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Candidate Countries
Just wondering whether economic indicators (such as unemployment, GDP growth etc.) of candidate countries (obviously clearly labeled as candidates) should be placed alongside current member data for comparison. How difficult would it be to get that data? —Preceding unsigned comment added by El cubo (talk • contribs) 16:20, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Here's some data from the imf website: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=25&pr.y=6&sy=2005&ey=2008&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=962%2C960%2C186&s=NGDP_RPCH&grp=0&a=

Country	Subject Descriptor	Units	Scale	2005	2006	2007	2008 Croatia		 	                       4.295	4.762	5.754	4.254 Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of		4.104	3.748	5.000	4.500 Turkey		 	                       8.402	6.893	4.950	3.950

New update
There are new data (at least forecasts/predictions) at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=REF_TB_national_accounts&root=REF_TB_national_accounts/t_na/t_nama/t_nama_gdp/tec00001, can someone update the table? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.28.127.2 (talk) 09:01, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Per capitas mean nothing
Like the UN said. Per capitas mean nothing, they don't tell us whos poorer are richer, yes they give us some insight on the wealth of the nation. If we look at Europe or US per capita does not really mean anything. Because though the US economy is 14 trillion, more then half of that is in the hands of 10% of the population. You don't need to be living in a hut in Africa to be struggleing. Like the former USSR showed us, you can have a house, school system, job, and a road system. But undernether all that fabric your really struggleing.

The problem with Europe and US is that the data means nothing because percapita is messured by the gross dommestic product. But messureing it that way is false because if more then half the wealth is in 10% of the populations hands, then you would actually have to messure the wealth of the nation minus the 10% and the wealth they control.

Another reason why percapita means nothing is that for example people may earn $40,000 in Europe a year but half of that is taking from the government in taxes. Also Gas, and food in some parts of Europe can be more expensive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brenthere (talk • contribs) 20:19, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Question
Hi! Where can I read about industry in Europe?--MathFacts (talk) 02:26, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Economy of Europe. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070930180648/http://www.eubusiness.com/Finance/061106110526.c9tkks7c to http://www.eubusiness.com/Finance/061106110526.c9tkks7c

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:15, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Economy of Europe. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110520174617/http://www.pr-inside.com/global-wealth-stages-a-strong-comeback-r1942019.htm to http://www.pr-inside.com/global-wealth-stages-a-strong-comeback-r1942019.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:04, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

The end of World War II brought European countries closer together

 * Isn't it OR?
 * Western European (without Spain and Portugal) originally.
 * Yugoslav Wars took place in Europe.

Xx236 (talk) 08:15, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

Cities by GDP
Please correct the table. Xx236 (talk) 06:34, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Unsourced, partially hoax.Xx236 (talk) 07:00, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Brexit
Brexit should be mentioned in European Union section.Xx236 (talk) 07:13, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Obsolete data

 * The lead quotes 2010 data.
 * Regional variation - the map shows 2012 data, but doesn't inform about it. Xx236 (talk) 07:25, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Economy of Europe. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130503015110/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/European-rail-study-report.pdf to http://www.networkrail.co.uk/European-rail-study-report.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:13, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

"The European Union has the second largest economy in the world"
Is it fair to make comparison against individual countries? Just as well one may write "The economy of Asia is the largest in the world beating US by a large margin". Loew Galitz (talk) 22:45, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Europe


text:
Talk:Artificial limb

Untitled
The cost section of this article seems extremely sparse. Is there a way we can add in a general cost (or even a range of costs for different types of prosthetics) to further elaborate on this?

A couple questions
I just finished writing this article (it's my first one), but wanted to point out a couple things that could potentially be. Will prosthetics eventually be better then a real arm? That sort of thing. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nfk17 (talk • contribs) 05:35, 15 February 2007 (UTC).

Jaipur Foot
Not much is mentioned on Jaipur Foot. An article on artificial limbs is incomplete without the mention of Jaipur Foot. --128.210.107.22 15:52, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

I have a useful self-made image of a prosthetic leg
Problem is, the guy that I know who uses the prosthetic leg may not be happy with me uploading the picture to Wikipedia, even though it doesn't personally identify him - it's just the unattached leg. I'm not uploading it right now per WP:HARM and the presumption in favour of privacy. Thoughts?--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 07:27, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Direct Bone Attachment
Is there an issue with infections at the abutment? Seems like the implant/skin surface interface would be a problem... 70.21.36.13 (talk) 05:30, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 06:40, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "two" :
 * "History of Prostheses", University of Iowa, 5 June 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
 * Exhibits Throughout the Hospital: The Medical Museum: University of Iowa Health Care:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Artificial limb


text:
Talk:Indian reservation

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rebfarhi, Evan.yoshimoto.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:25, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 September 2018 and 5 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ronripley.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:56, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Senior Seminar
— Assignment last updated by KorrynKarau (talk) 20:12, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: First Year English Composition 1001
— Assignment last updated by Porter Bausch (talk) 18:42, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

Outdated Map
The map is from the 90s and outdated. There are other maps available that are more recent and include additional reservations, is there any reason this one in particular is used? 98.179.206.20 (talk) 11:53, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * We need a new public domain/copyright free version of the map. If you find one then we can add it, but its not as easy as it sounds. TulsaPoliticsFan (talk) 19:01, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian reservation


text:
Darkeden

DarkEden is a free-to-play massively multiplayer online role-playing computer game in isometric projection or 3/4 perspective developed and published by SOFTON (formerly Metrotech). The game has a horror theme based on a war between humans (Slayers), vampires and Ousters in a region called Helea located in a fictional country of Eastern Europe known as Eslania. The original version of the game, and the most advanced one, is the Korean one from which several other versions have been derived from such as the Japanese, Chinese, Thai and International versions. The Thai and international versions were closed.

Story
Vlad Tepes, Elizabeth Bathory, and Gilles de Rais, three of the twelve master vampires, form an alliance and enter the mountainous area of Helea, killing every person they find. They then attempt to awaken Lilith, the mother of all vampires, so that they can have her power. Opening her tomb does not awaken her, but it does create a cloud over Helea that blocks the sun, making Helea a dark eden for vampires.

The human world responded by isolating the region and sending in their militaries to try to rid the area of vampires.

The master vampires soon discover that the only way to gain the power they seek is to search for the pieces of Lilith's soul, which were scattered about the area of Helea. Unwilling to share this power, they break their alliance and begin a civil war.

Later, an ancient race of people known as the Ousters awakens from their long sleep and are shocked to see what the vampires and humans have done to Helea. They begin to attempt to wipe them from the area.

Gameplay
DarkEden is a hack-and-slash game, which requires the players to kill hordes of monsters in order to make their character progress. This character progression varies according to the different races. Slayers only have to attack a monster or player to gain experience points. Vampires need to kill a monster or player and drink its blood to gain the maximum experience points available, whereas ousters just have to kill to gain these points. For the same monster, ousters gain more experience points out of them than vampires do even when drinking their blood. Each of the races have a special advantage: the slayers sell the heads and skulls of monsters at the highest prices to npc, the vampires drop the best items out of the three races, and the ousters get experience points the quickest.

DarkEden is oriented toward player versus player. Except for few safe zones, players can be attacked without any restriction at any moment by other players. Players may change the race of their character during their progression. If a human is bitten by a vampire, they will turn into a vampire unless they cure themselves in time. Vampire characters can choose to turn humans by talking to an NPC who will do the work for them. There are three different time periods that regulate the battles in Helea, with different circumstances and power dynamics between the races.

Business model
DarkEden allows players to either play for free or to buy some points and get special advantages. According to the different versions of the game, the restriction for free players varied. The International server, as the beta version, is completely free to play. In the Thai version free-play is restricted to outdoor maps; double option items and bike spawn locations are restricted; and less experience points are earned compared to premium players. The Japanese free-play version has no gameplay restrictions, but premium players earn double experience points and may purchase special items. The free-play in Korean and Global versions has limited experience point progression and has restricted map access (including the central location Perona.)

Different versions
The Korean version (The Bloody Chronicles), being the original one, is by far the most advanced, with active GMs and regular events held. One has to be Korean to register. The game has four servers, one of which a non-PK server, that are accessible with the same character.

The North American server operated by Ignited Games has been open as of the end of 2011 and was closed by the end of 2013.. The game was relaunched on Steam on November 28, 2016.

On September 30, 2013, the Japanese server was shutdown by Softon after 7 years of existence.

The first closed beta (Korea) of Darkeden 2 started in December 2014 and ended in June 2015.

title: Darkeden


text:
User talk:Mah0nri

Hello, "Mah0nri" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

P.S.: If you wish to write dictionary definitions instead of or in addition to encyclopedia articles, you may wish to check out our dictionary sister project, Wiktionary. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 00:11, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mah0nri


text:
Broch of Mousa

Broch of Mousa (or Mousa Broch) is a preserved Iron Age broch or round tower. It is on the island of Mousa in Shetland, Scotland. It is the tallest broch still standing and amongst the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe. It is thought to have been constructed c. 300 BC, and is one of more than 500 brochs built in Scotland. The site is managed by Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument.

Location
The broch is located on the western shore of the island of Mousa (, [59.99523,-1.18191]). It is accessible by boat from Sandwick, Shetland, 14 mi south of Lerwick. It stands on the flat rock surface of a low promontory near the shore overlooking Mousa Sound.

It is the tallest broch still standing and amongst the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe.

Description
Mousa Broch has one of the smallest overall diameters of any broch, as well as one of the thickest wall bases and smallest interiors; this massive construction (as well as its remote location) is likely to be the main explanation for its excellent state of preservation. It stands 13.3 m high and is accessible via a single entrance at ground level. Once inside, a visitor may ascend an internal staircase to the top. It is the only broch which is complete nearly to the top, including the original intramural stair. It is built of dry stone with no mortar. The entrance is on the west side but has been altered at various times from its original appearance. The entrance passage is 5 m long and still has an original bar-hole.

Inside a hearth and floor tank can be seen in the central space. There is a low stone bench around the base of the inside wall, which was part of an early alteration to the interior. The broch went through at least two phases of occupation. In its original condition it may or may not have contained a wooden roundhouse resting on the scarcement ledges and presumably on a ring of posts set into the primary floor. (It has recently been argued that the scarcements may have supported scaffolding in a roofless building.) At a later date, if the wooden building existed, it was demolished to make way for a small wheelhouse (with three projecting stone piers) in the interior. Scarcement ledges at heights of 2.1 and 3.7 m might have supported the putative timber building. The other main feature of the ground floor is the three large cells within the walls. They are entered via thresholds which are 0.7 m above the floor level. Above the lintel of each cell door are further openings which seem designed to let light and air into the chamber behind. The cells all have recesses, or large cupboards, set into the thickness of the wall.

Above the solid base of the broch are six galleries. They are formed by the space between the two concentric walls of the upper part of the broch, and are partly lit by voids. It is possible to walk along most of the galleries. They were probably used by the builders as an aid to constructing the building, rather than for accommodation or storage.

The stair, which begins at the second level, is reached by a doorway in the inner wall face, which has an adjacent cell. There is also an upper cell above the entrance passage.

Later history
Mousa Broch continued to be used over the centuries and is mentioned in two Norse Sagas. Egil's Saga tells of a couple eloping from Norway to Iceland who were shipwrecked and used the broch as a temporary refuge. The Orkneyinga Saga gives an account of a siege of the broch by Earl Harald Maddadsson in 1153 following the abduction of his mother, who was held inside the broch.

The site was visited by the antiquarian George Low during his tour of 1774, and he provided the first drawings of the broch. It was visited by Sir Walter Scott in 1814, who described it as "a Pictish fortress, the most entire probably in the world." The geologist and antiquarian Samuel Hibbert visited it in 1818 and provided a detailed account of the site. The first accurate survey was conducted by Sir Henry Dryden in 1852 and 1866.

Excavations
Mousa was cleared of debris and repaired in 1861 and great quantities of animal bones, especially of otters (which probably inhabited the deserted ruin) were found. Also found were pieces of a clay pot, stone pot lids, a slaty stone about 12 inches long "like a three-cornered file" and a "carved model of a Norway boat in fir" about 3 ft long. The interior was cleared again by the Office of Works in 1919, and few additional finds emerged. In the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh are some pottery sherds, including a large black-burnished rim sherd, probably found during the 19th century clearance. There was major rebuilding of the broch from 1967 until the 1980s.

In January 2005 it was announced that archaeologists had used 3D laser scanning to investigate the structure in detail for further possible repairs.

Storm petrels
Mousa Broch is well known among birders for its breeding European storm petrels, which are best seen after dark on partly or on completely overcast summer nights. The island holds around 6,800 breeding pairs in total, representing about 8% of the British population and about 2.6% of the world population. Some of these birds nest in burrows within the broch itself.

title: Broch of Mousa


text:
Family Channel (Canadian TV channel)

Family Channel (commonly or simply known as Family) is a Canadian English-language specialty channel owned by WildBrain. The network primarily airs children's television series, teen dramas, as well as other programming targeting a family audience. Despite having its own headquarters in the Brookfield Place office in Financial District, the channel is transmitted from Corus Quay.

Launched on September 1, 1988, it was originally a joint venture between the owners of the premium television services First Choice and Superchannel; due to the breakup of Western International Communications, the network became a joint venture between Astral Media and Corus Entertainment. Astral later acquired full ownership of the network; after the 2013 acquisition of Astral by Bell Media, the network and its sister channels were divested to DHX Media (now WildBrain) in 2014.

Family was originally licensed as a premium specialty service, which necessitated that it operate under a commercial-free format, but allowed it to operate multiplex feeds. Nevertheless, television providers typically distributed Family as a conventional specialty channel. In 2016, Family was relieved of this mandate after the CRTC transitioned premium specialty services to the standardized discretionary service license.

From its launch in 1988 until 2015, many of Family Channel's programming format mirrored that of the American premium service Disney Channel. Family Channel's programming lineup consisted mainly of domestic and foreign-imported live-action and animated series from Disney Channel, feature films from the Disney film library, classic films from other Canadian and American film studios, and specials, while also using this partnership to launch Canadian versions of Disney Junior and Disney XD. This partnership ended in 2015, when Disney entered into a new licensing agreement with Corus and launched new Canadian versions of Disney Channel, Disney XD and Disney Junior. Since then, Family Channel has acquired programming from other sources.

As of March 2013, Family Channel is available to approximately six million pay television households in Canada. It broadcasts Eastern Time Zone feeds in both standard definition and high definition, and a Pacific Time Zone feed solely in standard definition.

Early history
Family Channel was licensed as a premium television service by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) on December 1, 1987; it was originally operated as a joint venture between Allarcom Pay Television Limited and First Choice Canadian Communications Corporation (owners of both Superchannel and First Choice), with both companies owning a 50% stake in the service.

In October 1999, as part of the break-up of Western International Communications (which had bought Allarcom), its stake in Family Channel was sold to Corus Entertainment. In March 2001, in response to concerns from the CRTC over Corus's near-monopoly position in children's specialty channels (accounting for its stakes in YTV, Treehouse, and Teletoon), Corus traded its stake in Family Channel to Astral Media in exchange for its stake in The Comedy Network for $126.9 million, giving them full ownership.

On July 1, 2007, Family became the last English language children's network in Canada to switch to a 24-hour broadcast schedule. On January 11, 2011, Family launched a high-definition feed, and concurrently introduced an updated logo and on-air presentation.

Sale to DHX Media
In March 2013, following the Competition Bureau's approval of Bell Media's acquisition of Astral Media, Bell announced that it would divest Family and its sister networks, among other assets, in order to reduce the market share it would hold in the English-language television market following the completion of the sale. The CRTC approved the sale on June 27, 2013, with Family Channel and its related networks concurrently placed in a blind trust held by businessman and former Montreal Canadiens president Pierre Boivin, pending their sale to a third-party.

On November 28, 2013, DHX Media announced that it would acquire Family and its sister networks for $170 million. While the company already distributed and produced a large library of children's television series (particularly through its 2012 purchase of the Cookie Jar Entertainment, which gave it ownership of the program libraries of Cinar and DIC Entertainment), the purchase marked DHX's first foray into broadcasting. DHX has indicated that it would leverage its resources and library to add more original, Canadian-produced programming to Family under its ownership.

The acquisition of Family Channel and its sister networks by DHX was approved by the CRTC on July 24, 2014. As a condition of the sale, the CRTC imposed licensing conditions requiring that at least 60% of the Canadian programming broadcast by the network on an annual basis be produced by companies other than DHX. The acquisition was finalized on July 31, 2014, with Family and its sister networks becoming part of a newly formed division of the company known as DHX Television.

Loss of Disney Channel programming rights and other changes
On April 16, 2015, it was announced that Corus Entertainment had acquired Canadian rights to Disney Channel's programming library, and that it would launch a Canadian version of Disney Channel in September 2015. DHX's programming agreement with Disney would end in January 2016. As a result of these changes, Disney programming was phased out of Family Channel's lineup throughout the remainder of 2015, and its sister Disney Junior and Disney XD-branded networks were rebranded as Family Jr., Télémagino, and Family Chrgd (Later rebranded to WildBrainTV). Corus would also launch new Disney Junior and Disney XD channels on December 1, 2015.

Alongside new and original productions, DHX reached new output deals with AwesomenessTV, DreamWorks Animation, and Mattel in 2015 for programming based on their properties across its networks.

On June 9, 2015, it was announced that a new incarnation of the Degrassi franchise, Degrassi: Next Class, would premiere on Family in 2016. The show is produced by Epitome Pictures, a studio DHX acquired in 2014. Next Class premiered on January 4, 2016 as part of a new primetime block known as "F2N". The F2N block was positioned towards an older teenage audience than the "tween" audience that Family has typically targeted; DHX Television senior vice-president Joe Tedesco explained that the company had original series in development for Family in case it ever did lose its output deal with Disney, and that these decisions were based on a goal to build a "strong lineup" of programs, and was not financially motivated. Tedesco went on to explain that the F2N block was meant to create a "meaningful destination" for teens and, in the case of Degrassi—a series that has historically dealt with teen issues, encourage family viewing.

As part of the CRTC's "Let's Talk TV" initiative, DHX Media expressed concern that the elimination of genre protection for Category A specialty channels would put services licensed as premium services at an unfair disadvantage, especially due to their inability to air advertising. On November 2, 2016, the CRTC approved the implementation of new categories for licensed television services, replacing the separate specialty and pay television categories with a single Discretionary service category using standardized conditions of license, and ruled that current premium services may operate under these deregulated policies effective immediately. This decision allowed Family Channel to begin operating under an advertising-supported format. Tedesco commended the CRTC for the decision, stating that it "represents the next logical step in the implementation of the Let's Talk TV decision, when genre protection was eliminated, and it ensures that pay and specialty channels will now be on a level field."

Programming
Family's programming is aimed towards children, teenagers and young adults aged 6–25 and encompasses original and acquired children's television series, teen dramas, sitcoms, and both theatrically released and made-for-television movies. Its daytime lineup is aimed at children, youth, and teenagers, while its primetime programs are aimed at an older teenage and family audience. The channel airs films on Friday and Saturday evenings and on weekend afternoons.

As previously mandated for premium services, Family, historically, did not air traditional commercial advertising, besides promotions in between (or sometimes during) programs for its own programming and sponsored contests, along with interstitial segments such as Fam Jam (which aired teen pop music videos), and features on upcoming family films that were produced by The Movie Network. After changes in CRTC policies and the network's licensing in November 2016, Family switched to a conventional, commercial-supported format for its non-preschool programs.

Historically, Family and its spin-offs had been the main Canadian outlets for programming from the American Disney Channel and its sibling brands; Disney Junior and Disney XD. The channel also co-produced the 2010 film 16 Wishes, in association with Disney Channel and MarVista Entertainment. Family would begin to phase out Disney programming in late 2015, after Corus Entertainment acquired exclusive rights to Disney Channel and its associated brands in Canada. Since then, Family acquired the bulk of its programming from AwesomenessTV and DreamWorks Animation, as well as other syndicated and off-network programming targeting a family audience.

Although YTV sources most of its programming from US-based Nickelodeon, Family aired a few series, for example, The Amanda Show and All That had aired on Family for a few years, along with Zoey 101 and Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. The latter series would move to YTV later.

Family has also co-commissioned programming with the American network Universal Kids, owned by DreamWorks' parent company NBCUniversal, which had previously acquired the rights to the Family original series The Next Step and provided additional funding for its sixth season due to reduced financial commitments by DHX. Family also co-commissioned the children's horror anthology Creeped Out with British children's channel CBBC.

Former

 * Disney Junior on Family – "Disney Junior on Family" was Family Channel's version of the United States programming block and cable channel of the same name featuring shows targeted at children aged 2–7, that aired Monday through Fridays from 4:30 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. and 8:45 a.m. to 11:00 a.m., and weekend mornings from 4:30 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. EST. The block, which began in 2003 as "Family Playhouse Fun", then in February 2009 as "Family Junior", and later "Playhouse Disney" on December 6, 2010 before being renamed "Disney Junior" on May 6, 2011 as part of a rebranding of Playhouse Disney's program blocks and standalone channels around the world to the Disney Junior brand, primarily targeted preschoolers as Family's usual target audience of older children and teenagers are in school at that time.
 * Jetix – A Canadian version of the U.S programming block seen on ABC Family and Toon Disney. Jetix launched on September 10, 2006, replacing "Power Box".
 * F2N – Launched January 4, 2016, this primetime block was aimed at an older teenage audience, anchored by Degrassi: Next Class and eight series acquisitions from AwesomenessTV. This teen block aired every night starting at 9:00 p.m. EST. It was discontinued in September 2017.

Family Jr. and Télémagino
On November 30, 2007, Family launched Playhouse Disney Channel, a separate channel featuring programming aimed at a preschool audience, based on Disney's Playhouse Disney brand. Subject to carriage, the multiplex channel was made available at no additional charge to television providers and subscribers who receive its parent network. It was rebranded as Disney Junior on May 6, 2011, following the launch of the brand in the United States earlier that year. On September 18, 2015, due to Corus Entertainment's acquisition of rights to Disney's children's programming and brands, the channel was re-branded as Family Jr.

As Family was licensed as a premium service, it is allowed to operate multiplex channels that carry additional programming consistent with its licensing and nature of service.

A French-language version of the channel, now known as Télémagino, was launched on July 5, 2010 as Playhouse Disney Télé. Unlike Family Jr., Télémagino operates under a separate Category B license.

WildBrainTV
On June 1, 2011, Family launched a Canadian version of Disney XD under a separate license. It re-branded as Family Chrgd on October 9, 2015. It was renamed once more to WildBrainTV on March 1, 2022.

Other services

 * Radio Disney – From October 2011, Family Channel offered a live audio stream of U.S. children's music network Radio Disney through Family.ca.

title: Family Channel (Canadian TV channel)


text:
Robert Stevenson (filmmaker)

Robert Edward Stevenson (31 March 1905 – 30 April 1986) was a British-American screenwriter and film director.

After directing a number of British films, including King Solomon's Mines (1937), he was contracted by David O. Selznick and moved to Hollywood, but was loaned to other studios, directing Jane Eyre (1943). He directed 19 live-action films for The Walt Disney Company in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.

Stevenson is best remembered for directing the Julie Andrews musical Mary Poppins (1964), for which Andrews won the Academy Award for Best Actress and Stevenson was nominated for Best Director. His other Disney films include the first two Herbie films, The Love Bug (1968) and Herbie Rides Again (1974), as well as Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971). Three of his films featured English actor David Tomlinson.

Education
Having attended Shrewsbury School, Stevenson won a scholarship to study at St John's College, Cambridge. There he won the John Bernard Seely Prize for Aeronautics, and in 1927 graduated with a first-class MA (Cantab) degree in the Mechanical Sciences Tripos (engineering). He was also president of the university's Liberal Club, editor of the student Granta magazine, and while conducting postgraduate research in psychology he was elected president of the prestigious Cambridge Union Society. On leaving Cambridge, his parents gave him six weeks to find a job, and he gained employment as the assistant of Michael Balcon.

British films
Stevenson started to write scripts, providing the story of Balaclava (1928). He also worked on the scripts for Greek Street (1930), The Ringer (1931), Night in Montmartre (1931), The Calendar (1931), Michael and Mary (1931) with Edna Best and Herbert Marshall and Sunshine Susie (1931) with Jack Hulbert, Lord Babs (1932), The Faithful Heart (1932) with Best and Marshall, and Love on Wheels (1932) with Hulbert.

Stevenson's debut feature film as director was a Jack Hulbert–Cicely Courtneidge musical, Happy Ever After (1932), a co-production shot in Germany and produced by Eric Pommer. He also wrote the British-German co productions F.P.1 (1933) and Early to Bed (1933).

Stevenson went on to write and direct Falling for You (1933) with Hulbert and Courtneidge, and did some uncredited direction on The Camels Are Coming (1934) with Hulbert. On that film he met Anna Lee, who became his wife in 1935. He was a producer on Little Friend (1934).

Stevenson worked as writer on Thunder in the East (1934) and The Only Girl (1933) with Charles Boyer.

Stevenson received acclaim for Tudor Rose (1936), a film of the Lady Jane Grey story which Stevenson wrote and directed. He directed The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936) with Boris Karloff and Anna Lee, then another with Hulbert, Jack of All Trades (1936).

Stevenson wrote Windbag the Sailor (1936) for Will Hay and Paradise for Two (1937) for Hulbert.

Stevenson directed the action adventure movie King Solomon's Mines (1937) with Lee, Cedric Hardwicke and Paul Robeson. He did a science fiction film with Lee, Non-Stop New York (1937).

Stevenson went to Gainbsorough to do Owd Bob (1938) with Will Fyffe, The Ware Case (1938) with Clive Brook, Young Man's Fancy (1939) with Lee, and Return to Yesterday (1940) with Brook and Lee. He worked on the script for most of the latter films.

Hollywood films
Stevenson received an offer to go to Hollywood to work for David O. Selznick along with Alfred Hitchcock. Selznick only made films intermittently, but he regularly signed talent to long-term contracts and loaned them out to other studios. He loaned Stevenson to RKO he directed Tom Brown's School Days (1940). He went to Universal to direct a new version of Back Street (1941) with Charles Boyer then went back to RKO for Joan of Paris (1942) with Michèle Morgan, a big hit.

Stevenson wrote and directed an adaptation of Jane Eyre (1943) for Selznick starring Orson Welles and Joan Fontaine. He was also one of several directors on Forever and a Day (1943).

Stevenson directed Hedy Lamarr in Dishonored Lady (1947) and Dick Powell in To the Ends of the Earth (1948).

He returned to RKO, now under the control of Howard Hughes, to make The Woman on Pier 13 (originally, I Married a Communist, 1949). He followed it with Walk Softly, Stranger (1950) with Joseph Cotten, My Forbidden Past (1951) with Robert Mitchum and Ava Gardner, and The Las Vegas Story (1952) with Jane Russell and Victor Mature. He also did some uncredited directing on Macao (1952).

Television
Stevenson went into directing television and directed six episodes of the first season of Gunsmoke during which it first went to the top of the TV ratings. He directed over 100 TV episodes in five years including: The Ford Television Theatre, Your Jeweler's Showcase, Footlights Theater, Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre, Cavalcade of America, Schlitz Playhouse, The Star and the Story, Star Stage, The 20th Century-Fox Hour, The Joseph Cotten Show, Alfred Hitchcock Presents and The Christophers.

Walt Disney
Stevenson worked for the Disney Company in 1956 for six weeks and ending up making 19 films in 20 years. His early credits were Johnny Tremain (1957), a story set in the American Revolution, and Old Yeller (1957), a boy and his dog tale. In 2019, Old Yeller was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Stevenson did episodes of Disney's Zorro, then directed a film about Ireland, Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1959), and an adaptation of Kidnapped (1960). He had a commercial success with the comedy The Absent-Minded Professor (1961) and the adventure film In Search of the Castaways (1962). Son of Flubber (1963) was a popular sequel to The Absent-Minded Professor, and The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964), a teen comedy, was an unexpected hit, leading to a sequel, The Monkey's Uncle (1965).

None did as well at the box office as Mary Poppins (1964), which gained domestic rentals of $45,000,000 and won five Oscars.

Also among Stevenson's Disney films was the Hayley Mills comedy That Darn Cat! (1965). Stevenson and Disney focused on comedies: The Gnome-Mobile (1967) with Walter Brennan, Blackbeard's Ghost (1968) with Peter Ustinov and Dean Jones, and The Love Bug (1968) with Jones, which was another hit.

Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) was an attempt to repeat the success of Mary Poppins. Stevenson directed Herbie Rides Again (1974) with Ken Berry and Helen Hayes, and the adventure story The Island at the Top of the World (1974). One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975), with Hayes and Ustinov, was a comedy. Stevenson's last feature was The Shaggy D.A. (1976) with Dean Jones.

In July 1977, Variety reported that his track record at Disney made him "the most commercially successful director in the history of films." At the end of 1976, he had 16 films on Variety's list of all-time domestic rental films, more than any other director at the time, with the second most successful having only 12. The Shaggy D.A. was to become his 17th, all being Disney films. The total US and Canadian rentals for these 17 pictures was $188,000,000, which Variety said translated into roughly $250 million in world rentals or an estimated world box office gross of $750 million.

Personal life
Stevenson divorced his first wife Cecilie and married English actress Anna Lee in 1934. They lived on London's Bankside for five years, moving to Hollywood in 1939, where he remained for many years. They had two daughters, Venetia and Caroline, before divorcing in March 1944.

During World War II, he became an American citizen and served with Frank Capra in the U.S. Army Signal Corps.

He married Frances Holyoke Howard on October 8, 1944, they later divorced. They had one son, Hugh Howard Stevenson. In 1963 he married Ursula Henderson, and they remained married until Stevenson's death in 1986. Robert Stevenson's widow, Ursula Henderson, appeared as herself in the documentary Locked in the Tower: The Men behind Jane Eyre in 2007.

title: Robert Stevenson (filmmaker)


text:
Advanced Brake Warning

Advanced Brake Warning Systems are a technology developed in Israel in 1989 which display additional signalling information, such as by actuating the brake lights when a driver suddenly and abruptly releases the accelerator pedal in preparation for a panic stop.

Other proposed systems advocate a different signal (brake lights brighter or blinking) during a hard panic stop or when a vehicle is no longer moving at all.

While these concepts were advocated to various regulatory bodies in the U.S. and Europe during the 1990s, the idea has met with limited enthusiasm and much opposition. Many of the objections assert that drivers do not have time to assimilate extra information sent by non-standard signalling apparatus and that even the advanced warning of a brake light being actuated by the driver's foot suddenly leaving the accelerator could generate enough false alerts to render the impact of such a system meaningless.

The systems are therefore not approved even as aftermarket devices in many western markets and there is little prospect of them being required to be installed on new cars by automobile manufacturers anytime in the near future.

title: Advanced Brake Warning


text:
EMD F40PH

The  EMD F40PH is a four-axle 3000 - 3200 hp B-B diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division in several variants from 1975 to 1992. Intended for use on Amtrak's short-haul passenger routes, it became the backbone of Amtrak's diesel fleet after the failure of the EMD SDP40F. The F40PH also found widespread use on commuter railroads in the United States and with VIA Rail in Canada. Additional F40PH variants were manufactured by Morrison-Knudsen and MotivePower between 1988 and 1998, mostly rebuilt from older locomotives.

Amtrak retired its fleet of F40PHs in the early-2000s in favor of the GE Genesis, but the locomotive remains the mainstay of VIA Rail's long-distance trains; a depiction of the locomotive hauling The Canadian is featured on the reverse of the Frontier series Canadian $10 bill. The F40PHs are still a common sight on many other commuter railroads throughout the United States. In addition, Amtrak has kept 22 of its F40PHs in use as non-powered control units.

Background
Amtrak inherited an aging and mechanically incompatible fleet of diesel locomotives from various private railroads on its startup in 1971. The most modern locomotives remained in private hands for freight service, or to operate the various commuter services which, by law, did not pass to Amtrak. To replace these Amtrak ordered 150 EMD SDP40F locomotives, which began entering service in 1973. These were supplemented by 25 GE P30CHs which entered service in 1975. The SDP40F was a troubled design; problems with weight distribution led to a series of derailments in the mid-1970s. Meanwhile, the poor truck design of the P30CH (and the electric GE E60CP) curtailed further orders of that unit when Amtrak found itself needing more short- and medium-distance power in the spring of 1975.

Design
The design of the F40PH was based on the EMD GP40-2 freight road switcher locomotive and shared that locomotive's turbocharged EMD 645E3 V16 cylinder, two-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine (prime mover). The prime mover developed 3000 hp at 893 RPM. The main (traction) generator converts mechanical energy from the prime mover into electricity distributed through a high voltage cabinet to the traction motors. Each of the four traction motors is geared to a pair of driving wheels; the gear ratio determines the maximum speed of the locomotive. A standard F40PH has a gear ratio of 57:20, permitting a maximum speed of 103 mph. Some Amtrak F40PHs were delivered with a 56:21 gearing for 110 mph. The first 30 locomotives were built with a 1500 gal fuel tank. Subsequent units were built with a 1800 gal tank. Beginning with the EMD F40PH-2, introduced in 1985, the prime mover developed 3200 hp. Many of the original F40PHs were updated to match that output. The locomotives were 56 ft long. A standard F40PH weighs 260000 lb.

For passenger service the F40PH has another electrical alternator, the head-end generator. The HEP unit generates three-phase AC power at 480 V (500 kW on the first order, 800 kW on later units) for lighting, heating and air-conditioning the train. Originally, F40PHs powered the HEP alternator from the prime mover. As a result of that, the train had to be at a constant 60 Hz frequency, and the prime mover had to turn at a constant 893 RPM while supplying head end power (even standing still, with the throttle in idle). Power to the traction motors was controlled by varying the field excitation of the main (traction) generator. On some later versions of the F40PH (and on many rebuilt F40s), a second small auxiliary diesel engine at the rear of the locomotive powers the HEP alternator. In these engines, the prime-mover speed varies in the usual way. They can be identified by the diesel exhaust at the rear of the locomotive and by their quiet idle. Remaining F40s, with the constant-RPM prime movers, are noticeably louder.

In the initial design the battery box and air reservoirs were located forward of the fuel tank. In locomotives manufactured after 1977 these were relocated behind the tank. The battery box returned to its original location in the F40PH-2. The F40PH-2s delivered to Caltrain incorporated Southern Pacific Railroad-style headlights.

The designation "F40PH" stood for the following: "F" for the full-width cowl carbody, "40" as the locomotive is part of EMD's 40-series (based on the GP40-2 freight locomotive), "P" for passenger service, and "H" for head-end power.

History

Amtrak ordered its first 30 EMD F40PHs on May 8, 1975. The first of the new locomotives entered service on April 9, 1976. Amtrak intended the locomotives for short routes such as the San Diegan in California and Northeast Corridor services in the then non-electrified route portion between New Haven, Connecticut and Boston, Massachusetts.

The long-distance routes were protected by the then-new EMD SDP40F, described by J. David Ingles in late 1975 as the "stars of Amtrak's long-distance trains". However, two events led to a major change in thinking within Amtrak regarding the EMD SDP40F. The first event was a sharp decline in the mechanical reliability of the EMD SDP40F, including several derailments. The second event was the unusually harsh winter of 1976–1977, which sidelined many of Amtrak's aging steam-heated coaches. Amtrak suspended numerous routes and pressed the new HEP-equipped Amfleet I coaches, designed for short runs, into service. The F40PH, with its built-in HEP generator, was the natural choice to haul these coaches. As problems with the EMD SDP40F mounted, Amtrak adopted the F40PH as its long-term solution nationwide for diesel engine service.

In the spring of 1977 Amtrak traded 40 EMD SDP40Fs back to EMD. Components including the prime mover were installed into an EMD F40PH frame. The 40 rebuilt locomotives, designated F40PHR, were identical to new-build EMD F40PHs, incorporating the larger fuel tank and more powerful HEP generator which had become standard.

Amtrak ultimately acquired 132 F40PHRs in this manner — which combined with new orders between 1975 and 1988 and with the purchase of six GMD F40PHs from GO Transit in 1990 — led to a fleet of 216 locomotives, the country's largest fleet.

The first commuter rail operator to order F40PHs was Chicago's Regional Transportation Authority (RTA), a forerunner to Metra, who ordered 74 between 1977 and 1983. Metra ordered 41 more between 1988 and 1992. Other agencies who bought the F40PH included the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) (18), Caltrain (20), GO Transit (6), New Jersey Transit (17), and VIA Rail (59). Finally, the rail construction firm Speno ordered four. In total EMD built 449 locomotives, including the F40PHR trade-ins.

The F40PH performed well for Amtrak: at the start of the 1990s only four had been retired due to wrecks. The locomotive was at the center of Amtrak's advertising. Trains magazine estimated that on average, each F40PH traveled as many as 175000 mi a year.

Amtrak began replacing the F40PH with the GE Dash 8-32BWH in 1991, the GE P40DC in 1993, and the GE P42DC in 1996. All were retired by 2001 with the arrival of the last P42DC, and their last regular assignment was on the Maple Leaf in December 2001. The Panama Canal Railway acquired several ex-Amtrak F40PHs for both freight and passenger service; the 480V head-end power matched the voltage used by the refrigeration in Maersk Sealand containers.

The EMD F40PH has continued to serve VIA Rail into the 21st century: between 2007 and 2012 VIA refurbished its entire fleet for CAD$100 million. The rebuild program included separate HEP generators, overhauled engines, a third headlight addition, cab reconditioning, additional safety horns at the front, and repainting into the newer VIA scheme. Rebuilt locomotive No. 6403, pulling the Canadian through the Rocky Mountains, was included on the back of the redesigned Canadian ten-dollar note in 2013 (The actual 6403 was later renumbered to 6459.) As of 2018, VIA has 53 such EMD F40PH locomotives in service. These F40PH locomotives are now supplemented by GE P42DC locomotives delivered in 2001 and by Siemens SCV-42 locomotives delivered in 2023.

Three ex-Amtrak F40PHs have been preserved: No. 231 is owned by Dynamic Rail Preservation and located at the Nevada Southern Railway, No. 281 is at the California State Railroad Museum, and No. 307 is at the North Carolina Transportation Museum. Coaster donated two of its F40PHM-2C locomotives that were retired on February 8, 2021; 2103 was donated to the Pacific Southwest Railway Museum, and 2105 to the Southern California Railway Museum.

Variants

The longevity of the F40PH has led to numerous conversions, rebuildings, and remanufacturings. In some instances new locomotives were assembled using EMD components. Several transit agencies lengthened their locomotives to include a separate HEP generator. These were designated F40PH-2C and F40PH-CAT where Cummins and Caterpillar generators were used, respectively. The F40PH-2C was considerably heavier than the standard design, weighing 282000 lb. The F40PH-2D, employed by Via Rail, had special customizations for operating in Canada, including ditch lights. Metra's last 30 locomotives, designated F40PHM-2 (now rebuilt as F40PHM-3), were built with a sloped cab similar to the experimental EMD F69PHAC. The streamlined appearance acquired the nickname "Winnebago." Speno's four locomotives, designated F40PH-2M, were delivered without turbochargers, limiting power output to 2000 hp. The five EMD GP40 locomotives Morrison-Knudsen rebuilt for Tri-Rail in 1988 were designated F40PHL-2. Progress Rail rebuilt 41 Metra units with remanufactured engines, rebuilt traction motors and microprocessor traction control. These have been designated the F40PH-3. The MBTA's dozen F40PHM-2C locomotives were built new using EMD components, as were the six F40PH-3C locomotives of the Altamont Commuter Express built by MotivePower.

As Amtrak's F40PH fleet was replaced by newer GE Genesis-series locomotives, Amtrak converted a number of the retired units into baggage/cab cars. Colloquially known as "cabbages" (a portmanteau of "cab" and "baggage"), and officially known as Non-Powered Control Units (NPCUs), these units had their diesel engines, traction motors, and main alternators removed, as well as a large roll-up door installed in the side (allowing the former engine compartment to be used for baggage). Amtrak converted 22 locomotives into cabbage cars between 1996 and 2007. Each converted unit was renumbered by prefixing "90" to its original number. In 2011, Amtrak converted F40PH No. 406 (later renumbered 90406) to an NPCU to enable push-pull operation of Amtrak's 40th-anniversary exhibit train; in addition, a HEP generator was installed to supply auxiliary power. However, unlike other NPCUs, it resembles an operational F40PH externally.

Some F40PHs found their way into freight service, after suitable modifications. The F40M-2F, which runs on the San Luis and Rio Grande Railroad and formerly the Canadian American Railroad, was regeared for a maximum speed of 65 mph and given an enlarged 2900 gal fuel tank. It was also fitted with a door, platform, and steps at the front. One unit, 450, was acquired by Western Maryland Scenic Railroad in 2018.

Original owners
Electro-Motive Division manufactured 475 F40PHs of all types between 1975 and 1992. The orders for GO Transit and VIA Rail Canada were built by General Motors Diesel (GMD), the company's Canadian subsidiary. Morrison-Knudsen (M-K) and its successor MotivePower (MPI) remanufactured another 31 locomotives between 1988 and 1998.

title: EMD F40PH