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Brooks Wackerman

Brooks Wackerman (born February 15, 1977) is an American musician. He is the current drummer of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold, which he joined in 2015. His first album with Avenged Sevenfold was The Stage (2016). He was previously the drummer for the punk rock band Bad Religion (2001 to 2015). Wackerman has also performed, either as a member or a session or touring member, with Blink-182, Bad4Good, Infectious Grooves, Glenn Tipton, Mass Mental, Suicidal Tendencies, The Vandals, Avril Lavigne, Korn, Kidneys (in which he sang and played guitar, releasing two albums), Fear and the Nervous System, Tenacious D, Farmikos, Tom Delonge, and Big Talk. His brothers, Chad Wackerman, and John Wackerman, are also drummers.

Early life
Wackerman's father Chuck, also a drummer, started teaching him how to play drums as early as five years old and was also his jazz band teacher at Los Alamitos High School, winning Most Outstanding Musician at the Reno Jazz Festival in 1993. Wackerman started his musical career as a teen with a group called Bad4Good in 1991. The band released one album in 1992 called Refugee, produced by Steve Vai.

Infectious Grooves (1993–2024)
From 1993 to 2000, Wackerman was a member of Infectious Grooves, playing drums on the albums Groove Family Cyco in 1994 and Mas Borracho in 2000 as well as touring with the band. He returned to the band when they resumed activities and did a show in Brazil in November 2019.

Suicidal Tendencies (1996–2001)
Wackerman was a member of Suicidal Tendencies from 1996 to 2001, playing drums on Six the Hard Way in 1998, Freedumb in 1999, and Free Your Soul and Save My Mind in 2000. He left the band to join Bad Religion in 2001.

Bad Religion (2001–2015)

In 2001, he became the drummer for Bad Religion by replacing Bobby Schayer, who left the band due to a shoulder injury. He appeared on five albums with them (The Process of Belief, The Empire Strikes First, New Maps of Hell, The Dissent of Man and True North) as well as their 2013 EP Christmas Songs. On October 27, 2015, Brooks left Bad Religion after deciding it was time to pursue another path. At the time of his departure, Wackerman was Bad Religion's all-time longest standing drummer, surpassing Bobby Schayer, who was in the band for ten years. He was also the youngest member of the band, with all of the other members being at least ten years his senior. Wackerman was replaced by Jamie Miller.

Tenacious D (2006–2015)
In 2006, for The Pick of Destiny tour, Wackerman was selected to feature as the drummer for Tenacious D due to his previous work on the Vandals' Look What I Almost Stepped In... album, which both Jack Black and Kyle Gass cameo on. He would go on to play for Tenacious D at various festivals as well as support act and benefit concerts throughout 2008 to 2011. in 2012, Wackerman played with Tenacious D again on their Rize of the Fenix tour where he got the nickname "Thunderskin" from Jack Black for comical remark, making appearances on the Late Show with David Letterman, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. They also performed at the 2012 Rock am Ring Festival. Wackerman also appeared in the music videos for their songs "Roadie" and "Rize of the Fenix". He would perform on their 2012 EP Tenacious D Jazz and their 2015 live album Tenacious D Live.

Avenged Sevenfold (2015–present)
On November 4, 2015, it was revealed that Wackerman was the new drummer for Avenged Sevenfold. Brooks was working with the band one year prior to the official announcement because the band wanted to "fit in" with the new drummer. Like his predecessors Mike Portnoy and Arin Ilejay, but unlike the rest of the band members, he doesn't have a stage name. His first full-length album with the band was their October 2016 release The Stage, which showcased his progressive metal style of drumming, often using fast double kicks and blast beats.

Other projects
Alongside Terry Bozzio, Wackerman contributed drums and percussion for Korn's untitled album. Wackerman is also the drummer for the Innocent, a thrash metal band featuring bassist Ryan Sinn (formerly of Angels & Airwaves and the Distillers), vocalist Brandan Schieppati (Bleeding Through), and guitarist Dave Nassie (No Use for a Name). In March 2008, Wackerman joined Korn guitarist James "Munky" Shaffer's newest solo project, experimental industrial rock band Fear and the Nervous System, alongside vocalist Steve Krolikowski (Repeater), Billy Gould (Faith No More), Leopold Ross (Error), and Zac Baird (Korn, Billy Goat). Brooks also played drums for Avril Lavigne. Brooks filled in for Travis Barker during Blink-182's 2013 tour of Australia in the Soundwave festival as well as their sideshows. Brooks was hired to record drums on Blink-182 member Tom DeLonge's debut solo album To the Stars... Demos, Odds and Ends.

Wackerman formerly fronted Kidneys alongside fellow Tenacious D band member John Spiker. Initially, his brother, John Wackerman played with Kidneys, but he would later be replaced by Todd Hennig (Death By Stereo). A full-length self-titled album was released in 2007, and another album in 2012, entitled Hold Your Fire, is available for digital download. The band parted ways in 2012.

Wackerman appeared in The Suicide Machines "S.O.S." music video in place of drummer Derek Grant, due to Grant's refusal to appear in photos or videos.

Gear
Wackerman currently endorses Drum Workshop drums, Remo drumheads and also uses Innovative Percussion drumsticks. Additionally, in 2021, after many years of using and endorsing Zildjian cymbals Wackerman officially signed on as an Istanbul Agop artist. He also once had a signature line of drumsticks manufactured by Zildjian as well.

Drum setup circa 2015 (Avenged Sevenfold tour): Drum Workshop drums, Evans drumheads and Zildjian cymbals and sticks:

Drums: Drum Workshop collector's series w/ maple/mahogany shells in black ice finish:
 * 22"x16" bass drums (x2)
 * 6"x12" rata drums (x2)
 * 10"x8" rack tom
 * 12"x9" rack tom
 * 13"x9" rack tom
 * 15"x13" floor tom
 * 16"x14" floor tom
 * 14"x6.5" nickel over brass snare

Drumheads: Evans:
 * Snare: ST dry/300 snare side
 * Toms: G2 clear/G1 clear
 * Bass: EQ4 clear/EQ3 reso black

Cymbals: Zildjian:
 * 21" A mega bell ride (left side)
 * 15" A Custom hi-hats
 * 20" A Custom EFX
 * 19" A Custom crash
 * 14" FX Oriental china "trash"/12" K splash (stacked)
 * 19" A Custom crash
 * 22" S rock ride or 22" S medium ride
 * 15" A Custom hi-hats
 * 20" S trash crash
 * 19" A ultra-hammered china

Sticks:
 * Zildjian Brooks Wackerman signature

Drum setup 2021 (current): Drum Workshop drums, Remo drumheads, Innovative Percussion drumsticks and Istanbul Agop cymbals:

Drums: Drum Workshop collector's series w/ maple shells in black ice or cherry finish:
 * 22"x18" bass drums (x2)
 * 10"x8" rack tom
 * 12"x10" rack tom
 * 13"x10" rack tom
 * 14"x12" floor tom
 * 16"x14" floor tom
 * 14"x5.5" bronze snare
 * 14"x7" maple snare

Drumheads: Remo:
 * Snare: Powerstroke 77 clear/Ambassador hazy snare side
 * Toms: Controlled Sound clear black dot or Emperor coated/Ambassador clear
 * Bass: Powerstroke P3 clear

Cymbals: Istanbul Agop:
 * 18" Xist china or 20" Xist china
 * 15" Mantra hi-hats
 * 8" Xist Brilliant bell
 * 19" Xist Brilliant crash
 * 14" Traditional trash hit stack
 * 19" Xist Brilliant crash or 20" Traditional heavy crash
 * 24" Joey Waronker ride
 * 15" Xist Dry Dark hi-hats
 * 20" Agop Signature china

Sticks:
 * Innovative Percussion Brooks Wackerman A7X signature sticks

With Avenged Sevenfold

 * Avenged Sevenfold - "Jade Helm Score" from Call of Duty: Black Ops III (2015)
 * Avenged Sevenfold - The Stage (2016)
 * Avenged Sevenfold - The Stage Deluxe Edition (2017)
 * Avenged Sevenfold - "Mad Hatter" from Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 (2018)
 * Avenged Sevenfold - Life Is But a Dream... (2023)

With Mass Mental

 * Mass Mental – How to Write Love Songs (1999)

With Bad Religion

 * Bad Religion – The Process of Belief (2002)
 * Bad Religion – The Empire Strikes First (2004)
 * Bad Religion – New Maps of Hell (2007)
 * Bad Religion – The Dissent of Man (2010)
 * Bad Religion – True North (2013)
 * Bad Religion – Christmas Songs (2013)

With Tenacious D

 * Tenacious D - Jazz (2012)
 * Tenacious D - Tenacious D Live (2015)

With Suicidal Tendencies

 * Suicidal Tendencies - Prime Cuts (new recordings only)
 * Suicidal Tendencies – Freedumb (1999)
 * Suicidal Tendencies – Free Your Soul and Save My Mind (2000)

With Infectious Grooves

 * Infectious Grooves – Groove Family Cyco (1994)
 * Infectious Grooves – Mas Borracho (2000)
 * Infectious Grooves - Take U on a Ride EP (2020)

Other

 * Bad4Good – Refugee (1992)
 * Glenn Tipton – Baptizm of Fire (1997)
 * The Vandals – Look What I Almost Stepped In (2000)
 * Hot Potty – One Step Closer to Broadway (with Josh Freese) (2002)
 * Avril Lavigne – Under My Skin (2004)
 * Korn – Untitled (2007)
 * Kidneys – Kidneys (2007)
 * Fear and the Nervous System – Fear and the Nervous System (2011)
 * Kidneys – Hold Your Fire (2012)
 * Farmikos – Farmikos (2014)
 * Tom DeLonge - To the Stars... Demos, Odds and Ends (2015)
 * Big Talk - Straight In No Kissin' (2015)

title: Brooks Wackerman


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Lodrino, Lombardy

Lodrino (Brescian: Ludrì) is a village and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, Italy. Neighbouring communes are Casto, Marcheno, Marmentino, Pertica Alta and Tavernole sul Mella. It is situated between the Trompia valley and Val Sabbia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lodrino, Lombardy


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Mali i Thatë

Mali i Thatë (Сува Гора, Suva Gora; Malethate, Malethata) is a mountain in southeast Albania; with a part of it being in the southwest of North Macedonia (known with the name Galičica and declared a National Park) with the highest altitude of 2287 meters.

Geography
It borders Lake Prespa in the east, Lake Ohrid in northwest and overlooks the city of Pogradec to the west. It stretches 25 km from north to south and is 8 km wide in its central part. Mali i Thatë highest peak is Pllaja e Pusit (meaning "Well's plateau") and it reaches an altitude of 2287 m above sea level. It is found within Albania, close to the Macedonian border. From this high peak, among several mountains of Albania, both Ohrid Lake and Prespa Lake can be seen as well as the third highest peak in North Macedonia, Baba Mountain or Pelister Mountain (2601 m). The mountain has an anticlinal shape and is almost completely composed of mesozoic limestone formations. Mali i Thatë has craggy slopes (especially the western face), whereas its crest is almost flat but full of karstic cavities.

The vegetation is primarily made up of alpine meadows, whereas in the eastern face beech, oak and bush forests are found. Near the Albanian village of Goricë the soil is rich of iron bauxite and chalk minerals. During the Albanian Revolt of 1911 Spiro Bellkameni's band defeated an Ottoman contingent in Mali i Thatë.

title: Mali i Thatë


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Lograto

Lograto (Brescian: Logràt) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. Neighbouring communes are Azzano Mella, Torbole Casaglia, Travagliato, Berlingo, Maclodio and Mairano. It is located in a plain southwest of Brescia.

title: Lograto


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The Mark of Zorro (1940 film)

The Mark of Zorro is a 1940 American black-and-white swashbuckling film released by 20th Century-Fox, directed by Rouben Mamoulian, produced by Darryl F. Zanuck, and starring Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, and Basil Rathbone. The supporting cast features Eugene Pallette, Gale Sondergaard, and Robert Lowery (the second actor to portray Batman on film). The film is based on the novel The Curse of Capistrano by Johnston McCulley, originally published in 1919 in five serialized installments in All-Story Weekly, which introduced the masked hero Zorro; the story is set in Southern California during the early 19th century. After the enormous success of the silent 1920 film adaptation, the novel was republished under that name by Grosset & Dunlap. The Mark of Zorro was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. The film was named to the National Film Registry in 2009 by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant", and to be preserved for all time.

Plot
Don Diego Vega is urgently called home by his father. To all outward appearances, he is the foppish son of a wealthy ranchero, the former alcalde Don Alejandro Vega, having returned to Alta California after his military education in Spain.

Don Diego is horrified at the way the common people are now mistreated by the corrupt new alcalde, Luis Quintero. Don Diego quickly adopts the guise of El Zorro ("The Fox"), a masked outlaw dressed entirely in black, who becomes the defender of the common people and a champion for justice against the uncaring Quintero and his garrison of brutish soldiers.

In the meantime, he romances the alcalde's beautiful and innocent niece, Lolita, whom he grows to love. As part of his plan, Don Diego simultaneously flirts with the alcalde's wife Inez, filling her head with tales of fashion and culture while nurturing her desire to finally get rid of her cruel husband.

In both his guises, Don Diego must always contend with the governor's most capable henchman, the malevolent and deadly Captain Esteban Pasquale. When the current situation comes to a head, he eventually dispatches the captain during a fast-moving rapier duel-to-the-death, as the alcalde looks on in astonishment. This action leads to a forced regime change with the help of the people of Los Angeles, the other landowners, and his father, and though Quintero is defeated, Zorro continues to fight for justice and the common people against the greedy and wicked.

Cast

 * Tyrone Power as Don Diego Vega/Zorro
 * Linda Darnell as Lolita Quintero
 * Basil Rathbone as Captain Esteban Pasquale
 * Gale Sondergaard as Inez Quintero
 * Eugene Pallette as Friar Felipe
 * J. Edward Bromberg as Don Luis Quintero
 * Montagu Love as Don Alejandro Vega
 * Janet Beecher as Senora Isabella Vega
 * George Regas as Sergeant Gonzales
 * Chris-Pin Martin as Turnkey
 * Robert Lowery as Rodrigo
 * Belle Mitchell as Maria
 * John Bleifer as Pedro
 * Frank Puglia as Proprietor
 * Eugene Borden as Officer of the Day
 * Pedro de Cordoba as Don Miguel
 * Guy D'Ennery as Don José
 * Stanley Andrews as Commanding Officer (uncredited)
 * Fortunio Bonanova as Sentry (uncredited)
 * Charles Stevens as José (uncredited)

Remake, music score, and sequel
The Mark of Zorro (1974) is a made-for-television remake film starring Frank Langella and co-starring Ricardo Montalbán in the roles played by Power and Rathbone in the original. It reuses Alfred Newman's original film score, along with new incidental music composed by Dominic Frontiere.

Portions of Newman's original music score were reused by composer Ian Fraser for the George Hamilton swashbuckling comedy film Zorro, the Gay Blade (1981). The film's storyline is a tongue-in-cheek sequel to the original 1940 film.

1920 silent version
The Mark of Zorro is a sound remake of the lavish 1920 smash-hit silent film starring Douglas Fairbanks as Zorro and Noah Beery Sr. as Sergeant Gonzales. This film depiction includes Don Diego's mother, Isabella, but it omits Bernardo (Don Diego's mute servant). That 1920 feature introduced Zorro's iconic all-black costume, subsequently incorporated into Johnston McCulley's later Zorro stories in his original fiction series upon which Fairbanks' film had been based. The 1920 film was the first in a popular array of swashbuckler action features starring the acrobatic Fairbanks, who had previously appeared mainly in comedies. Clips from the film were incorporated into The Artist nine decades later.

Acknowledging that director Mamoulian's 1940 version is a remake of the Douglas Fairbanks' 1920 swashbuckler, film critic Todd Wiener observes:

"“Critics inevitably, and often unfavorably, compare the film to the earlier successful [silent] version, but Mamoulian’s interpretation of the Zorro myth stands on its own merits. Tyrone Power’s performance is especially spirited, displaying a range and wry sardonic charm not always evident in his other forays into this genre."

Batman connection
In the DC Comics continuity, The Mark of Zorro was established as the film that the eight-year-old Bruce Wayne had seen with his parents, Thomas and Martha, at a movie theater, only moments before they were killed in front of him by an armed thug (later retconned to be Joe Chill). Zorro is often portrayed as Bruce's childhood hero and an influence on his Batman persona. Discrepancies exist regarding which version Bruce saw: The Dark Knight Returns claims it was the Tyrone Power version, whereas a story by Alan Grant claimed it to be the silent Douglas Fairbanks original. Bill Finger was himself inspired by Fairbanks' Zorro, including similarities in costumes, the "Bat Cave" and Zorro's cave, and unexpected secret identities, especially since the Batman character antedates the Tyrone Power remake by a year. In Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (set in the DCEU continuity), Bruce and his parents leave a screening of 1940's The Mark of Zorro the night of their murder.

In the animated series Justice League Unlimited, a flashback of the fateful night establishes that for DCAU continuity, Bruce and his parents were attending The Mark of Zorro, but does not indicate which version. In earlier episodes of Batman: The Animated Series, the fictional character the Gray Ghost, a pulp-fiction hero inspired by The Shadow, is the inspiration to young Bruce Wayne.

In Todd Phillips' 2019 film Joker, the marquee above the theater young Bruce and his parents exit shows the 1981 films Blow Out and Zorro, the Gay Blade as playing.

Home media
The Mark of Zorro has been released twice on DVD. The first was on October 7, 2003, and featured the film in its original black-and-white, as part of 20th Century Fox Studio Classics Collection. The second was released on October 18, 2005, as a Special Edition, featuring both a newly restored black-and-white version and a colorized version, prepared by Legend Films. Both contain the short film "Tyrone Power: The Last Idol" as seen on Biography on the A&E Network, with a commentary by film critic Richard Schickel. Kino Lorber released the film on Blu-ray in 2016.

title: The Mark of Zorro (1940 film)


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Lonato del Garda

Lonato del Garda (before 1 July 2007 simply Lonato; Lunà or Lonat, ) is a town and municipality (comune) in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy. Lonato is located about halfway between Milan and Venice, on the southwest shore of Lake Garda, the biggest lake in Italy.

Neighbouring communities are Castiglione delle Stiviere, Desenzano del Garda, Calcinato, Bedizzole, Calvagese della Riviera, Padenghe sul Garda, Pozzolengo, Montichiari, Solferino. The town is a holiday destination due to its scenic lakeside location about 5 km from the lake and its numerous historical and artistic monuments and museums, prehistoric sites (pile dwellings), Roman ruins, Medieval castle, Baroque churches and modern museums.

History
The town lies on the landscape of Morenic Hill, on the southwest side of Lake Garda. Here the first human settlements appeared in the Bronze Age on pile dwellings, as testified by archaeological findings in the areas of Polada and Lavagnone. The name Lonato is believed from some scholars to derive from the Celtic term “Lona” meaning little lake.

In the imperial Roman time, Lonato was crossed by the Basilica Emilia way, which used to connect Gaul with Aquileia. Roman ruins were found in the area of Monte Mario and Pozzo (Waiting for Godot).

The town was destroyed in the year 909 by the Hungarians, after which a new castle was built and the town fortified. In the following centuries Lonato was destroyed and rebuilt various times. In 1512 King Louis XII of France established his headquarters here when he invaded Italy. In 1516 Lonato become part of the Venetian Republic, until Napoleon arrived in 1796, when he fought and beat the Austrians during the first Italian campaign. In 1859 the town was part of the Italian Kingdom. During World War I the “basso Garda” defensive line was built, while in World War II it was a training centre for the X MAS.

The coat of arms is a lion rampant turned on the left side, with two golden keys grasped by the front legs. In 1509, King Louis XII of France granted to Lonato the honour to enrich the coat of arm with the three lilies of France, in gratitude for the favors that Lonato’s community offered him.

Lonato received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on November 21, 1996.

Main sights

Around the main square, called Piazza Martiri della libertà, there is the town hall, the Venetian column, the Cathedral of San Giovanni Battista, and the Civic Tower (or Clock Tower).

Outside the centre of town there are Roman ruins of Fornaci, the Abbazia di Maguzzano, Drugolo Castle, the churches of Madonna di San Martino, San Cipriano, and pieve di San Zeno.

The House of the Podestà was built in the second half of the 15th century as seat of the representative of Venetian Republic, who controlled the region for more than 350 years (1441-1796). Only briefly, was Lonato under Mantuan rule under Francesco II Gonzaga (1509–1516).

After Napoleon Bonaparte granted the Venetian domains to the Austrians, the Podestà House was used by the Austrians as barracks; later it became a property of the comune of Lonato, under which it fell into disrepair.

The building was auctioned in public in 1906, and bought by Ugo da Como and his wife Maria Glisenti, who, conscious of the historical importance, called the architect A. Tagliaferri to restore it. As was fashionable in his time, they furnished the house, and today the extensive collections, including the library, 405 incunabula (one of the most important collection in Italy), 470 manuscripts and rare illuminated codes, parchments and prints. It also contains one of the smallest books in the world, 15x9 mm, which reproduces the letter by Galileo Galilei to Cristina di Lorena. In addition, it holds manuscripts letters by Ugo Foscolo to his lover Marzia Martinengo, written in 1807-1809.

The Rocca of Lonato surmounts a hill dominating the southern side of Lake Garda. The southern slope shelters the historical centre of Lonato, the limits of which, today, borders the Padana lowlands.

The fortification's irregular form reveals a central structure almost 180 meters in length and approximately 45 metres in width. It is composed of two structures at different levels: the Rocca in the upper part and, lower down, what is called the General Quarters. Despite the long domination by the Visconti and Scaligeri families, the walled embankment, built in large morenic rocks, carries Guelph merlons.

In all probability, Lonato's castle was first built around the year 1000 when fortifications were raised around the area against the invasion of the barbarians. Its architectural design closely follows the standards of the 15th and 16th centuries when it was rebuilt by the Visconti family of Milan.

After passing from the Gonzaga domination to Venice, then back to the Gonzaga and again to Venice, the castle passed to the Austrian Empire and finally to private hands. The military base was demolished and the internal and external surface was transformed into agricultural land. In 1912 the castle was declared a national monument; it was bought by Senator Ugo da Como in 1920 who partly restored it, and since 1996 it houses the Museo Civico Ornitologico, conferences, weddings and theatral shows.

The Museo Civico Ornitologico (Museum of Birds) is located inside the castle and contains more than 700 specimens. The species represented are from the area of Lake Garda but also of exotic origin, together with specimens with rarities, unique characteristics and plumage anomalies.

The Duomo (Cathedral) of San Giovanni Battista (St. John the Baptist) dates from the 19th century. It is an example of Baroque architecture, designed by the Lonato architect Paolo Sorattini and built during the second half of the 18th century. Its balanced cupola (20 meters of diameter and 60 meters high) and facade soberly decorated with marble are the basilica's most notable points. The Baroque interior is enriched with frescoes and altar pieces by Venetian artists such as Antonio Balestra and Giambettino Cignaroli.

The civic tower (1555) is 55 m high and it has a clock of the 1773 with an original counterbalance mechanism.

The Fornaci Romane (Roman Furnaces) is an archeological site south of Lonato, in Gorghi. Six Roman brickworks were recently found and restored. The brickworks have circular shape with a firing chamber built using a technique with casts of pebbles stuck together with mortar. The ruins seems to indicate that this location was an important industrial center between the 1st and 2nd century AD.

Fairs and markets

 * "Mercantico": antiquity market, every 3rd week of the month, in the center of the town
 * Local market: every Thursday morning, in the center of the town
 * Town Fair: "Fiera di Lonato", January 17 (every year)

Transportation
Lonato can be reached by car through the A4 motorway, using the Desenzano exit; and from the A22 motorway, with the exit of Desenzano del Garda.

By airplane: the closest airports are in order
 * Brescia Airport (VBS)
 * Orio al Serio International Airport (BGY)
 * Villafranca-Verona Airport (VRN)
 * Milan Malpensa International Airport (MPX)
 * Milan Linate Airport (LIN)

People

 * Reginald Pole (1500–1558)
 * Camillo Tarello (ca. 1513–1573) agronomist
 * Roberto Vecchioni (born 1943)

Municipal government
Lonato is headed by a mayor (sindaco) assisted by a legislative body, the consiglio comunale, and an executive body, the giunta comunale. Since 1993 the mayor and members of the consiglio comunale are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1946 to 1993 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The giunta comunale is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called assessori. The offices of the comune are housed in a building usually called the municipio or palazzo comunale.

Since 1993 the mayor of Lonato is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Roberto Tardani (FI), elected on 15 June 2015.

* Special prefectural commissioner, nominated after the resignation of the mayor.

title: Lonato del Garda


text:
J. J. Walsh

James Joseph Walsh (20 February 1880 – 3 February 1948), generally referred to as J. J. Walsh, was Postmaster General, (later Minister for Posts and Telegraphs) of the Irish Free State from 1923 to 1927. He was also a senior Gaelic Athletic Association organiser and Cumann na nGaedheal politician. Later, Walsh had heavy connections with fascism, including his association with Ailtirí na hAiséirghe.

Early years
J. J. Walsh was born in the townland of Rathroon, near Bandon, County Cork. His family came from a farming background, "working a substantial holding of medium but well-cultivated land". Until the age of fifteen, Walsh attended a local school in Bandon, but by his own account "as far as learning went, I may as well have been at home". Together with his school-friend P. S. O'Hegarty, he passed the Civil Service exams for the Postal service. He later worked locally as a clerk in the Post Office. Like O'Hegarty, he spent three years in London at King's College, studying for the Secretary's Office "a syllabus (which) differed little from the Indian Civil Service". While O'Hegarty succeeded in his studies, Walsh did not, and returned to Cork where a friend, Sir Edward Fitzgerald, arranged work for him on the Entertainments Committee of the Cork International Exhibition.

Sport
Walsh was active in the Gaelic Athletic Association, promoting Gaelic games in many areas, but particularly in Cork city and county. His interest in organised sports had a strong political dimension. I happened to be one of those who realised the potentialities of the G.A.A. as a training ground for Physical Force. Contamination with the alien and all his works was taboo. I gathered around me a force of youthful enthusiasts from the University, Civil Service and Business. With this intensely organised instrument, war was declared on foreign games which were made to feel the shock so heavily that one by one, Soccer and Rugby Clubs began to disappear. He was also instrumental in establishing the 'revived' Tailteann Games.

He was Chairman of the Cork County Council GAA.

Politics
He was involved of the founding of the Cork City Irish Volunteers.

He participated in the Easter Rising in 1916 in the GPO. He claims he was responsible for mobilising 20 members of the Hibernian Rifles and took them to the GPO. However Rifles commandant John J. Scollan contradicts this account. He was promoted from Rifleman to Vice-Commandant of the Hibernian Rifles in 1915.

He was arrested following the general surrender and sentenced to death after a court-martial at Richmond Barracks. This was almost immediately commuted to life imprisonment, but he was released the following year under a general amnesty.

In later 1917 he was arrested and imprisoned after making a speech declaring "the only way to address John Bull is through the barrel of a rifle".

In autumn 1919 he was involved in a failed assassination attempt on Lord French.

Walsh was elected as a Sinn Féin Member of Parliament (MP) in the 1918 general election for the Cork City constituency. As a member of the 1st Dáil he was arrested for partaking in an illegal government. He was released in 1921 and supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty and went on to become a founding member of the new political party, Cumann na nGaedheal. Walsh served as Postmaster General from 1922 until 1924 and joined the cabinet of W. T. Cosgrave between 1924 and 1927, after the office was reconstituted as the Department of Posts and Telegraphs. He was elected at every election for the Cork Borough constituency until 1927 when he retired from government.

In August 1922 he was part of a government committee which was intended to consider what the Irish Free State's policy towards North-east Ulster would be.

During World War II, known at the time in Ireland as "the Emergency", Walsh's connections with fascism, including his association with Ailtirí na hAiséirghe, brought him to the attention of the Directorate of Intelligence (G2), the Intelligence branch of the Irish Army. Their request to the Minister for Justice, Gerald Boland, to place a tap on Walsh's phone was, however, refused. He was closely associated with Irish-based pro-Nazi initiatives through his association with Ailtirí na hAiséirghe, during World War II, frequently expressing his views with anti-semitic rhetoric.

In 1944 he published a short memoir, 'Recollections of a Rebel'.

On Sunday 24 April 2016 a plaque commemorating J.J. Walsh was unveiled in Kilbrittain.

title: J. J. Walsh


text:
Talk:Lost (2004 TV series)

Proposed merge (2016) with Mythology of Lost

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

Mythology of Lost should be a section of the article Lost (TV series), as Mythology of Lost is just an expansion of the article Lost. Ethanlu121 (talk) 23:44, 15 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Symbol declined.svg Disagree, the two subject have totally different bases: Mythology of Lost is an "about" opinion for Lost (TV series), whereas Lost (TV series) is a factual article about the TV series. ∞😃 Target360YT 😃∞ (talk · contribs) 16:09, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Episode Lists
A list of each episode from a season should be attached to the season along with any significant plot development from that episode in order to provide more context with the season descriptions. Giggleshack603 (talk) 00:54, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

IMDB user ratings
IMDB user ratings are not normally allowed. WP:UGC and MOS:TVRECEPTION both make it clear that audiences scores such as those from IMDB are user voted web polls and not reliable. The seem to have been included for quite a while (definitely back at least as far as January 2019.)

It is not clear if there was a discussion about this or a WP:LOCALCONSENUS to allow it or not (nothing like a hidden comment in the wiki source to suggest there was). Someone might argue that since these scores came from a secondary source, The Hollywood Reporter, then it is acceptable to use them. If an exception is being made it should be more clearly indicated.

There is also the problem of WP:LEAD, these scores are included in the LEAD but the intro is supposed to summarize not supplant the contents of the article. The IMDB scores are not mentioned anywhere in the article body. If people want to bend the rules to include these IMDB scores then the Reception section should mention them, and the intro should only mention them if people believe it absolutely necessary to give them that much extra emphasis (which at the moment seems WP:UNDUE).

I would recommend against making any exceptions (if there wasn't an existing consensus) and suggested removing these IMDB scores entirely. Instead as the Project TV Guidelines recommend it would be better to use the TV ratings as the best way to show audience reaction to the series was positive. -- 109.78.194.120 (talk) 21:12, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Fan reactions are generally acceptable if they're cited from a secondary reliable source, such as in this case; and The Hollywood Reporter is a top tier source, different story if it were just sourced from a blog or something. Other examples off the top of my head that talk about fan reactions include, Watchmen (TV series) which talks about its review bombing on Rotten Tomatoes, and Ozymandias (Breaking Bad) that covers its 10/10 IMDb score. I do agree though, the content should be moved out of the lede and possibly into the "Fandom and popular culture" subsection. Drovethrughosts (talk) 21:28, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It stills the same issue: "these scores are included in the LEAD but the intro is supposed to summarize not supplant the contents of the article", what makes it so important to be mentioned in the lead section, but it is not mentioned later? (CC) Tb hotch ™ 21:30, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * So we're agreed it doesn't belong in the lead. I think it would be better not to include it all, but we can at least agree it should not be in the lead. I understand making an exception when there is a good reason such as an apparent split between critics and audiences, but I don't see a good reason in this case. It seems to be redundantly stating that a very popular show was very popular on IMDB. -- 109.78.194.120 (talk) 22:29, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Please replace
 * X "Users of IMDbPro gave Lost the highest average ranking for any television series during the first ten years (2002–2012) of the website's operation"
 * with Y ""
 * i.e. replace it with nothing, delete/remove the sentence (and the reference to the Hollywood Reporter) from the intro entirely.

If other editors have suitable place to add it in the article body later that is a separate matter. I'd like to see WP:UGC and WP:TVRECEPTION applied consistently and the IMDB scores removed unless there is a clear consensus to make an exception. -- 109.79.73.154 (talk) 12:40, 7 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: According to the page's protection level you should be able to edit the page yourself. If you seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:52, 7 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and removed it myself.
 * Don't know how I missed that the article was only partially protected and not locked, my mistake. Apologies and thanks for your time. -- 109.79.73.154 (talk) 14:08, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Changing the profile picture
Hi everyone. I suggest to change the profile picture into the one of the title of the latest episode, because it suits better and the word "Lost" shows up much clearer. Could someone please do this? Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 181.1.220.13 (talk) 14:07, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

"Lost(TV series)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Lost(TV series) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 05:42, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

"Lost (TV series" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Lost (TV series and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 19:37, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 13 June 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Consensus formed around disambiguating with the year instead of the country of origin. (non-admin closure)  WP scatter  t/c 14:46, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

Lost (TV series) → Lost (2004 TV series) – Better to mention U.S. in the article title for enough disambiguation.  RM X Y  (talk) 14:30, 13 June 2023 (UTC)  RM X Y  (talk) 14:30, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment The article was moved to this WP:PDAB title following a 2005 RM. 162 etc. (talk) 15:34, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. Even if the U.S. TV series is orders of magnitude more popular than the South Korean one, it still makes sense for them to have equal levels of disambiguation. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 20:34, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment "Lost (American TV series)" would be a better title. A 2019 RfC resulted in the change from "(U.S. TV series)" to "(American TV series)".  RM X Y  (talk) 22:39, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment I already retargeted the move to "Lost (American TV series)". "Lost (U.S. TV series)" will still be created as redirect.  RM X Y  (talk) 22:41, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Move to Lost (2004 TV series) to distinguish from the same-named 2001 U.S. TV series/reality competition. See Talk:Lost (game show) for a move related to that article. -- Netoholic @ 05:38, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Move to Lost (2004 TV series) per Netoholic -- 64.229.90.172 (talk) 05:43, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment due to requests to move to "Lost (2004 TV series)", I will retarget the page move.  RM X Y  (talk) 11:18, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support: Ambiguous with Lost (South Korean TV series) (a.k.a., Lost (2021 TV series) and Lost (game show) (a.k.a., Lost (2001 TV series)). — BarrelProof (talk) 17:48, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

Toxic work environment
Should Evangeline Lilly's claims of a bad environment be added to the toxic work environment section? MisfitBlitz (talk) 00:21, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

Requested move of Lost
Hi all, Lost is currently a disambiguation page. I have proposed that it be moved to Lost (disambiguation) so that Lost can redirect here. Please see and comment on the requested move here. Thanks  Wracking  talk! 22:46, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lost (2004 TV series)


text:
Talk:Sound velocity

isn't it a strange notion that "speed of sound" and "velocity of sound" are two different things?

Does this find support in standard textbooks? Give reference.

title: Talk:Sound velocity


text:
Gegeen Khan

Gegeen Khan (Mongolian: Гэгээн хаан; Mongol script: ; Shidebal Gegegen qaγan; ), born Shidibala (碩德八剌), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Yingzong of Yuan (February 22, 1302 – September 4, 1323), was an emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from Emperor of China, he is regarded as the ninth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His personal name "Shidibala" (शुद्ध पाल्) in Sanskrit means "purity protection" and his regnal name "Gegeen Khan" means "enlightened/bright khan" in the Mongolian language.

Early in his short reign, the Khunggirat faction played a key role in the Yuan court. When his grandmother Dagi (Targi) and the grand councillor Temuder died in 1322, his opponents seemed to have triumphed. Despite the Emperor's aim to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, Temuder's faction linked up with the Alan guard and assassinated the emperor in 1323. This was the first violent transition struggle in the Yuan dynasty's history, which is also known as the Coup d'état at Nanpo (南坡之變), that an emperor was overthrown by a group led by a non-Borjigin.

Peaceful succession

Prince Shidibala was the eldest son of Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan (Emperor Renzong) and Radnashiri of the Khunggirad clan. In return for his own crown princeship, Ayurbarwada promised his elder brother Khayishan to appoint Khayishan's son as Crown Prince after his succession. But when Khayishan died, Khayishan's two sons were relegated to borderlands and pro-Khayishan officers were purged.

Shidibala's powerful grandmother Dagi installed Shidibala as Crown Prince in 1316, and then as Khan, since he was mothered by a Khunggirad khatun. He was made the nominal head of both the Secretariat and the Bureau of Military Affairs one year later. At one time, his father Ayurbarwada had even toyed with the idea of abdicating the throne in favor of Shidebala. Dagi's protégé Temuder was made as tutor to the heir apparent, Shidibala, after he failed to increase tax revenue.

Between Ayurbarwada's death in March 1320 and his own death in October 1322, Temüder attained a great power with the full support of Dagi. Immediately after her grandson's succession, Dagi reinstated Temüder as Minister of the Secretariat and took politics into her own hands more openly than during Ayurbarwada's reign.

Puppet regime
As Gegeen Khan, Prince Shidibala succeeded his father on April 19, 1320. Empress Targi (Dagi) reappointed Temuder senior grand councillor. While Temuder's persecution of his opponents in the censorate alienated the new Emperor, Temuder remained in power until his death, which came only two years later.

The return to power of Temudar was signalised by fresh excesses, and by the execution of several of those whom he suspected of having been the cause of his late trial. At length the young prince began to feel the leading strings of the Empress Dowager and Temudar rather irksome, and determined to speed on his inauguration.

From the beginning of his reign, Shidebala showed a political independence and resolution beyond his years. In a masterly move to counter the influence of the grand empress dowager and Temüder, Gegeen appointed the 21-year-old Baiju, a Jalayir and grandson of Antong, who had illustrious family background and good Confucian education, as the grand councillor of the left in the summer of 1320, which gave Shidabala several political advantages. Temuder was on the high-road to the attainment of supreme power when Baiju. However, Baiju, the commander of the kheshig, who was descended from Muqali, the renowned general of Genghis Khan, and was a man of high character, gained great influence over the Emperor, and displaced that of Temuder.

Gegeen Khan, the young emperor, however, did not sit with folded hands. The throne soon became the focus of loyalty for the Confucian scholar-officials in their struggle against the powerful Temüder. Gegeen was prepared for such a role, for he had been as well educated in Chinese as his father had been. Deeply affected by Confucianism as well as by Buddhism, Gegeen could cite Tang poems from memory and also was a creditable calligrapher.

Besides Confucianism, Gegeen was also devoted to Buddhism. In 1321 Shidbala built a Buddhist temple in honor of 'Phags-pa Lama on the mountains west of Dadu, and when the censors reproached him he had several of them put to death; among them a very distinguished officer, named Soyaoelhatimichi, whose ancestors had been faithful dependents of the Mongol Imperial house. On the other hand, Islam suffered particularly severe discrimination during his reign. It is said that the Emperor destroyed a temple built by the Muslims, at Shangdu, and prohibited them from buying slaves from the Mongols and selling them again to the Chinese.

The growing influence of Baiju greatly disgusted Temuder. Baiju went to Liau tung to put up a monument to his ancestors. Temudar thought this a favourable opportunity of regaining his influence at the Yuan court, and presented himself at the palace, but was refused admittance, and died shortly after that. The Empress, Dagi (Targi), died about the same time in 1322–23.

Self-assertion
In 1322, the deaths of Dagi and Temüder enabled him to seize full power. He was able to dismantle the Khunggirad faction from the Gegeen-led new administration. The severe suppression of the powerful faction including the deprivation of Temüder's titles and estates, the execution of his son drove it into the corner. On the other hand, he appointed Baiju as the grand councillor of the right. As the sole grand councillor throughout the rest of Gegeen's reign, Baiju became a powerful ally of Gegeen. They eliminated many offices subordinate to the personal establishments of the empress dowager and the empress. The increasing influence of Neo-Confucianism saw greater limits placed on Mongol women who were allowed to move about more freely in public.

Soon after becoming his own master and with the help of Baiju, Gegeen Khan began to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, continued his father Ayurbarwada's policies for active promoting Chinese cultures. He and Baiju recruited for the government a great number of Chinese scholar-officials, many of whom had resigned when Temüder was in power. Heading of this list, Zhang Gui, a veteran administrator, was reappointed manager of governmental affairs and became Baiju's chief partner in carrying out reforms. Apart from the three elderly scholars appointed as councilors to the Secretariat, seven famous scholars were appointed to the Hanlin Academy. It was approximately at this same time that the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (大元通制, "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty began by his father, was revised in order to rationalize the administration and facilitate the dispensation of justice.

Furthermore, to relieve the labour burdens of small landowners, Gegeen's administration stipulated that landowners set aside a certain proportion of the lands registered under their ownership from which revenues could be collected to cover corvée expenses.

Death
Regardless of the merits of Shidebala's reign, it came to a tragic end on September 4, 1323, known as the "Coup d'état at Nanpo". A plot was formed among Temuder's supporters, who were afraid of vengeance overtaking them. It was headed by Temüder's adopted son Tegshi. Besides the high-ranking officials, five princes were involved: Altan Bukha, the younger brother of the former prince of An-si, Ananda, who was executed by Ayurbarwada's faction; and Bolad, a grandson of Ariq Böke; Yerutömör, a son of Ananda; Kulud Bukha; and Ulus Bukha, a descendant of Möngke Khan.

When Gegeen stayed at Nanpo on his way from the summer palace Shangdu to the capital Dadu of the Yuan dynasty, Gegeen and Bayiju were assassinated by Tegshi, who attacked Gegeen's Ordo with Asud guards and other soldiers under him. Tegshi asked Yesün Temür to succeed the throne, but Yesün Temür purged Tegshi's faction before he entered Dadu because he feared to become a puppet of it.

Gegeen's reign was short; his direct rule lasted only for a year after Dagi's death. But he was glorified in Chinese records since he and his father, aided by their sinicized Mongolian ministers and Chinese scholar-officials, had made vigorous efforts to transform further the Yuan along traditional Confucian lines. From that point of view, Gegeen's assassination was sometimes explained as the struggle between the pro-Confucian faction and the opposite steppe elite faction, for Yesün Temür Khan had ruled Mongolia before succession and his policies appeared relatively unfavorable for Chinese officials.

His marriage to Sugabala, produced no children to succeed him.

title: Gegeen Khan


text:
Pictish stone

A Pictish stone is a type of monumental stele, generally carved or incised with symbols or designs. A few have ogham inscriptions. Located in Scotland, mostly north of the Clyde-Forth line and on the Eastern side of the country, these stones are the most visible remaining evidence of the Picts and are thought to date from the 6th to 9th century, a period during which the Picts became Christianized. The earlier stones have no parallels from the rest of the British Isles, but the later forms are variations within a wider Insular tradition of monumental stones such as high crosses. About 350 objects classified as Pictish stones have survived, the earlier examples of which holding by far the greatest number of surviving examples of the mysterious symbols, which have long intrigued scholars.

Classification
In The Early Christian Monuments of Scotland (1903) J Romilly Allen and Joseph Anderson first classified Pictish stones into three groups. Critics have noted weaknesses in this system but it is widely known and still used in the field. In particular, the classification may be misleading for the many incomplete stones. Allen and Anderson regarded their classes as coming from distinct periods in sequence, but it is now clear that there was a considerable period when both Class I and II stones were being produced.

 * Class I — unworked stones with symbols only incised. There is no cross on either side. Class I stones date back to the 6th, 7th and 8th century.
 * Class II — stones of more or less rectangular shape with a large cross and symbol(s) on one or both sides. The symbols, as well as Christian motifs, are carved in relief and the cross with its surroundings is filled with designs. Class II stones date from the 8th and 9th century.
 * Class III — these stones feature no idiomatic Pictish symbols. The stones can be cross-slabs, recumbent gravemarkers, free-standing crosses, and composite stone shrines. They originate in the 8th or 9th century. Historic Scotland describes this class as "too simplistic" and says "Nowadays this is not considered a useful category. A surviving fragment may belong to a monument that did include Christian imagery".

Later Scottish stones merge into wider medieval British and European traditions.

Purpose and meaning
The purpose and meaning of the stones are only slightly understood, and the various theories proposed for the early Class I symbol stones, those that are considered to mostly pre-date the spread of Christianity to the Picts, are essentially speculative.

Many later Christian stones from Class II and Class III fall more easily into recognisable categories such as gravestones. The earlier symbol stones may have served as personal memorials or territorial markers, with symbols for individual names, clans, lineages or kindreds, although there are several other theories, and proposed explanations of the meanings of the symbols.

Standard ideograms
Class I and II stones contain symbols from a recognisable set of standard ideograms, many unique to Pictish art, which are known as the Pictish symbols. The exact number of distinct Pictish symbols is uncertain, as there is some debate as to what constitutes a Pictish symbol, and whether some varied forms should be counted together or separately. The more inclusive estimates are in excess of sixty different symbols, but a more typical estimate is "around thirty", or "around forty" according to Historic Scotland.

These include geometric symbols, which have been assigned descriptive names by researchers such as: and outline representations of animals such as:
 * "crescent"
 * "V-rod"
 * "double disc and Z-rod"
 * "mirror and comb"
 * "triple disc"
 * adder
 * salmon
 * wolf
 * stag
 * eagle
 * Pictish Beast (apparently mythical – perhaps intended as a sea monster)

Some are representations of everyday objects, such as the "mirror and comb", which could have been used by high-status Picts. The symbols are almost always arranged in pairs or sets of pairs, often with the object type, such as the mirror and comb, below the others, and the animals are generally found only in combination with the abstract types. Hence some think they could represent names, lineage, or kinships, such as the clans of two parents, analogous to the Japanese mon. According to Anthony Jackson the symbol pairs represent matrilineal marriage alliances.

Finds and associations
A small number of Pictish stones have been found associated with burials, but most are not in their original locations. Some later stones may also have marked tribal or lineage territories. Some were re-used for other purposes, such as the two Congash Stones near Grantown-on-Spey, now placed as portal stones for an old graveyard. The shaft of an old cross is lying in the field.

Another Pictish stone, the Dunachton Stone near Kincraig, was later used as a door lintel in a barn. This was discovered when the building was dismantled in 1870. The stone was re-erected in the field. Recently it fell, after being photographed in 2007, but was re-erected again a few years later by the owner of Dunachton Lodge.

The symbols are found on some of the extremely rare survivals of Pictish jewellery, such as the pair of silver plaques from the Norrie's Law hoard found in Fife in the early 19th century, and the Whitecleuch Chain.

The symbols are also sometimes found on other movable objects like small stone discs and bones mostly from the Northern Isles. Simple or early forms of the symbols are carved on the walls of coastal caves at East Wemyss, Fife and Covesea, Moray. It is therefore thought likely that they were represented in other more perishable forms that have not survived in the archaeological record, perhaps including clothing and tattoos. Some symbols appear across the whole geographical range of the stones while, for example, six stones with the single symbol of a bull found at Burghead Fort suggest that this represented the place itself, or its owners, despite other examples appearing elsewhere.

Exeter analysis
A team from Exeter University, using mathematical analysis, have concluded that the symbols in the Pictish image stones "exhibit the characteristics of written languages" (as opposed to "random or sematographic (heraldic) characters").

The Exeter analysts' claim has been criticized by linguists Mark Liberman and Richard Sproat on the grounds that the non-uniform distribution of symbols – taken to be evidence of writing – is little different from non-linguistic non-uniform distributions (such as die rolls), and that the Exeter team are using a definition of writing broader than that used by linguists.

To date, even those who propose that the symbols should be considered "writing" from this mathematical approach do not have a suggested decipherment. Although earlier studies based on a contextual approach, postulating the identification of the pagan "pre-Christian Celtic Cult of the Archer Guardian", have suggested possible clausal meanings for symbol pairs.

Gallery of symbols
A selection of the Pictish symbols, showing the variation between individual examples. Each group is classified as a single type by most researchers. Only the geometric and object types are represented here, not the animal group.

Distribution and sites
Only a few stones still stand at their original sites; most have been moved to museums or other protected sites. Some of the more notable individual examples and collections are listed below (Note that listing is no guarantee of unrestricted access, since some lie on private land). Pictish Symbol stones have been found throughout Scotland, although their original locations are concentrated largely in the North East of the country in lowland areas, the Pictish heartland. During the period when the stones were being created, Christianity was spreading through Scotland from the west and the south, through the kingdoms of Dál Riata, which included parts of Ireland, and the extension into modern Scotland of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Bernicia and Northumbria.

Areas that show particular concentrations include Strathtay, Strathmore, coastal Angus, Fife, Strathdee, Garioch, Moray, Strathspey, Caithness, Easter Ross, the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland.

Three stones with Pictish symbols are known outside areas normally recognised as Pictish: in Dunadd, Argyll; Trusty's Hill in Dumfries and Galloway; and Edinburgh in Lothian. All three are located at major royal power centres.

Two Pictish Class I stones are known to have been removed from Scotland. These are Burghead 5 from Burghead Fort in Moray, showing the figure of a bull, now in the British Museum, and the Crosskirk stone (Caithness), presented to the King of Denmark in the 19th century, but whose location is currently unknown.

Class I

 * Aberlemno 1 (The serpent stone), Aberlemno, Angus. Boxed during winter months.
 * Brandsbutt Stone in Inverurie — Class I stone
 * Churchyard Stone, Strathpeffer — Class I stone
 * Clach a'Mheirlich, Rosskeen — Class I stone in a field.
 * Craw Stane, a six-foot-high Class I stone on top of a hill near Rhynie. A salmon and Pictish Beast are carved on the south-facing side.
 * Dunnichen Stone, a class I stone found at Dunnichen, Angus, now on display at the Meffan Institute in Forfar. A replica stands at its former position in front of Dunnichen church.
 * Eagle Stone (Clach an Tiompain), Strathpeffer Class I stone.
 * Inverness Museum, Castle Wynd, Inverness — collection of 8 Class I stones, including the Ardross Wolf and Deer's Head (two of the finest surviving animal symbols, probably originally parts of the same slab), and a fragment that matches a piece in Dunrobin Castle.
 * Kincardine Old Church, Ardgay — coffin-shaped monument.
 * Knocknagael Boar Stone, Highland Council Headquarters, Glenurquhart Street, Inverness — Class I stone to be seen through a large window. Found at Knocknagael on the outskirts of Inverness.
 * Rhynie Man, Woodhill House, Westburn Road in Aberdeen — Class I stone.
 * Sharp Stone (Clach Biorach), Edderton — Class I stone in a field (probable original position), viewable from the roadside.
 * Tain and District Museum, Tain — Class I stone in the yard and fragments from Edderton churchyard and Nigg in the museum.
 * Tarbat Discovery Centre, Portmahomack — large collection of excavated fragments and information about the Picts.
 * Tote Stone (Clach Ard), Tote on the Isle of Skye — Class I stone in small fenced enclosure.

Class II

 * Aberlemno 2 (The kirkyard stone) – in the churchyard at Aberlemno, Angus. Boxed during winter months.
 * Aberlemno 3 (The great stone) – at the roadside, Aberlemno, Angus. Boxed during winter months.
 * Drosten Stone – Rare example of a Pictish stone with an inscription in Latin text. At St Vigeans, Angus.
 * Dunfallandy Stone (Clach an t-Sagairt, 'The Priest's Stone'), Pitlochry – fine Class II stone (Historic Scotland).
 * Eassie Stone, stands in the ruined church at Eassie.
 * Groam House Museum, Rosemarkie – collection of fragments of Pictish stones and a Class II cross-slab. The museum also has a collection of photographs of Pictish stones in Scotland.
 * Fordoun Stone, in the vestibule of Fordoun parish church, Auchenblae there is a Class II 'Pictish' cross-slab which had been used as the base of the pulpit of the church of 1788. The face bears a Latin cross, part of a 'sea monster', a double-disc and Z-rod, a hunting scene with three horsemen and dogs, and two inscriptions, one in Hiberno-Saxon minuscules (on the face) and the other in Ogam (on the edge).
 * Hilton of Cadboll Stone, now in the National Museum, with a replica at the original site. One of the finest pictorial stones
 * Kirriemuir Sculptured Stones, now on display at the Meffan Institute in Forfar.
 * Maiden Stone, at the roadside in Aberdeenshire. Boxed during winter months.
 * Nigg Stone, Nigg inside the former parish church – Class II cross-slab. A fragment of it can be found in Tain Museum
 * Shandwick Stone, Shandwick – Class II cross-slab protected by glass shelter.
 * St Orland's Stone, near Kirriemuir, Angus.
 * Woodwrae Stone, from Woodwrae, Angus, now at Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh

Class III

 * The Camus Cross, high cross near Carnoustie.
 * The Dupplin Cross high cross at St Serf's Church, Dunning.
 * Dunblane Cathedral, Dunblane — this Class III stone was found in the foundations of Dunblane Cathedral during restoration. It can be found inside the cathedral.
 * Sueno's Stone, Forres — 6.5m-high cross-slab (tallest in Scotland ) dating from 9th or 10th century protected by glass (Historic Scotland).

Collections

 * Dunrobin Castle Museum, Golspie — collection of over 20 Class I and II Pictish stones collected by the Dukes of Sutherland.
 * Elgin Museum, High St, Elgin — large collection, largely from Kinneddar churchyard.
 * McManus Galleries, Dundee. Collection of class I and III stones.
 * The Meffan Institute, Forfar
 * Meigle Sculptured Stone Museum, Meigle, near Forfar
 * '''Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
 * Montrose Museum
 * Perth Museum, Perth — collection of 3 Pictish stones, St Madoes 1, Inchyra and Gellyburn.
 * Pictavia, near Brechin
 * St Vigeans Museum, Arbroath — collection of Pictish and medieval stones. Includes the Drosten Stone, a class II cross-slab, one of only two Pictish symbol-stones to carry a non-ogham inscription.  Key from Arbroath Abbey or keyholder in village (Historic Scotland).

title: Pictish stone


text:
Talk:Beverage-can stove

Evaluation
A quickeval for 0.7: added to the top.

title: Talk:Beverage-can stove


text:
Runeberg

Runeberg may refer to:

 * Runeberg Prize, a Finnish literary award named after the poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg
 * MS J. L. Runeberg, a cruise ship named after Johan Ludvig Runeberg
 * Project Runeberg, a digital cultural archive initiative for Nordic countries
 * Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1804–1877), Finland-Swedish priest and poet
 * Walter Runeberg (1838–1920), Finnish sculptor

Runeberg

title: Runeberg


text:
James FitzGerald-Kenney

James FitzGerald-Kenney (1 January 1878 – 21 October 1956) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and barrister who served as Minister for Justice from 1927 to 1932. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Mayo South constituency from 1927 to 1944.

Biography
He was born at his mother's family home in Clogher, near Claremorris, County Mayo. He was the second son of James Fitzgerald-Kenney of Galway and Helena Crean-Lynch. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College and University College Dublin, where he took his degree in 1898. He was called to the Bar in 1899 and built up a large practice on the Western Circuit. He was called to the Inner Bar in 1925.

In politics, he was until 1918, a supporter of John Redmond; he joined the Irish Volunteers in 1914. He was one of the earliest members of Conradh na Gaeilge.

He was re-elected at every election until he lost his seat at the 1944 general election. He subsequently retired from politics, and spent his remaining years farming at Clogher which he inherited from his mother. He died in Galway in 1956.

Ministerial career
His appointment as a minister after only a few months in parliament caused surprise, and his lack of experience made him the target of opposition attacks. Unlike Kevin O'Higgins, he allowed Eoin O'Duffy complete discretion as to how he ran the police force. He occasionally invited ridicule in his willingness to defend O'Duffy: his claim that a victim of Garda brutality had been knocked down by a cow led to a brief fashion for referring to Gardaí as "Fitzgerald-Kenney's cows". When the Four Courts, which had been badly damaged during the Irish Civil War, reopened in 1931, he firmly vetoed the proposal by the Chief Justice of Ireland Hugh Kennedy to hold a formal ceremony to mark the occasion, on the ground that it would virtually amount to an invitation to extremists to attack the building again.

title: James FitzGerald-Kenney


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Fionán Lynch

Fionán Lynch (Fionán Ó Loingsigh; 17 March 1889 – 3 June 1966) was an Irish revolutionary, barrister, politician and judge of the Circuit Court from 1944 to 1959, Leas-Cheann Comhairle of Dáil Éireann from 1938 to 1939, Minister for Lands and Fisheries from 1928 to 1932, Minister for Fisheries from 1922 to 1928, Minister without portfolio from August 1922 to December 1922 and Minister for Education from April 1922 to August 1922. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1918 to 1944.

Early life
Lynch was born on 17 March 1889 in Cahersiveen, County Kerry. He was the seventh of eleven children to his parents Finian Lynch and Ellie McCarthy, the master and mistress of the new national school in the townland of Kilmakerrin, near Cahersiveen, in County Kerry.

His father, Finian Lynch, was the younger son of Partalan Lynch, a stonemason, farmer and hedge school teacher, who had purchased some land from the O’Connell estate at Kenneigh in Kerry, between Cahersiveen and Waterville on the Ballinskelligs side of the road and north of the river Inny. His elder brother became a stonemason but Finian trained as a teacher in Dublin. His mother, Ellie McCarthy was the daughter of the teachers in the national school at Spunkane, near Waterville. She was born in 1853 and went to Dublin to train as a teacher.

Education
He grew up bilingual, speaking mostly in Irish at home, but in English at school. He was initially educated in the parent's school in Kilmakerrin but subsequently went to St Brendan's College, Killarney and then, at the age of 14 in about September 1903, to the Holy Ghost Fathers School at Rockwell College, County Tipperary. In 1907, he finished for one year with the Holy Ghost Fathers in Blackrock College, Dublin. He had planned to study medicine, but in 1907, when he was 18 years old his father died and he did not have the money to pursue this career path.

Instead, when he was 18, he went to Swansea in Wales and taught in a parish school, not as a trained teacher, but as a well-educated young man, before returning to Ireland in 1909, where he started training as a teacher in St Patrick's College, Dublin. He graduated in 1911 as a primary school teacher and took up a teaching position in Dublin in April 1912, in St. Michan's School, Halston Street near North King Street, Dublin, by chance, within the area of his activity in 1916.

Munster Hotel
While in training he met and became a lifelong friend of Gearóid O'Sullivan, a fellow student from Skibbereen, County Cork. Both having got jobs in Dublin, they arranged to stay at the Munster Hotel (also known as "Grianan na nGaedheal" or "Aras na nGael"), 44 Mountjoy Street, Dublin, the hotel and lodgings run by his aunt Miss Myra McCarthy.

This address would later become well known because Michael Collins, a first cousin of Gearóid O'Sullivan, stayed there after his release from Frongoch internment camp in December 1916 sharing a room with Lynch, with it remaining his base until 1922. Even after Collins went on the run he would still call in for breakfast and to collect his laundry. According to Lynch it was probably the most raided house in Dublin during 1920. During 1918, the British spy Timothy Quinlisk stayed.

Gaelic League
While in Swansea, and keen on fostering the Irish language both written and spoken, Lynch had formed a branch of the Gaelic League. When he returned to Dublin in 1912 Lynch, Gearóid O'Sullivan and his friend Diarmuid O'Hegarty joined the very active and influential Keating Branch of the Gaelic League, where IRB influence was strong. The chairman of the branch was Cathal Brugha and Piaras Béaslaí was a member, with Seán Mac Diarmada a frequent visitor. Lynch, O’Sullivan and Ó Hegarty were soon brought onto the committee of the branch and undertook teaching of both adults and children.

Lynch proceeded to the Royal University of Ireland and University College Dublin, where he got a BA in Celtic studies in 1913 and a Higher Diploma in Education in 1914. He had a story about his BA in Celtic studies whereby the university was short of an examiner fluent in the Irish language and sought the help, probably of the Gaelic league. He was registered as a student as Finian Lynch, the anglicised version of his name, and the recommendation from the Gaelic league for a suitable examiner was one Fionán Ó Loingsigh.

Na hAisteoirí
Piaras Béaslaí established a dramatic society which was called Na hAisteoirí (The Actors) and all three joined. They undertook plays around the country at social events such as the Oireachtas. Lynch translated Molière's “Le Maladie Imaginaire” into the Irish language for the purpose.

During 1914 to 1915, they produced plays in Irish at intervals in Dublin and in the summer of 1914 they did a tour of Cork and Kerry producing plays in different towns each night and finishing off with two or three nights at the Oireachtas in Killarney. In July 1914, they were producing Irish plays at the Oireachtas in Drogheda and Seán Mac Diarmada insisted that they go ahead even though it clashed with the Howth gun running.

Irish Volunteers and the Irish Republican Brotherhood
On 25 November 1913, Lynch, together with Gearóid O'Sullivan and Diarmuid O'Hegarty attended the meeting at the Rotunda Rink for the founding of the Irish Volunteers and they joined on that first night. Drilling started within a couple of weeks, at the Foresters Hall on Parnell Square (Russell Square at the time) and instructors were chosen and Lynch was chosen to train a squad. In summer 1914, there was the first election of volunteer officers and Lynch was elected 2nd lieutenant of F Company, which would be placed in 1st Battalion.

With the formation of the battalion the captain of F Company, Piaras Béaslaí, was promoted to second in command of the battalion and, as Sean (Jack) Shouldice who was the first lieutenant couldn't accept the captaincy, Lynch was promoted to captain of F Company. His friend from the Gaelic League Diarmuid Ó Hegarty was made second lieutenant.

Soon after this he was asked by his close friend Seán Mac Diarmada, along with Con Collins, to join the Irish Republican Brotherhood. The IRB supreme Council were trying to ensure volunteer officers were members of the brotherhood and the fact that he was already friendly with Seán MacDiarmada made him acceptable. He subsequently took the oath and was sworn in around spring 1915. He was allocated to the Circle in Gardiner Street, with Diarmuid Ó Hegarty and Gearoid O’Sullivan members of the same circle.

From late 1914, Lynch and the other members of the Irish Volunteers came under observation by the Dublin Metropolitan Police. At the time, Lynch was an assistant teacher in St. Michan's School, and at the beginning of 1916 the Commissioners of National Education notified the school that his activities were not compatible with his teaching duties. Lynch's schoolmaster told him that his salary would be withdrawn if he continued his involvement to which Lynch surprised him by replying that he would consult with his superior officers about it. He did so and was ordered by Tom McDonagh to lie low and formally sever his connections with the Volunteers. However, during this time he organised a Sunday morning training squad centre at the headquarters of the Gaelic League, 25 Parnell Square, for members whose positions made it impossible for them to be openly associated with the Volunteers.

However, he continued to attend the meetings of the battalion council, where he was told which area would be occupied by his company at the forthcoming rising.

1916 Easter Rising
Lynch fought in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916 in the Four Courts garrison with Commandant Edward Daly in North King Street.

On Holy Thursday he again went to the formation parade and re-took formal command of F Company. He was greeted back with cheers and excitement having previously told his men that he would be back to lead them when there was ‘anything doing’. On Easter Sunday Lynch and Gearoid O'Sullivan were at early Mass and got the Sunday Independent with the countermanding order and brought the bad news to Seán McDermott. The leaders were alerted, Lynch collecting Patrick Pearce from his home at Saint Enda's and a series of meetings were held through the day to late evening at Liberty Hall.

The decision to proceed with the Easter Rising having been taken, the First Battalion mobilised in Blackhall Place on the morning of Easter Monday under the command of Commandant Ned Daly. Lynch was stationed in North King Street, adjacent to the Four Courts, having previously reconnoitred the area on Good Friday, they were rapidly able to occupy their chosen houses, create barricades and arrange food supplies in line with their original plans. F Company occupied the area from North King St. along Church St. to May Lane where it was joined to C Company which held the Four Courts.

There was little fighting in the area until the Wednesday 26 April, from which point the fighting was intense, especially along North King Street, until the order for surrender on the Saturday. His final engagement was on Saturday afternoon at the barricade on the May Lane side of the Franciscan Church, during which Seán Hurley was fatally wounded.

Lynch and his men, who were worn out from fighting, retreated to the Four Courts on Saturday evening where they received the order to surrender shortly afterwards.

Lynch, describing the valour of his men said: "I shall merely say that it was a great honour for any man to be their captain. As to how they fought, the words of our enemies at the time are the greatest tribute we could call for". General Sir John Maxwell said of North King Street: "With the one exception of the place at Ballsbridge, where the Sherwood Foresters were ambushed, this was by far the worst fighting that occurred in the whole of Dublin. At first the troops, coming from one end of the street, were repulsed. And it was only when we made an attack from both sides that we succeeded, after twenty-four hours fighting, in capturing the street. The casualties were very heavy during this fighting".

After the surrender Lynch was sent to Kilmainham Gaol, where, on 4 May 1916, Captain Lynch was tried by Field General Court martial, sentenced to death but immediately had his sentence commuted to 10 years penal servitude. He was transferred to Mountjoy Prison and then spent a period in Portland Jail, on Portland Isle off the Dorset coast, after which he was transferred to Lewis Prison. He was released in June 1917 with the other Irish prisoners under the general amnesty.

1917–1918
On his release in June 1917, his re‐employment was refused. He became an organiser for the Volunteer Executive, working in South Kerry, Armagh and Offaly, militarily as well as politically for Sinn Féin. He continued to preach about the benefits of Ireland becoming a republic and was soon drafted to East Clare for electioneering in the hugely significant campaign for the July 1917 East Clare by-election where Éamon de Valera, for Sinn Féin, beat the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate.

He attended the first Roger Casement Commemoration in Banna Strand, County Kerry, on 11 August 1917 where he gave a speech along with Thomas Ashe and Austin Stack before a crowd of 12,000.

Lynch was arrested on 13 August 1917 along with Thomas Ashe and Austin Stack under the charge of making seditious speeches and wearing the Volunteer uniform. They were each sentenced to two years’ jail and ended up in Mountjoy Prison, being treated as common criminals. With a few other republicans, they undertook a hunger strike. Unfortunately, this had a tragic outcome when, in September 1917, Thomas Ashe died after food was fed into his lungs during forced feeding. Lynch, returning from his own forced feeding had said to Ashe as they crossed paths ‘Stick it Tom boy’ to which he replied ‘I’ll stick it Fin’. Fionán Lynch records the fact that he was the last person to speak to Ashe before his death, as these were Ashe's last words.

The prisoners were released in November 1917, but Lynch was re‐arrested on 18 May 1918, along with most of those previously released on licence, this time the reason given was a ‘German Plot’.

First Dáil and War of Independence (1918–1921)
In December 1918, Lynch stood as a candidate in the United Kingdom general election, being elected unopposed as an abstentionist Sinn Féin MP for Kerry South, becoming a Member of the 1st Dáil. Apparently his candidature was a surprise as, being imprisoned, Lynch had not been available to sign his assent to his nomination which had been done for him by Michael Collins, without troubling to notify his friend that he had done so. Sinn Féin won an overwhelming majority in Ireland at the 1918 Westminster election, but did not take up their seats in Westminster in protest. The parliament met in Dublin in January 1919, but Lynch, along with many other members, was unable to attend being imprisoned at the time.

In April 1919, Lynch was transferred to Strangeways Prison, Manchester as a political prisoner. He was released from Manchester Jail “time served”, again while on hunger strike, on 19 August 1919, and was met upon release by Paddy O'Donoghue, who passed onto him orders from Michael Collins. Lynch pointed out areas of the prison that were weakly guarded inside, including counting the number of bricks in the walls to estimate the height for the rope ladders. This led to the successful escape of the remaining political prisoners eight weeks later, including Austin Stack and Stack's father.

As TD for Kerry South he spent much time in the county on parliamentary and paramilitary activities. Many meetings were held in Tralee, in the premises of Thomas Slattery an active republican in his hometown who figured prominently in the movement.

In November 1919, Lynch married Bridget Slattery, daughter of Tom Slattery, having met at a republican meeting hosted by Tom Slattery in August 1917. After the marriage, which was conducted by his brother, Father John Lynch, he and Bridget got a flat at 98 Pembroke Road, Dublin leaving 44 Mountjoy Street.

After September 1919 the Dáil was declared illegal following which it met rarely, but its cabinet held meetings in various different locations across the city of Dublin, overseeing the guerrilla war that was being fought at that time against the British. He and Bridget hosted some of these cabinet meetings at their flat on Pembroke Road. He was appointed to the GHQ Staff of the IRA as assistant director of organisation under Diarmaid Ó Heigeartaigh in early 1920.

Around this time Lynch set up an insurance business and worked part-time as an organiser until his re‐arrest on 8 January 1921. He was interned in Ballykinlar internment Camp in County Down, where he was when his father in law died, and was released with the other TDs on 12 August 1921 to attend a meeting of the Dáil in Dublin on 16 August 1921. His business collapsed as a result of his internment.

Second Dáil and Anglo-Irish Treaty
In the May 1921 elections, Lynch was re-elected as an abstentionist member of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and a Member of the 2nd Dáil as a Sinn Féin TD for Kerry–Limerick West at the 1921 elections.

In October 1921, he was a member of the delegation that went to London to negotiate the Anglo-Irish Treaty with the UK, serving as joint secretary.

He supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty like almost all IRB members and during the Dáil Debates criticised some Anti-Treaty TDs. Lynch believed the Treaty to be the practical solution, arguing for it in the Dáil debates, saying that

Under the terms of the Treaty a Provisional Government was established in January 1922, with the task of overseeing the implementation of the Treaty and to be dissolved on 5 December 1922, one year after the signing of the treaty.

His position in this government from April 1922 to August 1922 was Minister for Education. This overlapped with the cabinet of the third Dáil and Lynch came to a pragmatic arrangement with Michael Hayes, the other Minister for Education at that time, whereby roles were divided between them, with Lynch taking responsibility for primary education. Lynch had the task of dissolving the education board which had sacked him from his teaching job after the Easter Rising.

Irish Civil War (1922–1923) and Third Dáil
Under the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Treaty had to be ratified by popular vote and the Second Dáil had decided that the 16 June 1922 general election, campaigned on the Treaty, would be that ratification. By April, there were increasing clashes between government troops and irregulars and, in late April, Lynch attended public rallies with Michael Collins in Killarney and Tralee to argue for the Treaty, despite significant harassment from anti-treaty activists.

Sinn Féin knew that the June election would split the party and in an effort to retain unity a Pact was drawn up in May 1922 under which it was agreed that both Pro and Anti-Treaty TDs would form a coalition government. The outcome of June 1922 election was strongly in favour of acceptance of the Treaty, both in the number of Pro-Treaty TDs elected and the votes cast.

However, there were continuing disagreements about the Anglo-Irish Treaty, combined with many acts of aggression against treaty supporters as well as National Forces leading ultimately to the civil war, with the shelling of the Four Courts on 28 June 1922 being a significant watershed moment.

During the Civil War he fought with the Irish National Army and rose to the rank of Brigadier-General. He enlisted in the National Army at Portobello Barracks on 12 July 1922, as a General Staff Officer in the General Headquarters Staff. By mid-summer the major cities were under government control and the Irregulars were concentrated in the rural areas of the province of Munster, particularly in the counties of Tipperary, Cork, and Kerry.

In July 1922, with the sub-division of the original military districts, Lynch was appointed by Collins a vice commandant of the South Western Division with the rank of commandant-general, commanding a unit of Dublin soldiers in County Kerry. He served in that appointment under General Eoin O'Duffy, General Officer Commanding the Division, up to 13 December 1922. He undertook trips to his constituency in Kerry and the rest of the county but the population of the county was heavily anti treaty and there was considerable danger. On occasion he had to endure being ambushed and, during one ambush, he was hit on a metal cigarette case which saved his life.

In August 1922, he travelled by car with Michael Collins as far as Limerick, where Lynch headed for his constituency of Kerry and Collins for Cork, but on 22 August 1922 Collins was ambushed and assassinated.

On Friday, 25 August 1922, Lynch, in command of a large force of Dublin Guards, set out for Kenmare to relieve and strengthen the garrison that had been established earlier in the month by Tom O’Connor-Scarteen. The geography meant that the Kenmare could only be supplied by sea and a land link was necessary. As Lynch's column advanced along the Killarney-Kilgarvan road it came under fire from anti-treaty forces at Filadown, near Glenflesk. This brought an ironic comment to Lynch, TD for the area, that his constituents did not seem to think much of him. As night fell, and following a number of wounded, the Free State column retreated, returning to the area the next day.

He was elected to the 3rd Dáil at the 1922 general election as a Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin TD and on 9 September 1922, Lynch was appointed as a Minister without Portfolio in the government of the Third Dáil, being unavailable for immediate service in the Government as he remained on active service.

On 5 December, legislation adopted by the Westminster parliament approved both the Free State Constitution and the Anglo-Irish Treaty of a year before, satisfying the British insistence that the Free State be based on constitutionalism and legislation rather than violence. On 14 December 1922, with the dissolution of the Provisional Government, Lynch became Minister for Fisheries in the Free State Government of W. T. Cosgrave.

On 6 December 1922, the day the Irish Free State came into being, two members of its legislature were shot by the Irregulars, one of whom, Seán Hales, was killed, as part of a retaliatory policy for the military court executions that had started a few weeks earlier.

Following the execution of the Four Courts IRA members, a threat was published that all pro-treaty TDs were legitimate targets for assassination.

However, the reluctance of former colleagues to attack him may have ensured his survival during the war – Frank Henderson of Dublin's No. 1 brigade of the IRA told Ernie O'Malley of his reluctance to become involved in reprisal shootings after Free State executions, commenting: ‘I didn't like that order. I could have shot Eamon Duggan and Fionán Lynch, for they went home every night drunk, but I left them alone.’ Although the civil war ended in 1923, Lynch was provided with an armed guard as late as 1932, because of the ongoing threat of assassination.

Later life
The Military Service Pensions Act of 1924 aided post-Civil War reconciliation and, from October 1924 until October 1928, Lynch acted as a member of the Board of Assessors for the adjudication of military service pensions, along with Eamonn Duggan and Gearóid O'Sullivan acting as Secretary.

Lynch was re-elected at each subsequent general election as a Cumann na nGaedheal and later Fine Gael TD for the constituencies of Kerry from 1923 to 1937 and Kerry South from 1937 until 1944. Lynch served as Minister for Education from April to August 1922, as Minister for Fisheries from 1922 to 1928, and as Minister for Land and Fisheries from 1928 to 1932.

In 1932, he was re-elected to his constituency of Kerry but the government was defeated by Éamon de Valera's Fianna Fáil. He had been called to the Irish Bar in 1930 and practised as a barrister in the Irish Midlands Circuit.

He managed to remain friendly with members of both sides and in 1937 he suffered a very severe heart attack. For the 1938 election he was unfit to canvas or undertake electioneering. The parties agreed to put forward only the number of candidates for which there were seats and he was elected unopposed. In 1938, he was appointed Leas-Cheann Comhairle (deputy chairperson) of Dáil Éireann but suffered serious illness and relinquished the post in May 1939. He continued as a TD until 1944.

Having built up a legal practice, he retired from politics in October 1944 when he was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court, in Sligo and Donegal Circuit Court by his old adversary Éamon de Valera. Despite their differences on the Treaty, they remained good friends and de Valera attended his funeral in June 1966.

He retired from the bench in 1959.

Family
He married Bridget Slattery on 26 November 1919. Bridget was the daughter of Tom Slattery of Rock Street, Tralee. They had six boys and one girl; with one son predeceasing him.

Tom qualified in medicine and practiced psychiatry and was Professor of Psychiatry at the Royal College of Surgeons, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. Kevin Lynch qualified in arts and was called to the Irish bar. He finished his career as a Judge of the Supreme Court and in December 1984, was appointed the chair of the tribunal into the Kerry Babies case, in which Joanne Hayes, a collateral descendant of Stephen Fuller, only survivor of the March 1923 Ballyseedy massacre by the Dublin Guard, was wrongly made the centre of the inquiry into the murder of a baby.

Fionán Lynch died at his home in Dartry, Dublin, on 3 June 1966, aged 77, shortly after celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising. He was survived by his wife, and their five sons and one daughter. His papers are on permanent loan to Kerry County Library archives.

title: Fionán Lynch


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title: User talk:66.210.50.52