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Myōjin Yahiko

Myōjin Yahiko (明神 弥彦), known as Yahiko Myojin in the Media Blasters English-language dub and Yoshi Mujin in the English Sony Samurai X dub, is a fictional character from the Rurouni Kenshin manga and anime series authored by Nobuhiro Watsuki. The character of Yahiko is based on the author's childhood experiences practicing kendo; since Watsuki's experienced frustration during kendo classes, the author wrote Yahiko as experiencing frustration with his kendo skills. Watsuki liked Yahiko, and while writing the manga, he began to develop the character so that readers would enjoy him.

The fictional setting takes place during the pre-Meiji period of Japan. Yahiko is an orphan from a samurai family who was forced to work as a thief to repay the debt he had presumably owed, as his parents died before they could repay it. When he is rescued by the main character of the story Himura Kenshin, he decides that he will grow up to be just like Kenshin. But because of his strong beliefs, Kenshin will not teach the sword style he had learned. Therefore, Kenshin arranges for Yahiko to be trained by Kamiya Kaoru, the teacher of the Kamiya Kasshin-ryū (神谷活心流). As the series progresses, Yahiko becomes skilled at swordsmanship and faces many opponents.

Yahiko appears in the featured movie of the series, as well as other media relating to the franchise, including a wide range of electronic games and an original video animations (OVAs) series. His character has been very popular with readers from Rurouni Kenshin, ranking near the top of the series' popularity polls. His character is featured in various types of merchandising developed for the series, such as figurines and key-chains. Several publications have commented on his character. While he was initially criticized for his lack of action in the plot, his further development in the series has been praised.

Creation and conception
Nobuhiro Watsuki, creator of Rurouni Kenshin, says that he used no particular logic when drawing Yahiko except for the "defiant" eyes and "mussed" hair. (Watsuki describes these traits as "a must" in a shōnen comic.) Watsuki enjoyed practicing kendo "almost as much as drawing manga". To create Yahiko, Watsuki drew on his emotions from junior high school. He has described himself then as "weak" and "an embarrassment to my 183 centimeters of height" (183 centimeters is equivalent to 6 feet). He says he was a member of the kendo starting squad only  because the school suspended another student originally intended to be a starter. However, he failed to win in a league tournament, experienced frustration and felt he was "awful" despite his desire to succeed; he yearned to improve his kendo skills. As an "outlet" for Watsuki's kendo emotions, Yahiko "knows a pain that hero-types like Himura Kenshin and Sagara Sanosuke can never know". As Watsuki further developed the story, Yahiko becomes a comedic character. Watsuki wanted to draw Yahiko in a way that readers could envision him as being a "great" swordsman five to ten years later, eventually giving him a stronger characterization during the Kyoto arc which surprised his readers.

During the last story arc from the manga, the story takes a darker tone than those from other shōnen series published by Shueisha. As the series was aimed at teenagers, Watsuki made Yahiko the main character during the time when Kenshin thought that Kamiya Kaoru was dead; his role was to serve as the identifying character for readers. However, the author found this hard to do, as the more time Kenshin was unwilling to continue to live, the worse Yahiko felt, leaving Watsuki a more negative feeling concerning the story. By the end of the series as Yahiko becomes a teenager, Watsuki had redesigned his appearance. He wanted Yahiko to impress manga readers  so that he  could  be a protagonist for a possible  series sequel. He said this goal influenced his design of Yahiko, with Kenshin's physical appearance as well as Sanosuke's personality. He added Sanosuke's kanji of "evil" (惡) to the back of his clothes, and was pleased that various readers recognized it. Although he suggested he was not going to make a sequel, he said the main characters would be Yahiko, Sanjō Tsubame and Tsukayama Yutarō. Watsuki thought about writing a story in which Yahiko and Tsubame would have a son, Myōjin Shinya, who would become a skilled swordsman.

In the 20th volume from the Rurouni Kenshin kanzenban edition, Watsuki again redesigned Yahiko's appearance to show how he would appear at that time. His hair was not as spiky as it was originally, and he had new clothes. He wore a dark jacket, a white short-sleeved T-shirt and short trousers. He did not have socks under his sandals and he had bandages on his hands in order hold a swords. He had two swords—a shinai and a katana—with the latter tied on his back.

In the anime adaptation of Rurouni Kenshin, Watsuki's designs were combined with the voice talents of Miina Tominaga, a voice actress. In producing the English dub version of the series, Media Blasters chose Wendee Lee to voice Yahiko, but she was credited as Elyse Floyd.

In Rurouni Kenshin
Yahiko starts off as arrogant and bad-mannered; he had already bestowed upon himself the title "Tokyo Samurai", as his father was a samurai who died during the Battle of Ueno in the Boshin War, slain at the Keneiji Temple. Because Yahiko respected his parents, he becomes a thief before the start of the series, to pay back their debt. Yahiko first appears trying to rob Kenshin, who stops him but lets him go. As his yakuza bosses are about to beat him to death for his desire to quit, Kenshin arrives to save him and take him to Kaoru's dojo to learn swordsmanship. Yahiko's dream is to be as strong as Kenshin so he will be able to protect himself and the people he loves. Despite his young age and his short time of training, as the series continues Kenshin allows Yahiko to fight with him, noting that he is too mature for his age. He becomes a witness to many of Kenshin's later battles to the point which Yahiko becomes adept at imitating some of Kenshin's Hiten Mitsurugi-ryū (飛天御剣流) techniques, combining them to perform many other powerful sword techniques. Yahiko also learns the principles of Kamiya Kasshin-ryū (神谷活心流), which matches Kenshin's ideal of saving lives. When Kenshin goes to Kyoto to fight Shishio Makoto who wanted to conquer Japan, Yahiko accompanies Kaoru to find and aid Kenshin. While Kenshin goes to have his final fight against Shishio, he stays in Kyoto to defend their base, a hotel named Aoi-ya, from Shishio's forces along with Kaoru and the Oniwabanshū. They are successful in doing it, and Yahiko manages to defeat one of Shishio's strongest soldiers, Henya.

Back in Tokyo after Shishio's defeat, Yahiko notices Yukishiro Enishi's revenge plot against Kenshin. Sensing his own inability to help, he trains much harder to learn the two succession techniques in Kamiya Kasshin-ryū. Such moves allow him to block an opponent's attack and then hit him with his weapon. He successfully learns both of this techniques and becomes so adept at using them, that Yahiko starts performing several variations. He uses these moves against one of Enishi's partners Otowa Hyōko and defeats him. While Yahiko rests from to his injuries, Kaoru is kidnapped by Enishi, and Yahiko and his friends start searching for her. When another of Enishi's comrades, Kujiranami Hyōgo escapes from jail and goes on a rampage, Yahiko stands up against him. However, he is not strong enough on his own to defeat him and Kenshin saves him at the last moment. After he and Kenshin recover from their fight injuries, they go to rescue Kaoru from Enishi. While on his island fortress, Yahiko defeats one of the four bodyguards from Enishi's partner, Heishin, and witnesses Kenshin's fight against Enishi, which Kenshin wins. Five years later, he is the acting instructor at the Kamiya Kasshin-ryū dojo. One day Kenshin calls him to test his skills; when he lands a hit on Kenshin, he gives Yahiko his own reverse-blade sword as a present for his coming-of-age ceremony.

In other media
In Rurouni, Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story, he is known as Kamiya Yahiko (神谷 弥彦) and is the brother of Takani Megumi and Kaoru. Yahiko also appears in all of the Rurouni Kenshin video games, including the crossover game Jump Ultimate Stars. After the manga serialization ended, Watsuki authored one-shot chapter from the series in which Yahiko goes to take care from the people of dojo, but ends confronting a former soldier from Shishio who takes as hostages the students from the dojo. In Requiem for the Ishin Patriots, Yahiko joins the samurai Takimi Shigure's group in their attempt to overthrow the Meiji Government, but Shigure later knocks Yahiko out to make him stay out of danger. In Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection, set various years after the manga's end, a now adult Yahiko lives with Sanjō Tsubame, a childhood friend he met who works at a restaurant where both worked together. He starts taking care of Kaoru when she suffers from an illness while Kenshin went to assist people injured in wars. Due to Kaoru's suffering, Yahiko goes to Kyoto to request Kenshin and Kaoru's son, Himura Kenji, to accompany his mother. In order to make him accept, both have a duel, and Yahiko wins.

In the reboot Rurouni Kenshin: Restoration, he works for Takeda Kanryu. As Kanryu plans to kill Kaoru who is fighting for her dojo, Yahiko requests Kenshin's help to save her. After Kanryu's defeat, Yahiko stays in Kaoru's dojo alongside her and Kenshin.

Yahiko was featured in the live action film portrayed by Taketo Tanaka and in the sequels Kyoto Inferno and The Legend Ends portrayed by Kaito Ōyagi. In Saishūshō: The Final he was portrayed by Riku Ohnishi. He appears as the only student in Kaoru's dojo, instead of starting as a thief from the streets in the original series. Also, in the film, he doesn't join Kenshin and Sanosuke in rescuing Megumi from Kanryuu's mansion as he does in the manga.

In the manga sequel Rurouni Kenshin: The Hokkaido Arc, Yahiko confronts Kenshin to make sure he has the same strength he is known for after being told by Kaoru that he became weaker. As Yahiko loses, he returns Kenshin his sakabato to help him in his new journey to find Kaoru's father. Shortly after Kenshin's family leaves, Yahiko remains in charge of the dojo and proposes to Tsubame when she realizes he feels lonely now.

Reception
The character from Yahiko has been well received by manga readers, having consistently placed highly  in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls of the series, usually  in the top ten characters and once taking third place. A plethora of merchandise have been released in Yahiko's image, including key-chains wall scrolls, and action figures in both his child and teenager appearances. In an interview with Miina Tominaga, the voice actress for the character, has said that she was a bit afraid when performing the voice of Yahiko in the OVAs since the character was now an adult, but she ended up happy with her performance. Watsuki described Minami Takayama, the CD voice actor, as having "a lot of energy" and as being a "great fit" for Yahiko.

Various publications for manga, anime and other media have provided acclaim and criticism of Yahiko's character. While reviewing the volume 8 from the manga, Mania Entertainment writer Megan Lavey applauded the way Yahiko starts acting much stronger after Kenshin's departure to Kyoto and noted that, along with the other characters starring in the volume, he is seen more in-depth. While reviewing volume 15, Lavey praised Yahiko's development during the series as he becomes a good fighter and his courage shows a remarkable potential to become a powerful swordsman. However, Carlos Ross from T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews criticized Yahiko for being "a bit annoying" during the start of the series but noted that he has his enjoyable moments. Matthew Warner from the Fandom Post stated that the reboot incarnation of Yahiko underwent a major character arc in his battle. In the Critical Survey of Graphic Novels: Manga, multiple writers acknowledged how both Yahiko and Sagara Sanosuke spend their time in the series searching for ways to become stronger. However, they do it for a heroic reason which is assisting Kenshin.

His design in the OVA series has drawn acclaim as one of the few to be well translated from his original manga design by Mike Crandol from Anime News Network. In the second review from the OVA, Crandol liked that Yahiko appeared several times in contrast to the previous OVA in which he was "written out" so that the story would focus more in Kamiya Kaoru and Kenshin's relationship. He also noted his battle against Himura Kenji to be very entertaining, but not as much as the previous fight which was between Kenshin and Yukishiro Enishi. Ridwan Khan from Animefringe noted the fight between Yahiko and Kenji had been long awaited, it was mostly overshadowed by Kenshin and Kaoru's ending.

title: Myōjin Yahiko


text: File:Billy Joel - The Nylon Curtain.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Billy Joel - The Nylon Curtain.jpg


text: Category:U.S. inventors

title: Category:U.S. inventors


text:
File:Billy Joel - Songs in the Attic.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Billy Joel album Songs in the Attic.


text: File:Billy Joel - River of Dreams.jpg

title: File:Billy Joel - River of Dreams.jpg


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Sick bay

A sick bay is a compartment in a ship, or a section of another organisation, such as a school or college, used for medical purposes.

The sick bay contains the ship's medicine chest, which may be divided into separate cabinets, such as a refrigerator for medicines requiring cold storage and a locked cabinet for controlled substances such as morphine. The sick bay and the medicine chest should be kept locked, with the keys only being available to the medical officer and the ship's master.

The term is also applied ashore by the United States Navy and Marine Corps to treatment clinics on naval stations and Marine bases.

Sick bays (sometimes referred to as med bays) appear in popular science fiction franchises, such as Battlestar Galactica and Star Trek, as the medical facility on board a starship.

title: Sick bay


text:
File:Billy Joel - KOHUEPT.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Billy Joel album Концерт.

title: File:Billy Joel - KOHUEPT.jpg


text:
The Birds and the Bees II: Antics

The Birds and the Bees II: Antics is a video game released for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1983.

Boris the Bee has been kidnapped by a group of anti-social ants and his cousin Barnabee must rescue him. The player must travel through an underground ant complex, which has four different entrances into the above-ground world. Ants must be avoided; contact reduces the player's energy level. The game is over when energy reaches zero, but can be replenished by finding pollen from flowers present in the maze.

The general arrangement of the game is a maze; flowers will remove barriers elsewhere in the complex. The individual screens are also self-contained mazes. Each screen may have more than one exit.

Reception
Antics was placed at number 46 in the official top 100 list that was created by British gaming magazine Your Sinclair.

title: The Birds and the Bees II: Antics


text: Category:Rurouni Kenshin

title: Category:Rurouni Kenshin


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Priston Tale

PristonTale is a 3D fantasy MMORPG that centers on action-based role-playing. It was originally released in South Korea by Yedang Online in 2001. It was created by Triglow Pictures Inc. (later Priston Inc.) and has since been published for Japan, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Brazil and the Spanish-speaking countries. In 2004, the English version of PristonTale went out of public beta (in which it had remained for nearly two years) and became a commercial pay-to-play game. On May 17, 2007, PristonTale announced free-to-play service for everyone; instead of paying for the game, PristonTale has a cash shop in which players can pay real money for game items. On September 30, 2008, the English server for Priston Tale closed; Suba Games opened a new English server three days later. There are more players in the private servers.

Some of the features of PristonTale include a clan system, in-game shops, ten character classes – all of which can use every item available if they have the correct upgraded statistics (with the exception of armour, robes, and orbs) – a five-tiered skill system for each class, item upgrades, a simple yet involving battle system and an easy to use interface. PristonTale is also intensive in potion using, and dying is moderately easy. The experience loss per death also tends to climb quite steeply (experience loss is based on a percentage of obtained experience), mirroring the ever increasing experience needed to level.

Gameplay
Gameplay mostly consists of leveling up, though there are several activities players can participate in that are essential to the game. Some of these activities are:

 * Trading: Buying and selling items. Players usually find this necessary in order to gain money and equipment otherwise unobtainable from NPC merchants.
 * Clans: Players can join clans, in which teamwork prevails. They are the core of the social community of the game. Clans can also participate in special events created for clans only. Clans can be made once a player reaches level 40 or higher.
 * Bellatra: formerly known as Survive or Die (SoD), a competition in which four teams with members of the same clan are forced to fight monsters until two teams are declared finalists. These two teams will continue fighting monsters until the last one survives. The winning team is chosen by whichever one has the higher number of points. Teams receive points by killing monsters and monster bosses. The Boss monsters give higher numbers of points. The winning team's Clan Chief acquires rights over the Bellatra by gaining the ability to modify the monsters when the Chief fights next, by receiving an income from Bellatra, etc. Bellatra is located in the town Navisko and available for players level 80 and above.
 * Bless Castle: Bless Castle is a Player vs. Player activity in which one clan holds and defends the castle from all other participating clans, which can use siege equipment.
 * Ghost Castle: Three characters of different classes play together, can be done once a day. Entrance to Ghost Castle is in Garden of Freedom.
 * Ardor: Also known as Ricarten SoD, located in the town Ricarten by the exit to Garden of Freedom, this is SoD for players level 40 to level 79.
 * Trecor Yalta was known to be the main boss next to Fury 1, 2 & 3

The other aspects of game play are "training", "climbing", hunting, player vs. player fights and socializing.
 * Training: A player levels by killing large numbers of monsters at one given time, or many individual monsters quickly. Players may be in "party's" of 2–6 and level together.
 * Climbing : One will attempts to move their character in a way that causes s/he to be on top of structures inside the game.
 * Hunting: One faces as few as one monster but usually no more than three, to look for certain items in the game.
 * Player vs. Player: One goes to a specified area to compete against other players, sometimes only one and sometimes as many as twenty.
 * Socializing: Self-explanatory, used in PristonTale to obtain items, throwing friends at enemies and anything else considered of value in the game.

Throughout the game, the characters progress through a series of levels and acquire skill points. As they progress they get different items, such as weapons and armour, to help them in their quest of achieving the ultimate warrior. Items of this calibre usually require a larger number of skill points in an area than the previous items. Armour in general helps the character stay alive longer by giving them different attributes. Weapons in general help the character defend themselves or attack any monster they wish with a lot more force.

At the same time, there are certain specifications as to when players may use such weapons and armour. These are mostly based on level and stat requirements. Also, there are certain specs for armour and weapons so that they may achieve their great performance and special stats. These may be found in game, written on the armour or weapon (e.g. Fighter Spec, Knight Spec, etc.). Different Classes use different weapons; for example, the knight mainly uses two-handed swords and blades, whereas the Archer uses bows. The different items players may obtain with specs determine which types of character classes use them. Most swords will come as Knight or Mechanician spec when most wands/staves will come as Magician Spec or Priestess Spec.

At higher level's obtaining items can become quite difficult due to low supply and high demand for the "high level" items. Magic characters such a Priestess and Magician will find the market for their items is less competitive. Whereas the melee characters such as Fighter, Pikeman, and Knight have a higher rate of competition for items.

Reception
PristonTale received an award for "Outstanding Online Game" in December 2002 and "Outstanding Programming" at the 2003 Korean Gaming Grand Ceremony.

Priston Tale II

The sequel to Priston Tale was released in February 2008. The developers sought to take the basic concepts of the first game and improve upon them. The development team stated at one point that they were "inexperienced" and had "learnt a lot" from the first version and that the second has had much better planning. Screenshots of the new game from E3 2006 depicted many recognizable characters, enemies, and environments, albeit altered significantly. It uses Unreal Engine 2.

As of 2008, Priston Tale 2 has only been released outside of beta in South Korea. Player response in South Korea has been very good, with over 30,000 players online, playing simultaneously on the first day of open beta, and 40,000 players online simultaneously as of the third day. The game still maintains popularity and is competing with SP1 and Twelve Skies for market share, with tens of thousands of players online simultaneously at any given time.

Yedang Online has contracted with various publishers, and localized versions (including North America) will begin beta service in early to mid-2009. The European closed beta of Priston Tale II was released in October 2008. The open beta was released February 14, 2009 although access to the European open beta is subject to regional restrictions via an IP block on the login server. As of March 2013 English server of Priston Tale II closed down.

title: Priston Tale


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Songs in the Attic

Songs in the Attic is the first live album by Billy Joel, released in 1981.

At the time of its release, it was the first widely available appearance of music from his first album, Cold Spring Harbor, released in 1971.

History
In the liner notes, Joel writes that Songs in the Attic introduced his earlier work to fans who had come to know his work after The Stranger. In that earlier work, most of the instruments were played by session musicians while Joel himself sang and played piano, keyboards, and harmonica. But by the late 1970s, Joel had a fairly consistent touring/recording band and wanted to showcase his songs as played by his band.

The single-releases included: "Say Goodbye to Hollywood", which peaked at #17 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100; and "She's Got a Way", which reached #23 on the same chart; and "You're My Home". In Japan, "Los Angelenos" was also available in 1981.

A series of promotional music videos were filmed. Though the concert filming may have been staged for the occasion, the audio versions are nonetheless different from the live recordings featuring on the live album. A total of five promo videos were filmed: four of them recorded at Sparks Saloon in Huntington, NY, and one in a recording studio. At least two of them were not released as worldwide official singles. "Everybody Loves You Now" (not a single) directed by Steve Cohen (live at Sparks); "You're My Home" directed by Steve Cohen (live at Sparks); "Los Angelenos" (not a single, though a Japanese 7" vinyl was in existence) directed by Steve Cohen (live at Sparks); "Say Goodbye to Hollywood" directed by Steve Cohen (live at Sparks); "She's Got a Way" live in a studio, also a different version from the live album.

Track listing
All songs written by Billy Joel.

Personnel

 * Billy Joel – vocals, pianos, synthesizer, harmonica
 * David Brown – electric guitar (lead), acoustic guitar (lead)
 * Richie Cannata – saxophones, flute, organ
 * Liberty DeVitto – drums, percussion
 * Russell Javors – electric guitar (rhythm), acoustic guitar (rhythm)
 * Doug Stegmeyer – bass guitar
 * Technical
 * Phil Ramone - producer
 * Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound, NYC - mastering
 * James Boyer - Recording Engineer
 * Bradshaw Leigh - Recording Engineer
 * Larry Franke - Recording Engineer

title: Songs in the Attic


text:
Meja Mwangi

Meja Mwangi (born 27 December 1948) is a Kenyan writer. He has worked in the film industry, including in screenwriting, assistant directing, and casting.

Biography
Mwangi was born David Dominic Mwangi in Nanyuki, Kenya, and was educated at Nanyuki Secondary School, Kenyatta College, and briefly at the University of Leeds. He then worked for the French Broadcasting Corporation doing odd jobs and the British Council in Nairobi as Visual Aids Officer, before turning to writing full-time. He was Fellow in Writing at the University of Iowa (1975–76).

After a prolonged period on the Kenyan and African publishing scene, Mwangi moved to the US after gaining international recognition and winning several awards.

His best-known early work includes the novels Kill Me Quick (1973), Going Down River Road (1976), and The Cockroach Dance (1979), which illustrate the urban landscapes of Kenya, the struggle against poverty, and the AIDS epidemic.

For general readers

 * Jomo Kenyatta Prize for Literature for Kill Me Quick (1974 - English winner); The Last Plague (2001 - English winner); Boy Gift (2007 - English Youth third place); Big Chief (2009 - English Adult Fiction third place).
 * Lotus Prize for Literature (1978) presented by the Afro-Asian Writers' Association (aka Association of Asian and African Writers)

For juvenile readers

 * Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (German Youth Literature Prize), for Kariuki und sein weißer Freund. Eine Erzählung aus Kenia (Little White Man (1990), title changed to The Mzungu Boy (1992))
 * Le Prix Lire au College for Kariuki (1992)
 * American Library Association (USA) Notable Children's Books Award for Older Readers, The Mzungu Boy (2006)

Shortlist

 * Noma Award (Honourable mention), for Bread of Sorrow (1989)
 * International Dublin Literary Award (Nomination), for The Last Plague (2002)

In English

 * Adapted for the film "Cry Freedom".
 * Adapted for the film "Cry Freedom".

Theatre, screenplays, other adaptations

 * (adaptation of The Big Chiefs - 2007)
 * (adaptation of Mama Dudu, the Insect Woman - 2007)

title: Meja Mwangi


text: Category:German inventors

title: Category:German inventors


text:
Timeline of the New Zealand environment

This is a timeline of environmental history of New Zealand. It includes notable events affecting the natural environment of New Zealand as a result of human activity.

Pre 1700s
14th century-
 * Arrival of Māori who brought with them the kiore rat.

16th century
 * Final extinction of all eleven species of moa.

1642
 * Tasman is first European to reach New Zealand.

1760s
1769
 * New Zealand mapped by James Cook, and the Norway rat believed to have arrived in New Zealand aboard his ship, the Endeavour. Feral pigs – called "Captain Cookers" in New Zealand – possibly arrived with Cook in the course of visits to New Zealand (1773-1774) during his second voyage (1772-1775).

1790s

 * European sealers and whalers arrive.

1800s

 * Gorse introduced as hedging plant.
 * Rabbits introduced
 * Sheep and cattle introduced.

1830s
1837
 * Australian brush-tailed possum introduced.

1840s
1840
 * Treaty of Waitangi

1860s

 * Ship rat spreads throughout North Island.

1860
 * Australian magpie introduced.

1861
 * The Protection of Certain Animals Act passed - legislated that: "No Deer of any kind, Hare, Swan, Partridge, English Plover, Rook, Starling, Thrush or Blackbird" could be shot for the rest of the decade.

1864
 * Wild Birds Protection Act - legislated that: "No Wild Duck, Paradise Duck, or Pigeon indigenous in the colony shall be hunted, taken, or killed except during the months of April, May, June, and July in any year".

1867
 * Trout and Salmon Protection Act passed - made provision for "the preservation and propagation of Salmon and Trout in this Colony".

1870s

 * Ship rat spreads throughout the South Island.
 * Rook introduced from Europe

1870
 * Hedgehogs, which devour large quantities of insects, are introduced.

1875
 * Seal hunting restricted to a short annual season.

1876
 * Rabbit Nuisance Act passed.

1879
 * Ferrets introduced to control rabbits even after warnings were made of their effects on bird life.

1880s
1882
 * Small Birds Nuisance Act passed.

1884
 * One hundred stoat and weasel were caught in Lincolnshire, England for shipment to New Zealand. The passage is expected to take 45 days and 1,500 live pigeons were also shipped for their consumption.

1885
 * Stoats and weasels are liberated as a misguided attempt to control rabbits.

1887
 * 23 September — Te Heuheu Tūkino IV gifts Ruapehu, Tongariro and Ngauruhoe to people of New Zealand.

1890s
1890
 * An area of land, that will become the Trounson Kauri Park, is set aside by the Government.

1893
 * Rainbow trout successfully introduced by the Auckland Acclimatisation Society.

1894
 * Protection of fur seal population due to declining numbers.
 * Lyall's wren becomes extinct, killed by cats.
 * Tongariro National Park Act passed.

1897
 * Kapiti Island is designated as an island reserve.

1900s
1900
 * Egmont National Park established

1901
 * Noxious Weeds Act passed

1903
 * Scenery Preservation Act passed.

1904
 * Scenery Preservation Commission appointed.

1907
 * Tongariro National Park is formally gazetted.
 * Last known huia sighted and then shot.

1907
 * Population reached one million.

1920s
1921
 * Herbert Guthrie-Smiths Tutira: The Story of a New Zealand Sheep Station is published.
 * Animals Protection and Game Act 1921-22

1923
 * The Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand is formed.

1929
 * Attempt made to protect bush in an area near what will be the Abel Tasman National Park.

1930s
1936
 * Protection removed from mustelids.

1940s
1941
 * Soil and Rivers Control Act was enforced. This was the first piece of coordinated environmental legislation in New Zealand.

1942
 * Abel Tasman National Park established.

1946
 * Possums no longer protected.

1948
 * Takahē rediscovered in the Murchison Mountains in Fiordland.

1949
 * Forests Act 1949 is passed.

1950s
1952
 * Waipoua Forest Sanctuary formed.
 * Fiordland National Park established.
 * Population reaches two million.

1953
 * Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park established.
 * The Wildlife Act 1953 is passed.

1954
 * Trials on usage on 1080 in New Zealand begin.
 * 28 July — Te Urewera National Park gazetted. Additions made later.

1960s
1964
 * Mount Aspiring National Park established.

1965
 * Hydro dam proposed at Tuapeka River mouth is opposed by local residents.

1967
 * Rudd is illegally introduced into New Zealand.

1967
 * Water and Soil Conservation Act was enforced.
 * Save Manapouri Campaign gains nationwide headlines.

1970s
1970
 * 264,907 New Zealanders, almost 10 percent of the population, sign the Save Manapouri petition.
 * Environmental Defence Society is formed.

1971
 * CoEnCo is formed.
 * The Marine Reserves Act 1971 is passed.

1972
 * The Values Party is formed at Victoria University of Wellington.
 * The Clean Air Act 1972 is passed.

1973
 * Government decides to put South Island beech forests up for tender for chipping.
 * Population reaches three million.

1974
 * Greenpeace New Zealand is formed.
 * The Save Aramoana Campaign is formed.
 * Project Jonah is established.

1975
 * 4 July — The Maruia Declaration, calling for protection of native forests, is signed. It attracted 341,160 signatures by the time it was presented to Parliament in 1977.
 * An import ban on all whale products is announced by government.
 * Friends of the Earth New Zealand is formed.
 * The Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 is passed in Government and the Waitangi Tribunal is established.

1976
 * CoEnCo renamed as ECO.
 * NZ rejoins the International Whaling Commission.

1977
 * The "Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone Act" is passed.
 * Queen Elizabeth II National Trust Act set up to encourage the protection of private land from development.
 * 20 July — The Maruia Declaration with a 341,159 signature petition is presented to Government.
 * 23 December — The Reserves Act is passed (includes provision for Wilderness Areas).
 * 23 December — The Wild Animal Control Act is passed.

1978
 * Tree top protest in Pureora Forest to halt the logging of native forest.
 * 1 April — The Reserves Act 1977 comes into force.

1979
 * Five black robins left but saved from extinction by Don Merton and team.
 * The Litter Act 1979 is passed.
 * 1 January — Marine Mammals Protection Act came into force.

1980s
1980
 * Protests over a proposed aluminium smelter at Aramoana (See also: Independent State of Aramoana)
 * Clyde Dam protests.
 * Native Forest Restoration Trust established to purchase and protect native forests.
 * The National Parks Act 1980 was enforced.

1982
 * The approval of the water rights necessary for the high Clyde Dam is overturned on appeal in Gilmore v. National Water and Soil Conservation Authority (1982)
 * The National Government enacts the Clutha Development (Clyde Dam Empowering) Act 1982 to overturn the High Court case refusing water rights.

1983
 * Friends of the Earth NZ joins Friends of the Earth International.
 * 1 October — Fisheries Act comes into force (establishes a fishing quota system).

1984
 * New Zealand's nuclear-free zone declared by the Labour Government.

1985
 * 10 July — Bombing of Rainbow Warrior by French secret agents.

1986
 * The Environment Act is passed, establishing the Ministry for the Environment (MfE) and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE).
 * Quota Management System (QMS) introduced to conserve fish stocks within the Exclusive Economic Zone.
 * Kea are given full protection.
 * West Coast Accord signed for the protection of portions of native forest from logging.

1987
 * Paparoa National Park established.
 * 1 January — Environment Act comes into force
 * 1 April — Conservation Act 1987 comes into force (establishes DoC, Fish and Game)

1989
 * The Tasman Accord is signed between Tasman Forestry Ltd environmental groups and the Government.
 * 1 June — Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 comes into force (CITES)

1990s
1990
 * Banning of wood chip exports.
 * Creation of Tongariro National Park World Heritage site.
 * Creation of Te Wahipounamu World Heritage site.
 * Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is formed.
 * Establishment of the Forest Heritage Fund (later renamed "Nature Heritage Fund").
 * Ministry for the Environment Green Ribbon Award established

1991
 * Protests over the mining of ilmenite on the West Coast.
 * Resource Management Act 1991 passed into law.
 * Crown Minerals Act 1991 is passed.

1993
 * Biosecurity Act 1993 is passed.
 * Forests Act 1949 is amended.
 * Forest and Bird develop the Forest Friendly Awards to classify invasive garden plants.
 * The Government launches the Environment 2010 Strategy
 * 9 June — New Zealand Post issues a set of stamps on conservation.
 * 1 July — Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993 comes into effect.
 * 15 November — A West Coast environmentalist claims his house was the target of arson due to his anti-mining stance.

1994
 * Rats eradicated from Kapiti Island.
 * Resource consent given to mine sand in Mangawhai Harbour.
 * Basel Convention comes into force in New Zealand.

1996
 * Environment Court, formerly called the Planning Tribunal, is constituted by the Resource Management Amendment Act 1996 with upgraded powers
 * Kahurangi National Park gazetted.
 * Fisheries Act 1996 is passed (though parts of it come into force only spasmodically over the next few years).
 * Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 is passed.
 * Ozone Protection Layer Act 1996 is passed.

1997
 * Native Forest Action commences lobbying to save West Coast forests.
 * Wild Greens group formed.
 * Zerowaste Trust established.

1998
 * Creation of New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands World Heritage site.
 * 22 May — New Zealand signs the Kyoto Protocol.

1999
 * Labour/Alliance coalition Government gains power paving the way for protection of West Coast native forests.
 * DoC publishes "Karst Management Guidelines" to assist with cave and karst protection.
 * Karori Wildlife Sanctuary construction completed, limited public access available.
 * Proposed West Coast ilmenite mine project is abandoned. (The Press — 6 February 1999)

2000s
2000
 * The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000 is passed, establishing the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority as a Crown agent.
 * A gondola is proposed from Lake Wakatipu area to the Milford Sound road.
 * Varroa bee mite discovered in New Zealand.
 * West Coast loop road through conservation land is promoted by group of South Island mayors.
 * 15 June — Biotech lobby group Life Sciences Network web site goes live.
 * Forests (West Coast Accord) Act 2000 passed

2001
 * Moratorium on new marine farming applications, initially for two years.
 * Forest restoration on the Kāpiti Coast.
 * National Pest Plant Accord is developed to prevent the spread of invasive plants.
 * German tourist fined for smuggling a gecko.
 * 30 May — Government announces transfer of all Timberlands managed forests to DoC.
 * 18 August — Macraes mine extension turned down by Sandra Lee-Vercoe, the Minister of Conservation.
 * 21 October — The Waigani Convention came into force.

2002
 * Rakiura National Park established.
 * Labour led government abolishes logging of native trees on public land.
 * Waste Strategy released by the Ministry for the Environment.
 * Ferrets no longer able to be legally bred, sold or distributed.
 * 25 January — New Zealand Environment magazine launched.
 * 22 December — New Zealand ratifies the Kyoto Protocol.

2003
 * Govt3, a sustainability programme for government department, is established
 * YHA NZ started a Young Environmentalist programme.
 * The WWF Living Planet report ranks New Zealand fourteenth largest per capita ecological footprint.
 * 24 April — New Zealand population is estimated to top 4,000,000.
 * 26 May — Campbell Island declared rat free.
 * 26 May — Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry for the Environment, and Fonterra sign the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord.
 * June — Consultation is sought on an Agricultural emissions research levy (commonly called the "flatulence tax" or "fart tax").
 * 5 September — New Zealand Environment magazine discontinued.
 * 11 September — Environment Minister addresses pollution in the Rotorua lakes.
 * 31 October — Businessman jailed for clearing native bush (this has set a legal precedent)

2004
 * Rock snot, (Didymosphenia geminata), an invasive freshwater weed is found in some New Zealand rivers.
 * Group to proceed with the Milford Gondola.
 * Nitrates an increasing problem in Canterbury's groundwater.
 * Monorail proposed to shorten tourist trip between Queenstown and Milford Sound.
 * Pike River mine given go-ahead despite protests by environmental groups.
 * Kaikōura Green Globe Conference declaration.
 * Rats successfully eradicated from Raoul Island.
 * 20 January — Two Czech visitors fined for plant smuggling.
 * 8 February — 13,000-litre diesel spill in Milford Sound.
 * 12 March — Mount Burnett mining road application turned down.
 * 25 March — Cypress mine, an open cast coal mine, is proposed for the West Coast.
 * 29 March — Meridian Energy proposed Project Aqua is cancelled.
 * 10 May — Kaikōura Island protected.
 * 17 May — Montréal Protocol comes into force.
 * 18 October — More invasive plants discovered in Auckland
 * 3 November — PCE releases report on the environmental effects of farming.
 * 31 December — Moratorium on marine farms lifted after the passing of the Aquaculture Reform Bill.

2005
 * Non-toxic shot only is to be used for waterfowl hunting from the 2005 season onwards.
 * 14 March — Application lodged for mining black sands off the west coast of the North Island.
 * 1 April - The Income Tax Act 2004, which makes it easier to claim environmental expenditure, comes into force.
 * 22 April — Landsborough Station purchased.
 * 1 May — Pesticides blamed for killing native frogs.
 * 26 May — Environment Court rules in favour of Solid Energy for the Cypress mine.
 * 1 July — Molesworth Station transferred from LINZ to DoC.
 * 28 July — First criminal conviction for killing a fur seal is handed down.
 * September — Rock snot found in the Buller River.
 * November — Last remaining use of reusable glass milk bottles will end.
 * 18 November — Cavers protest about potential damage to Te Tahi Cave when used for adventure racing.
 * 20 December — A tunnel is proposed to link Queenstown and the Milford Sound road.

2006
 * 26 January — New Zealand is rated top in the Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index.
 * February — The fishing industry proposes limits on bottom trawling.
 * 17 March — Proposal to build a gondola between Queenstown and the Milford Sound road is postponed.
 * 8 April — A pipe bomb is used to blow up a conservationists letterbox.
 * 9 - 12 April — Geckos are stolen from a Christchurch zoo but later recovered.
 * 12 May - An application for proposed aerial walkway in the Hokitika Scenic Reserve is rejected by Department of Conservation.
 * 24 October — The WWF Living Planet report ranks New Zealand with the ninth largest per capita ecological footprint.
 * 30 November — Great white sharks will be protected within New Zealand's EEZ from April 2007.

2007
 * January — DoC considers that almost half of the native plants and animals are threatened.
 * 20 February — Wa$ted!, a programme investigating household sustainability, begins a two-season run on New Zealand television.
 * 23 March — Prime Minister Helen Clark puts forward aspirations for New Zealand to be the first sustainable country.
 * 4 April — The OECD releases a report on the performance of the New Zealand Government.
 * 4 April — Bottom trawling is prohibited in selected areas.
 * 30 May — Government gives $9.88 million to clean up the Tui mine tailings site.
 * 30 November — The orange roughy fishery is closed to allow stocks of the fish to recover.
 * 13 December — The proposed tunnel linking Queenstown and Milford Sound is blocked by the New Zealand Conservation Authority.

2008
 * The Waste Minimisation Act 2008 is passed.
 * 31 January — Environment New Zealand 2007, a State of the Environment report, is released.
 * 10 February — The Green Party leak Chapter 13 of Environment New Zealand 2007 State of the environment report, which slates the dairy industry and the high level of consumption in New Zealand.
 * 20 February — A survey shows that 53% of New Zealanders' are deeply concerned that we are not doing enough to protect the environment.
 * 4 March — The World Economic Forum Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report rates New Zealand at 24 out of 130 countries for environmental sustainability.
 * April — Greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand are 26% higher than 1990 levels, the required level for the Kyoto Protocol.
 * 10 September — The Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 is passed, establishing the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme.

 * 2009
 * Govt3 is discontinued.
 * 3 February — The National-led Government announces reforms to the Resource Management Act

2010s

 * 2010

 * 2011
 * June — The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment recommends against a moratorium on 1080, citing the ensuing damage to native forests and animals if such a ban went ahead.
 * 1 July — the Environmental Protection Authority begins operation.
 * 5 October — the container ship Rena runs aground on Astrolabe Reef, 12 nautical miles off Tauranga, resulting in New Zealand's worst oil spill.

 * 2012
 * Concerns about hydraulic fracturing in New Zealand (fracking) are highlighted in the media.

2013
 * Department of Conservation publishes findings raising concerns about the impact of introduced trout on native fish.

2014
 * West Coast Wind-blown Timber (Conservation Lands) Act 2014 passed

title: Timeline of the New Zealand environment


text:
Gastric varices

Gastric varices are dilated submucosal veins in the lining of the stomach, which can be a life-threatening cause of bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract. They are most commonly found in patients with portal hypertension, or elevated pressure in the portal vein system, which may be a complication of cirrhosis. Gastric varices may also be found in patients with thrombosis of the splenic vein, into which the short gastric veins that drain the fundus of the stomach flow. The latter may be a complication of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other abdominal tumours, as well as hepatitis C. Gastric varices and associated bleeding are a potential complication of schistosomiasis resulting from portal hypertension.

Patients with bleeding gastric varices can present with bloody vomiting (hematemesis), dark, tarry stools (melena), or rectal bleeding. The bleeding may be brisk, and patients may soon develop shock. Treatment of gastric varices can include injection of the varices with cyanoacrylate glue, or a radiological procedure to decrease the pressure in the portal vein, termed transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or TIPS. Treatment with intravenous octreotide is also useful to shunt blood flow away from the stomach's circulation. More aggressive treatment, including splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) or liver transplantation, may be required in some cases.

Signs and symptoms
Gastric varices can present in two major ways. First, patients with cirrhosis may be enrolled in screening gastroscopy programs to detect esophageal varices. These evaluations may detect gastric varices that are asymptomatic. When gastric varices are symptomatic, however, they usually present acutely and dramatically with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The symptoms can include vomiting blood, melena (passing black, tarry stools); or passing maroon stools or frank blood in the stools. Many people with bleeding gastric varices present in shock due to the profound loss of blood.

Secondly, patients with acute pancreatitis may present with gastric varices as a complication of a blood clot in the splenic vein. The splenic vein sits over the pancreas anatomically. Inflammation or cancers of the pancreas may result in a blood clot forming in the splenic vein. As the short gastric veins of the fundus of the stomach drain into the splenic vein, thrombosis of the splenic vein will result in increased pressure and engorgement of the short veins, leading to varices in the fundus of the stomach.

Laboratory testing usually shows low red blood cell count and often a low platelet count. If cirrhosis is present, there may be coagulopathy manifested by a prolonged INR; both of these may worsen the bleeding from gastric varices.

In rare cases, gastric varices are caused by splenic vein occlusion as a result of the mass effect of slow-growing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of gastric varices is often made at the time of upper endoscopy.

Classification

The Sarin classification of gastric varices identifies four different anatomical types of gastric varices, which differ in terms of treatment modalities: Type 1 isolated gastric varices were seen only in primary cases (i.e. without prior sclerotherapy) in the original study of Sarin et al. (1992), while type 1 gastroesophageal varices were the most common overall.
 * Type 1 Gastroesophageal Varices: Esophagus extending to lesser curvature of stomach
 * Type 2 Gastroesophageal Varices: Esophagus extending to greater curvature of stomach
 * Type 1 Gastric Varices: Isolated to the fundus
 * Type 2 Gastric Varices: Anywhere in the stomach, or duodenum

Other classification systems include Hashizume's classification and Arakawa's classification.

Treatment
Initial treatment of bleeding from gastric varices focuses on resuscitation, much as with esophageal varices. This includes administration of fluids, blood products, and antibiotics.

Another treatment for gastric varices is injection of the varices with cyanoacrylate, first described by German surgeon Nib Soehendra and colleagues in 1986. The results from two randomized trials comparing band ligation vs cyanoacrylate suggests that endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate, known as gastric variceal obliteration or GVO is superior to band ligation in preventing rebleeding rates. Cyanoacrylate, a common component in 'super glue' is often mixed 1:1 with lipiodol to prevent polymerization in the endoscopy delivery optics, and to show on radiographic imaging. GVO is usually performed in specialized therapeutic endoscopy centers. Complications include sepsis, embolization of glue, and obstruction from polymerization in the lumen of the stomach.

Other techniques for refractory bleeding include:
 * Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)
 * Balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration techniques (BRTO)
 * Coil-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO)
 * Gastric variceal ligation, although this modality is falling out of favour
 * Intra-gastric balloon tamponade as a bridge to further therapy
 * a caveat is that a larger balloon is required to occupy the fundus of the stomach where gastric varices commonly occur
 * Liver transplantation

title: Gastric varices


text:
Intestinal varices

Intestinal varices are dilated submucosal veins in the intestine.One treatment includes a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

title: Intestinal varices


text:
Kamba people

The Kamba or Akamba (sometimes called Wakamba) people are a Bantu ethnic group who predominantly live in the area of Kenya stretching from Nairobi to Tsavo and north to Embu, in the southern part of the former Eastern Province. This land is called Ukambani and constitutes Makueni County, Kitui County and Machakos County. They also form the second largest ethnic group in 8 counties including Nairobi and Mombasa counties.

Origin
The Kamba are of Bantu origin. They are also known as the 'Akamba.' They are closely related in language and culture to the Kikuyu, the Embu, the Mbeere and the Meru, and to some extent relate closely to the Kambe and the Giriama of the Kenyan coast. The Kambas are concentrated in the lowlands of southeast Kenya from the vicinity of Mount Kenya to the coast.

The first group of Kamba people settled in the present-day Mbooni Hills in the Machakos District of Kenya. This was in the second half of the 17th century, before spreading to Machakos, Makueni and Kitui Districts.

Some authorities suggest that they arrived in their present lowlands east of the Mount Kenya area of habitation from earlier settlements further to the north and east. Others argue that the Kamba, along with their closely related Eastern Bantu neighbours the Kikuyu, the Embu, the Mbeere and the Meru, moved into Kenya from points further south.

Distribution
Most of the Akamba people live in Kenya, and are concentrated in the lower eastern counties of Machakos, Kitui, and Makueni.

According to the national census of 2019, there were 4,663,910 Akamba people in Kenya, being the fifth-most populous tribe in the country. Machakos is the most populous of the three Ukambani counties, with 1,421,932 residents. This is followed by Kitui (1,136,187 residents) then Makueni (987,653 residents). They make up the second largest ethnic demographics in each of the urban city - counties of Nairobi and Mombasa as well as Taita–Taveta, Kiambu, Muranga, Kirinyaga, Kwale and Kilifi counties. They also form the third largest ethnic group in Embu, Garissa, Meru and Kajiado counties. In Embu county the Kamba live in Mbeere South region and in Taita–Taveta County they are mainly concentrated in the Taveta region. They share a border with the Maasai people and are literally separated by the Kenya-Uganda railway from Athi-River to Kibwezi. Up until late 20th Century the Maasai and the Akamba communities were involved in persistent cattle-rustling and pasture conflicts especially on the pasture-rich Konza plains. This attracted the interest of colonial government who created Cooperative Society and the later the establishment of Konza, Potha and Malili Ranches where the proposed Konza Technology City sits.

Kamba people outside of Kenya
Apart from Kenya, Kamba people can also be found in Uganda, Tanzania and in Paraguay. The population of Akamba in Uganda is about 8,280, 110,000 in Tanzania and about 10,000 in Paraguay.

The Kamba people in the South American country of Paraguay form two groups: Kamba Cuá and Kamba Kokue with the former being the most famous. They arrived in Paraguay as members of a regiment of 250 spearmen ('lanceros de Artigas'), men and women, who accompanied General Jose Gervasio Artigas, in his exile in Paraguay in 1820. The Kamba Cuá are famous for their African traditional ballet that is described as the "central cultural identity of the Afro-Paraguayan community".

Language
The Kamba speak the Kamba language (also known as Kikamba) as a mother tongue. It belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Kikamba has no letters c, f, j, r, x, q and p in its alphabet. The Swahili language reveals closer ties to the Akamba mother tongue, this being due to the various interactions of the Akamba people with Arab traders for centuries.

Economy
Like many Bantus, the Akamba were originally hunters and gatherers but later became long distance traders because of their knowledge of the expansive area they inhabited. They also had good relations with neighbouring communities as well as excellent communication skills. They would go on to later adopt subsistence farming and pastoralism due to the availability of the new lands that they came to occupy.

Today, the Akamba are often found engaged in different professions: some are agriculturalists, others are traders, while others have taken up formal jobs. The Kamba also practiced Barter trade with the Kikuyu, Maasai, Meru and Embu people in the interior and the Mijikenda and Arab people of the coast.

Over time, the Akamba extended their commercial activity and wielded economic control across the central part of the land that was later to be known as Kenya (from the Kikamba, 'Ki'nyaa', meaning 'the Ostrich Country.' This was derived from the reference they made to Mount Kenya and its snow cap similar to the male Ostrich), from the Indian Ocean in the east to Lake Victoria in the west, and all the way up to Lake Turkana on the northern frontier. The Akamba traded in locally produced goods such as sugar cane wine, ivory, brass amulets, tools and weapons, millet, and cattle. The food obtained from trading helped offset shortages caused by droughts and famines experienced in their Kamba land.

They also traded in medicinal products known as 'Miti' (literally: plants), made from various parts of the numerous medicinal plants found on the Southeast African plains. Maingi Ndonye Mbithi, commonly referred by his peers and locals as Kanyi, from Kimutwa village in Machakos was known for his concoction of herbs mixed with locally fermented brew (kaluvu) with the ability to heal cancerous boils (Mi'imu). The Akamba are still known for their fine work in wood carving, basketry and pottery and the products. Their artistic inclination is evidenced in the sculpture work that is on display in many craft shops and galleries in the major cities and towns of Kenya.

In the mid-eighteenth century, a large number of Akamba pastoral groups moved eastwards from the Tsavo and Kibwezi areas to the coast. This migration was the result of extensive drought and lack of pasture for their cattle. They settled in the Mariakani, Kinango, Kwale, Mombasa West (Changamwe and Chaani) and Mombasa North (Kisauni) areas of the coast of Kenya, creating the beginnings of urban settlement. They are still found in large numbers in these towns, and have been absorbed into the cultural, economic and political life of the modern-day Coast Province. Several notable businessmen and women, politicians, as well as professional men and women are direct descendants of these itinerant pastoralists.

Colonialism and the 19th century
In the latter part of the 19th century the Arabs took over the coastal trade from the Akamba, who then acted as middlemen between the Arab and Swahili traders and the tribes further upcountry. Their trade and travel made them ideal guides for the caravans gathering elephant tusks, precious stones and some slaves for the Middle Eastern, Indian, and Chinese markets. Early European explorers also used them as guides in their expeditions to explore Southeast Africa, due to their wide knowledge of the land and neutral standing with many of the other societies they traded with.

During the colonial era, British colonial officials considered the Kamba to be the premier martial race and sharp-shooters of Africa. The Kamba themselves appeared to embrace this label by enlisting in the colonial army in large numbers. After confidently describing the Kamba serving in the King's African Rifles (the KAR, Britain's East African colonial army) as loyal "soldiers of the Queen" during the Mau Mau Emergency, a press release by the East Africa Command went on to characterize the Kamba as a "fighting race." These sentiments were echoed by other colonial observers in the early 1950s who deemed the Kamba a hardy, virile, courageous, and "mechanically-minded tribe." Considered by many officers to be the "best [soldierly] material in Africa," the Kamba supplied the KAR with askaris (soldiers) at a rate that was three to four times their percentage of the overall Kenyan population.'

The Kamba people successfully resisted an attempt by the British colonialists to seize their livestock in an obnoxious livestock control legislation in 1938. They peacefully fought the British until the law was repealed.Among the Akamba people, lack of rain is considered an event requiring ritual intervention. As a result, they perform a ritual rain making dance called Kilumi. It is a healing rite designed to restore environmental balance through spiritual blessings, movement, offering, and prayers. According to Akamba, Kilumi has been present since the very beginning of Kamba existence. This ritual emphasizes symbolic dance movements as a key force in achieving the goal of the ceremony. The heart of the dance ritual is its spiritual essence; in fact, it is the spiritual aspect that distinguishes the dances of Africans and their descendants worldwide. For this reason, it is important to understand the nature of rituals. Dance rituals take participants on a journey; they are designed to foster a transformation moving them to different states, with the ultimate goal of invoking spiritual intervention to resolve the problem at hand.

Akamba resistance to colonial "pacification" was mostly non-violent in nature. Some of the best known Akamba resistance leaders to colonialism were: Syokimau, Syotune wa Kathukye, Muindi Mbingu, and later Paul Ngei, JD Kali, and Malu of Kilungu. Ngei and Kali were imprisoned by the colonial government for their anti-colonial protests. Syotune wa Kathukye led a peaceful protest to recover cattle confiscated by the British colonial government during one of their raiding expeditions on the local populations.

Muindi Mbingu was arrested for leading another protest march to recover stolen land and cattle around the Mua Hills in Masaku district, which the British settlers eventually appropriated for themselves. JD Kali, along with Paul Ngei, joined the Mau Mau movement to recover Kenya for the Kenyan people. This movement took place between 1952 and 1960. He was imprisoned in Kapenguria during the fighting between the then government and the freedom fighters.

Culture and beliefs
Their origin myth is as follows: "In the beginning, Mulungu created a man and a woman. This was the couple from heaven and he proceeded to place them on a rock at Nzaui where their foot prints, including those of their livestock can be seen to this day. Mulungu then caused a great rainfall. From the many anthills around, a man and a woman came out. These were the initiators of the 'spirits clan'- the Aimo. It so happened that the couple from heaven had only sons while the couple from the anthill had only daughters. Naturally, the couple from heaven paid dowry for the daughters of the couple from the anthill. The family and their cattle greatly increased in numbers. With this prosperity, they forgot to give thanks to their creator. Mulungu punished them with a great famine. This led to dispersal as the family scattered in search of food. Some became the Kikuyu, others the Meru while some remained as the original people, the Akamba." The Akamba are not specific about the number of children that each couple had initially borne.

The Akamba believe in a monotheistic, invisible and transcendental God, Ngai or Mulungu, who lives in the sky (yayayani or ituni). Another venerable name for God is Asa, or the Father. He is also known as Ngai Mumbi (God the Creator) na Mwatuangi (God the finger-divider). He is perceived as the omnipotent creator of life on earth and as a merciful, if distant, entity. The traditional Akamba perceive the spirits of their departed ones, the Aimu or Maimu, as the intercessors between themselves and Ngai Mulungu. They are remembered in family rituals and offerings / libations at individual altars.

The Akamba family

In Akamba culture, the family known as (Musyi) plays a central role in the community. The Akamba extended family or clan is called mbai. The man, who is the head of the family, is usually engaged in an economic activity popular among the community like trading, hunting, cattle-herding or farming. He is known as Nau, Tata, or Asa.

The woman, regardless of her husband's occupation, works on her plot of land, which she is given upon joining her husband's household. She supplies the bulk of the food consumed by her family. She grows maize, millet, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, beans, pigeon peas, greens, arrow root, cassava, and yam in cooler regions like Kangundo, Kilungu and Mbooni. It is the mother's role to bring up the children. Even children that have grown up into adults are expected to never contradict the mother's wishes. The mother is known as Mwaitu ('our One').

Very little distinction is made between one's children and nieces and nephews. They address their maternal uncle as inaimiwa and maternal aunts as mwendya and for their paternal uncle and aunt as mwendw'au. They address their paternal cousins as wa-asa or wa'ia (for men is mwanaasa or mwanaa'ia, and for women is mwiitu wa'asa or mwiitu wa'ia), and the maternal cousins (mother's side) as wa mwendya (for men mwanaa mwendya; for women mwiitu wa mwendya). Children often move from one household to another with ease, and are made to feel at home by their aunts and uncles who, while in charge of their nephews/nieces, are their de facto parents.

Grandparents known as (Susu or Usua (grandmother), Umau or Umaa (grandfather)) help with the less strenuous chores around the home, such as rope-making, tanning leather, carving of beehives, three-legged wooden stools, cleaning and decorating calabashes, making bows and arrows, etc. Older women continue to work the land, as this is seen as a source of independence and economic security. They also carry out trade in the local markets, though not exclusively. In the modern Akamba family, the women, especially in the urban regions, practice professions such as teaching, law, medicine, nursing, secretarial work, management, tailoring and other duties in accordance with Kenya's socioeconomic evolution.The Kamba clans are: Anzauni, Aombe, Akitondo, Amwei (Angwina), Atwii, Amumui, Aethanga, Atangwa, Amutei, Aewani, Akitutu, Ambua, Aiini, Asii, Akiimi, Amũũti, Amũũnda.

Naming and Kamba names

Naming of children is an important aspect of the Akamba people. In most but not all cases, the first four children, two boys and two girls, are named after the grandparents on both sides of the family. The first boy is named after the paternal grandfather and the second after the maternal grandfather. Girls are similarly named. Because of the respect that the Kamba people observe between the varied relationships, there are people with whom they cannot speak on "first name" terms.

The father and the mother in-law on the husband's side, for instance, can never address their daughter in-law by her first name. Neither can she address them by their first names. Yet she has to name her children after them. To solve this problem, a system of naming is adopted that gave names which were descriptive of the quality or career of the grandparents. Therefore, when a woman is married into a family, she is given a family name (some sort of baptismal name), such as "Syomunyithya/ng'a Mutunga", that is, "she who is to be the mother of Munyithya/Mutunga".

Her first son is to be called by this name. This name Munyithya was descriptive of certain qualities of the paternal grandfather or of his career. Thus, when she is calling her son, she would indeed be calling her father in-law, but at the same time strictly observing the cultural law of never addressing her in-laws by their first names.

After these four children are named, whose names were more or less predetermined, other children could be given any other names, sometimes after other relatives and / or family friends on both sides of the family. Occasionally, children were given names that were descriptive of the circumstances under which they were born:
 * "Nduku/Katuku" (girl) and "Mutuku/Kituku" (boy) meaning born at night,
 * "Kiloko" (girl) and "Kioko" (boy) born in the morning,
 * "Mumbua/Syombua/ Mbula" (girl) and "Wambua/Mbua" (boy) for the time of rain,
 * "Wayua" (girl) for the time of famine,
 * "Makau" (boy) for the time of war,
 * "Musyoka/Kasyuko/Musyoki" (boy) and "Kasyoka/Kasyoki" (girl) as a re-incarnation of a dead family member,
 * "Mutua/Mutui" (boy) and "Mutuo/Mwikali" (girl) as indicative of the long duration the parents had waited for this child, or a lengthy period of gestation.
 * "Munyao" (boy) for the time of famine
 * "Mueni/Waeni" (girl) for the time of visitors
 * "Maundu" (boy) for the time of multiple activities/things
 * "Muthami/Muthama" (boy) for the time of migration

Children were also given affectionate names as expressions of what their parents wished them to be in life. Such names would be like
 * "Mutongoi" (leader)
 * "Musili" (judge)
 * "Muthui" (the rich one)
 * "Ngumbau" (hero, the brave one)
 * "Kitonga" (wealthy one)

Of course, some of these names could be simply expressive of the qualities displayed by the man or woman after whom they were named. Very rarely, a boy may be given the name "Musumbi" (meaning "king"). I say very rarely because the Kamba people did not speak much in terms of royalty; they did not have a definite monarchical system. They were ruled by a council of elders called king'ole. There is a prophecy of a man, who traces his ancestry to where the sun sets (west) (in the present day county of Kitui) who will bear this name.

A girl could be called "Mumbe" meaning beautiful one or "Mwende" (beloved); Wild animal names like Nzoka (snake), Mbiti (hyena), Mbuku (hare), Munyambu (lion), or Mbiwa (fox); or domesticated animal names like Ngiti (dog), Ng'ombe (cow), or Nguku (chicken), were given to children born of mothers who started by giving stillbirths. This was done to wish away the bad omen and allow the new child to survive. Sometimes the names were used to preserve the good names for later children. There was a belief that a woman's later children had a better chance of surviving than her first ones.

Kikamba music

The Akamba people's love of music and dance is evidenced in their spectacular performances at many events in their daily lives or on occasions of regional and national importance. In their dances they display agility and athletic skills as they perform acrobatics and body movements. The Akamba dance techniques and style resemble those of the Batutsi of Rwanda-Burundi and the Aembu of Kenya. The earliest, most famous and respected traditional Kamba soloist who can be documented was Mailu Mboo (Grand Father to Influx Swaggaa top Kenyan Artiste) and came from "Kwa Vara" Now mwingi.

The following are some of the varieties of traditional dance styles of the Akamba community:
 * Mwali (plural Myali), a dance accompanying a song, the latter which is usually made to criticise anti-social behaviour.
 * Kilumi and Ngoma, religious dances, performed at healing and rain-making ceremonies;
 * Mwilu is a circumcision dance;
 * Mbalya or Ngutha is a dance for young people who meet to entertain themselves after the day's chores are done.
 * Kamandiko, or the modern disco usually held after a wedding party.

Dances are usually accompanied by songs composed for the occasion (marriage, birth, nationally important occasion), and reflect the traditional structure of the Kikamba song, sung on a pentatonic scale. The singing is lively and tuneful. Songs are composed satirising deviant behaviour, anti-social activity, etc. The Akamba have famous work songs, such as Ngulu Mwelela, sung while work, such as digging, is going on. Herdsmen and boys have different songs, as do young people and old. During the Mbalya dances the dance leader will compose love songs and satirical numbers, to tease and entertain his/her dancers.

Clothing and costumery
The Akamba of the modern times, like most people in Kenya, dress rather conventionally in western / European clothing. The men wear trousers and shirts. Young boys will, as a rule, wear shorts and short-sleeved shirts, usually in cotton, or tee-shirts. Traditionally, Akamba men wore leather short kilts made from animal skins or tree bark. They wore copious jewellery, mainly of copper and brass. It consisted of neck-chains, bracelets, and anklets.

The women in modern Akamba society also dress in the European fashion, taking their pick from dresses, skirts, trousers, jeans and shorts, made from the wide range of fabrics available in Kenya. Primarily, however, skirts are the customary and respectable mode of dress. In the past, the women were attired in knee-length leather or bark skirts, embellished with bead work. They wore necklaces made of beads, these obtained from the Swahili and Arab traders. They shaved their heads clean, and wore a head band intensively decorated with beads. The various kilumi or dance groups wore similar colours and patterns on their bead work to distinguish themselves from other groups.

Traditionally, both men and women wore leather sandals especially when they ventured out of their neighbourhoods to go to the market or on visits. While at home or working in their fields, however, they remained barefoot.

Schoolchildren, male and female, shave their heads to maintain the spirit of uniformity and equality. Currently the most popular Kamba artist include; Ken Wamaria, Kativui, Kitunguu, Katombi, Maima, Vuusya Ungu etc. Ken Wamaria is rated as the top artist in Ukambani and the richest Kenyan artist (Kioko, 2012).

Media and news channels
Vernacular radio stations in Kenya where Kamba is the primary language spoken are as follows:

 * Athiani FM
 * County FM
 * Mang'elete FM
 * Mbaitu FM
 * Musyi FM
 * Syokimau FM
 * Thokoa FM
 * Mwatu FM
 * Wikwatyo FM

Kyeni TV is a TV channel which broadcasts primarily in the Kamba language.

Mauvoo News is an online news website which covers current affairs and local news touching on Kenya's three Akamba people Counties of Makueni, Kitui and Machakos in the English language.

Academics, activism and authorship

 * Crispus Makau Kiamba - 5th Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nairobi
 * Kamoya Kimeu - Kenyan paleontologist and curator
 * Teresia Mbaika Malokwe - Kenyan environmentalist and health economist
 * Peter Mbithi - 7th Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nairobi
 * David Mulwa - Kenyan writer, academic, theatre director and actor
 * Rose Mutiso - Kenyan activist and materials scientist
 * Makau Mutua - Kenyan born professor of law and the dean of the University at Buffalo Law School and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations
 * Nduku Kilonzo - advisor in Gender and Rights Advocacy Panel to World Health Organization and Commissioner with the Lancet Commission for Health in Sub-Saharan Africa
 * Onesmus Kimweli Mutungi - first Kenyan to get a doctorate degree in law
 * Jane Catherine Ngila - acting Executive Director of the African Academy of Sciences and member of the Academy of Science of South Africa, winner of L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Award 2021
 * Musili Wambua - Associate Dean of the University of Nairobi Faculty of Law and Chancellor of University of Embu

Artists, athletes and media

 * Patrick Ivuti - Kenyan long-distance athlete and 2007 Chicago Marathon winner, 2009 Prague Marathon winner
 * Kakai Kilonzo (1954 - 24 February 1987) - benga musician of Les Kilimambogo Brothers
 * Francis Kimanzi - former Harambee Stars head coach
 * Andrew Kisilu - Footballer for Nairobi City Stars
 * Jackson Kivuva - Kenyan middle-distance runner
 * Betty Kyallo - Kenyan media personality
 * Mbithi Masya - Kenyan film director
 * Benson Masya (14 May 1970 – 24 September 2003) - long distance runner and marathon serial winners
 * Alex Mativo - Kenyan fashion designer
 * Jimmy Muindi - Kenyan marathoner and 2005 Rotterdam Marathon winner
 * Jacob "Ghost" Mulee - former Harambee Stars head coach
 * Kalekye Mumo - Kenyan media personality
 * Alexander Mutiso - winner of the 2024 London Marathon
 * Joey Muthengi - Kenyan media personality and actress
 * David Mutinda Mutua - Kenyan middle-distance runner, 2010 Moncton 800 metres World Junior Champion
 * Julius Mutinda - Kenyan field hockey player
 * Joseph Mutua - Kenyan middle-distance runner, former African Indoor 800 metres record holder
 * Kasiva Mutua - Kenyan percussionist
 * Henrie Mutuku - Kenyan gospel singer
 * Patrick Makau Musyoki - former world record holder in marathon
 * Michael Musyoki - Kenyan long-distance athlete and 1984 Summer Olympics 10,000 metres bronze medallist
 * John Nzau Mwangangi - Kenyan long distance runner and the gold medalist at the 2011 African Cross Country Championships
 * Nick Mwendwa - former president of Football Kenya Federation
 * Asha Mwilu - prominent Kenyan journalist and overall winner of the 2016 CNN Multichoice African Journalist of the year
 * Daniel Ndambuki - Kenyan comedian who hosts the comedy television show Churchill Show
 * Cosmas Ndeti (b. 24 November 1971) - three-time winner of the Boston Marathon; set the course record in 1994 with a time of 2:07:15, that record stood for 12 years
 * Mulinge Ndeto - former footballer for Kenya national team and Ulinzi Stars
 * Caleb Ndiku - Kenyan middle and long-distance runner
 * Joseph Nzau - Kenyan long-distance runner, winner of the 1983 Boston Marathon and 1990 Belgrade Marathon
 * Peter Nzioki - Kenyan actor
 * Maria Wavinya - Miss World Kenya, 2019
 * Winfred Yavi - Kenyan-born Bahraini athlete, 2023 World Athletics Championships 3000 metres Steeplechase winner

Businesspersons and professionals

 * Patricia Ithau - Chief Executive Officer of WPP-Scangroup
 * Nzamba Kitonga - former President of the East Africa Law Society and COMESA Court of Justice
 * Kathryne Maundu - Kenyan lawyer and Corporation Secretary of Safaricom, Kenya's largest mobile network operator
 * Rebecca Mbithi - Kenyan lawyer and former Chief Executive Officer of Family Bank
 * Wilfred Musau - Kenyan banker and former Chief Executive Officer of National Bank of Kenya
 * Carol Musyoka - Kenyan lawyer and business executive
 * Eric Mutua - former chairman of the Law Society of Kenya and treasurer of the East Africa Law Society
 * Nzomo Mutuku - former Chief Executive Officer of the Retirement Benefits Authority of Kenya
 * Willy Mutunga - former Chief Justice of Kenya
 * Irene Koki Mutungi - pilot for Kenya Airways and the first woman in Africa to become certified as a captain of the Boeing 787 "Dreamliner" aircraft
 * Philomena Mwilu - Deputy Chief Justice of Kenya
 * Angela Ndambuki - Regional Director for Sub-Saharan Africa at International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and former Chief Executive Officer of the Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry
 * Stella Kilonzo - former Chief Executive Officer of the Capital Markets Authority
 * Chief Kivoi Mwendwa (1780 - 1852) - long distance trader who directed Ludwig Krapf to Mount Kenya; lived in present-day Kitui; Voi Town is named after him
 * Kitili Maluki Mwendwa - first black Chief Justice of independent Kenya
 * Nzioka Waita - 2nd State House Chief of Staff under President Uhuru Kenyatta and Head of the Presidential Delivery Unit
 * Philip Waki - retired Judge Court of appeal Kenya, best known for heading the 2008 Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Violence, also known as the Waki Commission

Military and security services

 * Jeremiah Kianga - former Chief of the General Staff
 * Eliud Mbilu - former Commander of the Kenya Navy
 * Jackson Mulinge - former Chief of the General Staff of the Kenya Defence Forces and first Kenyan to attain rank of full General
 * Joseph Musyimi Lele Ndolo - first African Chief of General Staff of the Kenya Defence Forces and Commander Kenya Army
 * Hillary Mutyambai - former Deputy Director of National Intelligence Service and Inspector-General of Police

Politics and diplomacy

 * Monica Juma - National Security Advisor to President William Ruto and former Cabinet Secretary for Foreign Affairs, for Defence and Energy and Petroleum
 * Kivutha Kibwana - former cabinet minister, former Dean of Law Faculty University of Nairobi and former Governor Makueni County
 * Peter Kiilu - former Member of Parliament, Makueni Constituency
 * Kiema Kilonzo - first Kenyan ambassador to Turkey
 * Mutula Kilonzo (2 July 1948 – 27 April 2013) - Senior Counsel, former Cabinet Minister and first Senator of Makueni County
 * Samuel Kivuitu (1939 – 25 February 2013) - chairman of the now defunct Electoral Commission of Kenya
 * Cleopa Kilonzo Mailu - former Cabinet Secretary of Health, Permanent Representative of Kenya to United Nations Office at Geneva and first African Chief Executive Officer of The Nairobi Hospital
 * Richard Makenga - Member of Parliament, Kaiti Constituency
 * Julius Malombe - Governor of Kitui County
 * Peninah Malonza - Cabinet Secretary for East African Community, Arid and Semi-Arid Lands and Regional Development, former Cabinet Secretary for Tourism and Wildlife
 * Peter Mathuki - 6th Secretary General of the East African Community
 * Fred Mbiti Gideon Mati - First African Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya
 * Julius Muia - Permanent Secretary in Kenyan Ministry of Finance and former Principal Secretary in the State Department for Planning
 * David Musila - former Provincial Commissioner, former Director Tourism, MP for Mwingi South (1998–2013), former Assistant Minister for Defense, first Senator Kitui County and former Chairman Wiper Democratic Party
 * Mutava Musyimi, MP - former Member of Parliament Gachoka constituency now Mbeere South Constituency in Embu County, Former Secretary General, National Council of Churches, Kenya
 * Kalonzo Musyoka - 10th Vice President of the Republic of Kenya and party leader of Wiper Democratic Party
 * Robert Mbui - Minority Whip in the national Assembly and MP, Kathiani Constituency
 * Johnson Muthama - Chairman of United Democratic Alliance and First Senator of Machakos County
 * Alfred Mutua - Cabinet Secretary for Tourism and Wildlife and former Cabinet Secretary for Foreign and Diaspora Affairs and former Governor of Machakos County
 * Jonathan Mwangangi Mueke - former deputy Governor of Nairobi County
 * Ngala Mwendwa - member of Kenyan delegation to 1960 Lancaster House Conference and former Labour minister under Jomo Kenyatta
 * Nyiva Mwendwa - first female Cabinet Minister in Kenya
 * Gideon Ndambuki - former Member of Parliament, Kaiti Constituency
 * Wavinya Ndeti - Governor of Machakos County
 * Paul Joseph Ngei (18 October 1923 – 15 August 2004) - politician who was imprisoned for his role in the anti-colonial movement, but who went on to hold several government ministerial positions after independence
 * Charity Ngilu - former Cabinet Secretary for Land, Housing and Urban Development and former Governor of Kitui County; first woman to vie for presidency, in 1997
 * Rachael Kaki Nyamai - Kenyan Member of Parliament for Kitui South
 * Mike Sonko - former Senator and Governor of Nairobi City County

Religion

 * Urbanus Joseph Kioko - former Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Machakos
 * Boniface Lele - Catholic Archbishop (Emeritus), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mombasa
 * John Samuel Mbiti - Kenyan-born Christian theologian and philosopher, considered "father of modern African Theology"
 * Martin Kivuva Musonde - Catholic Archbishop, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mombasa
 * Joseph Mwongela - Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kitui
 * Raphael S. Ndingi Mwana a'Nzeki - retired Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nairobi
 * Benjamin Nzimbi - retired Archbishop and Primate of the Anglican Church of Kenya
 * Prophetess Syokimau - prophetess and healer

title: Kamba people


text:
Rutan Boomerang

The Rutan Model 202 Boomerang is an aircraft designed and built by Burt Rutan, with the first prototype taking flight in 1996. The design was intended to be a multi-engine aircraft that in the event of failure of a single engine would not become dangerously difficult to control due to asymmetric thrust. The result is an asymmetrical aircraft with a very distinct appearance.

Design and development
The Boomerang was designed around the specifications of the Beechcraft Baron 58, one of the best known and most numerous twin-engine civilian aircraft. The use of the asymmetrical design allows the Boomerang to fly faster and farther than the Baron using smaller engines, and seating the same number of occupants. The Boomerang is powered by two engines, with the right engine producing 10 hp (8 kW) more power than the left one (the engines are in fact the same model, just rated differently). The wings are forward-swept.

A single prototype was completed in 1996, registered as N24BT. It was operated by Rutan for six years.

Rutan's Boomerang was restored to flying condition in 2011 and made an appearance at Oshkosh that year as part of the Tribute to Rutan.

Morrow Aircraft Corporation MB-300
In 1997, avionics entrepreneur Ray Morrow and his son, Neil, founded an air taxi company, Skytaxi. Initially they used Cessna 414s as interim aircraft, but in the long term they planned to use a modified version of Rutan's Boomerang design, which they designated the MB-300, and founded Morrow Aircraft Corporation in order to design and manufacture the MB-300. In 1999, Morrow applied to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States for a type certificate for the MB-300, however development was suspended in 2002 before the prototype was completed, and was not resumed.

title: Rutan Boomerang


text: User talk:82.32.7.178

title: User talk:82.32.7.178


text: Category:Russian inventors

title: Category:Russian inventors


text: User talk:61.1.229.100

title: User talk:61.1.229.100