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Falun

Falun is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 37,291 inhabitants in 2010. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with just over 100,000 inhabitants.

Falun was originally famous for its copper mine, and is today an important service and industrial city even though the mine is closed (since 1992).

Faluån is a river, flowing through the city, separating it into two sides. Falu copper mine is located on one of the sides which during many centuries was one of Sweden's main business. This side of the river was usually called "the mining side", where not many plants grew due to the toxic smoke which contaminated the soil. On the other side of the river, where the smoke did not reach, set many large villas, which made this side to be called "the delightful side". The centre of Falun consists of classical pedestrian streets with small shops. In 1998, the city reclaimed the award of "the city centre of the year" in Sweden.

In 2001, the city, the copper mine, and mining areas of Falun were added to the list of world heritage sites by the United Nations. Dalarna University, with its 18 000 students, has a campus located in Falun ― close to the national ski stadium where the ski world championship has taken place a number of times, including the last one in 2015.

The name of Falun has influenced the names of some Swedish items associated with the town, such as Falu red (a paint color), Falu rågrut (a snack), Falu ättika (a type of vinegar) and Falukorv.

History
The town of Falun is known to have existed in the 14th century as a market place for the surrounding lands. Mining for copper had been a local business since the mid-13th century, or possibly as early as 1000, and the organisation for the extracting of copper and gold from Stora Kopparberget is believed to be the oldest still-existing enterprise in the world, proved active since 1347, when its charter was granted by King Magnus IV of Sweden. The first share in the company is dated as early as 1288.

However, an enterprise at that time was nothing more than a cooperative among the owners, each contributing with a share of money for construction, tools, etc., necessary to run the organisation. Depending on their contributions they could use the facilities and share the profits in proportion to the relative sizes of their individual contributions.

The city of Falun received its privileges in 1641. By then Falun was already one of the largest cities in Sweden, with about 6000 inhabitants. Soon, however, the importance of the copper mine began to decrease. In 1687, parts of the mine collapsed in a landslide, creating a 100 m deep pit. Even though the mine remained in use for the next 300 years, the production gradually diminished, until it closed down in 1992.

The mining area of the Falun Mine has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which also was the name of the mining company of Falun, is today a part of Stora Enso.

During World War II, Falun was the place where the authorities "interned" British and American airmen who happened to land in Sweden or reached the country after landing in German-controlled territories. Unlike civilian refugees from Germany, who were kept in internment camps throughout the country, British and American airmen were placed in hotels and bed and breakfast establishments in the Falun area, and enjoyed relative freedom.

Climate
Falun has a humid continental climate (Dfb).

Winter is the longest season lasting approximately from mid-November until the end of March, although March daytime temperatures tend to be mild. With an average high temperature of 23 C, July is the warmest month. However, the all-time heat record was set on August 4, 2014, when 35.1 C was measured. This was, in turn, the highest measured temperature of the intense heatwave that summer that affected most of Scandinavia. The climate of Falun is more continental than most of Sweden since it is relatively far from large bodies of waters moderating temperatures. As a result, the highs of July in Falun are normally warmer than many areas much further south in the country. Winters, however, are cold but also highly variable due to the proximity to some maritime influence that often brings mild temperatures above freezing, moderating average temperatures. The most precipitation occurs during the summer months of July and August. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Falun is -40.0 C. The weather station has however, not recorded below -37.2 C according to the open data.

Architectural history
Stora Gruvstugan was designed by Eric Geisler and built between 1771 and 1785 in a Rococo Style, also referred to as Late Baroque. The building is situated by Falun Copper Mine and used to be the main office to the copper mine. In 1882 the building was rebuilt into Berslagets museum. At the beginning of 1920, the mining came close to the structure which made it fragile and extensive repairs were made to the building.

Västra Skolan was built in 1915, based on a design by the city architect in Falun, Klas Boman. The building functioned as a school up until 2010. The tower was a replica of Kristine Kyrka, XVIIth century parish church of Falun, from which one could view the entire low built the city.

Egnellska Huset was built in 1903, and was designed by Falun's first city architect, Klas Boman. The building functioned as a modern residential building. The building was initially a light yellow color and then later recolored in a more bright yellow color. After two separate fires in 2007 and 2008, the building was restored to its original appearance.

Falugatan is a street in Falun and has since the 15th century functioned as a connection between eastern and western Falun. Thanks to its location by the river, this site became an important commerce site for the city. When Falun, officially became a city, in 1641, it was this street that named the city to Falun. The street kept its appearance up until the 1960s when Falun was modernized architectural. During the 1960', four of the five 18th century buildings were demolished and today, the Körsnerska Huset is the only one remaining in its original appearance.

Centralpalatset is a building located on Stora Torget in Falun and is a monumental building, decorated in Art Nouveau. It was built between 1895 and 1896, and was designed by the local architect Ferdinand Boberg. The author Selma Lagerlöf lived in the building, and it was here she wrote The Wonderful Adventures of Nils. In 1947, the initial balconies were removed and in 1955 the whole building was facing a renovation where the facade was redesigned and the whole house scaled-down, making it shorter and flatter

Wiklunds Glas was a building on Åsgatan in Falun and was designed in a combination between Art Nouveau and Renaissance in the Low Countries. The building was designed by the architect J.Wernfeldt and functioned as a location for a glass company. The building was demolished in 1971, when Falun was modernized.

Geislerska Huset was built sometime between 1765 and 1768 by Eric Geisler. The building was built by a technique which later became referred to as Eric Geisler Technique. It was the oldest building in the world built with copper slag stone. The building was demolished in 1977, and on the site today is an office building.

Rådhuset (Town Hall) is located on Stora Torget in Falun. Was built between 1649 and 1653, initially as a one-floor building, but in the 1960s, a second floor was added onto the building. In 1761, the building was destroyed in a fire, but was quickly rebuilt and is still, today, standing on the same site.

Varmbadhuset a community swimming pool facility in Falun. It was designed in a National Romantic Style by the city architect Klas Boman and built in 1911. In the 1960s a sports center was planned out for Falun and Varmbadhuset lost its importance and faced demolition in 1974, despite strong protests from the residents in Falun. On the site today is the police station.

In 1961, an architectural competition was organized in Falun. The neighborhood (Falan) between the western side of Stora Torget and Faluån was to be modernized. The competition was won by Uhlin och Malms Arkitektkontor in Stockholm. The final design was built in 1968, with two buildings along the western side of the Plaza. Since 1968, the buildings have been rebuilt many times.

Education
There is a number of elementary schools in Falun, as well as a number of high schools.

For education, the city holds part of the University College of Dalarna (Högskolan Dalarna).

Today
In sports, Falun hosts the annual Swedish Ski Games at its skiing arena Lugnet, Falun. The city's most successful sports team is the bandy team Falu BS which has played in the Swedish top division for many years. Also, IBF Falun, the floorball male and female teams, have been very successful. Falu FK play in Division 2 Norra Svealand.

Lugnet, Falun Stadium has also hosted the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships four times: 1954, 1974, 1993 and most recently in 2015.

The city lost out to Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in 1981 for the 1988 Winter Olympics. Again, Falun applied for the 1992 Winter Olympics but lost out to Albertville, France, in 1986. The city lost despite the best efforts of one of ABBA's singers who recorded a single in support of the bid.

Falun is the hometown of 'The Battle', one of the world's most famous snowboard competitions.

Iron and Copper byproducts from the mine are still used as a paint ingredient, in the production of the nationally well known and culturally important Falu Red paint, particularly used on wooden houses.

Notable people

 * Oscar Alin (1846–1900) historian and politician.
 * Sture Bergwall, (born 1950), falsely convicted of serial murder
 * Ferdinand Boberg, (1860–1946) architect
 * Joakim Brodén, (born 1980) founder and lead vocalist of power metal band Sabaton
 * Civil War, (founded 2012) power metal band
 * Brothers of Metal, (founded 2012) power metal band
 * Elma Danielsson, (1865-1936), journalist and politician
 * Björn Dixgård, (born 1981) musician (Mando Diao)
 * Jorian Engelbrektsson, (born 1982) pinball champion
 * Fet-Mats, (died 1677) a natural mummy found in Sweden in 1719.
 * Patrick Johansson, (born 1976) drummer
 * Selma Lagerlöf, (1858–1940) author, awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Literature
 * Lina Leandersson, (born 1995) actress
 * Bertil Lintner, (born 1953) journalist
 * Kristian Matsson (born 1983) musician, stage name The Tallest Man on Earth
 * Henrik Petrini, (1863–1957) mathematician
 * Ernst Rolf, (1891–1932), actor and singer
 * Georg Skarstedt, (1900–1976) actor
 * Vincent Skoglund, (born 1974), photographer
 * Georg Stiernhielm, (1598–1672) civil servant, mathematician, linguist and poet.
 * Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh, (1910–1948) palaeontologist and geologist.
 * Pär Sundström, (born 1981) founder and Bassist of power metal band Sabaton
 * Twilight Force, (founded 2011) power metal band
 * Putte Wickman, (1924–2006) jazz clarinetist

Sport

 * Adam Boqvist (born 2000), ice hockey player
 * Jesper Boqvist (born 1998), ice hockey player
 * Zećira Mušović (born 1996), footballer
 * Mattias Ekström (born 1978), racing driver
 * Samuel Ersson (born 1999), ice hockey goaltender
 * Maria Hjorth (born 1973), golfer
 * Tomas Jonsson (born 1960, former ice hockey player, now coach
 * Anders Kallur (born 1952), former ice hockey player
 * Jenny Kallur (born 1981), athlete, World Championships finalist 2005 in 100 m hurdles
 * Susanna Kallur (born 1981), athlete, World Record Holder 60 meter hurdles
 * Marcus Ljungqvist (born 1974), former road bicycle racer
 * Jenny Rissveds (born 1994), Olympic Champion Rio 2016, U23 Mountain Bike World Champion 2016
 * Walter Steiner (born 1951), former ski jumper
 * Ulf Stenlund (born 1967), former tennis player
 * Mats Gren (born 1963), former footballer

In popular culture
The short story "Die Bergwerke zu Falun" ("The Mines of Falun") was published by E. T. A. Hoffmann in 1819, based on what happened to Fet-Mats Israelsson.

Sports

The following sports clubs are located in Falun:

 * Falu BS
 * Falu FK
 * Korsnäs IF FK
 * Slätta SK
 * IBF Falun

Annual music festival
Starting in 2008 Falun has been the home of a rock and metal festival called Sabaton Open Air: Rockstad Falun.

title: Falun


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Gagnef

Gagnef is the second largest locality situated in Gagnef Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 1,049 inhabitants in 2010. Gagnef consists of several small villages: The Church Village, Kyrkbyn, The Station Village, Stationsbyn, Moje, Moje, Tjaerna, Tjärna, Graev, Gräv, Gaersholn, Gärsholm, Gagnefs Grauda, Gagnefs Gråda, Osterfors, Österfors, Vaesterfors, Västerfors, Nordbaeck, Nordbäck, Gagnefsbyn, Gagnefsbyn, Nordauker, Nordåker and Pellesgaurdarna, Pellesgårdarna.

Actress Malin Levanon comes from Gagnef. The artist Ottilia Adelborg lived there for several decades, and there is now an Ottilia Adelborg Museum in Gagnef.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Gagnef:

 * Gagnefs IF

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gagnef


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Borlänge

Borlänge is a locality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 44,898 inhabitants as of 2020. It is the seat of the Borlänge Municipality which as of 2017 had a total population of 51,604 inhabitants.

History
Originally Borlänge was the name of a tiny village, and traces back to at least the 1390s. The village was insignificant up until about 1870. In 1872 the construction of Domnarfvets Jernverk, the ironworks of neighbouring village Domnarvet started. In 1875 a railway between Falun and Ludvika, via Borlänge was inaugurated. Thanks to its railway station the village of Borlänge became highly important in servicing the ironworks.

In 1898, Borlänge was granted privileges by the national Swedish government as a market town (Swedish: köping) with about 1,300 inhabitants, but still today it belongs to the Church of Sweden's regionally historically dominant parish of Stora Tuna, centered on a large medieval church by that name (meaning great enclosed farmyards), now located in a rural district east of the city. In 1898, the Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag - the owner of the ironworks in Domnarvet at the time - built a papermill in an adjacent village to Borlänge called Kvarnsveden, upstream from Domnarvet. Many area residents emigrated to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In 1944, the City of Borlänge was incorporated after the market town joined the industrial towns of Domnarvet and Kvarnsveden. In 1971 the municipality of Borlänge was established when the Stora Tuna municipality merged with the City of Borlänge.

From the 1940s onward, politics in the municipality has been dominated by the Social Democratic Party.

In the early 1970s, the Kvarnsvedens Pappersbruk paper mill and the Domnarvets Jernverk steel mill had a high demand for employees.

Between 1970 and 1974, the Tjärna Ängar Million Programme district was built.

In the 1990s, Borlänge had the highest crime rate per thousand inhabitants in Sweden, dominated by violence and theft.

Demographics
According to the Borlänge Municipality, as of 2017, Borlänge had a population of 51,604 inhabitants. 11,693 residents in the city are of foreign origin, comprising 22.7% of the total population. Of these individuals, 8,837 were born abroad and 2,856 were born in Sweden. Most of the residents of foreign background come from Asia, Africa, other Nordic countries, and other parts of Europe.

According to the Borlänge Municipality, in the 1990s, most foreign-born residents of Borlänge arrived from Southern Europe, due to the civil wars in Yugoslavia. During the 2000s, immigrants in the city primarily came from Somalia, Iraq and Turkey. The Somalia-born immigrants mainly arrived via family reunification. This migration had decreased by the following decade, with most newcomers in Borlänge now consisting of asylum immigrants from Syria and Eritrea. As of 2016, there are 472 refugees in the municipality, most of whom originate from Syria (218), Eritrea (121), and Somalia (56). The newer asylum immigrants in the city largely emigrated from Syria and Eritrea.

As of 2017, the most common countries of origin for total foreign-born individuals residing in Borlänge are
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia (3,114)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland (1,570)
 * Syria (1,032)
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq (1,028)
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey (926)
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea (350)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand (322)
 * 🇮🇷 Iran (240)
 * Ex-Yugoslavia (197)
 * 🇳🇴 Norway (174).

Districts
Borlänge's official districts and their inhabitants from 1975 to 2010:

Tjärna ängar
According to the Borlänge Municipality, many of the city's inhabitants with a foreign background live in the neighborhoods of Jakobsgårdarna and Tjärna Ängar (nicknamed "Lilla Mogadishu" because of its many Somalia-born inhabitants ).

An agreement between the Borlänge Municipality and the Swedish Migration Board to receive 30 refugees per year has contributed to the population growth, with many arriving via family reunification. Additionally, people have relocated to the city from other areas. Many are young, with few individuals older than 60 years of age. Over a five-year period, the number of inhabitants in Tjärna Ängar increased considerably, as 1,000 young persons relocated to the neighborhood. The new arrivals principally came from two or three foreign backgrounds, and included university students and people who had emigrated from abroad.

In its December 2015 report, the Swedish Police Authority placed the Borlänge's Tjärna Ängar district in the second highest category of urban areas with high crime rates. In the summer of 2016, there was widespread vandalism, cars were torched and when firefighters arrived, they were attacked with stones and had to wait for police to escort them in order to complete their mission. The Dalarna University College has student accommodation in the area where female students are sexually harassed by the local male youth on a regular basis and avoid going outdoors after sunset.

In a 2018 interview, the local police commissioner Erik Gatu stated in an interview that clan leaders and religious leaders have taken over the leadership of the area, where 9 out of 10 are born abroad. Police has noted a change in 2017 when crime happens, nobody calls the police but the injured parties settle among themselves according to "an eye for an eye" in a parallel justice system. Although the official number of inhabitants are $3,500$, unofficially the population may be as high as $6,000$-$10,000$, when water usage and the weight of generated household waste is analysed.

Employers
Borlänge has for a long time been an industrial town surrounding the iron mill of Domnarvet (SSAB) and the paper mill of Kvarnsveden (Stora Enso). As a city with a structure heavily divided by rails and roads, with a modern city center, Borlänge also houses the head office for a state authority - the National Swedish Transport Administration Trafikverket.

Sport
The city boasts a successful football team IK Brage, named after the Norse god, has a history of 18 seasons in the Swedish Premier Division (Allsvenskan). Brage plays in green and white and hosts its home games at Domnarvsvallen Stadium in Borlänge, with a seating capacity of 6,500. Another Borlänge team which has had a great deal of success in the sport, with both domestic and foreign fans following their progress, is the multicultural soccer team Dalkurd FF.

Other sports clubs located in Borlänge include:

 * Forssa BK
 * IF Tunabro
 * Islingby IK
 * Kvarnsvedens IK
 * Stora Tuna OK

In 2013, a Somali national bandy team was formed in Borlänge with the goal of participating in the 2014 Bandy World Championship.

The 2008 Women's Bandy World Championship was also arranged with Borlänge as the main venue.

In 1999 the large orienteering competition O-Ringen was held around Borlänge, gathering 15 238 participants.

The 1993 World Gliding Championships were held at the Borlänge Airport, east of the town.

Music
As is the case with its twin city, Falun, music is an important part of Borlänge. It has been the hometown of many new young musicians in Sweden such as Mando Diao, Sugarplum Fairy and Miss Li and offers the possibility to get a degree in popular music at BoomTown Music Education, a branch of the School of Music at Luleå University of Technology.

The annual but now defunct Peace & Love music festival was hosted in Borlänge.

Notable musical groups

 * Stonewall Noise Orchestra, rock band
 * Mando Diao, rock band
 * Twilight Force, power metal band
 * Astral Doors, heavy metal band
 * Dozer, stoner rock band
 * Greenleaf, stoner rock band
 * Sator, rock band (earlier Sator Codex)
 * Rootvälta, reggae band
 * Sugarplum Fairy, rock band
 * Anekdoten, prog band

Notable people

 * Simon Aspelin, tennis player
 * Jens Bergenström hockey player
 * Jussi Björling, tenor
 * Mattias Ekholm, - NHL Hockey Player for Edmonton Oilers
 * Erik Eriksson, Centre Party's first chairman
 * Tomas Forslund, ice hockey player
 * Per Fosshaug, bandy player
 * Lars Frölander, swimmer
 * Nils Patrik Johansson, heavy metal singer
 * Lars Jonsson, ice hockey player
 * Gabriel Karlsson hockey player
 * Miss Li, musician
 * Lasse Nilsson, football player
 * Gustaf Norén, musician
 * Mattias Ritola hockey player
 * Johan Olof Wallin, archbishop, poet and psalmist

Education

 * Dalarna University College
 * Soltorgsgymnasiet
 * Hagagymnasiet
 * Rytmus musikgymnasium
 * Erikslundgymnasiet
 * NTI Gymnasiet

title: Borlänge


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Talk:Borlänge

Expressen
Expressen is a WP:RS because it won "Newspaper of the Year" sv: Årets Dagstidning award in 2016: https://www.medievarlden.se/2016/03/har-ar-vinnarna-av-arets-dagstidning-2016/. Further, the statement that people from Finland, Yugoslavia and Somalia arrived in Tjärna Ängar in that order is not disputed in/by any source given. Since Expressen is claimed to be generally unreliable, that claim must be backed up with a WP:RS source. AadaamS (talk) 21:51, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The focus on the population of Tjärna Ängar over Borlänge's various other neighborhoods is undue. This district's population figures also have nothing to do with its police classification as a vulnerable area or with harassment on the Dalarna university premises. Tying these disparate things together is WP:SYNTH. Also, the tabloid indicates that "Senare, i slutet av 80- och början av 90-talet, kom kurderna och jugoslaverna. Nu är det somalierna, och Tjärna ängar kallas i folkmun "Lilla Mogadishu", which per Google Translate means "Later, in the late 80s and early 90's, the Kurds and Yugoslavians came. Now it's Somalis, and Tjärnängar is called in the popular "Little Mogadishu"." . The wikitext claimed instead that the migrants had arrived from Kurdistan. Regardless, it doesn't matter if that paper won an award; the Daily Mail was likewise named Newspaper of the Year at the British Press Awards. Both are still tabloids, and as such are discouraged per WP:QS. Soupforone (talk) 04:43, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * All newspapers in Sweden are in the Tabloid format these days. The statements were supported by WP:RS, the statements in Expressen have not been falsified. Instead, other WP:RS sources support them. It's not undue weight since the situation in Tjärna Ängar has reached national news and has been written about by Nationella operativa avdelningen, part of the nation-level police authority. Have other areas in Borlänge? Why only this one? Segregation in Tjärna Ängar has also been written about. Has also been discussed in parliament: https://riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/skriftlig-fraga/situationen-i-bostadsomradet-tjarna-angar-i_H511281. It is not synthesis, there are many poor areas in Norrland and other northern parts of Sweden where paramedics & firefighters are never violently attacked. Attacking paramedics is a war crime under the Geneva Convention. The classification as "risk area" means that it has parallell "local justice systems" and authorities are starting to lose control of the area - why would this happen in only this but not other poor areas in northern parts of Sweden? AadaamS (talk) 06:47, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Blaming socio-economics for ills caused by segregation is misrepresenting the sources. AadaamS (talk) 06:49, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * In the end this discussion is useless since this is a seldomly edited article. An editor patrolling this article several times a day will always prevail. AadaamS (talk) 06:56, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

As noted in its infobox, that paper is an actual tabloid (like the Daily Mirror), not merely a newspaper in tabloid format. Tabloids are not reliable per WP:QS. That being said, I don't disagree that the riots and harassment are notable, which is why I moved them to socioeconomics. Here is the problematic wikitext--
 * "Tjärna Ängar is a Million Programme district built 1970-1974. In 1995 there were 3200 inhabitants which decreased to 1900 in 1990 and increased to 2900 in 2010.[5] Initially there was a high influx of migrant workers, particularly from Finland.[6] In the late 1980s and early 1990s there were an influx of migrants from Kurdistan and Yugoslavia. In the late 2000s, the influx was from Somalia. In total 2 of 3 have a foreign background.[4][5]"

This passage is on demographics; none of the links in it are on the riots/harassment. Therefore, it should not be juxtaposed by the latter because that would give the misleading impression that the aforementioned immigrant groups are the cause of the upheaval per WP:SYNTHESIS ("do not combine material from multiple sources (or different parts of one source) to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources"). The wikiphrase above on Tjärna Ängar's population is undue since the Borlänge Municipality actually indicates population figures for all of the city's primary districts, not just this neighborhood. I have therefore corrected this with a table noting all of the districts and their respective populations. Soupforone (talk) 16:02, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

1990s crime rate
It says Borlänge's 1990s crime rate was the highest per thousand persons, but compared to where? Highest in Sweden? Highest in Europe? I'm sure it would be explained in the source, but I can't read enough Swedish to find out. TooManyFingers (talk) 04:21, 7 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Highest in Sweden. I will add it. Per W (talk) 06:23, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Borlänge


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Avesta (locality)

Avesta is a locality and the seat of Avesta Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 11,949 inhabitants in 2015.

The name is first found in 1303 as "Aghastadhum". Aghe is of similar origin as the word å, meaning stream, in this case the Avestafors, a tributary of the river Dalälven. Stadhum was dative plural of a word of similar origin as stead, or farm.

History
In the Scandinavian Middle Ages there was a blast furnace at the location. In 1636 the construction of a giant copper mine was initiated near the Avesta fors.

The town Avesta received partial privileges in 1641 as a town under the city of Falun, and in 1644 a copper mint was built. However, the privileges were withdrawn in 1688 due to complaints of competition from its neighbour, mainly Falun. Copper coins were continued to be minted until 1831, and the copper works was in function until 1869.

Full city rights were regranted in 1919. The designated coat of arms depict the signs for copper and iron.

Geography
The town is located by the Dalecarlia River (Dalälven).

The railway junction Krylbo is situated in Avesta.

Climate
Avesta has a humid continental climate with sizeable seasonal differences, although much less than would be expected for an interior climate north of 60°N. Being situated at the foot of the higher areas to its west, summer temperatures are warm because of the relatively low elevation of around 100 m above sea level. Precipitation is quite high by standards of Sweden's areas closer to the Baltic Sea, which renders the possibility of heavy snowfall in winter.

Sightseeing

 * The city of Avesta has the world's largest Dalecarlian horse. The horse statue is made of concrete.

 * Koppardalen Verket is a popular attraction in Avesta. It is a former ironworks that began operations in 1874. It is now a museum and hosts art exhibits.

 * Metropoolen is an indoor swimming pool and adventure area in Avesta. It includes a 78-meter-long water slide.

 * Avesta Visentpark (Avesta Bison Park) has about 25 European bison. The park has a cafe, a historic home from the 1930s, and a children's playhouse.

Notable people

 * Retired NHL defenceman Nicklas Lidström
 * Swedish footballer Lina Hurtig
 * Tony Rickardsson

Bands

 * Scar Symmetry

title: Avesta (locality)


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Mora, Sweden

Mora is a locality and the seat of Mora Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 10,896 inhabitants in 2010.

History
There are signs of human activity in the surroundings of Mora dating from 4000 BC. The earliest found buildings in Mora are from the 7th century. Some of the buildings can today be found in Mora's open-air museum Zorns gammelgård ("Zorn's old homestead").

Mora parish was established in the 13th century.

In late 1520, Gustav Vasa stopped in Mora, in order to organize a rebellion against the Danish troops which occupied Sweden. The citizens of Mora first declined to help Gustav Vasa, but later changed their minds and sought Gustav Vasa when he was about to cross the Norwegian border. According to the legend two men from Mora (Lars Jakobsson and Engelbrekt Jonsson) caught up with Gustav Vasa in Sälen and told him his people would now fight with him. The rebellion managed to overthrow the Danish government in Sweden and Gustav Vasa was installed as king of Sweden.

In the 17th century, it was the location of the famous Mora witch trial.

During the 18th century the area around Mora was struck by famine, and many citizens abandoned their homes. Most went to Stockholm and southern Sweden where they learnt new craftsman skills. Returning to Mora they used their new knowledge to build up new industries. During the end of the 18th century and the 19th, cottage industries of clocks, sewing machines, knives and water taps were important to the economy. Water taps and knives are still thriving industries.

Geography
Mora is located between the northern shore of lake Siljan and the southern shore of lake Orsasjön where the Österdal River enters Siljan. Mora lies on the west side of Europe's largest meteor impact crater (Siljansringen).

The northern part of the municipality marks the beginning of the Scandinavian mountain range.

Climate
Mora has a cool and maritime version of the humid continental climate, where it is at the periphery of the northern zone. Non-subarctic climates in inland areas at north of the 61st parallel are very rare and can be attributed to the warming influence of the North Atlantic air masses. Being located at some distance from the four largest lakes, the Atlantic and the Baltic seas, Mora has a more continental climate than the major cities of Sweden, with relatively warm summers but with high variability between cold and milder winters. As of 2021, the mildest January was 1.9 C in 2020 and the coldest -18.1 C during the record-breaking deep freeze of 1987.

Midsummer
As the rest of the municipalities around Lake Siljan, also in Mora, the summer solstice celebration of Midsummer plays an important role in the cultural life. People dress up in traditional folk costumes, raise maypoles, play traditional music and dance around the maypole.

Anders Zorn
The house where Swedish painter Anders Zorn lived in, together with his wife Emma, is located next to the Mora Church and is open to the public. A museum containing many of his works of art has been built next door. Right outside of Mora, in the Utmeland village, is the house Zorn was born in.

Statues
A statue of King Gustav Vasa, made by Zorn, is placed on a small hill at the finishing line of Vasaloppet in Mora. Another statue depicting Zorn is located in the park behind the district court house of Mora. A third statue of a cross country skier is placed in front of the municipal house next to the town's characteristic red wooden bell tower (Swedish: Klocka).

Local Music
Mora is home to many members of Swedish folk band Francis. Mora is also where singer-songwriter Winona Oak grew up.

Mora clock
Gustavian Mora clock are a type of longcase clock which were made in the town of Mora. Production began in the late 18th century and continued through most of the 19th finally succumbing to the increased competition from newer styles and cheaper mass production methods. Mora Fontaineece's namesake comes from the beautifully manufactured Mora clocks.

Ice hockey
Mora IK plays in HockeyAllsvenskan, the second-highest Swedish ice hockey league.

Skiing
Mora is also known as the finish of the annual Vasaloppet, a 90 kilometre cross-country skiing event held in the honour of Gustav Vasa. The competition is visited by more than 48,000 annual participants in all the skiing events throughout the Vasaloppet week in the beginning of March.

Golf
Mora has an 18-hole golf course located at sandängarna in Mora and an 18 hole, Jeremy Turner designed tournament length course on Sollerön. http://www.solgolf.se/

Cycling
The "Cykelvasan" is a summer version of the Vasaloppet with its start and finish in Mora. During June we also have the famous "Siljanrunt" road races, attracting top European cyclists over three stages 70, 120 and 160 km with all races commencing and finishing on Sollerön.

Football
IFK Mora FK are based in Mora.

Tournaments
Mora played host to 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, held in FM Mattsson Arena. Another sporting event is 1984 World's Strongest Man.

Economy
The town of Mora is well known for its craft products. A famous Swedish souvenir, dalahäst, a wooden horse, is produced in the village Nusnäs just outside Mora.

The high quality yet inexpensive Mora knives are made in Mora.

Steel production company Ovako has a production site in Mora.

Mora is the terminus of the Mora-Uppsala Railway, also known as Dala Line.

Notable people

 * Christina Garsten (born 1962), social anthropologist

 * Jon Olsson (born 1982), professional freeskier and alpine ski racer

title: Mora, Sweden


text:
Talk:Copy (publishing)

The article is slightly wrong when it specifies that copy only refers to written material. I'm fairly sure that advertising executives refer to an entire proposal as copy, including pictures, words, diagrams, and more. Additionally, newspaper/magazine advertisers refer to the actual print adverts as "copy"—for example, a production editor on a magazine will have to gather together the "advertising copy" (ie pages, or insertions) before the magazine goes to press. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.138.167.141 (talk • contribs)

Actually, I'm in the industry, when we say "copy" we are only referring to the main body of text that we've paid a "copy writer" to produce the description removed seems more accurate. Copy writers usually can't do any of the other stuff, just write the main text in the body of a web page or printed article. It's the editors that write the captions, titles, headlines, etc. texxs (talk) 13:22, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm in the industry as well, and we certainly do refer to whole adverts as "copy" when sending them off to magazines. See for example page 5 of this typical media pack. It surprised me at first, because "copy" can also refer specifically to the text of an advert (what copywriters do), and that's how I'd heard it used before. the wub "?!"  14:27, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

--

I deleted this:
 * "Copy is distinct from other elements to be found on the page in that, typically, the writer of the copy will not concern themselves with placing text around pictures and other pieces of page furniture: page template, page numbers, headlines and subheadings. Copy may be sent in remotely and then pasted into its place in the layout."

I'll replace it with info on body copy and display copy. Maurreen 10:58, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Deleted: Request to merge
The request to merge Copy (written) with Copyright was removed. Written copy and copyrighting are two entirely different things. The first concerns actual content, while the second concerns legal protections that people put into place for the works of writing, art, or otherwise. 12/13/05

 * The request to merge was with copywriting, not Copyright. I have restored the request. Nurg 01:21, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Link to German entry
I think the related German article "Typoskript" does not match the English "Copy" since Typoskript only deals with the technical means a text is created, not dealing with the content. The better match would be http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebrauchstext. 88.68.19.35 (talk) 10:33, 6 July 2014 (UTC)Edding89

Why is it called Copy?
I am continuously baffled by the question why the heck it is called COPY. It is not a copy (duplicate), it is unique. Or at least in many/most cases. Could not find anything anywhere on why it is called "copy". (Personally I hate the term but that does not do anything here or there.) Would love it if anybody could add this. Also it seems to me that basically all "texters" are called copywriters nowadays - at least as long it is not for a book (author) or magazine (journalists). Hell, even the relation to "blogger" looks very blurry to me. 31.150.135.25 (talk) 11:30, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

This web page https://www.grammarphobia.com/blog/2013/08/copy.html indicates that the meaning of the word goes back hundreds of years. I don't know the best way to incorporate the word history/etymology on to this page, but I think it would be helpful. 74.132.28.47 (talk) 13:09, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copy (publishing)


text:
Unitarisk Kirkesamfund

Unitarisk Kirkesamfund (English: Unitarian Church Society) is the Danish Unitarian Church, founded on 18 May 1900 as "Det fri Kirkesamfund" (literally, The Free Congregation) by a group of liberal Christians. In 1992 they changed the name to the now "Unitarisk Kirkesamfund".

Since 1908, the church has been outside the Church of Denmark. Unitarisk Kirkesamfund is a member and co-founder of the International Association for Religious Freedom and the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists.

title: Unitarisk Kirkesamfund


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pgunn

long history of supporting communism and spreading misinformation; also trying to remove valid articles just because the user "does not agree". your opinion please. Delete. Waste of valuable hard drive space.
 * Keep. Now he's gonna think I logged out and did this.--[[User:Nricardo|Nelson Ricardo  >>Talk<<]] 11:03, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pgunn


text:
List of cancer clusters

This is a list of cancer clusters. A cancer cluster is a statistical event, which may or may not have a cause other than chance. There are other cancer clusters that occur without any obvious source of carcinogens.

title: List of cancer clusters


text:
Katonah (Native American leader)

Katonah was a Lenape sachem who led parts of two bands of Wappinger in what is today the far southeastern part of mainland New York State and southwestern Connecticut: the Wiechquaeskeck in the Greenwich, Stamford areas of Connecticut, and the Ramapo inhabiting that of today’s Bedford, New York.

Some believe the Ramapo Sachemdom - which later relocated across the Hudson River in both New York and New Jersey (for whom today’s town of Ramapo, New York, and the Ramapo Mountains of New Jersey are named) - was part of the Tankiteke chieftaincy of the Wappinger (itself effectively a league or confederation of a dozen or so bands, sovereign to itself but linguistically at least a Lenape people).

The land of today’s town of Bedford was purchased from Chief Katonah.

Biography
Katonah was the sachem of the condensed remnants of a Wappinger people called the Ramapo (whose descendants today, largely in New Jersey, are known as the Ramapough Mountain Indians. He lived in the area in the late seventeenth century. Records show that in 1708 the Ridgefield settlers petitioned the colonial General Assembly at Hartford to remove the Ramapo. Katonah sold the Ramapo lands of 20,000 acres for 100 Pounds Sterling to the "Proprietors of Ridgefield". His name appears on land deeds up to 1743. The Remnant tribe of the Ramapo scattered to the north and west.

Chief Katonah was the son of Onox (the elder) and the grandson of Ponus, Sachem of the Rippowams. Katonah was the successor to Powahay, his brother. Katonah had a brother named Onox and a son named Papiag who also signed land deeds. His uncle, Tapgow, son of Ponus, signed many land deeds in northern New Jersey including the Schuyler Patent or the Ramapo Tract Deed in 1710 in northern New Jersey. Katonah was married to Cantitoe, sometimes known as Mustato, said to be of the Pompton tribe. Their daughter married Samuel Mohawk alias Chickens Warrups.

Legend has it that Katonah died of grief after his wife and son were killed by lightning. He is said to be buried with them in Katonah's Wood, off New York State Route 22. William Will's poem Katonah describes him laid beneath a giant boulder and the others under two smaller immediately adjacent boulders.

Legacy
The hamlet of Katonah, New York, located within Bedford, is named for Chief Katonah.

In 2007, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia applied for a trademark on the Katonah name for a line of furniture. Members of the Ramapough Lenape Nation joined forces with local residents to oppose it.

title: Katonah (Native American leader)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Pgunn

LOL DELETE THIS TRIPE


text:
Katonah, New York

Katonah is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Bedford, Westchester County, in the U.S. state of New York. The Katonah CDP had a population of 1,603 at the 2020 census.

History

Katonah is named for Chief Katonah, a Native American sachem from whom the land of Bedford was purchased by a group of English colonists.

During the American Revolution most local men supported the Continental side, with some joining the New York 4th Regiment of the Line and the majority the local Militia. Though Bedford Township lay in what was called "Neutral Ground", supposedly unmolested by military forces of either side, its inhabitants were preyed on by the lawless of both. The area suffered less from such depredations than other areas in the Neutral Ground because of the proximity of the Croton River and the "Westchester Lines", a sparse string of outposts defended by units of the Continental Army.

Originally known as Whitlockville, the settlement changed its name, then moved south to its present site in 1897, when what is known by some as "Old Katonah" was flooded by the construction of the New Croton Dam. This raised the water level behind it enough to submerge the existing Muscoot Dam, the waters it empounded, and the village, under the resultantly expanded Muscoot Reservoir. More than 50 buildings were moved from the old site to "New Katonah", rolled on logs pulled by horses. The move was originally ordered to start in 1894, but litigation delayed this by almost three years. Evidently not all of the moved houses were within the affected area, leaving empty foundations where new houses would eventually be built upon.

An eleven-year-old child named B. Robertson wrote the following to a children's magazine on March 2, 1897: The people of Katonah do not want to have it thought that New York City has made them move because they are careless about their drainage. It is because the city is going to make a new reservoir where the old village of Katonah now stands. Katonah has three churches, a public library and reading-room, a village improvement association, and a graded school, and was proud of itself.

Katonah was just one of a great number of settlements in northern Westchester and Putnam counties to be eradicated - variously moved, demolished, or burnt to the ground - during the creation of the Croton Watershed as part of New York City's drinking water supply.

Trademark attempt
In early 2007, groups representing the hamlet came out in opposition to a trademark filed by homemaking mogul Martha Stewart for a new furniture line called the "Katonah Collection". Stewart purchased a 152 acre estate in Katonah in 2000, and it is there that she spent her five months of house arrest following her prison term resulting from charges of "lying to investigators". Representatives stated that Stewart was seeking to "honor the town" and the new furniture line was "...paying homage to this beautiful region." The pending trademark was contested by the Katonah Village Improvement Society and Katonah Architectural Hardware, along with support from the Ramapough Mountain Indians who foresaw legal conflict should Stewart succeed in trademarking the name for her furniture line. (View current appeals at the U.S. Trademark Office.)

Demographics
Katonah is classified as a hamlet, with no legal status as an administrative jurisdiction. The Katonah post office serves portions of the towns of Bedford, Lewisboro and Somers. Katonah was identified as a census-designated place (CDP) for the first time in 2010.

According to the 2010 United States Census, the CDP of Katonah had a total population of 1,679 people, compared to 10,739 residents of the Katonah ZIP code, 10536. In 2010, half (5,391, or 50.2%) of the Katonah ZIP code's population resided in the town of Bedford, 36.9% in Somers and 12.9% in Lewisboro.

Within the Katonah CDP, there were 589 households, and 445 families residing at the 2010 census. The population density was 2,398.6 PD/sqmi. There were 619 housing units at an average density of 884.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.1% White, 2.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 5.4% some other race, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.9% of the population.

There were 589 households, out of which 46.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were headed by married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83, and the average family size was 3.24.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

For the period 2007–11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the CDP was $166,296, and the median income for a family was $146,923. Male full-time workers had a median income of $104,250 versus $94,674 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $60,408. About 4.7% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Community
The hamlet of Katonah includes two National Historic Landmarks: Stepping Stones - Historic Home of Bill & Lois Wilson, where the respective cofounders of Alcoholics Anonymous and Al-Anon Family Groups lived from 1941 until their deaths in 1971 and 1988, and the John Jay Homestead, the former home of John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Nearby is The Harvey School, a private day school founded in the 19th century which offers five-day boarding, and which counts among its alumni Doonesbury cartoonist Garry Trudeau. Bruce Willis, Ralph Lauren, and a number of other notables live in Katonah. Stanley Tucci, Blake Lively, and Ryan Reynolds live near Katonah as well.

By its residents, Katonah is often styled as a "village". The Katonah Village Improvement Society is a group that promotes community engagement, the arts, and business activity in the hamlet. The local library is called the Katonah Village Library and some other commercial functions and public works incorporate similar "village" terminology. Katonah generally has a concentration of population and businesses which may include portions of several towns. Katonah has its own Metro-North station. As a result of the hamlet's close proximity to New York City and its immediate connection to the aforementioned railroad station and the interstate, a sizable portion of the town consists of commuters. The area is part of the Katonah-Lewisboro school district.

From 1921 to 1937, Katonah was home to the Brookwood Labor College, the nation's first residential labor college.

The average house price in Katonah, as of 2006, was US$912,000.

Notable sites
The Katonah Village Historic District, and St. Luke's Episcopal Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The John Jay Homestead, the former home of US Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay, is a New York State Historic Site and National Historic Landmark. Stepping Stones, home of Alcoholics Anonymous founders Bill and Lois Wilson, is also a National Historic Landmark.

The Katonah Museum of Art is a non-collecting institution presenting three to four visual arts exhibitions annually that examine a variety of disciplines, cultures, and historical periods. The Caramoor International Music Festival, which hosts the Orchestra of St. Luke's, is held annually at Caramoor, 2 mi east of the hamlet. John Jay High School holds its annual commencement ceremony at Caramoor as well. The Katonah Poetry Series led by former US Poet Laureate Billy Collins holds readings at Katonah Village Library. Katonah Historical Museum opened in 1984 and is in the lower level of the library. Another attraction is Muscoot Farm. During the 1920s-1930s farming activity there was peaking, the farmland coming from the Hopkin's family has been taken care of by Westchester County thus far since 1967 due to high labor costs. The farm has many animals, camps, workshops for youth and adults, hayrides, opportunities for field trips, and even birthday events. Another attraction is the Katonah Art Center, which has two large painting studios, a children's studio, a pottery studio, a multi-arts studio, a darkroom, and a Mac computer lab. They also offer pottery, photography, painting and drawing classes, and summer camps.

Katonah was home to the Brookwood Labor College, the first labor college in the United States, providing adult education and training in social justice and activism. It was located on Cedar Road from 1919 until its closure in 1937.

Schools and emergency services
Katonah is a part of the Katonah-Lewisboro School District. It contains Katonah Elementary School, although some students attend Increase Miller Elementary School in neighboring Goldens Bridge. Some students in Katonah also attended Lewisboro Elementary School until its closure in 2014, which was highly controversial. All middle and high school students in the Katonah-Lewisboro School District attend John Jay Middle School and John Jay High School. Katonah is also home to the private co-educational, college preparatory school The Harvey School, and formerly The Montfort Academy, a private, Roman Catholic high school that recently moved to Mount Vernon, New York.

The hamlet is served by the Katonah Volunteer Fire Department, which also hosts the annual Katonah carnival, parade, and "chili night." Emergency medical services are provided by the Katonah-Bedford Hills Volunteer Ambulance Corps. The Bedford police department provides police and traffic enforcement to the town of Bedford, including Katonah, Bedford Hills and Bedford Village.

Local media

 * The Record-Review, a weekly newspaper covering Katonah, Bedford, Bedford Hills, and Pound Ridge. The newspaper began publishing in 1995.
 * The Lewisboro Ledger, which includes local news
 * The Bedford-Katonah Patch, a blog and news website
 * The Journal News (lohud), news coverage of both Westchester and Rockland County
 * Katonah-Lewisboro Times, local newspaper by Halston Media

Notable people

 * George Randolph Barse Jr. (1861-1938), artist
 * William Griffith Wilson (aka Bill W. or Bill Wilson) (1895-1971), cofounder of Alcoholics Anonymous and writer
 * Mollie Parnis (1899-1992), fashion designer
 * Richard L. Feigen (1930-2021), gallery owner
 * George Soros (born 1930), investor
 * Bold, hardcore punk band
 * Martha Stewart (born 1941), television personality
 * Douglas Durst (born 1944), real estate developer
 * Michel Camilo (born 1954), pianist and composer
 * Joan Slonczewski (born 1956), microbiologist and science fiction writer
 * Stanley Tucci (born 1960), actor
 * Sam Register (born 1969), President of Warner Brothers Animation and Cartoon Network Studios
 * Andrew Yang, (born 1975) entrepreneur, philanthropist, founder of Venture for America (VFA) and former candidate in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 * Andy Milonakis (born 1976), actor and comedian
 * Noah Galvin (born 1994), actor
 * Mitchell Robinson (born 1998), center for the New York Knicks

title: Katonah, New York


text:
Katonah (disambiguation)

Katonah may refer to:

 * Katonah (Native American leader)
 * Katonah, New York, a hamlet within the town of Bedford
 * Katonah (album), a music album by Apollo Sunshine, named after the above hamlet

title: Katonah (disambiguation)


text: Category:Anarchist organizations

title: Category:Anarchist organizations


text:
Söderhamn

Söderhamn is a locality and the seat of Söderhamn Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 11,761 inhabitants in 2010.

Sports
The biggest local sport is bandy. Broberg/Söderhamn Bandy play in the highest division Elitserien and have become Swedish champions five times. In October 2017 the indoor venue Helsingehus Arena was inaugurated. The coach of the national bandy team and members of the Federation of International Bandy board, such as the current Secretary General Bo Nyman, have come from Söderhamn.

Söderhamns FF and Stugsunds IK are the local football clubs.

Notable residents

 * Safin Taki, film producer, director and cinematographer who grew up in Söderhamn.
 * Jan Johansson, jazz musician and pianist who was born in Söderhamn.

title: Söderhamn


text:
Sandviken (disambiguation)

Sandviken may refer to:

Finland

 * Hietalahti, Helsinki (known as "Sandviken" in Swedish), a neighbourhood in Helsinki, Finland
 * Hietalahti Stadium (known as "Sandviken Stadium" in Swedish), a stadium in Vaasa, Finland

Norway

 * Sandviken, Norway, a neighbourhood in the city of Bergen in Vestland county

Sweden

 * Sandviken, a town and the seat of Sandviken municipality
 * Sandviken Municipality, a municipality around the town of Sandviken
 * Sandviken, Södertälje, a village in Södertälje municipality
 * Sandviken, Blekinge, a beach in Sweden

Sports

 * Sandvikens IF, a Swedish football club
 * Sandvikens AIK, a Swedish sports club
 * IL Sandviken, a Norwegian sports club

title: Sandviken (disambiguation)


text:
Ovanåker

Ovanåker is a locality situated in Ovanåker Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 212 inhabitants in 2010. It is the original vicariate of the Celsius family, who take the name after the Latinized form of the locality.

title: Ovanåker


text:
Ockelbo

Ockelbo is a locality and the seat of Ockelbo Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 2,724 inhabitants in 2010.

The name Ockelbo, spelled De oklabo in 1314, contains an old marine name *Ukle, referring to modern-day Lake Bysjön. The name derives from the old Swedish word ukla, meaning 'swell, gain etc.', alluding to the rapid changes in the water level of the lake. The second part of the name, -bo, means district or region. Approximately 150 ancient monuments are registered, including several Stone Age settlements. The majority are, however, grave mounds from the late Iron Age and are located in seven grave-fields. One such example is the grave-field at Wij, which consists of 43 graves. Abundant discoveries of low technology iron slag bear witness to the long tradition of iron production in the area.

In the 13th century a Romanesque church was built in Ockelbo. A new church was built between 1791 and 1793 in accordance with sketches made by the county governor, F. A. U. Cronstedt. This church was completely destroyed in a fire in 1904. Between 1906 and 1908 a new church was built in line with sketches made by the architect Gustaf Améen. The church is characterised by its neo-baroque style. The interior was thoroughly remodeled during a renovation undertaken during 1956 and 1957. On the choir wall is an altar mosaic by Gun Setterdahl. The mosaic's strong colours give the whole room its character. In the western section of the church a chapel was built and was named after the patron saint of the church, Saint Martin of Tours.

When the medieval church was demolished in 1795 a runestone later designated as runic inscription Gs 19 was found bricked up in the foundations. When the church burnt down in 1904 the stone was destroyed. A copy was made in 1932 based on reproductions made in the 1880s. The runestone shows motifs from the Sigurd Fafnesbane-tale and was one of the most image-rich rune stones on the Swedish mainland.

The Wij Iron Forge and country estate were built in the 17th century and were owned for a while by Sven Bröms and subsequently by his daughter Catharina Bröms. It was a part of the Ockeboverke as were also the iron forges at Åbron, Brattfors, and Jädraås. In 1793 the estate was owned by Mårten Bunge, the Master of the Chase. The works are very well preserved.

Ockelbo is primarily known for its basketball team, the annual summer and winter market, and the rose gardens in Wij Trädgårdar. Ockelbo is also known for Ockelbo-Lundgren. Ockelbo is also where Prince Daniel of Sweden, the husband of Crown Princess Victoria, grew up. Another Ockelbo native is Svante Stockselius, the executive supervisor of the Eurovision Song Contest.

title: Ockelbo


text:
Hudiksvall

Hudiksvall is a city and the seat of Hudiksvall Municipality, in Hälsingland, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 15,015 inhabitants in 2010. Hudiksvall is also known as Glada Hudik (Happy Hudik), a term that originated in the 19th century as word spread of its friendly hospitality and its lively social life. The city is located along the E4, on the east coast of Sweden deep inside the bay Hudiksvallsfjärden, about 80 km south of Sundsvall and about 130 km north of Gävle. Hudiksvall is Sweden's 76th largest urban area and also the largest urban area in Hälsingland. Around Hudiksvall within the municipality lay the communities of Delsbo, Iggesund, Enånger, Njutånger, Näsviken and Sörforsa.

History
Hudiksvall was founded by King John III of Sweden in 1582. He had the inhabitants moved from the town Hudik, where his father Gustav Vasa had collected the trade- and craftsmen of Hälsingland in order to more easily collect taxes, to Hudiksvall by the shores of the bay.

At the time, fishing and the trading of furs, skins, iron, copper and wood products were the main sources of income, and the city flourished. But the city lost its privileges for foreign trading in 1636, and its development was somewhat stalled for the next two centuries.

It has been damaged by fires some 10 times, the most severe when it was burnt by the Russians during the Russian Pillage of 1719-1721 in 1721, whereafter only the church remained. The current street structure was applied in 1792 as part of the reconstruction necessitated by another fire.

Climate
Hudiksvall has a humid continental climate with a significant maritime influence. In the 1961-1990 reference period it was just above subarctic, but that border region has since moved somewhat further north. Considering how far north it is, the climate is comparatively mild, with warm summers and moderated winters with daytime highs often hovering around the freezing point. The town is the northernmost in Sweden to have January average highs above -1 C and is the coastal tipping point for regular average highs of 22 C in summer. By east coast standards, Hudiksvall has a relatively wet climate with an annual precipitation rate averaging 646 mm sometimes resulting in heavy snowfall during winters.

Sport
The city has three exercise trails on either side of the town: in the West, at Fridhem, in the North, just above the gymnasium, and in the East at Björkberg, of which the East has hosted the Svenska mästerskap (Swedish Championship) in cross country skiing a few times, most recently January 2005. In the western part of town there is also a ski slope, Hede, and in the North lies the trotting track Hagmyren.

The city center features a swimming pool with a gym, a solarium and an indoor sports hall. In 1939 Glysisvallen was built to include a soccer field, stadium, running track and outdoor hockey rink. In 1989 Hudiksvall received their first indoor hockey hall in the area, and in 2007 an artificial soccer field was built at Glysisvallen. In 1999, Hudiksvall also received a large modern indoor sports hall in the former sawmill located in the industrial area Håstaholmen.

In addition, Hudiksvall have the sports club Strands IF, the football club ABK, the hockey club HHC and the floor hockey club Hudik/Björkberg. The most successful in recent years is the Hudiksvall sports club's ski section whose sprint skier Björn Lind won two Olympic gold medals in Turin in 2006. In the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver Daniel Richardson won an Olympic gold medal in the team sprint. The 2010 Vasalopp was won by Jörgen Brink.

Buildings and structures
Outside of Hudiksvall in Forsa socken, the Storbergsmasten is located. Storbergsmasten is a 335 metre tall guyed mast for FM- and TV-transmission, which shares the first place as Sweden's tallest structure together with three other masts of same height.

 * Läroverket, 1911 school
 * Östra skolan (East School)

Famous people from Hudiksvall

 * Agneta Sjödin, presenter and TV-personality
 * Brainbombs, noise rock band
 * Gösta Skoglund, social democrat politician
 * Hans Vestberg, businessman
 * Noomi Rapace, actress
 * Jenny Sjödin, professional wrestler and submission grappler
 * Tomas Brolin, former football player
 * Vildhjarta, Progressive metal/Djent band
 * Totalitär, hardcore punk band
 * Amy Gumenick, actress
 * Coldbound, Black Metal/Doom Metal band
 * Svante Stockselius, Eurovision/EBU
 * Captain Lars Peter Hedlund, mariner, explorer, and pearler

title: Hudiksvall


text:
Hofors

Hofors is a locality and the seat of Hofors Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 6,681 inhabitants in 2010.

Districts
The town of Hofors evolved around an iron industry in the 17th century, which eventually developed into one of Sweden's foremost ironworks, and a subsidiary of the SKF group.
 * Born
 * Böle
 * Bönhusberget
 * Centrum
 * Göklund
 * Hammaren
 * Lillån
 * Muntebo
 * Rönningen
 * Silverdalen
 * Standarn
 * Västerhöjden
 * Robertsholm
 * Fagersta by
 * Långnäs
 * Barkhyttan
 * Stenshyttan

Notable people

 * Kerstin Hesselgren, first woman elected into the upper house of Swedish parliament
 * Andreas Johansson, former NHL player
 * Molly Johnson (1931–2016), novelist
 * Ulf Söderström, ice hockey player
 * Lasse Åberg, artist, actor, film director and musician

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Hofors:

 * Hofors AIF

Hofors World Cup was an international rink bandy competition played annually 1984–1998.

title: Hofors


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Gävle

Gävle is a city in Sweden, the seat of Gävle Municipality and the capital of Gävleborg County. It had 77,586 inhabitants in 2020, which makes it the 13th-most-populated city in Sweden. It is the oldest city in the historical Norrland (Sweden's northern lands), having received its charter in 1446 from Christopher of Bavaria. However, Gävle is far nearer to the greater Stockholm region than it is to most other major settlements in Norrland and has a much milder climate than associated with said region.

In recent years, the city has received much international attention due to its large Yule Goat figure made of straw - the Gävle Goat. The goat is erected in December each year and is often subsequently vandalized, usually by being set on fire. The goat has now become a symbol for the city and is being used for various marketing purposes.

History
It is believed that the name Gävle derives from the word gavel, meaning river banks in Old Swedish and referring to the Gavleån (Gävle River). The oldest settlement was called Gävle-ägarna, which means "Gavel-owners". This name was shortened to Gävle, then Gefle, and finally Gävle.

Gävle is first mentioned as a town in official history books in 1413 but only received its official town charters in 1446.

For a long time, Gävle consisted solely of small, low, turf or shingle roofed wooden buildings. Boat-houses lined the banks of Gavleån, Lillån, and Islandsån. Until the 18th century the town was built, as was the practice then, around the three most important buildings: the church, the regional palace, and the town hall.

In the 1400s Gävle grew as a city and flourished due to trade allowed by its harbor and river. However, in the 1500s Sten Sture forbade Gävle from pursuing international trade. The city at this time was only allowed to trade with Stockholm and Åbo, which at the time was a part of Sweden. The restrictions were lifted in 1531 when 6 ships were allowed to trade iron, copper and pelts and in 1546 Gustaf Vasa allowed unlimited trade to and from Gävle with the exception of copper.

In 1569 a fire destroyed many of the archaeological records of Gävle from the Middle Ages.

Over the last 300 years, Gävle has been ablaze on three occasions. After the fire of 1776, the town was rebuilt with straight streets and rectangular city blocks. The number of stone and brick houses also started to increase. The biggest town fire occurred 1869, when out of a population of around 10,000 approximately 8,000 inhabitants lost their homes, and about 350 farms were destroyed. Almost the whole town north of Gavleån was burnt down. All the buildings south of Gavleån were saved. An area of the old town between the museum and the library has been preserved to this day as a historic reserve, Gamla Gefle.

After the catastrophe of the fire Gävle developed its characteristic grid plan with large esplanades and green areas. It is now a green town with wide avenues. Stopping the spread of future town fires was the main idea behind this development.

In July 1719 Hugo Hamilton, who built Fredriksskans fort, defended Gävle against Russian attacks. After attacking along the coast, the Russian forces, numbering 5000 and under the command of Peter von Lacy, attacked Gävle from the south along the road from Harnäs which they had recently occupied. Hamilton stopped them outside of the city near Järvsta. The Russians instead tried to attack the city from the sea but the 10 cannon battery at Fredriksskans were sufficient to turn away their forces 3 times. A final attempt was made to take the city by landing forces to the north at Engesberg. Hamilton quickly moved the defending forces northward to stop the attack. On 2 August von Lacy gave up and sailed homewards with his forces.

An extensive redevelopment of the central town area was started during the 1950s. Around 1970 Gävle became a large urban district when it was united with the nearby municipalities of Valbo, Hamrånge, Hedesunda, and Hille. New suburbs like Stigslund, Sätra, Andersberg, and Bomhus have grown up around the central city.

In the middle of the 1800s to the beginning of the 1900s, there was a bad harvest and a high unemployment rate in Sweden. At the same time, political and religious oppression occurred, and religious encounters outside the State Church were not allowed. This led many Swedes to emigrate to other countries such as the United States. During the early emigration era, Gävle was one of the cities from which people left on their journey to the US. People from parts of Gästrikland and other neighboring counties made their way to the harbor town of Gävle and then commenced their departure to America.

50,000 Russians who were in Germany at the outbreak of the First World War traveled up through Sweden to Gävle where they gathered at the harbor before setting off via steamboat back to Russia.

The Harbor in Gävle was used for trade during the First World War and as a result some ships from Gävle were sunk during the German unrestricted submarine warfare campaign. One such example was the sailing vessel Jönköping, which was sunk on its way to Raumo from Gävle with a cargo of cognac and champagne for the Tsar. A Finnish cargo vessel was sunk off the coast in Gävle.

In June 1945, 800 Soviet prisoners of war transited from Oslo to Gävle, whence they were transported aboard the boat Aldebaran across the Baltic Sea to the Soviet Union.

In 1986 as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, Gävle was subjected to a severe deposition of radionuclides, exceeding 185 kBq per square meter. The impact was much greater than experienced by other regions of western Europe and as such, Gävle became one of the most affected areas outside of the Soviet Union. Between 1905 and 1997, the I14 Regiment was located in Gävle.

In 2022 the City Library Building, constructed in 1962, was demolished to make room for a modern cultural center known as Agnes Kulturhus. During his jubilee visit to the city in 2023, King Carl XVI Gustaf toured the construction site of the cultural center and gifted it a plaque commemorating the visit and Time Capsule. As of October 2023 the Cultural Center is still under construction.

Geography
Gävle is situated by the Baltic Sea near the mouth of the river Dalälven. At 60 degrees north and 17 degrees east, Gävle has the same latitude as Helsinki and the same longitude as Vienna and Cape Town. Bordering municipalities are Söderhamn, Ockelbo, Sandviken, Heby, Tierp and Älvkarleby. Twenty kilometers west of Gävle lies Sandviken.

Climate
Gävle has a similar climate to the rest of central Sweden with winter highs just below freezing and summer highs a bit above 20 C. The average yearly precipitation is around 600 mm. Under the Köppen climate classification Gävle is classified as humid continental (Dfb), in spite of the significant maritime influence. It is also one of the northernmost cities of significant size in the world with this climate type, since areas north of the 60th latitude for the most part are dominated by various subarctic climate types. Under the 1961-1990 normals, Gävle's fourth warmest month was just around the isotherm of 10 C to not be classified as subarctic, but temperatures did go up sufficiently to be clear humid continental since.

While precipitation usually is moderate, in August 2021, Gävle was hit by a flash flood after recording 16 cm of rainfall in one day. Considerable flooding occurred in multiple regions with entire neighborhoods flooded. Vehicles were submerged and landslides occurred as well. At least 10 heavy rain reports were reported.

Economy
Trade from the port of Gävle increased markedly during the 15th century when copper and iron began to be exported from the port. In order to ensure that all trade was via Stockholm, sailing to foreign ports from Gävle and a few other ports was forbidden.

During the 16th century, Gävle was one of the most important port and merchant towns with many shipping companies and shipyards.

In 1787 Gävle was awarded "free and unrestricted sailing rights" to and from foreign ports. This led to an increase in trade, which in turn led to an increase in buildings, industrial developments, trade and shipping.

From 1910-1979 Gefle Porslinfabrik produced porslin products. The factory, locally named 'Pottan' struggled during the First World War to get clay that would allow them to continue producing high quality products. Due to high transport and coal costs the factory had to raise the prices of their products by 40%.

Today there are few shipping companies or shipyards left, but an important port remains. It has over 1000 ships calling per year and is among the top ten common ports in Sweden.

Major companies

 * BillerudKorsnäs (pulp and paper industry)
 * Jacobs Douwe Egberts S.E. AB (Gevalia coffee)
 * Cale Industri (parking meters)
 * Cibes Lifts (lifts for buildings)

Culture
Gävle has, considering its size, a large and well nourished cultural life, being a cradle for many musicians such as The Deer Tracks and The Sound of Arrows. The city applied to become the European Capital of Culture in 2014.

Arts and museums
The prison museum of Sweden, the county museum of Gävleborg, and the national railway museum are the three largest museums in the city. The prison museum is located near Gävle Castle and depicts the history of crime and punishment in Sweden. The county museum (located downtown) hosts an art collection spanning from the 1600s to present time and well as a section dedicated to cultural history. Finally, the Swedish Railway Museum (Rälsgatan 1), hosts a collection that began to accumulate in 1906 in Stockholm and which was moved to Gävle in 1970.

Gävle has a theater dating back to the 1800s. It is still used for performances today, including classic theater, opera, variety and stand-up.

There is also a concert hall in Gävle which was inaugurated in 1998. It is home to the 1912 Gävle Symphony Orchestra, whose principal conductor is Jaime Martín.

Media
Gefle Dagblad founded in 1895 and Arbetarbladet are the two leading media outlets covering Gävle in the papers. Both have a long history dating back to the early 1900s and the late 1800s, respectively. Aside from this, the Swedish national public TV broadcaster, SVT, has an editorial office in the city and the national public radio Sveriges Radio broadcasts from the city.

Sports
Gävle has teams competing in the highest national league in football (Gefle IF) as well as ice hockey (Brynäs IF) and floorball (Gävle GIK).

Å-Draget
Each September Gävle Kommun organises a weekend where outdoor candles are lit along the banks of the Gavle River in an attempt to highlight its beauty and its importance to the city. The kommun organises different performances and activities for residents and visitors to enjoy as the walk along the river.

Education
The University College of Gävle currently enrolls 16,000 students. It offers over 800 courses and around 50 degree programs in technology, social and natural sciences, and the humanities. Its research profiles are "Built Environment" ("Byggd miljö") and "Health in working life" ("Hälsofrämjande arbetsliv"). Some courses are offered in English and are taken by both international and Swedish students.

Miscellanea
Gävle is known for being the birthplace of the Gevalia coffee brand, which is produced by Kraft General Foods Scandinavia and exported around the globe. Gevalia is particularly popular in the Americas and produces dozens of unique flavored coffees for the United States that are not available to its customers in Europe. However, visitors who come to the factory in Gävle can sample many of the premium blends. (Gevalia is the Latin name for Gävle).

Other brands from Gävle include the throat lozenges Läkerol and the car-shaped sweets Ahlgrens Bilar.

Gävle preserves the memory of the Swedish-American labor activist and martyr Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, better known as Joe Hill, who was born there in 1879. The Hägglund family home still stands in Gävle at the address Nedre Bergsgatan 28, in Gamla Stan, the Old Town. it houses a museum and the Joe Hill-gården, which hosts cultural events.

Gävle goat
The history of the Gävle goat began in 1966. Stig Gavlén came up with the idea of placing a giant version of the traditional Swedish Christmas goat of straw in Slottstorget (Castle Square) in central Gävle. On 1 December the 13-metre tall, 7-metre long, 3 tonne goat was erected on the square. At midnight on New Year's Eve, the goat went up in flames. The goat has since had a history of being burnt almost every year, 2005 being the 22nd time it was burnt. Burning the goat is an illegal act and not welcomed by most citizens of Gävle, but undoubtedly this is what has made the goat famous. In 2006 the goat was covered in a flame-resistant coating to prevent arson, enabling the goat to remain standing throughout that winter. On December 27, 2015, the goat was burnt for the 28th time. In its 54-year history, the goat has been burnt down 38 times.

Notable people

 * Linn Ahlborg (born 1999) Swedish blogger and influencer
 * Siri Andersson-Palmestav (1903–2002) writer and missionary.
 * Anna Bartels (1869–1950), opera singer
 * Alexandra Dahlström (born 1984) actress and film director.
 * Thomas Di Leva (born 1963) singer and songwriter.
 * John E. Forsgren (1816–1890) the first Mormon missionary to preach in Sweden
 * Hans Forssell (1843–1901) historian and political writer.
 * Åke Fridell (1919–1985) a film actor.
 * Erik Acharius (born 1757) botanist.
 * Valborg Elisabeth Groning (1890-1970) circus princess
 * Joe Hill (1879–1915) labour activist and songwriter
 * Rolf Lassgård (born 1955) an actor in crime dramas.
 * Regina Lund (born 1967) actress and singer.
 * Åke Lundqvist (1936–2021) actor at Stockholm City Theatre
 * Yat Malmgren (1916–2002) dancer and acting teacher at the Drama Centre London
 * Andreas Rudman (1668–1708), pioneer Swedish American Lutheran minister.
 * Rikard Sjöblom (born 1982), musician with Gungfly, Beardfish & Big Big Train.
 * Cat Stevens (born 1948) musician; his mother Ingrid Wickman was from Gävle, where he lived during his childhood
 * Joakim Sundström (born 1965) sound editor, sound designer and musician
 * Daniel Waluszewski (born 1982) novelist and children's author
 * Erik Wickberg (1904–1996) former General of The Salvation Army & Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army
 * Lars-Åke Wilhelmsson (born 1958) fashion designer and drag artist.

Sports professionals

 * Nicklas Bäckström (born 1987) ice hockey player for the Washington Capitals
 * Christian Edstrom (born 1976) rally co-driver
 * Anders Eklund (1957–2010) Olympic heavyweight boxer
 * Peppe Femling (born 1992) biathlete and Olympic gold medallist
 * Andreas Johnsson (born 1994) ice hockey player for the San Jose Sharks
 * Calle Järnkrok (born 1991) ice hockey player for the Toronto Maple Leafs
 * Ewa Laurance (born 1964) pool player
 * Oskar Lindblom (born 1996) ice hockey player for the San Jose Sharks
 * Anders Lindbäck (born 1988) ice hockey goaltender who has played for several NHL teams
 * Elias Lindholm (born 1994) ice hockey player for the Vancouver Canucks
 * Jacob Markström (born 1990) ice hockey player for the New Jersey Devils
 * Christian Djoos (born 1994) ice hockey player, won Stanley Cup in 2018.
 * Felix Sandström (born 1997) ice hockey goaltender for the Philadelphia Flyers
 * Jakob Silfverberg (born 1990) ice hockey player for the Anaheim Ducks.

European cooperation
Gävle is a member city of Eurotowns network.

Hospital
Gävle Hospital has approximately 300 physicians, and serves an area of approximately 150.000 people. It has a centre for clinical research in cooperation with Uppsala University.

Twin towns – sister cities
Gävle is twinned with five cities:
 * Jūrmala, Latvia
 * 🇺🇸 Galva, Illinois, United States
 * Næstved, Denmark
 * 🇫🇮 Rauma, Finland
 * 🇳🇴 Gjøvik, Norway

title: Gävle


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Ljusdal

Ljusdal is a locality and the seat of Ljusdal Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 6,230 inhabitants in 2010.

Ljusdal is situated on Riksväg 83 which runs between  Tönnebro   in Söderhamn Municipality  in Gävleborg County and Ånge in Västernorrland County. It is located beside the river Ljusnan which goes from Bruksvallarna to the Gulf of Bothnia. Ljusdal is noted for having hosted the annual Bandy World Cup in the sport of bandy from 1974 to 2008.

Three Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland situated in Ljusdal Municipality were inscribed in 2012 on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Ljusdal:

 * Ljusdals IF
 * Ljusdals bandyklubb
 * Ljusdals ridklubb
 * Ljusdals judoklubb
 * Ljusdals karateklubb

title: Ljusdal


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Bollnäs

Bollnäs is a Swedish locality and the seat of Bollnäs Municipality, in Gävleborg County, Sweden. It had 26,937 inhabitants in 2017

History
The first recording of Bollnäs in writing is from 1312 when a vicar named Ingemund referred to it as Baldenaes, meaning "the large isthmus," referring to the isthmus into a nearby lake. Before becoming known as Bollnäs, its name was Bro By (lit. Bridge Village).

Bollnäs has a station along the Northern Railline (Norra Stambanan), which it was connected to in 1878. The town became a main base for further northern expansion of the railroad. In 1884, it became a primary maintenance and repair workshop for the railroad. The railroad was the largest employer in Bollnäs for the greater part of the 20th century, until the 1990s when it was closed due to its location being no longer optimal. Bollnäs became a city in 1942, nowadays an honorary title without administrative significance.

Bollnäs is twinned with Shepton Mallet, England.

Sports
Bandy is the locality's most popular sport. Bollnäs GIF play in the highest division Elitserien. In 2010, they reached the Swedish final for the first time since 1956. In 2011, they reached the finals and lost in overtime after a controversial offside penalty. In 2017, the team, once again, reached the finals and lost against their rivals Edsbyn IF.

Rehns BK started as a bandy club, but now it focuses on orienteering and cross-country skiing.

Points of interest
The Bollnäs church was built in the 14th and 15th centuries. An opening ceremony took place on November 3, 1468, probably for the church tower. Later alterations include the addition of the north and south transepts, built 1753-1755. The church hosts a collection of wooden medieval sculptures larger than any other parish church in the Nordic countries. Three of the altarpieces are major works of art from the late 15th century or early 16th century, including an altarpiece dedicated to Virgin Mary made by Haaken Gulleson c. 1520. The church's eucharistic chalice, with its paten, is another valuable piece dating from the same period.

Notable people

 * Bengt Åberg (1944–2021), professional motorcycle racer and two-time motocross world champion (1969–1970)
 * Bloodbound, Heavy metal band was founded in Bollnäs in 2004.
 * Jan Boklöv (b.1966), professional ski jumper lived in Bollnäs during the 1990s.
 * Emma Broomé (b.1985), professional actress
 * Erik Byléhn (1898–1986), middle-distance runner who competed at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics.
 * Emma Engstrand (b.1977), Orienteering competitor.
 * Anna Eriksdotter (1624–1704), last person to be executed for witchcraft in Sweden.
 * Albin Eriksson (b.2000), professional ice hockey player.
 * Anders Eriksson (b.1975), professional ice hockey player.
 * Ole Fahlin (1901–1992), Aviator, designer and manufacturer of aviation equipment
 * Åke "Stan" Hasselgård (1922–1948), Jazz clarinetist grew up in Bollnäs, where his grave can be found.
 * Lina Hedlund (b.1978), professional musician
 * C.-H. Hermansson (1917–2016), politician, member of the Swedish Parliament and chairman of the Communist Party of Sweden.
 * Tobias Jonsson (b.1996), Paralympic athlete
 * Anna-Karin Kammerling (b.1980), Olympic swimmer who competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
 * Fritz Kiölling (1896–1976), middle-distance runner who competed in the men's 1500 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics
 * Pernilla Lindberg (b.1986), professional golfer.
 * Yngve Lundh (1924–2017), cyclist who competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1952 Summer Olympics
 * Timo K. Mukka (1944–1973), Finnish author was born in Bollnäs, where his family had been evacuated to during the Lapland War.
 * Ulf Norinder (1934–1978), racing driver
 * Charles Rytkönen (b. 1968), professional musician
 * Thomas von Scheele (b.1969) table tennis player and coach, competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
 * Victoria Silvstedt (b.1974), professional model, actress, singer, and television personality.
 * Johan Söderberg (b.1962), film director and editor
 * Peter Stormare (b.1953), professional actor.
 * Per-Inge Tällberg (b.1967), professional ski jumper.
 * Staffan Tällberg (b.1970), professional ski jumper.
 * Göran Unger (1899–1982), athlete who competed in the men's pentathlon at the 1924 Summer Olympics
 * Alexander Petersson (b.1997), professional artist.
 * Walter Wallberg (b.2000), professional freestyle skier who competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics

title: Bollnäs


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Stephen J. Gordon

Stephen John Gordon (born 4 September 1986) is an English chess grandmaster.

Chess career
In September 2004 he took a break from his A-level studies at The Blue Coat School, Oldham to compete in the thirteenth Monarch Assurance Isle of Man International.

In 2005, while still a FIDE Master, he finished 6th in the British Championships ahead of a Grandmaster and several International Masters.

At the EU Individual Open Chess Championship held at Liverpool in 2006, he led the tournament after eight rounds and finished a very creditable (joint) second, a half point behind winner Nigel Short and level with Luke McShane among others.

Probably his best result to date however, was second place in the 2007 British Championship, narrowly losing his share of the lead in the final round. In other rounds, he defeated both tournament victor Jacob Aagaard and previous champion Jonathan Rowson.

By 2008, his rating had reached grandmaster level, although the title itself had not yet been secured. At the British Championship in Liverpool, he almost repeated his performance of the previous year, by taking a share of third place. He was the British under-21 Champion each consecutive year between 2005 and 2008. He became a grandmaster on 1 August 2009.

He has been one of the co-presenters of the chess podcast The Full English Breakfast since its inaugural show in October 2010.

Achievements

 * British Under 10 Champion - 1997
 * England Under 11 Champion - 1998
 * England Junior Squad Under 18 Champion - 2003
 * England Junior Squad Under 21 Champion - 2003
 * Isle of Man Under 18 Champion - 2002, 2003
 * British Under 18 Champion - 2005
 * British Under 21 Champion - 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008

title: Stephen J. Gordon


text: Category:Special functions

title: Category:Special functions


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User:Pb hogl

Education
Currently studying at the International Business College in Kolding, Denmark.

Interests
Music, computers, politics, philosophy - kager

title: User:Pb hogl


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Saint-Maurice River

The Saint-Maurice River, or the Saint-Maurice River, is one of the main tributaries of the St. Lawrence River, after the Ottawa and the Saguenay Rivers and drains an area of 42,735 km2. It touches the Lake Saint John watershed to the north; the Nottaway River watershed, a major tributary of James Bay, to the northwest; and the southwestern tributaries of the Ottawa River. The Saint-Maurice River is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada.

The main tributaries of the Saint-Maurice River are:
 * Matawin River, whose mouth is at Matawin (Hamlet);
 * Vermillon River (La Tuque) which empties about 23 km, 14 miles (by water) upstream (north) of the Beaumont generating station in La Tuque;
 * Manouane River (La Tuque) which empties about 115 km, 70 miles (by water) upstream (north) of La Tuque;
 * La Trenche River (La Tuque) which empties near the La Trenche Generating Station;
 * Croche River (La Tuque) which empties at north of La Tuque.

Between Weymontachie and Trois-Rivières, the St-Maurice River has 27 tributaries identified as significant enough for downhill wood: Weymontachingue, Manouane, Little Rock, Little Flamand, Windigo, Flamand, Coucoucache, Grande Pierriche (Great Pierriche), Petite Pierriche (Little Pierriche), "La Trenche", Vermillion, Croche, Rivière-au-Lait, Bostonnais, Little Bostonnais, Small Stream, Mountain, Caribou, Rivière-aux-Rats, Wessonneau, Little Batiscan River, l'Oiseau (Bird), Bête Puante (Beast Puante), Mattawin, Mekinac, River "au Lac des Pêches" and Shawinigan River.

During the 18th century, early fur traders travelled along the river. During the second half of the 19th century, logging became an important industry in the surrounding Mauricie region. For much of the 20th century, the river was used to transport logs to mills down river and it was, and still is, a major source of hydroelectric power.

First communication channel in this region, the river was used by local Native Americans long before the arrival of Europeans on the spot. Early explorations by religious conversion in pain and trappers in search of furs for the trade, it was one of the primary routes of rivers in Quebec.

Several municipalities have been established on its banks, thereby taking advantage of its hydroelectric power where the falls were high enough to install a dam integration an electrical generating station. Among other cities, La Tuque, Shawinigan and Trois-Rivières are the best known, and are themselves located along the Route 155 which connects the St. Lawrence River to Lake St. John.

Origin of name

The original name of the river was "Métabéroutin", the name given by Algonquin, which means "discharge of the wind" and in turn, the Attikameks of Haute-Mauricie still call "Sipi Tapiskwan", the "river of the threaded needle". The Abenaki the call the river "Madôbaladenitekw" or the "river that ends". Jacques Cartier named it "River Fouez" in honor of the House of Foix in 1535. However, this name was abandoned in the early 17th century to the name of "Three Rivers". Its current name was given in the early 18th century in reference to the "fief of Saint-Maurice", the common name of lordship on the west bank granted about 1668 to Maurice Poulin in La Fontaine, government prosecutor of Three Rivers. He was the owner of some property along the river in the 17th century. The name "St. Maurice" is attested for the first time in a judgment dated 1723 and definitely supplanted the "Three Rivers" between 1730 and 1740.

The river gave its name to the administrative region of Mauricie.

Communities
Communities on the river include, from the mouth of the river: • Trois-Rivières

• Shawinigan

• Grand-Mère

• Grandes-Piles

• Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac

• Grand-Anse (hamlet)

• Rivière Matawin (hamlet)

• Rivière-aux-Rats (hamlet)

• La Tuque

• Wemotaci

• Sanmaur

Bridges and other cross structures
Order from downstream (Trois-Rivières) toward upstream:

• Railway Bridge Railway Quebec-Gatineau connecting the east bank to the island Pottery, Trois-Rivières

• Bridge linking the Saint-Quentin Island to Saint-Christophe Island, Trois-Rivières

• Bridge linking the Caron island to Saint-Christophe Island, Trois-Rivières

• Duplessis Bridge, Trois-Rivières

• Railroad Bridge Railway Quebec-Gatineau, Trois-Rivières

• Radisson Bridge, Trois-Rivières

• La Gabelle Generating Station, linking Saint-Étienne-des-Grès to Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel

• Railway Bridge Railway Quebec-Gatineau linking Saint-Étienne-des-Grès to Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel Territory of Shawinigan • Railway Bridge Railway Quebec-Gatineau linking Shawinigan (sector Shawinigan-Sud to Shawinigan)

• Marc Trudel Bridge, Shawinigan

• Shawinigan Bridge, Shawinigan

• Banana Bridge linking the "Île Banane" (Banana island) to Melville Island, Shawinigan

• CNR Railway Bridge, linking the two shores, Shawinigan

• Grand-Mère Bridge, Shawinigan

• Bac bicycle and pedestrian, Shawinigan

• Bridge of Piles, Shawinigan

• Bac, bicycle and pedestrian Shawinigan to Grandes-Piles

• Bridge Mekinac, Lac-Normand (West shore) to Trois-Rives (East shore) at the level of Rivière Matawin (Hamlet) Territory of La Tuque • Bridge of Rivière-aux-Rats, La Tuque

• La Tuque Generating Station, La Tuque

• La Tuque West shore bride, La Tuque

• Rivière-au-Lait bridge, La Tuque

• Beaumont generating station, La Tuque

• La Trenche Generating Station, La Tuque

• Rapide-Blanc bridge, La Tuque

• Rapide-Blanc Generating Station, La Tuque

• Rapides-des-Coeurs Generating Station, La Tuque

• CNR Railway Bridge, linking the two shores, La Tuque

• Chute-Allard Generating Station, La Tuque

• CNR Railway Bridge, linking the two shores, Wemotaci

• Wemotaci bridge, linking the two shores Wemotaci

• La Loutre Bridge, linking the two shores, La Tuque

• Gouin Dam, La Tuque

Hydroelectric power stations and other dams
Order from downstream (Trois-Rivières) to upstream:

• # La Gabelle Generating Station

• # Shawinigan-2 Generating Station and Shawinigan-3 Generating Station (same falls)

• # Rocher-de-Grand-Mère Generating Station and Grand-Mère Generating Station (same falls)

• # La Tuque Generating Station

• # Beaumont generating station

• # La Trenche Generating Station

• # Rapide-Blanc Generating Station

• # Rapides-des-Coeurs Generating Station

• # Chute-Allard Generating Station

• # Gouin Dam

All plants on the St. Maurice are the property of Hydro-Québec.

Timber transportation
In 1996, the Saint-Maurice River was the last river in Quebec to stop the transportation of timber by flotation. For nearly 150 years, companies in forestry have used the current of the river and its tributaries for timber transportation. Before being stacked on the ice in Upper-Mauricie, logs were identified in order to be recovered downstream where baunes were implemented, including Grandes-Piles, in Grand-Mère, Shawinigan or Trois-Rivières.

Each spring, an army of loggers cleaned the river banks for delivering timbers which were hung on the shores, bays, rocks or in riparian wood. The loggers sorted the timbers for relaunching them into the water for redirecting them to Pulp paper plant downstream.

Wildlife fish
In the last 174 kilometers (108 miles), between Trois-Rivières and La Tuque, the experts found 42 fish species frequenting the river. The density of fish biomass is generally low, which is characteristic of rivers in Canadian Shield.

title: Saint-Maurice River