text:
User talk:Dglaude~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 18:31, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dglaude. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dglaude~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:27, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dglaude~enwiki


text:
File:PSX Wipeout.png

Summary
Screenshot of Wipeout - PlayStation version. Developed and published by Psygnosis.

Fair use rationale for Wipeout (video game)

 * Psygnosis have not released any such images into the public domain.
 * The image is used to demonstrate an important facet of the article, its graphics and gameplay.
 * The image fulfills the criteria laid out at Template:Non-free game screenshot.
 * The image does not impede the publishers ability to sell the game.
 * Rationale provided by hahnch e n

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:PSX Wipeout.png


text:
Theta Xi

Theta Xi (ΘΞ) is a North American Greek-letter social college fraternity. It was founded at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) on April 29, 1864. Of all the social fraternities today, Theta Xi was the only one founded during the Civil War. Its Grand Lodge is headquartered in downtown Atlanta. Since its inception, Theta Xi has grown to include more than 60,000 initiated members. Currently, there are approximately 45 active chapters, and 1 colony. The Theta Xi Fraternity Chapter House at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
Theta Xi was founded on April 29, 1864 at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York as an engineering fraternity however, now a social fraternity. Its founders were: • Peter Henry Fox

• Ralph Gooding Packard

• Christopher Champlin Waite

• George Bradford Brainerd

• Samuel Buel Jr.

• Henry Harrison Farnum

• Thomas Cole Raymond

• Nathaniel Henry Starbuck All of the original founders were members of a local fraternity called Sigma Delta, established in 1859 to rival Theta Delta Chi, which was then a secret society at RPI. Debates were common and encouraged at Sigma Delta meetings; however, on the evening of October 30, 1863, George Brainerd tendered his resignation to the society. This resignation was unanimously declined, but ultimately created a rift. Soon after, talks began circulating of affiliating with a larger organization such as Sigma Phi. However, when Sigma Phi declined to issue a charter, this only increased tensions.

On March 12, 1864, voting took place for members of a new organization, and on April 1, a committee consisting of Waite, Buel, Brainerd, and Packard began preparing a new constitution. By April 6, Buel presented monograms for two new names, Theta Xi and Theta Psi. Theta Xi was chosen to avoid confusion regarding a local fraternity called Theta Psi at Yale.

Within its first forty years, six chapters were established at Yale, Stevens Institute of Technology, MIT, Columbia University, Cornell University, and Lehigh University. It was not until 1905 that a westward expansion occurred with chapters at Purdue and, a month later, Washington University in St. Louis. The first west coast chapter came in 1910 at UC Berkeley, and in April 1921, the first southern chapter was founded at LSU.

In 1962, talks began of folding Kappa Sigma Kappa, a smaller, struggling fraternity into Theta Xi. The merger was completed on August 20, 1962. As a direct result, several of Theta Xi's traditions were altered. The coat-of-arms' fleur-de-lis was changed to have crescent moons in tradition with Kappa Sigma Kappa and the “pledge” pins were also changed to incorporate Kappa Sigma Kappa's traditions diagonal white band. The fraternity flower was changed from the white carnation to the blue iris. Finally, the membership manual was changed from The Theta Xi Pledge Manual to The Quest for Theta Xi. In 1964, as a commemoration for the fraternity's centennial, a new Memorial Headquarters was formally dedicated in St. Louis. This served as the official home of the Grand Lodge until 2001.

In 1974, the Beta Alpha chapter at Georgia Tech became a Christian chapter while remaining a full member of Theta Xi and the Georgia Tech IFC. The chapter remains Christian today and is the only Christian chapter of a secular national fraternity in the United States. Their model expanded to the Gamma Phi chapter at Georgia Southern University in 2008, however that chapter has since reverted to the traditional non-religious status.

Beginning in 1999, Theta Xi began offering Leadership academies to its active brothers. That year, the first President's Academy was held to train new chapter presidents, funded by the Theta Xi Foundation. In 2006, this was expanded to include Rising Stars Academy, which aims to make first-year initiates more active in the fraternity.

The Theta Xi Fraternity Chapter House at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

In 2014, Theta Xi celebrated its sesquicentennial. In honor of this occasion, the National Convention was held in Troy, New York to commemorate the founding of Theta Xi.

William S. Mason, considered to be one of the greatest benefactors and supporters of Theta Xi, was the main supporter of the fraternity's adoption of Benjamin Franklin as its patron saint.

Although the fraternity had been headquartered in St. Louis since 1924, on October 3, 2022, it opened new headquarters at 260 Peachtree Street in Atlanta with the address for the Theta Xi Foundation remaining in St. Louis.

Purpose
The Purpose of Theta Xi is to provide a college home environment for its active members in which fellowship and alumni guidance lead to wholesome mental, moral, physical, and spiritual growth. To that end Theta Xi actively supports and augments college and community efforts to make individual members more mature and chapter groups more useful units of society. Through its alumni and undergraduate leadership Theta Xi endeavors to assist each member to develop: ONE, intellectual curiosity that assures the highest scholarship rating consistent with his ability; TWO, habits that lead to better mental and physical health; THREE, sincerity in his association with others and confidence in himself; FOUR, responsibility to chapter, college, community, and country; FIVE, leadership that comes from practicing the principles of democratic self-government; SIX, interests and activities outside regular scholastic studies that employ spare time to advantage; SEVEN, spiritual understanding that provides a reservoir of strength to draw upon when faced with conditions beyond comprehension.

Service projects
At the 111th Anniversary Convention held on August 12, 1974 Theta Xi announced its adoption of the fight against Multiple Sclerosis as its National Service Project. At the 129th Anniversary Convention held on August 4–6, 1993 the fraternity announced its second alternate NSP as Habitat for Humanity.

These charities are a mainstay among all chapters of the fraternity, as well as the numerous other charities supported by individual chapters. On June 20, 1986 Theta Xi was named the Outstanding Volunteer Organization for 1985-86 by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Theta Xi takes exceptional pride in its members' involvement in these and other charities.

Theta Xi Foundation
The Theta Xi Foundation was founded in 1949 in order to promote the education and growth of members of the fraternity. It is set up to aid in developing the members into responsible citizens that will contribute to the well-being of society. Contributions that mostly come from alumni and friends provide the money for the Foundation. The Foundation consists of two Funds, the Chapter Education Fund and the Unicorn Fund. The funds raised are used to sponsor several programs such as President's Academy, Rising Stars Academy, and the District Leadership Academies.

title: Theta Xi


text:
La Serena, Chile

La Serena is a city and commune in northern Chile, capital of the Coquimbo Region. Founded in 1544, it is the country's second oldest city after the national capital, Santiago. As of 2012, it had a communal population of roughly 200,000, and was one of the fastest-growing areas of Chile.

The city is an important tourist destination for Chileans and Argentines, especially during the summer, where people go to visit the beaches. It is the headquarters of the University of La Serena and also is home to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of La Serena, one of five Catholic Archdioceses of the Catholic Church in Chile.

History
The sector is currently located where the city was inhabited by the pre-Hispanic village called Viluma or Vilumanque (Mapudungún Snakes and condors).

La Serena was founded on the orders of the Spaniard Pedro de Valdivia in order to provide a sea link to maintain permanent contact between Santiago and Lima in the Viceroyalty of Peru. For this he would need a place for his troops to rest and eat. The village was founded by captain Juan Bohón with the name "Villanueva de La Serena". Although the exact date is disputed, probable dates include 15 November or 30 December 1543 and 4 September 1544. Many historians simply say that it was founded in 1544. Five years later, from the night of 11 January 1549 until the following day, a native uprising totally destroyed and burned the village, killing nearly every Spaniard. Pedro de Valdivia ordered Captain Francisco de Aguirre to re-establish the city later the same year on 26 August under the name of San Bartolomé de La Serena (now patron saint of the city), in the same place where the Plaza de Armas stands today. A few years later, on 4 May 1552, King Carlos I of Spain by royal decree gave it the title of city. One of the reasons to establish La Serena was to control Mapuche groups that had begun to migrate north following the Spanish founding of Santiago in 1541. Indeed, northern Mapuche groups appear to have responded to the Spanish conquest by abandoning their best agricultural lands and moving to remote parts away from the invaders.

During the 17th century, the city suffered repeated attacks from privateers, including Francis Drake who opened the Pacific route to the English in 1578. Bartholomew Sharp, who partly burned and looted in 1680, and Edward Davis, who set fire to the convent of Santo Domingo in 1686, caused great fear among the population, forcing the defence of the city in 1700. In addition to these attacks, the city was almost totally destroyed by the earthquake of 8 July 1730.

During the Revolution of 1859, a rebellion against the conservative government, the city was taken by forces led by Pedro Leon Gallo. Gallo's forces were defeated at the Battle of Cerro Grande [es] by an army from Santiago, which then occupied the city.

Architecture
Between 1948 and 1952, president Gabriel González Videla prepared the Plan Serena, a project in which the city was renewed with investments and urban redevelopment that would imprint a single seal on the country. It began to take hold in the role of services, to rescue and to develop its own architectural style known as Colonial Revival. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of La Serena. The cathedral, built from the same stone and clade, dates from the 19th century. It must be said that although it lacks the same historical value as the older churches, this is a stone building in a country prone to seismic activity, and has survived various earthquakes. Indeed, during centuries of existence, there is almost no visible damage. All of these churches, along with others of minor importance, provide a unique urban landscape, an image for the city, giving it the nickname "The City of Churches."

Its traditional architecture consists of a series of housing and public buildings, of late 19th-century vintage style, built with wood from the US state of Oregon brought to Chile as counterweight in vessels sailing to the nearby port of Coquimbo to load copper and other minerals for transport back to the US. This Oregon pine and the use of adobe create the genuine image of the city.

There is also a number of remarkable and valuable small churches built of sedimentary stone quarried 5 km to the north of the Elqui River, having a characteristic color and texture formed by myriad small shells. These churches are all roughly 350 years old and have undergone restoration to varying degrees, bringing them back to their original form. San Francisco, San Agustín, Santo Domingo are the names of a few of them. In 1920, he began to take shape a new economic boom in the mining of iron, attracting capital and human contingent, resulting in a further change in the urban structure.

Currently, the city has its own architectural style (known as "neocolonial"), which is differentiated from other cities, preserving old buildings in colonial style, with many important National Monuments, mixing it with modern buildings but each one in turn follows the regulatory framework in the construction of these structures which should each have features to maintain the colonial style of the city. In the center of the city until 2008, it is still not possible to identify buildings over eight stories high for a municipal status, however towards the coastal area of the Avenida del Mar, one begins to see a great real estate boom that is distinguished by high-rise buildings, ranging from La Serena running south and along the coast to the neighboring city of Coquimbo.

Demography
As of the 2012 census, La Serena had a communal population of 198,164, and the Greater La Serena area had a population of around 400,000.

As of the 2002 census (of the National Statistics Institute) it had 160,148 inhabitants (77,385 men and 82,763 women). Of these, 147,815 (92.3%) lived in urban areas and 12,333 (7.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 32.6% (39,332 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, making it one of the fastest-growing regions of the country. Had that growth continued, INE estimated the population would increase to 205,120 by 2008 and 244,070 by 2012, so the growth rate has dropped since then.

In 2002 155,815 persons lived in the city proper, and La Serena was part of the country's fourth largest conurbation (pop. 300,000) with nearby Coquimbo, with a total area of 1892 sqkm. A few of the major city sectors are: El Centro ("downtown"), Peñuelas (actually a suburb between La Serena and Coquimbo), San Joaquín (neighborhood on a hill overlooking the ocean), La Florida, Las Compañías ("the companies"), Cerro Grande ("big hill"), La Antena and the new El Milagro ("the miracle") development.

Geography
The commune spans a surface area of 1892.8 sqkm. The city is located on ocean terraces, which are clearly noticeable from the coastal area, through downtown to the eastern sector Vicuña way. The rest of the urban area is based on several small hills, valleys and plains.

The city is commonly divided into various sectors. In the north is the airline sector, subdivided into two sub-sectors called High and Low Company. Nearby is San Pedro Creek. To the south are the areas of La Pampa, San Joaquin and the El Milagro. To the east are the sectors of La Antena, Juan XXIII, La Florida, Colina El Pino and the University District. Finally, to the west is the area of Avenida del Mar. Areas surrounding the city are mainly areas for growing vegetables, and there are a large number of plantations for the cultivation of chirimoyas, avocados and oranges, in addition to where vegetation has an average with some areas found mainly eucalyptus forests. These areas are normally conducive to wildfires sparked during the summer season (January–February).

Climate
La Serena has a cool desert climate, similar to nearby places in that it is clearly seasonal – in summer there is an absence of precipitation, but with abundant morning cloudiness and drizzle. which dissipates around noon, giving way to clear skies and 22 C days.

In winter, the temperatures descend to between 7 and 16 C. Being located in a coastal zone, the minimums and maximums are moderated by the maritime influence and the temperature of the cold Humboldt Current. Winter (specifically from May to August) is the rainy season, with a total rainfall of approximately 100 mm annually in a normal year, notable exceptions being the year 1997 which experienced a total rainfall in the city near 200 mm, 1880 with 366 mm and 1888 when as much as 417 mm fell including 239 mm in August. The driest year has been 1979 with only 4.5 mm, whilst recent years, as in central Chile and Zona Sur, have tended to be drier than the long-term mean.

Political administration
As a commune, La Serena is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by a mayor who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-2016 mayor is Roberto Jacob Jure (PRSD).

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, La Serena is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mario Bertolino (RN) and Marcelo Díaz (PS) as part of the 7th electoral district, (together with La Higuera, Vicuña, Paihuano and Andacollo). The commune is represented in the Senate by Sergio Gahona Salazar (UDI), Daniel Núñez Arancibia (PC) and Matías Walker Prieto (PDC) as part of the fourth senatorial constituency (Coquimbo Region).

Economy
In the last decades, tourism has turned into one of the most important economic activities. The population doubles in the summer months, principally for the beaches, recreational activities, musical festivals, concerts, and Fashion Week. In addition, the city is an obligatory stop for hundreds of pilgrims that arrive to the city of Coquimbo, where during The Serenade they find lodging for visiting the zone and Valle de Elqui.

In this city there are located branches of the more important chain stores of the country, Mall Plaza La Serena, which has the national shops Falabella and París. Also Mall Puerta Del Mar, contains two supermarkets, and regional multistores, such as La Elegante, and shops for home and construction. The downtown is one of the places with major economic and financial institutions of the Coquimbo Region.

Tourism
The old part of the city is the largest and most important urban "traditional area" (zona típica) in Chile. The churches are distinguished by many styles of belfries, which led to the city being nicknamed "the city of the belfries".

The Church Cathedral of La Serena was designated a Historical Monument in 1981. Construction was initiated by the French architect Jean Herbage in 1844, and dedicated in 1856. It is the largest temple in the city, constructed in Neoclassic style, measuring 60 m long by 20 m wide, with three central bodies. Inside there is an organ donated by the philanthropist Juana Ross de Edwards. The belfry dates back from the 20th century.

The town has retained its historic architecture and this, along with a selection of beaches (known as Avenida del Mar, "Sea Avenue"), has caused the city to become a significant tourist destination, attracting many foreigners (most of them Argentines from San Juan and Mendoza provinces) during January, and later Santiago residents fleeing February heat.

The beaches of the Avenida Del Mar are some of the most crowded in La Serena, which run from the El Faro Monumental in the south to Peñuelas's beach in neighboring Coquimbo, an extension of 6 km. However, the beaches of La Serena have very rough water and are not suitable for swimming. In comparison, beaches in Coquimbo, such as The Horseshoe, have very calm waters and clean sands.

The twelve beaches along the Avenida del Mar are El Faro, Los Fuertes, Mansa, Blanca, La Barca, Cuatro Esquinas, La Marina, El Pescador, El Corsario, Hipocampo, Las Gaviotas, and Canto del Agua. All of them except the beacon are suitable for the swimming and aquatic and nautical sports. In recent years the La Serena Song Festival (created in 2004) has been gaining national importance, due to the high quality of the invited artists. A new international airport has also been improved. Real estate development along the beach has created a tourist residential development along the Elqui River.

The most famous beach near La Serena is "Morrillos" with 25 km of sand and dunes. In the southern part of Morrillos is Guanaqueros, a beautiful spot with calm waters. Water temperatures can reach 25 C in summer. The best surf spot is Totoralillo beach with good waves. "El Cacho" wave is one of the famous and works awesome with swells.

The best Enduro mountainbike spot is Cerro Grande just behind La Serena with several trails only for advanced to expert riders.

Transport
La Serena relies on diverse means of transport to connect downtown with peripheral neighborhoods and Coquimbo, such as collective taxis, taxis and tour buses. In the past the city was the principal railway center for passenger transport to travel to the interior zone of Vicuña and Ovalle. Today, the only railroad that passes through parts of the city carries iron ore from El Romeral mine to Guayacán's port in Coquimbo.

The city relies on a bus station to provide transport from La Serena to most of the country, as well as an airport with daily flights to Santiago, Antofagasta, Arica, Copiapó and other destinations. Today there is a project to move the La Florida Airport to an area near Tongoy, Coquimbo, due to population growth close to the current airport with all the danger that this implies.

Sports
The city has a football team called Club Deportes La Serena that plays in the second tier of the Chilean league of football. Their home games are played at the La Portada stadium, which has seating for approximately 18,000 spectators. Their biggest rivals are near-neighbors Coquimbo Unido. They are nicknamed "Los Papayeros", because of the papayas that are grown near La Serena in the Elqui Valley.

Since 2007, there has been a professional tennis tournament, the Challenger de La Serena, on the courts of the Estadio Universidad del Mar, in which the first champion was the Argentine Mariano Zabaleta. The courts also hosted the Davis Cup series between Chile and Russia at the beginning of February 2007.

Schools and high schools
The city of La Serena holds a wide variety of schools, lyceums and universities, concentrating great part of the academical offer in the region. Among primary and secondary education, La Serena hosts public, subsidized (owned by the State, managed by privates), and privates schools (La Serena currently holds the entirety of private schools within the Greater La Serena area).

College and universities
Among the universities present in La Serena are the University of La Serena, traditional university with its headquarters and four other campuses in the city; other institutions include the Universidad Central (Central University), Universidad Santo Tomás (Saint Thomas University), Universidad Tecnológica de Chile – INACAP (Technological University of Chile), and Universidad del Mar

Astronomical Research
La Serena holds offices for the European Southern Observatory organisation (operator of La Silla Observatory), AURA, Inc. (operator of Cerro Tololo, located in the Valle de Elqui, about 85 km east of La Serena, and Gemini observatories), and for the Carnegie Institution for Science (operator of Las Campanas Observatory). It will also be the home of the base facility of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.

Twin towns – sister cities
La Serena is twinned with:

 * 🇨🇳 Changzhou, China (2016)
 * 🇺🇸 Hawaii County, United States (1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Kraków, Poland (1995)
 * 🇺🇸 Millbrae, United States (1963)
 * 🇦🇷 San Juan, Argentina
 * 🇪🇸 Talavera de la Reina, Spain
 * 🇯🇵 Tenri, Japan (1966)
 * 🇲🇽 Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico (2002)
 * 🇪🇸 Castuera, Spain
 * 🇪🇸 Campanario, Spain

Notable people

 * José Cademartori (1930–2024), writer, academic, politician (member of Salvador Allende's cabinet)
 * Juana Ross Edwards (1830–1913), philanthropist
 * Alberto Guerrero (1886–1959), composer, pianist and teacher
 * Marcial Martínez Cuadros (1832–1918), lawyer and politician

title: La Serena, Chile


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miramonte High School

Miramonte High School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP due to insufficient deletion consensus. 14 votes to delete, 12 votes to keep. Postdlf 01:23, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Miramonte High School
Since we're voting on a bunch of schools, it seems like this should be included. No claim of notability, and doesn't even have any content other than a table that includes transitory info that will soon be out of date. Niteowlneils 18:33, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. All of these schools are both nonnotable and nonencyclopedic. Indrian 18:40, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * D My bedroom has more tables than this article. Chris 02:46, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It's a taxobox! So, is there a WikiSchools project going on behind the scenes, and we're not being told?  Seems like it.  Geogre 05:11, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 10:46 Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - A school. Intrigue 22:37, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Non-notable school. Delete.  RickK 23:00, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - A good school article that has room to expand. --ShaunMacPherson 20:02, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Expand.  School. anthony 警告 20:14, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Did the user who nominated this for deletion try expanding it first? It looks like doing so should be possible. Factitious 20:27, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 00:50, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Make a mention in Orinda, California and delete - Skysmith 08:59, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. --G Rutter 16:23, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Improv 20:20, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete--JimParsons 22:11, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete NiteOwlNeils said it perfectly. — Bill 22:26, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, NiteOwlNeils said that the article has no content other than a table. That was true when he said it, but has not been the case since yesterday.  Please consider the article as it exists before voting on it. Factitious 23:43, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 23:55, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - a real place. Trollminator 00:03, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep — Florescentbulb 00:15, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep — siro  χ  o  04:14, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * No vote. Don't much like the article. If you changed the name of the school to that of some other California high school, nobody would know the difference unless they fact-checked the article. But will not vote to delete, because I appreciate the improvements made and good faith shown by anthony and Factitious. Keeping this article in its present state does no harm to Wikipedia. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 19:53, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- WOT 01:01, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep older ≠ wiser 15:05, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- [[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 16:13, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - this school is actually a bit notable. ugen64 01:34, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it's any more notable than the average high school, the article fails to explain how.  — Dan | Talk 02:12, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm an alum, so of course I'm biased, but Miramonte is actually a relatively notable school, inasmuch as it does quite a lot of things extremely well. However, I am as yet unfamiliar about what degree of notability makes a school worthy of its own entry. I'd be happy to expand the entry if someone could answer that question. --Occultatio 12:57, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * What degree of notability is necessary depends on who you talk to. According to many of us, all high schools are notable enough.  According to many others, nearly no high schools are notable enough.  You may want to look at User:Dpbsmith/BEEFSTEW for an idea of the standards of at least one Wikipedian who falls in between these two extremes. anthony 警告 19:30, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Walton-on-Thames

Walton-on-Thames, known locally as Walton, is a market town on the south bank of the Thames in northwest Surrey, England. It is in the Borough of Elmbridge, about 15 mi southwest of central London. Walton forms part of the Greater London built-up area, within the KT postcode and is served by a wide range of transport links. According to the 2011 Census, the town has a total population of 22,834. The town itself consists mostly of suburban streets, with a historic town centre of Celtic origin. It is one of the largest towns in Elmbridge, alongside Weybridge.

History
The name "Walton" is Anglo-Saxon in origin and is cognate with the common phonetic combination meaning "Briton settlement" (literally, "Welsh Town" – weal(as) tun). Before the Romans and the Saxons were present, a Celtic settlement was here. The most common Old English word for the Celtic inhabitants was the "Wealas", originally meaning "foreigners" or "strangers". William Camden identified Cowey Stakes or Sale, Walton as the place where Julius Caesar forded the River Thames on his second invasion of Britain. A fisherman removed several wooden stakes about thigh-width and 6 ft high that were very black and hard enough to turn an axe, and shod with iron. He sold these to John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich, who used to come to the neighbouring Shepperton bank to fish, for half a guinea apiece. Elmbridge Museum requires definitive evidence of these stakes, the evidence at present limited to pre 20th-century secondary sources that conflict as to detail.

Walton lay within the Anglo-Saxon district of Elmbridge hundred, in the shire (later county) of Surrey.

Walton appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Waletona". The settlement was held jointly as overlords in the feudal system by Edward de Sarisber (Salisbury) and Richard de Tonbrige. Its Domesday assets were: 6 hides; 1 church (St. Mary's), 2 mills worth £1 5s 0d, 1 fishery worth 5s, 14 ploughs, 40 acre of meadow, supporting 50 hogs. It rendered £28.

The nucleus of the village is in the north, while later development took place in the southern manors on all sides of the railway station. About half of the land was south of the South Western Main Line. This included, from west to east, Walton Heath, Burwood manor and Hersham manor; these together became the civil parish of Hersham in the 19th century. On a smaller scale, the majority of Oatlands village, to the south-west, formed part of the town. St. Mary's Parish Church has some Saxon material and an architectural structure of the 12th century, with later additions. The square flint tower, supported by a 19th-century brick buttress, has a working ring of eight bells, the oldest bearing the date 1606. In the north aisle is a large monument (1755) by the French rococo sculptor and bust maker Roubiliac to Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon, commander-in-chief in Ireland, who lived at the former manor and house of Ashley Park in the parish; this was demolished and its many acres subdivided in 1920. Also in the north aisle is a brass to John Selwyn (1587), keeper of Oatlands Park, with figures of himself, his wife and eleven children. An unusual relic kept in the church is a copy of a scold's bridle presented to the parish in the 17th century, which is mentioned in Jerome K. Jerome's classic Three Men in a Boat. The royal palace of Oatlands, built by Henry VIII in 1538, was a mile upstream to the west.

John Bradshaw lived in the Tudor manor house in the 17th century. He presided at Charles I's trial. Under the Inclosure Act 1800 there were enclosed (privatised from common land or manorial land subjected to agrarian rights of others) 3117 acres of the Walton manors, which included holdings at Chertsey and 475 acres of arable common fields.

The world’s first documented game of baseball was played in 1749 in Ashley Park, on the estate belonging to the wife of Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex. The Earl played in the match along with his friend, Frederick, Prince of Wales.

A School Board was formed in 1878. A previously existing school was enlarged in 1881. The infant school was built in 1884. The Methodist Church, with a spire taller than the tower of the Anglican Church, was built in 1887. The Baptist Church was built in 1901.

A Public Hall, in High Street, was built in 1879 by Mrs Sassoon, who resided at Ashley Park House. This is still in existence and is visible behind the present shopfront. Ashley Park Golf Club was laid out in the 1890s, but ceased to exist prior to 1918.

During World War I, troops from New Zealand were hospitalised in the No. 2 New Zealand General Hospital at Mount Felix House, which is now demolished except for its stable block and clock tower. They are remembered by a memorial in the cemetery, where those who died at Mount Felix are buried, and one in St Mary's Church where an annual service of remembrance is held. They are also remembered in the street name New Zealand Avenue, the Wellington Pub (formerly The Kiwi), and a small memorial in the Homebase car park.

Walton upon Thames Urban District merged with Weybridge Urban District to form Walton and Weybridge Urban District in 1933.

In World War II, owing largely to the proximity of important aircraft factories at nearby Brooklands, the town was bombed on various occasions by the Luftwaffe. On 27 September 1940, fighter pilot F/Sgt. Charles Sydney, who was based with 92 Squadron at RAF Biggin Hill, died when his Spitfire (R6767) crashed in Station Avenue. He was buried in Orpington and was commemorated by a memorial plaque adjacent to the former Birds Eye HQ at Walton Court on Station Avenue, close to the crash site although this has recently disappeared with current major redevelopment of the Birds Eye site with new apartments. Hopefully the memorial will be re-erected and re-dedicated later.

Hersham and Walton Motors (HWM) constructed its own racing car in the early 1950s. Stirling Moss competed in his first Formula One Grand Prix in an HWM. HWM was the world's first Aston Martin dealership that diversified into Alfa Romeo in 2009.

Walton Town Hall, which was commissioned to serve as the offices of Weybridge Urban District Council, was designed by Sir John Brown Henson and Partners in the modernist style, featured a curved structure built from concrete with stone cladding and was completed in 1966. It became surplus to requirements and was subsequently demolished after Walton on Thames was absorbed into the Borough of Elmbridge in 1974.

The name of the town has resurfaced in the media in March 2023 in relation to Levi Bellfield and his bid to get married while in prison.

Demography and housing
The accommodation included 28% detached houses, and 22.6% apartments.

The proportion of households in the town who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).

Demographic change
For information on the 1851–1901 change in population see Transport below. In 2001 and after boundary changes the population was just over 1,500 lower at 22,834. According to the 2001 census, the population of central Walton was 5,862, with Elmbridge's population being 121,936. Central Walton had a male population of 2,791 against Elmbridge's male population of 58,867, and the female population of central Walton was 3,071 against Elmbridge's 63,069.

Commerce
The GSS (ONS specifically) identifies a Built-up Area of its name generally cited for other articles of this work as to their populations e.g. Guildford, Salisbury, which has a population of 66,566 and extends to Hersham, Sunbury-on-Thames and Shepperton.

The Heart of Walton is the name given to the re-development of Walton town centre alongside the relatively short High Street. This main area of the town centre was built in the 1960s and had become run down owing to poor maintenance. The redevelopment includes a shopping mall and 279 one- and two-bedroom apartments, many with views over the private gardens, avenues and public section of Ashley Park. The main part of the centre, a covered walkway, has several brand retailers including Next, Waterstone's, River Island and Desire by Debenhams. The public library was moved here. Further redevelopment has upgraded or built new shops, widening the scope high-end fashion, jewellery, bakery and supermarkets. Restaurants along the New Zealand Avenue side of The Heart include three independents, Nando's, Pizza Express, Gourmet Burger Kitchen and Wagamama. Further restaurants exist along the High Street axis and at the far north-eastern and southern parades within the town boundaries. Around the periphery automotive, construction and landscaping businesses have a large presence and the Walton station area has a number of headquarters sized office buildings, including Kia Motors. As well as this, the long-awaited redevelopment of Walton bridge finished in 2013.

Transport
Walton-on-Thames is served by Walton-on-Thames railway station, which provides 4 trains per hour to London Waterloo, consisting of 2 semi-fast services and 2 stopping services, with the semi-fast services taking only 25 minutes to reach the terminus. This has proven pivotal to the demographics and to the nature and degree of the town's development – in 1851 its population was 4,106 which more than quadrupled in the 60 years to 1911, when its population reached 19,142.

Walton has regular bus services supported by Surrey County Council to nearby towns Weybridge, Shepperton, Hersham, Molesey and Kingston-upon-Thames. A pleasure boat service runs regularly on a stretch of the river that includes a loop around Desborough Island. Local taxis: there is taxi rank at the Walton-on-Thames Station for approximately 12 taxi cars, which is served between 6:30am and 1:00am.

Walton Bridge
Six versions of Walton Bridge have crossed the Thames, each westward, to Shepperton. Before the first bridge there was a ferry which went back at least to the early 17th century. The first bridge, constructed between 1748 and 1750, was a timber structure that stood until 1783. Canaletto painted a picture of this bridge in 1754. The painting, which shows the rococo-style of this bridge, may be seen in the Dulwich Picture Gallery.

The second bridge was constructed in 1788 and stood until 1859. Constructed of brick and stone, it lasted much longer than its predecessor. This bridge was painted by J. M. W. Turner in 1805 following his sketching tour of the River Thames and River Wey.

After the second bridge collapsed a ferry crossing resumed until the construction of the third bridge in 1864. This was a girder bridge on stone piers. At the same time, a brick viaduct was constructed to span the flood plain to the south of the river. The viaduct is still standing.

The third bridge was damaged during World War II in 1940, leading to a permanent weight restriction. To alleviate this a fourth temporary bridge was constructed in 1953 on the downstream side of the old bridge; this was relegated to use by cyclists and pedestrians only until finally demolished in 1985.

The fourth bridge was constructed from prefabricated sections designed by A. M. Hamilton in 1930; built by Callender Cables Ltd, it was called the Callender-Hamilton Bridge. In 1999, the fourth bridge was replaced by yet another temporary, fifth bridge occupying the line of the original bridges. This initially had several problems and had to be resurfaced a number of times causing huge traffic disruptions. The fourth bridge was restricted for use by cyclists and pedestrians only once the fifth bridge was completed.

Building a sixth bridge began in 2011 and was completed in summer 2013, being opened to traffic on 22 July. The two previous bridges were removed. The supplemental brick viaduct to the east remains for cycle and pedestrian use. The £32.4 million bridge is single span (has no piers in the river, which increases views from upstream and downstream and particularly navigation for boats – the first such bridge heading up the River Thames. This is also the only parabolic tied-arch bridge without piers across this river.

Sport
The Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre is to the east of the town, near the Thames. The centre includes two swimming pools, an extensive gym, indoor courts and a climbing wall.

The River Thames offers extensive opportunities for water-based sports, including rowing, canoeing, kayaking, skiffing, punting and sailing. Walton Rowing Club, Thames Valley Skiff Club and St George's College, are on the river towpath between the town centre and the Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre. Weybridge Rowing Club is further upstream in Weybridge.

Walton Athletics Club was founded in 1942 and is based at the new Waterside Drive Athletic Arena. The club has around 200 members ranging in age from 9 years to over 60 years old. The club provides qualified coaching in all athletics disciplines and participates in a number of different leagues to provide appropriate competition for all age groups in track and field, cross country and road running.

Walton-on-Thames Cricket Club are based in Ashley Park with the first team captained by Daniel Roberts. They will play in the Surrey Championship Division two in 2020, having previously won Division Two in 2015 & 2018. Over the years, Walton have had a host of players who have gone on to further honours including Mark Bainbridge (Surrey CCC & England Under-19s), Stephen Murdoch (Wellington), Anthony Alleyne (West Indies Under-19s) and Greg Lamb (Hampshire CCC & Zimbabwe). The club has four Saturday league senior sides and enjoyed a successful 2015 with three of the four sides gaining promotion. The club's training is run by Brian Berthoud.

Walton Casuals are a football club who are currently in the Isthmian League Division One South, a level above their neighbours Walton & Hersham. Nicknamed the Stags, they play at Church Road in a ground share with Whyteleafe while developments take place at the Waterside Drive Sports Hub. They previously played at the Waterside Stadium, just off Waterside Drive and adjacent to the modern Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre. They are expected to move into their new home ahead of the 2017–18 season. The club play in a tangerine orange and black home kit and a blue and white away kit.

Walton & Hersham are a football club who are currently in the Combined Counties League Premier Division. Nicknamed the Swans, they play at the Elmbridge Xcel Sports Hub. The club play in a red and white home kit and a yellow away kit. In 1973, they won the FA Amateur Cup in its penultimate year, beating Slough Town 1–0 in front of 41,000 spectators (the third largest crowd of the day) at Wembley. Later that year, they achieved a shock 4–0 win over Brian Clough's Brighton & Hove Albion (then a Football League Third Division side) in the FA Cup.

Motor cycle racing was staged at Walton Bridge in October 1938. An event was staged on October 30 records that Walton Bridge raced a team from Hounslow at a venue described as Walton Bridge Speedway (on the programme). It is not clear if the event was a grass track meeting or a speedway meeting.

Local politics
Walton-on-Thames is part of the parliamentary constituency of Esher and Walton, which after the 2019 General Election became a marginal Conservative seat, with the Liberal Democrats taking second place. The current MP is Dominic Raab.

In local elections, recent contests for seats on Elmbridge Borough Council and Surrey County Council have been between the local Conservatives, local Liberal Democrats and the local Residents Association, the Walton Society.

The Walton Society was founded in 1975 by the writer and intellectual Ronald Segal, and entered local politics in 1980 with Gordon Chubb who served until his death in 2006. At one point there were nine Society councillors in all four Walton wards during the period of Residents Groups' control of Elmbridge from the 1990s to 2006. Following the 2012 elections, the Society held all three Walton Central seats, with the Conservatives holding all eight seats in the Ambleside, North and South wards. Following the 2024 elections, The Walton Society had only one Walton Central seat remaining, whilst the Conservatives held no seats in any ward. Both had lost power after a marked increase in support for the Liberal Democrats. Walton's most recent Labour councillor was defeated in 2000.

From 2005 to 2013 the Walton division of Surrey County Council was held by The Walton Society's Tom Phelps-Penry. Upon his retirement at the 2013 elections, the seat was gained by Conservative Rachael Lake who had previously held the seat from 1997 to 2005. The Walton South & Oatlands division has been Conservative held since it was created in 1973.

Notable people
The following people(s) were born in Walton-on-Thames:

 * Julie Andrews, actress, singer and author, in 1935.
 * George Brydges Rodney (1718–1792), Royal Navy Admiral.
 * John Carver Meadows Frost, aircraft designer, in 1915.
 * Samuel Croxall (c. 1690–1752), noted for his edition of Aesop's Fables.
 * Milly Dowler (1988–2002), school student murdered by Levi Bellfield.
 * Sean Emmett, Grand Prix motorcycle road racer, in 1970.
 * Susan Ertz (1894–1985), author.
 * Bede Griffiths, theologian and mystic, in 1906.
 * Luke Haines, pop musician, in 1967.
 * Fred Atkins (1859–1881) a Police Constable whose murder on Kingston Hill remained unsolved and who is buried in the local cemetery.
 * Nick Lowe, singer-songwriter, musician and producer, in 1949.
 * Natascha McElhone, actress, in 1971.
 * Ian Rank-Broadley, sculptor and designer of previous British coinage, in 1952.
 * Julian Russell Story, American painter, in 1857.
 * Danny Sapsford, tennis player, in 1969.
 * John Somers-Smith, Olympic sportsman.
 * Gail Trimble, nationally headlining contestant on University Challenge, in 1982.
 * Tony Walton, set and costume designer, in 1934.
 * Anthony Watson, England International Rugby Union player.
 * Sarah Payne (October 13, 1991 –July 2000), a high-profile British child abduction and murder victim in the U.K. (short for the United Kingdom).

The following people(s) have been residents of Walton-on-Thames:

 * Madeleine Albright, former US Secretary of State, lived in the town during World War II.
 * John Vincent Cain, minor British fraudster and aviator.
 * Hugh Gusterson, author and professor, grew up in Walton.
 * Richard Murdoch, actor.
 * Fay Ripley, actress, grew up in Walton.
 * Janek Schaefer, artist, won the 'British Composer of the Year Award in Sonic Art' 2008, and UK 'Best Mobile DJ Award' 2020.
 * Eileen Sheridan, model.
 * John Strachan (1896–1988), cricketer and British Army officer.

In film and television
Some of the sketches for Monty Python were filmed in Walton. Walton Town Hall could be seen in one sketch. Another sketch shows an Admiral Nelson dummy being thrown from one of the flats in Wellington Close.

Location scenes for the cinema film Psychomania (1973) were shot in Walton, including the town's centre.

ITV sitcom Is It Legal? was shot in Walton. The Adventures of Robin Hood was filmed at Nettlefold Studios in Walton.

Series 8 of BBC sitcom Not Going Out features aerial views of Walton-on-Thames between scenes. Find the Lady (1956 film) was filmed in Walton. A restaurant called The Hovel appears in some scenes. Though now gone the sign for the restaurant is available as a poster and jigsaw puzzle.

In the media
The Walton Hop was a teen disco started by in 1958, and ran until 1990. It is reputed to have been the first public disco in the UK, enjoyed by thousands from surrounding areas. Musician Luke Haines, born in Walton, released a record titled "The Walton Hop" in 2006. During the 1970s and 1980s, it was frequented by now-convicted child sex offenders such as former Radio 1 DJ Chris Denning, Tam Paton (manager of the Bay City Rollers) and Jonathan King.

Localities

 * With exact definition
 * Ashley Park
 * Variously defined
 * Apps Court (a former manor)
 * Old Walton
 * Halfway
 * Rydens (a former manor)
 * Ambleside
 * Reclassified
 * Oatlands broke away from the parish and was made part of Weybridge post town in the 19th century

title: Walton-on-Thames


text:
Battle of the Dardanelles

Battle of the Dardanelles may refer to:

During the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1645–1669:
 * Battle of the Dardanelles (1654)
 * Battle of the Dardanelles (1655)
 * Battle of the Dardanelles (1656)
 * Battle of the Dardanelles (1657)

During other conflicts:

 * Dardanelles operation, during the Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)
 * Battle of the Dardanelles (1807), during the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
 * Battle of Elli (1912), during the First Balkan War
 * Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915–16), during the First World War

title: Battle of the Dardanelles


text:
Talk:Origin of language

Notation of Ancient words and possible meanings
Gondi wanna; Gond’wanna; Ancient Languages of Afroasiatic (ALAA.1) and Gondwanna in ALAA..2) “ Gondiwanna/Gondwana means, “main trunk “ . Gondi/Gond/Gnd/ means trunk while wanna means main. In this case, the Adjective wanna can come  before the Noun trunk. Hence, wanna Gondi/gond or Gondi/Gond/gnd wanna would mean the same (as in main trunk or that trunk is the main one; both describe the importance of the trunk, (ref encyclopedias and others). For example, the stretch of the ice covered mass from South Pole to the North Pole, some some 495 m.years ago, before the formations or the break up of the earth into various continents is referred to as Gondi wanna (though it could also be said wanna Gondi.(Perhaps, in describing the importance or centrality of the continuous imaginary trunk of the earth holding ice, together may have triggered the name for it. A few million years later, a red snapper like creature is mentioned by “name” though the word translates to ‘it stretches all the way to the end of its limbs,”, though not visibly formed as if someone/s were examining the almost single line that stretched from the head/neck area towards its tail or limbs. Clearly, if homo sapients came later, the researchers may have named it much later though the creature may have existed for millions of years before coming to the surface. Whatever the situation may have been, Gondi wanna means main trunk. It is also used when referring to a “Family Tree withe the main several generations back, 7+ of an India/enda, meaning homestead and belonging to one familial line by which it is referenced.” As an example, an Inda/enda, branching off from the same family tree, would refer to “Gondi wanna,” or wanna Gondinna, “our main family tlline is…that is the main trunk of the lineage. The origin of languages just like the origin of man is a challenging study. (Alphalang). Alphalang (talk) 14:38, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

Citation Does Not Support Statement in Article
Hi, I found this statement in the article:

> The results suggest that language first evolved around 50,000–150,000 years ago, which is around the time when modern Homo sapiens evolved.

The citation leads to this paper: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338724/ which states:

> Our analysis suggests that language appears early in the history of our species. It does not support the idea that language is a recent adaptation that could have sparked the colonization of the globe by our species about 50 kya [1], [91]. Rather, our result is consistent with the archaeological evidence suggesting that human behavior became increasingly complex during the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in Africa, sometime between 350–150 kya [92]–[100].

That line is somewhat confusing because its saying that the 50 kya migration event was not when humans arose, which it later says was between 300–250 kya with a bottleneck and possible speciation event 200–100 kya. Regardless, the authors do *not* date the emergence of language at 50 - 150 kya, but to a minimum of 150 kya, up to nearly 250 kya depending on the assumptions of the model.

I suggest changing the accompanied text to say "during the Middle Stone Age in Africa," since that is the hypothesis the paper supports (instead of the hypothesis that language evolved 50 kya causing a migration event) and because the authors give multiple date ranges depending on how which assumptions you make. Cereal box conspiracy (talk) 02:01, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

"From where to what" image has flipped text
Hello, the number 4 image on the "from where to what" diagram on this page has flipped text, it should probably be mirrored to be corrected. 136.32.115.242 (talk) 04:46, 13 October 2022 (UTC)

Exaptation from masticatory, deglutitional, and respiratory processes
Given that speech often involves the same muscular and neuroanatomy as chewing, swallowing, and breathing, I propose that its origin necessitated exaptation (repurposing, utilizing existing infrastructure). Crosslinguistic studies (which I don't at present have access to for referencing purposes) have shown a link between the surface and/or volume texture of food morsels processed at different points in the mouth associated with the four tooth types- incisors, canines, bicuspids, and molars. Food morsels of different physical textures require different forces, applied at different angles and for different amounts of time to process for swallowing. Incisors are nippers, canines piercers, bicuspids shears, and molars crushers/grinders (aided in their function by being closest to the jaw joint and thus having the greatest 'lever arm'). Yet molars also have the least ability to control to fine degree, and this control seems to increase as one moves towards the incisors. A tradeoff between precision and brawn, a functional/anatomical divide one sees with other anatomy as well, such as the arms/hands, for example. 'Hard' phonemes such as /k/ associate with mechanically 'elastic' materials (note: NOT the lay sense of the term), while 'soft' ones such as /m/ associate with mechanically 'viscous' materials. Indeed, even the organization of the taste buds on the tongue appear to align with all this- with sweet concentrated at the tongue tip and bitter at the back, near the molars which help process harder, more refractory materials which don't give up their nutrients without a fight. 24.190.155.5 (talk) 17:53, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Poor quality source
From paragraph 2: "In March 2024, researchers reported that the beginnings of human language began about 1.6 million years ago. [7]"

The source is reporting that new research suggests the above claim, but this source does not show the research or any substantial evidence. This clearly is not an acceptable source.

This figure of 1.6 million years placed at the top of the article (rather than in the same section as other theories) implies that this is more or less a proven fact or unanimous opinion among researchers, but the evidence presented here is not even close to sufficient to make this conclusion. 2601:547:1903:2200:E4FE:3617:8BCB:EF40 (talk) 18:40, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I'd remove it from the lede, yes. Remsense  诉  19:04, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

Click language possibly Pre-AMH
The Click communications is possibly a remnant of a low Paleolithic language, with current speakers taking the clicks from a group that preceeded them (unknown/extinct), the click transfer repeated again, when the Bantu arrived elements of the click language got incorporated into their Bantu making them Click languages. Namaaqua (talk) 19:15, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Maybe so. Has any reputable scholar written about that possibility? —Tamfang (talk) 03:48, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Origin of language


text: File:Eva Cassidy - American Tune.jpg

title: File:Eva Cassidy - American Tune.jpg


text:
Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi

Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi (UUK) (உழவர் உழைப்பாளர் கட்சி, 'Farmers and Workers Party'), a political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.The president of UUK is vettavalam Manikandan.

UUK supported the National Democratic Alliance in the 2001 Tamil Nadu assembly elections. At the time, NDA in Tamil Nadu was dominated by the (DMK).

The party opposes the introduction of genetically modified rice in the agriculture of Tamil Nadu.

title: Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi


text: User talk:66.127.58.67

title: User talk:66.127.58.67


text:
Carr's

Carr's is a British biscuit and cracker manufacturer, currently owned by Pladis Global through its subsidiary United Biscuits. The company was founded in 1831 by Jonathan Dodgson Carr and is marketed in the United States by Kellogg's.

History
In 1831, Carr formed a small bakery and biscuit factory in the English city of Carlisle in Cumberland; he received a royal warrant in 1841. Within 15 years of being founded, it had become Britain's largest baking business.

Carr's business was both a mill and a bakery, an early example of vertical integration, and produced bread by night and biscuits by day. The biscuits were loosely based on dry biscuits used on long voyages by sailors. They could be kept crisp and fresh in tins, and despite their fragility could easily be transported to other parts of the country by canal and railway.

Jonathan Carr protested against the Corn Laws, which placed steep tariffs on imported wheat to keep the price of British wheat artificially high. This meant bread was expensive even in times of famine. Carr died in 1884, but by 1885, the company was making 128 varieties of biscuit and employing 1000 workers.

In 1894 the company was registered as Carr and Co. Ltd. but reverted to being a private company in 1908. Carrs Flour Mills Limited was incorporated after acquiring the flour-milling assets. Jonathan's four sons were less skilled at managing the business, but biscuit production remained in the family. It became part of Cavenham Foods in 1964 until 1972, when it was sold to United Biscuits group, along with Cavenham's other biscuit brands Wright's Biscuits and Kemps for $10 million. United Biscuits was sold by its private equity owners to the Turkish-based multinational Yıldız Holding in 2014; in 2016 all UB brands including Carr's were combined with Yildiz's other snack brands to form pladis.

Among members of the Carr family who worked for the business was former Commando Capt. Richard Carr MBE. He was decorated for repeated escape attempts from Italian and German prisoner-of-war camps in the Second World War.

Business
Since 1972 the Carr's biscuit factory has been part of United Biscuits, and the Carr's branded products are marketed in the US by Kellogg's. The factory today is known officially as McVitie's but still known locally as Carr's.

Carr's Flour Mills and the later established agricultural supplies and feeds businesses became Carr's Milling Industries plc, which is still based in Carlisle and now known as Carr's Group PLC. Its products have since the 1990s appeared in UK supermarkets through the Carr's Breadmaker flour range. Carr's Group also own companies involved in light engineering. In 2016 Carr's Group sold the flour-milling division to Whitworths Holdings Ltd.

In March 2012, it was announced that Carr's Table Water Biscuits had lost its royal warrant due to 'changing tastes' in the Royal Households. Carr's promptly licensed the coat of arms of the City of Carlisle to replace the coat of royal arms on their packaging.

Flooding
In 2005 the Caldewgate factory in Carlisle lost two months' production due to flooding.

In 2016 the local newspaper News and Star stated that the factory had reopened with a £1 million government grant. However, that same month United Biscuits announced that the factory in Caldewgate, Carlisle, had experienced five feet (over 150 cm) of floodwater on 6 December, which damaged the brick ovens and would result in product shortages on retail shelves.

After closure of the works for a month to repair and clear flood damage, production and distribution gradually resumed in spring 2016.

title: Carr's


text: Category:Villages in Poland

title: Category:Villages in Poland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trilithium

Trilithium was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus, more keeps than merges—article kept. Cool Hand Luke  19:51, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Fictional material, non-notable Deus Ex 18:39, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft (though as it is Star Trek fancruft it will be an uphill battle to get it removed in all likelihood). Indrian 18:45, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft. --Improv 18:59, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to dilithium. —No-One Jones (m) 19:00, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge/redir to dilithium. It isn't even linked from any Star Trek article--only link is from Fictional chemical substance. Niteowlneils 19:22, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, why not? Dmn / [[User talk:Dmn|Դմն ]] 19:56, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Note: rant follows. What possible reason could there be for deleting this, yet keeping dilithium? They're separate materials, and it makes no sense to cram the two together just to satisfy some notion that, if we decrease the number of Star Trek articles, they'll disappear or be less prominent. Why people want to purge WP of everything they label "fancruft" is beyond me entirely--as long as it's from a decently notable work, clearly labeled as fictional, and well-written, how on earth does this material harm Wikipedia? But I accept that some people want to eliminate such material, and, while I disagree, I can respect that (if not understand their motivation; I'd love a good explanation). HOWEVER: What purpose is served by merging this with dilithium? If we're going to have articles on fictional metals, we should; there's no use trying to stuff 10 pounds of this material into a 5-pound article. The two articles together would probably be less useful; there are times (episode summaries, e.g.) when one would want to link to trilithium without having to scroll through dilithium. Apologies to any I may have offended, but this is quite inexplicable to me. Peace profound, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:02, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * What possible reason could there be for deleting this, yet keeping dilithium? Because Trilithium is something that was invented for one film (and mentioned ocasionally subsequently), and dilithium is something that has been used since TOS and must be mentioned in the Warp drive article. I am not opposed to deleting the bulk of the Star Trek article, but I think this oversteps the mark. Deus Ex 23:58, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If a modern Library of Alexandria was build, nearly all the information stored in it would be junk. No point nitpicking, I think we should be letting more stuff like this stay in, there are some people who would find it notable and interesting even if you don't. Ok, rant over... for now. Darksun 21:08, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The issue is not whether it is interesting or not. The question is whether it should be in an encyclopedia or not.  I do like Star Trek and like reading about it, but I want to do so at a fansite devoted to the subject, not a site trying to be a reputable encyclopedia of knowledge (which is generally supposed to be geared to the human experience in our reality and not alternate realities created by fiction).  You may continue ranting at your own discretion. Indrian 21:27, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * If I read a reference to Trilithium and wanted to know more about it, thinking it was a real substance,  even if I hated Star Trek and did not like to read about fictional materiials, then an article telling me it was a fictional substance would be of great help to me.
 * Keep. IMO it will grow, as will the reference list. If we delete it now we'll just see it recreated when these wikilinks are created. Agree we have a lack of balance where Star Trek is concerned; The solution is to encourage other areas, not to discourage trekies. Andrewa 21:20, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep yet the article needs some expansion — siro  χ  o  22:15, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with dilithium or keep. It doesn't look like there is enough information for a separate article as it stands, but someone who knows more about the subject might be able to say otherwise. (They are related substances, though, so it's not inappropriate to put them in the same article.) [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 22:23, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. RustyCale 22:52, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Star Trek may be a fictional universe, but with the number of fans that it has, it has relevance to the real universe. People who whinge about pop culture being in wikipedia forget that pop culture is a definiing aspect of modern western civilisation, and it's folly to try to understand the modern way of life without understanding pop culture. Shane King 00:49, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, pop culture has its place here; more than a place, really. I have nothing but lavish praise for much pop culture, and Star Trek for that matter. The series is a great realm of imagination and thought. However, the question here is fan minutiae, where it's gotten to the point that characters that appear for barely five minutes in a single episode of a series get an article. Dilithium is a notable word beyond fan knowledge (anyone who has heard of Star Trek has most certainly heard of this), but trilithium is most decidedly not. We delete vanity articles on individuals who are "non-notable" - why should we be any different with non-notable individuals from fictional universes? My other issue is that fancruft has a tendency to be not well-written, unfortunate as it is, with little (if any) context beyond what the fans already know. But this has all been discussed before Wikipedia talk: Deletion policy. At any rate, my vote for this particular article is merge and redirect - as the substance has most relevance to said article. Ian Pugh 01:41, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge/redirect. -Sean Curtin 00:59, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Memory Alpha perhaps? :o) Chris 03:37, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. There are lots of these.  See Fictional chemical substance.  RickK 04:26, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to Star Trek. I don't like separate articles for dilithium or trellium or omega particle or Luxans or Scarrons or Oil slick what ate Denise Crosby or Data's cat or Nurse Chappel's short skirt or Klingon word for loneliness or any of these things.  Here's the question:  Someone who doesn't watch "Star Trek" is going to say, "I keep hearing about trilithium.  What does it mean?"  That person will seek it in an encyclopedia under that name, because she doesn't know it's part of Star Trek.  No?  Not likely?  Then don't make it a separate article. Geogre 05:15, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. NeoJustin 05:35 Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge/redirect to dilithium. Wiki is not paper  ~leif ☺ HELO 07:23, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's notable, well-written, and expandable.  Merging would result in an absurd "dilithium/trilithium" article.  Keeping the article in its present state causes no problems for Wikipedia.  It surprises me that things like this even get brought up for VfD. Factitious 08:22, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. It has no existence whatsoever outside the Star Trek series, and is merely a made up word to sound scientific to people who don't know enough science. Since Wikipedia has a perfectly workable search engine, we don't need a separate article for it anyway. I'll be blunt - a description of the use, colour and function of my coffee mug (or indeed anyone else's) is a lot more notable than this, as drinking vessels are the sort of thing that archaeologists get quite interested in, while an occasional passing reference to a made up object in a long running serial isn't. Average Earthman 09:26, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Now say "nuclear wessels!" Ian Pugh 12:15, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to Fictional_chemical_substance. Frankly, I think dilithium belongs there too. Shadoks 12:21, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect, as above. It's too much info for too little notability.  The fictional substance page is a good page, though.  No shame there!  Terrapin 21:15, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Too much info? As long as its accurate and NPOV, I'm not sure that's possible.  Keep.

 * Delete. More fancruft. GRider 22:28, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Dilithium. Trilithium has never had a major role in the Star Trek universe, and certainly none distinct from dilithium, though it's common enough that someone might search on it.  To make separate articles for these substances would be like making separate articles for red and green kryptonite. Psychonaut 14:25, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I found the article interesting, well-written, and appropriate. While a minor element in the series (as some have noted), well-connected to a major element (dilithium), and extends one's understanding of the major element. Sukoshisumo 19:37, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Decumanus 03:50, 2004 Oct 27 (UTC)
 * Merge. This has been mentioned, what, twice? It's not even a "separate" material as much as an isotope (or whatever, I'm no scientist) of dilithium. Adam Bishop 03:52, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's been mentioned at least five times, judging by the citations in the article and in the Memory Alpha page. There's nothing in either of those saying that it's the same material as dilithium, which is why I think merging the two would be odd. Factitious 04:01, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Isn't it a byproduct of dilithium in that TNG episode? (With the terrorists and baryon sweep) Adam Bishop 04:30, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You're joking, right? Keep, of course. anthony 警告 14:22, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and then delete. -- Radman1 16:08, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * General comment. I don't understand. Annorax, a major character in one of the more memorable Voyager episodes gets almost unanimous delete votes, and a one-off minor fictional substance gets kept? (FWIW, I voted to delete or merge/redir both.) Niteowlneils 17:57, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, notable fictional material, likely some real-world material will be named after it someday. Sam [Spade] 18:55, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep, expand, cross-reference -- see my rant on deletion of so-called 'fancruft':User:Pedant fancruft today may well be notable history tomorrow.
 * Merge and redirect to Treknobabble The Steve  18:22, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I wonder how this vote should be counted, considering that treknobabble is obviously the wrong place to merge this and nobody else voted to merge it there. I think the variety of votes on this page shows that we need a better policy guideline to fall back on for articles like this.  ~leif ☺ HELO 19:56, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How about you consider it a vote to merge into some appropriate Star Trek article? Treknobabble is the article I consider most appropriate, since it sure looks like a pseudoscientific gibberish word created for use in a Star Trek script to me.   The Steve  20:14, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Intrigue 19:59, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Whosyourjudas (talk) 03:53, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to dilithium. --Slowking Man 06:47, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Merging this with dilithium is nonsense, they are seperate materials, the article clearly states it is a fictional material, I see no harm. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 10:05, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Those not going to Star Trek articles won't be "hurt" in any way, and those who are interested in Star Trek will love us. --  user:zanimum
 * Keep. Tell the truth, you've heard of Star Trek / Trilithium and were dying to find out what it is - Do not deny star trek nerds their info! :) --ShaunMacPherson 12:16, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I looked up dilithium and saw a link to this - why shouldn't you keep it? I found it interesting to read. One of the points of Wikipedia is to include articles that other encyclopaedias can't. Also, it uses maybe 5kb of hard drive space? User:SECProto
 * Keep. We have dilithium, why not trilithium? -Branddobbe 07:06, Nov 10, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Latrodectus bishopi

Latrodectus bishopi is the scientific name for the red widow spider, which is endemic to the Florida scrub habitat of central and southern Florida, where it lives primarily in sand dunes dominated by sand pine, Pinus clausa – a type of vegetation found only in Florida and coastal Alabama.

Description
The red widow, L. bishopi, has a red-orange cephalothorax, its abdomen is black with yellow rings outlining the rows of red spots and its legs are vermillion red. On its underside, it does not have the familiar hourglass marking and instead usually has one or two small red marks. Females are almost double the size of the male.

Taxonomy
The species was first described in 1938 by B. J. Kaston as the variety bishopi of the species Latrodectus mactans. The name bishopi honors Marshall B. Bishop who collected the specimens on which the description was based. Latrodectus bishopi was raised to a full species in 1964 by John D. McCrone and Herbert W. Levi. It can be distinguished from L. mactans by features of the male and female genitalia: the embolus of the male palpal bulb has one fewer loop as do the connecting ducts leading to the female spermatheca.

Distribution and Ecology
L. bishopi is endemic to central and southern Florida. It is restricted to sand-pine scrub – inland areas of dry sand dunes dominated by sand pine, Pinus clausa. Within these areas, the species makes most of its webs in palmetto bushes (Serenoa repens and Sabal etonia) at heights of 30 cm or more above the ground. The webs are tangled, with a funnel shaped retreat for the spider below. The spider also stores it egg sacs in this retreat. The species is a known predator of Hemisphaerota cyanea. Possible predators of L. bishopi include sphecid wasps and the Florida scrub jay.

Toxicity
L. bishopi has been reported to be venomous like the other Latrodectus members, and although no bites by this spider are recorded in the medical literature, a bite has been captured on video and documented by Youtuber MyWildBackyard on April 15, 2023. The bite resulted in a mildly painful throbbing sensation that lasted several hours. Unlike cosmopolitan species such as the black and brown widows, it seldom comes into contact with humans. The median lethal dose of the spider's venom has been measured in mice as 2.20 mg/kg (with a confidence interval of 1.29-3.74), and each spider contains about 0.157 mg.

Conservation Status
L. bishopi is a threatened species in the United States.

title: Latrodectus bishopi


text:
Urinary retention

Urinary retention is an inability to completely empty the bladder. Onset can be sudden or gradual. When of sudden onset, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. Those with long-term problems are at risk of urinary tract infections.

Causes include blockage of the urethra, nerve problems, certain medications, and weak bladder muscles. Blockage can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, bladder stones, a cystocele, constipation, or tumors. Nerve problems can occur from diabetes, trauma, spinal cord problems, stroke, or heavy metal poisoning. Medications that can cause problems include anticholinergics, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, cyclobenzaprine, diazepam, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), amphetamines, and opioids. Diagnosis is typically based on measuring the amount of urine in the bladder after urinating.

Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen. Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent, or surgery. Males are more often affected than females. In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year. Among males over 80 this increases 30%.

Signs and symptoms
Onset can be sudden or gradual. When the onset is sudden, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. Those with long-term problems are at risk of urinary tract infections.

Complications
Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment. The pain can be excruciating when urine is not able to flow out. Moreover, one can develop severe sweating, chest pain, anxiety and high blood pressure. Other patients may develop a shock-like condition and may require admission to a hospital. Serious complications of untreated urinary retention include bladder damage and chronic kidney failure. Urinary retention is a disorder treated in a hospital, and the quicker one seeks treatment, the fewer the complications.

In the longer term, obstruction of the urinary tract may cause:
 * Bladder stones
 * Atrophy of the detrusor muscle (atonic bladder is an extreme form)
 * Hydronephrosis (congestion of the kidneys)
 * Hypertrophy of the detrusor muscle (the muscle that squeezes the bladder to empty it during urination)
 * Diverticula (formation of pouches) in the bladder wall (which can lead to stones and infection)

Bladder

 * Infection
 * Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
 * Neurogenic bladder (commonly spinal cord damage, pelvic splanchic nerve damage, cauda equina syndrome, pontine micturition or storage center lesions, demyelinating diseases, multiple system atrophy, genital herpes, or meningitis-retention syndrome)
 * Iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment/procedure) scarring of the bladder neck (commonly from removal of indwelling catheters or cystoscopy operations)
 * Damage to the bladder

Prostate

 * Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
 * Prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies
 * Prostatitis

Penile urethra

 * Congenital urethral valves
 * Phimosis or pinhole meatus
 * Circumcision
 * Obstruction in the urethra, for example a stricture (usually caused either by injury or STD), a metastasis or a precipitated pseudogout crystal in the urine
 * Pseudodyssynergia
 * STD lesions (gonorrhoea causes numerous strictures, leading to a "rosary bead" appearance, whereas chlamydia usually causes a single stricture)
 * Emasculation

Postoperative
Risk factors include
 * Age: Older people may have degeneration of neural pathways involved with bladder function and it can lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention. The risk of postoperative urinary retention increases up to 2.11 fold for people older than 60 years.
 * Medications: Anticholinergics and medications with anticholinergic properties, alpha-adrenergic agonists, opiates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), calcium-channel blockers and beta-adrenergic agonists, may increase the risk.
 * Anesthesia: General anesthetics during surgery may cause bladder atony by acting as a smooth muscle relaxant. General anesthetics can directly interfere with autonomic regulation of detrusor tone and predispose people to bladder overdistention and subsequent retention. Spinal anesthesia results in a blockade of the micturition reflex. Spinal anesthesia shows a higher risk of postoperative urinary retention compared to general anesthesia.
 * Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Men with benign prostatic hyperplasia are at an increased risk of acute urinary retention.
 * Surgery related: Operative times longer than 2 hours may lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention 3-fold.
 * Postoperative pain.

Chronic
Chronic urinary retention that is due to bladder blockage which can either be as a result of muscle damage or neurological damage. If the retention is due to neurological damage, there is a disconnect between the brain to muscle communication, which can make it impossible to completely empty the bladder. If the retention is due to muscle damage, it is likely that the muscles are not able to contract enough to completely empty the bladder.

The most common cause of chronic urinary retention is BPH.

Other

 * Tethered spinal cord syndrome.
 * Psychogenic causes – psychosocial stresses, fear associated with urination, paruresis ("shy bladder syndrome") – in extreme cases, urinary retention can result.
 * Consumption of some psychoactive substances, mainly stimulants, such as MDMA or amphetamine.
 * Use of NSAIDs, or drugs with anticholinergic properties.
 * Stones or metastases, which can theoretically appear anywhere along the urinary tract, but vary in frequency depending on anatomy.
 * Muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and scopolamine.
 * Malfunctioning artificial urinary sphincter.

Diagnosis
Analysis of urine flow may aid in establishing the type of micturition (urination) abnormality. Common findings, determined by ultrasound of the bladder, include a slow rate of flow, intermittent flow, and a large amount of urine retained in the bladder after urination. A normal test result should be 20-25 mL/s peak flow rate. A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring urinary tract infections. In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle. In chronic retention, ultrasound of the bladder may show massive increase in bladder capacity (normal capacity is 400-600 ml).

Non-neurogenic chronic urinary retention does not have a standardized definition; however, urine volumes >300mL can be used as an informal indicator. Diagnosis of urinary retention is conducted over a period of 6 months, with 2 separate measurements of urine volume 6 months apart. Measurements should have a PVR (post-void residual) volume of >300mL.

Determining the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may help diagnose or rule out prostate cancer, though this is also raised in BPH and prostatitis. A TRUS biopsy of the prostate (transrectal ultrasound guided) can distinguish between these prostate conditions. Serum urea and creatinine determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage. Cystoscopy may be needed to explore the urinary passage and rule out blockages.

In acute cases of urinary retention where associated symptoms in the lumbar spine are present such as pain, numbness (saddle anesthesia), parasthesias, decreased anal sphincter tone, or altered deep tendon reflexes, an MRI of the lumbar spine should be considered to further assess cauda equina syndrome.

Treatment
In acute urinary retention, urinary catheterization, placement of a prostatic stent, or suprapubic cystostomy relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. BPH may respond to alpha blocker and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy, or surgically with prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Use of alpha-blockers can provide relief of urinary retention following de-catheterization for both men and women. In case, if catheter can't be negotiated, suprapubic puncture can be done with lumbar puncture needle.

Medication
Some people with BPH are treated with medications. These include tamsulosin to relax smooth muscles in the bladder neck, and finasteride and dutasteride to decrease prostate enlargement. The drugs only work for mild cases of BPH but also have mild side effects. Some of the medications decrease libido and may cause dizziness, fatigue and lightheadedness.

Catheter
Acute urinary retention is treated by placement of a urinary catheter (small thin flexible tube) into the bladder. This can be either an intermittent catheter or a Foley catheter that is placed with a small inflatable bulb that holds the catheter in place.

Intermittent catheterization can be done by a health care professional or by the person themselves (clean intermittent self catheterization). Intermittent catheterization performed at the hospital is a sterile technique. Patients can be taught to use a self catheterization technique in one simple demonstration, and that reduces the rate of infection from long-term Foley catheters. Self catheterization requires doing the procedure periodically during the day, the frequency depending on fluid intake and bladder capacity. If fluid intake/outflow is around 1.5 litres per day, this would typically be performed roughly three times per day, i.e. roughly every six to eight hours during the day, more frequently when fluid intake is higher and/or bladder capacity lower.

For acute urinary retention, treatment requires urgent placement of a urinary catheter. A permanent urinary catheter may cause discomfort and pain that can last several days.

Older people with ongoing problems may require continued intermittent self catheterization (CISC). CISC has a lower infection risk compared to catheterization techniques that stay within the body.

Challenges with CISC include compliance issues as some people may not be able to place the catheter themselves.

Surgery
The chronic form of urinary retention may require some type of surgical procedure. While both procedures are relatively safe, complications can occur.

In most patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), a procedure known as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) may be performed to relieve bladder obstruction. Surgical complications from TURP include a bladder infection, bleeding from the prostate, scar formation, inability to hold urine, and inability to have an erection. The majority of these complications are short lived, and most individuals recover fully within 6–12 months.

Sitting voiding position
A meta-analysis on the influence of voiding position on urodynamics in males with lower urinary tract symptoms showed that in the sitting position, the residual urine in the bladder was significantly reduced, the maximum urinary flow was increased, and the voiding time was decreased. For healthy males, no influence was found on these parameters, meaning that they can urinate in either position.

Epidemiology
Urinary retention is a common disorder in elderly males. The most common cause of urinary retention is BPH. This disorder starts around age 50 and symptoms may appear after 10–15 years. BPH is a progressive disorder and narrows the neck of the bladder leading to urinary retention. By the age of 70, almost 10 percent of males have some degree of BPH and 33% have it by the eighth decade of life. While BPH rarely causes sudden urinary retention, the condition can become acute in the presence of certain medications including antihypertensives, antihistamines, and antiparkinson medications, and after spinal anaesthesia or stroke.

In young males, the most common cause of urinary retention is infection of the prostate (acute prostatitis). The infection is acquired during sexual intercourse and presents with low back pain, penile discharge, low grade fever and an inability to pass urine. The exact number of individuals with acute prostatitis is unknown, because many do not seek treatment. In the US, at least 1–3 percent of males under the age of 40 develop urinary difficulty as a result of acute prostatitis. Most physicians and other health care professionals are aware of these disorders. Worldwide, both BPH and acute prostatitis have been found in males of all races and ethnic backgrounds. Cancers of the urinary tract can cause urinary obstruction but the process is more gradual. Cancer of the bladder, prostate or ureters can gradually obstruct urine output. Cancers often present with blood in the urine, weight loss, lower back pain or gradual distension in the flanks.

Urinary retention in females is uncommon, occurring 1 in 100,000 every year, with a female-to-male incidence rate of 1:13. It is usually transient. The causes of UR in women can be multi-factorial, and can be postoperative and postpartum. Prompt urethral catheterization usually resolves the problem.

title: Urinary retention