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New Zealand Cadet Forces

The New Zealand Cadet Forces (Cadet Forces or NZCF) is a voluntary military-style training organisation for New Zealand youth between the ages of 13 and 21. Run in partnership with the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) and local community organisations. Through its three branches, the New Zealand Cadet Forces provide young adults with a four-year training curriculum, while a number of local, area, and national camps and courses provide further experience and qualifications. It is jointly funded by the Ministry of Defence, the Royal New Zealand Returned Services' Association, local communities, and the Associated charities belonging to each branch (CCANZ, SCANZ, ATCANZ). Overall it is directed by Air Marshal Kevin Short, Chief of Defence Force. Cadets are not under any obligation to join the New Zealand Defence Force, however many choose to do so upon turning 18 years old.

Organization
It is composed of three Branches or Corps (similar to the New Zealand Defence Force):

 * New Zealand Cadet Corps (NZCC)
 * Sea Cadet Corps (SCC)
 * Air Training Corps (ATC).

The New Zealand Cadet Forces is commanded by the Commandant New Zealand Cadet Forces (COMDT NZCF). Assisting the Commandant is the Executive Officer NZCF (XO NZCF), the Assistant Commandant (ASST COMDT NZDF), and the Warrant Officer New Zealand Cadet Forces (WONZCF).

Training is provided by Cadet Force Officers, Cadet Non-Commissioned Officers, and adult volunteers through Cadet Units nationwide. Supported by three Cadet Force Training and Support Units (CFTSU) composed of NZDF Regular Force (RF) personnel. The New Zealand Cadet Forces also play a large role in supporting community projects through volunteer labour.

1864–1902
The first unit raised was at Otago Boys' High School in 1864, making it one of the oldest youth service organisations in New Zealand. By 1870 there were several secondary school units in existence, among the first being Nelson College, Christ's College, Wellington College and Auckland Grammar School.

From 1864 until 1902 the training followed that used in the British public schools. The emphasis was on rigid discipline and shooting marksmanship and it was entirely controlled by the Headmaster; the Army was not involved. The Education Act of 1902 was responsible for most secondary schools forming cadet units and the Army became directly involved in the Cadets training following their Boer War participation.

1903–1940
In 1911, Lord Kitchener stated, during his visit to New Zealand, that the Cadet movement had an important role to play in the Defence of the Empire. Subsequently, the Army began to provide uniforms, rifles and other equipment to the units. This Army support continued through World War I, with many school cadets making up the officers and non-commissioned officers of the First Expeditionary Force.

In 1919 Compulsory Military Training was for all males from 14 – 21 years, thus Cadet units were structured into Cadet Battalions. Territorial regiments were raised and on completion of Secondary school schoolboys were posted to these Regiments.

In 1932 CMT was abolished, but most Cadet Units continued at the schools on a voluntary basis, supported by teachers who had experienced World War I. During World War II the Army could not support the cadet movement but Officers ineligible for war service continued to manage the organisation.

In 1929 the first open Sea Cadet Corps was formed in Christchurch, by the Canterbury Navy League. Units formed in the four main centres and were controlled nationally by the Canterbury branch of the League. The Navy League continued to manage these open community Sea Cadet units even when they came under the control of the Royal New Zealand Navy.

1941–1970
The Air Training Corps was formed in September 1941, Its purpose was to train potential airmen, providing basic knowledge and training as well as to provide an insight into Air Force work to prepare young men for the Air Force when they were old enough.

In the 1950s specialist training appropriate to their parent service was introduced for the cadet forces. The rate of increase in the cadet movement from 1948 – 1960 eventually proved counter productive in the 1960s as the Army could not effectively support the numbers while meeting their own commitments.

By 1964 the NZCF reached peak strength, mainly in school units of 198 units, with 1,000 officers and about 54,000 cadets.

Reorganisation saw many schools cease cadet support and by 1965 there were about 20,000 cadets; further changes to support by the Army and the communities reduced school cadet numbers to 34 units and 10,300 cadets by 1970. Open community Sea Cadet Corps and Air Training Corps units had, meanwhile, slowly decreased to 55 units with 3,200 cadets.

1971–1984
Centralised supervision was established by the Chief of Defence Force of all three Corps and a Commandant appointed with Regular Force Defence personnel, under the control of the Commandant, provided at 5 locations around New Zealand to support units. Cadet Force officers were appointed by the Minister of Defence with Cadet Force commissions, on a voluntary unpaid basis with authority to wear military uniform and rank.

The 1971 Defence Act, established the NZCF, as a volunteer organisation, for which the Minister of Defence was responsible. The open units were required to be initiated and funded by the community and the Chief of Defence Force was authorised to "direct and supervise" the NZCF and provide military support which was initially confirmed as uniforms, training and some equipment at a cost of no greater than $400,000.

The role of the NZCF ceased being primarily of military training and the preparation of young men for the Armed Forces and became predominantly adventure and development motivated with a military flavour and about 50% military subjects associated with providing knowledge of the roles and functions of the NZDF. The new thrust was to provide "good citizenship skills" to young men under the training methods used by the Military Forces.

Female cadets were accepted from 1977 and although the service flavour and well tried and tested services training methods and character was retained, additional training was introduced by units, which were desired by them and the community supporters.

1985–1990
The loss of Government financial support and turbulent social change in the 1970s caused school units to be abandoned such that by 1985 there were only 9 remaining units, including the two earliest formed at Christ's and Nelson Colleges. Meanwhile, the Sea Cadet Corps had increased to 17 units and the ATC to 50 in the open community units. A significant development saw the introduction of Cadet Corps Units into the open community to satisfy the demand which the schools had abandoned, the first open Cadet Unit being the City of Porirua unit in October 1985.

1991–2010
In 1991 the ATC celebrated its Golden Jubilee, 50 years since it was formed. To celebrate and raise its public profile a relay run was organised in which cadets from every unit in NZ participated. It started at either end of the country and converged in Wellington. Along the way money was collected and donated to CANTEEN-teenagers with cancer.

In 2001 the ATC celebrated its Diamond Jubilee of 60 years in operation with special parades held in each area. By this time the ATC comprised 52 Squadrons spread from Kaitaia to Invercargill and approximately 2500 cadets.

At the beginning of 2010, there were 103 Cadet Force units In New Zealand, and cadet numbers approximately 4500 with 360 cadet officers.

2010–2019
Cadet 150

In 2014 the NZ Cadet Forces celebrated 150 years as one of New Zealand's oldest youth organisations. This saw most of their personnel hold the largest cadet exercise in 50 years, 'Cadet 150'. Held at Waiouru Army Camp, the exercise ran from January 24-30th and had cadets from every unit attending. In total around 1200 Personnel attended the event, with approximately 120 personnel being invited from allied cadet forces around the world, including:

 * 6 Cadets and 1 Officer from the Canadian Cadet Organisation
 * 70 Cadets and Officers from the Australian Defence Cadets. These personnel were transported to New Zealand via RAAF C-130J aircraft.

Upon arrival all cadets were separated in to 25 different teams sorted Alpha – Yankee. These Platoons represented the group cadets would belong to for the week long activity and dictated when cadets would be eating and their accommodation and was relevant to the elective that the attending cadet had chosen.

Before arriving, personnel were able to nominate an elective to participate in, which determined a set of activities they participated in:

Land Elective

The Land Elective was a day tramp over the Tongariro Crossing in the Tongariro National Park volcanic plateau.

Water Elective

The Water Elective included sailing, kayaking, life raft experience and abseiling off a dam. Conducted at Lake Moawhango.

Air Elective

The Air Elective included an air experience flight, a flight simulator, military aircraft static displays, as well as RNZAF unit presentations. Conducted at RNZAF Base Ohakea. Cadets were transported via contracted bus services to RNZAF Base Ohakea early in the morning.

General Training Programme

As well as their chosen elective, attending personnel also participated in the following activities: 2014 - Operation Tauira

2014 saw the implementation of Operation Tauira, a four-year, complete overhaul of the NZCF to better align the organisation with legislation and volunteer organisation best practice, improving the linkages with the NZDF recruiting objectives and to better enable achievement of the NZCF mission. Operation Tauira also implemented deliberate future-proofing initiatives to reduce risk, particularly in health and safety, reputation and relationship management. Along with the changes the NZCF saw a complete the restructure of the Headquarters element. The new structure saw the NZCF adopt the NATO style continental staff system, with NZCF commissioned officers now taking a bigger role in running the organisation at the national and area levels. This change saw the appointment of the first ever senior NZCF officer at the rank of a Wing Commander who has control over the day to day Cadet Force volunteers, and their operational running of the organisation in consultation with the Commandant NZCF

2017 - Battle of Passchendaele, Youth Ambassadors

On 11 August 2016 the Ministry for Veteran's Affairs announced the "2016 Battle of Passchendaele Multi-Media Competition". Two personnel from the NZCF were selected from the general competition (Available to all year 13 students in New Zealand) to take part in the Youth Ambassadors delegation to travel to Belgium. The NZCF also sent along official representatives.

2018 - Visual Identity System

In August 2018, the New Zealand Cadet Forces introduce a new Visual Identity System. Under this new system the NZCF allowed the use of Navy Cadets, Army Cadets, and Air Cadets for the members of the Sea Cadet Corps, the New Zealand Cadet Corps, and the Air Training Corps respectively. The system also introduced a new logo for each corps and a primary logo for the NZCF. The primary logo is an amalgamation of the three separate corps logos. "The new NZCF logo is an opportunity to refresh and modernise the NZCF brand. It is a clean and modern visual representation of the three component organisations which comprise the NZCF." The badges of the three cadet forces remain official emblems. These badges have Royal Assent and are protected by the Flags, Emblems and Names Protection Act 1981. 2018 - CadetNet

CadetNet is an online website based intranet developed in house by New Zealand Cadet Forces personnel that is designed to optimize processes and act as a singular source for information and material related to the New Zealand Cadet Forces. The system is operated by, and only accessible by active members of the organisation.

Early Release

The concept for a Cadet Forces online hub began in 2014 with several years’ work being undertaken by a small group of NZCF Officers. In 2018 an early version of an integrated online hub for all cadet needs was released named "CadetNet". Developed by the S6 – Communications and Information Systems branch of Headquarters, and managed by project leader SQNLDR S. Hobbs, NZCF. This early role out to officers and a limited number of units included basic functionality such as a repository of manuals and information relevant to the routine operation and training of NZCF personnel. Over the course of the year more systems were rolled out unit by unit, such as a tab based system for different branches of the organisation. In practice this meant if a person within the organisation wanted to find out about uniform, they could go the "S4 – Logistics" tab and find the manual relevant to the uniform they wanted to know about.

The other half of CadetNet included digital profiles for all personnel. Meaning all members of the New Zealand Cadet Forces could be uniquely recorded in a single database for the first time in the organisations history. These profiles allow personnel to update their personal details such as changes in address and contact details. With a comprehensive privacy policy ensuring the data of each individual can't be accessed without appropriate permissions.

The profiles also allow the ability for cadets to see a history of their promotions, awards they've received courses and camps they've completed, creating a "Cadet CV". While this doesn't make the NZCF record of service books that all cadets are issued redundant, this enables cadets to track their record of achievements using a more convenient medium.

In mid 2018 a new version was released that included automatic compiling of the NZCF 20 form. The NZCF 20 form is a monthly report detailing the number of each rank that paraded with that unit, any activities and events that the unit undertook, and a forecast of events happening in the upcoming month. This CadetNet update reduced the role the adjutant plays to double checking the results are correct and signing off on them.

Full release

In late 2018 and early 2019 the first organisation wide release occurred with all personnel of all rank being required to supply (in addition to what is required upon enrolment) an email and two separate next of kin who must have basic contact details (Contact number, email, address).

At this point more functions had been introduced with the goal of streamlining and reducing workload on officers. In addition to the digitization of the NZCF 20 form, Cadets were able to directly apply for courses and eventually unit activities directly through the CadetNet portal. Previously if personnel wanted to attend a course they would have to rely on NZCF staff promulgating the Annual Training Programme issued from Headquarters, request and complete the NZCF Form 8, supply it to their unit's adjutant, then the adjutant would have to collate all applications and email the successful applications (subject to Cadet Unit Commander's approval) to Headquarters. With CadetNet this shortened to a cadet being able to see all upcoming courses they are eligible for and applying directly to them, this means from a staff point of view all that's necessary is to select the applicants and forward them to headquarters.

2019 - RNZAF Base Auckland - New Youth Facility

On 29 June 2019 the New Zealand Defence Force opened a new youth development facility on the grounds of RNZAF Base Auckland. The new facility, which has accommodation for up to 120 personnel will give the NZCF another facility to utilise for promotional NCO courses (SNCO and JNCO course primarily) and shooting courses, which will see the NZCF use the nearby 25m range.

The first use of the facility by the NZCF was a Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Course, which ran from the 15th to the 21s of July 2020. Since this the facility has been used for numerous courses and competitions. The primary benefit for the facility is the location, with most Northern Area units being based in or around Auckland, there are fewer logistical challenges than transporting personnel to Whangaparāoa (Tamaki Leadership Centre).

2020–2021
After the success of the Cadet 150 exercise the organisation wanted to capitalise on the planning and experience gained. This came to fruition from 19 to 26 January 2020, the New Zealand Cadet Forces held exercise Cadet 2020. While originally the exercise was scheduled to be held at Tekapo Military Camp, due to logistical challenges the location was changed to Waiouru Army Camp. The exercise saw approximately 1000 cadets and 250 officers from the New Zealand Cadet Forces attend as well as personnel from the New Zealand Defence in support, providing the venue and logistical support for the exercise.

Using the experience from the Cadet 150 Exercise, the activity was expanded to accommodate more activities and experiences, but unlike Cadet 150, was not opened to the cadet forces of other nations.

The exercise was fortunate in its timing, as the first case of COVID-19 was reported in New Zealand less than a month after the exercise. This was closely followed by an announcement from the NZCF Headquarters of "an operational pause to all NZCF activities".

Similar to the Cadet 150 exercise, before cadets arrived they were given the option of 4 electives to choose from;

 * Air Elective, Land Elective, Adventure Elective and Maritime Elective. Furthermore, for four days of the activity cadets were grouped into formations for a 'round robin' training programme where they were able to experience;

2020 - COVID-19 Effects on the NZCF

Due to the effects of COVID-19 in New Zealand, Headquarters New Zealand Cadet Forces declared an "Operational Pause on ALL NZCF ACTIVITIES" at 11:59pm on 22 March 2020. To be reviewed on a weekly basis, while all of New Zealand remained at Alert Level 3 or above then all NZCF activities ceased. The cause for this "Operational Pause" was for two reasons;

 * 1) To prevent the spread of COVID-19 within the organisation and comply with government restrictions on the size of gatherings.
 * 2) To free up NZDF personnel in NZCF roles for recall to other positions for Operation PROTECT.

Due to the multiple COVID-19 resurgences in New Zealand there have been further operational pauses,  forcing NZCF units to rapidly shift to online learning tools. Due to the continued closure of NZ borders all international exchanges have been indefinitely postponed.

Headquarters
New Zealand Cadet Forces' headquarters element is based in Trentham Army Camp The commandant and New Zealand Defence Force Headquarters staff work out of this office. Each Area (Northern, Central, and Southern) also have their own offices which they use to administer their areas. Each area is normally led by a regular force commissioned officer, however occasionally senior non-commissioned officers hold the position. The Commandant of New Zealand Cadet Forces is typically a senior New Zealand Defence Force officer (LTCOL/E) and is drawn from any of the three NZDF branches. National and Area Warrant Officers

2017 saw the introduction of four new Warrant Officer positions for senior cadet NCOs. These positions are to allow a direct line of communication from cadets to the senior staff of the New Zealand Cadet Forces. The individual who holds the Warrant Officer New Zealand Cadet Forces position is a member of the Headquarters NZCF leadership team. They are mandated to render advice on any matters within the NZCF environment, but with particular focus on strategic matters affecting personnel, training, and welfare. The Warrant Officer of the New Zealand Cadet Forces reports directly to the Commandant, NZCF.

Area Warrant Officers operate in a similar, more regional capacity. These individuals are a supplementary member of the Cadet Force Training and Support Unit (CFTSU) of their relevant Area. Just like the National Warrant Officer these personnel are mandated to render advice on any matters within the NZCF environment, but with particular focus on matters affecting personnel and training and welfare in their areas. They work in partnership with the Area Coordinators and Area Support Officers in their region as well as corresponding with both the National Warrant Officer and holding regular conferences with the Unit Warrant Officers and Company Sergeant Majors in their regions to establish a consistent and effective strategy.

The four positions are as follows;

 * Warrant Officer Cadet Forces
 * Warrant Officer Northern Area
 * Warrant Officer Central Area
 * Warrant Officer Southern Area

The positions are intended for senior cadets who have held the position of Warrant Officer or Company Sergeant Major within a cadet unit of any corps. Air Training Corps and Sea Cadet Corps personnel are attributed the rank Cadet Warrant Officer, New Zealand Cadet Corps personnel are given the rank Cadet Warrant Officer Class 1.

In order for personnel to eligible for any of the four positions they must:

 * Be a senior Warrant Officer or Warrant Officer Class II who has completed at least one year acting as a Cadet Unit Warrant Officer.
 * Have the experience, ability and capacity to provide support and advice at strategic and operation levels;
 * Have the ability to establish and maintain professional relationships at all levels.

Personnel selected for either an Area or National Warrant Officer position are appointed for a two-year period.

Branches
The Cadet Forces is made up of three branches or corps. Each corps is modelled on a corresponding branch of the NZDF: the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), the New Zealand Army and the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF).

Each corps has its own training curriculum, uniforms and organisational structures aligned with its parent regular force branch.

==== New Zealand Cadet Corps ====

The New Zealand Cadet Corps (NZCC) is the land component of the NZCF and Aligned with the New Zealand Army. Founded in 1864 the NZCC is the oldest branch of the New Zealand Cadet Forces. The NZCC represent the second smallest of the three Cadet branches, and as of 2024 there are 34 units across New Zealand.

Cadet Corps training includes drill, first aid, land based navigation, land based search and rescue (SAR), survival skills, familiarisation with military tactics and equipment and dedicated firearms training. Each NZCC unit is sponsored by a unit in the New Zealand Army which give NZCC personnel unique opportunities to accompany and participate in army activities and become familiar with army equipment. Each area (Southern, Central, Northern) hold an annual Skills competition with all units being eligible to compete in, focusing on competitive application of core skills, with the winning team from each area later in the year competing at a national competition. A national course in fieldcraft is also offered.

==== Sea Cadet Corps ====

The Sea Cadet Corps (SCC) is the maritime arm of the NZCF, and is aligned with the RNZN. Founded in 1929 the SCC is the smallest of the three branches, as of 2021 the SCC has 17 Training Ships across New Zealand

Sea Cadet Corps' training focus is marine based, with a large volume of spent sailing allowing personnel to develop their skills on the water including a swimming test in the beginning of service. To supplement core training, the SCC also provides it's personnel with training in fieldcraft, firearms training, land and sea navigation, radio procedures, and other useful skills. Each area (Southern, Central, Northern) hold an annual regatta with all Training Ships, focusing on competitive application of core skills, with the winning team from each area later in the year competing at a national competition.

The two sailing boats that the SCC use are the Crown and the RS Feva. The Crown is a 4-person dinghy, specifically designed for the use of the units. The RS Feva's serves as a more modern vessel which could be raced in local, national and international regattas.

==== Air Training Corps ====

The Air Training Corps (ATC) is the aviation arm of the NZCF and is aligned with the RNZAF. Formed in September 1941 originally for the purpose of training young pilots ready for active service. As of 2021 there are 49 ATC squadrons across New Zealand.

The ATC curriculum contains aviation, fieldcraft, drill, leadership, search and rescue (SAR), survival skills, organisational knowledge of NZDF and NZCF and firearms training. National courses are provided in powered flying, aeronautical navigation, gliding and fieldcraft. Each area (Southern, Central, Northern) hold an annual skills competition for all squadrons, focusing on competitive application of core aviation skills, with the winning team from each area later in the year competing at a national competition.

NZCF Structure
The NZDF and the NZCF work together in a combined structure to deliver the NZCF's Mission and Core Values.

The NZDF provides 27 regular force personnel and six NZDF civilian employees to perform training development, administration and logistics for Cadet Force operations. These operations are commanded from HQNZCF, based in Trentham Military Camp in Wellington.

There are three Cadet Force Training Support Units (CFTSUs), each covering a Cadet Force region and operating from an NZDF establishment. Northern Area CFTSU is based in RNZAF Base Auckland; Central Area CFTSU at RNZAF Base Ohakea near Palmerston North; and Southern Area CFTSU at Burnham Military Camp just South of Christchurch.

The New Zealand Cadet Force is under the command of the Commandant NZCF. The Commandant of the NZCF is typically given a three-year appointment, however, some choose to renew their appointment, or otherwise are required to leave their command early due to extraordinary circumstances.

Working alongside the NZDF personnel are NZCF Officers and Senior Cadets from all three Corps appointed to key strategic, operational and tactical positions.

They provide:
 * Policy advice and recommendations that will enhance both the support and training.
 * Representation to the community meeting the Government/Community partnership requirement to develop and implement strategies for growth by raising the national profile of the NZCF.
 * Quality Control for the cadets by ensuring the content of the entire training programme is relevant and suits the needs of today's youth.

Association National Executives
Three non-profit organisations, the Sea Cadet Corps Association of New Zealand Inc. (SCANZ), the Cadet Corps Association of New Zealand Trust (CCANZ), and the Air Training Corps Association of New Zealand Inc (ATCANZ) have been appointed by the Chief of the Defence Force to play an integral role in the Cadet Forces' management. They are responsible for developing policy in regards to training and NZDF involvement, national marketing, liaison with non-recognised organisations with Cadet Forces involvement, and additional logistical support. They also represent individual units and their support committees in the Standing Committee of the Cadet Advisory Council and via direct consultation from the Commandant Cadet Forces.

All associations have a National Executive to deal with the NZCF directly, while each unit is represented by an association branch.

SCANZ has the additional responsibilities of acquiring national resources and assets for SCC training use – as the Navy is unable to provide these facilities – and provide a disputes resolution process for SCC unit support committees.

Returned Services Association
The Royal New Zealand Returned Services Association (RNZRSA) supports NZCF involvement in its ceremonial and commemorative activities, encourages its members to join the support committees of individual cadet units, and provides additional support and resources.

Many RNZRSA members have formally served for branches of the Cadet Forces.

Defence Employer Support Council (DESC)
The Defence Employer Support Council is a civilian agency run by the New Zealand Government that works to facilitate good working relationships between NZDF Reservists, Cadet Force Officer's, and their civilian employers. The Council liaises with the Minister of Defence on matters related to Reserves and also NZDF youth programmes (the NZCF and Limited Service Volunteers).

The focus of the DESC is for members to use their knowledge, networks and experience to:

 * 1) Engage with the employers of Reserve Force members and New Zealand Cadet Force officers;
 * 2) Open doors to civilian employment opportunities for members of the:
 * 3) Limited Service Volunteer programme;
 * 4) New Zealand Cadet Forces; and
 * 5) Regular Force members who are transitioning from the NZDF; and to
 * 6) Foster relationships with employers to identify potential NZDF opportunities where members with unique skills are needed by the NZDF

NZCF Officers of all branches are encouraged to reach out to DESC for support with their civilian employer if they feel they need it. Occasionally the DESC also facilitate the recruitment of new NZCF Officers from retiring Defence Force personnel who still want to contribute to New Zealand.

Each year the DESC hold an award ceremony to recognise and reward employers who ensure that Cadet Force Officers are able to not just meet their commitments, but provide the support needed for Officers to succeed and thrive. This can be by providing Officers with the leave they need to go on promotional course and attend unit activities, or by providing resources to help facilitate the operation of New Zealand Cadet Forces. Officers nominate their employer through the DESC website, and support the application with written testimony including examples of how their employer supports their position in the NZCF.

Cadet Unit Support Committees
Each individual unit has a Cadet Unit Support Committee. Made up of voluntary members of the community, often parents and relatives of cadets, the committees assist units with fundraising and the supply of voluntary labour and resources when required.

Commissioned officers
NZCF Active List

NZCF Active Service is defined under Cadet Force Order 1 (CFO 1). Every NZCF Officer appointed to the strength of an NZCF Cadet Unit, to HQ NZCF or a CFTSU will be held on the Active List and has the option of taking Cadet Unit Commander's Leave or transferring either to the Non active List of that unit or to the NZCF Reserve or NZCF Standby Reserve as the regulations allow.

NZCF Non-Active List

The NZCF Non-Active List is for NZCF Officers who are unable to meet the requirements of efficient service for a period greater than three months and who do not wish to resign their NZCF commission. The maximum period an officer will be transferred to the Non-Active List is 12 months.

Note: Once an Officer Cadet passes the Commissioning Course, they are promoted to the rank of Acting Ensign (A/ENS), Acting Second lieutenant (A/2LT), or Acting Pilot officer (A/PLTOFF).

Unit grading
Units are graded on their size, which dictates the number of Officers and Non-Commissioned Office each unit may possess. Units are able to deviate from the limitations of their grade, however must seek approval from the COMDT NZCF beforehand. Notably, the number of personnel used for the grading is based on the average attendance of weekly parade nights, as opposed to the total number of cadets enrolled at the unit. By 1 September each year, each Cadet Unit Commander is notified of their unit's grade.

Under Officer Rank
Consultation for the potential removal of the rank began in 2018 with the area Warrant Officers (WONA, WOCA, WOSA) talking to Under Officers and Warrant Officer's around the country to seek opinions regarding how Under Officers were utilised on a local level. Some NZCF Officers were also polled for an opinion. The result was that in 2019 HQ NZCF announced their intention to remove the under officer rank completely from service, to be replaced by the Officer Cadet rank. The Officer Cadet rank had traditionally been used for those attending a Commissioning Course to give personnel a shared rank and equalise personnel from the two different methods of commissioning (serving Under Officers and direct entry civilians). The rank of Officer Cadet is now given in its place to personnel intending to commission, regardless of if they previously served as a Non-commissioned Officer. This also gives direct entry candidates the opportunity to practice being in uniform and participate in unit parade nights before attending commissioning courses.

One of the more commonly used locations for the Under Officer course was the Royal New Zealand Police College, located in Porirua. This location presented the unique opportunity for NZCF students and staff to interact with the New Zealand Police and interact with their equipment. The last course held at the RNZPC was between 20 and 29 January 2017. The Last Under Officer Course was held at RNZAF Woodbourne between 6 and 15 July 2018.

As of April 2021 the last Under Officer graduated from the NZCF Officer Commissioning Course.

Vision, Mission, Values and Aims
Vision: Preparing New Zealand's successful leaders of tomorrow.

Mission: To develop and enable self-disciplined, confident and responsible young New Zealanders.

Core Values:
 * Courage – Confronting challenges both physical and moral, to over come any adversity.
 * Commitment – Being reliable and loyal, serving and supporting the NZCF, local communities and NZ.
 * Comradeship – Looking out for each other, having respect for all, and championing the benefits of friendships, teamwork and diversity.
 * Integrity – Having discipline, always being honest, trustworthy and responsible.

Aims:
 * to foster a spirit of adventure and teamwork, and to develop those qualities of mind and body essential for good citizens and leaders.
 * to provide challenging and disciplined training activities, which will be useful in either Service or civilian life.
 * to promote an awareness of the Armed Forces, and the role they play in the community.

The aim of drill:
 * The aim of drill is to develop a cadet who is proud, alert, self-disciplined, obedient, and provides the basis of teamwork.

Cadet Personnel
Any person between the ages of 13 and 15 years may join the NZCF. The full consent of parents or guardians is required to apply, and while under the age of 18 parental consent is required for all training and exercises undertaken. A person younger than 13 may join if presently attending Year 9 at a New Zealand Secondary School. Cadets can stay on without being promoted to the age of 18. Senior Non-Commissioned Officers may serve until their 20th birthday at which time they must commit to serving as a commissioned officer, Supplementary Staff, or leave the unit.

Other than black lace up shoes, all uniform is provided upon enrolment into a unit and completion of a training camp where wearing of the uniform is taught. Bonds are sometimes held to ensure that they are returned.

NZCF personnel are not subject to the Armed Forces Discipline Act 1971, and hence cannot be deployed into active service.

Fees
Unit fees are set by each unit Parent Support Committee annually. Due to fluctuating operating costs, these vary from unit to unit dependent on the type of activities the unit has planned, although typically fees will be no more than $200 annually. Participating in unit exercises may incur extra charges, although any costs outside of government funding are often subsidised by sponsors.

Adult Cadets
In 2017 the New Zealand Cadet Forces updated their Child Protection policy surrounding cadets who are either Non-Commissioned Officers or personnel who are completing cadet level training that are aged 18 and over.

There is a deliberate delineation between an 'Adult' and an 'Officer' as the latter has specific authority to exercise command and control over cadets and other NZCF Officers.

The key difference between a cadet who is an adult and a cadet who is under 18 is that adult cadets and indeed all adults within the New Zealand Cadet Forces are charged with the responsibility of maintaining the safety and welfare of cadets during all NZCF activities. While this doesn't mean that cadets who are classified as adults hold authority over other cadets due to their age, it means that adult cadets are expected to at the very least vocalize to an Officer or Supplementary Staff member when they believe safety and welfare have been compromised.

Cadet Non-Commissioned Officers who are 18 or older are issued a thin white band which is sewn into the rank slide of the individual immediately above the "CADET FORCES" lettering and below the rank emblem.

Officers and Supplementary Staff
Adult Members can serve in two capacities: Commissioned Officers or Supplementary Staff. Officers are commissioned into the New Zealand Cadet Forces, with the post-nominal letters NZCF, at the rank of Pilot Officer, and can be promoted to Flying Officer, and Flight Lieutenant after completing the necessary training and service. Cadet Force officers may serve to any age after receiving a commission.

In 2014 the organisation introduced a new position of National Support Officer (NSO). This position was designed to place a New Zealand Cadet Force Officer at high level of influence within HQNZCF, which traditionally had his position had been solely occupied by New Zealand Defence Force Personnel. In 2016 with the adoption of the continental staff system the position was renamed to Assistant Commandant. If he or she is an ATC officer, as opposed to an NZCC or SCC officer, they will hold the rank of Wing Commander.

Supplementary Staff or SS for short, are civilians who help train cadets. They do not wear uniform, but they are generally treated similarly to officers by cadets. Members of the NZDF are occasionally attached to cadet units to assist in conducting training. This is normally because they know a cadet/officer in that unit, or if they have a particular interest in cadet forces. They are addressed as "Instructor" or by cadets choice, "Sir" or "Ma'am".

Fees
NZCF Officers do not typically pay any membership fees for belonging to a Unit or Training Ship, this is typically to balance the time and effort put in by NZCF Officers. While Officers aren't encouraged to, a large amount contribute anyway, by way of purchasing stationary and equipment for their unit.

Courses
Each year the New Zealand Cadet Forces holds numerous courses designed to train and maintain the skills of all its personnel. Twice per year (Mid and late year) Headquarters, NZCF promulgates the NZCF Annual Training Programme or 'ATP', which represents the "Authorised Activities" that are undertaken by the NZCF. "Authorised Activities" are those which are at least partially funded by the New Zealand Defence Force and the support organisations for each branch (SCANZ/CCANZ/ATCANZ). Any other activity undertaken such as unit camps are "Recognised Activities" and receive no formal funding from the NZDF and are not included on the ATP.

Each course is staffed by a mix of Defence and Cadet Force personnel, with the bulk of staff being Cadet Forces Officers with Defence staff often performing logistics and support roles such as administrators. However, more enthusiastic personnel are often actively involved in the courses and provide an opportunity for cadets to ask questions regarding recruitment into the New Zealand Defence Force.

Tri-Corps promotional courses are held in each area up to three times per year (each school holidays excluding Christmas holidays) depending on requirements, with courses occasionally being removed if there aren't enough applicants. Conversely, if a course in one area is removed then students from that area may be transported to and from another area (whichever has space on a course) for the student to undertake the course.

Tri Corps Courses
Tri Corps Courses are available to everybody in the New Zealand Cadet Forces regardless of which branch they're in. * Personnel are required to undergo further training before being eligible to act in a staff role. This will always be passing the course as a student first.

Sea Cadet Corps Courses
These courses and exercises are normally restricted to cadets in the Sea Cadet Corps. However, occasionally Officers from other branches will attend either as staff members or in order to cross train their skills. Officers that are stationed at multi-Corps Unit headquarters, such as TS Amokura (Wellington) which also has No. 1 (City of Wellington) Squadron, and Wellington City Cadet Unit parade from the same facility.

New Zealand Cadet Corps
These courses and exercises are normally restricted to cadets in the New Zealand Cadet Corps. However, occasionally Officers from other branches will attend as staff members to help facilitate the activities.

Air Training Corps
These courses and exercises are normally restricted to cadets in the Air Training Corps. However, occasionally Officers from other branches will attend either as staff members or in order to cross train their skills. Officers that are stationed at multi-Corps Unit headquarters, such as TS Amokura (Wellington) which also has No. 1 (City of Wellington) Squadron, and Wellington City Cadet Unit parade from the same facility.

A recent addition to the list of courses on offer is an Officer Gliding Course, aiming to give New Zealand Cadet Force Officers, whose courses are normally paperwork based, the opportunity to have similar experiences to Cadets. A relatively small course in relation to the larger National Gliding Course, this course has proved extremely popular with ATC Officers.

Officers
All Commissioned Officers of the NZCF are eligible to staff both the JNCO and SNCO course by virtue of being commissioned. However precedence is given to Officers that have successfully completed the Instructional Technique and Training Management Course.

For promotional course there are several roles that an Officer can perform as a course staff member. Some Officers will be assigned multiple roles depending on their skill level and experience. The roles available to an Officer include, but are not limited to;

 * Syndicate Leader – This will be the first position assigned to an Officer when they begin staffing courses. Directly responsible for a group of Cadets and their progress over the course. The Syndicate Leader will assess the students based on their performance and behaviour on the course. These personnel also provide the majority of the Duty of Care and in loco parentis on the course.
 * Adjutant – Responsible for the administration and personnel of the course. This person will ensure all personnel attending receive their JI's (Joining Instructions) and will collate the nominal roll. Typically assigned to an Officer who has staffed courses previously and volunteers for the position. The individual holding this position will often double as a Syndicate Leader.
 * Training Officer – Responsible for the creation and maintenance of the training programme for the course as well as ensuring lesson plans and instructors are adequate for the course. Typically assigned to an Officer who has staffed courses previously and volunteers for the position. The individual holding this position will often double as a Syndicate Leader.
 * Course Director – The senior most Cadet Force Officer on the course. Ultimately responsible to the Area Office (CFTSU) for the successful running of the course. This position will only be given to an Officer that is trusted by the Area Coordinator or Senior Area Advisor and will almost always be CAPT/FLTLT/LT in rank and have staffed numerous courses previously. While on a course, if a student fails a terminal objective on the course (possibly resulting in them not passing the course) the Course Director will oversee the retraining and eventual retest of the student. This will normally be the only role that does not double as a Syndicate Leader.

Cadets
Cadets who graduate from the Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Course are eligible to go back and staff the JNCO course, the SNCO course, and the Cadet Fieldcraft Experience. These NCOs can staff in two capacities, depending on the course.

 * Cadet Staff member – On promotional courses Cadet NCOs act as mentors and guides for junior cadets, displaying the behaviour and attitudes expected. Cadets are assigned in Platoon Sergeant/Division Lead/Flight Sergeant roles.
 * Course Warrant Officer/Sergeant Major/Course Coxswain – A sub position for NCO Staff. This is the senior Cadet on the course, responsible for the rest of the Cadet Staff and the drill on course.
 * Fatigue – Commonly referred to as "slushies", on promotional courses 2–4 Cadet NCOs are employed to help out in the kitchen and with logistics on the course such as setting up activity stands. These personnel won't typically interact with students in an educational capacity.

All Cadet Forces personnel that staff courses, regardless of rank and position are entitled to be paid for their work on course.

Shooting Competitions and Trophies
The David Culverwell Memorial Trophy for Top NZCF Shot In 2004 Cadet Forces was approached, through Flight Lieutenant Bruce Sinclair, regarding the donation of a .22 competition rifle for use as a trophy by Mr Denis Culverwell. He wanted to donate the weapon as a trophy in memory of his son David who was tragically killed in a traffic accident. David was a very keen competition shot and his parents wanted to continue in this vein with the trophy. Northern Area had the trophy mounted and engraved and Headquarters verified it as being the trophy for the 'Top Shot' within Cadet Forces. The trophy is to be awarded annually to the highest scoring Cadet based on the annual .22 calibre shooting competition (Smit, Gunford or Wallingford). If two or more cadets have the same final score (regardless of unit) the COMDT has agreed to fund a shoot off. Using the same rules and conditions as the National shooting competitions the highest possible score (HPS) is 100.

Lady Islington Challenge Cup Awarded to the NZCF team that attains the highest aggregate score in the annual .22 calibre shooting competition (Smit, Gunford or Wallingford).

Canterbury Defence Victory Trophy

Awarded to the Southern Area team that attains the highest aggregate score in the annual .22 calibre shooting competition (Smit, Gunford or Wallingford).

The K. & P.L. Bolton Rifle Shooting Trophy

Awarded to the Central Area team that attains the highest aggregate score in the annual .22 calibre shooting competition (Smit, Gunford or Wallingford).

Sir John Logan Campbell Vase

Awarded to the Northern Area team that attains the highest aggregate score in the annual .22 calibre shooting competition (Smit, Gunford or Wallingford).

Cadet Unit Efficiency Awards
The National Efficiency Awards are as follows: Annually, Cadet Force units of the three corps compete for the most efficient unit. One unit from each of the three areas is nominated by the Area Coordinator. A senior officer from each of the single services or the respective corps NZCF Liaison Officer inspects the finalists using the NZCF 27, Unit Efficiency Form to select the national winner. All aspects of the unit's operation are considered including administration, training, stores and equipment, the atmosphere the unit displays, unit support committee and community support. The inspecting officer also officiates at the unit training parade.

All units of the New Zealand Cadet Forces are to be assessed for efficiency each year by their respective Area Coordinators. There are awards for the best unit in each area and a national award for the most outstanding Unit of each Corps in the New Zealand Cadet Forces.

Other Competitions
Royal New Zealand Returned Services Association Community Service Award

This nationwide award is presented annually to a New Zealand Cadet Force Unit for service to the community. NZCF is a voluntary organisation for youth aged 13–18 years of age.

Firearms
Currently in use Formerly used
 * Marlin XT
 * Norinco JW-15a – Removed from service as a service rifle in 2011. Only in service as a non-functional drill purpose rifle.
 * No. 8 Rifle – Removed from service as a service rifle in 2008. In service as a non-functional drill purpose rifle (some Southern Area units only).
 * Drill Purpose Training Aid – Referred to as "DPTA's" there is a Mk I and Mk II variant. These serve as introductory platforms for Cadets to learn ceremonial drill.

 * L1A1 Self Loading Rifle (SLR) – Used as a blank firing firearm on exercises and as a non-functional drill purpose rifle.
 * .303 SMLE rifle – in 1912 issued to senior cadets with Pattern 1903 bayonet
 * .303 Bren gun
 * Vickers MMG
 * Sten gun
 * .310 BSA Model D Air Rifle

Vehicles
The New Zealand Cadet Forces leases and operates a fleet of utility vehicles to enable Cadet Units to facilitate camps, exercises, and activities without always needing to hire vehicles. The NZCF have leased these vehicles long-term, they are based out of each area's (Northern, Central, Southern) training and support unit RNZAF Base Auckland, RNZAF Base Ohakea, Burnham Army Camp. Headquarters New Zealand Cadet Forces also retain a small number of vehicles that act as company vehicles for the use of senior NZCF staff such as the Commandant, NZCF and the Executive Officer.

Each vehicle is branded in an NZCF livery in order to promote brand awareness. The livery is based on New Zealand Defence Careers vehicles to promote synergy between the two.

The NZCF operates the following vehicles:

 * Toyota Rav 4 SUV
 * Mitsubishi Triton Ute
 * Toyota Hiace Van

Medals and Awards
Cadet of the Year Award

Inaugurated in 2016, the Cadet of the Year Award (COTY) is an annual panel judged award received by one cadet who most exemplifies the NZCF values of Courage, Commitment, Comradeship and Integrity, during a calendar year. To be selected for judging by the panel a person must be nominated by another member of the NZCF, who must complete an NZCF 104 – COTY Nomination Form. Potential recipients must have demonstrated each of the values throughout the year and be recommended by their Cadet Unit Commander, who must complete submit a comment with the NZCF 104 form as to why the cadet deserves the award. Any cadet (CDTWO1(E) and below) can be nominated for the Cadet of the Year Award.

Initially a two-day competition held each October or September in each year, this version of the award was short lived due to the cost and lack of ability to travel for some personnel. With the active competition version of the award only occurring between 2016 – 2018.

The recipient is invited to the New Zealand Defence Force Person of the Year Awards to receive the award. Cadet Force Medal Commissioned Officers are awarded the Cadet Forces Medal (CFM) after 12 years of continuous service from the age of 18 and choosing to become an Officer Cadet.

After each further eight years of continuous service, a clasp to the Cadet Forces Medal is awarded.

Personnel who receive this award typically hold the rank of Captain(E) due to the time in service required for the medal. However, it's possible for Officers holding junior ranks such as Second Lieutenant (Equivalent) to be awarded this medal.

Commandant's Commendation The 'COMDT NZCF Commendation' is available to NZCF personnel and Cadet Units whose contributions to the NZCF deserve formal recognition, but which may not meet the criteria for honours and awards from the Sovereign, or Chief of Defence Force/Service Chief/NZDF Commendations.

A Commandant's Commendation may be awarded to a member of the New Zealand Cadet Force for an act of gallantry, bravery or specific courage that, in the opinion of the Commandant, is worthy of recognition but does not merit a higher award. Alternatively the Commendation may be awarded for a singular accomplishment or extraordinary performance of duty over time.

Commandant's Coin Acting as an official 'challenge coin' of the New Zealand Cadet Forces. The Commandant's Coin is open to all individuals involved and associated with the New Zealand Cadet Forces. While not an award the coin is personal recognition to those who have provided valuable service to the NZCF; the service being above that normally expected. Recipients are at the discretion of the commandant.

New Year/Birthday Honours

While New Zealand Cadet Force members are not eligible for awards in the Military List of New Year or Birthday Honours. They are, however, eligible for awards in the Civil list

New Zealand Defence Force Chiefs Commendations

The New Zealand Chief of the Defence Force and single service Chiefs (Army/Navy/Air Force) make available Defence Commendation awards to New Zealand Cadet Forces personnel and units similarly to the Commandants Commendations.

New Zealand Cadet Forces Haka
i Ngā Toa Pōtiki o Aotearoa – the official Māori translation of The NZ Cadet Forces and the name of the New Zealand Cadet Forces Haka. In days gone past the term ‘Toa Pōtiki’ was used for the youngest warriors, those who were undergoing training. Toa muri was another term used to describe young warriors undergoing training.

Government Funding and Pay
The Cadet Forces is partially funded through the Miscellaneous Support Activities (M22) appropriation in Vote Defence Force. This covers provision of the Defence infrastructure and planned support to regional defence forces and the New Zealand community. It includes the Mutual Assistance Programme, New Zealand Cadet Forces, Service Museums and assisting with the training of Limited Service Volunteers.

Pay

Excluding any Regular Force personnel, all service is voluntary and unpaid apart from commissioned officers and Cadet NCOs who are paid by the NZDF for staffing nationally organised (authorised) courses.

For Cadet Non-commissioned Officers and Second Lieutenant(E) this is flat rate equivalent to the New Zealand Minimum Wage at the time of the course multiplied by eight hours a day (a standard working day) for the length of the course. For Cadet NCOs this payrate is irrespective of rank, a Sergeant acting as a staff member will make the same as a Warrant Officer.

Commissioned Officers however are entitled to amounts commensurate with their ranks. Senior Cadet Force Officers such, Major(E) are entitled to a higher rate of approximately $340 per day for the length of the course (not including travel days).

Staff members are also entitled to monetary compensation in the form of reimbursement for travel expenses to and from courses, however advantage is of the special relationships the New Zealand Defence has with national carriers, notably Air New Zealand, both aviation and bus transport is utilised for personnel movements when feasible. The New Zealand Defence Force also offer transport using RNZAF aircraft as long as it does not affect operational requirements.

In June 2021 the New Zealand Chief of Defence Force approved an 'annual gratuity payment' to Commissioned New Zealand Cadet Force Officers. Officers who logged enough hours in 2020 received a "good faith" payment from the New Zealand Defence Force. And moving forward from 2021 a criterion has been set for each NZCF Officer that will need to be met annually in order for the payment to be made;

 * Must be a Commissioned Officer of the New Zealand Cadet Forces
 * Not under probation or suspension
 * Accumulate 20 days minimum NZCF service each calendar year
 * Must have a completed an annular PDR (Performance Development Review)
 * The rate is paid at the rank held for the majority of the year.

Legal Standing
The New Zealand Cadet Forces (NZCF) are established and maintained under Part 6, Section 74 of the Defence Act 1990. This legally empowers the Minister of Defence to raise and maintain cadet forces: the Sea Cadet Corps (SCC), the New Zealand Cadet Corps (NZCC), and the Air Training Corps (ATC).

Sub section 1A of Part 6, Section 74, of the Defence Act 1990 delegates and empowers the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) to maintain the NZCF. The NZCF is not, however, a component of the New Zealand Defence Force. Aspects of the CDF delegation are then sub-delegated to the Commandant NZCF who is responsible for the strategic direction and operational functioning of the organisation.

Controversies
Temporary Order No. 3 Controversy

In November 2011 Temporary Order no. 3 (Temporary orders are numbered as they are released annually, i.e. Temporary order 3 was the third released in 2011) was released by HQNZCF detailing sweeping changes in the eligibility of cadets and to what age they were able to serve until. The Temporary order, which was eventually scribed into the NZCF Policy and Administration Manual (PAM), restricted all cadets over the age 18 from serving unless they were promoted to the rank of Under Officer (disestablished and replaced by Officer Cadet). This was highly controversial for members of the organisation and resulted in many Senior Non-Commissioned Officers leaving the organisation, creating a power vacuum that resulted in junior cadets being thrust into higher ranks without the necessary experience and training. There is speculation as to exactly what prompted the creation of this Temporary Order, however there has not been a public statement given that confirms any theory. In the aftermath a NZCF Officer was asked to formally resign for breach of the Code of Conduct of the New Zealand Cadet Forces, which states that no member of the organisation may bring it in to disrepute.

Adventurous Training

In July 2010 HQ NZCF issued a memo that clarified to Cadet Unit Commanders and NZCF Officers that "Adventurous Activities" were overwhelmingly not permitted by NZCF personnel and activities paintball, skydiving, and paragliding were explicitly restricted. This persisted until November 2016 when Temporary Order T2/2016 was released once again allowing NZCF units to oragnise and participate in the aforementioned activities provided the appropriate planning was completed and approved by Area Offices (Cadet Force Training and Support Units). Resultingly activities such as paintball and skydiving are recognised activities within the boundaries of the New Zealand Cadet Forces.

Gliding Incidents
December 1997

On 9 December 1997 a fatal incident occurred on a Cadet Gliding Course that resulted in the deaths of a 16 year old from Upper Hutt and an English born doctor that moved to the local area from Canada in 1994. At 4:12pm the glider entered into a stall, before nose diving towards the ground, disintegrating in the process. Cadets on the course were witness to the event.

January 2009

On 31 January 2009 an incident at Central Hawkes Bay Aeroclub, located in Waipukurau, occurred that resulted in minor injuries for a cadet and an instructor. The glider made an unexpectedly low approach and when the instructor made evasive maneuvers the right wing of the glider has struck a power line resulting in a crash. Both the cadet and instructor survived with no serious injuries, with the cadet continuing on to complete the camp.

April 2009

On 30 April 2009 a second gliding related incident occurred on the National Gliding Course. Minutes after takeoff a glider carrying a 14 year old cadet from Christchurch and a 77 year old instructor from Taupō, suffered an event which resulted in the glider aircraft crashing into the ground. The instructor in the back suffered from moderate back injuries and had both ankles broken, the cadet however, was taken by rescue helicopter to Waikato Hospital in critical but stable condition. The cadet suffered from a spinal injury and was required to use a wheel chair and walking frame for some time. By June 2019 the cadet was back parading with his unit in Christchurch.

Firearms Incidents
Theft of Cadet Rifles

In July 2015 Taupo Cadet Unit was burgled, resulting in the loss of 6 Marlin XT rifles and 4 drill purpose Norinco JW-15a rifles.

Negligent Discharge

On 17 September 2020 an incident occurred that resulted in the discharge of a personal firearm at a cadet training facility. The incident occurred on the grounds of Timaru Christian School, however the facility involved was not part of the school. The incident was during firearms training, with the instructor involved bringing in eight personal firearms to demonstrate to cadets the evolution of firearms. The incident was investigated by the New Zealand Police and the HQ NZCF. The instructor received a warning from the NZ Police.

title: New Zealand Cadet Forces


text:
Category talk:Gangs

Sub categories
There is potential for further subdivision at some point into street gangs and/or prison gangs. There may be some overlap between these though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.157.146.246 (talk • contribs) 20:13, 14 October 2004

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category talk:Gangs


text:
Summerston

Summerston is a residential area of Glasgow, Scotland. With most of the housing constructed in the 1970s, it is situated in the far north of the city and is considered to be part of the larger Maryhill district, but has a different postcode; other nearby neighbourhoods are Gilshochill to the south and Cadder to the south-east. With open farmland to the north-east, Summerston is separated from the southern parts of the town of Bearsden to the north-west by the River Kelvin and a golf course.

Amenities
Summerston has a riding school run by UK charity Riding for the Disabled. The area is also home to St Blane's Primary and John Paul Academy.

The 4th Glasgow Scout Beaver Colony and Cub Scout Pack are based in Caldercuilt Primary School at 101 Invershiel Road. It is also home to Summerston Childcare which is the most popular Family Learning and Out of School centre in Summerston having had a waiting list for their classes since their opening in 1995. Maryhill Harriers running club meet at John Paul Academy as well as various other clubs together with a range of fitness class in the evening at the school. Summerston has several large shops, including an ASDA, also a chemist. There was previously a B&M Bargain, Poundstretchers store and a flooring shop they have subsequently been removed and building remodelled to make way for new shops rumoured to be a Iceland and a home bargains.

As of July 2021 the current shops are opened: Asda, Home Bargains, Gregg’s, Iceland.

There is an entrance to Maryhill Park from Summerston which contains tennis courts, a children's play area and walking paths.

The residential streets are mostly named after locations in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, including obscure places such as Gorstan, Carbost, Tolsta, Ardessie, Loch Mullardoch and Milovaig.

History

The current Summerston railway station is about 1+1/2 mi south of the original one which was on the Kelvin Valley Railway. The original station was north and west of the River Kelvin, close to the Summerston Farm and Cottages and the site of a fortlet on the Antonine Wall. The fortlet was discovered from aerial observation in 1980. A temporary marching camp, south of the Kelvin, was found in 1978 also from the air. A sandstone distance slab was found at Summerston Farm before 1694. A video of scans taken from the stone has been produced.

The slab, reminiscent of The Bridgeness Slab, was made by the Second Legion and depicts a helmeted horseman and naked captives. It is now in the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow. The slab was probably originally painted with bright pigments. The colours were found using X-ray and laser technology. The gory slabs showed natives with bright red blood on their faces, bodies and legs. The neighbouring forts to this forlet were at Bearsden to the west and at Balmuildy to the east.

Another Summerston slab can be compared with one found near Castlehill. Both these similar slabs, like two others from Duntocher have two decorative pelta shields, one on either side of the slab. The horns of each shield are embellished with three rosettes on the Castlehill slab whereas the Summerton slab has these end in two griffins' heads.

The first, badly weathered, slab has four rosettes between the shields and the inscription. It was found in 1803 on Low Millochan farm. The farm, later called East Millichen, is near Summerston. It was built into a dovecot and records the building of 3666.5 paces of wall by the Sixth Legion. MacDonald describes the work as coarse and relates that some of the abbreviations are unusual. He suggests that it stood side-by-side with what he calls no. 6 (RIB 2193) at Summerston. On the similar Castlehill slab (RIB 2196) he suggests the stone-cutter has blundered and made a letter P where he should have a letter F (for Fidelis) on the fourth line. The Castlehill slab also records 3666.5 paces although the units used are a matter of ongoing research.

There is some evidence of a Roman bridge over the Kelvin between Summerston and Balmuildy. Summerston was part of the parish of Strathblane. Ironstone and coal were historically mined in the area.

title: Summerston


text:
Sardar

Sardar, also spelled as Sardaar(,, 'commander', literally 'headmaster'), is a title of royalty and nobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, chiefs, kings and other aristocrats. It has also been used to denote a chief or leader of a tribe or group. It is used as a Persian synonym of the title Emir of Arabic origin.

The term and its cognates originate from Persian sardār (سردار) and have been historically used across Persia (Iran), the Ottoman Empire and Turkey (as "Serdar"), Afghanistan (as "Sardar" for a member of the royal Mohammadzai clan in meaning of noblemen), Mesopotamia (now Iraq), Syria, South Asia (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nepal), the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Balkans and Egypt (as "Sirdar").

Amongst Sikhs, the term began to be adopted due to Afghan influence in the mid-18th century to signify a leader of a Jatha or Misl and gradually replaced other prior used terms for these positions, such as 'Jathedar' and 'Misldar'. The term sardar was used by Sikh leaders and generals who held important positions in various Sikh Misls. The title is still commonly used by Sikhs today. Though historically signifying one's military rank or membership of a locally important family, in the contemporary period the title is used widely in India and neighbouring countries for any respected Sikh male. Sardar was also used to refer to generals of the Maratha Empire. After the decline of feudalism, sardar later indicated a Head of State, a Commander-in-chief, and an army military rank. As a military rank, a sardar typically marked the Commander-in-Chief or the highest-ranking military officer in an army, akin to the modern Field Marshal, General of the Army or Chief of Army. The more administrative title Sirdar-Bahadur denoted a Governor-General or Chief Minister of a remote province, akin to a British Viceroy.

In Himalayan mountaineering, a sirdar is a local leader of the Sherpas. Among other duties, he records the heights reached by each Sherpa, which factors into their compensation.

Princes

 * The Kapurthala State, have been ruled by kings of state styled Sardar. For example, the king of Kapurthala used the title of Sardar.

Examples of regional use

 * Portrait of a Sikh sirdar, ca.1820.jpg sirdar, ca.1820]]In Baluchistan, the title Sardar marked the chief of his tribe.
 * In the Royal Afghan Kingdom, the original Nishan-i-Sardari (Order of the Leader), founded by King Amanullah in 1923, was bestowed for exceptional service to the Crown by the Afghan monarch. Recipients enjoyed the titles of Sardar-i-Ala or Sardar-i-Ali before their names and also received grants of land. The original Order was disbanded in 1929, and was later revived by King Muhammad Zahir Shah.
 * In Ottoman Turkey, Serdar was a rank in Bosnia Eyalet with Herzegovina Eyalet, later Bosnia Vilayet, encompassing entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, and parts of Montenegro and Serbia, as well as in other parts Ottoman Montenegro, Serbia, and other lands. Serdar was also used in the Principality of Montenegro and the Principality of Serbia as an honorary "title" below that of Vojvoda. For example, Janko Vukotić who was a military leader and former prime minister of Montenegro with title of Serdar. However, these were not noble titles as there was no nobility in Serbia and Montenegro and no hereditary titles apart from those borne by members of the reigning families of both countries.
 * In Persia, Sardar-i-Bozorg was the title of both Hossein Khan Sardar and his brother Hasan Khan Qajar. Both were uncles of Agha Khan Qajar, the King-Emperor of Persia and the Commander-in-chief under Emperor Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar in the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804 and 1826.
 * In Punjab, village chiefs, military commanders, and noble personalities were referred to as Sardars. The title is commonly used by both Muslims and Sikhs.
 * The early feudal Maratha Empire prior to Peshwa administration (1674–1749) used the title Sardar to identify an imperial court minister with military and diplomatic functions. If granted land (jagir), the title Sardar also marked a feudal superior responsible for administration, defense and taxing of the granted territory (equivalent to the European title Count, from the French comte meaning the "companion" or delegate to the Emperor that administered a county). These Sardars of the early Maratha Empire were life peers; the title was not hereditary.
 * If the Sardar was appointed to Commander-in-Chief of all Maratha forces, the style Senapati was used in combination (e.g., Sardar Senapati or Sarsenapati Khanderao Yesajirao Dabhade. The title Senapati is a primogeniture hereditary title, as is evidenced by the current Senapati Shrimant Sardar Padmasenraje Dabhade of Talegaon Dabhade.
 * In the Maratha Empire, the more administrative role of Sirdar-Bahadur denoted a Governor General or Chief Minister of a remote province; this best equates to a Mughal Subahdar or British Viceroy in function and rank.
 * The title Sirdar was used by Englishmen to describe native noblemen in British India (e.g., Sirdars of the Deccan).

Aristocrats

 * In the Hazara Division of Pakistan, the word Sardar is used by the Karlal tribe, traditionally, to stress their upper-caste status.
 * In the small district of Sudhanoti, Kashmir, Sardar is used by the hybrid Sudhan tribe. Also, Poonch families in this region use Sardar at the beginning of their names.
 * Similarly Sardar is used by Khattar tribe noble men, native to the districts of Attock and adjacent areas of Rawalpindi.
 * Sardar was used for important political, tribal, military and religious officers rankings by the Sikhs during the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Head of state

 * In Persian, Sardar i-Azam was occasionally used as an alternative title for the Shahanshah's Head of government, normally styled Vazir i-Azam, notably in 1904-06 for a Qajar prince, Prince Major General Abdol Majid Mirza.
 * Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India was referred to as Sardar Patel; he is also now known as the "Iron Man of India".
 * Sadr-e-Riyasat was the title of one Constitutional Head of State of the princely state of Kashmir, Yuvaraj Shri Karan Singhji Bahadur, who was appointed as Heir Apparent in 1931. After his father had acceded to India, ending the sovereign Monarchy, Regent in 1949 to 1956. Sardar-i-Riyasat 1956 to 1965 (succeeded on the death of his father as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1961, no longer carrying any hereditary power), next Governor of the Indian constitutive State of Jammu and Kashmir 1965 to 1967.
 * Mohammed Daoud Khan of Afghanistan had the title of Sardar as president.
 * Saparmurat Niyazov, the authoritarian ruler of Turkmenistan in 1990–2006, carried a few glorifying titles, one of which was Serdar (“Leader”).
 * Sardar Sulakhan Singh Puar of Sikh Empire had the title of Sardar. Among Sikhs, Sardar is the title used by Sikh nobles, Military leaders & village chiefs.

Military title

 * Sardar is a title used by the Koli caste of Maharashtra during the reign of Bahamani and Ahmednagar Sultanates conferred by the Sultans of Both sultanates to the Koli fortkeeper or Koli protecters of hilly tracts.
 * The later Maratha Empire under Peshwa administration (1749–1818) used the title Sardar to denote a Field Marshal or General of the Army.
 * Sirdar was the official title of the British Commander-in-Chief of the Anglo-Egyptian army.
 * The title Serdar is also common amongst Ottomans in referring to a Commander-in-Chief. The Serbs adopted this usage from the Ottomans (e.g. Serdar Janko Vukotić).
 * In Turkish, Serdar or Serdar-i-Ekrem was the title of the Commander-in-Chief in several military operations throughout the Ottoman Empire history.
 * In Afghanistan, Sardar-i-Salar meant Field Marshal or General of the Army.
 * In Iran, Sardar is used to address Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps high-ranking officers. (see List of senior officers of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards)
 * During the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the term Sardar became even more common as a title given to Sikh men. Although it was officially reserved to address a high-ranking official or a commanding chief such as a general or officer.

Modern usage

 * The term Sardar is today used to refer to adult male followers of the religion of Sikhism, as a disproportionate number of Sikhs have honorably served in many high-ranking positions within the Indian Army. Notable examples include Generals Joginder Jaswant Singh and Harbaksh Singh.
 * In Himalayan mountaineering, a Sirdar is the local leader of the Sherpas and porters. Among other duties, he records the heights reached by individual Sherpas, which dictates the amounts the Sherpas will be paid.
 * The title Sardar was granted to various writers and poets during Rana rule in Nepal
 * HMS Sirdar was a World War II Royal Navy submarine.
 * HMS Sirdar is a fictional Royal Navy destroyer in the novel The Guns of Navarone
 * "Siridar" is a title of planetary rulers in Frank Herbert's Dune. The Padishah Emperor's elite troops are also called the Sardaukar.
 * Sardar is now used for leaders of a tribe in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India. Many communities and tribes in indian subcontinent, especially in Punjab and Kashmir, use this title, including Dogar, Jat, Gujjar, Tanoli, Mughal and Sikh.

title: Sardar


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Le Lucky Bastardos

Um...what's this about? TV, book, video game, what? Deb 10:49, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Madawaska River

Madawaska River may refer to:

 * Madawaska River (Ontario) in Eastern Ontario
 * Little Madawaska River (Ontario) in Ontario which flows into the Petawawa River
 * Madawaska River (Saint John River tributary) in northwestern New Brunswick and eastern Quebec
 * Little Madawaska River (Maine) in northeastern Maine which flows into the Aroostook River

title: Madawaska River


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Goth culture

Goth culture may refer to:

 * Goth subculture
 * Goth subculture

title: Goth culture


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Rocco Buttiglione

Rocco Buttiglione (born 6 June 1948) is an Italian Union of Christian and Centre Democrats politician and an academic. Buttiglione's nomination for a post as European Commissioner with a portfolio that was to include civil liberties, resulted in controversy as some political groups opposed him for his conservative Catholic views on homosexuality, despite his assurances that these were only his personal convictions and would not dictate his administration.

Buttiglione is a Professor of political science at Saint Pius V University in Rome, and member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. He served as a minister for EU policies (from 2001 to 2005) and then as Minister for Cultural Assets and Activities (from 2005 to 2006) in Silvio Berlusconi's governments. In 2005 Buttiglione received an honorary doctoral degree from Guatemalan Francisco Marroquín University for his commitment to the ideas of liberty.

In May 2006, he unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Turin.

Early career
Rocco Buttiglione was born in Gallipoli, Apulia, on the "heel" of Italy.

He studied law in Turin and Rome and became a Professor of political science at Saint Pius V University in Rome. He was also a professor of philosophy and acting rector at the International Academy for Philosophy in Liechtenstein.

Rocco Buttiglione first attained attention on the Italian political stage when in 1994 he became secretary of the Italian People's Party, the largest of the parties that emerged from the collapse of Christian Democracy, formerly the largest party in Italy since the Second World War, after the Tangentopoli corruption scandals. The People's Party had presented itself along with Patto Segni in the centrist alliance Pact for Italy, in which it came third after Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government and the centre-left Alliance of Progressives.

Buttiglione eventually joined forces with Berlusconi and the Northern League, led by Umberto Bossi, to win the 2001 election. Buttiglione was elected a Parliamentary Deputy for Milan in May 2001, and joined Berlusconi's new government as the European Union Policy Minister. From 2005-06 Buttiglione was Minister for Cultural Assets and Activities.

Background to the nomination
Following an increase of popular support for his socially conservative Catholic political party, the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), at a time of political difficulty for Silvio Berlusconi's government, the UDC leader, Marco Follini, asked for more influence in the government. At this point the UDC was lobbying against the powerful Economy Minister Giulio Tremonti, supported by Umberto Bossi's Northern League; Subsequently, Tremonti was ousted from office and replaced with the politically more neutral Domenico Siniscalco.

The new balance of power inside the ruling coalition effectively entitled the UDC to ask for even more and it was therefore decided that Rocco Buttiglione, already a minister in the government, would become Italy's member of the European Commission. As a result, his place in the Italian government was granted to another member of the UDC.

Rocco Buttiglione's apparent qualifications included speaking foreign languages, including English, German, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Polish.

In 2004, José Manuel Barroso included him on his list of nominees for the European Commission, with a designated portfolio of Justice, Freedom and Security.

Controversy
The nomination resulted in controversy. During his hearing before the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice And Home Affairs, Buttiglione - a Catholic - was asked about his stance on homosexuality and women. Buttiglione responded that while he considered homosexuality a sin, his personal opinion would not prevent him from moving against discrimination of homosexuals. He also stated his belief that the family "exists in order to allow women to have children and to have the protection of a male who takes care of them".

The PES, ALDE and Green/EFA groups expressed reservations regarding Buttiglione's ability to take positive political action in the area of civil rights, particularly in regards combating discrimination, and threatened to reject the entire proposed Commission. On 11 October the committee voted by 27-26 not to endorse the nomination. After it became clear that a vote on 27 October in the European Parliament, to approve the Commission, would not succeed, José Manuel Barroso withdrew his proposed Commission.

Italian conservative and Catholic politicians and church leaders rallied to defend Buttiglione's views. "This decision shows the real face of Europe, a face which we don't like. It's fundamentalist, which is absolutely not on", said Justice Minister Roberto Castelli.

On 21 October José Manuel Barroso attempted to defuse the row by indicating that civil liberties, human rights and discrimination issues would be handled by a special panel that would include Buttiglione but that Barroso himself would chair it. "The new Commission will be absolutely opposed to any kind of discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender, or religious beliefs", he stated.

On 30 October Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi's government withdrew Buttiglione's nomination, keeping him in his office of minister in the Italian government. "The new soft totalitarianism that is advancing on the left wants to have a state religion. It is an atheist, nihilistic religion - but it is a religion that is obligatory for all", Buttiglione subsequently commented.

Foreign minister Franco Frattini was later indicated as a possible alternative, with the implicit promise that his ministry would then go to Gianfranco Fini, whose party had recently increased its influence in the government coalition. However, there were still rumors that Giulio Tremonti, supported by the Northern League, might be picked for the job, but eventually Frattini was nominated and appointed.

In response to the veto of Buttiglione's candidature, a collection of Christian personalities in 2008 (with Buttiglione himself as Founding Patron) formed the Dignitatis Humanae Institute to oversee the creation of a network of parliamentary working groups on human dignity across a diverse number of legislatures, with the aim of protecting the integrity of Christians serving in public life.

Turin mayoral election
Rocco Buttiglione ran as the candidate for his coalition, the House of Freedoms, for the office of Mayor in Turin. His opponent was the incumbent Sergio Chiamparino, member of The Union. Turin had been a left-wing stronghold in the previous general elections and the city hosted successfully the 2006 Winter Olympics, making Buttiglione's challenge very difficult. Adding to that, some wondered why such a hard-line conservative, who had never lived in Turin before, was proposed for the office, calling Buttiglione's move as a political suicide. After a poor campaign results were disastrous; Sergio Chiamparino, who had been elected in the previous elections with 52.8% of the votes, scored 66.6% of the votes against Buttiglione, and became the first Turin mayor to be elected at the first turn.

Financial investigations
It has also emerged that Buttiglione was investigated by the authorities in Monaco in 2002 over possible illegal money laundering in favour of his political party. At the end no evidence was found that a crime had been committed. Giampiero Catone, a senior aide of Buttiglione, has been charged with "fraudulent bankruptcy" in Italy; and faces inquiries into the disappearance of millions of Euros of Italian and EU funds.

Views on abortion
In an interview with Corriere della Sera, Italy's leading daily newspaper, Buttiglione was quoted as saying that he is opposed to efforts to create binding legal protections for the unborn in Italy. He later told the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute that he had been misquoted and clarified that he meant it was unlikely that Italy would ban abortion given its political situation. He also stated that anti-abortion advocates should focus on reducing the demand for abortions by providing alternatives to mothers.

Publications

 * Dialettica e nostalgia (1978)
 * La crisi dell’economia marxista: Gli inizi della scuola di Francoforte (1979)
 * Il pensiero di Karol Wojtyla (1982)
 * Ethik der Leistung (1988; co-edited with Hans Thomas)
 * La crisi della morale (1991)
 * Die Verantwortung des Menschen in einem globalen Weltzeitalter (1996; co-edited with Rocco Buttiglione, Radim Palouš, Josef Seifert)
 * Wie erkennt man Naturrecht? (1998; co-edited with Josef Seifert)
 * Karol Wojtyla: The Thought of the Man Who Became Pope John Paul II (1997)
 * The moral mandate for freedom: Reflections on Centesimus Annus (1997)

title: Rocco Buttiglione


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Talk:Nozzle

Merged with other articles
This article has just been merged into a new article, Rocket engine nozzles, along with de Laval nozzle, Flow through nozzles, and Exhaust velocity. - mbeychok 03:13, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Dead links noted
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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Nozzle


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Anklet

An anklet, also called ankle chain, ankle bracelet or ankle string, is an ornament worn around the ankle. Barefoot anklets and toe rings historically have been worn for at least over 8,000 years by girls and women in Indus Valley, in South Asia where it is commonly known as pattilu, payal, golusu and sometimes as nupur. They have also been worn by Egyptian women since predynastic times. In the United States both casual and more formal anklets became fashionable from the 1930s to the late–20th century. While in Western popular culture both younger men and women may wear casual leather anklets, they are popular among barefoot women. Formal anklets (of silver, gold, or beads) are used by some women as fashion jewellery. Anklets are an important piece of jewellery in Indian marriages, worn along with saris.

Occasionally, anklets on both ankles are joined by a chain to limit the step. This practice was once prevalent in Southeast Asia, where the effect was to give a "feminine" short tripping step. Today, a few Western women follow this practice, but rarely in public. More rarely still, some people wear "permanent" (e.g., soldered) ankle chains and even connecting chains.

Egypt
Anklets were worn as an everyday ornament by Egyptian women of all social classes in ancient Egypt from as early as predynastic times. The name for anklets was not much different from that of bracelets being menefret (mnfrt) except by adding a phrase to denote connection to the feet. They were made of different metals and in multiple shapes, with more expensive metals like gold being more common among the rich, while less expensive ones like silver and iron more common among lower social classes. During the fourth, fifth, and sixth dynasties, anklets were usually made of beads threaded in several rows held together with spacer-bars. Anklets were also worn by dancers like those shown in the tombs of Kagemni, Ti, and Akh-hotp.

In the early–20th century, anklets were commonly worn by Egyptian women of inner cities. They were called kholkhal (pl. khalakheel) and were most commonly worn by women of Alexandria, along with a traditional dress covered by a one-piece black cloth called melaya leff.

Today, anklets are not commonly worn by Egyptian women in public due to increased Islamic conservatism that has spread in Egypt where wearing anklets in public is generally perceived as being immodest. Anklets are still commonly worn by dancers in public events.

Europe
Bronze anklets are visible as early as the Bronze Age in temperate Europe, in an area roughly along the Danube, in the Alpine foreland, up the Rhine to the Atlantic, and also down the Rhône (Sherratt, 2001). These were found among hoards in these areas, along with other bronze items characteristic of this time (c. 1800 BCE onwards), and are attributable to the Tumulus culture that spread across this region.

Periscelis (περισκελίς), was an anklet worn by ancient Greek and Roman women. The plebeian women wore anklets of silver, whereas the patricians of gold.

South Asia
Neolithic and chalcolithic periods at Mehrgarh indicate use of anklets. Jhon Marshall describes dancing girl statue as being adorned with armlets, bangles, and anklets A first-century CE epic of Tamil literature called Silappatikaram (The Story of the Anklet) dealt with a woman whose husband was killed while trying to sell one of her ruby anklets to a dishonest goldsmith. The anklets are described in great detail in the poem.

Rajasthani women wear the heaviest type of anklets, which are silver and signify tribal adherence. The women wear these as costume jewelry, but also to show their bravery as a tribe against other rival tribes. The fashion for heavy anklets is declining in India, but is still common in rural areas.

In the eastern Indian state of Odisha, which is known for its traditional jewelry, there are varieties of anklets known as Paunji Nupur, which are worn by women. Another variety, which covers the entire foot, is known as Padapadma. In ancient times men also wore anklets. Traditionally, only Kshatriya (royal/warrior caste) persons can wear gold anklets, and other castes wear silver anklets.

The word "Payal" (payalak) and "Jhanjar" are words for the anklet in Hindi and Punjabi  respectively.

In Bengali language anklet is called "nupur" and widely worn in the Bengal region – eastern Indian state of West Bengal and Republic of Bangladesh.

In Eastern cultures, particularly India, anklets are worn on either or both ankles.

Sri Lanka
The dancers wear anklets. Anklets are worn on both ankles.

As an ornament

Anklets can be made of silver, gold, and other less precious metals as well as leather, plastic, nylon and other such materials.

Metal anklets are of two types: "flexible" and "inflexible". Flexible anklets, often called paayal, pajeb or jhanjhar in India, are made by tying links in a chain. Subsequently, sonorous bells can be attached to the chain, so that the wearer can make pleasing sounds while walking. Inflexible anklet are usually created by shaping flat metal sheet to the ankle.

Bells
Salangai or ghunghru are small bells that Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, and Odissi dancers tie around their ankles.

Other anklets
Scuba divers sometimes wear lead anklets to stop a tendency for their legs to float up when diving in a drysuit. Convicted criminals may wear ankle monitors as electronic tagging devices while being confined to a specific venue.

title: Anklet


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Brendan Eich

Brendan Eich (born July 4, 1961) is an American computer programmer and technology executive. He created the JavaScript programming language and co-founded the Mozilla project, the Mozilla Foundation, and the Mozilla Corporation. He served as the Mozilla Corporation's chief technical officer before he was appointed chief executive officer, but resigned shortly after his appointment due to pressure over his firm opposition to same-sex marriage. He subsequently became the CEO of Brave Software.

Early life
Eich grew up in Pittsburgh; Gaithersburg, Maryland; and Palo Alto, where he attended Ellwood P. Cubberley High School, graduating in the class of 1979. He received his bachelor's degree in mathematics and computer science at Santa Clara University, and he received his master's degree in 1985 from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Eich is Roman Catholic.

He began his career at Silicon Graphics, working for seven years on operating system and network code. He then worked for three years at MicroUnity Systems Engineering writing microkernel and DSP code.

Netscape
Eich started work at Netscape Communications Corporation in April 1995. He originally joined intending to put Scheme "in the browser", but his Netscape superiors insisted that the language's syntax resemble that of Java. As a result, Eich devised a language that had much of the functionality of Scheme, the object-orientation of Self, and the syntax of Java. He completed the first version in ten days in order to accommodate the Navigator 2.0 Beta release schedule. At first the language was called Mocha, but it was renamed LiveScript in September 1995 and finally – in a joint announcement with Sun Microsystems – it was named JavaScript in December. Simultaneously, he designed the first SpiderMonkey engine, to execute the new language in the Navigator browser.

When Mozilla inherited the Netscape base code in 1998, it included this engine, which was written in the C language. It was then changed in JavaScript 1.5 to comply with the ECMA-262 standard. Eich continued to oversee the development of SpiderMonkey, the specific implementation of JavaScript in Navigator.

Mozilla
In early 1998, Eich co-founded the free and open-source software project Mozilla with Jamie Zawinski and others, creating the mozilla.org website, which was meant to manage open-source contributions to the Netscape source code. He served as Mozilla's chief architect. AOL bought Netscape in 1999. After AOL shut down the Netscape browser unit in July 2003, Eich helped spin out the Mozilla Foundation.

In August 2005, after serving as a lead technologist and as a member of the board of directors of the Mozilla Foundation, Eich became chief technical officer (CTO) of the newly founded Mozilla Corporation, meant to be the Mozilla Foundation's for-profit arm. Eich continued to "own" the Mozilla SpiderMonkey module, its JavaScript engine, until he passed the ownership of it to Dave Mandolin in 2011.

Appointment to CEO and resignation
On March 24, 2014, Mozilla made the decision to appoint Eich as CEO of Mozilla Corporation. The appointment triggered widespread criticism due to Eich's past political donations – specifically, a 2008 donation of $1,000 to California Proposition 8, which called for the banning of same-sex marriage in California, and donations in the amount of $2,100 to Proposition 8 supporter Tom McClintock between 2008 and 2010. The Wall Street Journal initially reported that, in protest against his coming appointment, half of Mozilla's board (Gary Kovacs, John Lilly, and Ellen Siminoff) stepped down,  leaving Mitchell Baker, Reid Hoffman, and Katharina Borchert. CNET later reported that of the three board members who had gone, only Lilly left due to Eich's appointment. Lilly told The New York Times, "I left rather than appoint him", and declined to elaborate further.

On March 26, 2014, Eich expressed "sorrow for causing pain" and pledged to "work with LGBT communities and allies" at Mozilla. Some of the activists created an online campaign against Eich, with online dating site OkCupid automatically displaying a message to Firefox users with information about Eich's donation, and suggesting that users switch to a different browser (although giving them a link to continue with Firefox). CREDO Mobile collected more than 50,000 signatures demanding that Eich resign.

After 11 days as CEO, Eich resigned on April 3, 2014, and left Mozilla over his opposition to same-sex marriage. In his personal blog, he posted, "under the present circumstances, I cannot be an effective leader". Mozilla made a press release saying that board members tried to get Eich to stay in the company in a different role, but that he had chosen to sever ties for the time being.

Brave Software
Eich is the co-founder and CEO of Brave Software, an Internet browser platform company that raised $2.5 million in early funding from angel investors like Founders Fund, Foundation Capital, and Digital Currency Group. In January 2016, the company released developer versions of its open-source, Chromium-based Brave web browser, which blocks ads and trackers.

At Brave Software, Eich co-created the Basic Attention Token (BAT), a cryptocurrency designed for use in the Brave browser. BAT launched its ICO on May 31, 2017, and raised $35 million.

In 2020, the New York Times reported that Eich's comments about "the policy and science related to the coronavirus" on Twitter caused a backlash within the browser's userbase, commenting that this echoed the criticism that led to his resignation from Mozilla.

title: Brendan Eich