text:
Talk:Luke Cage

Pop Culture
Don't really know how to edit Wiki; it's not intuitive at all. But if someones wants they could add that Powerman 5000 is named after Power Man (kinda obvious yeah?) :

“It was something I could understand and do. It wasn’t about me being the greatest singer in the world, it was more about attitude and idea and over the years I brought my love of aggressive music and the love of movies, comics and TV to make this hybrid of Powerman 5000.”

He says the name of the band was inspired by — go figure — a comic book character.

“I had this one comic book called ‘Powerman,’ who was the first black super hero,” he said. “I was really attracted to it and added 5000 for the flair.”

From http://88mileswest.blogspot.com/2010/09/interview-powerman-5000.html  — Preceding unsigned comment added by NetWT5000 (talk • contribs) 09:07, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

Political correctness
Wouldn't "black" be more politically correct than African-American? Not all black people come from Africa. Slicedoranges 04:52, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

What's politically correct to some is an insult to another. Some people prefer one term over the other, for whatever reason. A similar debate is happening with some individuals of Latin descent. Some feel the term "Hispanic" is an insult, some even consider it a racial slur, while others see it as perfectly fine. Maybe it's just best if we leave this subject alone.Odin's Beard 23:50, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Power ratings
fixed a link for Ronin to point to the appropriate comic character instead of the page on masterless samurai. Though this may need to be removed if that page is deleted / merged depending on the development of that character. --xiaou 14 Sep 2005

Mm - do we really need that OHOTMUish info at the end? DS 21:38, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't understand why power ratings from the OHOTMU are often deleted from profiles. I do understand that many of the power ratings, most notably that of strength of certain characters, is often debated and nothing is going to change this.  However, while the ratings might be somewhat unreliable or in need of update regarding some characters, it's at least something to provide readers who view the article some idea as to what level the characters can be placed in.  That was the entire purpose of the OHOTMU in the first place. User:206.28.58.236

 * You said it yourself: the ratings are unreliable, vary from writer to writer, and often inaccurate. I agree with DS's skepticism of them and Gtrmp's deletion of them. The power ratings don't belong here. —Lowellian (reply) 23:11, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Jessica Jones relationship
Has their relationship really been in existance long enough (MU time) to warrant being common law husband and wife?

I'd go for partner there.

User:195.92.168.167

well there legally married now

Carl Lucas
Did he ever have his name legally changed to Luke Cage, or is still Carl Lucas? --DrBat 00:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Marvel Directory says he legally changed his name, so thats what Im going by, ok? --DrBat 00:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * He did. Danny Rand (Iron Fist) comments on that in PM/IF #50. Luis Dantas 11:23, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Healing Time
Its early for me, but I thought I saw an error here... it says that he had decreased ability to heal, yet at the same time his recovery time from trauma is 1/3 that of normal humans? Shouldn't this read "3 times" that of a normal human if he heals slower?

I've never read that Luke Cage can heal three times faster than an ordinary human. His listing in the previous Marvel Handbooks have stated that his recovery time from trauma was 1/3 that of a human. That sounds to me like he heals slower than ordinary humans, even though he's considerably more durable. Odin's Beard

 * If "recovery time from trauma was 1/3 that of a human," that means he heals faster. If it takes me 3 weeks to recover from trauma, it takes him 1/3 * 3 = 1 week to recover from the same trauma. --blisso 15:17, 6 April 2006 (UTC):
 * Luke Cage heals FASTER than a normal person, but not three times as fast. "1/3 of the recovery time" is accurate. Like bliss said, if it takes a normal person three weeks to heal from a wound, it would only take Cage one week. This is not the same as healing "three times as fast", but still faster than normal. (Animedude 06:19, 29 December 2006 (UTC))

Titanium skin ?
In Luke Cage's powers and abilities section it says that his skin is harder than titanium. Isn't his skin supposed to be as hard as titanium and not harder than it ?

Also titanium can be damaged with high quality steel as according to real science titanium is as hard as steel but is less dense and lighter, thus carbonadium and organic steel and other high quality metals can injure him, not only adamantium.

I'm not entirely certain about it to be quite honest. I've heard Cage's skin listed as being rock hard, as hard as steel, as hard as Titanium, and even harder than Titanium. Cage's skin is pretty durable, at least compared to most conventional materials but the rest of his body, like his bones and organs, aren't nearly as durable. After all, just look what happened to him during the Secret War mini series. The latest one, not the classic crossover event back in the 80's.Odin's Beard

 * Titanium steel is stronger than ordinary steel so maybe that was what was meant?

Cage's strength was earlier explained as him having 300lbs of solid muscle but he has way surpassed that many times.(183.89.147.173 (talk) 12:18, 13 March 2013 (UTC))

Updates
Where are all the Civil War updates for Luke Cage? I don't even see a Civil War section and he's a major player. --Basique 15:53, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Feel free to add a Civil War section to the article. With my budget, I can only manage to keep up with a few titles a month while finding out what's happening with the rest of the crossover off the net. Trying to buy up all of the issues of the various comics involved in the Civil War crossover each month is too rich for my blood. Odin's Beard 00:23, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Is the Key Issue section really necessary?
I've looked it over and it doesn't seem to have really all that much encyclopedic value. Most of the events could be worded into the character's history and background rather than be listed individually. It looks like something you'd see on a fan site or something. Odin's Beard 00:04, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * "Key issue" = POV. --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 01:13, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Problems
I can't make the format roll out correctly, yanno, with all the other versions -being- under 'Other Versions'. Help, please!

Lots42 23:53, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Comic Facts
I deleted this section as it serves no purpose that I can see. Aside from the section not being part of any other of the comic book character articles, it doesn't offer any facts really so much as a brief comparrison of Luke Cage's strength with Spider-Man's during a crossover fight they had back in the 1970s. I've also removed the bit about Cage's healing rate and merely stated that he can heal minor injuries faster than an ordinary human. The part about him healing 1/3 faster than an ordinary human was taken out of the OHOTMU, which makes it a stat, which is against the policy on the comic book articles.Odin's Beard 13:27, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Re: Alternate versions of L. Cage, what about the Richard Corben-illustrated limited series? Shouldn't it be listed? That ain't MU-616; Sweet Christmas!

Elias Nebula 00:46, 4 September 2007 (UTC)EliaS nEBULA

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Carl
The Simpsons/Carl Carlson section wiki-links to ... non-Wikipedia pages. Was this intended? Is this even -allowed-? Lots42 (talk) 10:15, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Healing factor
I've just started an overhaul of the healing factor article of itself, and it certainly needs it. For one thing, I'm trying to find sources that actually state that Luke Cage has an accelerated healing factor. All I remember is that an old OHOTMU profile states that his recovery time from trauma is 1/3 that of a human. Now, the language here is deceptive. It can easily be interpreted that he heals slower than a normal human. Is there anything from the comics to suggest that he does heal faster than a normal human?Odin's Beard 14:39, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

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Infobox image
- (Emperor (talk) 20:10, 29 January 2009 (UTC))

 * This is two years later. The image there as of today doesn't meet WikiProject Comics guidelines, which call for a full-body image showing any distinctive costume features or at least what the whole character looks like. --Tenebrae (talk) 00:30, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Reality failure
In secret War 3, number 1, Luke Cage is seriously injured with his internal organs damaged. In hospital, doctors cannot operate on him because his skin is too hard to penetrate. Yet months later he is fit and well again, becoming a founding member of a new Avengers team. That is ridiculous.(183.89.147.173 (talk) 12:12, 13 March 2013 (UTC))
 * Ya, Luke having skin that is so hard doctors cant penetrate it is pretty darn unrealistic — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:558:6007:60:7DB9:6786:B6B1:8EAA (talk) 00:39, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060903210107/http://www.latinoreview.com:80/interviews/trans-lukecage.html to http://latinoreview.com/interviews/trans-lukecage.html

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Spoiler warnings?
I was about to go watch the new Luke Cage TV series to find out more about what happens to Jessica Jones, and then saw that apparently the two of them get married. Can that info be put behind a spoiler warning, or at least further down on the page? Invisible Flying Mangoes (talk) 07:45, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

 * See WP:SPOILER. —DangerousJXD (talk) 07:49, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Needless deletion
Apparently the discussion I had wanted to start on this talk page has been censored. See the page where I reported a false positive to see the original text. Thanks.

diff

So much more difficult to edit this thing now, with idiot editors, red tape and lengthy procedures to have to go through even to just start a discussion on a TALK PAGE ffs! :/ --98.122.20.56 (talk) 06:20, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:BURDEN. Also you're wrong, it's Marvel's first black superhero to receive his own comic book, the actual first was Lobo (Dell Comics). Don't worry, I went ahead and corrected it for you and moved the sourced info to the appropriate sections in the body of the article.--TriiipleThreat (talk) 10:07, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

 * To be honest with you, I don't really give a shit about your wikilawyering, nor too many of the policies on Wikipedia - I mentioned that I'm a casual editor. I've spent too much energy already on this one issue! My point remains: if you cared, you would have looked at the material and assumed good faith.

 * The Guardian says (and I wrote) first black superhero - not first black hero or star. Don't worry though - I went ahead and corrected it for you, whilst keeping the main details of the history of black superheroes in the main body.

 * .. speaking of which, I had not written a "detailed essay" on the history of black superheros, nor was there a "detailed essay" in the article prior to, or subsequent to, my edit. Barely a paragraph or two. The information is, I believe, quite essential to the history of comics, to this character, to Marvel and is not without import with regard to the history of popular culture in the USA - it was certainly a first.

 * Trip - if you want to add back the info about Lobo, feel free. He was probably an important step on the way to Powerman getting his own comic, though Lobo was a hero, not a superhero. --98.122.20.56 (talk) 02:27, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

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"Luke Cage (flim)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Luke Cage (flim). Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 18:25, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Image deletion nomination(s)
One or more images currently used in this article have been nominated for deletion as violations of the non-free content criteria (NFCC).

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Sincerely, The Squirrel Conspiracy (talk) 03:54, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luke Cage


text:
Talk:Catsuit

Untitled
I removed the "Catwomen" movie picture from this page for the simple reason that Catwomen is not actually wearing a catsuit in that picture. A Catwomen picture from one of the earlier Batman movies would work, but I'd still advise against it, as it's possible that some readers might get confused over the more general meaning that way (ie, they'd confuse the cat characteristics of the character with the actual meaning of the term). - RedWordSmith 21:40, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I removed the reference to latex catsuits covering 'every millimeter of the wearer's skin' as being a gross exaggeration. Besides, you typically don't want to cover the face, and definately not the nose- you don't want to suffocate in the thing, now do you? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.41.13.97 (talk) 15:53, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Neither the Catwomen nor the Seven of Nine images can legally be used here under fair use. These images can only be used to illustrate an article on the image's subject, namely the movie or the Star Trek character. Other use could get Wikipedia in trouble, potentially making it difficult to use fair use images anywhere. —johndburger 21:11, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Replaced rubber comments with some speculated history. :)
The latex catsuit comment didn't say anything that wasn't also true about catsuits made out of anything else, but it seems worth noting that the earliest catsuits were probably made of latex. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.202.76.66 (talk) 21:43, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Serena Williams
That Serena Williams comment seems out of place, and should not be in the introduction to this article (where only the most important information is put). Checking the pictures, she's not even wearing a catsuit anyway! Yes it's leather, but it has no sleeves OR legs to it! How can that be defined as a catsuit? 80.47.182.131 22:59, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

added music videos
Hi guys. I added a few catsuit videos. If you find some of them hard to verify, then look for the Gerlinky forum, which contains an active library of nearly all popular fetish. I haven't linked them up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bipedia (talk • contribs) 08:31, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed most of these additions. Like the rest of the listcruft in this article, they add nothing to the reader's understanding of the topic—they are non-notable (and largely unverifiable).  They make about as much sense as an Appearances in popular culture section in the Mug article:
 * Sleepless in Seattle—Meg Ryan drinks coffee from a mug
 * A Christmas Carol—Bob Cratchett pours hot cider into a mug.
 * etc.
 * Unless we want to move this article to List of catsuits in popular culture, these need to be thinned down considerably. —johndburger 03:37, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Such information makes more sense than analogous information in Mug article would make, because catsuits are MUCH less common than mugs. However, it should be moved to Catsuits in popular culture, with some information left here in non-list format (like fifth paragraph in "Modern history" section in currently Corset article made from "Corsets in popular culture" section). And on top of the section should be main template linking to the list article after it will be created. --Qsaw (talk) 14:50, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm all for it, especially since the list article will then likely be deleted, because it's simply not notable. —johndburger 01:34, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * If you delete the lists, there is nothing much in the article at all. I agree with your comments on notability: nothing is ever noteworthy enough to put on Wikipedia; but as to "verifiablity", that is a particularly strange comment. You are either calling me a liar, or you are too lazy to check. I would have thought it was easier to verify catsuits in music videos, than consipracy theories. I think lists are valid on wikipedia, because the regular internet often does not contain some types of lists - people being too lazy to make them. Qsaw is right. Your mug analogy was irrelevent. Stick with notability, as you are on firm ground there, since it is your opinion entirely.Bipedia (talk) 13:59, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Rather than personal attacks, please address the comments. (With respect to laziness, see the comment that begins this section.)  Please explain how the list adds to the reader's understanding of the concept—references to wp:Lists in Wikipedia and/or wp:Listcruft might be useful for making your case.  In particular, the latter notes: In general, a "list of X" should only be created if X itself is a legitimate encyclopedic topic that already has its own article.  If you can't argue for the notability of a separate article on Catsuits in music videos, then a list of same is similarly non-notable.  I'm afraid I don't understand your argument that lists are valid on wikipedia, because the regular internet often does not contain some types of lists.  This reasoning would suggest that anything not on the regular Internet belongs on Wikipedia.
 * With respect to verifiability, since you did not even provide a link to "the Gerlinky forum", I can't judge the quality of any hypothetical references to it, but perhaps you can explain where it fits in on the spectrum of sources that wp:verifiability discusses. Is it a peer-reviewed academic publication?  Hopefully it is not a self-published source, as that guideline points out that these are next to useless.   —johndburger 03:42, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

article needs to be scraped
I feel like this article needs to be rewritten from the top down. I have personally seen catsuits worn often as undergarments for many purposes and many more times than i have seen it in a fetish style. This purpose is not even mentioned in the article. Most catsuits are made of lycra not latex. Many Many magicians, circus performers, actors and musicians use catsuits as part of their costumes and I am sure that they compromise more of society than fetishists. Karisuestokes (talk) 01:34, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Then, please, mention and describe those other purposes in the article, because this article (when not taking "Appearance in popular culture" section into account) is very short and it seriously needs some expanding, but valuable information about this garment is very hard to find, so any addition would be welcome. :) --Qsaw (talk) 12:35, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I totally agree. To me it is primarily a fashion or functional garment. 78.149.179.197 (talk) 21:36, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Cat Burgler
It should be noted that these suits are commonly used (at least in pop culture :) ), for committing crimes —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.17.212.38 (talk) 02:45, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Article too fetish orientated
To me a catsuit is a high fashion or a functional garment, with fetish use only by a minority. Yet both the photos here are of fetish garments, and the article inncorrectly suggests that catsuits are primarily a fetish garment. Its like having an article about raincoats being written primarily about their fetish use by a small minority of people. "Catsuits can be worn by both genders, but are usually seen worn by females in a sexual fetish context" - what do you mean "seen"? Do you mean "seen in porn on tv"? The fact that they are worn so often by pop singers is solid evidence that they are mostly a high-fashion item, with fetish use in the monority. 78.146.27.49 (talk) 21:31, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

I have added Shirley Bassey's stage costume as an example of a softer version, whether Emma Peel is fetishistic I suppose is in the eye of the beholder.--Nyctc7 (talk) 23:58, 22 November 2009 (UTC)
 * As a late follow-up to this assessment, I fully agree that the lead pic pushes the article to look more "fetish" than is due, at least at first glance. Especially given that it includes a head piece, which by definition is not part of the catsuit and gives a wrong impression. I would propose to move that pic down from its prominent position, and put the "original" catsuit of Shirley Bassey at the top. --LordPeterII (talk) 13:38, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I did that, although I was incorrectly referring to Bassey when I meant Meriwether. If someone disagrees, feel free to change it back. --LordPeterII (talk) 14:06, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Unitards and catsuits
There seems little difference between their construction, although catsuits seem to be more streetwear than unitards. Perhaps there should be a logic-table about the various types of similar garments, to help distinguish between them. For example all these categories could be checked or unchecked: skin-tight or loose, long legs or short legs, long arms or short arms, streetwear, sportswear, stagewear, functional, outerwear or not, etc. That produces many different categories of garment, not all of which will have distinct names or exist. 78.147.108.54 (talk) 13:43, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

I have a question
The article mentions that a catsuit is sometimes worn as thermal underwear in cold weather. But what if you only wore a catsuit in cold weather? Would you be freezing or does the catsuit keep you warm by itself? (I am just wondering) thank you for your time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.183.69.147 (talk) 19:36, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Sleeveless and legless garments
I would just like to point out that if a "catsuit" is described as sleeveless and/or legless, then it is NOT, by definition, a catsuit. A catsuit is a form-fitting, all-in-one garment with typically wrist-length sleeves and ankle-length legs (hence the name, as it reflects the sleek form of a "cat"), otherwise it becomes another garment entirely. Whilst the top image of the fetish model accurately reflects what a catsuit is, as does references to the likes of Emma Peel and Catwoman, I find the image of the promotional models to be an incorrect example, as are references to Serena Williams black spandex outfit, Shirley Bassey's sleeveless costume, or any outfit that is made up of two pieces of clothing (e.g. Milla Jovovich's Ultraviolet outfit). Can we please bear in mind that, just because an outfit is form-fitting or made of leather/latex/spandex etc., it does not automatically make it a catsuit! 90.220.152.125 (talk) 19:32, 22 July 2014 (UTC)
 * You've got a reliable source for this definition? BMK (talk) 21:55, 22 July 2014 (UTC)
 * How about we try to get by with a little common sense? Otherwise, any and every tight-fitting garment imaginable can be proclaimed some kind of "catsuit". A leather top and trousers combo (a "two-piece catsuit"?) A latex swimsuit (a "sleeveless, legless catsuit"?) How about a leather mankini (a "sleeveless, legless, chestless catsuit", perhaps?) 90.220.152.125 (talk) 00:13, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
 * No, since you want to limit the article, you must have a definition backed by a reliable source. Anything esle is WP:OR. BMK (talk) 00:27, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

First image
What is this fetish photo doing as an example here? That's some weird homemade fetish photo that feels out of place almost like if seeking attention. 2A02:A312:C742:6C00:71A1:D553:BD00:43AB (talk) 08:57, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Good point there actually, IP. Do you have a different picture you would suggest? From Commons, I mean. The problem might be that there are actually not that many pictures that are not heavily cosplay-ish. If you want, you could take a look at the Commons category C:Category:Women wearing catsuits (technically you could also look for males, but there's only a handful photos for them) and suggest something better. – LordPeterII ( talk ) 20:54, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Catsuit


text: Template:Public-sector space agencies

title: Template:Public-sector space agencies


text:
Jean-François Lamour

Jean-François Lamour (born February 2, 1956, in Paris) is a French former fencer and current politician and cabinet minister. During his fencing career, Lamour achieved various athletic accomplishments, notably qualifying for the 1987 world championship. He earned two gold medals, two silver medals, and one bronze medal in sabre Olympic events between 1984 and 1988.

After retiring from fencing, Lamour entered politics and served as the sports and youth counselor to the Mayor of Paris from 1993 to 1995. In 2002, he assumed the position of minister of sport, and later in 2004, he took on additional responsibilities for youth.

Lamour is married to Dr. Isabelle Spennato, a former French fencer who currently holds the position of president of the French Fencing Federation.

Athletic career
Lamour began his fencing journey at the age of eight and attained his first notable win in 1971 at the French junior championship in Sabre fencing when he reached the age of 15.

Four years subsequent to that achievement, in 1975, Lamour advanced to the semifinals during the World Championship, which took place in Bucharest. Over the next few years, he broke the national record by winning the Champion of France title 13 times between 1977 and 1992.

During this time, he won a silver medal in the individual Sabre event at the 1983 Mediterranean Games. In the next year he achieved the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. And later on in 1987, he became the World Champion in Lausanne. In 1988, Lamour received the prestigious Master of Saber prize. A few months later, he won a second gold medal in Seoul.

Under the guidance of his new coach, László Szepesi, who hails from Hungary, Lamour underwent further training as a part of the French national team. In 2002, Lamour took on the role of France's Minister of Sports.

title: Jean-François Lamour


text: File:Looking down on the seaside suburb of Sumner from the surrounding hills.jpg


text:
Talk:An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics

Unless someone is going to add some actual text about this, I'm inclined to think it should be deleted. Saforrest

The Claude Elwood Shannon article had a link to A Mathematical Theory of Communication; and Claude Elwood Shannon had red colored links to both his masters and ph.d. theses; A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits and An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics. I just tried to follow the model of A Mathematical Theory of Communication. If there is a better way to link into these articles, then why doesn't A Mathematical Theory of Communication follow that model? I thought it was better to have some link to the actual article rather than the red links.

humm, Saforrest's comment is from 21:41, 6 October 2004 acording to the history, but I only created this mini-article-to-link-to-the-article July 2005! strange time warp in wikiland...

Content
Shouldn't this be about his thesis? It seems that only one sentence mentions the thesis while the rest describes how it came to be written. Aside from that, it is almost a copy of the information in the main article. This needs a rewrite to address that. Gershwinrb 06:30, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Not only does this article fail to describe the content of Shannon's PhD thesis, it describes the content of his Master's thesis instead. Nathan B. Kitchen 16:02, 30 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

WP:SYN removed from Dating section
I am largely ignorant of scholarly debates regarding the dating of the Yoga Sutras. However, I edited the Dating section to remove the remarks about how Bryant and Desmarais don't address Maas's arguments. I realize that WP:SYN is not a rigid rule and that the editorializing that I removed probably provided valuable context for Bryant's and Desmarais's claims, especially in a field as specialized as this. Nonetheless, inserting an unsourced claim about what arguments a scholar does nor does not engage with is so blatant a WP:SYN violation that I just don't think it can stand. Or else it's just a blatant WP:OR violation, depending on how you look at it. Our job is to report what reliable sources say, not discuss our own conclusions about which sources engage sufficiently with other sources (in articles, that is—such discussions are, of course, necessary on talk pages, when deciding whether to cite a given source at all). Find a reliable source that notes Bryant's and Desmarais's shortcomings. --Phatius McBluff (talk) 23:33, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

1st section, 3rd paragraph, 2nd sentance
Please define (and make blue) "Vedanta"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:19C:4C80:5290:B536:2447:43D2:DD12 (talk) 11:17, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

Typo -- Author and dating
The text says: "that is firmly debatable to the second century BC" I think it should say "datable" (not debate)

Also, 'author and dating' sounds like the author of the article wants to share his profile and new status. Funny. This problem can be solved by fixing the grammar: "authorship".

Seriously?
I just fixed a lot of mistakes from the opening of the page. Could you just not revert it?Dimasgomez (talk) 00:02, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

I don't have the energy or patience to fix it, magically as you wave the "revert" wand. I put twenty years of research (let alone my professors) in that few paragraphs. Most of it is almost impossible to explain because you need sanskrit to even understand it. And I put Monier-Williams roots, etc. The first word of that old version is wrong. Yogasutras is not a collection. Have you ever read it? I have. For twenty years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dimasgomez (talk • contribs) 00:17, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Great. Now spend some time on learning how to write at Wikipedia: the WP:LEAD summarizes the lead; your addition doesn't. It's writing-style is hard to follow, with grammatical errors ("have being composed"), and the dating is too early. And the main source is in Spanish; you're the author?
 * Let's analyze your additions diff:

 * You replaced
 * with
 * with

 * Removing the definition is a no-go;
 * The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali is arguably the most fundamental treatise on Yoga. - nope; see the lead and the article;
 * Its main merit... - unverifiable source from a non-notable author;
 * Authorship - this belongs in the body of the article, at best;
 * It describes... - unclear;
 * Each sūtra is "sewn" to the next... - again, not in the lead.

 * You replaced
 * with
 * with

 * 150 BCE to 200 CE - "early centuries CE" is more accurate;
 * its content clearly indicates... - unsourced WP:OR.

 * You changed
 * into
 * non-sequential ... organizes yoga from the most external to the most internal practices - contradiction.
 * non-sequential ... organizes yoga from the most external to the most internal practices - contradiction.
 * non-sequential ... organizes yoga from the most external to the most internal practices - contradiction.

 * You changed
 * into
 * you rerersed the relation between Patanjali's Yoga Sutas and Buddhism; unwarranted pov-pushing;
 * Taoism and Shinto - unsourced, unrelated, WP:OR;
 * internalized - unsourced WP:OR.
 * Taoism and Shinto - unsourced, unrelated, WP:OR;
 * internalized - unsourced WP:OR.

 * You added
 * unsourced WP:OR.
 * unsourced WP:OR.

 * You changed
 * into
 * into

 * Again, a reversal of the facts.

 * Your additions are a long list of problematic, unsourced and incorrect WP:OR. Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  05:46, 29 December 2021 (UTC) / update  Joshua Jonathan  - Let's talk!  11:41, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

Edwin Bryant & Buddhism
you added a direct quote from Edwin Bryant to the lead, disregarding the treatment of this topic in the section on tge influnce of the YS. Apart from being a copy-vio, it's also a violation of WP:LEAD: the lead summarizes the article; we don't use it to give WP:UNDUE to one particular point of view. We also don't WP:CENSOR the article, which you did when you "corrected" the info on the close relation with Buddhism by removing it. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  15:41, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Question
"All such arguments [for a late date] are problematic"

How exactly? I would be happy to read at least a short list of the alleged incongruences, which I'm sure are cogent in some way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.32.50.116 (talk) 17:24, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

 * It's a quote from the cited book. Reading the book might help clarify your question(s)? Asteramellus (talk) 19:39, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I can't see the logic in your reply. This is a Wikipedia article, it has to be consistent and (sufficiently) clear in itself. Moreover I'm sure Bryant has his point but since someone bothered to quote some lines from his work, it's a bit odd that he/she failed to state on wht ground those datings may be problematic - even in a few words, of course. 151.32.50.116 (talk) 13:55, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh sorry for not being clear. I meant to say it's a quote from the source in response to your question "How exactly" and not some editor's point. Whole paragraph talks about alternate dating mentioned by Bryant to what is mentioned in the paragraph before.
 * Edwin Brayant, on the other hand, surveyed the major commentators ...Bryant concluded that "... All such arguments [for a late date] are problematic."
 * But, I agree more clarity would help why Bryant thinks it is problematic and maybe it's in his book and it could be added here. Asteramellus (talk) 14:04, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali


text:
Kashubian

Kashubian can refer to:

 * Pertaining to Kashubia, a region of north-central Poland
 * Kashubians, an ethnic group of north-central Poland
 * Kashubian language

title: Kashubian


text:
Category:Lists of English words

Some lists of English words are categorised under Category:Lists of words instead.

title: Category:Lists of English words


text:
Talk:Safrole

Carceinogenicity
Limonene (in orange juice) and caffeic acid (in tomatoes) are concidered benneficial anti-cancer foods. So, is safrole similar to them or opposite? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.247.199.50 (talk) 16:59, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

This page suggests that "safrol" is the same compound as "safrole". Is it? -- The Anome 21:52, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

74.247.199.50, There are recent studies that actually suggest it has anti cancer benefits rather than causing cancer: Safrole Induces Apoptosis in Human Oral Cancer HSC-3 Cells Ittiz (talk) 16:22, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

It doesnt need to
Please think about it. Safrole weighs 162.188 g/mol and has a molecular formula C10H10O2.

Microswitch 04:59, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Reference

 * --Stone 16:34, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Safrole in black pepper
Some sources state that safrole is contained in black pepper. This should be added to the article. Badagnani (talk) 03:41, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It looks like it isn't particularly abundant in black pepper oil from a quick search. Black, Black & White pepper at 0.52% or less, White pepper at 2.98% (although that was using a "scent analysis" technique that involves air sampling followed by GC/MS in one paper testing pepper varieties specific to Cameroon.  Other journals that analyzed don't even list it...  This one doesn't list it at all, nor do most I can find.  The black pepper page on Wikipedia does list it, but doesn't have a reference listed. They Terk Err Jerbs (talk) 14:21, 14 May 2016 (UTC)

Smell of Safrole
Although I don't think there is a way to prove what a molecule smells like, I can attest to the following: sassafras bark has a smell more reminiscent of coca cola than modern day rootbeer. Sassafras oil has an initial clean cola scent followed by a somewhat rancid wood mulch smell. I think safrole is the first note and various impurities are the second note. I have never smelled pure safrole, but I think the smell of sassafras bark is probably the best representation. Source: I live in an area of Pennsylvania where Sassafras albidum is endemic. I have also seen it distilled. Sorry I can't be more scientific. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FB90:315:9A69:0:8:B03D:D501 (talk) 21:47, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

Sassafras oil redirects here?
Have been trying to clean up the List of essential oils page and add references where possible, make it more navigable, etc, and noticed that "Sassafras oil" redirects to this page. Although it is a primary constituent of that oil, the same could be said for many other plant oils. Is this really correct? I may be missing a discussion somewhere, but haven't found one. In some bizarre irony, the Sassafras page has a section entitled "Safrole oil". Just wondering if that redirect should actually exist, an essential oil and a pure chemical aren't really the same thing at all. They Terk Err Jerbs (talk) 09:45, 14 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Seems a valid argument to me, but I haven't checked current status of redirects.
 * Piggybacking (my mobile doesn't recognize the 'New Section' button), why is safrole described as a phenylpropanol? I don't see a propanol moiety; the side-chain has no OH. No doubt there are historical reasons; I haven't yet followed up the sources. But it looks to me at first glance more like a terpenoid. It's a small point, but if supported by good sources it needs a little explanation. This article evidently is mature & doesn't get much attention; I'm putting it on my Watchlist & MAY get around to some digging. --D Anthony Patriarche, BSc (talk) 14:44, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, my eyes betrayed me; I see it is actually described as a phenylpropanoid; the wikilink explains it, tho as a chemist I still find the nomenclature a bit odd & confusing. --D Anthony Patriarche, BSc (talk) 14:58, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Potential source
Sizeofint (talk) 02:48, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

Natural Occurrence Section Duplicate
The final paragraph in the "Natural Occurrence" section is mostly just a rewrite/duplicate of the above paragraphs. One or the other should be removed and edited. Baconaetor (talk) 16:38, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Safrole


text:
Church of St Luke, Liverpool

St Luke's Church, more commonly known by locals as the bombed-out church, is a former Anglican parish church in Liverpool, England. It stands on the corner of Berry Street and Leece Street, at the top of Bold Street.

The church was built between 1811 and 1832, and was designed by John Foster, Sr. and John Foster, Jr., father and son who were successive surveyors for the municipal Corporation of Liverpool. In addition to being a parish church, it was also intended to be used as a venue for ceremonial worship by the corporation and as a concert hall.

The church was badly damaged by bombs during the Liverpool Blitz in 1941 and has been a roofless shell ever since, giving rise to its nickname. It now stands as a memorial to those who died in the war, and has also been hired as a venue for exhibitions and events. The church and its surrounding walls, gates, and railings are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade II* listed buildings.

History
The site for the church was given by Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby in 1791 on condition that the land should never be used for any other purpose than that of a church. Plans for the design of the church were first drawn up in 1802 by John Foster, senior, the surveyor of the Corporation of Liverpool, but the foundation stone was not laid until 9 April 1811. Building work, supervised by Foster, progressed slowly, and during this time the plans were amended to make the building suitable both as a ceremonial place of worship for members of the corporation, and also for use as a concert hall. In 1822 it was decided to add a chancel to the church. Foster's son, also named John, took over the role of Corporation surveyor and continued to supervise the building, making further changes to the design in 1827. Building was finally completed in 1832. The church was known as "the doctor's church" because of its location near to Rodney Street, the home of many doctors. It continued to be used as a concert hall as well as a church until the Philharmonic Hall in Hope Street opened in 1849. Between 1864 and 1873 minor alterations were made to the church by W. & G. Audsley.

On 6 May 1941, during Liverpool's "May Blitz", the church was hit by an incendiary device that caused a large fire, leaving only the burnt-out shell of the former church. It has since been nicknamed "the bombed-out church". It has been decided to maintain the church as it is, a burnt-out shell, as a memorial to those who died as a result of the war. The church was designated as a Grade II* listed building on 28 June 1952. This is the middle of the three grades, which is defined by English Heritage as containing "particularly important buildings of more than special interest".

Present day
From 2007 to 2014, Urban Strawberry Lunch organised the day-to-day maintenance of St Lukes and coordinated exhibitions and events inside the grounds. In addition to this, they arranged showings of films, and many dance, poetry, and drama performances.

In 2014, Ambrose Reynolds, former artistic director for Urban Strawberry Lunch, joined other members of the community to create a new organisation, 'Bombed Out Church'; named after the building's colloquial name. They have since continued the work started by USL, maintaining the church as a creative hub for the local community.

Since 1981, the bombed out church has been commemorated in the name of the local Church of England parish:, the St Luke-in-the-City team parish consists of St Bride's Church, Liverpool; the Church of St Dunstan, Liverpool; St Michael-in-the-City; and OpenTable, an LGBTQIA+ fresh expression.

Lost features
Originally there were two aisles, and the nave had a groined ceiling, which was "richly ornamented". The whole roof and the arcades separating the aisles from the nave were lost as a result of the bomb damage. The roof of the tower has also been lost. Many of the windows contained stained glass, but now only fragments of glass remain. There was a ring of eight bells, cast in 1818 by William Dobson of Downham Market at a cost of £645. As a result of the fire in 1941, five of the bells fell from the tower and the other three were badly cracked. The clock, made by Roskell's of Derby, also fell to the ground. The three-manual pipe organ was also destroyed in the fire. It had been made by Gray and Davison in 1865, and improvements had been made to it by Rushworth and Dreaper in 1902.

Remaining structure
St Luke's is constructed in ashlar sandstone, and is in Perpendicular style. Its plan currently consists of a five-bay nave, a four-bay chancel with an apsidal end, and a west tower. There are porches in the angles between the tower and the nave, and between the nave and the chancel. The tower is in three stages, with polygonal buttresses at the corners. The bottom stage of the tower contains a west entrance. In the middle stage, on all sides, are three-light windows, a traceried frieze, and a clock face. In the top stage are four-light windows under ogival hood moulds. At the summit of the tower is a battlemented parapet, with flat-headed pinnacles at the corners. Within the tower is the surviving cast iron bell frame, made in 1828 by George Gilliband. This is considered to be the first metal bell frame to be made in the world. Along the sides of the nave are five three-light windows, separated by panelled buttresses that rise to crocketed pinnacles. The windows at the sides of the chancel also have three lights, and the east window has five lights. The chancel buttresses rise to octagonal finials with flat tops. Inside the church is a surviving brick chancel arch. Under the church is a crypt, which is not accessible to the general public. One of its windows has retained stained glass that depicts a liver bird.

External features
The area around the church has never been used for burials, and was laid out as a garden in 1885. Originally it was enclosed by a solid wall, with doorways under pointed arches. This was replaced between 1829 and 1832 by John Foster, junior, by the current enclosure. This consists of cast iron railings on sandstone plinth walls, and cast iron gates between sandstone piers. Steps lead down on all sides to the surrounding streets. The gate piers are panelled, and have crocketed heads. The whole structure was designated as a Grade II* listed building on 14 March 1975. In the churchyard is the Irish Famine Memorial, sculpted by Éamonn O'Docherty, which has been erected to commemorate those who died as a result of the Irish Famine in the middle of the 19th century. It was opened by the President of Ireland in 1998, and carries inscriptions in Gaelic and in English. There is also a Christmas truce sculpture (2014), known as "All Together Now" by Andy Edwards in the garden, depicting a British and German soldier commencing a football game at Christmas 1914.

title: Church of St Luke, Liverpool


text:
D-beat

D-beat (also known as Discore, kängpunk, Discrust, and crust-beat ) is a style of hardcore punk, developed in the early 1980s by imitators of Discharge, after whom the genre is named, as well as a drum beat characteristic of this subgenre. D-beat is known for its "grinding, distorted and brutally political" sound. Discharge may have themselves inherited the beat from Motörhead and the Buzzcocks. D-beat is closely associated with crust punk, which is a heavier, more complex variation. The style was particularly popular in Sweden, and developed there by groups such as Crude SS, Anti Cimex, Mob 47, and Driller Killer. Other D-beat groups include Doom and the Varukers from the UK; Disclose from Japan; Crucifix and Final Conflict from the U.S.; Ratos de Porão from Brazil; and MG15 from Spain. While the style initially developed in the early 1980s, a number of new groups working within the subgenre emerged in the mid-1990s. These include the Swedish groups Wolfbrigade, Totalitär, Avskum, Skitsystem, and Disfear.

Origins
One of the earliest example of D-beat can be found in the Buzzcocks' song "You Tear Me Up," on their debut LP, Another Music In A Different Kitchen. It featured a fast, intense drumbeat which Discharge would later emulate in the distinctive drumbeat of D-beat. Discharge formed in 1977 in Stoke-on-Trent, England, initially playing a basic variety of street punk inspired by the Sex Pistols and The Clash. In 1979, the group changed its line-up and began to develop a new, more aggressive style. At this time Terry "Tez" Roberts of Discharge developed their characteristic drum beat, for which the D-beat subgenre is named. Roberts commented in 2004 that "I just wanna be remembered for coming up with that f-ckin' D-beat in the first place! And inspiring all those f-ckin' great Discore bands around the world!" Discharge's inspiration for the style has led it to be referred to as "Discore". Roberts' beat is similar to the basic percussive backbone of songs by Motörhead, and many subsequent groups borrow from this group a great deal as well as Discharge. After 1982, the group changed its style to a more conventional form of heavy metal. However, their classic sound inspired other groups to emulate them; The Varukers, also from England, were the first of these. As punk historian Ian Glasper put it, "The Varukers were the original Discore band, the first and best of the hardcore punk acts to take the simple, yet devastatingly effective formula laid down by Discharge and play it as fast, hard, heavy as they could." and that "In the turbulent wake of Discharge, a hundred Discore – or D-beat – punk bands sprang up around the world." While the style was first practiced in England, it became especially inspirational to a number of groups in Sweden.

D-beat was initially known as "kängpunk" ("boot punk") in Sweden. The first Swedish D-beat song is "Marquee," by Rude Kids, from Stockholm, recorded in 1979. They were followed by KSMB (En Slemmig Torsk), Missbrukarna, and more famously, Anti Cimex. Anti Cimex's second 7-inch EP, Raped Ass, has been described as "one of the rawest and most violent hardcore releases ever." Other such groups included Moderat Likvidation, Asocial, and most prominently Mob 47. Mob 47, also from Stockholm, was known as the fastest of the kängpunk groups. The group also blended Discharge's style with American hardcore punk, diversifying the style. The heaviest of Swedish crust bands was Crude SS

1980s
In England, a second style of anarcho-punk similar to D-beat developed in the mid-1980s. This style borrowed from the Swedish kängpunk groups as well as British anarcho-punk, heavy metal, and post-punk. The term "crust" was coined by Hellbastard on their 1986 Ripper Crust demo. As punk historian Ian Glasper puts it: "Rippercrust is widely regarded as the first time the word 'crust' was used in the punk context, and hence the specific starting point of the whole crustcore genre, although some would attribute that accolade to the likes of Disorder, Chaos UK, and Amebix several years earlier." Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty, vocalist and guitarist of Hellbastard, commented, "A lot of people say we started the crust-punk genre, but whatever. If they wanna say that, I don't mind, but I'm certainly no Malcolm McLaren, saying I invented something I didn't." Amebix and Antisect are often located as the originators of crust punk.

Amebix's Arise LP and Antisect's Out from the Void single, both released in 1985, offer a template for the subgenre. Punk journalist Felix von Havoc contends that Doom, Excrement of War, Electro Hippies and Extreme Noise Terror were among the first bands to have the traditional UK "crust" sound. Additional subgenres of this style began to develop. Deviated Instinct, from Norwich, created "stenchcore", bringing "both the look and sound – dirty and metallic, respectively – to their natural conclusion". Initially an anarcho-punk group, they began to take increasing influence from metal. As vocalist Julian "Leggo" Kilsby comments: "We were very much a part of the anarcho scene, to start with, very politically motivated... all the way through the band's existence, really, although it got less obvious as time went by. But I never really liked the straightforward 'War is bad...' lyrics that were so prevalent at the time, so as my writing skills improved I wanted to add more depth to our lyrics and make them more metaphorical; I'd always been into horror films, so that started to manifest itself in the imagery I was using..."

Crust punk groups took some influence from the early black metal of Venom and Celtic Frost. Similarly, Bathory was initially inspired by crust punk as well as metal. Crust was affected by a second wave of influence in the 1990s, with some bands emphasizing these black metal elements. Iskra are probably the most obvious example of second wave black metal-influenced crust punk; Iskra coined their own phrase "blackened crust" to describe this new style. The Japanese group Gallhammer also blend crust with black metal. In addition, Norwegian band Darkthrone have incorporated crust punk traits in their more recent material. As Daniel Ekeroth wrote in 2008 :"In a very ironic paradox, black metal and crust punk have recently started to embrace one another. Members of Darkthrone and Satyricon have lately claimed that they love punk, while among crusties, black metal is the latest fashion. In fact, the latest album by crust punk band Skitsystem sounds very black metal—while the latest black metal opus by Darkthrone sounds very punk! This would have been unimaginable in the early 90s."

American crust punk began in New York City, also in the mid-'80s, with the work of Nausea. The group emerged from the Lower East Side squat scene and New York hardcore, living with Roger Miret of Agnostic Front. The early work of Neurosis, from Oakland, CA, also borrowed from Amebix, and inaugurated crust punk on the West Coast. Disrupt (Boston), Antischism (South Carolina), and Destroy! (Minneapolis) were also significant U.S. crust groups.

Extreme Noise Terror is credited with developing this style into grindcore. In the late 1980s, Doom, from Birmingham, practiced D-beat indebted to Discharge as well as to crust punk. However, Pete Hurley, the guitarist for the group, declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style: "'grindcore' was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from the West Midlands, and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever. ENT were, are, and – I suspect – always will be a hardcore punk band... not a grindcore band, a stenchcore band, a trampcore band, or any other sub-sub-sub-core genre-defining term you can come up with."

1990s
An important American crust punk band was Aus-Rotten from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Crust punk also flourished in Minneapolis, shepherded by the Profane Existence label. In this period, the ethos of crust punk became particularly codified, with vegetarianism, feminism, and sometimes straight edge being prescribed by many of the figures in the scene. The powerviolence scene associated with Slap-a-Ham Records was in close proximity to crust punk, particularly in the case of Man Is the Bastard and Dropdead. Crust was also prominent in the American South, where Prank Records and CrimethInc. acted as focal points of the scene. The most well-known representative of Southern crust was His Hero Is Gone. Many Swedish groups of the 1990s began to play a combination of D-beat with crust punk. These bands, including Driller Killer, Totalitär, Skitsystem, Wolfbrigade, and Disfear, remain some of the most well-known D-beat bands, although their sound has cleaved closely to developments in death metal.

Vocals and lyrics
The vocal content of D-beat tends towards shouted slogans. The style is distinguished from its predecessors by its minimal lyrical content and greater proximity to heavy metal. D-beat bands typically have anti-war, anarchist messages and closely follow the bleak nuclear war imagery of 1980s anarcho-punk bands. Rock journalist Robbie Mackey described D-beat as characterized by "hardcore drumming set against breakneck riffage and unintelligible howls about anarchy, working-stiffs-as-rats, and banding together to, you know, fight."

Vocals in crust punk are often shrieked or shouted, and may be shared between two or more vocalists. The lyrical content of crust punk tends to be bleak and nihilistic, yet politically engaged. Crust punk songs are often about nuclear war, militarism, animal rights, police, personal grievances, oppressive states and fascism. Amebix were also interested in various forms of mysticism and Gnosticism. Malcolm "Scruff" Lewty, guitarist and vocalist of Hellbastard, describes the distinction between metal and crust punk lyrics:

"Metal lyrics were so dumb, so far removed from daily life. Venom were going on about Satan... and bikes... and Satan... and women... and Satan! You know what? I never got up in the morning and said, 'Fuck yeah! Satan! Let's go and meet my disciples from Hell!' I'd switch on the TV and know I was going to see hundreds of people dying because there'd been an earthquake in the third world... and all these people starving to death while military expenditure still increased... That was – and still is – the reality of it. The whole heavy metal thing is just an escape from reality, into this other world of... well, bullshit basically."

Drum beat
The name "D-beat" refers to a specific drumbeat, associated with The Varukers, Brian Roe (Brains), Discharge, Garry Malloney & Tez Roberts, Discharge's first drummer, though rock musicians such as Buzzcocks and Diamond Head had used the beat previously. The term was coined by Rich Militia, the singer of Sore Throat, in 1988, to describe the drum pattern played by Dave "Bambi" Ellesmere, Roberts's replacement, on Discharge's EP Why.

Three versions of D-beat drum tabs:

First (like early Anti Cimex and Discharge): C:|x--x-x--x--x-x--:|| S:|--o---o---o---o-:|| K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:|| 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +           S=snare K=kick  C=crash

Second — Verse and chorus  (like Avskum): H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:||          C:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:|| S:|--o---o---o---o-:||          S:|--o---o---o---o-:|| K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:||          K:|o--o-o--o--o-o--:|| 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +                 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +     S=snare K=kick  H=hihat  C=crash

Third (Thrash/speed metal beat) (listen to sample or ):

H:|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-:|| S:|--o---o---o---o-:|| K:|oo--o--o-o--:|| 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +         S=snare K=kick  H=hihat

title: D-beat


text:
Riversleigh World Heritage Area

Riversleigh World Heritage Area is Australia's most famous fossil location, recognised for the series of well preserved fossils deposited from the Late Oligocene to more recent geological periods. The fossiliferous limestone system is located near the Gregory River in the north-west of Queensland, an environment that was once a very wet rainforest that became more arid as the Gondwanan land masses separated and the Australian continent moved north. The approximately 100 km2 area has fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds, and reptiles of the Oligocene and Miocene ages, many of which were discovered and are only known from the Riversleigh area; the species that have occurred there are known as the Riversleigh fauna.

The fossils at Riversleigh are unusual because they are found in soft freshwater limestone which has not been compacted. This means the animal remains retain their three-dimensional structure, rather than being partially crushed like in most fossil sites. The area is located within the catchment of the Gregory River. Many of the fossil sites were crevices and limestone caves created by the action of large amounts of water on the karst formation, creating pitfall traps and feeding spots for predators which periodically and perhaps suddenly became covered and preserved; these conditions are responsible for the large assemblages of fossilised bats whose guano helped to conserve the remains of themselves and others. Fossils were first noted to exist in the area in 1901. An initial exploration survey was conducted in 1963. Since 1976, the area has been the subject of systemic exploration. The site was co-listed with the Naracoorte Caves National Park in South Australia as a World Heritage Site in 1994, and by itself, it is an extension of the Boodjamulla National Park.

Description

Fossils at Riversleigh are found in limestone by lime-rich freshwater pools, and in caves, when the ecosystem was evolving from rich rainforest to semiarid grassland community. Some of the fossils at Riversleigh are 25 million years old. High concentrations of calcium carbonate have meant the fossils are extremely well preserved. The fossil collection reveals mammalian evolution across more than 20 million years. Fossils have been found in more than 200 individual locations. The fossil record here is significant because it provides evidence on evolution and the distribution of species across Gondwana.

The presence of Riversleigh fauna in the Oligo-Miocene has been classified by four "faunal zones", and used to denote the presence of fossil taxa in these time periods. These may be summarised as
 * Faunal Zone A (FZA): Late or Upper Oligocene, 28.4 to 23.03 million years ago
 * Faunal Zone B (FZB): Early or Lower Miocene, 23.03 to 15.97 Ma
 * Faunal Zone C (FZC): Middle Miocene, 15.97 to 11.608 Ma
 * Faunal Zone D (FZD): Late or Upper Miocene, 11.608 to 5.332 Ma

Thirty-five fossil bat species have been identified at the site, which is the richest in the world. Cave deposits have been particularly rich in bat species.

The skull and nearly complete dentition of a 15-million-year-old monotreme, Obdurodon dicksoni, provide a window into the evolution of this characteristically Australian group. Fossil ancestors of the recently extinct thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus, have also been identified among Riversleigh's fauna. In 1993, skulls of the koala-like Nimbadon were unearthed in a previously unknown cave in the region. Researchers estimate that this marsupial first appeared about 15 million years ago and died out about 12 million years ago, perhaps from climate change-induced losses in habitat. A well-preserved skull of the ancient Nimbacinus dicksoni, an extinct relative of the thylacine, has been used to determine the hunting behavior of the species.

Other fossils have provided evidence of how the koala has evolved in response to Australia's change from predominant rainforest vegetation to drier eucalypt forests. The fossil bird fauna at Riversleigh includes an artamid Kurrartapu johnnguyeni, a fossil sittella, and representatives of various other families of modern birds. Some fossil insects and plants have also been discovered.

The fossil species identified at the sites are collectively known as the Riversleigh fauna.

Research
Scientific studies are mostly conducted by a group of palaeontologists from the University of New South Wales. Mike Archer is a paleontologist who has been working at Riversleigh since 1983. He and his co-workers discovered that diluted acetic acid was the most effective method of extracting fossils. Karen Black, a palaeontologist from UNSW, discovered a new species of extinct koala, at Riversleigh, which was then named after Dick Smith.

title: Riversleigh World Heritage Area


text:
Anne Enger

Anne Enger, formerly Anne Enger Lahnstein (born 9 December 1949), is a Norwegian politician who served as County Governor of Østfold from 2004 until 2015, and Leader of the Centre Party from 1991 to 1999, with opposition to the European Union. She was the front person of the successful "No to EU" campaign at the 1994 referendum. She was also the leader in the failed campaign against elective abortion in Norway in the late 1970s.

She served as Minister of Culture 1997–2000; and for three weeks in 1998, she was Acting Prime Minister of Norway, during Kjell Magne Bondevik's sick leave.

title: Anne Enger


text:
Anastasius Bibliothecarius

Anastasius Bibliothecarius (c. 810 – c. 878) was the librarian (bibliothecarius) and chief archivist of the Church of Rome and also briefly a claimant to the Papacy.

Early life
He was a nephew of Bishop Arsenius of Orte, who executed important commissions as Papal legate. Anastasius learned the Greek language from Eastern Roman monks and obtained an unusual education for his era, such that he appears to be the most learned ecclesiastic of Rome in the 9th century.

Abbot of Santa Maria and secretary of Nicholas I
During the pontificate of Pope Nicholas I (858–867) Anastasius was abbot of Santa Maria in Trastevere on the farther side of the Tiber. He was employed by the pope in various matters. He was also active as an author, and translated Greek language works into Latin. Among them was the biography of St. John the Merciful, which he dedicated to Nicholas I. He has been shown by Ernst Perels to be the 'ghost-writer' behind much papal official correspondence of these years.

The successor of Nicholas, Pope Adrian II (867–872), appointed Anastasius bibliothecarius (Head of archives) of the Roman Church, an important office at the Lateran Palace that gave him further influence at the papal court.

Envoy to Constantinople
In 869 he was sent by Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor as envoy to Constantinople, with two men of high rank in the Frankish Empire, to negotiate a marriage between Leo VI the Wise, oldest son of the Eastern Roman emperor Basil I, and Louis's only child, Ermengard.

When the envoys arrived at Constantinople, the Fourth Council of Constantinople was still in session, and Anastasius, who attended the last session (February, 870), zealously defended the papal cause and was of much service to the papal legates.

On their way home the papal legates were robbed, and the "Acts" of the council were carried off. However, they had given most of the declarations of obedience of the Greek bishops to Anastasius, who also had a copy of the "Acts", and was thus able to bring these documents to the pope. At the pope's order, he translated the "Acts" into Latin. The Greek originals are lost.

Continued influence
The successor of Adrian II, Pope John VIII (872–882), also esteemed Anastasius, confirmed him in the office of librarian, entrusted important affairs to him, and encouraged him to further literary work.

Anastasius was in correspondence with the deposed Byzantine patriarch, Photius, and sought to mediate between the patriarch and the pope and also to assuage the controversy over the Holy Ghost by assuming that the Latins understood the processio (procession) of the Holy Ghost from the Son in the sense of missio (transmission).

Recent scholarship has surmised that Anastasius' role in disseminating the claims of the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals and through muscular correspondence East and West that he was "the architect and promoter of the papal claims."

Presumed identification with antipope Anastasius
If a passage in the annals of Hincmar of Reims is genuine and Hincmar has not confused two men, then the bibliothecarius Anastasius is identical with the Roman presbyter Anastasius who in 874 became titular priest of St. Marcellus. This Anastasius had fled from Rome in 848, to reside in various cities. As a result of his flight he was excommunicated by a Roman synod in 850, and, as he did not return, was anathematized and deposed by another synod in 853.

After the death of Pope Leo IV in 855 this Anastasius was elected as Antipope by the imperial party, but the rightfully elected Pope Benedict III gained the supremacy, and acted kindly towards the usurper.

During the pontificate of Pope Adrian II, Anastasius became involved in serious difficulties when, in 868, his brother Eleutherius forcibly carried off the daughter of the Pope and soon afterwards killed her and her mother Stephania. Eleutherius was executed and Anastasius, who was regarded as the instigator of the murder, was punished by excommunication and deposition. He lived at the Imperial court and sought by the intervention of the Emperor to exculpate himself before the Pope. Joseph Hergenröther maintains that the bibliothecarius and the presbyter Anastasius (the antipope) were one and the same person, and weaves all the statements concerning the latter into the biography of Anastasius, while Joseph Langen considers them different persons. In August, 879, Zacharias of Anagni appears as Head of archives of the Roman Church, so Anastasius must have died shortly before this date.

Translator and author
Anastasius translated from Greek into Latin the "Acts" of both the Second Council of Nicaea and the Fourth Council of Constantinople, as well as several hagiographies of saints, along with other writings. Knowledge of Greek was so unusual that only he could revise his translations. The attribution to Anastasius of the ancient Latin translation of the Acts of the Third Council of Constantinople has been proved to be wrong on manuscript evidence by Rudolph Riedinger.

He also compiled a historical work, "Chronographia tripartita", from the Greek writings of Theophanes, Nicephorus, and George Syncellus, and made a collection of documents concerning the affairs of Pope Honorius I. Several important letters written by him have been preserved. The Liber Pontificalis, which was formerly ascribed to him, was not written by him; he seems to have shared in the revision of the Life of Nicholas I.

title: Anastasius Bibliothecarius


text:
Michael Thomas (footballer, born 1967)

Michael Lauriston Thomas (born 24 August 1967) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1986 to 2001.

During his time at Arsenal, he scored a last-minute goal in injury time during the final match of the 1988–89 season, which allowed the club to claim the First Division title over Liverpool. Two years later, Thomas joined Liverpool and scored the club's opening goal in a 2–0 win in the 1992 FA Cup Final. He also had spells at Benfica and Wimbledon before retiring in 2001, after a career that saw him win medals in all of English football's top three domestic football trophies. He was capped twice by England.

Michael now works as a pundit and media personality, writing a column for Just Arsenal, amongst other things.

Arsenal
Thomas was born in Lambeth, London. After growing up as a Tottenham Hotspur fan, he signed for rivals Arsenal as a schoolboy in 1982, turning professional on 31 December 1984 at the age of 17, just months after leaving school. He was loaned out to Portsmouth in early 1987, playing three times, before returning to Arsenal. His Gunners career started with a baptism of fire, as Thomas made his debut in the first leg of a League Cup semi-final against Tottenham Hotspur at Highbury on 8 February 1987.

Thomas soon became a regular in the Arsenal side, making his league debut in place of the suspended Viv Anderson on 14 February 1987 in a 1–1 draw with Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough. But, for his next appearance, he was drafted into midfield role at Oxford United. The switch was a quick success, and Thomas extra versatility boosted his chances of a first team place. Just to prove his adaptability he stood in for injured Kenny Sansom and by the end of that campaign he had played 12 league games as Arsenal finished fourth and had a League Cup winners medal, coming on as a late substitute as Arsenal defeated Liverpool at Wembley.

In 1987–88 season, Thomas missed only five league games. He started off as right back following Andersons departure, then switched to midfield for the League Cup semi-final first leg win at Everton in February, and kept that role the rest of the season and finished with 9 goals in the league (2 of them were penalties). Steve Williams February suspension was the perfect opportunity for Thomas to be shifted into central midfield in order to add more energy and dynamism to this area. Arsenal reached the League Cup final again in April 1988, only to lose 3–2 to Luton Town, Thomas also won Arsenal Player of the Season.

The highlight of Thomas's Arsenal career came in the 1988–89 title decider, on 26 May 1989. The First Division match between Liverpool and Arsenal at Anfield had been postponed due to the Hillsborough Disaster, and as a result was moved to the very end of the season, after the FA Cup final. Liverpool had won the FA Cup, and thus had a chance of completing an historic double. Arsenal had been top of the First Division table for most of the season, but Liverpool had overtaken them a few matches before the end of the campaign. Coming into the match, Arsenal were on 73 points with 71 goals for and 36 against (a goal difference of +35), while Liverpool were 3 points ahead on 76 points with 65 goals for and 26 against (a difference of +39). That meant that Arsenal needed to win by at least two goals to take the title (with points and goal difference equal, the team who had scored the most goals would be awarded the title). Liverpool had not lost by two goals at Anfield for nearly four years. After a goalless first half, Alan Smith scored soon after the restart, heading in a free kick from Nigel Winterburn. But as full-time approached it looked as if Arsenal were not going to score the second goal they needed. However, in injury time, in Arsenal's last attack, Thomas surged forward from midfield, running onto a Smith flick-on, evaded a challenge by Steve Nicol, and chipped the advancing goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar to score Arsenal's second and win the title, Arsenal's first in eighteen years. The match was later featured in detail in a 1997 film based on the Nick Hornby book Fever Pitch. Thomas started in 33 league games in the title winning season, and scored 7 goals. He formed a brilliant midfield partnership with Kevin Richardson. The goal is often considered one of the greatest moments in Arsenal's entire history.

In 1989-90, Thomas only missed six league games, but because of an ankle injury against Tottenham Hotspur 20 January 1990, his form suffered. He was in the England squad, and among the substitutes, when Brazil came to Wembley 28 March 1990, but the injury wrecked his chances of going to the World Cup Finals.

In 1990-91, Thomas played in 31 league games and was an important part of the League Championship winning side. Thomas dynamism in the centre of the park was the perfect combination to Paul Davis, strengthening Arsenal in the process. Thomas and Davis was one of the best central midfield partnerships Arsenal have ever had and each game they had played together, the bond became stronger. Such was their all-encompassing grasp on midfield. It was Thomas movement, stamina and ability to make runs on and off the ball that caused the damage. Seeing as he was constantly in motion, it meant that he was always pivotal in matches.

David Rocastle, who was back from his injuries, was switched into central midfield. However, after playing in only ten league games in 1991-92, Thomas lost his place to the more defensive David Hillier. During the championship run-in Thomas appeared in Daily Mirror, under the headline "My Highbury Hell", criticising Arsenal manager George Graham. The F.A. took stern action and fined Thomas £3.000, and his relationship with Graham was beyond repair, reflected in a 1-0 loss in his final Arsenal match against West Ham 2 November 1991 at Highbury.

As a result, he was sold to Liverpool, with their manager Graeme Souness paying the Gunners £1.5 million for Thomas's services on 13 December 1991. In all, Thomas played 206 matches, scoring 30 goals for Arsenal, and was named the 37th greatest player in the history of Arsenal in an online poll on the Arsenal website in June 2008.

Liverpool
Thomas made his Liverpool debut five days after signing, on 18 December 1991. In a repeat of his Arsenal debut, his first match for Liverpool was against Tottenham Hotspur (though this time at White Hart Lane), coming on as a substitute for Jan Mølby in the 56th minute of a 2–1 victory.

Thomas scored his first goal for the Reds on 18 January 1992 in league victory over Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park. His first season at the club culminated with an FA Cup victory at Wembley against Sunderland. After a goalless first 45, Thomas scored the opening goal of the final after 47 minutes with a spectacular shot from a Steve McManaman cross. A second goal from Ian Rush made the final score 2–0, earning Thomas his first medal for his new club. However, after that, injuries began to blight Thomas's time at Anfield. He became a squad player who was largely used as cover for the likes of Jamie Redknapp and John Barnes.

The 1994–95 season saw Thomas claim his only other winner's medal during his time at Anfield, when the Reds won the League Cup final against Bolton Wanderers. Thomas was an unused substitute on the bench during that game, which saw McManaman scoring both the team's goals as Liverpool won 2–1. Thomas then helped Liverpool reach the 1996 FA Cup final, where he saw five minutes of action after coming on as an 85th-minute substitute for Rob Jones. He couldn't help the Reds prevent a 1–0 defeat at the hands of Manchester United. 1996–97 was a disappointing campaign for a Liverpool side who finished fourth in the Premier League after leading it during the winter, but Thomas re-emerged as a first team regular following the absence of Jamie Redknapp due to injury problems. However, when Redknapp was fully fit for the 1997–98 season, Thomas found himself on the sidelines again.

An £800,000 bid from Coventry City was accepted in early December 1997, but the transfer never happened. On 2 February 1998, Thomas was allowed to go out on loan to Middlesbrough, and made his debut two days later on 4 February in a 3–0 league win over Tranmere Rovers at the Riverside Stadium. He played 10 times for the Boro before he returned to Anfield. By this time manager Roy Evans was fielding Øyvind Leonhardsen and Danny Murphy ahead of Thomas, which led to him being surplus to requirements at Anfield. Thomas's impression on the Anfield faithful during his time at the club was confirmed when he was voted in at No. 83 in 100 Players Who Shook The Kop, a poll conducted by Liverpool FC's official website in 2006 with over 110,000 fans voting.

Benfica and Wimbledon
Portuguese side Benfica, then managed by former Liverpool boss Graeme Souness, took Thomas to the Estádio da Luz on 1 August 1998, but his stay in Lisbon was an unsuccessful one as he found himself banished to the reserves after Souness was replaced by Jupp Heynckes. After two years with Benfica, he returned to England on 29 July 2000 to join Wimbledon, but after a single season in which he played nine times he retired from playing on 31 May 2001.

International career
Thomas was first called up to the England squad under manager Bobby Robson.

His debut came on 16 November 1988, at the age of 21, in the 1–1 friendly draw against Saudi Arabia in Riyadh, thus becoming the first player in Arsenal's history to play at five different levels for his country. Thomas made his second and final England senior appearance just over a year later, on 13 December 1989 in a 2–1 friendly win over Yugoslavia.

Personal life
After retiring from football, Thomas set up his own security service. He also plays for the Liverpool legends team and currently resides in the city of Liverpool.

In 2019, Thomas featured as a guest substitute player in season one of the ITV show Harry's Heroes, which featured former football manager Harry Redknapp attempting get a squad of former England international footballers back fit and healthy for a game against Germany legends.

Honours
Arsenal
 * Football League First Division: 1988–89, 1990–91
 * Football League Cup: 1986–87
 * FA Charity Shield: 1991

Liverpool
 * FA Cup: 1991–92
 * Football League Cup: 1994–95

Individual
 * Arsenal Player of the Season Award: 1987−88

title: Michael Thomas (footballer, born 1967)


text:
Talk:Anastasius Bibliothecarius

Untitled
Is this violating any sort of copyright?

 * No. New Advent's copy of the Catholic Encyclopedia is old enough to be public domain. —No-One Jones (m) 22:07, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Merge

 * These two are really the same person? If so, merge. This should be the destination article. Maestlin 03:26, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Attempted merge: the content of both articles was very similar. Cwolfsheep 15:43, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

De conversione etc.
Anastasius' authorship of this (hypothetical) work has only been suggested (on very shaky grounds) in the doctoral dissertation cited in the footnote but had no resonance whatsoever in scholarly literature. Any references to it (which, one may suspect, were added to Wikipedia by the author of the same dissertation) should be removed.

title: Talk:Anastasius Bibliothecarius


text:
Birr, Aargau

Birr is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Aargau and the capital of Brugg (district). The village lies halfway between Lenzburg and Brugg. Birr has grown with its neighbour Lupfig into a conurbation.

Birr is known as one of the places where the Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi established new standards in education. His gravesite in Birr is listed as a heritage site of national significance.

History
While a few artifacts from the Roman and Alamanni eras have been found in Birr, there was no known settlement. Birr is first mentioned in 1270 as Bire. Throughout the High Middle Ages the village belonged to the Habsburgs. The rights to rule the village went to Königsfelden Abbey at Windisch in 1397 and 1411. After the secularization of the monastery in 1528 those rights transferred to Bern.

The chapel, which was a subsidiary of Windisch, became a parish church during the Reformation. This parish includes Lupfig, Birrhard, Scherz, Schinznach-Bad and Brunegg. The current reformed church was built in 1662 by Abraham Dünz.

In 1771, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi bought a piece of waste land called Neuhof (New Farm), where he attempted the cultivation of madder. Pestalozzi knew nothing of business, and the plan failed. Before this he had opened his farm-house as a school, but that plan also met with failure. His later attempts at founding schools and education theory were more successful. However, following an 1815 rebellion among the teachers of his school, his last ten years were marred by weariness and sorrow. In 1825 he retired to Neuhof, the place of his youth, and after writing the adventures of his life, and his last work, the Swans Song, he died at Brugg. Since 1914, Neuhof has served as a reform school.

After 1950 Birr changed from an agricultural to an industrial village. The arrival of BBC (a factory for the manufacture of rotating electrical machinery) in 1957-65 along with a 500 apartment housing development, resulted in a strong growth spurt. By 1990 the working population included commuters (73%), industrial workers (46%) and foreigners (44%). Only about 1% of the population worked in agriculture.

Geography
Birr has an area,, of 5.05 km2. Of this area, 1.77 km2 or 35.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while1.76 km2 or 34.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.51 km2 or 29.9% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 7.9% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 11.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.1%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 4.0% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.6%. 34.9% of the total land area was heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 29.1% is used for growing crops and 4.2% is pastures, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located on the western edge of the Birrfelds, and has grown together with the municipality of Lupfig to the north. It consists of the haufendorf village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Birr. The municipalities of Birr and Birrhard are considering a merger on 1 January 2014 into a new municipality which will be known as Birr.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Pear Or slipped and leaved Vert. This is an example of canting because of the pear (Birne).

Demographics
Birr has a population of. 44.5% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 18.7%. Most of the population speaks German (71.2%), with Italian being second most common ( 7.2%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 6.7%).

The age distribution,, in Birr is; 488 children or 12.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 524 teenagers or 12.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 592 people or 14.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 568 people or 14.0% are between 30 and 39, 639 people or 15.7% are between 40 and 49, and 556 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 405 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 212 people or 5.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 73 people or 1.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 8 people or 0.2% who are 90 and older.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.56 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 38% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 101 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 709 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 496 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.60 individuals. there were 472 single family homes (or 27.7% of the total) out of a total of 1,702 homes and apartments. There were a total of 14 empty apartments for a 0.8% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.4 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 47.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (16.3%), the FDP (11.8%) and the CVP (9.1%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Birr about 61.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population, there are 334 students attending primary school, there are 156 students attending secondary school in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Heritage sites of national significance
The grave site of Heinrich Pestalozzi, at Pestalozzistrasse 2 is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Economy
, Birr had an unemployment rate of 2.84%. , there were 23 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 1,556 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 25 businesses in this sector. 566 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 58 businesses in this sector.

there was a total of 1,859 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 1,407 or about 75.7% of the residents worked outside Birr while 1,722 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 2,174 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 11% used public transportation to get to work, and 49.6% used a private car.

Birr's economy is dependent mainly on industry: among other businesses, ABB, GE and IC Interconnex can be found here. The regional airfield Birrfeld (Sport flying) with its restaurant and playarea is a popular destination.

Religion
From the, 1,243 or 35.2% were Roman Catholic, while 1,047 or 29.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

title: Birr, Aargau


text: User talk:65.194.23.140

title: User talk:65.194.23.140


text:
Miro

Miro or Miró may refer to:

Companies

 * Miro (collaboration platform), a collaborative online whiteboard tool
 * Miro Company, a French game manufacturer
 * Miro Technologies, a Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) software supplier from California
 * Pinnacle Systems, Miro Video series of the video capture cards
 * Member of the Institution of Railway Operators (changed to MCIRO in October 2021)

Entertainment

 * Miro (video software), an Internet television application
 * Miromusic, an electronic dance band originally from Denmark
 * Giardini di Mirò, an Italian rock group
 * "Miro", a song by the rock band Finch
 * Miro, a character in the Ender's Game series by Orson Scott Card

Given name

 * Miro (Suebian king) (died 583), Galician king
 * Miro (wrestler) (born 1984), Bulgarian-American professional wrestler
 * Miro, Count of Barcelona (died 966), Catalan nobleman
 * Miro the Elder (died 896), Catalan nobleman
 * Miroslav Kostadinov (born 1976), Bulgarian singer known as "Miro"
 * Michael Rodenberg (born 1970), German musician nicknamed Miro
 * Miro Alilović (born 1977), Slovenian basketball coach
 * Miro Allione (1932–2006), Italian executive
 * Miro Baldo Bento (born 1975), East Timorese football player
 * Miro Barešić (1950–1991), Yugoslav-Croatian convicted murderer and later soldier
 * Miro Cerar (born 1963), Slovenian lawyer and politician
 * Miro Gavran (born 1961), Croatian writer
 * Miro Heiskanen (born 1999), Finnish ice hockey player
 * Miro Jurić (born 1972), Croatian basketball coach and former player
 * Miro Karjalainen (born 1996), Finnish ice hockey player
 * Miro Kepinski (born 1980), Polish film composer, music producer, and performer
 * Miro Kocuvan (athlete, born 1947), Yugoslav sprinter
 * Miro Kocuvan (born 1971), Slovenian athlete who specialised in the 400 metres hurdles
 * Miro Kovač (born 1968), Croatian diplomat and politician
 * Miro Kwasnica (born 1935), former educator, driving instructor, and political figure in Saskatchewan
 * Miro Major (born 1980), New Zealand footballer and futsal player
 * Miro Moreira (born 1984), Brazilian male model
 * Miro Muheim (born 1998), Swiss footballer
 * Miro Oman (1936–2012), Yugoslavian ski jumper
 * Miro Pandurević (born 1964), Yugoslav bobsledder
 * Miro Quimbo (born 1969), Filipino politician
 * Miro Ronac (born 1961), Peruvian athlete
 * Miró Ruiz, Peruvian politician
 * Miro Sipek (born 1948), Bosnian (ex-Yugoslav) Australian rifle shooting coach
 * Miro Slavov (born 1990), Ukrainian football forward
 * Miro Steržaj (born 1933), Slovene 9 pin bowler and businessman
 * Miro Tenho (born 1995), Finnish footballer
 * Miro Tërbaçe, a semi-legendary Albanian

Other uses

 * Miro (protein) a subfamily of ras proteins
 * Miro (tree), Prumnopitys ferruginea, an evergreen coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand
 * Miro manga erua, a sledge device
 * Miró Quartet, classical string quartet based in Austin, Texas
 * Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization, a reformist Iranian political organization

title: Miro