text:
Department of public safety

In the United States, a department of public safety is a state or local government agency which often has a broad portfolio of responsibilities, which may include some or all of the following:

 * Fire services: provides fire prevention and suppression.
 * Rescue services: provides rescue services.
 * Haz-mat services: provides hazardous materials response.
 * Ambulance
 * Policing services: provides law enforcement, community policing and outreach.
 * Emergency communications: operates the public interface emergency communications telephone system by providing the 9-1-1 and Enhanced 911 emergency telephone numbers.
 * Office of emergency management (OEM): plans for and operates the emergency operations center during calamities, disasters, special events and emergencies.
 * Inspections and code enforcement: usually building safety, which includes construction, electrical et al. and vehicle inspections.
 * Animal control: this category could also include wildlife officers, game wardens, and dog catchers.
 * Department of motor vehicles (DMV): includes administration of driver's licenses, license plates and identification cards.
 * Department of transportation (DOT): includes vehicle registration, tags and license plates.

These responsibilities are usually organized into separate agencies under a DPS due to their diversity, though there is a critical exception in certain local jurisdictions (as further explained below).

In other countries, equivalent agencies may be known as the ministry of the interior. In U.S. state or local governments that do not have a DPS, equivalent agencies may be known as the department of emergency services.

Federal level
The United States Department of Homeland Security is the federal-level department of public safety of the United States, which is responsible for federal supervision of emergency services for major disasters through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

State and territorial level
In state governments in the United States, the DPS is often a law enforcement agency synonymous with the state police. At local and special district levels, they may be all-encompassing. Examples of states having these include Texas, Minnesota, Tennessee, Arizona, Alabama, Oklahoma, and South Carolina. In many states the state police may be a subdivision of the DPS and not its own independent department.

List of state and territorial departments of public safety

 * Alabama Department of Public Safety
 * Alaska Department of Public Safety
 * American Samoa Department of Public Safety
 * Arkansas Department of Public Safety
 * Arizona Department of Public Safety
 * Colorado Department of Public Safety
 * Connecticut Department of Public Safety
 * Delaware State Police
 * Florida Department of Law Enforcement
 * Georgia Department of Public Safety
 * Hawaii Department of Public Safety
 * Iowa Department of Public Safety
 * Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet
 * Louisiana Department of Public Safety
 * Maine Department of Public Safety
 * Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services
 * Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security
 * Minnesota Department of Public Safety
 * Missouri Department of Public Safety
 * Mississippi Department of Public Safety
 * New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety
 * New Hampshire Department of Safety
 * New Mexico Department of Public Safety
 * Nevada Department of Public Safety
 * North Carolina Department of Crime Control and Public Safety
 * North Dakota Department of Public Safety
 * Ohio Department of Public Safety
 * Oklahoma Department of Public Safety
 * Oregon Department of Public Safety Standards and Training
 * Puerto Rico Department of Public Safety
 * Rhode Island Department of Public Safety
 * South Carolina Department of Public Safety
 * South Dakota Department of Safety
 * Tennessee Department of Safety and Homeland Security
 * Texas Department of Public Safety
 * Utah Department of Public Safety
 * Vermont Department of Public Safety
 * Virginia Secretariat of Public Safety and Homeland Security
 * West Virginia Department of Military Affairs and Public Safety

Local level
Many local jurisdictions (cities and counties), and special districts (schools and hospitals) have the umbrella configuration described above, in which the DPS is simply a joint administration of several distinct agencies. They may share administrative support staff and back-office functions, but sworn personnel remain specialized and have particular responsibilities (that is, the police continue to arrest people and the firefighters put out fires). The DPS of Cobb County, Georgia is one example.

However, a minority of jurisdictions have departments of public safety which have primary and direct responsibility for all emergencies. In these unusual organizations, all full-time sworn personnel are cross-trained as police officers, firefighters and EMTs, and can respond to emergencies in any capacity. Although it is more expensive to hire, train and retain such personnel, they have a clear advantage in terms of their flexibility. They can respond as first responders to many rapidly evolving situations rather than waiting for the arrival of other specialized personnel.

This configuration was more widely popular in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States, but has since gone out of style because relatively few cities have been able to execute it successfully because of manpower limitations in handling major incidents.

In a few California cities (the San Gabriel Valley city of Duarte, for example), the department of public safety usually is restricted to code enforcement officers or animal control service agents (especially when those cities contract out for law enforcement with the county sheriff's office).

List of cities with departments of public safety with fully cross-trained personnel
Alaska California Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Michigan Minnesota Missouri North Carolina New Hampshire Oregon Ohio South Carolina Tennessee Texas Wisconsin
 * Hoonah Department of Public Safety
 * Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Department of Public Safety
 * Fairbanks International Airport Department of Public Safety
 * Rohnert Park Department of Public Safety Park Fire Police
 * Sunnyvale Department of Public Safety Fire Police
 * Daytona Beach Shores Department of Public Safety
 * Indian River Shores Public Safety Department
 * Jupiter Island Public Safety Department
 * Bainbridge Department of Public Safety
 * Grovetown Department of Public Safety
 * Social Circle Department of Public Safety
 * Glencoe Department of Public Safety
 * Rosemont Department of Public Safety
 * Whitestown Department of Public Safety
 * Fort Wayne International Airport Department of Public Safety
 * Cedar Falls Department of Public Safety
 * Nevada Department of Public Safety
 * Eastern Iowa Airport Department of Public Safety
 * Augusta Department of Public Safety
 * Prestonsburg Department of Public Safety
 * Albion Department of Public Safety
 * Berkley Department of Public Safety
 * Beverly Hills Department of Public Safety
 * Blackman Township Department of Public Safety
 * Bloomfield Hills Department of Public Safety
 * Capital Region Airport Authority Department of Public Safety
 * Centerline Department of Public Safety
 * Cheboygan Department of Public Safety
 * East Grand Rapids Department of Public Safety
 * Emmett Township Department of Public Safety
 * Escanaba Department of Public Safety
 * Essexville Department of Public Safety
 * Farmington Department of Public Safety
 * Flint Bishop Airport Authority Department of Public Safety
 * Fraser Department of Public Safety
 * Gladstone Department of Public Safety
 * Grand Haven Department of Public Safety
 * Greenville Department of Public Safety
 * Grosse Pointe Department of Public Safety
 * Grosse Pointe Farms Department of Public Safety
 * Grosse Pointe Park Department of Public Safety
 * Grosse Pointe Shores Department of Public Safety
 * Grosse Pointe Woods Department of Public Safety
 * Hampton Township Department of Public Safety
 * Harper Woods Department of Public Safety
 * Huntington Woods Department of Public Safety
 * Ionia Department of Public Safety
 * Ironwood Department of Public Safety
 * Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety (claims to be the largest, with about 380 sworn personnel)
 * Kingsford Department of Public Safety
 * Manistique Department of Public Safety
 * Monroe Department of Public Safety
 * Oak Park Department of Public Safety
 * Petoskey Department of Public Safety
 * Plainwell Department of Public Safety
 * Rockford Department of Public Safety
 * Springfield Department of Public Safety
 * St. Joseph Department of Public Safety
 * Mankato Department of Public Safety
 * New Brighton Department of Public Safety
 * Woodbury Department of Public Safety
 * Des Peres Department of Public Safety
 * Maryville Department of Public Safety
 * Sikeston Department of Public Safety
 * Mexico Public Safety Department
 * St. Louis Department of Public Safety
 * Asheville Regional Airport
 * Bald Head Island Public Safety
 * Butner Public Safety
 * Morganton Public Safety
 * Waterville Valley Department of Public Safety
 * Grants Pass Department of Public Safety
 * Amberley Village Department of Public Safety
 * Oakwood Public Safety Department
 * Aiken Department of Public Safety
 * Cayce Department of Public Safety
 * Clinton Public Safety Department
 * North Augusta Department of Public Safety
 * Orangeburg Department of Public Safety
 * Spartanburg Public Safety Department
 * Union Public Safety Department
 * Winnsboro Department of Public Safety
 * Church Hill Department of Public Safety
 * Jonesborough Department of Public Safety
 * Kingston Springs Department of Public Safety
 * Lookout Mountain Police and Fire Department
 * Nashville International Airport Department of Public Safety
 * Norris Department of Public Safety
 * Waverly Department of Public Safety
 * Dalworthington Gardens Department of Public Safety
 * Fate Department of Public Safety
 * Health Department of Public Safety
 * Highland Park Department of Public Safety
 * Oak Point Department of Public Safety
 * Southlake Department of Public Safety
 * Woodway Public Safety Department
 * Ashwaubenon Department of Public Safety
 * Palmyra Public Safety

Departments of public safety without cross-trained personnel
Alabama
 * Daleville Department of Public Safety

 * Livingston Department of Public Safety

California
 * Norwalk Department of Public Safety

Colorado
 * Denver Department of Public Safety

New York
 * Co-op City Department of Public Safety
 * Hunts Point Department of Public Safety
 * Parkchester Department of Public Safety
 * Westchester County Department of Public Safety
 * Cayuga Community College Department of Public Safety
 * Syracuse University Department of Public Safety
 * New York University Department of Public Safety
 * City University of New York Department of Public Safety in 26 universities

South Carolina
 * North Myrtle Beach Department of Public Safety (cross-trained until 2021)

Washington
 * Steilacoom Department of Public Safety

title: Department of public safety


text:
Trifecta

A trifecta is a parimutuel bet placed on a horse race in which the bettor must predict which horses will finish first, second, and third, in the exact order. Known as a trifecta in the US and Australia, this is known as a tricast in the UK, a  tierce in Hong Kong, a triactor in Canada and a tiercé in France. A trio, offered in Hong Kong and France, is a variation in which the order of the horses is not relevant.

Boxed
A "boxed" trifecta is where three horses are selected, and the player wins if these three horses finish first in any order. Boxed bets are effectively equivalent to placing standard trifecta bets on all six possible outcomes of the selected horses. For example, a boxed trifecta of horses numbered 6, 7 and 9, wins if horses finish in any of these combinations of outcomes:
 * 6, 7, 9
 * 6, 9, 7
 * 7, 6, 9
 * 7, 9, 6
 * 9, 6, 7
 * 9, 7, 6.

Banker
One horse (the "banker") is chosen to win the race, and two or more selections are boxed to come second and third. The "banker" must win in all possible combinations. For example, if horse number 2 is the banker, and the other three choices are numbered 6, 7 and 8, then there are a total six possible combinations for a winning bet:
 * 2, 6, 7
 * 2, 6, 8
 * 2, 7, 6
 * 2, 7, 8
 * 2, 8, 6
 * 2, 8, 7.

Roving banker or banker multiple
One horse (the "banker") is chosen to finish in the first three, and three or more selections are boxed for the other two places – the banker must finish either 1st, 2nd or 3rd in each possible combination. For example, if horse number 6 is the banker, and horses number 7, 8 and 9 are the selections, then there are total of eighteen combinations for a winning bet, each with horse number 6 in them, for example:
 * 6, 7, 8
 * 7, 6, 8
 * 7, 8, 6
 * 6, 8, 9
 * 8, 9, 6, and so on.

History
The term was first used in the 1970s, and was derived from perfecta (a bet on which horses will finish first and second) and tri- (three).

In the United States, the trifecta was first initiated at Arlington Park in 1971. It was first used in Australia in April 1977 by TAB New South Wales, and was introduced in New Zealand in December 1983.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trifecta


text:
Code reuse

In software development (and computer programming in general), code reuse, also called software reuse, is the use of existing software, or software knowledge, to build new software,  following the reusability principles.

Code reuse may be achieved by different ways depending on a complexity of a programming language chosen and range from a lower-level approaches like code copy-pasting (e.g. via snippets), simple functions (procedures or subroutines) or a bunch of objects or functions organized into modules (e.g. libraries) or custom namespaces, and packages, frameworks or software suites in higher-levels.

Code reuse implies dependencies which can make code maintainability harder. At least one study found that code reuse reduces technical debt.

Overview
Ad hoc code reuse has been practiced from the earliest days of programming. Programmers have always reused sections of code, templates, functions, and procedures. Software reuse as a recognized area of study in software engineering, however, dates only from 1968 when Douglas McIlroy of Bell Laboratories proposed basing the software industry on reusable components.

Code reuse aims to save time and resources and reduce redundancy by taking advantage of assets that have already been created in some form within the software product development process. The key idea in reuse is that parts of a computer program written at one time can be or should be used in the construction of other programs written at a later time.

Code reuse may imply the creation of a separately maintained version of the reusable assets. While code is the most common resource selected for reuse, other assets generated during the development cycle may offer opportunities for reuse: software components, test suites, designs, documentation, and so on.

The software library is a good example of code reuse. Programmers may decide to create internal abstractions so that certain parts of their program can be reused, or may create custom libraries for their own use. Some characteristics that make software more easily reusable are modularity, loose coupling, high cohesion, information hiding and separation of concerns.

For newly written code to use a piece of existing code, some kind of interface, or means of communication, must be defined. These commonly include a "call" or use of a subroutine, object, class, or prototype. In organizations, such practices are formalized and standardized by domain engineering, also known as software product line engineering.

The general practice of using a prior version of an extant program as a starting point for the next version, is also a form of code reuse.

Some so-called code "reuse" involves simply copying some or all of the code from an existing program into a new one. While organizations can realize time to market benefits for a new product with this approach, they can subsequently be saddled with many of the same code duplication problems caused by cut and paste programming.

Many researchers have worked to make reuse faster, easier, more systematic, and an integral part of the normal process of programming. These are some of the main goals behind the invention of object-oriented programming, which became one of the most common forms of formalized reuse. A somewhat later invention is generic programming.

Another, newer means is to use software "generators", programs which can create new programs of a certain type, based on a set of parameters that users choose. Fields of study about such systems are generative programming and metaprogramming.

Types of reuse
Concerning motivation and driving factors, reuse can be:
 * Opportunistic – While getting ready to begin a project, the team realizes that there are existing components that they can reuse.
 * Planned – A team strategically designs components so that they'll be reusable in future projects.

Reuse can be categorized further:

 * Internal reuse – A team reuses its own components. This may be a business decision, since the team may want to control a component critical to the project.
 * External reuse – A team may choose to license a third-party component. Licensing a third-party component typically costs the team 1 to 20 percent of what it would cost to develop internally. The team must also consider the time it takes to find, learn and integrate the component.

Concerning form or structure of reuse, code can be:
 * Referenced – The client code contains a reference to reused code, and thus they have distinct life cycles and can have distinct versions.
 * Forked – The client code contains a local or private copy of the reused code, and thus they share a single life cycle and a single version.

Fork-reuse is often discouraged because it's a form of code duplication, which requires that every bug is corrected in each copy, and enhancements made to reused code need to be manually merged in every copy or they become out-of-date. However, fork-reuse can have benefits such as isolation, flexibility to change the reused code, easier packaging, deployment and version management.

Systematic
Systematic software reuse is a strategy for increasing productivity and improving the quality of the software industry. Although it is simple in concept, successful software reuse implementation is difficult in practice. A reason put forward for this is the dependence of software reuse on the context in which it is implemented. Some problematic issues that need to be addressed related to systematic software reuse are:
 * a clear and well-defined product vision is an essential foundation to a software product line (SPL).
 * an evolutionary implementation strategy would be a more pragmatic strategy for the company.
 * there exist a need for continuous management support and leadership to ensure success.
 * an appropriate organisational structure is needed to support SPL engineering.
 * the change of mindset from a project-centric company to a product-oriented company is essential.

Software libraries
A very common example of code reuse is the technique of using a software library. Many common operations, such as converting information among different well-known formats, accessing external storage, interfacing with external programs, or manipulating information (numbers, words, names, locations, dates, etc.) in common ways, are needed by many different programs. Authors of new programs can use the code in a software library to perform these tasks, instead of "re-inventing the wheel", by writing fully new code directly in a program to perform an operation. Library implementations often have the benefit of being well-tested and covering unusual or arcane cases. Disadvantages include the inability to tweak details which may affect performance or the desired output, and the time and cost of acquiring, learning, and configuring the library.

Design patterns
A design pattern is a general solution to a recurring problem. Design patterns are more conceptual than tangible and can be modified to fit the exact need. However, abstract classes and interfaces can be reused to implement certain patterns.

Frameworks
Developers generally reuse large pieces of software via third-party applications and frameworks. Though frameworks are usually domain-specific and applicable only to families of applications.

Higher-order function
In functional programming higher-order functions can be used in many cases where design patterns or frameworks were formerly used.

Retrocomputing
Retrocomputing encompasses reuse of code, simply because retro programs are being run on older computers, or emulators for them.

Computer security
In computer security code-reuse is employed as a software exploit method. When an attacker is not able to directly input code to modify the control flow of a program, for example in presence of code injection defenses such as W^X, he or she can redirect the control flow to code sequences existing in memory.

Examples of code-reuse attacks are return-to-libc attack, return-oriented programming, and jump-oriented programming.

Components
A component, in an object-oriented extent, represents a set of collaborative classes (or only one class) and its interfaces. The interfaces are responsible for enabling the replacement of components. Reusable components can also be isolated and synchronized between SCM repositories using component source code management technologies (CSCM).

Outside computers
The whole concept of "code reuse" can also encompass engineering applications outside software. For instance, parametric modeling in computer-aided design allows for creating reusable designs. Standardization results in creation of interoperable parts that can be then reused in many contexts.

Criticism
Code reuse results in dependency on the component being reused. Rob Pike opined that "A little copying is better than a little dependency". When he joined Google, the company was putting heavy emphasis on code reuse. He believes that Google's codebase still suffers from results of that former policy in terms of compilation speed and maintainability.

Reusable code requires usually more effort to write and design. Fred Brooks discusses the significantly higher cost associated with that effort in his essays "The Tar Pit" and "No Silver Bullet" The fallacy is that effort is often spent without careful understanding of the mechanisms through which that cost will be redeemed. The justification often comes from incorrectly drawing parallels to reusable parts in a physical manufacturing process. Incorrect because writing code is analogous to design of a single product rather than production of multiple units.

title: Code reuse


text:
User talk:Karooran

Hi Karooran,

welcome to wikipedia,

Here are some useful links

 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Village pump

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

welcome once again. Robin klein 16:38, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image:Newtn5.gif
What is the source of this image - Image:Newtn5.gif? Does your source have other India related maps and images which can be included here? If so kindly post, so we can use it. Thanks Alren 17:57, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * A quick google image search shows that this image is a modification of the image which is included in . The site doesn't say anything about copyrights. But I presume by default one must assume that all rights are reserved (NOTE: the website isn't in the US). Also I suppose fair use cannot be claimed since the image was modified. Of course, IANAL. -- Paddu 19:02, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Problems with upload of Image:Karur.Pasupatheeswara.jpg
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Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 01:45, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Karur.Taluk.png
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File source problem with File:Karur.Taluk.jpg
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If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 11:47, 28 August 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:47, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Karur.png
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If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:22, 23 December 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 19:22, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karooran


text:
Lunatica

Lunatica is a Swiss symphonic metal band, formed in Suhr in 1998.

Formation
Founded by keyboardist Alex Seiberl and guitarist Sandro D'Incau, lead vocalist Andrea Dätwyler joined the band in 2001.

Atlantis
Their debut album Atlantis was released later that year. A series of concerts and festival appearances followed, and Lunatica was named "Best Newcomers" at the Swiss metal festival, Metaldayz.

Fables & Dreams
Their second album Fables & Dreams followed in February 2004, produced by Sascha Paeth, renowned for his work with numerous successful European acts. Fables & Dreams debuted at #13 on the Swiss Internet Charts.

The Edge of Infinity
Their third album The Edge of Infinity followed in August 2006.

In 2008, guitarist André Leuenberger left the band, and was replaced by Marc Torretti.

New Shores and Hiatus
Most recently, Lunatica's fourth album New Shores was released in February 2009.

Return and untitled fifth album
An as-yet untitled fifth album has been in production since 2010.

On 14 March 2019 the band shared a pre-production version of the upcoming song Luna on their Soundcloud site.

Current members

 * Sandro D’Incau - guitars (1998–present)
 * Alex Seiberl - keyboards (1998–present)
 * Andrea Dätwyler - vocals (2001–present)
 * Emilio "MG" Barrantes - bass (2001–present)
 * Ronnie Wolf - drums (2001–present)

Previous members

 * Beat Brack - bass (1998–2001)
 * Ermes Di Prisco - drums (1998–2001)
 * André Leuenberger - guitars (2001–2008)
 * Marc Torretti - guitars (2008-2009)
 * Zoltan Daraban - guitars (2009-2012)

Timeline

Full-length albums

 * Atlantis (2001, Frontiers Records)
 * Fables & Dreams (2004, Frontiers Records)
 * The Edge of Infinity (2006, Frontiers Records)
 * New Shores (2009, Napalm Records)

Singles

 * Fable of Dreams (2004)
 * Who You Are (2005)

Music videos

 * Song for You (2007)

title: Lunatica


text:
Critical value

Critical value or threshold value can refer to:

 * A quantitative threshold in medicine, chemistry and physics
 * Critical value (statistics), boundary of the acceptance region while testing a statistical hypothesis
 * Value of a function at a critical point (mathematics)
 * Critical point (thermodynamics) of a statistical system.

title: Critical value


text:
Ostracoderm

Ostracoderms (lit. 'shell-skins') are the armored jawless fish of the Paleozoic Era. The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic (excluding jawed fishes) (may also be polyphyletic if anaspids are closer to cyclostomes) and thus does not correspond to one evolutionary lineage. However, the term is still used as an informal way of loosely grouping together the armored jawless fishes.

An innovation of ostracoderms was the use of gills not for feeding, but exclusively for respiration. Earlier chordates with gill precursors used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. Unlike invertebrates that use ciliated motion to move food, ostracoderms used their muscular pharynx to create a suction that pulled small and slow-moving prey into their mouths.

Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s. He had difficulty classifying them, as they did not resemble any living creature. He compared them at first with extant armored fish such as catfish and sturgeon, but later realized that they lacked movable jaws. Hence, he classified them in 1844 as a new group, named "ostracoderms" to mean 'shell-skinned' (from Greek óstrakon +  dérma).

Ostracoderms have heads covered with a bony shield. They are among the earliest creatures with bony heads. The microscopic layers of that shield appear to evolutionary biologists, "like they are composed of little tooth-like structures." Neil Shubin writes: "Cut the bone of the [ostracoderm] skull open…pop it under a microscope and…you find virtually the same structure as in our teeth. There is a layer of enamel and even a layer of pulp.  The whole shield is made up of thousands of small teeth fused together.  This bony skull--one of the earliest in the fossil record--is made entirely of little teeth.  Teeth originally arose to bite creatures (see Conodonts); later a version of teeth was used in a new way to protect them."

Ostracoderms existed in two major groups, the more primitive heterostracans and the cephalaspids. The cephalaspids were more advanced than the heterostracans in that they had lateral stabilizers for more control of their swimming.

It was long assumed that pteraspidomorphs and thelodonts were the only ostracoderms with paired nostrils, while the other groups have just a single median nostril. It has since been revealed that even if galeaspidans have just one external opening, it has two internal nasal organs.

After the appearance of jawed fish (placoderms, acanthodians, sharks, etc.) about 420 million years ago, most ostracoderm species underwent a decline, and the last ostracoderms became extinct at the end of the Devonian period. More recent research indicates that fish with jaws had far less to do with the extinction of the ostracoderms than previously assumed, as they coexisted without noticeable decline for about 30 million years.

The Subclass Ostracodermi has been placed in the division Agnatha along with the extant Subclass Cyclostomata, which includes lampreys and hagfishes.

title: Ostracoderm


text: User talk:81.137.149.217

title: User talk:81.137.149.217


text:
Erik Lindahl

Erik Lindahl (21 November 1891 – 6 January 1960) was a Swedish economist. He was professor of economics at Uppsala University 1942–58 and in 1956–59 he was the President of the International Economic Association. He was an also an advisor to the Swedish government and the central bank, and in 1943 was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Lindahl posed the question of financing public goods in accordance with individual benefits. The quantity of the public good satisfies the requirement that the aggregate marginal benefit equals the marginal cost of providing the good.

Lindahl's contributions to economic theory extend beyond his Wicksellian roots to embrace much of what is contained in modern Neo-Walrasian theory. Lindahl's formulation of the concept of sequence economies and intertemporal equilibrium (1929, 1930) is by far the first rigorous attempt to do so. Lindahl's couching of a theory of capital (1929, 1939) in intertemporal terms anticipates Malinvaud's (1953) famous attempt. The transfer of Lindahl's concepts to the anglophone world was accomplished by two of his most ardent supporters, John Hicks (1939, 1965) and Friedrich Hayek (1941). Since then, his work on "sequence analysis" has been given greater emphasis since the work of Frank Hahn (1973) and Roy Radner (1972). Lindahl's 1919 solution to the pricing of public goods is another noticeable achievement, brought into modern economics by Duncan Foley (1970).

Contributions to economic analysis
A Lindahl tax is a form of taxation in which individuals pay for public goods according to their marginal benefits. In other words, they pay according to the amount of satisfaction or utility they derive from the consumption of an additional unit of the public good.

It can be seen as an individual's share of the collective tax burden of an economy. The optimal level of a public good is that quantity at which the willingness to pay for one more unit of the good, taken in totality for all the individuals is equal to the marginal cost of supplying that good. Lindahl tax is the optimal quantity times the willingness to pay for one more unit of that good at this quantity.

Erik Lindahl was deeply influenced in this by Knut Wicksell and proposed a method for financing public goods in order to show that consensus politics is possible. As people are different in nature, their preferences are different, and consensus requires each individual to pay a somewhat different tax for every service, or good that he consumes. If each person's tax price is set equal to the marginal benefits received at the ideal service level, each person is made better off by provision of the public good and may accordingly agree to have that service level provided.

Lindahl equilibrium
Lindahl equilibrium is a state of economic equilibrium under a Lindahl tax as well as a method for finding the optimum level for the supply of public goods or services that happens when the total per-unit price paid by each individual equals the total per-unit cost of the public good. It can be shown that an equilibrium exists for different environments. Therefore, the Lindahl equilibrium describes how efficiency can be sustained in an economy with personalised prices. Leif Johansen gave the complete interpretation of the concept of "Lindahl equilibrium", which assumes that household consumption decisions are based on the share of the cost they must provide for the supply of the particular public good.

The necessary and sufficient condition for such an equilibrium being:
 * (i) the sum of the declared willingness be greater than the cost of provision and
 * (ii) the minimum willingness to pay is positive and non-zero.

The importance of Lindahl equilibrium is that it fulfills the Samuelson condition and is therefore Pareto efficient, despite the good in question being a public one. It also demonstrates how efficiency can be reached in an economy with public goods by the use of personalised prices. The personalised prices equate the individual valuation for a public good to the cost of the public good.

Major works of Erik Lindahl

 * Die Gerechtigkeit der Besteuerung, 1919. (trans. as "Just Taxation: A positive solution", 1958)
 * "Some Controversial Questions in the Theory of Taxation",
 * Scope and Means of Monetary Policy, two volumes, 1929. (privately published - see Lindahl, 1930)
 * "The Place of Capital in the Theory of Price", 1929, Ekonomisk Tidskrift.
 * Methods of Monetary Policy, 1930.
 * "The Concept of Income", 1933, Essays in Honor of Gustav Cassel.
 * "A Note on the Dynamic Pricing Problem", 1934, (published later)
 * "The Problem of Balancing the Budget", 1935, Ekon Tidsk.
 * Studies in the Theory of Money and Capital, 1939. (English translations of 1929, 1930, 1935).
 * "Metodfragor inom den dynamiska teorien", 1942, Ekon Tidsk.
 * "Sweden's Monetary Policy and Tax Policy After the War", 1943, Ekon Tidsk.
 * "Some Aspects of the Inflation Problem", 1948, Nationalok Tidsk.
 * "On Keynes's Economic System", 1954, Economic Record.
 * "Basic Concept of National Accounting", 1957, IER.

Works

 * 1956: President of the International Economic Association
 * 1939: Studies in the Theory of Money and Capital
 * 1919: Die Gerechtigkeit der Besteuerung (German, translated as Just Taxation: A positive solution, 1958)

title: Erik Lindahl


text: User talk:83.77.167.194

title: User talk:83.77.167.194


text:
River Wye (disambiguation)

The River Wye is the fourth-longest river in the UK and forms part of the border between England and Wales.

River Wye or Wye River may also refer to:

Rivers:
 * River Wye, Derbyshire, a river flowing from Axe Edge Moor, Buxton to the River Derwent
 * River Wye, Buckinghamshire, a river flowing from the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire down to Bourne End where it meets the Thames
 * Wye River (Maryland), a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, United States
 * Wye River (New Zealand), a minor river in the South Island of New Zealand
 * Wye River (Victoria), a minor river in Victoria, Australia

Settlements:
 * Wye River, Victoria, a tourist village on the west coast of Victoria, Australia

Other:
 * Wye River Memorandum, a political agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Authority concluded near Wye River, Maryland

title: River Wye (disambiguation)


text:
User:Bobbkehrer

Bobb Kehrer was born on October 20, 1971 in Freeburg, Illinois and created the illusion of Khrystal Leight. Kehrer moved to St. Louis in 1992 to begin a female impersonation career that has spanned the country and entertained thousands with his illusion of Bette Midler. Known as the Bette of the Midwest, Kehrer has competed in nine national pageants and raised thousands of dollars for the effort to fight AIDS.

title: User:Bobbkehrer


text: User talk:68.213.70.102

title: User talk:68.213.70.102


text:
Clifford Allen

Clifford Robertson Allen (January 6, 1912 – June 18, 1978) was an American attorney and Democratic politician who was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1949 to 1951, and again from 1955 to 1959. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1975, where he served until his death.

Early life and career
Allen was born in Jacksonville, Florida, and graduated from Friends High School (now Sidwell Friends) in Washington, D.C. He graduated from the Cumberland School of Law in Lebanon, Tennessee in 1931 and was admitted to the Tennessee bar the same year. He was elected to a first term in the Tennessee State Senate in 1948. In 1950 he first ran for governor of Tennessee in the Democratic primary against incumbent governor Gordon Browning and was defeated in a very close election where Allen's main issue was that the state should start providing free school textbooks to all school children. Running again in 1952 he was again defeated, running third (Frank G. Clement was the winner, with Browning finishing second). Allen was seen by some as the representative of the urban and progressive forces as opposed to those whose support was largely rural, such as Clement. He was also a staunch opponent of Boss Crump of Memphis, and was invariably opposed by the Crump political machine. The rivalry between Allen and Clement was such that on one occasion, health inspectors shut down a downtown Nashville restaurant owned by Allen, who got a court order allowing it to reopen. This was judged by Nashvillians to have been politically motivated, and the restaurant reopened to long lines.

Allen was elected to the State Senate again in 1954 where he was a strong advocate for teachers and the public schools. Allen urged enforcement of Brown v. Board of Education. In 1958 he again entered the Democratic primary for governor, losing to Buford Ellington, a Clement colleague who had served Clement both as campaign manager and Cabinet member. During this period of what was essentially one-party rule in Tennessee (by the Democrats in the western two-thirds of the state and by the Republicans in East Tennessee), organized factions within the parties often served the role traditionally served by parties, nominating tickets of candidates who ran together, pooled their resources in advertising, and generally ran for office as a unit.

In January, 1957 the Tennessee State Senate refused to seat Richard Fulton, who had been elected to the seat formerly held by Allen. Fulton had run for the office in the place of his popular older brother Lyle, who had died of cancer shortly after entering the race to succeed Allen, but was several weeks short of having reached the constitutionally required age of 30 prior to the beginning of the legislative session, and Allen was appointed back to this seat again.

Assessor of Property
In 1960 Allen was elected Assessor of Property for Davidson County, Tennessee. This position was (and generally still is) widely regarded as an unglamorous administrative courthouse position, little-noticed by the public except when complaints are made about increasing property assessments. However, Allen was to make it his political base for the next 15 years. In 1962, Nashville voters agreed to merge many of the functions of the former City of Nashville municipal government and those of Davidson County into a metropolitan government. While the position of assessor of property (popularly referred to as "tax assessor") was retained in the combined government, Allen decided to run for mayor of the consolidated city-county. Allen finished second behind long-time rival Beverly Briley, the last county judge (chief executive) of Davidson County. The new Metropolitan Charter required a runoff since no one received a majority, and Briley defeated Allen in the runoff.

Allen long had positioned himself as a populist, a defender of the rights of the elderly, impoverished, and "average people". He worked to make a certain amount of property held by elderly homeowners with low incomes exempt from property tax. The issue with which he will be perennially identified in Tennessee political history is undoubtedly that of "Question 3". The Tennessee State Constitution had stood unamended from 1870 to 1952, the longest any such document had ever stood such in the world. In part, this was due to the extremely difficult procedure set by the document for amendment. One of the methods permitted allowed the legislature to put on the ballot a call for a limited constitutional convention, one which would be limited to discussion and proposals on only those parts of the constitution named in the call. This procedure was limited to once in a six-year period; beginning in the 1950s conventions began to be held almost as often as allowable, and had made considerable changes in the state's basic document, such as allowing city-county consolidation as alluded to above and also for other updatings such as the extension of gubernatorial and state senate terms from two to four years, allowing legislators to be paid over and above expense money, and other similar modernizations. Allen began to shape the 1971 convention to suit his principal issue. In Tennessee, the rate of assessment to appraisal on property taxes had long varied from county to county, with some counties applying the entire rate (expressed as dollars and cents per hundred of value such as "$1.27") on the entire appraised value of a property; most others applied a percentage of it, which varied wildly (from as low as 25% to as high as 70%). This system was needlessly confusing and arcane, and made comparison of tax rates from one jurisdiction to another very difficult (which some stated was one of the prime reasons for its existence). Allen managed to explain this difficult and confusing issue in such a way as to win a large majority for the holding of a constitutional convention in which it would be discussed. It was known as "Question 3" because the legislature at the same time proposed four other constitutional sections for discussion at the same convention; however these other propositions were all voted down, limiting the scope of the convention solely to the property tax issue. Allen was aided by the existence of the six-year limit between such events; opponents of a state income tax were aware that if a convention were to be held and limited to the property tax issue, another one at which an income tax might be proposed could not be held for at least another six years.

Having helped pass the call for the convention, Allen then set out to shape it to his ideas, firstly by winning election to it as a delegate while continuing to serve as assessor of property. Allen soon became the leading figure of the convention, and its proposal, which called for an assessment of 25% of appraised value on residential and agricultural property and 40% on commercial property and even higher on utilities, was essentially Allen's plan, and was subsequently approved by Tennessee voters and remains the law as of 2012 except that the U.S. Senate overrode the higher tax rate on utilities at the urging of Senator Howard Baker. This victory helped to assuage the defeat which Allen had suffered earlier in the year, when he lost another race for mayor. In this race Allen was shocked to have finished fourth, well short of participation in the runoff (which again was won by Briley over runner-up Casey Jenkins, a former motion picture projectionist who had gained notoriety largely as an opponent of forced busing for school desegregation). Progressives such as Allen in this election were hurt by the busing decision that was announced in the month before the election and fueled massive white turnout for the anti-integration candidates such as Jenkins.

Congressman
In 1975 when Richard Fulton was elected mayor to succeed Briley and resigned as Congressman, Allen entered the crowded Democratic primary field in the ensuing special election, and won, beating the incumbent district attorney Thomas Shriver, legislator Mike Murphy, and attorney (later federal Sixth Circuit judge) Gilbert Merritt, largely because of having far more name recognition than any other candidate and because of his populist attack on high rates being charged by local electric and gas utilities. As the Republicans had by this time given up on making serious bids for a district they hadn't won since Reconstruction, his victory in the special general election was a foregone conclusion, and he took office on November 25, 1975.

Once in Congress, Allen tried immediately to establish a high profile for a freshman legislator, to the consternation of some and the disdain of others. His primary issue was the higher electricity rates being charged by the Tennessee Valley Authority, primarily in order to finance its ambitious nuclear energy program. Allen called for the adoption by the TVA of "lifeline rates", a low, subsidized rate for low-income, low-volume electric users who would essentially be subsidized by the utility's major customers. TVA management objected vehemently to Allen's proposal, stating that it violated provisions of the TVA Self-Financing Act of 1959 which required all of the agency's power operations to be self-financing and unsubsidized, and would further dissuade new large customers from moving into its service area as opposed to adjoining areas where they would not be subject to such a scheme. The idea apparently was well received by a majority of Nashville-area voters, however; Allen was elected to a full term in November 1976.

However, Allen was regarded by many as increasingly a relic of an earlier era; he tended to address all issues at discursive length in the tradition of Southern country lawyers. In some circles in Washington, he was given the derisive nickname "The Tennessee Talking Horse", as an indication of his perceived verbosity (a title previously held by former Memphis Congressman Dan Kuykendall). Other politicians felt that Allen might be vulnerable in 1978; several filed to run against him in the 1978 Democratic primary. However, only days before the deadline for withdrawing from the primary race, Allen suffered a massive heart attack. All but one of his opponents then withdrew from the race as they were concerned about the possible repercussions of "kicking a man when he is down". On June 11, the day after the withdrawal deadline passed, Allen died. The only candidate who didn't withdraw from the race a few days earlier, State Senator Bill Boner, thus appeared alone on the Democratic primary ballot. While one of the erstwhile opponents, Elliot Ozment, then tried to conduct a write-in campaign, this proved totally futile, and Boner won the nomination, and in effect, election in November.

Allen died at St. Thomas Hospital in Nashville from complications of a heart attack on June 18, 1978, aged 66.

title: Clifford Allen


text:
OEM (disambiguation)

OEM is an original equipment manufacturer, a company that makes a part or subsystem that is used in another company's end product.

OEM may also refer to:

Computing

 * Object Exchange Model, a model for exchanging data between object-oriented databases
 * OEM font, or OEM-US, the original character set of the IBM PC, c. 1981
 * Oracle Enterprise Manager, a computer application that aims to manage software produced by Oracle Corporation

Organisations

 * OEM International, a former construction company in Gibraltar
 * Office for Emergency Management, a World War II function within the Executive Office of the United States Government
 * Office of Emergency Management, a general term for emergency management functions
 * Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management, for coordinating the response to a natural disaster
 * Organización Editorial Mexicana, a Mexican print media company

Other uses

 * Occupational and Environmental Medicine, a medical journal

title: OEM (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:OEM (disambiguation)

Move OEM to OEM
How about we move Original equipment manufacturer to OEM? Then all we need is a link to Office of Emergency Management, or if there is more, a link to OEM (disambiguation)]. —Tokek 05:36, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Spam
Which OEM is the one that I keep hearing about in spam messages? None of the articles tells me this. - RealGrouchy 17:08, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * from Original equipment manufacturer

 * OEM, when used to describe software, is used to differentiate that version of the software which is bundled with other hardware or software from that same software package sold on its own as a retail package. The packaging and legal rights that come with the OEM versions of a software package generally differ from what is provided with the retail versions, though the functionality of the software tends to be the same.

 * perhaps we should include a mention of this on the disambiguation page though. Plugwash 17:59, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:OEM (disambiguation)


text:
Dog violet

Dog violet is the common name for various species of the plant genus Viola with unscented flowers. The term arose to differentiate them from the scented sweet violet. Species so named include: The roots and seeds of this plant are toxic and should not be eaten. A number of species in the genus Erythronium in the family Liliaceae are sometimes referred to as "dog's-tooth violet".
 * Viola canina – heath dog violet
 * Viola labradorica (syn. V. conspersa) – American dog or alpine violet
 * Viola reichenbachiana – early dog violet
 * Viola riviniana – common dog violet

title: Dog violet


text:
Louis Couturat

Louis Couturat (17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist. Couturat was a pioneer of the constructed language Ido.

Life and education
Born in Paris. In 1887 he entered École Normale Supérieure to study philosophy and mathematics. In 1895 he lectured in philosophy at the University of Toulouse and 1897 lectured in philosophy of mathematics at the University of Caen Normandy, taking a stand in favor of transfinite numbers. After a time in Hanover studying the writings of Leibniz, he became an assistant to Henri-Louis Bergson at the Collège de France in 1905.

Career
He was the French advocate of the symbolic logic that emerged in the years before World War I, thanks to the writings of Charles Sanders Peirce, Giuseppe Peano and his school, and especially to The Principles of Mathematics by Couturat's friend and correspondent Bertrand Russell. Like Russell, Couturat saw symbolic logic as a tool to advance both mathematics and the philosophy of mathematics. In this, he was opposed by Henri Poincaré, who took considerable exception to Couturat's efforts to interest the French in symbolic logic. With the benefit of hindsight, we can see that Couturat was in broad agreement with the logicism of Russell, while Poincaré anticipated Brouwer's intuitionism.

His first major publication was De Platonicis mythis (1896). In 1901, he published La Logique de Leibniz, a detailed study of Leibniz the logician, based on his examination of the huge Leibniz Nachlass in Hanover. Even though Leibniz had died in 1716, his Nachlass was cataloged only in 1895. Only then was it possible to determine the extent of Leibniz's unpublished work on logic. In 1903, Couturat published much of that work in another large volume, his Opuscules et Fragments Inedits de Leibniz, containing many of the documents he had examined while writing La Logique. Couturat was thus the first to appreciate that Leibniz was the greatest logician during the more than 2000 years that separate Aristotle from George Boole and Augustus De Morgan. A significant part of the 20th century Leibniz revival is grounded in Couturat's editorial and exegetical efforts. This work on Leibniz attracted Russell, also the author of a 1900 book on Leibniz, and thus began their professional correspondence and friendship.

In 1905, Couturat published a work on logic and the foundations of mathematics (with an appendix on Kant's philosophy of mathematics) that was originally conceived as a translation of Russell's Principles of Mathematics. In the same year, he published L'Algèbre de la logique, a classic introduction to Boolean algebra and the works of C.S. Peirce and Ernst Schröder.

In 1907, Couturat helped found the constructed language Ido, an offshoot of Esperanto, and was Ido's principal advocate over the remainder of his life. By advocating a constructed international language, constructed along logical principles and with a vocabulary taken from existing European languages, Couturat was paralleling Peano's advocacy of Interlingua. By pushing Ido, Couturat walked in Leibniz's footsteps; Leibniz called for the creation a universal symbolic and conceptual language he named the characteristica universalis.

Couturat, a confirmed pacifist, was killed when his car was hit by a car carrying orders for the mobilization of the French Army, in the first stage of World War I.

He appears as a character in Joseph Skibell's 2010 novel, A Curable Romantic.

Works

 * 1896: De Platonicis mythis Thesim Facultati Litterarum Parisiensi proponebat Ludovicus Couturat, Scholae Normalae olim alumnus. Parisiis: Felix Alcan Bibliopola. 120 p.
 * 1896: De l'Infini mathématique. Republished 1975, Georg Olms.
 * 1901: La Logique de Leibniz. Republished 1961, Georg Olms. Donald Rutherford's English translation in progress.
 * 1903: Opuscules et Fragments Inédits de Leibniz. Republished 1966, Georg Olms.
 * 1903: (with Léopold Leau) Histoire de la langue universelle. Paris: Hachette. Republished 2001, Olms.
 * 1905. Les Principes des Mathématiques: avec un appendice sur la philosophie des mathématiques de Kant. Republished 1965, Georg Olms.
 * 1905: L'Algèbre de la logique. 1914: P. E. B. Jourdain translator, The Algebra of Logic, Open Court, from Project Gutenberg.
 * 1906: ¨Pour la langue internationale, Päris
 * 1907: (with Léopold Leau) Les nouvelles langues internationales. Paris: Hachette, republished 2001, Olms.
 * 1910: Étude sur la dérivation dans la langue internationale. Paris: Delagrave. 100 p.
 * 1910: (with Otto Jespersen, R. Lorenz, Wilhelm Ostwald and L.Pfaundler) International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language into Science, Constable and Company Limited, London.
 * 1915: (with Louis de Beaufront) Dictionnari Français-Ido. Paris: Chaix, 586 p.

title: Louis Couturat


text:
Khutughtu Khan Kusala

Khutughtu Khan (Хутагт хаан; Mongolian script: ; ), born Kuśala (Mongolian: Хүслэн ; ; कुशल, meaning "virtuous"/"wholesome"), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Mingzong of Yuan (22 December 1300 – 30 August 1329), was a son of Khayishan (Emperor Wuzong) who seized the throne of the Yuan dynasty of China in 1329, but died soon after. Apart from the Emperor of China, he is considered as the 13th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire.

Early life and exile
He was the eldest son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and a Mongol-Ikhires woman. Due to the unstable balance present in the Khayishan administration with the tense rivalry between Khayishan, his younger brother Ayurbarwada and their mother Dagi of the Khunggirad clan, Khayishan appointed Ayurbarwada as Crown Prince on the condition that he would pass the status to Kuśala after succession.

However, after Khayishan's death, Ayurbarwada succeeded to the throne in 1311. In 1320, Dagi, Temüder and other members of the Khunggirad faction installed Ayurbarwada's son Shidebala as the new ruler instead of Kuśala, due to the knowledge of Kuśala coming from an Ikhires background, rather than the more noble Khunggirad lineage.

To ensure Shidebala's succession, Kuśala was rewarded with the title of king of Chou and relegated to Yunnan in 1316; but fled to Esen Bukha-ruled Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, as a pro-Khayishan official advised, after a failed revolt in Shaanxi. When the Chagatayid Khan Esen Bukha heard that Kuśala was living near his realm, he came to greet him. After that, Kusala was backed by the Chagatayid princes. While in exile in Central Asia, he married Mailaiti, a daughter of Temuder of the Qarluq.

Brief accession and sudden death
Although the rival faction was purged by Yesün Temür Khan (Emperor Taiding) when Shidibala Khan (Emperor Yingzong) was assassinated, he remained in Central Asia. He extended his influence in his stronghold, which was located to the west of Altai Mountains.

In 1328, when Yesün Temür Khan died, a civil war known as the War of the Two Capitals erupted between Shangdu-based Ragibagh and Dadu-based Tugh Temür. The former was a son of Yesün Temür and was backed up the former Yesün Temür administration led by Dawlat Shah, and the latter was Kuśala's younger brother who was supported by the former Khayishan faction led by the Qipchaq commander El Temür and the Merkit commander Bayan, a governor in Henan. This ended in the victory of Tugh Temür since he secured support from most of the princes, aristocrats and warlords in the south of the Gobi Desert. Tugh Temür summoned his brother to come to Dadu.

At the same time, Kuśala, with support from the Chaghadayid leaders Eljigidey and Duwa Temür, entered Mongolia from the Tarbagatai region (in the Khangai Mountains). He also got support from princes and generals of Mongolia, and with overwhelming military power in the background, put pressure on Tugh Temür, who had already ascended the throne. Kuśala enthroned himself on 27 February 1329, north of Karakorum.

Tugh Temür abdicated on 3 April 1329, and a month later El Temür brought the imperial seal to Kuśala in Mongolia, announcing Dadu's intent to welcome him. Kuśala responded by making Tugh Temür his heir apparent on 15 May. Kuśala had proceeded to appoint his own loyal followers to important posts in the Secretariat, the Bureau of Military Affairs, and the Censorate.

Taking 1,800 men with him, Kuśala set out for Dadu. On 26 August, he met with Tugh Temür in Ongghuchad (Onggachatu), where Tugh Temur had built the city of Zhongdu. He suddenly died only 4 days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. The Yuan shi states that the luckless Kuśala Khan died of violence. It seems that Kuśala was poisoned by El Temür, who feared losing power to princes and officers of the Chagatai Khanate and Mongolia, who followed Kuśala. Tugh Temür was restored to the throne on 8 September.

Family
Khutughtu Khan had two wives who were Mailaiti, a descendant of the famous Qarluq chief, Arslan, who submitted to Genghis Khan and Babusha of the Naiman. They gave birth to two Mongol emperors, including Toghon Temür, the last Mongolian emperor to rule China.

 * Parents:
 * Külüg, Emperor Wuzong (武宗 曲律汗; 4 August 1281 – 27 January 1311)
 * Concubine Shoutong (寿童妃子)
 * Wives and children:
 * Empress Zhenyuhuisheng of Karluks (貞裕徽聖皇后 罕禄鲁氏; d. 1320), personal name Mailaiti (迈来迪)
 * Toghon Temür, Emperor Huizong (惠宗 妥懽帖睦爾; 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370), first son
 * Empress Anchuhan (按出罕皇后)
 * Empress Yuelusha (月魯沙皇后)
 * Princess Changguo (昌国公主)
 * Empress Buyanhuludou (不顏忽鲁都皇后)
 * Empress Yesu (野蘇皇后)
 * Empress Tuohusi (脱忽思皇后)
 * Empress Babusha of the Naiman (八不沙皇后; d. 1330)
 * Rinchinbal, Emperor Ningzong (寧宗 懿璘质班; 1 May 1326 – 14 December 1332), second son
 * Unknown
 * Princess Minghui Zhenyi (明慧貞懿公主), personal name Budaxini (不答昔你)

title: Khutughtu Khan Kusala


text:
Talk:Khutughtu Khan Kusala

Move?
there are a bunch of dbl redirects here that need to be fixed--Jiang 09:56, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Are we going to have some consistency here? We either use khan names or Chinese names, but keep it consistent. since no one wants to fix the redirects, Ill be moving this back to the khan name --Jiang 07:23, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixed. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 16:34, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

copied from User_talk:Nanshu
 * I am curious as to why you moved this article? It is more common to see the individual referred to with this name than by their Khan name. The previous/next incumbants are now redlinks, despite these individuals having articles. --[[User:OldakQuill|Oldak Quill]] 16:07, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

More common for whom? The Chinese? I think I confirm to the current academic trend. The Japanese version is put at "コシラ" (koshira < Qoshila < Kushala). It was moved from "明宗 (元朝)" to the current page by らりた and Safkan.

Also, your scheme is inappropriate. Don't judge at title what the Khubilaid empire was. It is hightly controversial. Actually "Yuan China" is Chinese POV that is actively challenged by scholars.

I don't care much about redlinks as this is an inactive field. If you do, then please make redirects until the ongoing project will be completed. --Nanshu 01:14, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Father's name
Is Khayishan Külüg Khan the same as Emperor Wuzong? Ardric47 08:33, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Name
Are you sure the name is supposed to be transcribed as “Qutuɤtu qaɤan” rather than “Qutuɣtu qaɣan”? Wikipeditor 03:09, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Article name
See Talk:Toghon Temür. Should there be a rename of this article? --Evecurid (talk) 01:12, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khutughtu Khan Kusala


text:
Talk:Khutughtu Khan/to do

 * Biography
 * Picture
 * Birth and death dates
 * Posthumous names

title: Talk:Khutughtu Khan/to do


text:
Eric Balfour

Eric Salter Balfour (born April 24, 1977) is an American actor. He made his film debut in the Lifetime movie No One Would Tell in 1996, followed by the drama Shattered Image (1998), followed by roles in What Women Want (2000) and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003). His roles on television include Milo Pressman on the action-thriller TV series 24, a recurring role in the drama Six Feet Under as Gabriel Dimas, Duke Crocker in Haven, Eddie on The OC, and as Boone in Country Comfort.

Early life
Balfour was born to a Jewish family  in Los Angeles, California, the son of David Balfour, a chiropractor, and Sharon (née Salter), who works as a marriage and family counselor. He has a younger sister.

He described his household growing up as "creative" and said that his family often made trips to the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California.

Career
Balfour appeared on the kids TV show Kids Incorporated for one season in 1991. During the early 1990s, he had a variety of minor juvenile roles on television series such as Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Arresting Behavior, Boy Meets World and Step by Step. In 1997, he appeared in the first two episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Jesse McNally, one of the show's first victims. Eric was a regular on the HBO series Six Feet Under as Gabriel Dimas in 2001. He appeared as a regular cast member in three short-lived TV shows. Veritas: The Quest was cancelled after four episodes in 2003, Hawaii was canceled after seven episodes in 2004, and Sex, Love & Secrets was canceled after four episodes. Also in 2005, Balfour starred in the sexually explicit Canadian drama Lie with Me with Lauren Lee Smith. In March 2006, Balfour debuted as Brian Peluso on producer Dick Wolf's crime drama Conviction, which lasted one season. Balfour was also a guest star on the hit show Dawson's Creek in the ninth episode of the first season.

He starred in the 2003 remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with Jessica Biel. He played a minor character in several episodes of The O.C. as Eddie, Theresa's fiancé, and in the hit HBO show Six Feet Under as Gabriel Dimas.

Balfour appeared in seven episodes of the first season of 24 as computer technician Milo Pressman in 2001. Five years later, Balfour reprised the role for 19 episodes of 24's sixth season before leaving the show by his own request. Balfour appeared in Life on Mars as Eddie Carling, the brother of detective Ray Carling.

He was the face for the Valentino male fragrance Valentino V. In September 2009, Balfour appeared in an episode of Monk. In the same month, Balfour booked a recurring role on the drama show The Beautiful Life, but the show was canceled after its second episode. In 2010, he starred in the Strause Brothers thriller film Skyline. He starred as Duke Crocker on the Syfy drama Haven. Balfour co-starred with Missy Peregrym and Jeff Roop in the survival film Backcountry, and he appeared as Spiro Dalon in an episode of Chicago P.D.

Personal life
After five years of dating, Balfour married fashion designer Erin Chiamulon on May 30, 2015, in Pacific Palisades, California. Balfour and his wife had a son on August 2, 2018. In May 2022, Balfour and his wife welcomed their second son.

title: Eric Balfour


text:
Orley Farm School

Orley Farm School is one of the largest coeducational preparatory day school in the London borough of Harrow, at the foot of Harrow Hill on South Hill Avenue. It was founded as the preparatory school for the nearby Harrow School in 1850 but is now a fully private school in its own right and leavers continue to other private schools. The school grounds cover over 39 acre.

History
Orley Farm has evolved since September 1850 from a boarding school for boys preparing for Harrow, to a co-educational, day school.

In 1984 the Official Grant of Arms was awarded. The arms and crest have three historical sources: (1) the stag holding an oak leaf is the Trollope family crest; (due to the renaming of the school in 1862 to that of the book of the same name written by Anthony Trollope describing the buildings owned by the family and occupied by the school) (2) crossed arrows and a silver laurel wreath are included on the Harrow arms, and (3) the “Hurst” of oak trees on the shield and sprig of oak in the badge refer to the Gardner family. The motto, Haec cogitate., “think on these things”, comes from St Paul’s letter to the Philippians.

Orley Farm was originally a traditional boarding prep school similar to the likes of Ludgrove and Heatherdown Preparatory Schools. During the 1980s by about 1983, boarding was phased out after over 130 years and the dormitories were converted into classrooms. In 1994, the school administration made the landmark decision of admitting girls for the first time. The pre-prep department had opened by 1992 when boys aged rising 5 were admitted.

Edge
Orley farm has a program called the Edge Programme and consists of extracurricular activities such as cooking, photography, house skills and looking after the wildlife. This programme runs from Y5 to Y8. The program runs every Friday for 45 minutes before lunchtime.

Houses
Each pupil and staff is randomly assigned to one of the four houses upon entry. The houses are named after former headmasters and activities are overseen by house teachers.

Butler Hall
In July 2015, the first of 4 major building projects came on line after the school invested just under £10 million to upgrade the facilities. The new dining hall overlooking the pool was named after Lord Butler, a former pupil, who visited the school to open the building.

Elliot Block
In September 2015, the original music school was turned into a building called the Elliot Block. It consists of new facilities supporting Drama and Music and was named after Ian Elliott, a former Headmaster.

Davies Library
In September 2015, the Davies Library was reopened having moved it from the old Gardner building and tripling the size. It was opened by Justin Davies, a former Headmaster.

Gardener Building
In February 2016, the new Gardener Building opened with 12 refurbished classrooms joined to the Elliott Building via an enclosed bridge. The Mathematics, English, computer science & Science departments are now all housed in this facility.

Former Pupils

 * Hassan Damluji, author and international development expert
 * Robin Butler, retired senior civil servant
 * Alastair Fothergill, producer
 * Keir Giles, academic
 * Matthew Gould, former Ambassador to Israel, now Head of Cyber Security
 * Anthony Horowitz, author and screenwriter
 * Sir Arnold Lunn, inventor of slalom skiing and Catholic apologist
 * Martin Stevens, former MP and Conservative politician
 * Dale Winton, radio DJ and presenter

title: Orley Farm School


text: Template:Conscription

title: Template:Conscription


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Riemannian submanifold

A Riemannian submanifold $$N$$ of a Riemannian manifold $$M$$ is a submanifold $$N$$ of $$M$$ equipped with the Riemannian metric inherited from $$M$$.

Specifically, if $$(M,g)$$ is a Riemannian manifold (with or without boundary) and $$i : N \to M$$ is an immersed submanifold or an embedded submanifold (with or without boundary), the pullback $$i^* g$$ of $$g$$ is a Riemannian metric on $$N$$, and $$(N, i^*g)$$ is said to be a Riemannian submanifold of $$(M,g)$$. On the other hand, if $$N$$ already has a Riemannian metric $$\tilde g$$, then the immersion (or embedding) $$i : N \to M$$ is called an isometric immersion (or isometric embedding) if $$\tilde g = i^* g$$. Hence isometric immersions and isometric embeddings are Riemannian submanifolds.

For example, the n-sphere $$S^n = \{ x \in \mathbb R^{n+1} : \lVert x \rVert = 1 \}$$ is an embedded Riemannian submanifold of $$\mathbb R^{n+1}$$ via the inclusion map $$S^n \hookrightarrow \mathbb R^{n+1}$$ that takes a point in $$S^n$$ to the corresponding point in the superset $$\mathbb R^{n+1}$$. The induced metric on $$S^n$$ is called the round metric.

title: Riemannian submanifold


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Trent Lakes

The Municipality of Trent Lakes is a lower-tier township in the rural, mostly wooded northern section of Peterborough County, Ontario, Canada. The municipality has a primarily cottage and tourist industry based economy but has grown year round residency due to its commute distance to the Greater Toronto Area.

In 1998 the Township of Galway-Cavendish and the Township of Harvey were amalgamated by Minister's Order to become Galway-Cavendish and Harvey. The Municipality of Trent Lakes adopted its new name by By-law B2013-017 on February 19, 2013. The name was in recognition of the Trent-Severn Waterway which plays a major role in the cottage history and tourism economy of the area. The Municipality is part of the Kawartha Lakes Tourism Area and contains numerous tributary lakes, rivers and creeks contributing water level support to the nationally historic Trent-Severn Waterway system. Lock 31 in Buckhorn is the only Trent-Severn Waterway boat lock located within the municipality.

Communities
Trent Lakes identifies three wards within the municipality; Harvey Ward, Galway Ward and Cavendish Ward. The three wards are based on traditional geographic boundaries and for election purposes there is still Municipal Council representatives for Harvey and Galway-Cavendish. This was a result of the 1998 amalgamation of the townships of Galway-Cavendish and Harvey.

The municipality has many community subdivisions concentrated around the many lakes. Several of the communities were originally intended for cottage use but today many of the subdivisions contain year round residents. There are two municipally-owned drinking water supply systems. One in the Buckhorn Lakes Estates subdivision and the other servicing the Pirates Glen and Alpine Village subdivisions. Other residences must rely on private wells.

The hamlet of Buckhorn is situated on the border of the Municipality of Trent Lakes and the Township of Selwyn. The main downtown core is situated on the Trent Lakes side. A span of two bridges connect the hamlet. One bridge spans Trent-Severn Waterway Lock 31 on the Trent Lakes side. The second span is over the Buckhorn dam on the Township of Selwyn side.

There is one public school in the municipality of Trent Lakes. It is the Buckhorn Public School. Being a rural municipality all other children are bused to local schools outside of the municipality, being serviced by the Kawartha Pine Ridge District (Public) School Board and the Peterborough Victoria Northumberland & Clarington Catholic School Board.

There are three municipal Community Centres in Trent Lakes; the Galway Community Centre, the Cavendish Community Centre, and Lakehurst Hall. They offer a variety of programs and services. There is also the independently operated and volunteer based Buckhorn Community Centre.

The Trent Lakes Public Library has two locations. The Buckhorn Branch is located in the main core of Buckhorn. The Helen Bowen Branch is located in the Cavendish Community Centre and often referred to simply as the Cavendish Branch.

Trent Lakes currently has two medical health centres, the Buckhorn Regional Health Centre and the Kinmount and District Health Centre.

The border of the Municipality of Trent Lakes is Gannons Narrows in the southeast, Buckhorn on the east (shared with Selwyn Township) and almost to Burleigh Falls in the northeast (includes Perry's Creek). The rapids and falls at Burleigh Falls are often thought to be in Trent Lakes but this is a mistake. The Burleigh Falls Inn and island are actually in the Township of North Kawartha and the dam, rapids and falls are in the Township of Selwyn.

Kinmount is in the far northwest tip of Trent Lakes. The village is apportioned by the three municipalities of City of Kawartha Lakes, Minden Hills and Trent Lakes. The Kinmount Fairgrounds is the site of the Kinmount Fair under the care and ownership of the Kinmount Agricultural Society. The fair is held the Labour Day weekend and heavily attended. The fair celebrated its 150th edition in 2020.

Trent Lakes is also connected to the Township of Selwyn by a causeway and span of bridge at Gannon Narrows. The bridge spans the actual narrows connecting (Upper) Buckhorn Lake with Pigeon Lake.

Current and some historic communities are Alpine Village, Buckhorn, Buckhorn Lake Estates, Catchacoma, Crystal Lake, Ewan, Flynns, Fortescue, Kawartha Hideaway, Lakehurst, Mississagua Landing, Mount Irwin, Nogies Creek, Oak Shores Estates, Pirates Glen, Point Pleasant, Rockcroft and Sugar Bush and the area has numerous cottager and ratepayer associations.

Geography
Trent Lakes is home to Kawartha Highlands Provincial Park, which is set around Catchacoma Lake and Mississagua Lake. A 37587 hectare Natural Environment Park permitting "backcountry" camping and primarily a water access only interior. Three violent summer wind storms have hit this area doing damage to property and forest, one in 1927, then 1995 and in 2006. The area is also a popular cottaging and recreational area.

Trent Lakes consists mostly of Precambrian Shield, dating from 600 to 1,200 million years. The granite is normally pink but interlaced with other colours of white and black as one heads north. These areas are primarily "igneous" granite which was subject to intense heat and pressure during the movement of the Earth's crust. The changes took place as the rock mixed with other elements in the Earth's crust. The mixture is mostly with black and white marble. The region also has sections of limestone flats. When the lakes that covered most of Lake Ontario dried up some 450 million years ago the lake sediments hardened and lifted to form a top layer of limestone over the area. With the ice age small glaciers left a thin layer of soil. The area around what is known as Flynn's Turn (intersection of Peterborough County Road 36 and Country Road 507) is a prime example of a limestone flat.

On Highway 49 you can see the evidence of what is called a limestone ridge ("Ordovician strata"). This same ridge extends to Lower Buckhorn Lake and the erosion on the northern edge has created a scarp (or steep cliff) some 30 m high in areas.

Sandy Lake and the beach area has a unique soft turquoise colour. This is a white "marl" lake bottom and is spring fed. Surrounded by a limestone karst runoff enters into the lake with very little organic material and this contributes to the unique greenish-blue colouration. The marl bottom is extremely soft and rich with minerals.

The community is a scenic location where Paleozoic limestone formations yield to the underlying Precambrian bedrock of pink gneiss; as a result, it attracts a large number of summer residents and visitors.

History
The lumber and agricultural industries are significant to the history of the township. Due to the topography of the region, agricultural production was limited to only certain areas where soil conditions were adequate and cattle and mixed farming (orchards, cattle, horses, sheep, grains, vegetables, chickens and turkeys) were the predominant formats. Lumber production in the area led to the construction of standing timber lumber camps, with the numerous waterways allowing the transport of that lumber to production and processing mills in the area. This led to the development of settlements of forestry workers, but non-resident lumber barons took most of the gains from the industry. With the decline of the lumber industry, the settlements in the region also grew less populous. The French Canadians, Irish immigrants and other lumber labourers moved to other thriving locations, leaving smaller groups in the region. Galway, Cavendish and Harvey wards all have ghost settlements and nearly-forgotten communities including Silver Lake, Rockcroft, Scotts Mills, Fortesque. Following World War II, the area became popular as a camping and cottaging area.

The area is rich in early First Nations sites, and many First Nations members live in the community year-round or seasonally on some of the islands in Lovesick Lake.

The old Harvey fire tower was located at the southern edge of Mississagua Lake (then known as Gull Lake). It was one of the 320 towers in the province used as an early warning in the detection of forest fires. Part of the Lindsay Forest District of towers this tower had its own phone line connection back to headquarters. The phone line still runs through the forest and up the hill to the old towers footings. In 1927 the Harvey tower was made of wood, but a hurricane came through and blew it over. Parts of the tower were found miles away. A newer wood tower was built in its place, that is, until 1938 when a light steel tower had been erected. The tower system was abandoned by 1970 when aerial detection became favoured and the tower dismantled.

Initially, the municipality of Trent Lakes was made up of two townships, the township of Galway-Cavendish and the township of Harvey. In 1998, the provincial government of Ontario planned for a reduction in the number of municipal governments throughout the province. The two townships, located in the same corner of Peterborough County, had much in common economically, topographically, and historically and agreed to amalgamate. They became the Township of Galway-Cavendish and Harvey, recognising the composite parts of the new municipality. However, on February 19, 2013, the township changed its name again, this time to its current name, recognising the role of the tourist and cottage industry of the Trent Severn Waterway system.

Municipal Council
Trent Lakes is led by a mayor, deputy mayor and three councillors. The current council was elected in 2022 and will serve a four-year term to 2026. They are:
 * Mayor: Terry Lambshead
 * Deputy Mayor: Carol Armstrong
 * Councillors: Joe Cadigan (Galway-Cavendish Ward), John Braybrook (Harvey Ward), Peter Franzen (Councillor at Large)

The Mayor and Deputy Mayor represent Trent Lakes at meetings of Peterborough County Council.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Trent Lakes had a population of $6,439$ living in $2,952$ of its $5,750$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $5,397$. With a land area of 833.72 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Mother tongue:
 * English as first language: 90.3%
 * French as first language: 1.4%
 * English and French as first language: 0%
 * Other as first language: 8.3%

Recreation
Boaters use the Trent–Severn Waterway Lock 31, located in the hamlet of Buckhorn. The lock is situated between Lower Buckhorn Lake and Upper Buckhorn and is one of the busiest locks on the Waterway system.

Wolf Island Provincial Park is a 222 ha water access only park established in 1985. The largest portion of the park is Wolf Island, an island located between Lower Buckhorn and Lovesick lakes. This is a 'non-operating' park with no facilities. You must carry-in and carry-out all items.

The area is also known for the 37587 hectare Kawartha Highlands Provincial Park established in 1989. The park has a number of canoe routes, backcountry camping and trails. The park is the second largest in southern Ontario. The park has limited facilities, including limited parking.

John Earle Chase Memorial Park is a 400 acre park located in the vicinity of Gannons Narrows on the shore of Pigeon Lake and offers day use only trails. There are no facilities at this free park and you must carry-in and carry-out all items. The land for the park was donated in 1995 to Trent-Severn Waterway, Parks Canada, in 1995 by the Chase family, which had farmed the area for several generations.

title: Trent Lakes


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The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap

The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap (ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎのぼうし) is an action-adventure game and the twelfth entry in The Legend of Zelda series. Developed by Capcom and Flagship, with Nintendo overseeing the development process, The Minish Cap was released for the Game Boy Advance in Japan and Europe in 2004 and in North America and Australia the following year.

The Minish Cap serves as a prequel to Four Swords and Four Swords Adventures, telling the origins of the titular Four Sword and the villain Vaati. The game retains many elements common to previous Zelda games, especially top-down predecessors such as A Link to the Past, and includes new features and mechanics. Chiefly, the protagonist Link acquires a magical talking cap named Ezlo, who can shrink Link to the diminutive size of a Minish.

The Minish Cap was well received among critics. It was named the 20th best Game Boy Advance game in an IGN feature and was selected as the 2005 Game Boy Advance Game of the Year by GameSpot. The game was re-released on the Wii U Virtual Console in June 2014, and on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack in February 2023.

Gameplay
The Minish Cap features gameplay similar to previous Zelda installments. Link must explore an overworld and complete multiple dungeons, acquiring new items and abilities throughout the game.

The titular "Minish cap" refers to a new ability that allows Link to transform into "Minish size" using portals throughout the world. Link's smaller size changes his ability to traverse his environments. For instance, a small portal inaccessible to Link in his normal size can be used by Minish-sized Link. A puddle that Link can normally walk over will be too deep for Minish-sized Link to traverse.

Along with items common to Zelda games (such as bombs and arrows), The Minish Cap introduces three new items: the Mole Mitts (allowing Link to dig through earthen walls), the Gust Jar (which sucks up enemies and other objects), and the Cane of Pacci (which flips objects upside-down). In certain areas, the player can create multiple copies of Link; although The Minish Cap is a single-player game, this ability is inspired by the multiplayer-focused Four Swords games. The player can also collect "Kinstones", artifacts that are broken into two fragments. Finding matching Kinstone pieces can progress the game or award other prizes.

Setting
Within the Zelda chronology, The Minish Cap takes place between Skyward Sword and Four Swords, making it the second story in that timeline. As a prequel to Four Swords, The Minish Cap tells the backstory of Vaati and the creation of the Four Sword, which both feature in Four Swords and its sequel Four Swords Adventures.

Plot
Centuries ago, Hyrule was ravaged by evil forces until the Picori, a race of tiny creatures, bestowed a young hero with the Picori Blade and the Light Force, using both to trap the world's evils in a chest. The grateful people of Hyrule would hold an annual Picori Festival, with legends stating that a door between their worlds would open every 100 years, allowing the Picori to return.

In the present, Link accompanies Princess Zelda to the Picori Festival. The festival's swordfighting champion, Vaati, destroys the Picori Blade and opens the chest, releasing monsters across Hyrule. Not finding the Light Force he seeks, Vaati turns Zelda to stone and leaves. As only children can see the Picori, King Daltus orders Link to find them so that the sword can be reforged to stop Vaati and restore Zelda. Traveling to Minish Woods, Link encounters Ezlo, a magical hat, who decides to accompany Link and grants him the ability to shrink to Picori size. The Picori, who call themselves Minish, then task Link with retrieving the Four Elements, magic stones needed to restore the Picori Blade.

During the journey, Ezlo explains that he was once a Minish sage who created the Mage's Cap, a hat capable of granting wishes, but his apprentice Vaati stole the hat and became a powerful sorcerer. Fascinated by evil and seeking the Light Force's power, Vaati used his new abilities to trap Ezlo in his current form. Meanwhile, Vaati brainwashes King Daltus and takes control of Hyrule Castle. Link eventually retrieves the Four Elements and infuses them into the reforged blade, which becomes the Four Sword. Link and Ezlo also learn that the Light Force is passed down within Hyrule's princesses. Vaati, who has been spying on them, overhears this and begins siphoning the Light Force from Zelda.

Link returns to the castle and confronts Vaati, who uses the extracted Light Force to become all-powerful, but Link overcomes Vaati and restores Zelda to normal. Vaati transforms into a demonic form, only to be vanquished by Link, restoring Ezlo to normal. Zelda retrieves the Mage's Cap and uses it to undo all the damage done by Vaati, destroying the cap in the process. Ezlo thanks Link for his help, giving him a new hat as a parting gift, and departs through the door to the Minish Realm as it seals itself for another century.

Development and promotion
After Capcom and its scenario writing subsidiary Flagship had finished developing Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages for the Game Boy Color, they began work on a new Zelda game for the Game Boy Advance. Work on the title was suspended to allow the teams to focus on Four Swords, but in February 2003 Shigeru Miyamoto and Eiji Aonuma revealed that development of what would later be called The Minish Cap was "well underway". Nintendo launched a website for The Minish Cap in September 2004, showing concepts of Link's shrinking ability. The game had a cartoonish art style similar to The Wind Waker, as it has a fairy tale setting similar to said game, within "the world of tiny fairies, a universal fairytale story". An effort was made to make Hyrule Town, the overworld's central city hub, feel like a living breathing city with people going about their ordinary lives. This combined with Link's ability to shrink in size allowed for unique angles on the perspective of a "safe town", turning the town itself into a dungeon of sorts for the player. Aonuma was reportedly impressed by what the development team was able to achieve with Hyrule Town, particularly given the restrictions of a 2D game, commenting that it even surpasses Clock Town in Majora's Mask. The game's gust jar was inspired by a gourd that can suck up anything from the novel Journey to the West. Several other aspects of the gameplay were inspired or directly lifted from Four Swords and Four Swords Adventure, both of which Minish Cap serves as a prequel to. For example, the gameplay concept of shrinking to Minish size in The Minish Cap is a fleshed out extension of the function of the Gnat Hat from Four Swords, a hat which allowed Link to shrink in to the size of a gnat.

The game contains a developmental in-joke to the Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons titles in an optional side-quest which sees the player aiding three females travelers from distant lands who are looking for a place to stay. These characters are Din, Nayru, and Farore, from the Oracle titles. The player will only able to provide housing for two of the three women, and although their landlord makes reference to building a third house for the third woman, this never occurs in the game. The description given for Farore on her in-game Figurine also mentions that people take advantage of her which makes her upset. This relates to the third planned Oracle game surrounding Farore, Oracle of Secrets, which was scrapped.

A first in the Zelda series, the game was released in European territories before North America. The main cited reason for this was the Nintendo DS: with the European DS Launch scheduled for Spring 2005, Nintendo of Europe pushed to make The Minish Cap its handheld Christmas "killer app". Conversely, Nintendo of America held back on its release so not to "cannibalize" the DS market. The game is included in the list of Game Boy Advance games that is now available for download for the Nintendo 3DS's Virtual Console by Nintendo 3DS Ambassadors.

In Europe, the game was available either as a standalone packaged game, or as part of a special pack, which included one of only 25,000 limited edition, Zelda-themed Game Boy Advance SP. The Triforce SP is matte gold in color, with a Triforce logo stamped on the lid, and the Hyrule royal family crest printed on the lower right face. As a launch promotion, Nintendo Europe also produced seven 24-carat gold plated Game Boy Advance SP consoles, with six given away to people who found a golden ticket inside their Triforce SP package, and a seventh as a magazine promotion. Thirty were autographed by Miyamoto himself at the opening of the Nintendo World Store in New York.

Reception and awards
The Minish Cap was the best-selling game in its debut week in Japan, selling 97,000 copies. It became the 62nd best-selling game of 2004 with 196,477 copies, and had a total of 350,000 copies overall in the country. In North America, The Minish Cap sold 217,000 copies in its debut month of January 2005, being the fourth best-selling game of the month. It remained among the five best-selling games in February and March. The Minish Cap closed the year as the seventh best-selling game of 2005. By March 2005, the game already had sold 1 million units worldwide. In the United States alone, The Minish Cap sold 680,000 copies and earned $21 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 37th highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country. The game ended up selling 1.76 million copies worldwide.

The game received critical acclaim. IGN praised the game for continuing the legacy of the successful series, while GameSpot also praised the game for this aspect, saying that "classic Zelda gameplay and flavor will please fans". The graphical style especially—which continues the whimsical style of Wind Waker—was welcomed by most reviewers. The music of the game was commended by most sites; GameSpy stated that "even the music is outstanding, featuring some of the highest quality tunes to ever come out of the GBA's little speakers". Despite the criticism of the dungeon lengths, 1UP.com praised the dungeon design, proclaiming it as superior to that of other Zelda games.

The main criticism of the game among reviewers is the length of the game. Eurogamer says that "it's too short", while RPGamer state that "the typical player can fly through the game's six relatively short dungeons in about ten hours". There are also various other complaints from reviewers: IGN claims that the kinstone system is overly repetitive; Nintendo World Report criticises the game's visuals on a Game Boy Player, and RPGamer details the game's low difficulty level as a disadvantage. Despite this, IGN's Craig Harris liked the way that the ability to become tiny had been incorporated to create fresh puzzles in the Zelda series. He continued to comment that "it's an idea that's so well-conceived that I'd love to see worked in the series' 3D designs somewhere down the line".

The Minish Cap won the 'Best Game Boy Advance of 2005' by GameSpot over such finalists as Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones and WarioWare: Twisted!; GameSpot labelled it as "the Game Boy Advance game we remember the most". In March 2007, the game was ranked as the 20th best Game Boy Advance game by IGN. In the acknowledgement, IGN commented that "the inclusion of the ability to shrink and grow was explored to some really good results". The game was ranked 47th in Official Nintendo Magazine's "100 Greatest Nintendo Games" feature. The Minish Cap received an average score of 90 percent from GameRankings, a site that compiles media ratings from several publishers to give an average score. During the 9th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated The Minish Cap for "Handheld Game of the Year", which was ultimately awarded to Nintendogs.

title: The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap


text:
User:Donutz

Donutz
Like a nightmare of a virus spreading through the lands, Donutz writes articles on Wikipedia. Where's Sandra Bullock when you need her most?

title: User:Donutz