text:
Vinny Testaverde

Vincent Frank Testaverde Sr. (born November 13, 1963) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 21 seasons. He played college football at the University of Miami, where he earned consensus All-American and won the Heisman Trophy in 1986.

Testaverde was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with the first overall pick of the 1987 NFL Draft. After leaving as a free agent, he signed with the Cleveland Browns and was among the personnel transferred to the newly created Baltimore Ravens during a controversial relocation of the team. He then joined the New York Jets, where he achieved his greatest success. In the last four seasons of his career, he played for the Dallas Cowboys, the Jets for a second time, New England Patriots, and Carolina Panthers for one year each.

Testaverde's professional career was principally characterized by its longevity, lasting 21 seasons, playing for seven different teams. Despite being in the top 10 upon retirement in most career passing statistics (6th in career passing yardage, 7th in career touchdown passes, 6th in career completions), his 123 losses as a starting quarterback is an NFL record, and his career regular-season winning percentage of 42.3% is the lowest of any quarterback with at least 70 wins. He played in five postseason games in his NFL career with a record of 2–3. Testaverde was known for his strong arm and high volume, but was also known for his high interception totals. Testaverde threw more than 20 interceptions in four of his 21 seasons, including his second season with the Buccaneers, in which he threw 35 interceptions.

Early life
Testaverde was born in Brooklyn, New York City. While living in Elmont, New York, on Long Island, Testaverde attended Sewanhaka High School in Floral Park, and graduated in 1981. He then attended Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia for a post-graduate year of college preparatory work. Growing up, he was a fan of the New York Jets.

College career
Testaverde accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Miami, where he played for the Miami Hurricanes football team from 1982 to 1986. He redshirted as a freshman, backed up Bernie Kosar for the next two seasons, and became the starter in 1985. As a senior in 1986, he was a consensus first-team All-American and won the Heisman Trophy,  on his way to becoming the Hurricanes' all-time leader in career touchdown passes with 48. In addition to the Heisman Trophy, he won the Davey O'Brien Award, the Maxwell Award, the Sammy Baugh Trophy, and the Walter Camp Player of the Year Award. His 26 touchdown passes in the 1986 season led major college football. He played in the 1987 Fiesta Bowl against Penn State for the 1986 national championship, a game in which the Miami Hurricanes were heavily favored but lost 14–10 in a game in which Testaverde threw five interceptions.

Testaverde played an important part in the University of Miami's history as one of the top college football programs of the 1980s and 1990s. Along with Jim Kelly, Mark Richt, Bernie Kosar, Steve Walsh, Gino Torretta, Craig Erickson, and Ken Dorsey, Testaverde is considered part of the University of Miami's quarterback dynasty, and was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 1998. On May 7, 2013, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Testaverde was selected as the first overall draft pick by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 1987 NFL Draft. He made his NFL debut in Week 2, throwing four passes in a 20–3 loss to the Chicago Bears. He made his first start in a Week 13 loss to the Saints. He scored his first NFL touchdown on a one-yard rush and he threw his first passing touchdown on a 37-yard pass to Mark Carrier. In his second season, Testaverde struggled heavily with a 47.6% completion rate for 3,240 yards, 13 touchdowns, and 35 interceptions. His 35 interceptions were the second most of any quarterback in a single season in NFL history. During his tenure in Tampa, Testaverde received taunts from fans and radio personalities about his color blindness. In 1988, a radio station in Tampa rented a billboard that had Testaverde standing in front of a blue background. The billboard read: "Vinny thinks this is orange!" The high number of errors caused his intelligence to be called into question. National Football League Players Association president Gene Upshaw, unaware that his comments could be heard by anyone viewing through a direct satellite uplink, once commented during an NFL Live! commercial break that Testaverde was so dumb that he would drag the electric cord through his swimming pool while trimming the hedges, and claimed himself to be a better quarterback (Upshaw was a retired offensive guard) than Testaverde.

In the 1989 season, Testaverde started all 14 games and passed for over 3,000 yards and 20 touchdowns. While Testaverde significantly reduced his interception total in 1989, he again led the league with 22. His numbers continued to improve, and in the 1992 season, his last with Tampa Bay, he threw for a 57.5% completion rate for 2,554 yards, 14 touchdowns, and 16 interceptions.

Cleveland Browns
Testaverde signed as an unrestricted free agent with the Cleveland Browns in 1993. After spending half a season as a backup to his former Hurricanes teammate Bernie Kosar, he became the starter after Kosar's release by then Browns head coach Bill Belichick. Testaverde spent three seasons in Cleveland, and in 1994 led the team to an 11–5 record and a playoff appearance, where they won the AFC Wild Card Round game against New England before being defeated by Pittsburgh in the Divisional Round. Testaverde started on and off for the Browns during the 1995 season, where the team dropped to a 5–11 record and missed the playoffs entirely. Testaverde would be present for the controversial Cleveland Browns move to Baltimore following a series of franchise relocations throughout the league.

Baltimore Ravens
After 1995, he moved with most of the Browns roster, coaches, and staff to Baltimore and played two seasons with the newly formed Baltimore Ravens. Testaverde scored the first touchdown in the history of the Ravens on a nine-yard run. He ended the season with over 4,000 yards passing, 33 touchdowns, and 19 interceptions. Testaverde made his first Pro Bowl appearance in 1996 with the Ravens.

Said football statistics site Football Outsiders of Testaverde's unlikely 1996 season, "The real reason the Ravens ranked first in rushing [efficiency] was, believe it or not, Vinny Testaverde, who was out of his gourd as a scrambler that season. Ignore the official stats and take out the kneels, and Testaverde had 197 yards on just 23 carries, 8.6 yards per carry. He scrambled seven times on third down with 5–10 yards to go and converted six of those. He scrambled six times on a 1st-and-10 and gained a new first down five times. Testaverde had not rushed for 100 yards since 1992."

Testaverde signed a restructured four-year contract with the Ravens ahead of the 1997 season. Ravens owner Art Modell complimented Testaverde on his loyalty to the team and his acceptance of the city of Baltimore. However, Testaverde did not perform as well in 1997 as he did the previous year. He threw 18 touchdowns and 15 interceptions, and was replaced by backup Eric Zeier after suffering an injury. Zeier led the Ravens to two consecutive victories and become popular with the fans. After trading for Indianapolis Colts quarterback Jim Harbaugh, the Ravens released Testaverde prior to the 1998 season. While Modell and Ravens coach Ted Marchibroda complimented Testaverde and said that he would start elsewhere in the NFL, Testaverde and his agent were dissatisfied with the way that his release was conducted.

New York Jets
In 1998, his first season with his hometown New York Jets, Testaverde flourished, completing 61.5% of his passes with 29 touchdowns, seven interceptions, and a 101.6 quarterback rating, making the Pro Bowl for the second time.

In a December game against the Seattle Seahawks, Testaverde was involved in a play that was cited as an impetus for the NFL's adoption of a new instant replay review system the next season. With the Jets trailing 31–26 and twenty seconds left in the game, Testaverde attempted to score on a quarterback sneak on fourth and goal from the Seattle five-yard line. Testaverde had been tackled and the ball was not across the goal line when this happened, but because Testaverde's helmet had crossed the line the game's head linesman, Earnie Frantz, ruled the play a touchdown. The Jets won the game 32–31 and the loss was said to have cost the Seahawks a playoff berth and coach Dennis Erickson his job.

In spite of the controversy, Testaverde's 1998 season was arguably his best season in the NFL. With him under center, the Jets won the AFC East for the first time since the merger and earned a first-round bye, and a home Divisional Round playoff game against Jacksonville. In the AFC Championship that year, they lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos 23–10.

The Jets had Super Bowl aspirations entering the 1999 season. However, in the first game of the season, against the New England Patriots, Testaverde suffered a ruptured Achilles tendon and did not play the rest of the season.

In 2000, Testaverde returned as the Jets quarterback. The highlight of the season was the "Monday Night Miracle" game against the Miami Dolphins on October 23, 2000, selected by fans as the greatest game in Monday Night Football history. In that game, the Jets fell behind 30–7 going into the fourth quarter, but came back to win the game, 40–37 behind five touchdown passes from Testaverde, including one each to Laveranues Coles, Jermaine Wiggins, Jumbo Elliott, and two to Wayne Chrebet. In the regular season finale against the Ravens, he passed for a career-high 481 yards, two touchdowns, and three interceptions in the loss. In the 2000 season, he led the Jets to a 9–7 record but missed the postseason. He finished with 3,732 yards, 21 touchdowns, and 25 interceptions.

Following the departure of head coach Al Groh, Testaverde had a new coach in Herm Edwards. In 2001, Testaverde led the Jets back to the playoffs, where they lost in the Wild Card Round to the Oakland Raiders 38–24. Testaverde was efficient in the loss, passing for three touchdowns and no interceptions. In 2002, he was replaced after a 1–3 start by Chad Pennington. He made cameo appearances to take the last snap in both the playoff-clinching game versus the Green Bay Packers and the 41–0 Wild Card Round win against the Indianapolis Colts. In 2003, he was assigned to a backup role behind Pennington, although he started the first six games due to Pennington's left wrist injury.

Dallas Cowboys
Despite his injuries, Testaverde's performance with the Jets endeared him to head coach Bill Parcells, who retired from coaching in 1999. One year after Parcells was lured out of retirement by Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, he brought Testaverde to the Cowboys in 2004.

Testaverde initially was signed to be a backup and mentor to young Cowboys quarterback Quincy Carter, but after Carter was abruptly cut by the Cowboys for allegedly failing a drug test, Testaverde was given the starting quarterback job. While many questioned his ability to still play in the NFL, the protection schemes and play-calling allowed him to showcase his arm, although with mixed results. He was able to throw for significant yardage, but led the league in interceptions, getting picked off on 4% of his passes. Dallas finished the 2004 season 6–10, for third place in the NFC East.

Testaverde's one-year contract with the Cowboys expired early in 2005. The Cowboys chose to instead sign Parcells's 1993 number one draft pick, Drew Bledsoe, as their top quarterback, leaving Testaverde without a contract. Parcells cites Testaverde's presence in Dallas as having been important to the development of eventual starter Tony Romo. At the time, Testaverde's 3,532 passing yards and 297 completions were the third-best total of his career and the third-most passing yards in Dallas Cowboys franchise history. He also tied the franchise record for 300-yard passing games in a season with three and became the fifth quarterback in league history to pass for over 300 yards at 40 years old.

New York Jets (second stint)
As injuries on September 25, 2005, knocked both Chad Pennington and backup Jay Fiedler out for the 2005 season, the New York Jets re-signed Testaverde on September 27, 2005. Testaverde was named the Jets' starting quarterback in week five of the 2005 season, in a home game against the team that originally drafted him, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

On December 26, against the New England Patriots on the final ABC telecast of Monday Night Football, Testaverde set a new NFL record for most consecutive seasons with at least one touchdown pass, 19, by throwing a 27-yard pass to Laveranues Coles to secure the record. That pass is also notable as being the last touchdown pass thrown on Monday Night Football while it was still broadcast by ABC. The game was also notable because the Patriots sent in back-up quarterback Doug Flutie, making this the first game in NFL history in which two quarterbacks over the age of 40 completed a pass (Testaverde was 42, Flutie was 43).

New England Patriots
On November 14, 2006, the New England Patriots signed Testaverde as a backup to starter Tom Brady. Testaverde kneeled down for the final play in a victory against the Packers on November 19, 2006. Testaverde threw a touchdown pass to Troy Brown on December 31, 2006, against the Tennessee Titans, giving him at least one touchdown pass for the twentieth straight season, extending his NFL record. The Patriots defeated the Jets, Testaverde's former team, in the first round of the playoffs, and Testaverde took the last couple of snaps to run out the clock.

Testaverde wore #14 with the Patriots, the second time the number has been re-issued since Steve Grogan's retirement as P.K. Sam wore it earlier in the decade.

On May 29, 2007, Testaverde stated his interest in returning to the Patriots for the 2007 NFL season, and on July 13, 2007, confirmed this with Sporting News Radio. He officially signed a 1-year contract for $825,000 on August 18, 2007, but was released on September 1, 2007.

Carolina Panthers
With Jake Delhomme out for the 2007 season due to an elbow injury he suffered in a Week 3 victory over the Atlanta Falcons, and David Carr out with a sore back, the Panthers signed Testaverde on October 10, 2007. Testaverde, wearing #16, started his first game with the team on October 14, 2007, against the Arizona Cardinals. In that game he threw a 65-yard touchdown pass to Steve Smith, extending his NFL record to 21 consecutive seasons with a touchdown pass. After leading the Panthers to a 25–10 victory, the 43-year-old became the oldest starting quarterback to win a game in NFL history, and the third-oldest to start one. He has also thrown touchdown passes to 71 different players, a record since broken by Tom Brady. On October 28, coach John Fox named Testaverde the starting quarterback against the Indianapolis Colts. In that game, Testaverde led the Panthers in the longest opening drive for a touchdown in franchise history, consisting of 18 plays and lasting over 11 minutes. Despite winning time of possession in the first half of the game, the Panthers entered the locker room under a 3-point deficit. In the second half, Testaverde left the field with a strained Achilles tendon, and was replaced by former Houston Texans quarterback David Carr. Ultimately, the Panthers lost 31–7. Reports said that Testaverde would be out for at least a week.

On November 18, Testaverde and the Panthers played at Lambeau Field against Brett Favre and the Green Bay Packers for their Week 11 matchup. With Testaverde at 44 years old and Favre at 38 years old, this was the oldest starting quarterback duo in any game in NFL history. The "Senior Bowl", as it was nicknamed in the media, was won by the Packers 31–17.

On December 2, Testaverde became the second-oldest starting quarterback in NFL history at 44 years and 19 days old. He threw two touchdown passes against the San Francisco 49ers in the Panthers' win, breaking his own record for the oldest starter to win an NFL game. During this game, Testaverde and Dante Rosario became the passer/receiver duo with the largest age gap between them (20 years, 346 days) to connect for a touchdown.

Testaverde announced his plans for retirement on December 29, which would take effect after the final game of the season against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 30.

Panthers head coach John Fox sent him into the game to take the final kneel-down snap in a game which the Panthers won 31–23, expectantly bringing to an end to the 44-year-old's 21-year NFL career at the same city he was originally drafted. He officially announcing his retirement from professional football in January 2008.

Legacy
Despite his long career and overall statistical achievements, Testaverde only had moderate success in terms of wins and losses. During the regular season as a starter, he led his teams to 90 wins, 123 losses, and one tie. He led his team to the postseason on three occasions, with an overall postseason record of 2–3, reaching the AFC Championship Game once. A journeyman quarterback who played on seven different teams, Testaverde holds several NFL records related to his longevity in the league, including the NFL record for having thrown a touchdown pass in 21 consecutive seasons, the most losses by a starting quarterback with 123, and throwing touchdown passes to an NFL record 70 different players (broken by Tom Brady in 2018). He had one of the highest completion percentages in a single game during the regular season (at least 20 attempts) at 91.3% (21/23), in 1993 against the Los Angeles Rams. Testaverde's one-time record has since been broken multiple times, with Drew Brees now holding the record at 96.7%.

As a player, Testaverde was commended for his arm strength but criticized for his lack of mobility and tendency to commit turnovers.

Career awards and highlights

 * 2× Pro Bowl (1996, 1998)
 * PFW All-AFC (1998)
 * 2× AFC Passing Touchdowns Leader (1996, 1998)
 * AFC Passer Rating Leader (1998)
 * 4× AFC Offensive Player of the Week (Week 17, 1993, Week 9, 1996, Week 7, 1998, Week 15, 2001)
 * 2× NFC Offensive Player of the Week (Week 1, 1989, Week 2, 1992)
 * Tampa Bay Buccaneers leader in interceptions
 * Inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame (2006).
 * Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame (2013)
 * Inducted into the Long Island Sports Hall of Fame (1987)

NFL career statistics

 * In 1996, most of the players and personnel that made up the Cleveland Browns organization moved to Baltimore, establishing the Baltimore Ravens.

NFL records

 * Most losses as a starting quarterback (123)

Buccaneers franchise records

 * Most times sacked (197)
 * Most interceptions thrown in a career – 112 (1987–1992)

New York Jets franchise records

 * Most 4th quarter comeback wins in a single season – 5 (2001)
 * Most game winning drives in a single season – 5 (2001) (tied with three others)
 * Most passing attempts in a single season – 590 (2000)
 * Most passing attempts in one game – 69 (December 24, 2000, against the Ravens)
 * Most pass completions in one game – 42 (December 6, 1998, against the Seahawks) (tied with Richard Todd)

Personal life
Testaverde is currently the quarterbacks coach at Jesuit High School of Tampa, where his son Vincent Jr. attended. He and his wife, Mitzi, have two daughters, Alicia and Madeleine, and a son, Vincent Jr; they live in Tampa, Florida. Vincent Jr. played college football as a quarterback for the SUNY Albany Great Danes; he signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent following the 2019 NFL draft and had a short stay with the Tampa Bay Vipers of the XFL.

title: Vinny Testaverde


text:
Horace Mitchell Miner

Horace Mitchell Miner (May 26, 1912 – November 26, 1993) was an American anthropologist, particularly interested in those languages of his time that were still closely tied to the earth and agricultural practices.

In 1937, he earned his doctorate at the University of Chicago, going on to teach there. In 1937, he began to teach at Wayne State University. During World War II, he served as a Counterintelligence Corps agent, where he earned the rank of lieutenant-colonel.

After 1946, Miner worked at the University of Michigan as a professor of sociology, professor of anthropology, and museum research associate. He received a Fulbright Award in 1950 for his research in Algeria, which involved giving Rorschach tests to the locals. In 1961, he travelled to Makerere College in Uganda on a Fulbright Scholarship.

He published several books, including Culture and Agriculture (1949) and City in Modern Africa (1967). However, he is equally famous for a satirical essay entitled "Body Ritual among the Nacirema", which not only satirizes American culture from an anthropological perspective and, as the Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology states, "...offered incipient cultural critiques of Euro-American arrogance, by showing that magic is not the prerogative of non-Western societies," but also provides "a classic and apt example of how ethnocentrism can color one's thinking."

The work was also featured in American Anthropologist.

Awards and honors

 * Decorated Legion of Merit, Bronze Star
 * 1950 Fulbright Research Award
 * Society Science Research Council Fellow, 1936–37
 * Recipient Social Science Research Council Demobilization award, 1945
 * Horace Rackham grant for field research Algeria, 1950
 * Ford Foundation grantee, 1956; Rockefeller Foundation grantee, Nigeria, 1957–58
 * Election to the American Philosophical Society, 1966
 * National Science Foundation grant for research Nigeria, 1970-71

Education
AB- University Kentucky, (1933)

A.M.- University Chicago, (1935)

PhD- University Chicago, (1937)

Postgrad- (Yale Institute Human Relations fellow), Colombia, (1942)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Horace Mitchell Miner


text:
Wikipedia:Historical archive/Changing attribution for an edit/Log

 * 213.255.107.33 → M7it
 * Old IDs: 8179260,8127310, 7020173, 8015202, 7728239, 7144275, 7089581, 6965082, 7034695, 6882532, 6873828, 7033084, 6872756, 6888558, 7164501, 6904315, 6937802, 8105483, 7018247, 7391088, 7310025, 7215156, 6799165, 6932482, 6956604, 6705650, 7400125, 6749392, 7116915, 7192650, 6690772, 7396806, 7107491, 6610083, 6574444, 6703645, 8018233, 6707363, 6562341, 6636729, 6828163, 6536647, 6650996, 7243759, 6552207, 6474951, 6491108, 6675982, 6546004, 6497330, 7330355, 6317477, 6389368, 7451551, 6221604, 6221003, 6799123, 6515931, 6224678, 6572820, 7620512, 6417613, 6351913, 6161437, 6201506, 6322027, 6165759, 6334171, 6872946, 6943910, 6169523, 5995337, 5805048, 5791226, 5933270, 7324047, 6749619, 6048458, 5767095, 5650679, 6685192, 5792885, 5633821, 5913764, 7098521, 6116208, 5714415, 5584322, 5752178, 5572412, 5625055, 6531706, 5578140, 6149556, 5674294, 6769394, 6133908, 5528734, 5549737, 5857911, 5886050, 5564137, 5615614, 6429569, 7427870, 5630393, 5467781, 5467757, 5723793, 5441472, 5591991, 5574162, 5887530, 6062334, 5442597, 6351095, 5292870, 6543469, 5283336, 5322762, 5281838, 5610202, 5257303, 5248759, 5248638, 5248618, 5711809, 5382422, 5247170, 5203351, 5776488, 5196552, 5192366, 5069047, 5668896, 5413325, 5122068, 6269776, 5245353, 5008490, 5001193, 5141811, 5051835, 5096988, 5044156, 5015056, 5198483, 4978859, 5329040, 4978503, 5341236, 5261022, 5479581, 5658807, 5695672, 5281327, 5053219, 5163408, 4949080, 4948354, 6638501, 6365999, 5002244, 7784757, 4948083, 4948809, 5145969, 4940295, 4940204, 6621532, 5527346, 4948647, 4900486, 4902454, 5828550, 4915948, 4899863, 5188814, 5071164, 4951726, 4927963, 5342153, 4849174, 4839150, 4839049, 6056542, 4827852, 4824647, 4824618, 4828206, 4930258, 5070710, 4924324, 5280513, 4891418, 4835449, 5489906, 4813553, 5403609, 4750975, 4986839, 4835092, 4708316, 4743090, 5382341, 5526660, 5070240
 * Cur entries:
 * User:213.255.107.33 20041028234456
 * [[Image:Hammond_organ.jpg]] 20041027205035
 * User_talk:213.255.107.33 20041016211126
 * End-of-transmission_character 20041010200800
 * Answering_machine 20041010121805
 * Tubular_Bells 20040901101610
 * Quodlibet 20040827002708
 * First_aid_kit 20040818015907
 * Talk:Siena 20040816202234
 * List_of_songs_and_arias_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach 20040808231603
 * List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach 20040808231401

 * FoucaultYou → TrevorPerry
 * Old IDs: 6193540, 6193614, 6193400, 6191154, 6192820, 6191364, 6190642
 * Cur entries:
 * User:FoucaultYou 20040927183752
 * Slave_rebellion 20040927170011
 * Stono_Rebellion 20040927164714
 * Rpodgorny → Radek Podgorny
 * Old IDs: 6333559, 6333605, 6332666
 * Cur entries:
 * Adriana_Karembeu 20041004122709
 * Adriana_Sklenarikova 20041004121640
 * Dirkbeyer → Dirk Beyer
 * Old IDs: 6432292, 6433356, 6445605, 6401440, 6378374, 6423284, 6379342, 6378313, 6378303, 6378366, 6378072, 6378010, 6378020, 6378350**Cur entries:
 * Rabbit_Model_Checker 20041007113644
 * BLAST_(Berkeley_Lazy_Abstraction_Software_Verification_Tool) 20041006115714
 * User:Dirkbeyer 20041006114234
 * Oxag → Vandal formerly known as Oxag
 * to make way for legit usage by fr:Utilisateur:Oxag --Brion 07:20, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Characteristic (algebra)

In mathematics, the characteristic of a ring $R$, often denoted $char(R)$, is defined to be the smallest positive number of copies of the ring's multiplicative identity ($1$) that will sum to the additive identity ($0$). If no such number exists, the ring is said to have characteristic zero.

That is, $char(R)$ is the smallest positive number $n$ such that:
 * $$\underbrace{1+\cdots+1}_{n \text{ summands}} = 0$$

if such a number $n$ exists, and $0$ otherwise.

Motivation
The special definition of the characteristic zero is motivated by the equivalent definitions characterized in the next section, where the characteristic zero is not required to be considered separately.

The characteristic may also be taken to be the exponent of the ring's additive group, that is, the smallest positive integer $n$ such that:
 * $$\underbrace{a+\cdots+a}_{n \text{ summands}} = 0$$

for every element $a$ of the ring (again, if $n$ exists; otherwise zero). This definition applies in the more general class of a rngs (see ); for (unital) rings the two definitions are equivalent due to their distributive law.

Equivalent characterizations

 * The characteristic is the natural number $n$ such that $n$\mathbb{Z}$$ is the kernel of the unique ring homomorphism from $$\mathbb{Z}$$ to $R$.
 * The characteristic is the natural number $n$ such that $R$ contains a subring isomorphic to the factor ring $$\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$$, which is the image of the above homomorphism.
 * When the non-negative integers $\{0, 1, 2, 3, ...\}$ are partially ordered by divisibility, then $1$ is the smallest and $0$ is the largest. Then the characteristic of a ring is the smallest value of $n$ for which $n ⋅ 1 = 0$. If nothing "smaller" (in this ordering) than $0$ will suffice, then the characteristic is $0$. This is the appropriate partial ordering because of such facts as that $char(A × B)$ is the least common multiple of $char A$ and $char B$, and that no ring homomorphism $f : A → B$ exists unless $char B$ divides $char A$.
 * The characteristic of a ring $R$ is $n$ precisely if the statement $ka = 0$ for all $a ∈ R$ implies that $k$ is a multiple of $n$.

Case of rings
If $R$ and $S$ are rings and there exists a ring homomorphism $R → S$, then the characteristic of $S$ divides the characteristic of $R$. This can sometimes be used to exclude the possibility of certain ring homomorphisms. The only ring with characteristic $1$ is the zero ring, which has only a single element $0$. If a nontrivial ring $R$ does not have any nontrivial zero divisors, then its characteristic is either $0$ or prime. In particular, this applies to all fields, to all integral domains, and to all division rings. Any ring of characteristic $0$ is infinite.

The ring $$\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$$ of integers modulo $n$ has characteristic $n$. If $R$ is a subring of $S$, then $R$ and $S$ have the same characteristic. For example, if $p$ is prime and $q(X)$ is an irreducible polynomial with coefficients in the field $$\mathbb F_p$$ with $p$ elements, then the quotient ring $$\mathbb F_p[X]/(q(X))$$ is a field of characteristic $p$. Another example: The field $$\mathbb{C}$$ of complex numbers contains $$\mathbb{Z}$$, so the characteristic of $$\mathbb{C}$$ is $0$.

A $$\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$$-algebra is equivalently a ring whose characteristic divides $n$. This is because for every ring $R$ there is a ring homomorphism $$\mathbb{Z}\to R$$, and this map factors through $$\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$$ if and only if the characteristic of $R$ divides $n$. In this case for any $r$ in the ring, then adding $r$ to itself $n$ times gives $nr = 0$.

If a commutative ring $R$ has prime characteristic $p$, then we have $(x + y) = x + y$ for all elements $x$ and $y$ in $R$ – the normally incorrect "freshman's dream" holds for power $p$. The map $x ↦ x$ then defines a ring homomorphism $R → R$, which is called the Frobenius homomorphism. If $R$ is an integral domain it is injective.

Case of fields
As mentioned above, the characteristic of any field is either $0$ or a prime number. A field of non-zero characteristic is called a field of finite characteristic or positive characteristic or prime characteristic. The characteristic exponent is defined similarly, except that it is equal to $1$ when the characteristic is $0$; otherwise it has the same value as the characteristic.

Any field $F$ has a unique minimal subfield, also called its . This subfield is isomorphic to either the rational number field $$\mathbb{Q}$$ or a finite field $$\mathbb F_p$$ of prime order. Two prime fields of the same characteristic are isomorphic, and this isomorphism is unique. In other words, there is essentially a unique prime field in each characteristic.

Fields of characteristic zero
The most common fields of characteristic zero are the subfields of the complex numbers. The p-adic fields are characteristic zero fields that are widely used in number theory. They have absolute values which are very different from those of complex numbers.

For any ordered field, such as the field of rational numbers $$\mathbb{Q}$$ or the field of real numbers $$\mathbb{R}$$, the characteristic is $0$. Thus, every algebraic number field and the field of complex numbers $$\mathbb{C}$$ are of characteristic zero.

Fields of prime characteristic
The finite field $GF(pn)$ has characteristic $p$.

There exist infinite fields of prime characteristic. For example, the field of all rational functions over $$\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$$, the algebraic closure of $$\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$$ or the field of formal Laurent series $$\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}((T))$$.

The size of any finite ring of prime characteristic $p$ is a power of $p$. Since in that case it contains $$\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$$ it is also a vector space over that field, and from linear algebra we know that the sizes of finite vector spaces over finite fields are a power of the size of the field. This also shows that the size of any finite vector space is a prime power.

title: Characteristic (algebra)


text: User talk:81.25.228.249

title: User talk:81.25.228.249


text:
Jason Wood (politician)

Jason Peter Wood (born 24 May 1968) is an Australian politician and former police officer. He is a member of the Liberal Party and has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2013, representing the seat of La Trobe. He previously held the seat from 2004 to 2010. He was an assistant minister in the Morrison government from 2019 to 2022.

Early life
Wood was born on 24 May 1968 in Sutherland, New South Wales. He grew up in Ferny Creek, Victoria, attending Ferny Creek Primary School and Ferntree Gully Technical School. His final year of secondary education was completed at Boronia Secondary College. He specialised in outdoor education and briefly worked as a school camp coordinator.

Wood joined the Victoria Police in 1988 and from 1990 was a detective in the organised crime squad. He completed a graduate diploma in innovative service management and a Master of Applied Science at RMIT University. He was involved in investigating gangland figure Alphonse Gangitano. In 2003 Wood became a senior sergeant in the counter-terrorism coordination unit. The Age reported in 2004 that he was "believed to be youngest senior sergeant in the force and has received various commendations".

Political career
Wood joined the Liberal Party in 2000. He stood unsuccessfully in the Division of Holt for the Liberal Party at the 2001 federal election. From 2002 to 2003 he was the vice-president of the party's Boronia/Dandenong Ranges branch.

Wood was elected to the House of Representatives at the 2004 federal election, retaining the Division of La Trobe for the Liberals following the retirement of Bob Charles. From December 2004 he served on the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Environment and Heritage as well as the Joint Statutory Committee for the Australian Crime Commission.

Wood was a shadow parliamentary secretary under opposition leaders Malcolm Turnbull and Tony Abbott from 2008 to 2010. He was defeated by Australian Labor Party candidate Laura Smyth at the 2010 election, but regained La Trobe at the 2013 election.

In 2013, he was appointed chair of the Joint Standing Committee on Migration. During the 2016–2019 parliamentary term, Wood campaigned on law and order issues, particularly in relation to "African gangs", which made up one percent of reported crimes at the time. He later said he had "no regrets" about the campaign and rejected claims that the Liberals campaign had racist undertones.

After winning re-election in 2019, Wood was appointed as Assistant Minister for Customs, Community Safety and Multicultural Affairs in the Morrison government. He held this position until that government’s defeat in May 2022.

In 2022, Wood was included in new opposition leader Peter Dutton's shadow ministry with responsibility for the portfolio of community safety, migrant services and multicultural affairs.

Political views
In 2023, Wood was identified by the Sydney Morning Herald as a member of the Centrist faction of the Liberal Party, after previously being aligned with the centre-right faction during the Morrison government years.

In a speech he made in parliament in 2009, Wood said he had often campaigned on environmental issues, had formerly supported an emissions trading scheme, and had been a member of Greenpeace for longer than he had been a member of the Liberal Party.

In 2023, Wood campaigned for the "No" vote in the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum.

Personal life
As of 2022, Wood lived with his family in Mount Dandenong, outside of his electorate.

title: Jason Wood (politician)


text:
Egeria (plant)

Egeria is a genus of three species of aquatic plants in the family Hydrocharitaceae described as a genus in 1849. native to warm-temperate South America.

Ecology
Egeria is found in many temperate and subtropical regions throughout the world as an introduced, or "alien", species, meaning a species that does not originate from the area in which it is found. In many places, particularly in Europe, fast-growing, adaptable plants such as Egeria can spread quickly and cause major damage to native plants and wildlife.

Taxonomy
The genus was formerly included in the related genus Elodea, from which it differs in having the leaves in whorls of four or more, not three, and in having more conspicuous flowers with larger (particularly broader) petals.

Species
The genus includes the following species:

 * Egeria densa Planch. – S + SE Brazil, NE Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay; naturalized in scattered locales in Europe, Africa, China, New Zealand, Hawaii, USA, Mesoamerica, West Indies
 * Egeria heterostemon S.Koehler & C.P.Bove – Brazil
 * Egeria najas Planch. – S + SE + E Brazil, NE Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay

title: Egeria (plant)


text:
MTVX

MTVX was an American hard rock music video channel operated by Viacom's MTV Networks division. A sister channel of MTV, MTVX was available exclusively on digital cable providers, being the first network to be made available as part of the "MTV Networks Digital Suite".

Format
MTVX aired no advertising outside of MTV2 promos, airing videos on a daily loop programmed to air in three eight-hour blocks per day. The channel aired contemporary videos and older videos that were no longer shown on MTV. Likewise, MTVX was not limited to just one genre of rock music videos. The channel aired a variety of genres, including punk, metal, and grunge.

Also, MTVX showcased otherwise unknown or unheard music to the masses, such as Static-X, Disturbed, Finger Eleven, Black Label Society, SOiL, Soulfly, Sepultura, Tool, Pantera, Kittie, Dope, Coal Chamber, Primus, Mushroomhead and others.

Closure
MTVX ended on May 1, 2002, and was replaced by MTV Jams, a hip hop music video channel. The last video played on MTVX was "See You On The Other Side" by Ozzy Osbourne. The replacement of MTVX was decried by rock music fans. MTV's explanation, based upon ratings and Billboard chart information, was that viewers wanted a devoted network for hip hop and R&B videos, rather than the alternative rock and hard rock videos that MTVX had been created to play, and claims that hard rock formats went into a quick decline post-9/11 due to industry and radio de-emphasis.

Reuse of brand
In 2011 MTV began reusing the MTVX brand (with X standing here for 'extended') for "a new cross-media group in charge of developing content for various platforms such as TV, computers and mobile phones." MTV launched MTVX in August The effort never resulted in any actual product or program branded by MTVX, though the brand name of MTVX remained present on MTV's official corporate page for several years.

title: MTVX


text: File:Thin Lizzy - Fighting.jpg

title: File:Thin Lizzy - Fighting.jpg


text:
Category:Premiers of Queensland

Premiers of Queensland, Australia

title: Category:Premiers of Queensland


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak.jpg

Cover for the album "Jailbreak" by Thin Lizzy

title: File:Thin Lizzy - Jailbreak.jpg


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Johnny the Fox.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Johnny the Fox" by Thin Lizzy

title: File:Thin Lizzy - Johnny the Fox.jpg


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Bad Reputation.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Bad Reputation" by Thin Lizzy

title: File:Thin Lizzy - Bad Reputation.jpg


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Live and Dangerous.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Live and Dangerous" by Thin Lizzy


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Black Rose A Rock Legend.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Black Rose: A Rock Legend" by Thin Lizzy


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Chinatown.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Chinatown" by Thin Lizzy

title: File:Thin Lizzy - Chinatown.jpg


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Renegade.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Renegade" by Thin Lizzy

title: File:Thin Lizzy - Renegade.jpg


text: Category:Mass media in the Soviet Union

title: Category:Mass media in the Soviet Union


text:
File:Thin Lizzy - Thunder and Lightning.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album "Thunder and Lightning" by Thin Lizzy


text: File:Thin Lizzy - One Night Only.jpg

title: File:Thin Lizzy - One Night Only.jpg


text: User talk:69.170.52.136

title: User talk:69.170.52.136


text:
Salem number

In mathematics, a Salem number is a real algebraic integer $$\alpha > 1$$ whose conjugate roots all have absolute value no greater than 1, and at least one of which has absolute value exactly 1. Salem numbers are of interest in Diophantine approximation and harmonic analysis. They are named after Raphaël Salem.

Properties
Because it has a root of absolute value 1, the minimal polynomial for a Salem number must be a reciprocal polynomial. This implies that $$1/\alpha$$ is also a root, and that all other roots have absolute value exactly one. As a consequence α must be a unit in the ring of algebraic integers, being of norm 1.

Every Salem number is a Perron number (a real algebraic number greater than one all of whose conjugates have smaller absolute value).

Relation with Pisot–Vijayaraghavan numbers
The smallest known Salem number is the largest real root of Lehmer's polynomial (named after Derrick Henry Lehmer)

 * $$P(x) = x^{10} + x^9 - x^7 - x^6 - x^5 - x^4 - x^3 + x + 1,$$

which is about $$x = 1.17628$$: it is conjectured that it is indeed the smallest Salem number, and the smallest possible Mahler measure of an irreducible non-cyclotomic polynomial.

Lehmer's polynomial is a factor of the shorter degree-12 polynomial,

 * $$Q(x) = x^{12} - x^7 - x^6 - x^5 + 1,$$

all twelve roots of which satisfy the relation

 * $$x^{630}-1 = \frac{(x^{315}-1)(x^{210}-1)(x^{126}-1)^2(x^{90}-1)(x^{3}-1)^3(x^{2}-1)^5(x-1)^3 }{(x^{35}-1)(x^{15}-1)^2(x^{14}-1)^2(x^{5}-1)^6\,x^{68}}$$

Salem numbers can be constructed from Pisot–Vijayaraghavan numbers. To recall, the smallest of the latter is the unique real root of the cubic polynomial,

 * $$x^3 - x - 1,$$

known as the plastic ratio and approximately equal to 1.324718. This can be used to generate a family of Salem numbers including the smallest one found so far. The general approach is to take the minimal polynomial $$P(x)$$ of a Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number and its reciprocal polynomial, $$P^*(x)$$, and solve the equation,

 * $$x^n P(x) = \pm P^{*}(x)$$

for integer $$n$$ above a bound. Subtracting one side from the other, factoring, and disregarding trivial factors will then yield the minimal polynomial of certain Salem numbers. For example, using the negative case of the above,

 * $$x^n(x^3 - x - 1) = -(x^3 + x^2 - 1)$$

then for $$n=8$$, this factors as,

 * $$(x-1)(x^{10} + x^9 -x^7 -x^6 -x^5 -x^4 -x^3 +x +1) = 0$$

where the decic is Lehmer's polynomial. Using higher $$n$$ will yield a family with a root approaching the plastic ratio. This can be better understood by taking $$n$$th roots of both sides,

 * $$x(x^3 - x - 1)^{1/n} = \pm (x^3 + x^2 - 1)^{1/n} $$

so as $$n$$ goes higher, $$x$$ will approach the solution of $$x^3 - x - 1=0$$. If the positive case is used, then $$x$$ approaches the plastic ratio from the opposite direction. Using the minimal polynomial of the next smallest Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number gives

 * $$x^n(x^4 - x^3 - 1) = -(x^4 + x - 1),$$

which for $$n=7$$ factors as

 * $$(x-1)(x^{10} - x^6 - x^5 - x^4 + 1) = 0,$$

a decic not generated in the previous and has the root $$x=1.216391\ldots$$ which is the 5th smallest known Salem number. As $$n\to\infty$$, this family in turn tends towards the larger real root of $$x^4 - x^3 - 1 = 0$$.

title: Salem number


text:
User:Glemak

glemak

title: User:Glemak


text:
Particle (band)

Particle is an American jam band formed in Los Angeles in 2000.

History
The band formed in 2000 and the original members were Dave Simmons (guitar), Steve Molitz (keyboard), Eric Gould (bass), and Darren Pujalet (drums). Simmons died shortly after the formation of the band due to a sudden illness. Guitarist Charlie Hitchcock joined shortly thereafter. Along with The Disco Biscuits, Sound Tribe Sector 9, and Lotus the group was among the first to blend rock, jazz, funk, and electronica into the milieu of what has been dubbed livetronica (a subgenre of the jam band movement where live bands blend the structures of DJ-produced sequenced electronic music into a more traditional live band setting). Prior to 2006, the band's repertoire consisted entirely of instrumental material.

The group made a name for itself and built an enthusiastic fan base, known as Particle People, by performing energetic late-night sets at festivals such as Bonnaroo, where they played a set of over five hours to 20,000 people. They played up to 140 shows a year, often to large audiences. Reliance on word of mouth from fans, rather than advertising, allowed this group to sell out venues such as the Bowery Ballroom in New York City before they finally released their much anticipated first album, Launchpad, in early 2004, on which they worked with producer Tom Rothrock. In April and May 2005 the group toured with former Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart as Hydra; the tour received mixed reviews from many Deadheads who were unaccustomed to Particle's electronic-based approach. Bassist Phil Lesh, also of the Grateful Dead, sat in with the band that summer.

They followed Launchpad with the EP Launchpad Remixes, featuring tracks from the album remixed by members of Groove Armada and Sugar Daddy. In 2005 the band toured Europe for the first time.

Following their performance on the Xingolati Cruise in late 2005 the band dismissed Hitchcock from the group. This was a source of controversy in the months that followed, because the band's website stated that the departure was a mutual decision. Hitchcock, however, vehemently disagreed and went public by stating that he was summarily fired and was never able to overcome a "hired hand" stigma from the other bandmembers despite joining a mere six performances after the group's formation.

Replacing Hitchcock were Ben Combe and Scott Metzger on guitars and vocals. Their first two performance with the group in February 2006 was recorded, filmed, and released as Transformations: Live for the People that July. Featuring guest appearances by experimental rap duo Blackalicious, Robby Krieger of The Doors, guitarist Joe Satriani, and DJ Logic, the album showcased the band exploring vocal-based music as well as incorporating more overt rock and hip hop influences.

In late July 2006 Scott Metzger had to leave Particle due to a family emergency that required his long-term attention.

In October 2007 Ben Combe announced his departure from Particle and pursued a Biotech degree until April 2012. A July 2008 side project, PUJA, brought together Combe and Darren Pujalet of Particle, as well as Melvin Seals of The Jerry Garcia Band and Cristian Basso of Leo Nocentelli and Little Hercules.

In 2008 Molitz also played in the supergroup Agents of Mayhem.

Particle shows since 2008 have featured Josh Clark of Tea Leaf Green, Michael Kang of The String Cheese Incident, Dan Lebowitz of Animal Liberation Orchestra, Lucas Bingham of Free Band Radio, Pete Wall (sax) of The Motet as well as former Particle members Ben Combe and Charlie Hitchcock.

Musical style
The band is regarded as a jam-band with progressive rock roots. They have described their music as "space porn funk", a term coined by one of their early fans, and "funktronic". Allmusic writer Hal Horowitz, reviewing Launchpad described their music as having "a loose '70s feel that mixes elements of Pink Floyd's prog rock and Return to Forever-styled jazz fusion with insistent dance beats that shift from funk to near disco". Philip Booth, reviewing Launchpad for CMJ New Music Monthly described their music as "fusion in the non-jazz sense", commenting on the "trance, house, and drum 'n' bass rhythms heard throughout", and calling the album an "unstoppable blast of gritty electronic jam". A review by Nicole Keiper in The Tennessean described the band's sound as " jam-rock standards that make smart use of dance music's lush textures and well-placed, good-and-solid dancefloor thumps". Chris Nelson of The New York Times described them as "disco-flavored, instrumental jam music".

Albums

 * Launchpad (2004), Or Music
 * Transformations Live For The People (2006), Shout! Factory
 * Live at Wanee Festival 2012 (2012), MunckMix
 * Accelerator (2018), Particle Records

Videos

 * Transformations Live For The People (2006) (DVD-V), Shout! Factory

Singles

 * "The Track Inside" (February 3, 2004 United States)
 * Launchpad Remixes (November 9, 2004 United States)

title: Particle (band)


text:
User:Btdroute~enwiki

this is my page. 202.233.47.72 is same...

this is me...

title: User:Btdroute~enwiki


text: User talk:68.82.165.172

title: User talk:68.82.165.172


text:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

The United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia (in case citations, N.D. Ga.) is a United States district court which serves the residents of forty-six counties. These are divided up into four divisions.

Appeals from cases brought in the Northern District of Georgia are to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

History
The United States District Court for the District of Georgia was one of the original 13 courts established by the Judiciary Act of 1789,, on September 24, 1789. The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on August 11, 1848, by. The Middle District was formed from portions of those two Districts on May 28, 1926, by.

Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction and venue are enumerated in.

The Atlanta division includes: Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Newton, and Rockdale counties.

The Gainesville division serves: Banks, Barrow, Dawson, Fannin, Forsyth, Gilmer, Habersham, Hall, Jackson, Lumpkin, Pickens, Rabun, Stephens, Towns, Union, and White counties.

The Newnan division hears cases for: Carroll, Coweta, Fayette, Haralson, Heard, Meriwether, Pike, Spalding, and Troup counties.

The Rome division serves: Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Dade, Floyd, Gordon, Murray, Paulding, Polk, Walker, and Whitfield counties.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Georgia represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court.

, the United States attorney is Ryan K. Buchanan.

U.S. Attorneys

 * Emory Speer 1883-85
 * Ben H. Hill, Jr. 1885-89
 * Sion A. Darnell 1889-93
 * Joseph S. James 1893-97
 * Edgar A. Angier 1897-1905
 * Farish C. Tate 1905-13
 * Hooper Alexander 1913-21
 * Clint W. Hager 1921-34
 * Lawrence S. Camp 1934-42
 * J. Ellis Mundy 1942
 * M. Neil Andrews 1942-46
 * J. Ellis Mundy 1946-53
 * James W. Dorsey 1953-59
 * Charles D. Read, Jr. 1959-61
 * Charles L. Goodson 1961-77
 * William L. Harper 1977-81
 * Robert J. Castellani 1981
 * Dorothy Y. Kirkley 1981
 * James E. Baker 1981-82
 * Larry D. Thompson 1982-86
 * Stephen S. Cowen 1986
 * Bob Barr 1986-90
 * Rimantas Rukstele 1990
 * Joe D. Whitley 1990-93
 * Gerrilyn G. Brill 1993
 * Kent B. Alexander 1994-97
 * Janet King 1997-98
 * Richard H. Deane, Jr. 1998-2001
 * William S. Duffey Jr. 2001-2004
 * Sally Yates 2004-2004
 * David Nahmias 2004-2009
 * Sally Quillan Yates 2010-2015
 * John A. Horn 2015-2017
 * BJay Pak 2017-2021
 * Bobby Christine 2021
 * Kurt Erskine 2021-2022
 * Ryan K. Buchanan 2022-present


text:
Bert Lawrence

Albert Benjamin Rutter "Bert" Lawrence MC (March 31, 1923 – March 28, 2007) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1963 to 1974 who represented the ridings of Russell and Carleton East. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of John Robarts and Bill Davis.

Background
Lawrence was born in Calgary, Alberta, and grew up in Ottawa, Ontario. He was educated at Ashbury College and at Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. He enlisted in the army with the rank of Lieutenant in the 8th Reconnaissance Regiment (VIII Recce). He landed in Normandy in the first week of July 1944. He was decorated with the Military Cross by King George VI for engineering a bridge in an advance action at the Risle River near Brionne, France. He was injured twice including during V2 rocket attack near Antwerp in October 1944. Lawrence reflected on his narrow escapes from death. He wrote in his journal, "Keeping alive consists of 90 per cent luck and 10 per cent soldiering." He returned to action in February 1945 and participated to the end of the fighting. He was promoted to captain at the end of the war.

When he returned home he acquired a law degree at Osgoode Hall Law School. He graduated in 1948 and went to work for an Ottawa firm called Honeywell, Baker, Gibson, and Wotherspoon. He married Lois Davidson in October 1949 and they raised four children. He died in Gatineau, Quebec in 2007.

Politics
In the 1950s he was elected to Gloucester, Ontario town council for two terms. In the 1956 Federal Conservative leadership convention he organized the campaign for Davie Fulton. While there was little chance of winning, his wife Lois said that he enjoyed immensely. She said, "They were so young, it was like they were lambs to slaughter. It was absolutely all-absorbing for what seemed like a month. There was huge hoopla and excitement."

In the 1963 provincial election, Lawrence ran as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the riding of Russell. He narrowly defeated Liberal candidate Fred Barrett by only 413 votes. In 1967 he ran in the redistributed riding of Carleton East. He defeated Liberal Eugene Bellemare by a comfortable margin of 4,221 votes. He was re-elected in 1971.

In 1969, Ontario Premier John Robarts brought Lawrence into the cabinet as minister without portfolio. In February 1970, he was promoted to Minister of Financial and Commercial Affairs. In March 1971 he was shuffled to Minister of Health.

During his time as Minister, he began to promote the idea of no-fault insurance, the first time it was discussed in the province. Lawrence felt that the current system was unfair to consumers as judgments were applied unevenly. While he felt this would benefit consumers he did not push hard on the issue due to his mindfulness of Ontario Insurance companies.

He ran in the 1971 leadership convention to succeed Robarts, and came in fifth place. The new premier, Bill Davis, appointed him as Minister of Health. In February 1972, he was assigned to the super-ministry post of Provincial Secretary for Resource Development. In March 1972, he flew to Cuba on a government jet to talk about trade. He defended the trip because he met with Cuban government officials and said that he had opened a number of doors. He was roundly criticized in the media and his influence was diminished as a result. In 1974 he said, "At that time, the government, the media and the public were much more resentful of Cuba's political position than they are today, and they were less appreciative of the trade opportunities than they are today."

Lawrence was dropped from cabinet altogether in February 1974. He decided to retire from the legislature later on in September. He returned to his law practice.

He attempted a move to federal politics by running as the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidate for Ottawa—Carleton in the 1980 federal election but was defeated by Liberal Jean-Luc Pépin.

title: Bert Lawrence


text:
Talk:Ostrogski coat of arms

Untitled
Gee... what is this page supposed to be about? --[[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 02:34, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ostrogski family?
 * some clan?
 * Ostrogski Coat of Arms?

two mistakes
"Ostrogski (adjectival form of the Polish for "Spur")" - two mistakes: First mistake: adjective-possesive form of Polish word for 'spur' (P. "ostroga") is 'ostroski' (OldPolish 'ostrożski' from ostroga + 'ski) not ostrogski! "G" before "-ski" is not possible in Polish (it would be always softened to ż = zh). The second mistake is that name is not derived form ostroga "spur" but from the city-place Ostróg (most of -ski names are derived from city names - slightly like "von" or "de") - Ostrogski - one who owns Ostróg or one who comes from Ostróg. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.30.36 (talk) 18:26, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ostrogski coat of arms


text:
Talk:Marutei Tsurunen

Untitled
Shouldn't this be at "Marutei Tsurunen"? He seems to spell his own name that way in English-language texts. WhisperToMe 02:36, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re-election?
Was Marutei Tsurunen actually re-elected? The ja-wp doesn't think so, which implies that his seat was not up for election, and AFAIK he's on the party list anyway, without a constituency to defend. Jpatokal 16:33, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Marutei Tsurunen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130528092106/http://www.tsurunen.net/ to http://www.tsurunen.net/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:44, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marutei Tsurunen


text:
Vallisneria

Vallisneria (named in honor of Antonio Vallisneri ) is a genus of freshwater aquatic plant, commonly called eelgrass, tape grass or vallis. The genus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, and North America.

Vallisneria is a submerged plant that spreads by runners and sometimes forms tall underwater meadows. Leaves arise in clusters from their roots. The leaves have rounded tips, and definite raised veins. Single white female flowers grow to the water surface on very long stalks. Male flowers grow on short stalks, become detached, and float to the surface. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. The fruit is a banana-like capsule having many tiny seeds.

Sometimes it is confused with the superficially similar Sagittaria when grown submerged.

This plant should not be confused with Zostera species, marine seagrasses that are usually also given the common name "eelgrass". Vallisneria has arched stems which cross over small obstacles and develop small planters at their nodes.

Use in aquaria
Various strains of Vallisneria are commonly kept in tropical and subtropical aquaria. These include dwarf forms such as Vallisneria tortifolia, a variety with leaves around 15 to 20 cm in length and characterised by having thin, tightly coiled leaves. A medium-sized variety, Vallisneria spiralis is also very popular, typically having leaves 30 to 60 cm in length. The largest varieties are often called Vallisneria gigantea regardless of their actual taxonomic designation; in fact most of the plants sold as Vallisneria gigantea are actually Vallisneria americana. Similarly, some Vallisneria gigantea are sold as Vallisneria spiralis and these giant varieties are only really suitable for very large tanks, having leaves that frequently exceed 1 m in length, but they are quite hardy and will do well in tanks with big fish that might uproot more delicate aquarium plants.

With few exceptions, the commonly traded Vallisneria are tolerant and adaptable. While they do best under bright illumination they will do well under moderate lighting as well, albeit with slower growth rates. They are not picky about the substrate, and will accept plain gravel provided an iron-rich fertiliser is added to the water periodically. Once settled in, they multiply readily through the production of daughter plants at the end of runners (as mentioned above). Once they have established their own roots, these daughter plants can be cut away and transplanted if necessary. Vallisneria will accept neutral to alkaline water conditions (they do not like very acidic conditions) and do not require carbon dioxide fertilization. They are also among the few commonly traded aquarium plants that tolerate brackish water, provided the specific gravity does not exceed 1.003 (around 10 percent the salinity of normal sea water).

Species
• # Vallisneria americana – North America incl West Indies, Colombia
 * Accepted species

• # Vallisneria anhuiensis – Anhui

• # Vallisneria annua – Australia

• # Vallisneria australis – Australia

• # Vallisneria caulescens – Australia

• # Vallisneria densiserrulata – China, Japan

• # Vallisneria erecta – Queensland

• # Vallisneria longipedunculata – Anhui

• # Vallisneria nana – Philippines, New Guinea, N Australia, New Caledonia

• # Vallisneria natans – China, Japan, Korea, Primorye, Vietnam, India, Nepal, Iraq

• # Vallisneria neotropical – North America

• # Vallisneria rubra – northern Western Australia

• # Vallisneria spinulosa – China

• # Vallisneria spiralis – S + E Europe, W + S + SW Asia, Africa

• # Vallisneria triptera – N Australia

title: Vallisneria


text:
User talk:Vandalizer~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vandalizer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vandalizer~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:30, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vandalizer~enwiki


text:
Moe (slang)

Moe, sometimes romanized as moé, is a Japanese word that refers to feelings of strong affection mainly towards characters in anime, manga, video games, and other media directed at the otaku market. Moe, however, has also gained usage to refer to feelings of affection towards any subject.

Moe is related to neoteny and the feeling of "cuteness" a character can evoke. The word moe originated in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Japan and is of uncertain origin, although there are several theories on how it came into use. Moe characters have expanded through Japanese media, and the concept has been commercialised. Contests, both online and in the real world, exist for moe-styled things, including one run by one of the Japanese game rating boards. Various notable commentators such as Tamaki Saitō, Hiroki Azuma, and Kazuya Tsurumaki have also given their take on moe and its meaning.

Meaning
Moe used in slang refers to feelings of affection, adoration, devotion, and excitement felt towards characters that appear in manga, anime, video games, and other media (usually Japanese). Characters that elicit feelings of moe are called "moe characters". The word has also evolved to be used regarding all kinds of topics. Included in the meaning of the word is the idea that "deep feelings felt towards a particular subject" is used in cases where a simple "like" is not enough to express the feeling. The common feature in all feelings of moe is that the subject of such feelings is something that one cannot possibly have a real relationship with, like a fictional character, a pop idol, or an inorganic substance. It can be considered a kind of "pseudo-romance", but it is not always seen to be the same as "romance".

Origins
The term's origin and etymology are unknown. Anime columnist John Oppliger has outlined several popular theories describing how the term would have stemmed from the name of anime heroines, such as Hotaru Tomoe from Sailor Moon (Tomoe is written as 土萌, relevant kanji is the same) or Moe Sagisawa from the 1993 anime Kyōryū Wakusei. The term first became popular in 1993-94 among users of Japanese bulletin board systems.

Psychologist Tamaki Saitō identifies it as coming from the Japanese word for "budding", moeru (萌える). Ken Kitabayashi of the Nomura Research Institute has defined moe as "being strongly attracted to one's ideals". Kitabayashi has identified the word moe to be a pun with the Japanese godan verb for 'to sprout', moyasu (萌やす), and its homophone 'to burn', moyasu (燃やす). Along the same line of thought, Kitabayashi has identified it to be a pun with the Japanese ichidan verb for 'to sprout' moeru (萌える) and its homophone 'to burn' moeru (燃える), which mean 'to burn' (in the sense of one's heart burning, or burning with passion).

Anthropologist Patrick Galbraith cites Morikawa Kaichirō, who argues that the term came from internet message boards such as NIFTY-Serve and Tokyo BBS in the 1990s, from fans discussing bishõjo (beautiful girl) characters. Galbraith argues that moe has its roots in the development of bishõjo characters in Japanese subcultures in the 1970s and 80s. This was exemplified in the lolicon boom of the 1980s, a "fertile ground" for the "budding desire for fictional characters".

Comiket organiser Ichikawa Koichi has described Lum from Urusei Yatsura as being both the source of moe and the first tsundere. The character of Clarisse from Hayao Miyazaki's The Castle of Cagliostro (1979) has also been cited as a potential ancestral example., with Lupin acting like an older brother to Clarisse and taunting the Count for marrying someone half his age. According to culture critic Hiroki Azuma, as Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion became a more prominent character among fans, she "changed the rules" governing what people regarded as moe-inspiring. The industry has since created many characters which share her traits of pale skin, blue hair and a "quiet personality".

Commercial application

Moe characters have expanded within the Japanese media market. In 2003, the market for moe media such as printed media, video, and games was worth 88 billion yen; roughly one-third of the estimated 290 billion yen otaku market in Japan. In 2009, Brad Rice, editor-in-chief of Japanator, said that "moe has literally become an economic force" saying that more products use some element of moe in order to sell better. Rice also goes on to say that moe is used to get anime and manga works out to "hardcore fans who buy excessive amounts of items related to the character of their desire."

John Oppliger from AnimeNation traced the first decade of the 2000s as the time when moe became increasingly popular and recognized. Commercialization was a result of interest that followed, and moe evolved from being a non-sexual desire to being a sexually sublimated fascination with cuteness. Oppliger goes on to say that moe shifted entirely from an interchange between character and viewer, to a focused fetish of viewers. Examples used by Oppliger include the series; K-On, Lucky Star, and Moetan where he points out they are "revolved around adorable, whimsical, clumsy, early-adolescent girl characters in order to evoke, enflame, and manipulate the interests and affections of viewers." Rather than evoking moe feelings, they were literally moe characters that had defining characteristics of the moe style. Oppliger referred to these girl characters as "adorably cute, just a bit sexually appealing, and self-conscious but not yet cynical" going on to say that they demand notice and adoration, rather than passively earning it.

With moe anthropomorphism, moe characteristics are applied to give human elements to non-human objects. The Gradius video game series features a spaceship named Vic Viper. For a spin-off game, moe is applied to Vic Viper to create Otomedius.

Sexual attraction
Sometimes feelings of moe towards fictional characters include "sexual excitement", or are understood in the context where "lots of beautiful girls and boobs appear." In these cases, feelings of pure affection that gradually become stronger over time can lead to these feelings of eroticism. In addition, it is pointed that sexual desire oriented to such characters differs from a desire toward humans.

Moe, however, is also considered to be distinct from pure lust. While small amounts of lust is generally considered moe, a feeling that focuses too heavily on lust is considered outside the scope of moe. According to commentator, who considers moe to be "romance within one's head", the ideal kind of love within moe is "romantic love".

Contests
Several informal contests or rankings for characters considered to be moe exist on the internet. One such contest is the Anime Saimoe Tournament, organized by members of the textboard 2channel, which ran every year from 2002, until its cancellation after the 2014 contest due to declining interest. Moe characters from the fiscal year starting 1 July and ending 30 June the following year were eligible. Each tournament had at least 280 moe characters. Spin-offs of the Saimoe Tournament include RPG Saimoe, which has video game characters, and SaiGAR, a competition between the "manliest men of anime". In 2006 and 2007, the Saimoe Tournament became an increasingly international event; 2channel users obliged foreign otaku by putting up an English version of their rules page. The International Saimoe League, also known as ISML, is another online moe popularity contest that is for a worldwide audience. The contest started in 2008 and was held annually. Initially, only female characters were eligible, a male exhibition tournament was added in 2011, which would take place after the end of the main tournament. It was made into an official tournament alongside the female characters in 2015.

Moe contests also exist in magazine publications, and in the real world. The Moe Game Awards are given annually to bishōjo games published that year in various categories, such as background music, character design, fandisc, graphics, and erotic content. They were started in 2006 as the Bishōjo Game Awards, but their name was changed to Moe Game Awards in 2009. It is sponsored by the Japanese game rating board Ethics Organization of Computer Software (EOCS) and is described by them as "an R18 game industry version of the Academy Awards". Magazines that have moe contests in them include the Japanese magazine Dengeki Moeoh which runs a column called "Moeoh Rankings" (萌王ランキング) and features the top 10 moe characters of the month, as determined by reader votes.

Commentary
There are various interpretations of the concept of moe, and the subject has been heavily discussed. Psychologist Tamaki Saitō considers the moe used by otaku to be the embodiment of their particular kind of sexuality. Saitō points out that while otaku creations fulfill an abnormal impression of sexuality, few otaku actually apply this impression to real life. He thus argues that moe is something that sustains the otaku's sexuality within a fictional world, with the fiction itself being their subject of desire and having no need for reality.

On the other hand, critic Hiroki Azuma rejects Saitō's argument as "too complicated." Azuma argues that "to moe" is simply the act of analyzing each of the character's moe characteristics and expanding on those characteristics within the mind, and thus differs from mere feelings of empathy. These characteristics can be physical ones, such as cat ears or a maid costume, or a personality archetype, such as that of the character Rei Ayanami. Azuma sees this process as an otaku 's act of satisfying their desires among their limited relations, and considers it to be part of a broader trend of "animalization," or the fulfillment of small desires isolated from the context of a grand narrative. Azuma, therefore, simplifies Saitō's idea of moe into the idea of attaining signals of sexual excitement within an isolated environment, similar to the act of training an animal.

In contrast, Tōru Honda argues against the idea that moe is simply "the act of arousal in response to signals, and thus animalization" and argues that this interpretation does not allow one to recall the essence of moe. Honda considers moe to be the act of remembering ideals among the background signals, an act of necessity that arose as the romance rejected by religion continued to be supported by materialism, and thus interprets it as a mental activity relevant to the contexts of mythology and religion. Furthermore, Honda asserts that this "animalization" phenomenon only arose after the "economic bubble" period of Japan, when people consumed real romance- and sex-like products, and says that since moe is commonly interpreted to be in competition with the act of searching for romance in real life, it is thus the antithesis of male-dominant machoism. Also, while Saitō does not distinguish moe from more violent types of sexual abnormalities and speaks of moe in the context of "sentō bishōjo" (beautiful fighting girl), Honda on the other hand treats moe as the polar opposite of the hunter-ish kind of sexuality featuring in more fiendish works like those by Henry Darger.

Anime director Kazuya Tsurumaki defines moe to be "the act of filling in missing information about characters on one's own." Accepting this view, writer explains that characters are born from human instinct, which is the exact reason why one can be charmed by them much more than one could by real people. Toshio Okada says that while he himself has not fully understood moe, he defines it as not simply being stirred emotionally by beautiful girls, but also as the meta-viewpoint of seeing oneself falling into such a state.

In The Moe Manifesto, anthropologist Patrick Galbraith defines moe as an affective response to fictional characters or representations of them. The applications of this definition are widespread to political, economic, and cultural discourses. For an example in practice, Matthew Brummer describes how Japan's Self Defense Force utilizes popular culture and the moe that it engenders to shape public perceptions of the military establishment: The Manga Military.

title: Moe (slang)


text:
List of estimates of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

This article lists the various interim and final United Nations estimates for the number of Palestinian people who fled or were expelled from their homes during the 1948 Palestine war. It also provides other interim and final estimates for the number of Palestinian refugees for that period.

Estimate of number of people who left or fled the area captured by Israel

 * 726,000 according to the Final Report of the United Nations Economic Survey Mission for the Middle East published by the United Nations Conciliation Commission, December 28, 1949.
 * 711,000 according to the General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950, published by the United Nations Conciliation Commission, October 23, 1950.

Estimates of total number of people who registered as refugees

 * 800,000 – 900,000 according to the Historical Survey of Efforts of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine to Secure the Implementation of Paragraph 11 of General Assembly Resolution 194 (III) published by the United Nations Conciliation Commission, October 2, 1961.
 * 875,998 refugees in June 1951, according to the Report of the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East published by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, September 28, 1951.
 * 914,000 refugees in 1950, according to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency website.
 * 957,000 refugees in 1950 according to the Report of the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East published by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency, September 28, 1951.

Other estimates of flight or refugees

 * 550,000 − 600,000 According to an Israeli government estimate (according to Efraim Karsh )
 * 539,000 According to Walter Pinner
 * 583,000 – 609,000 According to Efraim Karsh
 * 600,000 According to Joseph B. Schechtman
 * 630,000 According to Yoram Ettinger
 * 700,000± According to Benny Morris in his book "The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited"
 * 720,000 According to Irving Howe and Carl Gershman
 * 750,000 According to Ilan Pappé
 * 800,000 According to Elia Zureik (750,000 – 800,000 "Private Palestinian sources", 800,000 – 900,000 "Palestinian figures", 850,000 "United Nations estimate")
 * 800,000± According to Baha Abushaqra
 * 800,000 – Walter Eytan, in a private letter of 1950 referred to the UNRWA registration in 1949 as "meticulous", but thought that "the real number was close to 800,000".
 * 804,767 According to Salman Abu-Sitta
 * 900,000 According to Abdel-Azim Hammad
 * 935,000 According to Salman Abu-Sitta
 * almost 1 000,000 According to the 3rd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (author of the article — Galina Stepanovna Nikitina).

Interim estimates
Interim estimates from UN sources:
 * Sir Raphael Cilento, director of the UN Disaster Relief Project (DRP): 300,000 − 350,000 in August
 * 360,000 in September, 1948, according to the Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator on Palestine published by UN Mediator Count Folke Bernadotte, September 16, 1948.
 * 472,000 in October, 1948, according to the Progress Report of the Acting United Nations Mediator on Palestine published by Acting UN Mediator Ralph Bunche, October 18, 1948.

From other sources:
 * 200,000+ by May, 1948 according to Samuel Katz (in 1973)
 * 300,000± by May, 1948 according to Noam Chomsky (in 2002)
 * 380,000± by 15 May 1948 according to Ilan Pappe (in 1994)
 * 335,000 by 5 June 1948 according to Yossef Weitz of the Jewish National Fund.
 * 391,000 by 1 June 1948 according to a report by the Haganah's intelligence service (239,000 from the UN-ascribed Jewish state.)
 * 200,000 by the mid-June 1948 according to Emil Ghoury.
 * 300,000± by late July according to W. De St. Aubin, delegate of the League of Red Cross Societies to the Middle East.
 * 631,967 by October "the Arab League estimate" according to Efraim Karsh.
 * 460,000 by late October, according to an Israeli study led by Y. Weitz and E. Danin & Z. Lifshitz.


text:
Talk:Moe (slang)

What does this sentence even mean?
"Moe used in slang refers to feelings of affection, adoration, devotion, and excitement that embodies characters that appear in manga, anime, or video games, into enforcing who they are." I have tried to understand what this sentence is trying to express, and failed. Maybe this is inadequate translation from Japanese? Embody: "1 : to give a body to (a spirit) : incarnate. 2a : to deprive of spirituality 2b : to make concrete and perceptible. 3 : to cause to become a body or part of a body : incorporate." What is it that embodies characters here? Characters in manga and anime generally have (drawn or rendered) bodies already. Anyway, I find this nonsensical. I suspect 'embodies' is just the wrong word, and maybe instead of "that embodies" it should say "toward" or "most commonly toward"? And I can't even guess what is intended by the phrase 'into enforcing who they are'. There is no preceding verb that would accept an "into" argument: "refers... into"? "embodies ... into"? And one enforces a condition, rule or law - you can enforce solitude, enforce peace, or enforce the policy against zombies on school grounds - but you can't enforce "who they are". If somebody can offer more explanation I'll try to hammer it into plain English. Or if somebody has the original Japanese, I'll ask my bilingual brother to explain it to me. Spike0xff (talk) 04:10, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * The edit in question appears to be this one. I don't know what it means either, and it doesn't seem to backed up by reliable sources, so I undid the change.Tosiaki! (talk) 17:55, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

Female child?
Quote: Girls who are moe are called moekko (萌えっ娘?) from the honorific "娘" meaning "female child".

Shouldn't that be "girl" instead of "female child"? Maikel (talk) 20:04, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

 * It's a shame the dragon loli is copyrighted, she is the very definition of moe. This article is missing a lot without her picture at the top.
 * https://i.ytimg.com/vi/a0TD0Kr3tFU/maxresdefault.jpg 149.154.212.26 (talk) 00:56, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

Waifu redirects here
but isn't mentioned in the article.  Serendi pod ous  12:51, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Yeah Waifu is not the same thing as Moe. Someone should fix the redirect. I'm not editing anything. I got in trouble for removing something from another article that was completely irrelevent and was warned for vandalism.

 * Agreed that it's not great to have redirects for terms that are not clearly explained in articles. Looking through the history, one point is was a redirect to 2D Love, but that article was deleted, and is now also a redirect. I think the redirect should either be deleted, or go to waifu. If there are reliable sources discussing the term as it relates to moe, then a couple of sentences about it would solve the problem. If not, where else should the redirect point? Grayfell (talk) 23:29, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and made it a Soft redirect. The only relevant links it had were from Template:Internet slang but I've removed it from that, as well. Grayfell (talk) 23:47, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Article rewrite
I notice that there are no reliable resources cited for the lead where it gives the definition. It says, inaccurately, that there is no particular definition of moe, and that it has to do with personality or physical traits of characters. In reality, it has a concrete definition and it means "a feeling of strong adoration towards characters," a statement that can be backed up by reliable sources. Moe is not a quality of "cuteness" etc. of a character, but a feeling towards a character. As in, "I feel moe about X," and all reliable sources say this. If nobody opposes this change, I shall make this change right now. Some may say that misappropriated Japanese words need to focus on the English usage of it more. I would say that rather, that this is not exactly a misappropriated word in high circulation and that the Japanese definition deserves greater priority.--Tosiaki! (talk) 12:15, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

Commentary section
The Commentary section is no longer a rough translation from Japanese, but may still require some further revisions to attain perfection. I believe the current notice should be removed, though I am not certain whether I actually have the authority to do so. However, like the previous comment on this Talk page, if nobody tells me otherwise I will attempt to remove said notice myself. --26in9 (talk) 10:30, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Project box
In a recent edit here, I have kept the anime/manga project box at the bottom. Having this box in the lead of the article in my view is distracting, I understand we want to promote people to join our project, but feel the central focus should be on the article. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 15:22, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

Moeblob redirects here
Moeblob redirects here but the article doesn't define or describe it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.82.82 (talk) 15:20, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I have never even heard of it, it may be a candidate for WP:RfD. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 16:56, 21 January 2016 (UTC)
 * "Moeblob" is basically derisive slang for the stereotypical way characters in "moe" shows look, generally used by people who don't like those character designs. It particularly gets used a lot for Kyoto Animation's typical style for shows like Clannad, Kanon, and K-ON!.  I'm pretty certain I've heard it used on Anime News Network, so if you search ANN for "moeblob" you might find reliable sources referring to the term.  I think it is appropriate as a redirect, as anyone trying to figure out what the term "moeblob" means would want this article (even if it isn't mentioned in the article). Calathan (talk) 17:57, 21 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Okay fair enough. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 14:40, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

Wiktionary also has a definition, though mainly references usenet posts from 2009. Based on my searches I'd say for now it's a bit of a neologism because there are only some mentions in reliable sources, none in academic/book publications, and mostly in self-published posts/comments; though there're probably enough to warrant mention.

 * Japanator seems to use it slightly positively?: "[Is your order a rabbit? Season 2] lives up to the moeblob cuteness of the show"
 * ANN's Carlo Santos uses it negatively for humor: "Who says anime today is lacking in variety? This spring, you can choose between a moeblob about a rock band or a moeblob about mahjong!"
 * THEM says: "The character designs range from standard moeblob models for females and bad haircuts for the boys"
 * Gamespot says: "The time has passed when we could accept the Moeblob (the chirpy girl with no other definable character trait), the orphaned hero, and the monosyllabic brooder as the best ensemble cast available. It's time to create people, not 'types.'"

Based on the small usage in reliable sources I would say the term refers negatively to a very standard moe character without unique traits (both in terms of looks and characterization). This agrees with Calathan's definition and Wiktionary's. Any ideas on how to present the term in the article? (It doesn't necessarily need its own section as an anchor can be used) Opencooper (talk) 02:13, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Should we add moe in real life?
There has been real life examples of moe like the Korean actress Park Jin-joo. Should we add real life examples? --110.70.59.20 (talk) 08:02, 5 November 2017 (UTC)
 * You'd need to cite reliable sources that connect the actress to moe or else it will be considered original research. Also, for real-life people, especially in South Korea rather than Japan, I doubt it'd be specifically moe but rather just general cute-siness and things like aegyo. Opencooper (talk) 10:53, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:52, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Chara04.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:37, 19 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Chara04.png

Origins section
@Shibbolethink I don't understand your objections to this edit, as it is both sourced and relevant. WP:PRIMARY is the only stated reason, but nothing in said policy forbids its inclusion. 2A01:827:2CBB:AE01:85EF:7809:C61E:5C59 (talk) 17:58, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Anon IP added this content : The term appears several times in Seimariannu Dictionary, a 1994 text document explaining "duck language" (鴨言語), the slang of Japanese bulletin board systems.

With the ref being an internet archive of the text document in question. Is this content WP:DUE inclusion? I find no mentions of this on Google Search, News, Scholar, or JSTOR. It is not enough for a content to be verifiable (especially to a PRIMARY non-RS). It must also be properly weighted to be WP:DUE inclusion. See also: WP:RSUW. We have no reliable secondary independent sources which even mention the existence of this "Seimariannu" (or "Marianne") "duck language" dictionary. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 18:00, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * As you mentioned it is a primary source - the inclusion of which is not forbidden by WP:PRIMARY when the only conclusion drawn from it is that the term was in use at the time. Given that it is a very early directly attested use of the word, I don't see how it could not be relevant in the 'origin' section.--2A01:827:2CBB:AE01:85EF:7809:C61E:5C59 (talk) 18:05, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Material must also be DUE inclusion, as described above. It is not enough that a primary source mentions it. See also: WP:INDISCRIMINATE and WP:TRIV — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 18:07, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I can see the objection now. One of the sources cited in the article mentions that the term "first became popular in 1993 or 1994 among PC communications users" (i.e. BBS), yet there is no mention of that in the current revision of the article. The relevance of the text I added is to provide a direct attestation of "moe" being used on Japanese BBS communications in 1994, which adds more context for the reader as to how the term was being used at the time.--2A01:827:2CBB:AE01:85EF:7809:C61E:5C59 (talk) 18:28, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * It would be more appropriate to include content based on both sources which does not overtly rely on the PRIMARY source or create a novel thesis of the two. Such as:The term first became popular in 1993-94 among users of Japanese bulletin board systems.We don't have the necessary sourcing to talk about "duck language" or the dictionary. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 18:41, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a workable solution. I will implement the changes you suggested.--2A01:827:2CBB:AE01:85EF:7809:C61E:5C59 (talk) 18:48, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

gap moe
should there be a section for a 'gap moe'/contrasting? i don't think i ever hear moe talked about anymore without it being part of a 'gap moe' as opposed to its standalone definition lol 47.185.204.185 (talk) 04:21, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Moe (slang)


text: User talk:65.27.12.135

title: User talk:65.27.12.135


text:
User:Bokane

Hi. I'm Brendan O'Kane.

My main interests are in China - specifically, Chinese language and literature - and so it's probably in that category that I'll be contributing and editing most.

title: User:Bokane


text:
Zostera

Zostera is a small genus of widely distributed seagrasses, commonly called marine eelgrass, or simply seagrass or eelgrass, and also known as seaweed by some fishermen and recreational boaters including yachtsmen. The genus Zostera contains 15 species.

Ecology
Zostera marina is found on sandy substrates or in estuaries, usually submerged or partially floating. Most Zostera are perennial. They have long, bright green, ribbon-like leaves, the width of which are about 1 cm. Short stems grow up from extensive, white branching rhizomes. The flowers are enclosed in the sheaths of the leaf bases; the fruits are bladdery and can float.

Zostera beds are important for sediment deposition, substrate stabilization, as substrate for epiphytic algae and micro-invertebrates, and as nursery grounds for many species of economically important fish and shellfish. Zostera often forms beds in bay mud in the estuarine setting. It is an important food for brant geese and wigeons, and even (occasionally) caterpillars of the grass moth Dolicharthria punctalis.

The slime mold Labyrinthula zosterae can cause the wasting disease of Zostera, with Z. marina being particularly susceptible, causing a decrease in the populations of the fauna that depend on Zostera.

Zostera is able to maintain its turgor at a constant pressure in response to fluctuations in environmental osmolarity. It achieves this by losing solutes as the tide goes out and gaining solutes as the tide comes in.

Distribution
The genus as a whole is widespread throughout seashores of much of the Northern Hemisphere as well as Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia and southern Africa. The discovery of Z. chilensis in 2005 adds an isolated population on the Pacific coast of South America to the distribution. One species (Z. noltii) occurs along the land-locked Caspian Sea.

Uses
Eelgrass has been used for food by the Seri tribe of Native Americans on the coast of Sonora, Mexico. The rhizomes and leaf-bases of eelgrass were eaten fresh or dried into cakes for winter food. It was also used for smoking deer meat. The Seri language has many words related to eelgrass and eelgrass-harvesting. The month of April is called xnoois ihaat iizax, literally "the month when the eelgrass seed is mature".

Zostera has also been used as packing material and as stuffing for mattresses and cushions.

On the Danish island of Læsø it has been used for thatching roofs. Roofs of eelgrass are said to be heavy, but also much longer-lasting and easier to thatch and maintain than roofs done with more conventional thatching material. More recently, the plant has been used in its dried form for insulation in eco-friendly houses and as a ground cover in permaculture gardens, once its salt layer washed off (ex: Friland, Danish eco-village).

In the United States, eelgrass insulation was commercially marketed in the early 1900s as Cabot's Quilt by the Samuel Cabot Co of Boston. However, due to an outbreak of Labyrinthula zosterae which destroyed crops of eelgrass, combined with the collapse of the homebuilding industry due to the great depression, it went out of production and was replaced in new homes with fiberglass (introduced in the late 1930s).

Some studies show promise for eelgrass meadows to sequester atmospheric carbon to reduce anthropogenic climate change.

Zostera can also be utilized to produce biomass energy using the Jean Pain method.

Species

 * Accepted species
 * Zostera asiatica Miki – Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, NE China
 * Zostera caespitosa Miki – Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, NE China
 * Zostera capensis Setchell – Madagascar; Kenya to Cape Province
 * Zostera capricorni Ascherson – New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand
 * Zostera caulescens Miki – Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, NE China
 * Zostera chilensis (J. Kuo) S. W. L. Jacobs & D. H. Les – Chile
 * Zostera japonica Ascherson & Graebner – Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam
 * Zostera marina L. – shores of North Pacific, North Atlantic, British Isles Mediterranean, Black Sea, Sea of Okhotsk
 * Zostera mucronata den Hartog – Australia
 * Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Ascherson – Australia
 * Zostera nigricaulis (J.Kuo) S.W.L.Jacobs & D.H.Les – Australia
 * Zostera noltii Hornem. – shores of Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caspian Sea
 * Zostera novazelandica Setchell – New Zealand
 * Zostera polychlamys (J.Kuo) S.W.L.Jacobs & D.H.Les – Australia
 * Zostera tasmanica Martens ex Ascherson – Australia

title: Zostera


text:
Talk:Particle (band)

Untitled
Are these guys notable? - Ta bu shi da yu 02:46, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow, that question was from a long time ago. FWIW, allmusic has a review of their record.  Whether they strictly meet WP:MUSIC or not, I cannot say, but the allmusic review makes them good enough for my purposes.  Friday (talk) 15:57, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * PS. Also, they played Bonnaroo a few times, which I think is considered a fairly major event. They're short on records, yes, apparently having only one full-length album, but they're intended to be a live band moreso than a studio band. Friday (talk) 16:34, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

These guys are notable (imo). My question is about an ambiguous reference towards the end of the article. Can anyone clarify...   At the end of the article it states, "A July 2008 side project, PUJA, brought together Combe and Darren Pujalet of Particle, as well as Melvin Seals of The Jerry Garcia Band and Cristian Basso of Leo Nocentelli and Little Hercules."

Can this sentence be rewritten for clarity? Who are the individuals and the groups (re: Leo Nocentelli and Little Hercules)? Are they individuals or a group name? Jemusser (talk) 03:49, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Particle (band)


text:
User talk:Php5

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Whosyourjudas (talk) 02:46, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Php5


text:
User:Whosyourjudas/boilerplate

Birthday Greeting
Happy birthday, USERNAME! Best wishes. --~

PUI
Hello USERNAME! I'm writing you becuase an image you uploaded, Image:IMAGE, does not have any licensing information associated with it. Wikipedia's goal is to remain free content, so all images used in articles must have a free license. If this image was not released under a free license, it needs to be removed from Wikipedia. Because of the lack of any license, the image has been listed for possible deletion. Please supply any license information you may have for this image on the image's page, and drop me a note on my talk page. Thanks! ~

Copyright tags
Hi! Thanks for uploading IMAGE. It currently does not have a copyright tag on it. If you know the copyright information, could you please supply it on the image page? If you need help please feel free to contact me. Thanks! --~

title: User:Whosyourjudas/boilerplate