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Toilets in Japan

Toilets in Japan are sometimes designed more elaborately than toilets commonly seen in other developed nations. European toilets occasionally have a separate bidet whilst Japan combines an electronic bidet with the toilet. The current state of the art for Western-style toilets in Japan is the bidet toilet, which is installed in 81% of Japanese households. In Japan, these bidets are commonly called washlets, a brand name of Toto Ltd., and they may include many advanced features rarely seen outside of Asia. The basic feature set commonly found on washlets consists of anal hygiene, bidet washing, seat warming, and deodorization.

Terminology
The word toire (トイレ) is an abbreviated form of the English language word "toilet", and is used both for the toilet itself and for the room where it is located.

A common euphemism is otearai (お手洗い). This is similar to the usage in US English of "washroom", which literally means a room where something is washed, and "toilet", which literally refers to the act of self-cleaning. It is also common to see another loan translation, keshōshitsu (化粧室), on signs in department stores and supermarkets, as well as accompanying the public toilet pictogram.

The plain word for toilet is benjo (便所), from the word ben (便) meaning "convenience" or "excrement", and this word is fairly common. It is often used in elementary schools, public swimming baths, and other such public places, and is not especially impolite, although some may prefer to use a more refined word. In many children's games, a child who is tagged "out" is sent to a special place, such as the middle of a circle, called the benjo. Japanese has many other words for places reserved for excretory functions, including kawaya (厠) and habakari (憚り), but most are rare or archaic.

The toilet itself—that is, the bowl or in-floor receptacle, the water tank, et cetera—is called benki (便器). The toilet seat is benza (便座). A potty, either for small children or for the elderly or infirm, is called omaru (sometimes written 御虎子).

The Japan Toilet Association celebrates an unofficial Toilet Day on November 10, because in Japan the numbers 11/10 (for the month and the day) can be read as , which also means "Good Toilet".

Types of toilets
There are two styles of toilets commonly found in Japan; the oldest type is a simple squat toilet, which is still common in public conveniences. After World War II, modern Western-type flush toilets and urinals became common.

Squat toilet
The traditional Japanese-style (和式) toilet is the squat toilet. A squat toilet differs from a sitting toilet in both construction and method of employment. A squat toilet essentially looks like a miniature urinal set horizontally into the floor. Most squat toilets in Japan are made of porcelain, although in some cases (as on trains) stainless steel is used instead. The user squats over the toilet, facing the hemispherical hood, i.e., the wall in the back of the toilet in the picture seen on the right. A shallow trough collects the waste, instead of a large water-filled bowl as in a Western toilet. All other fixtures, such as the water tank, piping, and flushing mechanism, may be identical to those of a Western toilet.

Flushing causes water to push the waste matter from the trough into a collecting reservoir which is then emptied, with the waste carried off into the sewer system. The flush is often operated in the same manner as a Western toilet, though some have pull handles or pedals instead. Many Japanese toilets have two kinds of flush: "small" (小) and "large" (大). The difference is in the amount of water used. The former is for urine (in Japanese, literally "small excretion") and the latter for feces ("large excretion"). Often, the lever is pushed to the "small" setting to provide a continuous masking noise for privacy, as discussed below.

A combination squat/sitting toilet also exists, where a seat can be flipped down over a squat toilet, and the toilet can be used essentially the same way as the Western style. This hybrid seems to be common only in rural areas for the benefit of resident foreigners. Adapters that sit on top of the Japanese toilet to convert it to a functional sit-down toilet are much more common. There are also permanently installed extensions available to convert a squat toilet into a sitting-style washlet.

"Western-style"
A flush toilet which has a pedestal for sitting is known in Japan as a Western-style (洋式) toilet, more commonly known as the sitting toilet. Western-style toilets, including high tech toilets, are now more common in Japanese homes than the traditional squat toilets, though some older apartments retain stickers on the toilet or in its room illustrating the proper way to use it for urination and defecation. Many public toilets at schools, temples, and train stations are still equipped with only squat toilets. In their own homes, however, Japanese people prefer being able to sit, especially older or physically disabled individuals for whom prolonged squatting is physically demanding or uncomfortable. Like Japanese toilets, many Western toilets have two kinds of flush: "small" (小) and "large" (大). The difference is in the amount of water used.

Japanese bidets (washlet)
The modern toilet in Japan, in English sometimes called Super Toilet, and commonly known in Japanese as Washlet (ウォシュレット) or as warm-water cleaning toilet seat (温水洗浄便座) has many features. The Toto product Washlet Zoe is listed in Guinness World Records as the world's most sophisticated toilet, with seven functions. However, as the model was introduced in 1997, it is now likely to be inferior to the latest model by Toto, Neorest. The idea for the washlet came from abroad, and the first toilet seat with integrated bidet was produced in Switzerland by Closomat in 1957. The age of the high-tech toilet in Japan started in 1980 with the introduction of the Washlet G Series by Toto, and since then the product name washlet has been used to refer to all types of Japanese high-tech toilets. , almost half of all private homes in Japan have such a toilet, exceeding the number of households with a personal computer. While the toilet looks like a Western-style toilet at first glance, there are numerous additional features—such as blow dryer, seat heating, massage options, water jet adjustments, automatic lid opening, automatic flushing, wireless control panel, room heating and air conditioning for the room—included either as part of the toilet or in the seat. These features can be accessed by an (often wireless) control panel attached to the seat or mounted on a nearby wall.

Basic features
The most basic feature is the integrated bidet, a nozzle the size of a pencil that comes out from underneath the toilet seat and squirts water. It has two settings: one for washing the anus and one for the bidet function. The former is called posterior wash, general use, or family cleaning, and the latter is known as feminine cleaning, feminine wash or simply bidet. At no point does the nozzle actually touch the body of the user. The nozzle is also self-cleaning and cleans itself before and after operation.

The user can select to wash the anus or vulva by pressing the corresponding button on the control panel. Usually the same nozzle is used for both operations, but at a different position of the nozzle head, and using different openings in the nozzle to squirt water at a different angle to aim for the correct spot. Occasionally, two nozzles are used, each dedicated for one area. The control logic is also attached to a pressure switch or a proximity sensor in the toilet seat, and operates only when the seat is occupied. The very first models did not include this automatic switch-off.

The seat-heating feature is very common, found even on toilets that lack the bidet features. As most Japanese homes lack central heating—instead using space heating—the bathroom may be only a few degrees above freezing in the winter.

Customization
Most high-tech toilets allow water temperature and water pressure to be adjusted to match the preferences of the user. By default, the vulva receives less pressure than the anus. Researchers in Japan have found that most users prefer a water temperature slightly above body temperature, with 38 °C considered optimal. The nozzle position can also often be manually adjusted forward or aft. High-end washlets allow selection of vibrating and pulsating jets of water, claimed by manufacturers to be beneficial for constipation and hemorrhoids. The most advanced washlets can mix the water jet with soap for an improved cleaning process.

The washlet can replace toilet paper completely, but many users opt to use both wash and paper in combination—although use of paper may be omitted for cleaning of the vulva. Some wipe before washing, some wash before wiping, some wash only, and some wipe only—each according to their preference. Another frequent feature is a blow dryer, often adjustable between 40 °C (104 °F) and 60 °C, (140 °F) used to dry the washed areas.

Advanced features
Additional features may include a heated seat, which may be adjustable from 30 °C (86 °F) to 40 °C (104 °F), an automatic lid equipped with a proximity sensor, which opens and closes based on the location of the user; and an air dryer and deodorizer. Some play music to relax the user's sphincter (some INAX toilets, for example, play the first few phrases of Op. 62 Nr. 6 Frühlingslied by Felix Mendelssohn). Other features are automatic flushing, automatic air deodorizing, and a germ-resistant surface. Some models specially designed for the elderly may include armrests and devices that help the user to stand back up after use. A soft close feature slows the toilet lid down while closing so the lid does not slam onto the seat, or in some models, the toilet lid will close automatically a certain time after flushing.

The most recent introduction is an ozone deodorant system that can quickly eliminate smells. Also, the latest models store the times of day when the toilet is used and have a power-saving mode that warms the toilet seat only during times when the toilet is likely to be used based on historic usage patterns. Some toilets also glow in the dark or may even have air conditioning below the rim for hot summer days. Another recent innovation is intelligent sensors that detect someone standing in front of the toilet and initiate an automatic raising of the lid (if the person is facing away from the toilet) or the lid and seat together (if someone is facing the toilet).

Self-cleaning
Japanese toilets with washlets increasingly have features intended to reduce the frequency with which manual cleaning is required.

Many models will spray a film of water prior to use to prevent waste from bonding to the bowl prior to flushing. Still others will spray a small amount of mild detergent, this has the added benefit of breaking the surface tension of the water, preventing urine or solid waste from splashing during use. Some models will spray electrolyzed water after use to disinfect the bowl.

Air ionizers are sometimes included with claims of microbe reduction when the lid is closed. Recently, there has been development in using photocatalytic glazes and ultraviolet light to clean the bowl.

Controls
Text explaining the controls of these toilets tends to be in Japanese only. Although many of the buttons often have pictograms, the flush button is often written only in Kanji, meaning that non-Japanese users may initially find it difficult to locate the correct button.

In January 2017, The Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association, a consortium of companies producing plumbing products including Toto Ltd., Panasonic, and Toshiba, has agreed to unify the iconography used on the often baffling control panels for Japanese toilets. The toilet manufacturers plan to implement the eight new pictogram on models released from 2017 onward, with a view to the system becoming an international standard.

Future developments
Recently, researchers have added medical sensors into these toilets, which can measure the blood sugar based on the urine, and also measure the pulse, blood pressure, and the body fat content of the user. Talking toilets that greet the user have also started being made. Other measurements are currently being researched. The data may automatically be sent to a doctor through a built-in internet-capable cellular telephone. However, these devices are still very rare in Japan, and their future commercial success is difficult to predict. A voice-operated toilet that understands verbal commands is under development. Toto, NAiS (a division of Panasonic), and other companies also produce portable, battery-operated travel washlets, which must be filled with warm water before use.

Washlet Syndrome
The repetitive use of a "type water jet on a high-pressure setting for an enema, can weaken the capability for self-evacuation of the Washlet user, which can lead to more serious constipation." If a Washlet high-pressure water jet is used on the anus repeatedly, it may cause excessive cleanliness, prompting other bacteria to adhere around the anus, causing skin disease (inflammation) around the anus. Some proctologists in Japan have named this "Washlet Syndrome" (ウォシュレット症候群) or "Warm-water toilet seat Syndrome" (温水便座症候群).

There have been claims of benefit in preventing urinary tract infections and also concerns that washlet use can cause increased risk of urinary tract infection, aggravate vaginal flora when the bidet feature is used, and cause cross-contamination from the wand or water tank, but the effects appear to be minimal and neither a substantial risk nor of measurable benefit for healthy adults.

Urinals
Urinals in Japan are very similar to the urinals in the rest of the world, and mainly used for public male toilets or male toilets with a large number of users.

Female urinals never caught on in Japan, although there were attempts made to popularize the American Sanistand female urinal by the Japanese toilet manufacturing company Toto between 1951 and 1968. This device was shaped like a cone and placed on the floor. However, those were never very popular, and only a few of them remain, including those underneath the now-demolished National Olympic Stadium from the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which was added to accommodate people from a wide range of cultures.

Japan-specific accessories
Toilets in Japan have very similar accessories as most toilets worldwide, including toilet paper, a toilet brush, a sink, etc. However, there are some Japan-specific accessories that are rarely found outside Japan.

The Sound Princess
Many Japanese women are embarrassed at the thought of being heard by others during urination (see paruresis). To cover the sound of bodily functions, many women used to flush public toilets continuously while using them, wasting a large amount of water in the process. As persuasion campaigns did not stop this practice, a device was introduced in the 1980s that, after activation, produces the sound of flushing water without the need for actual flushing. A Toto brand name commonly found is the Otohime (音姫). This device is now routinely placed in most new public women's rooms, and many older public women's rooms have been upgraded.

The Otohime may be either a separate battery-operated device attached to the wall of the toilet, or included in an existing washlet. The device is activated by pressing a button, or by the wave of a hand in front of a motion sensor. When activated, the device creates a loud flushing sound similar to a toilet being flushed. This sound either stops after a preset time or can be halted through a second press on the button. It is estimated that this saves up to 20 L of water per use. However, some women believe that the Otohime sounds artificial and prefer to use a continuous flushing of the toilet instead of the recorded flush of the Otohime.

Toilet slippers
In Japanese culture, there is a tendency to separate areas into "clean" and "unclean", and the contact between these areas is minimized. For example, the inside of the house is considered a clean area, whereas the outside of the house is considered unclean. To keep the two areas separated, shoes are taken off before entering the house so that the unclean shoes do not touch the "clean" area inside of the house. Historically, toilets were located outside of the house, and shoes were worn for a trip to the toilet. Nowadays, the toilet is almost always inside the home and hygienic conditions have improved significantly, but the toilet is still considered an "unclean" area.

To further minimize contact between the "unclean" toilet floor and the "clean" floor in the rest of the house, many private homes and also some public toilets have toilet slippers (トイレスリッパ) in front of the toilet door that should be used when in the toilet and removed immediately after leaving the toilet. This also indicates if the toilet is in use. They can be as simple as a pair of rubber slippers, decorated slippers with prints of anime characters for small children, or even animal fur slippers. A frequent faux pas of foreigners is to forget to take off the toilet slippers after a visit to the restroom, and then use these in the non-toilet areas, hence mixing the "clean" and "unclean" areas.

Public toilets
Public toilets are usually readily available all over Japan, and can be found in department stores, supermarkets, book stores, CD shops, parks, most convenience stores, and in all but the most rural train stations. Some older public toilet buildings lack doors, meaning that men using the urinals are in full view of people walking past. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a movement to make public toilets cleaner and more hospitable than they had been in the past.

The number of public restrooms that have both Western and squat types of toilets is increasing. Many train stations in the Tokyo area and public schools throughout Japan, for example, only have squat toilets. In addition, parks, temples, traditional Japanese restaurants, and older buildings typically only have squat toilets. Western-style toilets are usually indicated by the kanji characters 洋式 (yōshiki), the English words "Western-style", a symbol for the type of toilet, or any combination of the three. Handicapped bathrooms are always Western style.

Many public toilets do not have soap for washing hands, or towels for drying hands. Many people carry a handkerchief with them for such occasions, and some even carry soap. Some public toilets are fitted with powerful hand dryers to reduce the volume of waste generated from paper towels. Hand dryers and taps are sometimes installed with motion-sensors as an additional resource-saving measure.

In a project launched by the Nippon Foundation, 16 well-known architects were asked to renovate 17 public toilets located in the public parks of Shibuya, Tokyo. Shigeru Ban designed restrooms that are surrounded by transparent tinted glass, which allows a person to evaluate the interior before entering. In August 2020, these restrooms were installed in Haru-no-Ogawa Community Park and the Yoyogi Fukamachi Mini Park.

Cultural aspects
In the often-crowded living conditions of Japanese cities and with the lack of rooms that can be locked from inside in a traditional Japanese house, the toilet is one of the few rooms in the house that allows for a degree of privacy. Some toilet rooms are equipped with a bookshelf, in others people may enter with a newspaper, and some are even filled with character goods and posters. Even so, these toilets are whenever possible, in rooms separate from those for bathing. This is due to a concern about separating clean from unclean, and this attribute is a selling point in properties for rent.

Both the traditional squat toilet and the high-tech toilet are a source of confusion for foreigners unaccustomed to these devices. There are humorous reports of individuals using a toilet, and randomly pressing buttons on the control panel either out of curiosity or in search for the flushing control, and suddenly to their horror receiving an unexpected jet of water directed at the genitals or anus. As the water jet continues for a few seconds after the novice jumps up, he also gets himself or the bathroom wet. Many Japanese toilets now feature pressure-sensitive seats that automatically shut off the bidet when the user stands up. Many have the buttons labeled in English to reduce culture shock.

In January 2017, the Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association agreed to standardize the iconography used on control panels of Japanese toilets, in an attempt to reduce confusion by foreign visitors.

Environmental aspects
The environmental impact of modern style washlets differs from regular flush toilets. Modern toilets use less water than old toilets, and the self-cleaning options also reduce the amount of detergent. Some toilets even change the amount of water for the flush depending if the seat was flipped up (indicating male urination) or not. They also cause less toilet paper to be used. On the other hand, these toilets also consume energy, and are estimated to consume 5% of the energy of the average Japanese household. In rural areas, toilets that use very little or no water have also been designed. These are also considered as emergency toilets in case of earthquakes.

Toilet sinks
Many toilets in Japan with a water tank include a built-in sink. This is a simple water-saving grey water system: clean municipal water is used to wash the hands, then the waste water from hand washing is used to fill the tank for flushing. It also is a space saving feature in small, older bathrooms.

Market acceptance
Washlets in Japan cost from US$200, with the majority priced around US$500 for washlet upgrades for existing Western-style toilets. Top-of-the-range washlets, including the ceramic bowl, can cost up to US$5,000.

Toto Ltd. is the largest producer of toilets, including washlets, worldwide. Washlets and other toilet related products are also produced by Inax, and Panasonic.

The total market worldwide for high-tech toilets was about US$800 million in 1997. The largest producer in this category is Toto, with 65% of the market share, while the second largest is Inax at 25%. The main market for washlets is still in Japan, and Toto reports that overseas sales account for just 5% of its revenue. The primary foreign market is China, where Toto sells over one million washlets each year. In the US for example, sales are well below Japanese levels, even though sales improved from 600 units per month in 2001 to 1,000 units per month in 2003. In Europe, Toto sells only 5,000 washlets annually.

While most Europeans would probably regard Japanese washlets as quite a curiosity, the number of such toilets being installed in Europe is increasing. This is mainly for toilets for the handicapped. Depending on the type of disability, handicapped persons may have difficulties reaching the anus region to clean themselves after toilet use. Hence, the introduction of toilets with a water jet cleaner and blow dryer allows such persons to clean themselves without assistance.

There are several reasons for low sales outside of Japan. One main reason is that it takes time for customers to get used to the idea of a washlet. Sales in Japan were slow when the device was introduced in 1980. After some acclimatization, sales improved significantly starting in 1985. Around 1990, 10% of Japanese households had a washlet; this number increased to over 50% in 2002. Toto expects a corresponding improvement in foreign sales within a few years.

Another factor is the lack of a power supply near the toilet. While virtually all Japanese washrooms have an electric outlet behind the toilet, many foreign bathrooms lack a nearby outlet. In Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, the UK, and many other countries, high current electrical outlets installed in close proximity to water, or where persons may be wet, are prohibited by codes due to possible health and safety concerns.

Lastly, the outlet of the toilet (for S-type toilets) is a maximum 10–15 cm from the back wall, but Japanese toilets need it to be at least 30 cm so an S-type European toilet cannot be replaced easily with a Japanese toilet. They are much more expensive than traditional Western toilets. In Europe, there is competition with the traditional Western bidet, while North Americans are unaccustomed to bidets.

History
During the Jōmon period (1400 BC to 300 BC) settlements were built in a horseshoe shape, with a central plaza in the middle and garbage heaps around the settlement. In these garbage heaps, calcified fecal remains of humans or dogs, so called coprolites, were found, indicating that these garbage dumps were also used as toilets.

The earliest sewer systems are from the Yayoi period (300 BC to 250 AD). These systems were used in larger settlements, probably in combination with toilets.

A possible ritual site, that may also have been a toilet using flowing water, dating back to the early 3rd century was found in Sakurai, Nara. Another cesspit analyzed by archaeologists in detail was found at the site of the Fujiwara Palace in Kashihara, Nara, the first location of the imperial city from 694 to 710. This toilet was constructed over an open pit similar to an outhouse.

During the Nara period (710 to 784), a drainage system was created in the capital in Nara, consisting of 10–15 cm wide streams where the user could squat over with one foot on each side of the stream. Wooden sticks called chūgi were used as a sort of toilet paper. In earlier days seaweed was used for cleaning, but by the Edo period, these had been replaced by toilet paper made of washi (traditional Japanese paper). In the mountainous regions, wooden scrapers and large leaves were used too.

Often, toilets were constructed over a running stream; one of the first known flushing toilets was found at Akita castle, dating back to the 8th century, with the toilet constructed over a diverted stream.

However, historically, pit toilets were more common, as they were easier to build and allowed the reuse of the feces as fertilizer —very important in a country where Buddhism and its associated mostly vegetarian, pescetarian lifestyle acted to reduce dependence on livestock for food. The waste products of rich people were sold at higher prices because their diet was better.

Various historic documents dating from the 9th century describe laws regarding the construction of fresh and waste water channels, and detail the disposal procedures for toilet waste.

Prisoners shall be directed to clean up sewage at the Palace and government offices as well as toilets of the east and west on the morning after a rainy night
 * — Collected Interpretations of the Administrative Laws Ryo-no-shuge

Selling human waste products as fertilizers became much less common after World War II, both for sanitary reasons and because of the proliferation of chemical fertilizers, and less than 1% is now used for fertilization. Because of this history, Japan had a much higher historical standard of hygiene. For example, in Japan, the orderly disposal of human waste was a common component of the culture. The first Westerner to visit Edo expressed his shock to see such a clean city.

In Okinawa, the toilet was often attached to the pig pen, and the pigs were fed with the human waste product. This practice was banned as unhygienic after World War II by the American authorities.

During the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568 to 1600), the "Taiko Sewerage" was built around Osaka Castle, and it still exists and functions today. The use of modern sewage systems began in 1884, with the installation of the first brick and ceramic sewer in Kanda, Tokyo. More plumbing and sewage systems were installed after the Great Kantō earthquake to avoid diseases after future earthquakes. However, the construction of sewers increased only after World War II to cope with the waste products of the growing population centers. By the year 2000, 60% of the population was connected to a sewer system. The national Sewage Day is September 10.

Western-style toilets and urinals started to appear in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, but only after World War II did their use become more widespread, due to the influence of the American occupation. The Occupation government eschewed the use of human excreta as fertilizer, which led to a sense of shame over this practice, and in rural areas where the practice had persisted, human waste quickly went from being recycled to being disposed of. Specific places where night soil continued to be recycled required conscious political leadership, such as the Shinkyō Commune in Nara Prefecture.

In 1977, the sale of Western-style toilets exceeded the sale of traditional squat toilets in Japan. Based on toilets with a built-in bidet from Switzerland and the US, the world's largest sanitary equipment company, Toto, introduced the Washlet in 1980. Japanese companies currently produce some of the most advanced, highest tech toilets in the world.

title: Toilets in Japan


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Harvey Pitt

Harvey L. Pitt (February 28, 1945 – May 30, 2023) was an American lawyer. He served as the 26th chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for 18 months from August 2001 to February 2003, a period that encompassed the September 11 attacks and the Enron scandal.

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Pitt graduated from Brooklyn College with a bachelor's degree, and from St. John's University School of Law with a Juris Doctor. He then worked at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), eventually becoming the agency's general counsel. Pitt was later a partner at Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, where he represented the Big Five accounting firms and other financial industry firms, before returning to the SEC as chairman.

During his tenure at the SEC, he was lauded by some for his response to the 9/11 attacks, and for crafting a new rule requiring large company executives to personally certify their company's financial results. However, he was criticized for requesting that his pay be increased and his job as SEC chairman be elevated to Cabinet rank, for being too slow to react to corporate scandals, for meeting privately with his former clients while they were subjects of SEC investigations, for being too close to the accounting industry, and for reversing his commitment to support highly qualified candidate John H. Biggs to head the new Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. The final criticism of him, by both Democrats and Republicans, was that he attempted to appoint as head of the new accounting oversight board 78-year-old William Webster, who chaired the audit committee of a company under SEC investigation for fraud and accounting irregularities, while the company lacked internal controlswithout informing the White House or the other SEC Commissioners that Webster was under scrutiny for his involvement in a corporate accounting fraud investigation. In November 2002, Pitt abruptly resigned under pressure as Chairman of the SEC, 15 months into what was to be a five-year term; he stepped down the following February. Harvey Pitt was one of the founding members of the SEC Historical Society in 1999, a non-profit organization that preserves and shares the history of the SEC and financial regulation. Later in his career, Pitt served as a columnist with Compliance Week, and as an expert witness.

Early life and education
Pitt was born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York, the son of a seamstress and of a butcher who worked his way up to become a vice president of the Waldbaum's supermarket chain. When he was seven years old, the family moved to Marine Park, Brooklyn. He graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1961. He than graduated from Brooklyn College with a bachelor's degree in 1965, and from St. John's University School of Law with a Juris Doctor in 1968. He later received the Presidential Medal of Distinction from Brooklyn College in 2003, and an honorary LLD from St. John's University School of Law. He was a Republican.

Career at SEC
From 1968 to 1978, Pitt served on the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), eventually becoming the agency's youngest general counsel in 1975 at age 30. He was known for a blunt, mercurial, combative manner. Pitt was later a partner at Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, where beginning in 1978 he represented clients such as all of the Big Five accounting firms, the New York Stock Exchange, and "virtually all the exchanges and investment houses." Pitt was later the chairman of the SEC, serving for 18 months between August 2001 and February 2003 (rather than his full five-year term), as he resigned abruptly in November 2002 during a wave of criticism.

Accomplishments
As the 26th Chairman of the SEC, succeeding Arthur Levitt, Pitt oversaw the SEC's response to the market disruptions resulting from the terrorist attacks of 9/11, for which he was lauded by journalist Stephen Labaton as a "voice of calm." Further, Labaton called Pitt the "architect of the new rule requiring executives of large companies to personally certify their financial results." Pitt created the SEC's "real time enforcement" program—a policy designed to make the SEC's enforcement initiatives more efficient and effective for the protection of investors, and led the SEC's unanimous adoption of dozens of rules implementing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Criticism
In July 2002, The New York Times wrote: "Democratic and Republican members of Congress joined administration officials today in ridiculing Harvey L. Pitt's request that his pay be increased and his job as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission be elevated to Cabinet rank ... evoking an outpouring of bipartisan scorn." Pitt had tried to insert a provision into corporate antifraud legislation that would increase his pay by 21%, and also elevate his status to that of Cabinet level, on a par with the Secretary of State and Attorney General (and above that of the Director of the CIA), at a time when the stock markets had sunk to five-year lows and some congressional leaders were calling for him to resign. Tom Daschle, the Senate majority leader, who had previously called for Pitt to be dismissed, said: "Of all the things he has to think about, it is amazing to me that this is what he's spending his time thinking about. I think it makes our point, the point many of us had, that he is not qualified to serve in that position." The Wall Street Journal questioned his credibility. Journalist Bill Keller opined in The New York Times: "Harvey Pitt ... must be the most politically tone-deaf man to serve in Washington since Earl Butz, who memorably justified junk-food school lunch programs by declaring that ketchup is a vegetable.... The Democratic National Committee could not have invented Harvey Pitt."

Pitt became the target of criticism when, following his vow to the accounting industry in his first speech as SEC chairman to make the SEC a "kinder and gentler place for accountants," the Enron scandal broke out on his watch, and was accused of being too slow to react to corporate scandals and market turmoil. Democrats alleged that he was too close to the accounting industry, and that he subverted efforts to tighten regulation in the wake of the Enron scandal and other cases of corporate malfeasance. He also raised concerns when he met privately with former clients of his while they were subjects of SEC investigations, and regularly remained in the room for SEC discussions of matters involving his former clients.”

In October 2002 Senate majority leader Daschle and House minority leader Richard A. Gephardt, urged President Bush to replace Pitt. They wrote that Pitt's decision to reverse, after the accounting profession objected, the commitment that he had made one month prior to support highly qualified candidate John H. Biggs (a leading voice for reforming oversight of accountants), to head the new Public Company Accounting Oversight Board "represents the culmination of a pattern of behavior by Mr. Pitt that is steadily eroding the credibility of the S.E.C.... At best, Chairman Pitt's repeated insensitivity suggests an arrogant indifference to the appearance of conflicts of interest.... At worst, Chairman Pitt has allowed associations with past clients and the industries he is regulating to influence his judgment and actions in ways that are improper or unethical. In either case, Mr. Pitt is not the right person to head the [SEC]." Pitt reacted to his critics in Congress by saying: "They don't know what they're talking about."

Later in October 2002, Pitt attempted to appoint as head of the new accounting oversight board 78-year-old William Webster, who chaired the audit committee of a company under SEC investigation for fraud and accounting irregularities, while the company lacked internal controlswithout informing the White House or the other SEC Commissioners that Webster was under scrutiny for his involvement in a corporate accounting fraud investigation. After the company's outside auditor raised concerns about the company's financial controls, Webster—as head of the audit committee—had fired the auditor.

When Pitt reacted by saying his own agency would investigate his appointment of Webster, economist Paul Krugman wrote: "Pitt's response ... beats anything a satirist could have imagined." Democratic Senator Paul Sarbanes, Chairman of the U.S. Senate Banking Committee, called for Pitt's resignation, as did Democratic Representative Edward Markey ("Just when you think Mr. Pitt's judgment can't get any worse, he surprises you."). Republican Senators including Mike Enzi (Wyoming), the only accountant in the Senate, and Richard Shelby (Alabama; "This goes to the judgment of Harvey Pitt.") joined John McCain in criticizing Pitt. Washington University Law School Dean Joel Seligman said: "What we have here is the worst self-inflicted wound in the history of the commission. This is really an issue of an S.E.C. chairman not choosing to share material information with his colleagues. That is absolutely unprecedented... compared to what he could have done, compared to his background, he's been the most disappointing chairman in the history of the S.E.C." The Chicago Tribune, which had supported him in the past, opined: "whether Pitt is clueless or arrogant doesn't really matter... He has committed a rank deception. He must go." The U.S. Chamber of Commerce withdrew its support of Pitt. A GAO report later criticized Pitt for his lack of diligence in the decision to name Webster to head the accounting oversight board, while also finding that while Pitt was aware of the Webster fraud investigation he was not aware of certain details.

Resignation
Pitt abruptly resigned from the SEC under pressure after the polls closed on election night, on November 5, 2002, after what The New York Times called "a political firestorm over his selection of the head of a new board overseeing the accounting profession", which led to four investigations of his actions. Columnist William Safire wrote: "Pitt ... crept away under cover of Election Day. If the quit's timing was calculated to be overwhelmed in coverage by the election results, the strategy worked. He gets a B in quitsmanship for shrewdness in slinking out of town under a cloud of other news." One week later, Webster resigned as well. The New York Times, in an opinion column, wrote: "His stewardship of the S.E.C... was nothing short of disastrous." The New York Observer in its own opinion column wrote: "Harvey Pitt is either a moron or a scoundrel." CFO Magazine wrote: "Harvey Pitt may be gone, but what he left undone can’t be forgotten. The perpetually embattled chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission resigned on Election Night after 15 tumultuous months in office. Criticized for being too close to his former Wall Street clients, unable to build consensus, and arrogant to boot, he finally succumbed to criticism over his selection of William Webster to head the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board."

Pitt was just the second SEC Chairman to resign abruptly as a result of political turmoil. Slate magazine wrote: "Of all Pitt’s transgressions, none has been more pathetic than his self-pitying denunciations of 'guilt by occupation.' ... He accepted seedy clients not out of principle, but because he wanted to be a player, and because he wanted the money and publicity such assignments generated." In November 2002 journalist Calvin Trillin wrote a ballad about him, based on Stephen Sondheim's "Demon Barber," that began: "Attend the tale of Harvey Pitt, Who many thought was quite unfit".

When Pitt was asked in 2005 if he believed he could have left the SEC on a better note if he had stayed longer, he replied: "I feel I left on a very high note."

Later life
Pitt was a columnist with Compliance Week.

Pitt also served later in his career as an expert witness. At the time of his unexpected death, he was the chief executive officer of the strategic consulting firm that he had founded, Kalorama Partners, LLC. In 2011, while at Kalorama and testifying in a deposition as an expert witness for securities class action plaintiffs suing Fannie Mae, he refused to answer any more questions and walked out of his deposition, leading to Judge Richard Leon of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia dismissing Pitt as an expert witness.

Pitt died on May 30, 2023, at the age of 78.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harvey Pitt


text:
Vilas

Vilas may refer to:

People

 * Last name
 * Armin Vilas (fl. 1970s), Austrian bobsledder
 * Charles Nathaniel Vilas (died 1931), American philanthropist in New Hampshire for whom the Vilas Bridge was named
 * Dane Vilas (born 1985), South African cricketer
 * Faith Vilas (born 1952), American planetary scientist
 * Guillermo Vilas (born 1952), Argentine tennis player
 * Joseph Vilas (1832–1905), American politician in Wisconsin, cousin of William Freeman Vilas
 * Levi Baker Vilas (1811–1879), American politician in Wisconsin, father of William Freeman Vilas
 * Logan Archbold Vilas (1891–1976), American aviator
 * Manuel Vilas, Spanish writer
 * Margaret Van Pelt Vilas (1905–1995), American architect
 * Mari Paz Vilas (born 1988), Spanish footballer
 * María Vilas (born 1996), Spanish swimmer
 * Martin S. Vilas (1870–1953), American lawyer, politician and author in Vermont
 * William Frederick Vilas (1853–1930), Canadian politician in Quebec
 * William Freeman Vilas (1840–1908), American politician in Wisconsin, son of Levi Baker Vilas
 * Xosé Neira Vilas (1928–2015), Galician writer

 * First name
 * Vilas Ghogre (1947–1997), Indian activist, poet, and artist
 * Vilas Muttemwar (born 1949), Indian politician
 * Vilas Potnis, Indian politician
 * Vilas Rupawate (born 1967), Indian politician
 * Vilas Adinath Sangave (1920–2011), Indian sociologist and Jainologist
 * Vilas Sarang (1942–2015), Indian writer, critic and translator
 * Vilas Sawant, Indian politician
 * Vilas Tare, Indian politician

 * Middle name
 * André Vilas Boas (born 1983), Portuguese footballer
 * Ram Vilas Paswan (1946–2020), Indian politician
 * Ram Vilas Sharma (1912–2000), Indian literary critic, linguist, poet and thinker
 * Charles V. Truax (1887–1935), American politician in Ohio
 * Ram Vilas Vedanti (born 1958), Indian politician and Hindu religious leader

Portugal

 * Towns in Portugal, as vilas means "villages" in Portuguese, may refer specifically to:
 * Vilas (Boticas), a civil parish in the municipality of Boticas

United States

 * Vilas, Colorado, a statutory town in Baca County
 * Vilas, Florida, an unincorporated community in Liberty County
 * Vilas, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Franklin Township, Owen County
 * Vilas, Kansas, an unincorporated community in Wilson County
 * Vilas, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in Watauga County
 * Vilas, South Dakota, a town in Miner County
 * Vilas, Texas, an unincorporated community in Bell County
 * Vilas, Wisconsin, a town in Langlade County
 * Vilas (community), Dane County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community located in the town of Cottage Grove
 * Vilas County, Wisconsin

India

 * Jai Vilas Mahal, a nineteenth century palace in Gwalior
 * Jayalakshmi Vilas, a heritage building in Mysore, Karnataka
 * Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara, in Vadodara, Gujarat
 * Rajendra Vilas, a palace-hotel atop Chamundi Hills in Mysore, Karnataka
 * Vijaya Vilas Palace, in the town of Mandvi in the Kutch district of Gujarat

United States

 * Henry Vilas Zoo, in Madison, Wisconsin, United States
 * S. F. Vilas Home for Aged & Infirmed Ladies, in Clinton County, New York
 * Vilas Bridge, over the Connecticut River between Vermont and New Hampshire
 * Vilas Circle Bear Effigy Mound and the Curtis Mounds, in Madison, Wisconsin
 * Vilas Park Mound Group, in Madison, Wisconsin
 * Vilas Shale, a geologic formation in Kansas

Other uses

 * Bharatha Vilas, a 1973 Indian Tamil-language film
 * Dalpat Vilas, a fragment of a historical manuscript written in the Rajasthani language
 * Lakshmi Vilas Bank, an Indian bank from 1926 to 2020
 * Ram Vilas Ganga Ram College, in Maharajganj, Siwan, Bihar, India
 * Ranga Vilas, a 2013 Indian soap opera
 * Sarada Vilas College, in Mysore, Karnataka, India

title: Vilas


text:
Equivalent circuit

In electrical engineering, an equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit that retains all of the electrical characteristics of a given circuit. Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of the original circuit as well. These more complex circuits often are called macromodels of the original circuit. An example of a macromodel is the Boyle circuit for the 741 operational amplifier.

Thévenin and Norton equivalents
One of linear circuit theory's most surprising properties relates to the ability to treat any two-terminal circuit no matter how complex as behaving as only a source and an impedance, which have either of two simple equivalent circuit forms: However, the single impedance can be of arbitrary complexity (as a function of frequency) and may be irreducible to a simpler form.
 * Thévenin equivalent – Any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by a single voltage source and a series impedance.
 * Norton equivalent – Any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by a current source and a parallel impedance.

DC and AC equivalent circuits
In linear circuits, due to the superposition principle, the output of a circuit is equal to the sum of the output due to its DC sources alone, and the output from its AC sources alone. Therefore, the DC and AC response of a circuit is often analyzed independently, using separate DC and AC equivalent circuits which have the same response as the original circuit to DC and AC currents respectively. The composite response is calculated by adding the DC and AC responses: This technique is often extended to small-signal nonlinear circuits like tube and transistor circuits, by linearizing the circuit about the DC bias point Q-point, using an AC equivalent circuit made by calculating the equivalent small signal AC resistance of the nonlinear components at the bias point.
 * A DC equivalent of a circuit can be constructed by replacing all capacitances with open circuits, inductances with short circuits, and reducing AC sources to zero (replacing AC voltage sources by short circuits and AC current sources by open circuits.)
 * An AC equivalent circuit can be constructed by reducing all DC sources to zero (replacing DC voltage sources with short circuits and DC current sources with open circuits)

Two-port networks
Linear four-terminal circuits in which a signal is applied to one pair of terminals and an output is taken from another, are often modeled as two-port networks. These can be represented by simple equivalent circuits of impedances and dependent sources. To be analyzed as a two port network the currents applied to the circuit must satisfy the port condition: the current entering one terminal of a port must be equal to the current leaving the other terminal of the port. By linearizing a nonlinear circuit about its operating point, such a two-port representation can be made for transistors: see hybrid pi and h-parameter circuits.

Delta and Wye circuits
In three phase power circuits, three phase sources and loads can be connected in two different ways, called a "delta" connection and a "wye" connection. In analyzing circuits, sometimes it simplifies the analysis to convert between equivalent wye and delta circuits. This can be done with the wye-delta transform.

Li-ion batteries
The electrical behavior of a Lithium-ion battery cell is often approximated by an equivalent circuit model. Such a model consists of a voltage generator driven by the state of charge, representing the open-circuit voltage of the cell, a resistor representing the internal resistance of the cell, and some RC parallels to simulate the dynamic voltage transients.

In biology
Equivalent circuits can be used to electrically describe and model either a) continuous materials or biological systems in which current does not actually flow in defined circuits or b) distributed reactances, such as found in electrical lines or windings, that do not represent actual discrete components. For example, a cell membrane can be modelled as a capacitance (i.e. the lipid bilayer) in parallel with resistance-DC voltage source combinations (i.e. ion channels powered by an ion gradient across the membrane).

title: Equivalent circuit


text:
Talk:Wangarĩ Maathai

The AIDS Controversy
This article kind of reminded me of her controversy.
 * That section includes her followup, but doesn't include her original comments. Did she say that or not?  The article says "allegedly" but if this were a press conference, I'm sure there's a transcript.  I think her actual words should be quoted and the reader allowed to decide what she said or didn't.---Gloriamarie 01:25, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I wish the source would be cited so we can read the actual quote. We have nothing to work with. I still don't see how what she said could be valid regardless of the context she mentions in her semi-apology. I'd like it if others could clarify this point. ' Gautam 'Discuss 04:30, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I remember her saying this, and (gasp!) went to google. http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200410/s1216687.htm http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/sepp/2004/10/12/wangari_maathai_nobel_calls_aids_weapon_of_mass_destruction.htm http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/03/08/1444212 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901041018-713166,00.html Wizzy… ☎   11:44, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Bad translation?
The article includes the sentence:
 * She knew the word "mottainai" from Japanese, caught impression, and advocated with "make MOTTAINAI the word of world commonness as a keyword of environment preservation exercise" in February, 2005, when Japan had been visited due to Kyoto protocol connection event presence.

I'm totally unable to make sense of this. Anyone want to have a go? Agentsoo 12:38, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't make head-nor-tail of it either! I've removed it from the article for now. — Matt Crypto 12:58, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

"Abortion is wrong."
According to Consistent Life: December 7, 2004 Nobel Prize Winner Wangari Maathai told a Norwegian reporter, "Abortion is wrong," according to LifeSite.net. Dr. Maathai went on to say that pregnant women need more support from society, and that the law in her homeland of Kenya must be changed to make fathers responsible for any children they conceive.

 * OK, so what's your point? If you have sources, cite them when you add the information into the main article. ' Gautam 'Discuss 04:31, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

I dont know why you brought this up --76.28.194.221 (talk) 01:44, 12 May 2008 (UTC)--

Recent Article
Forbes has featured a recent article about by Dr. Maathai Al Gore: http://www.forbes.com/opinions/2007/10/19/nobel-prize-gore-oped-cx_hwm_1022maathai.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by Artoftransformation (talk • contribs) 21:58, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Sadly Kenyan news is reporting her death
I am very sad to say that Kenyan news has just began to report of Wangari Maathai's death. I only have brief access to the internet, perhaps someone else can seek out reliable sources and update the article. Other than her death in Nairobi hospital last night there is no other information being reported by the local news. Chillum (Need help? Ask me) 03:46, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Nobel peace laureate Wangari Maathai dies in Nairobi

Prof Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace laureate and conservation heroine, has died in Nairobi after a long battle with cancer.

The environmentalist and politician died at the Nairobi Hospital at around 10pm on Sunday, officials at her Greenbelt Movement organisation told Nation.co.ke.

http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Nobel+peace+laureate+Wangari+Maathai+dies+in+Nairobi/-/1056/1243080/-/w6xom0/-/index.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mokeni (talk • contribs) 04:21, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Sourcing
Folks, until we have a source, we're not posting a death date. Sorry. - Philippe 04:12, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

We have a source... http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Nobel+peace+laureate+Wangari+Maathai+dies+in+Nairobi/-/1056/1243080/-/w6xom0/-/index.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mokeni (talk • contribs) 04:23, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from 66.206.190.235, 26 September 2011
She has died

66.206.190.235 (talk) 04:42, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from Ravikiranma, 26 September 2011
Prof. Wangari Maathai was fighting a year long battle with Ovarian Cancer.

Ravikiranma (talk) 05:28, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reliable source for these details? Chillum (Need help? Ask me) 13:35, 26 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. Dynamic|cimanyD contact me ⁞ my edits 16:58, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Maathai contribution
99.181.150.29 (talk) 02:29, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * BBC's Planet Earth: The Future

 * Unlikely. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 02:48, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

potential Newsweek resource
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/09/26/wangari-maathai-remembering-a-trailblazer.html Remembering a Trailblazer; Gordon Brown remembers the boldness, bravery, and optimism of Nobel laureate Wangari Maathai. Sep 26, 2011 10:14 AM EDT 99.190.85.17 (talk) 05:30, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Earth Charter
I have removed the following sentence from : "Maathai was a former Earth Charter International Commission Member." I believe this sentence is factually correct, but it is not in the correct chronological place in article; if I'm not mistaken, she was not on the commission in her early life (through 1971). This sentence belongs elsewhere in the article. Also, the sentence needs an inline citation. Biogeographist (talk) 22:26, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

unbowed:a memoir
Maathai discusses her life from childhood until she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She discusses her childhood, education in the United States and her return to Kenya, moving on to her life as an environmentalist and political activist, culminating with the victory of the opposition in the 2002 elections against the ruling KANU party and her election to parliament, followed shortly after by the Nobel Prize. Maathai stresses the connection between environmental conservation and good governance. Pandirisaivihal (talk) 06:46, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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80th birthday
1st April is her birthday and so I'm seeing lots of tweets such as this with links to further detailed coverage such as this. Andrew🐉(talk) 09:48, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Wangarí Maathai
I want stories and quotes from the late Wangarí Maathai 41.220.235.231 (talk) 04:11, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Click on all the citations on the bottom of her Wikipedia page. Good place to start.  Click on any links in those citations that you find interesting.  Remember to cite your sources and use your own words. 67.164.18.219 (talk) 03:36, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

Wangarĩ Muta
After her divorce, she changed her name back to Wangarĩ Muta according to this article. Should the full page should reflect this change? 67.164.18.219 (talk) 03:42, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wangarĩ Maathai


text:
The Arizona Republic

The Arizona Republic is an American daily newspaper published in Phoenix. Circulated throughout Arizona, it is the state's largest newspaper. Since 2000, it has been owned by the Gannett newspaper chain.

Copies are sold at $2 daily or at $3 on Sundays and $5 on Thanksgiving Day; prices are higher outside Arizona.

Early years
The newspaper was founded May 19, 1890, under the name The Arizona Republican.

Dwight B. Heard, a Phoenix land and cattle baron, ran the newspaper from 1912 until his death in 1929. The paper was then run by two of its top executives, Charles Stauffer and W. Wesley Knorpp, until it was bought by Midwestern newspaper magnate Eugene C. Pulliam in 1946. Stauffer and Knorpp had changed the newspaper's name to The Arizona Republic in 1930, and also had bought the rival Phoenix Evening Gazette and Phoenix Weekly Gazette, later known, respectively, as The Phoenix Gazette and the Arizona Business Gazette.

Pulliam era
Pulliam, who bought the two Gazettes as well as the Republic, ran all three newspapers until his death in 1975 at the age of 86. A strong period of growth came under Pulliam, who imprinted the newspaper with his conservative brand of politics and his drive for civic leadership. Pulliam was considered one of the influential business leaders who created the modern Phoenix area as it is known today.

Pulliam's holding company, Central Newspapers, Inc., as led by Pulliam's widow and son, assumed operation of the Republic/Gazette family of papers upon the elder Pulliam's death. The Phoenix Gazette was closed in 1997 and its staff merged with that of the Republic. The Arizona Business Gazette is still published to this day.

In 1998, a weekly section geared towards college students, "The Rep", went into circulation. Specialized content is also available in the local sections produced for many of the different cities and suburbs that make up the Phoenix metropolitan area.

Gannett purchase
Central Newspapers was purchased by Gannett in 2000, bringing it into common ownership with USA Today and the local Phoenix NBC television affiliate, KPNX. The Republic and KPNX combine their forces to produce their common local news subscription website, www.azcentral.com; The Republic and KPNX separated in 2015 when Gannett split into separate print and broadcast companies. Also in 2000, the Spanish-language publication La Voz was founded.

On September 25, 2015, Mi-Ai Parrish was named publisher and president of both the paper and its azcentral.com website, effective October 12.

Circulation
In 2013, The Arizona Republic dropped from the sixteenth largest daily newspaper in the United States to the twenty-first largest, by circulation. In 2020 it had a circulation of about 116,000 for its daily edition, and 337,000 for its Sunday edition.

Don Bolles murder
In 1976, an investigative reporter for the newspaper, Don Bolles, was the victim of a car bombing. He had been lured to a meeting in Phoenix in the course of work on a story about corruption in local politics and business and the bomb detonated as he started his car to leave. He died eleven days later. Retaliation against his pursuit of organized crime in Arizona is thought to be a motive in the murder.

Political endorsements
Historically, The Republic has tilted conservative editorially. It endorsed President George W. Bush in both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. On October 25, 2008, the paper endorsed Senator John McCain for president.

In local elections, it endorsed in recent years Democratic candidates such as former Arizona governor, former Secretary of Homeland Security, and former University of California president Janet Napolitano; and former Arizona Congressman Harry Mitchell.

On September 27, 2016, the paper endorsed Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidential election, marking the first time in the paper's 126-year history that it had endorsed a Democratic candidate for president. Previously, the paper had only withheld its endorsement from a Republican nominee/candidate twice in its history.

During the unusual sequence of events that led up to the 1912 presidential election the paper had opted not to endorse the "formal" Republican party nominee for that election cycle. This was shortly after Theodore Roosevelt had lost the Republican convention nomination to William Howard Taft in the controversial, and allegedly rigged, party convention of that year. After Roosevelt's convention loss, and also after the hasty formation of the "made to order" Bull Moose Party, the paper continued to endorse Roosevelt via the newly formed party. As a result of Roosevelt's insistence on an independent presidential bid that year, the Republican Party of 1912 was in disarray, yielding that year's presidential election to the Democrats, with the GOP only able to carry a total of eight electoral votes that year. Two of the main planks of Roosevelt's progressive Bull Moose platform had been campaign finance reform and improved governmental accountability.

In the 1968 presidential election, the paper declined to endorse either Richard Nixon or Hubert Humphrey, asserting that "all candidates are good candidates." In the paper's 2016 editorial decision to take the further step of actually endorsing a Democratic candidate for the first time, the paper argued that despite Clinton's flaws, it could not support Republican nominee Donald Trump, denouncing him as "not conservative" and "not qualified." The board also argued that Trump had "deep character flaws.... (and) ... stunning lack of human decency, empathy and respect," suggesting that it was evidence he "doesn't grasp our national ideals." The paper also noted its concern regarding whether or not Trump would possess the necessary restraint needed for someone with access to nuclear weapons, stating, "The president commands our nuclear arsenal. Trump can't command his own rhetoric."

On February 26, 2020, The Arizona Republic announced that it would no longer endorse candidates for public office.

title: The Arizona Republic


text:
Category:Butler Yeats family

The Butler Yeats family of Ireland

title: Category:Butler Yeats family


text:
Village Green

A village green is an area of common land in a village.

Village Green may also refer to:

 * Village Green, New York, USA
 * Village Green, Los Angeles, USA, a neighborhood
 * Village Green-Green Ridge, Pennsylvania, USA, a census-designated place
 * Village Green, Christchurch, New Zealand, a cricket ground
 * "Village Green" (song), by The Kinks

title: Village Green


text:
Róger Calero

 Róger Calero  (born 1969) is a Nicaraguan journalist living in the United States and one of the leaders of the Socialist Workers Party. He was SWP candidate for President of the United States in 2004 and 2008, and for the United States Senate in New York in 2006.

Early life
Calero was born in Nicaragua in 1969. He and his family fled via Los Angeles, California, in 1985. Calero has been a lawful permanent resident of the United States (holding a green card) since 1990. While in Los Angeles, Calero joined a socialist movement and helped mobilize support against Proposition 187 in the early 90s.

Calero, a former meat packer, has been associate editor of Perspectiva Mundial (official Spanish language newspaper of the SWP) and a staff writer for The Militant (official English language newspaper of the SWP).

He now lives in Newark, New Jersey.

Legal problems
Calero was convicted of felony sale of marijuana in 1988. In December 2002, immigration police arrested Calero upon his return to the United States at the George Bush Intercontinental Airport from reporting assignments at a conference held in Havana, Cuba, protesting the Free Trade Area of the Americas. He was threatened with deportation in 2002 as a result of his previous conviction in 1988.

The SWP considered the conviction to have been a political attack and launched a huge campaign in defense of Calero, mobilizing the party's members and supporters in the U.S. and all over the world. The U.S. government released Calero in 2003 and cancelled the deportation. The same year, Calero went on an international tour, visiting not only the major cities in the US, but also Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Iceland to greet his supporters.

Electoral campaigns
In 2004, Róger Calero was the SWP candidate for President of the United States and received 3,689 votes, with Arrin Hawkins running for vice president. Because he is not a natural born citizen of the United States, Calero is ineligible to become U.S. president under the United States Constitution, meaning that even had he won the election, he would not have been permitted to serve, and so James Harris, the Socialist Workers' Party presidential candidate from 2000, stood in on the ticket in nine states where Calero could not be listed, receiving 7,102 additional votes.

In 2006, Róger Calero appeared on the ballot in New York as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for US Senate. He received 6,967 votes.

Róger Calero again ran for President of the United States representing the SWP in the 2008 presidential election, together with Alyson Kennedy for vice-president. Again, James Harris stood in for Calero in several states. In the 2008 presidential election, Calero was on the ballot in five states, where he received 7,209 votes. Coupled with the 2,424 votes received in the five states where Harris was on the ballot.

title: Róger Calero


text:
Randall Swingler

Randall Carline Swingler MM (28 May 1909 –  19 June 1967) was an English poet, writing extensively in the 1930s in the communist interest.

Early life and education
His was a prosperous upper middle class Anglican family in Aldershot, with an industrial background in the Midlands and earlier aristocratic roots in Scotland. His uncle and godfather was Randall Davidson, the Archbishop of Canterbury (1903 – 1928) and he was the cousin of the writer Sir Walter Scott. He was educated at Winchester College, and New College, Oxford.

Swingler served with the British Army in Italy in the Second World War. His egalitarian beliefs led him to refuse a commission and he joined the Royal Corps of Signals as a private soldier, repeatedly refusing offers of a battlefield commission. He saw action in the Italian campaign. In 1945, Corporal Swingler was was awarded the Military Medal (MM) "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Italy".

Music and literature
Swingler was an accomplished flautist, playing regularly with the professional London orchestras. He was later much involved in musical collaboration as a librettist, including song cycles with Benjamin Britten (Advance Democracy, 1938), Alan Bush (The Winter Journey, 1946) and Alan Rawsthorne (A Canticle of Man, 1953). His friend John Sykes also set the four poems of Homage to John Dowland in 1957. Among several notable pieces, Swingler co-wrote Ballad of Heroes with Britten and the poet W. H. Auden and wrote a new version of the English lyrics of the Polish revolutionary song "Whirlwinds of Danger". There are settings of his verse by Arnold Cooke, Christian Darnton, Erik Chisholm, Norman Demuth, John Ireland, Elisabeth Lutyens, and Bernard Stevens.

His war poetry (1935-1945), including examples such as 'Heavy Shelling at Night', 'Briefing for Invasion' and 'The Day the War Ended...' was collected in The Years of Anger, first published in 1946. Since his death, Swingler has been recognised as a central figure in communist English poetry. His biographer, the poet Andy Croft, has written that, as an editor, speaker, organiser, journalist, critic, playwright, poet, librettist, novelist and publisher, he was one of the leading figures in the cultural activities of the Communist Party. Croft has also calls him "the last of the Georgian poets" and says that his poetry "had a moral and political urgency".

Swingler operated in North London, as a close associate of Nancy Cunard, sometimes lending his name. He was one of the organisers of the covert Writer's Group of the late 1930s, attempting to co-ordinate a 'literary policy' of the Left. He was also involved in work for the Unity Theatre, and was the literary editor of the Daily Worker, often reviewing books for The Times, The Manchester Guardian, amongst other newspapers.

Politics
Swingler joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1934. His numerous ventures as a literary entrepreneur included the setting up of Fore Publications (1938), editing the magazines Left Review (from 1937 to 1938), Arena, Seven (taken over in wartime, mainly for the paper stock), Our Time, and the publishing of the Key Books, and later Key Poets series. These proved more influential than his Blake-flavoured verse, which has consistently been criticised (and scarcely defended, except by Andy Croft).

With his brother, the Labour MP Stephen Swingler, he was involved in Barnett Stross's Lidice Shall Live campaign, and wrote the words to the piece "A Rose For Lidice" (music by Alan Rawsthorne), which was performed at the opening of the memorial rose garden in Lidice in 1955.

He left the CPGB in 1956. He was a founder of E. P. Thompson's The New Reasoner (from 1957).

Personal life
He was married to the concert pianist and tutor at the Guildhall, Geraldine Peppin. They had an open marriage and Swingler had an affair with actor and activist Ann Davies from 1939 to 1941.

Swingler died unexpectedly on 19 Jun 1967 at Charing Cross Hospital. Westminster. His daughter Judith married the composer Edward Williams. She died in 2022.

Works

 * Crucifixus (1932) play
 * Difficult Morning (1933) poems
 * The Left Song Book, (1938) compiled with Alan Bush
 * The Years of Anger – poems
 * The God in the Cave (1950) poems
 * Selected Poems of Randall Swingler (2000) edited by Andy Croft

title: Randall Swingler


text:
Aspy River

The Aspy River  is a river on northeastern Cape Breton Island which rises in the Cape Breton Highlands and empties into Aspy Bay. The North Aspy follows the ancient Aspy Fault which extends for 40 km inland from the coast and extends along the upper section of the northeast Margaree River. This geological fault is thought to be a part of the Cabot Fault (Newfoundland)/ Great Glen Fault (Scotland) system of Avalonia.

It is believed by some sources that John Cabot landed at Aspy Bay in 1497. In 1856, a submarine cable was laid across the Cabot Strait from Aspy Bay to Newfoundland establishing a telegraph link between St. John's, Newfoundland and New York City.

A dirt road in Cape Breton Highlands National Park leads to the Beulach Ban falls on the North Aspy River. "Beulach Ban" is Gaelic for "white gorge".

title: Aspy River


text:
Open bolt

A firearm is said to fire from an open bolt or open breech if, when ready to fire, the bolt and working parts are held to the rear of the receiver, with no round in the chamber. When the trigger is actuated, the bolt travels forward, feeds a cartridge from the magazine or belt into the chamber, and fires that cartridge in the same movement. Like any other self-loading design, the action is cycled by the energy released from the propellant, which sends the bolt back to the rear, compressing the mainspring in readiness for firing the next round. In an open-bolt gun firing semi-automatically, the bolt is caught and held at this point by the sear after each shot; and in automatic open-bolt fire, it's caught and held in this manner whenever the trigger is released. In contrast to this, in closed-bolt guns, the trigger and sear do not affect the movement of the bolt directly.

Generally, an open-bolt firing cycle is used for fully automatic weapons and not for semi-automatic weapons (except some semi-automatic conversions of automatic designs). Firearms using advanced primer ignition blowback inherently fire from open bolt only.

Advantages
Compared to a closed-bolt design, open-bolt weapons generally have fewer moving parts. The firing pin is often part of the bolt, saving on manufacturing costs; the inertia of the bolt closing also causes the fixed firing pin to strike a blow on the primer, without need for a separate hammer/striker and spring. In automatic weapons, an open bolt helps eliminate the dangerous phenomenon known as "cook-off", in which the firing chamber becomes so hot that rounds spontaneously fire without trigger input. Open-bolt designs typically remain much cooler in operation than closed-bolt types due to the airflow allowed into the chamber, action and barrel during pauses between bursts; moreover, unlike in the case of the closed-bolt format, the initial round in a burst is not introduced into the chamber until the moment before firing, and is thus only exposed to the residual heat for a fraction of a second. These two features combine to make open-bolt operation more suitable for weapons such as machine guns, which are intended to be capable of prolonged automatic fire. Open-bolt firearms also allow water drainage in underwater firearms.

Disadvantages
Firstly, the bolt retention mechanism may fail, resulting in a spontaneous discharge (i.e. without prior trigger input), with potentially dangerous consequences. Some simple submachine gun designs, such as the Sten, can discharge spontaneously when dropped onto a hard surface – even when uncocked – as the collision can jolt the bolt backward far enough that on returning it will pick up a round from the magazine, chamber it and fire it; the risk is intrinsic to hand-held open-bolt guns unless safety features are included in the design.

Another shortcoming of the open-bolt principle is that there is a brief delay between the trigger-pull and the firing of the cartridge because the (rather inert) bolt has to move forward a significant distance between the two events. Since after the first shot an open-bolt firearm operates effectively indistinguishably from a closed-bolt firearm, this latency problem is generally less of a concern in full automatic fire and mostly applies to semi-automatic mode. The issue was most problematic in the use of forward-firing open-bolt machine guns and autocannons in (tractor configuration single-engine) fighters during the piston engine era. Given the highly dynamic nature of aerial combat, the aforementioned intrinsic firing delay of open-bolt guns is particularly undesirable. The inertia and latency inherent to the open bolt design negatively affects predictability and control and makes fitting open-bolt designs with synchronization gear to fire through the propeller blades difficult and often requiring extensive modification (but not impossible).

Furthermore, with unlocked simple blowback action designs, calibers over 9×19mm Parabellum become increasingly less practical because of the need for correspondingly heavier bolts as the chamber pressure increases. In simple blowback open-bolt designs, even in such relatively low-power calibers, the movement of the heavy bolt mass within the gun negatively affects aim and accuracy in two ways:

 * 1) In sustained automatic fire, it is difficult to keep the gun on target;
 * 2) In semi-automatic fire, or at the beginning of each automatic burst, the "latency problem" described above is exacerbated (due to the greater inertia of the heavier bolt).

While the latency is unavoidable with the open-bolt design, more sophisticated delayed-blowback open-bolt designs do allow for use of a lighter bolt, thus reducing the gap in performance between open and closed bolt types. However, these designs are uncommon due to economics and complexity.

Lastly, unless an ejection port cover is used, breech and action internals' exposure to the elements renders open-bolt designs universally vulnerable to contamination with dirt and dust through the open ejection port. Some versions of the open-bolt M3 submachine gun utilize a hinged sheet metal ejection port cover that doubles as a safety; when closed, it both covers the ejection port and blocks the bolt from closing. When ready to fire, the user simply flips the cover down, opening the ejection port and unblocking the bolt.

Other characteristics

An open-bolt weapon will typically have a higher rate of automatic fire than a comparable closed-bolt weapon as the bolt simply needs to return forwards in order for the weapon to fire again, while a closed-bolt design has the additional step of the hammer striking the firing pin. Having a higher fire rate can be both an advantage and disadvantage depending on the situation. For handheld weapons, typically a lower rate of fire is desirable, as this will conserve ammunition and help keep the level of recoil more manageable. For vehicle-mounted weapons or fixed emplacements, however, a higher rate of fire is often desirable. In these situations, ammunition and recoil are less of a concern and the higher rate of fire will increase the likelihood of a round hitting the target, particularly when employed against fast-moving targets such as aircraft.

Many movies and video games portray open-bolt weapons as needing to be cycled after reloading. This is not generally true, however, as open-bolt weapons send the bolt carrier back into a cocked position via the excess gas after the last round is fired. The exception to this is if the weapon is fully automatic and the trigger is held down after the last round was fired (and the gun does not have a "last round bolt hold open" mechanism) at which point the bolt will fly forward once more and stay there. In this case, the bolt merely needs to be retracted to the rearward position and does not return forward as is sometimes portrayed.

Another feature of open-bolt designs is that the magazine simply needs to be removed to completely unload the weapon. A closed bolt requires the second step of cycling the action to remove the last round in the chamber (unless the weapon features an automatic hold-open device). It is essential to remove a loaded magazine before performing maintenance, or trying to cycle or close the bolt (as is often done to keep the weapon clean when not in use). If one were to close the bolt (say by pulling the trigger and riding the bolt to the closed position), as soon as the bolt closes it will fire if a loaded magazine was left in the gun. This may be true with weapons utilizing a striker, but not with a weapon using a fixed firing pin, which relies on the momentum of the bolt to impart the energy to ignite the primer. This is a common feature in basic submachine guns like the Sten gun or M3 "Grease Gun", and even some machine guns. With a fixed firing pin, when the bolt is closed gently, without the momentum of the bolt closing at normal speed, there is not enough force imparted to the firing pin to ignite the primer. In this circumstance there will be a round in the chamber and a firing pin pressing on it with some force, but not enough to ignite the primer, which requires a sharp, focused impact. However, the weapon would be at risk of firing if dropped, much like the danger of loading spitzer bullets into a weapon with a tube magazine. A related issue is that the safety of an open-bolt weapon must be designed to lock the bolt in the rearward position. Often safeties only block the movement of the trigger, so, as explained above, if the weapon is dropped or if the sear becomes worn, the bolt can slam home, firing the weapon (although this issue is true to a degree in closed-bolt firearms as well).

Uses
Closed-bolt designs are often used in rifles. The improved accuracy of closed-bolt weapons is more desirable, while the poorer heat dissipation is less of an issue for slower-firing weapons. In contrast, open-bolt designs are more often used in automatic weapons, such as machine guns. For fast-firing automatic weapons, heat will rapidly build up from sustained firing, but accuracy is of less importance. Thus, the improved heat dissipation of open-bolt designs is generally more desirable in automatic weapons. Submachine guns were for much of their life designed with open bolts such as the Thompson submachine gun, MP-40 and the Uzi, mainly for the simplicity and economical advantages, and their rates of fire and close-range nature mitigated the reduced accuracy of the design. SMGs used and built in the current day, such as the H&K MP5 series, have almost universally moved to closed-bolt designs for their practical advantages.

Open-bolt

 * Alpha GPI
 * AMAC Delta-786
 * APS underwater rifle
 * ArmaLite AR-103 and AR-104
 * AA-12 Shotgun
 * Browning Automatic Rifle
 * Bren light machine gun
 * Carl Gustav M/45
 * CETME Ameli
 * CETME C2
 * Chauchat machine rifle
 * Cobray M11
 * Degtyaryov machine gun
 * F1 submachine gun
 * FBP submachine gun
 * FN MAG and variants (including the M240)
 * FN Minimi and variants (including the M249)
 * Gevarm A6
 * Halcón M-1943
 * Intratec KG-9
 * Jatimatic
 * Kk 62
 * Lahti-Saloranta M/26
 * Lanchester submachine gun
 * Lewis gun
 * M3
 * M56
 * M60
 * M231 FPW
 * MAC-10 and variants (including the MAC-11)
 * MAC-58
 * Madsen M-50
 * MAT 49
 * MG34
 * MG42
 * Mk-19
 * MP18
 * Minebea PM-9
 * MP40
 * Nikonov machine gun
 * Owen Gun
 * Parinco mod. 3R
 * PK machine gun
 * PM-63 RAK
 * PPS submachine gun
 * PPSh-41
 * PPS-43
 * Ranger-34a
 * Rheinmetall MG3
 * RPD
 * SACO Model 683
 * SG-43
 * SIG MG710
 * Smith & Wesson Model 76
 * Star Model Z-45
 * Star Model Z62
 * Star Model Z84
 * Sten submachine gun
 * Sterling submachine gun
 * Steyr AUG (LMG configuration)
 * Stoner 63 (LMG configuration)
 * Thompson submachine gun
 * Type 100 submachine gun
 * UKM-2000
 * Ultimax 100
 * Uru
 * Uzi
 * Vigneron submachine gun
 * Voere 2005/1
 * MP3008

Mixed-mode
Examples of mixed mode firearms (capable of operating from either an open bolt or closed bolt) include:

 * ArmaLite AR-100 - AR-101 and AR-102
 * CETME Model A
 * FG 42
 * FN SCAR - Heat Adaptive Modular Rifle
 * Johnson LMG
 * LWRC IAR - M6A4

Legality
Under United States federal law, fully automatic firearms are restricted under the National Firearms Act and other laws. In 1982, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ruled that certain semi-automatic open-bolt firearms manufactured after the date of the rulings are to be treated as fully automatic because they were "designed to shoot" automatically. The aforementioned weapons are the KG-9 pistol, SM-10 pistol, SM-11A pistol, SAC Carbine, and the YAC Sten MK II. Around the time of these rulings, the manufacture of new open-bolt semi-automatic firearms became uncommon in the United States. The open bolt semi-automatic versions of certain guns are often as costly as their fully automatic counterparts. This is because prior to the Hughes Amendment in 1986, most semi-automatic open bolt Mac-10s, Mac-11s, and several other models were lawfully converted to full auto making these rare semi-automatic open bolts even more desirable as collector's items. However, there are many open-bolt firearms, that were designed from start to be semi-automatic firearms and are not classified as machine guns. The Fox Carbine is one such example of an open-bolt firearm that was ruled to not be a machine gun.

title: Open bolt


text:
Villard

Villard may refer to:

People

 * Villard (surname)

France

 * Villard, Creuse
 * Villard, Haute-Savoie
 * Villard-Bonnot, in the Isère department
 * Villard-de-Lans, in the Isère department
 * Villard-d'Héry, in the Savoie department
 * Villard-Léger, in the Savoie department
 * Villard-Notre-Dame, in the Isère department
 * Villard-Reculas, in the Isère department
 * Villard-Reymond, in the Isère department
 * Villard-Saint-Christophe, in the Isère department
 * Villard-Saint-Sauveur, in the Jura department
 * Villard-Sallet, in the Savoie department
 * Villard-sur-Bienne, in the Jura department
 * Villard-sur-Doron, in the Savoie department

United States

 * Villard, Minnesota
 * Villard Township, Todd County, Minnesota
 * Villard Township, McHenry County, North Dakota, former county seat of McHenry County, North Dakota
 * Villard Hall, a building on the University of Oregon campus

Other uses

 * Villard grapes, French wine hybrid grapes including the Villard noir and the Villard blanc
 * Villard (imprint), an imprint of Random House

title: Villard