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Steak 'n Shake

Steak 'n Shake Operations, Inc., doing business as Steak 'n Shake, is an American casual restaurant chain concentrated primarily in the Midwestern United States with locations also in the South, Mid-Atlantic, Western United States, Europe, and the Middle East. The company is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Biglari Holdings. , 628 Steak 'n Shake restaurants were in operation; of those 414 were corporate-owned, and 214 franchised. The company has since attempted to convert to a fully franchised model.

Restaurant locations have sit-down, drive-thru, and front-window service; they provide a hybrid of fast-food to-go and diner-style sit-down service. In 2021, the company had 536 locations, but the number had dropped to 493 by March 31, 2023, according to Biglari Holdings; not all of those were in operation at that time. The business model had been shifting away from full-service restaurants as well, toward a drive-thru model and to "counter-service ... featuring kiosks".

Many locations are open 24 hours a day, seven days per week. The menu features primarily burgers and hand-dipped milkshakes; other entrees, side items, and drinks are also available. The corporation's slogan, "Famous for Steakburgers", refers to its most prominent food item, the Steakburger. The "steak" in the restaurant name comes from the menu item.

History
A. H. "Gus" Belt (born in Morrisonville, Illinois) founded Steak 'n Shake in Normal, Illinois, in February 1934, after serving four years in the United States Marine Corps. He converted the combination gas station and chicken restaurant that he owned (Shell's Chicken) into a hamburger stand.

Steak 'n Shake's slogan, "In Sight, It Must Be Right", originally referred to Belt's practice of wheeling a barrel of T-bone, sirloin, and round steaks into the public area of his restaurant, then grinding them into burgers in front of his customers —it was intended to reassure customers of the product's wholesomeness as at the time, ground beef was still viewed with skepticism by the general public, based on the likelihood of its having impurities deliberately added to it.

It also assured Belt's customers of the veracity of his "Steakburger" claim. Later patrons were assured that Steakburgers were still made from these ingredients "at our own commissary" for shipment to the restaurants, where the open grill line remained "in sight" to customers. After having success, Belt purchased a chain of Goal Post restaurants throughout central Illinois, converting them to Steak 'n Shakes and added curb service.

The original building at the intersection of Main Street and West Virginia Avenue was damaged by a fire in the early 1960s but was repaired and its dining room expanded. In the late 1990s, Steak 'n Shake sold the building to the Monical's Pizza company.

After Gus Belt
Steak 'n Shake continued to expand throughout Illinois following Belt's death on August 20, 1954. Ownership passing through many hands, including Gus's wife Edith, who ran the chain until 1969; Longchamps, Inc., an East Coast steakhouse company that owned the chain from 1969 to 1971; and Indianapolis-based Franklin Corporation, led by Robert Cronin, author of Selling Steakburgers: The Growth of a Corporate Culture. After the acquisition, Franklin moved Steak 'n Shake's headquarters from Normal, Illinois to Indianapolis.

In 1981, Steak 'n Shake and its parent company Franklin were acquired by E. W. Kelley and Associates; the chairman E. W. "Ed" Kelley led the restaurant chain until he died on July 4, 2003.

Under Sardar Biglari
Entrepreneur Sardar Biglari took control of Steak 'n Shake in August 2008 after three years of declining same-store sales and losses of $100,000 per day. He led a turnaround which resulted in 24 straight quarters of increases in same-store sales and profits of $100,000 per day. He focused the brand on burgers, fries and milkshakes, reducing the menu from eight pages to a bi-fold. However the chain ran into more problems in 2016 and onward, with revenue declining sharply. Reasons included under-investment in the restaurants after the deep price cuts of 2008; competition from "fast casual" restaurants like Chipotle which aimed for a more high-class experience; and two expensive lawsuits from former managers who accused the chain of misclassifying them as salaried employees and refusing to pay earned overtime.

In 2018, Steak 'n Shake changed its business model to a franchise partner system, with Biglari attempting to turn all of the 400+ company-owned restaurants into franchise operations. Entrepreneurial single-unit operators could take control of an existing Steak 'n Shake for $10,000, an unusually low price, but were required to give the company 50% of the restaurant's profits. Even though it offered the new franchise inducement, the firm remained heavily indebted. As of April 2020, its debt was rated as a low C/D "speculative" grade (colloquially known as junk bonds) by bond rating agencies. The Washington Post considered the chain to be extremely likely to default with a low likelihood of recovering, with the restaurant closings due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States being an unrecoverable blow to the firm.

Locations
The first Steak 'n Shake in the state of Indiana was opened as a drive-in restaurant in Indianapolis in November 1954. As typical for the era it had offered curb (carhop) service in addition to table service and takeout. At the time, Steak 'n Shake had locations in five states.

The Route 66 Steak 'n Shake in Springfield, Missouri (built 1962) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

The company entered North Carolina opening a franchised location in Greensboro in December 1996.

Steak 'n Shake began in Wisconsin with locations in Racine, Janesville, and Madison in the late 1990s, but all locations closed by 2004. Another franchiser opened locations in Waukesha and Wauwatosa in 2007, but both closed by 2010. The chain has not returned to the state.

After briefly operating a few restaurants in South Texas during the 1970s, Steak 'n Shake returned to Texas by opening locations in the Dallas–Fort Worth area in 2001, in the Houston area in 2012, and in the San Antonio area beginning in 2013. Steak 'n Shake entered South Carolina Carolina opening a location in Greenville in February 2001.

The company entered Oklahoma for the first time by opening a franchise location in Edmond in 2004.

Steak 'n Shake entered West Virginia for the first time by opening a franchise location in Barboursville in August 2007.

Steak 'n Shake opened its first location in Nevada inside the South Point Casino in Las Vegas in July 2010 and a second location in Reno in July 2013. In January 2017, a second Las Vegas location began, the third in Nevada, in the Student Union building on the campus of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas followed by a second Reno location, the fourth in Nevada in July 2017. Steak 'n Shake entered Louisiana for the first time by opening a location near Baton Rouge in Covington in 2011. The company first entered Colorado via a franchise in Denver in November 2011 before the parent company took over the Colorado locations after a lengthy lawsuit between the franchisee and the parent company. In January 2012, they opened their first and only location in the state of New York on Manhattan, adjacent to the Ed Sullivan Theater then home to the Late Show with David Letterman. Indiana native David Letterman, an avid Steak 'n Shake fan frequented the location and often talked about it on his show. The location closed in October 2017, ending the chain's five year presence in the state. The first location in New Jersey was opened by a franchise holder in September 2012 in Paramus. At the beginning of 2016, a second and third location in New Jersey were opened by the same franchisee in West Windsor Township and Hamilton Township; both of those locations quietly disappeared within a year. In September 2017, the original Paramus location, the last location in New Jersey, also closed after a five-year struggle to remain in business.

The first Steak 'n Shake location in the state of Arizona was opened in Tempe in October 2013. A second Arizona location was open on the campus of the University of Arizona in Tucson in July 2017.

The first and only location in the state of Montana and in the upper plain states, was opened in Billings in December 2013. The restaurant was forced to close after two and a half years in July 2016 due to poor sales that were blamed on "harsh reviews on social media".

Steak 'n Shake expanded to California in July 2014 by opening a location in Victorville. A Los Angeles County location was opened in Santa Monica in late October and another in Burbank in December of the same year. After a lack of activity for over a year in the highly competitive Californian marketplace, the company announced in April 2016 it expected to open its first Orange County location, the fourth in California, in Aliso Viejo in mid-May. After a short delay, a fifth California location was opened behind schedule in Riverside in August 2016. In March 2017, a 6th location opened in Yucca Valley. After 3.5 years of operation, the Victorville location closed abruptly in February 2018 after receiving an eviction notice for failure to pay rent.

In 2015, the company planned a restaurant in Northern California in Campbell, California, but local residents delayed it. Because of the delay, the first location in Northern California opened instead in Daly City in November 2016. The first Central California location began operating in Fresno in March 2017. A second San Francisco Bay Area restaurant was opened on the campus of San Jose State University in July 2017. After a long two year delay fighting local anti-development activists, the company finally opened their long expected restaurant in Campbell in September 2017. After four months of operation, the Daly City location closed as well as the Campbell location in January 2018. This left the San Jose location on the campus of SJSU as the only store in the Bay Area. After 10 months of operation, the lone Central California location in Fresno also closed in January 2018. In June 2015, the first location in Maryland opened in Millersville. Two years later, the struggling Maryland franchisee filed for voluntary bankruptcy in June 2017 while still remaining open. The location finally closed in January 2018 after the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County seized the restaurant for non-payment on loans and taxes. The restaurant and contents were auctioned off by the court on January 31, 2018. Later in the year, the franchise owner was arrested after the FBI filed an indictment against the franchise owner for plotting to kill his wife and to burn the restaurant down in an attempt to receive insurance money for his then failing business. In January 2019, the restaurant reopened under new management. In April 2019, the same franchise owner of the Millersville location announced plans to open a second location in White Marsh by the summer of 2019.

The first location in the Pacific Northwest opened in Seattle in May 2016; it went defunct after four years.

In September 2018, the first location in Delaware was opened in Middletown.

In March 2019, the first location in Nebraska was opened on the campus of University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

In March 2019, Steak 'n Shake announced plans to open its first restaurant in Washington, D.C., inside the Rayburn House Office Building to serve House members, staffers, and the public who pass "through security and a metal detector". The location officially opened for business in the first week of September 2019. In January 11, 2021, the first Steak N Shake location in the Des Moines Suburb of West Des Moines opened, joining seven other stores in Iowa, with strict measures at the time including no eat-in dining.

International expansion
In December 2013, Steak 'n Shake opened a corporate office in Monte Carlo, Monaco, to support its expansion in West Asia and Europe.

West Asia
In October 2012, Steak 'n Shake announced its first international expansion agreement with plans to open forty locations in the United Arab Emirates. The first of these locations opened in Dubai in 2013, but closed in a little more than a year. Only two out of the original 40 locations planned were ever opened in the UAE. Both closed in January 2015.

The brand also announced in December 2013 a 50-unit franchise agreement in Saudi Arabia with AB Holdings. The first location in Riyadh was expected to open in the first half of 2014.

The first location in the Persian Gulf country of Kuwait was opened in December 2014. This location appeared to have been closed after less than three years of operation.

The first location in Qatar opened at the Tawar Mall in November 2017.

Europe
The first two European locations opened in Cannes, France, in May 2014 and on the island of Ibiza in Spain in June 2014.

The second location in France was opened in Marseille in December 2014. A third location in France was opened in Toulon in April 2016 and was quickly followed in June by the openings of a fourth and fifth location in Caen and Rueil-Malmaison respectively, in October by the openings of a sixth location at the Cité Europe shopping centre in Coquelles, and in November of a seventh location in Fenouillet. The eighth and ninth location in France were started in Bordeaux and Anglet respectively in early 2017. A second location in Marseille was opened in December 2017. A third location in Marseille, the 17th location in France, was opened in May 2018.

The second location in Spain was opened in Madrid, the capital, in September 2015 followed by one in Churra, Murcia in October 2015.

The first location in Italy opened in Milan in December 2015. A second location was opened in Peschiera del Garda in May 2016. A third location was opened in Castione Andevenno in September 2016.

In July 2016, the first location in Portugal opened in Montijo, near Lisbon (closed in 2023).

In December 2016, the first store in the United Kingdom opened in Chester, Cheshire, England. The only location in the UK was closed 21 months later in August 2018.

Franchise pricing lawsuits
Between 2010 and 2015, Steak 'n Shake became involved in lawsuits with several of its franchisees concerning mandatory menu prices and mandatory food sourcing. , five lawsuits had been filed. The first lawsuit began in 2010; it was filed by Stuller, Inc., the Illinois franchisee that is the oldest franchisee in Steak 'n Shake's history. Stuller won a preliminary injunction that went to the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in August 2012. Three more franchisees filed suit in April 2013—Druco Restaurants based in St. Louis, People Sales & Profit Co. based in Georgia, and Scott's S&S Inc. in Pennsylvania. A settlement was reached with these franchisees in 2014, but terms of the settlement were not made public.

Steak 'n Shake filed suit against Denver franchisees Larry and Christopher Baerns in July 2013 over the same issues, with a counterclaim soon after. Steak 'n Shake won its lawsuit in U.S. District Court against the Baerns when the judge ruled that the Baerns intentionally overcharged customers. The complaints by the franchisees also question whether Steak 'n Shake promised franchise results that could never actually be achieved under its policies.

Employee classification lawsuits
286 managers in the St. Louis area filed and won a lawsuit against Steak 'n Shake on grounds that they were misclassified as exempt employees unable to earn overtime. Steak 'n Shake had to pay $7.7 million in damages. They were sued again by an even larger group of 1100+ managers on similar grounds; as of 2019, that case was pending.

title: Steak 'n Shake


text:
1918 in Ireland

Events from the year 1918 in Ireland.

Events

 * 18 January – Count Plunkett, Seán T. O'Kelly and others protest at the forcible feeding of Sinn Féin prisoners in Mountjoy Prison.
 * 5 February – SS Tuscania (1914) is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying United States troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk.
 * 1 March – Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island.
 * 2 March – In Skibbereen, County Cork, Ernest Blythe is arrested for non-compliance with a military rule directing him to reside in Ulster.
 * 6 March – in the British House of Commons, tributes are paid to John Redmond, Irish Nationalist leader, who has died in London.
 * 18 April – the Military Service Bill, which includes conscription in Ireland, becomes law. A conference of nationalist parties, Sinn Féin and labour movements meets in Dublin to organise an all-Ireland opposition to conscription.
 * 20 April – the Irish Parliamentary Party holds a meeting in Dublin to oppose conscription.
 * 23 April – General Strike in opposition to conscription.
 * May – RAF Aldergrove opens.
 * 5 May – 15,000 people attend an anti-conscription meeting in County Roscommon. John Dillon, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party and Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin share the platform in a united cause.
 * 9 May – Field Marshal Sir John French, Viscount French of Ypres and of High Lake in the County of Roscommon, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Supreme Commander of the British Army in Ireland.
 * 20 May – a special anti-conscription convention is held in Dublin. It condemns the arrest and deportation of Sinn Féin members consequent to the "German Plot".
 * 20 June – Arthur Griffith of Sinn Féin wins a by-election in East Cavan. It is Sinn Féin's first victory of the year after three successive by-election defeats.
 * 3 July – the Lord Lieutenant issues a proclamation banning Sinn Féin, the Irish Volunteers, the Gaelic League and Cumann na mBan.
 * 17 July – RMS Carpathia is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SMU U-55; 218 of the 223 on board are rescued.
 * 10 October – the Irish mail boat RMS Leinster is sunk in the Irish Sea by Imperial German Navy U-boat SMU UB-123 with the loss of over 500 lives.
 * 11 November – at 5.00am an armistice dictated by the Allies is signed by the Germans. Six hours later World War I officially ends. Well over 206,000 Irishmen have served and over 35,000 been killed during the war; there is no Irish parish without a loss.
 * 22 December – Ireland voices a united invitation to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to visit.
 * 28 December – Sinn Féin have a landslide victory in the general election, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. The Irish Parliamentary Party is nearly wiped out. In accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom but will form the First Dáil. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison, becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the Palace of Westminster. On 30 December the Irish Independent strongly criticises her.

Arts and literature

 * March – the Telemachus episode of James Joyce's Ulysses is published (in serialised form) in the American journal The Little Review.
 * 25 May – James Joyce's Exiles: a play in three acts is published in London.
 * August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine concludes a year's stay in Ireland with the writing of a number of songs which will be published under the pseudonym Peter Warlock.
 * Francis Ledwidge's poems Last Songs are published posthumously, edited by Lord Dunsany.
 * Toirdhealbhach Mac Suibhne (Terence MacSwiney)'s poems Battle-cries are published in Cork.
 * 'Brinsley MacNamara' (John Weldon writing as 'Oliver Blyth') publishes his novel The Valley of the Squinting Windows.

Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA)

 * All Ireland Senior Hurling Final
 * Limerick 9–5 d Wexford 1–3
 * All Ireland Senior Football Final
 * Wexford 0–5 d Tipperary 0–4

Football

 * Irish League
 * Winners: Linfield
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Belfast Celtic 0–0, 0–0, 2–0 Linfield

Births

 * January – John Coffey, Tipperary hurler (died 2019).
 * 18 January – Jim Langton, Kilkenny hurler (died 1987).
 * 23 January – Charlie Kerins, Chief of Staff of the IRA, convicted of murder of Garda Síochána officer (hanged 1944).
 * 26 January – Louis Jacobson, cricketer (died 2013).
 * 7 February – Markey Robinson, artist (died 1999).
 * 14 February
 * Thomas J. Fitzpatrick, Ceann Comhairle and Fine Gael TD and Cabinet Minister (died 2006).
 * Valentin Iremonger, poet and diplomat (died 1991).
 * 3 March – Peter O'Sullevan, horseracing commentator (died 2015 in England).
 * 5 March – Denis J. O'Sullivan, Fine Gael TD (died 1987).
 * 17 March – Frederick Blaney, cricketer (died 1988).
 * 12 March – Pádraig Faulkner, Fianna Fáil TD for Louth and Cabinet Minister (died 2012).
 * 16 April – Spike Milligan, comedian, poet and writer (born in the British Raj; died 2002 in England).
 * 22 May – Alan Clodd, book collector, dealer and publisher (died 2002).
 * 23 June – James Young, comedian (died 1974).
 * 27 June – Marie Kean, actress (died 1993).
 * 7 August – Florrie Burke, soccer player (died 1995).
 * 9 August – Luke Belton, Fine Gael TD (died 2006).
 * 29 August – John Herivel, historian of science and cryptanalyst (died 2011).
 * 12 September – Valerie Goulding, Senator and campaigner for the disabled (died 2003).
 * 17 September – Chaim Herzog, Belfast-born sixth President of Israel (1983–1993) (died 1997).
 * 22 September – A. J. Potter, composer (died 1980).
 * 26 September – Jackie Vernon, footballer (died 1981).
 * 29 September – Douglas Gageby, journalist and newspaper editor (died 2004).
 * 13 October – Jack MacGowran, actor (died 1973).
 * October – Hugh McLaughlin, publisher and inventor (died 2006).
 * 19 November – Brendan Corish, Labour Party leader, TD, Cabinet Minister and Tánaiste (died 1990).
 * 24 December – Willie Clancy, uileann piper (died 1973).
 * Full date unknown – Terry Leahy, Kilkenny hurler (died 1988).

Deaths

 * 6 January – Dora Sigerson Shorter, poet and sculptor (born 1866; died in London).
 * 23 January – Robert Gregory, cricketer and artist (born 1881).
 * 1 February – William Melville, police officer and first chief of the British Secret Service (born 1850).
 * 13 February – Henry Arthur Blake, British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong (born 1840).
 * 27 March – Martin Sheridan, Olympic gold medallist for the United States (born 1881).
 * 28 March – Arthur Bateman, cricketer (born 1890).
 * 8 April – David Nelson, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1914 at Néry, France (born 1886).
 * 18 April – Samuel Young, 96-year-old MP for East Cavan
 * 7 May – James Somers, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 at Gallipoli, Turkey (born 1884).
 * 10 June – William Parsons, 5th Earl of Rosse, soldier (born 1873).
 * 19 July – William McDonnell, 6th Earl of Antrim, peer (born 1851).
 * 26 July – Edward Mannock, First World War flying ace and posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross (born 1887).
 * 31 July – George McElroy, Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force pilot during World War I, killed in action (born 1893).
 * 18 September – Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1918 on the Drocourt-Queant Line, France (born 1892).
 * 25 September – John Ireland, third bishop and first Archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota (born 1838).
 * 1 October – Martin Joseph Sheehan, soldier and Royal Air Service Observer in World War I, killed in action (born 1896).
 * 14 October – Louis Lipsett, British Army and Canadian Expeditionary Force senior officer during the First World War, killed in action (born 1874).
 * 14 November – Seumas O'Kelly, journalist and author (born 1881)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1918 in Ireland


text:
George Davis Snell

George Davis Snell NAS (December 19, 1903 – June 6, 1996) was an American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.

Work
George Snell shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Baruj Benacerraf and Jean Dausset for their discoveries concerning "genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". Snell specifically "discovered the genetic factors that determine the possibilities of transplanting tissue from one individual to another. It was Snell who introduced the concept of H antigens." Snell's work in mice led to the discovery of HLA, the major histocompatibility complex, in humans (and all vertebrates) that is analogous to the H-2 complex in mice. Recognition of these key genes was prerequisite to successful tissue and organ transplantation.

Life
George Snell was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, the youngest of three children. His father (who was born in Minnesota) worked as a secretary for the local YMCA; he invented a device for winding induction coils for motorboat engines. Snell was educated in the Brookline, Massachusetts schools and then enrolled at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire where he continued his passion for mathematics and science, focusing on genetics. He received his bachelor's degree from Dartmouth in 1926.

On the recommendation of John Gerould, his genetics professor at Dartmouth, Snell did graduate work at Harvard University with William E. Castle, the first American biologist to look for Mendelian inheritance in mammals. Snell earned his PhD from Harvard in 1930. His doctoral thesis was on genetic linkage in mice.

Upon receiving the PhD from Harvard, George Snell was employed as a teacher at Brown University, from 1930 to 1931.

Snell then spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas with H.J. Muller, who pioneered radiation genetics (and was also to win a Nobel Prize). Snell studied the genetic effects of x-rays on mice with Muller.

This experience "served to convince me that research was my real love," Snell wrote in his autobiography."If it were to be research, mouse genetics was the clear choice and the Jackson Laboratory, founded in 1929 by Dr. Clarence Cook Little, one of Castle's earlier students, almost the inevitable selection as a place to work." The Jackson Laboratory was (and still is) the world's mecca for mouse genetics.

From 1933 to 1934, Snell was a teacher at Washington University in St. Louis.

After brief stints as teachers, in 1935 Snell joined the staff of The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor on Mount Desert Island on the coast of Maine and he remained there for the entire balance of his long career. In Bar Harbor, he met and married Rhoda Carson. Together they had three sons, Thomas, Roy, and Peter. In his leisure time, Snell enjoyed skiing, a passion he developed during his years at Dartmouth, as well as tennis.

Snell received the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award in 1978 for distinguished research in immunology. In 1988, he authored a substantial book, Search for a Rational Ethic, on the nature of ethics and the rules by which we live. It includes an evolution-based ethic founded on biological realities that he believed to be applicable to all human beings.

Snell died in Bar Harbor on June 6, 1996. His wife died in 1994.

Awards and honors

 * 1935-68 The Jackson Laboratory, staff scientist
 * 1952    Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1955    Hekteon Medal of American Medical Association
 * 1962    Griffen Animal Care Panel Award
 * 1962    Bertner Foundation Award
 * 1967    Gregor Mendel Medal, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
 * 1968-96 The Jackson Laboratory, senior staff scientist emeritus
 * 1970    Elected to National Academy of Sciences
 * 1976    Gairdner Foundation International Award
 * 1978    National Cancer Institute Award
 * 1978    Elected to British Transplantation Society, honorary
 * 1978    Wolf Prize in Medicine
 * 1979    Elected to French Academy of Sciences, foreign associate
 * 1980    Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * 1981    Founding member of the World Cultural Council
 * 1982    Elected to American Philosophical Society
 * 1982    Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1983    Elected to British Society of Immunology, honorary

title: George Davis Snell


text:
1917 in Ireland

Events from the year 1917 in Ireland.

Events

 * 25 January – armed merchantman SS Laurentic (1908) sunk by mines off Lough Swilly; 354 killed of 475 aboard.
 * 3 February – Count George Noble Plunkett, father of Joseph Mary Plunkett, wins Roscommon North on an abstentionist Sinn Féin platform.
 * 7 February – Atlantic liner SS California (1907) sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat SMU U-85 38 nmi southwest of Fastnet Rock; 41 killed.
 * 25 February – RMS Laconia (1911) sunk by SMU U-50 6 nmi northwest of Fastnet Rock; twelve killed.
 * 7 March – David Lloyd George announces that Britain is ready to confer self-government to the parts of Ireland that want it. The north-eastern part will not be "coerced".
 * 12 March – in the British House of Commons, J. P. Farrell proposes that Ireland be excluded from the operation of the National Services Act.
 * 17 March – Booth Line armed merchant liner SS Antony inward bound from South America torpedoed and sunk by SMU UC-48 19 nmi west of Coningbeg lightship; 55 killed.
 * 20 March – a motion to reduce the salary of the British prime minister by £100 is introduced in the British House of Commons as a protest against the refusal to publish the proceedings of the 1916 Rising courts martial.
 * 10 May – Sinn Féin candidate Joseph McGuinness wins a by-election in South Longford against the Irish Parliamentary Party's candidate McKenna. It is a political disaster for John Redmond and his Party.
 * 16 May – British prime minister, David Lloyd George, announces that he wants immediate Home Rule for the 26 counties. Six north-eastern counties are to be excluded for a period of five years.
 * 7–14 June – at the Battle of Messines on the Western Front (World War I), 36th (Ulster) Division and 16th (Irish) Division both fight within IX Corps of the British Army.
 * 16 June – oiler Batoum sunk by U-boat 6 nmi south of Fastnet Rock.
 * 18 June – prisoners taken during the Easter Rising, released under an amnesty, arrive at Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire) by mailboat.
 * 10 July – Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin beats Patrick Lynch, at this time an Irish Parliamentary Party Home Rule candidate, in the East Clare by-election caused by the death on active service of Willie Redmond. One Dublin Castle official calls it 'the most important election that has ever taken place, or ever will, in Irish history.'
 * 16 July – the Round Room in the Mansion House, Dublin, is filled to capacity as the leaders of Sinn Féin demand the bodies of the Easter Rising leaders so that they can be given a Christian burial.
 * 25 July – large crowds assemble at College Green in Dublin as the Irish Convention meets for the first time.
 * August – W. T. Cosgrave elected for Sinn Féin in a by-election in Kilkenny.
 * 10 September – Imperial German Navy U-boat SMU UC-42 is sunk in Cork Harbour, probably by one of her own mines, with the loss of 26 crew.
 * 2 October – Royal Navy armoured cruiser HMS Drake (1901) is torpedoed by SMU U-79 off Rathlin Island with the loss of 18 crew, capsizing later.
 * 25 October – 1,700 Sinn Féin delegates attend a convention in the Mansion House and De Valera replaces Arthur Griffith as the organisation's president.
 * 17 November – Action of 17 November 1917: Queenstown-based United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning (DD-37) and USS Nicholson (DD-52) capture Imperial German Navy U-boat SMU U-58 which is scuttled off Kinsale.
 * 15 December – Cargo ship SS Formby bound for Waterford from Liverpool is torpedoed and sunk in the Irish Sea by SMU U-62 with the loss of all 35 crew. Two days later her sister, SS Coningbeg, making the same passage is sunk nearby by the same German submarine with the loss of all 15 crew.
 * Undated – Scoil Bhríde, Ranelagh, founded as the first gaelscoil (Irish-language school).

Arts and literature

 * May – W. B. Yeats acquires Thoor Ballylee near Gort.
 * August – Anglo-Welsh composer Philip Heseltine begins a year's stay in Ireland.
 * Austin Clarke's narrative poem The Vengeance of Fionn is published.
 * Francis Ledwidge's poems Songs of Peace are published posthumously.
 * Annie M. P. Smithson's first novel Her Irish Heritage is published.
 * The first feature film made in Ireland, A Girl of Glenbeigh, starring Kathleen O'Connor, is made by the Film Company of Ireland.

Football

 * Irish League
 * Winners: Glentoran
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Glentoran 2–0 Belfast Celtic

Gaelic Games

 * Football
 * Senior Football Championship
 * Winners: Wexford
 * Wexford 0–9 : 0–5 Clare
 * Hurling
 * Senior Hurling Championship
 * Winners: Dublin
 * Dublin (Collegians) 5–4 : 4–2 Tipperary (Boherlahan)

Births

 * 1 January? – Margaret Barry, traditional singer (died 1989).
 * 6 January – Maeve Brennan, short story writer and journalist (died 1993 in the United States).
 * 15 February – Ruairi Brugha, Fianna Fáil TD, Member of the European Parliament, member of the Seanad (died 2006).
 * 18 February – John Keane, Waterford hurler (died 1975).
 * 3 March – Dave P. Tyndall, Jr., businessman (died 2006).
 * 17 March – Brian Boydell, composer, professor of music at Trinity College Dublin (died 2000).
 * 23 March – Josef Locke, born Joseph McLaughlin, tenor (died 1999).
 * 27 March – Harry West, leader of the Ulster Unionist Party from 1974 to 1979, Stormont MP, Minister for Agriculture (died 2004).
 * 6 April – Jimmy Phelan, Kilkenny hurler (died 2006).
 * 9 April – Vincent O'Brien, race horse trainer (died 2009).
 * 14 April – Valerie Hobson, actress (died 1998).
 * 29 April – Paddy Ruschitzko, Laois hurler (died 2004).
 * 2 May – Con Cottrell, Cork hurler (died 1982).
 * 5 May – Jimmy Murray, Roscommon Gaelic footballer and All-Ireland winning captain (died 2007).
 * 25 May – Havelock Nelson, composer and pianist (died 1996).
 * 17 June – Michael Moynihan, Labour Party Senator and TD (died 2001).
 * 21 July – Simon Curley, cricketer (died 1989).
 * 15 August – Jack Lynch, Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil (died 1999).
 * 1 October – Cahal Daly, Cardinal, Archbishop of Armagh (died 2009).
 * 15 October – Kevin Boland, Fianna Fáil TD, served as Minister for Defence, Minister for Social Welfare and Minister for Local Government (died 2001).
 * 1 November – Michael O'Higgins, Fine Gael TD and Senator (died 2005).
 * 3 November – Conor Cruise O'Brien, newspaper editor, author, diplomat, Labour Party Teachta Dála and Cabinet Minister, Member of the European Parliament (died 2008).
 * 11 November – Michael O'Riordan, veteran of the Spanish Civil War and founder of the Communist Party of Ireland (died 2006).
 * 27 December – Jimmy McAlinden, footballer and football manager (died 1993).
 * Full date unknown – Paddy Grace, Kilkenny hurler (died 1984).

Deaths

 * 30 January – John McDonald, soldier and Congressman in America (born 1837).
 * 2 April – John Phillips, Member of Parliament for South Longford.
 * 17 April – Jane Barlow, poet and novelist (born 1857).
 * 6 May – Thomas Joseph Carr, second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne, Australia (born 1839).
 * 10 May – Daniel Joseph Sheehan, Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Flying Corps pilot in World War I, killed in action (born 1894).
 * 9 June – William Hoey Kearney Redmond, nationalist politician, barrister, brother of John Redmond, killed in Battle of Messines (born 1861).
 * 31 July – Francis Ledwidge, poet, killed in action during World War I (born 1887).
 * 25 September – Thomas Ashe, took part in the Easter Rising, died following forcible feeding while on hunger strike (born 1885).
 * 4 October – Dave Gallaher, rugby player for New Zealand, killed at Passchendaele (born 1873).
 * 6 December – James Samuel Emerson, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1917 on the Hindenburg Line north of La Vacquerie, France (born 1895).
 * 12 December – Charles Bowen, politician in New Zealand (born 1830).
 * 27 December – William John Hennessy, artist (born 1839).

title: 1917 in Ireland


text: Category:1560 births

title: Category:1560 births


text:
Tarrant Gunville

Tarrant Gunville is a village and civil parish in north Dorset, England, situated at the head of the Tarrant Valley on Cranborne Chase 5 mi northeast of Blandford Forum. The parish covers 3469 acre at an elevation of 70 to 170 m. In the 2011 census the parish—which includes the settlement of Stubhampton to the north—had 119 dwellings, 108 households and a population of 233.

The parish has three round barrows and an unexcavated Iron Age enclosure with a 15' deep ditch, which Pevsner suspects was built in a hurry.

The medieval settlements in the parish were Stubhampton and Gunville. The parish church, dedicated to St Mary, is on the edge of Tarrant Gunville. It is on the site of an earlier building which probably dated from around 1100. The present building has a south porch, aisles and tower arch that are partly 14th-century, and a 15th-century west tower that was partly rebuilt in the 16th century, but the chancel and nave were rebuilt in 1843. The architect of the rebuilding was Thomas Henry Wyatt.

Eastbury House, the surviving part of a much larger house designed by John Vanbrugh and built between 1717 and 1738, stands just east of Tarrant Gunville village. The larger part of the house was demolished in 1782. The grounds still display evidence of the original gardens, designed by Charles Bridgeman. It is probable that several of the ashlar and flint houses in the village were built using material taken from the demolished house. The photographer Thomas Wedgwood moved into the surviving part of Eastbury in 1800; his brother, the potter Josiah, had bought nearby Gunville House in 1799, shortly after its construction.

The modern village hall was completed in 2001.

There are 23 structures in the parish that are listed by English Heritage for their special historical or architectural interest. These include Eastbury House (Grade I) and the parish church (Grade II*).

title: Tarrant Gunville


text:
Grächen

Grächen is a municipality in the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

The village is situated at an altitude of 1620 m on a terrace above St. Niklaus in the Mattertal, north of the Mischabel range (and Dom).

History
Settlements in the area of Grächen probably date back to neolithic times. It certainly was a hunting ground for early Bronze Age alpine people (celts List of Celts). Around 750 (CE), the Alamanni started to settle in the upper (German-speaking) part of what is now the canton of Valais.

Grächen is first mentioned in 1210 as de Grachan. In 1250 it was mentioned as de Granges. Grächen developed into a community of farmers in servitude and paying tribute to various feudal lords, until they finally reached their independence as a community (from the Bishop of Sion) in the 19th century.

Thomas Platter, a famous citizen of 16th century Grächen, published his autobiography describing a life from humble beginnings as a goatherd to a fulfilled existence as lord of a manor, master of herbal lore, publisher and school director. His son Felix Platter became a famous medical doctor and anatomist.

Geography
Grächen has an area,, of 14.3 km2. Of this area, 13.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 53.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 5.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and 27.5% is unproductive land.

The municipality is located in the Visp district, on a terrace below the Ried Glacier. The glacier extends about 5 km from Ried to Bärgji and is about 1 km. The territory of the municipality encompasses the summits of the Seetalhorn and Distelhorn.

Climate
Grächen features a warm summer humid continental climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification with abundant snowfall during winter and mild summers. Precipitation is spread out evenly throughout the year, as is common in this climate type.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, issuant from base three Cliffs Or from which are rising as many Pine trees Vert trunked and rooted proper.

Demographics
Grächen has a population of. , 6.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of -1.7%. It has changed at a rate of 1.6% due to migration and at a rate of 0.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks German (1,229 or 98.0%) as their first language, Dutch is the second most common (11 or 0.9%) and French is the third (4 or 0.3%). There is 1 person who speaks Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.

, the population was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. The population was made up of 603 Swiss men (44.2% of the population) and 58 (4.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 650 Swiss women (47.6%) and 54 (4.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 888 or about 70.8% were born in Grächen and lived there in 2000. There were 214 or 17.1% who were born in the same canton, while 96 or 7.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 42 or 3.3% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.6%.

, there were 521 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 624 married individuals, 69 widows or widowers and 40 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 477 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 118 households that consist of only one person and 43 households with five or more people. , a total of 456 apartments (31.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 890 apartments (62.3%) were seasonally occupied and 83 apartments (5.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 35.2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.17%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 75.92% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (13.04%), the SP (5.52%) and the FDP (4.26%). In the federal election, a total of 527 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 50.8%.

In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 591 votes were cast, of which 44 or about 7.4% were invalid. The voter participation was 57.8%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 523 votes were cast, of which 32 or about 6.1% were invalid. The voter participation was 50.9%, which is much less than the cantonal average of 59.88%.

Economy
, Grächen had an unemployment rate of 2.6%. , there were 49 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 29 businesses involved in this sector. 61 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 12 businesses in this sector. 356 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 81 businesses in this sector. There were 592 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 38.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 379. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 59 of which or (0.0%) were in manufacturing and 56 (94.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 307. In the tertiary sector; 69 or 22.5% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 51 or 16.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 124 or 40.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 8 or 2.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 3 or 1.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 8 or 2.6% were in education and 8 or 2.6% were in health care.

, there were 78 workers who commuted into the municipality and 222 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 14.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 39% used a private car.

Tourism
In the 20th century, Grächen changed from a farming community to a popular tourist destination. In 1937, 7000 visitors spent the night there, today, some 500,000 visitors do.

Grächen is situated on the Monte Rosa tour hiking trail and provides for a natural stop between Saas-Fee and Europahütte. It is also a base for many hiking and mountaineering trips.

Grächen has a ski resort with around 40 km of ridable slopes with 11 total ski lifts – the resort features a restaurant and offers lessons in both skiing and snowboarding. It is situated between the elevations of 1619 and 2864 metres. Its opening season spans from mid-December to early April. In 2011, a plan to renovate and enlarge the ski area was launched.

Grächen also attracts many people due to its proximity to Zermatt and to Saas-Fee, two major ski resorts.

Sport
Grächen hosts the 2019 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships on 22 September 2019.

Religion
From the, 1,166 or 93.0% were Roman Catholic, while 46 or 3.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.40% of the population), and there were 13 individuals (or about 1.04% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 4 (or about 0.32% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist. 11 (or about 0.88% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 13 individuals (or about 1.04% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Grächen about 488 or (38.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 69 or (5.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 69 who completed tertiary schooling, 73.9% were Swiss men, 17.4% were Swiss women.

During the 2010–11 school year there were a total of 104 students in the Grächen school system. The education system in the Canton of Valais allows young children to attend one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there was one kindergarten class (KG1 or KG2) and 18 kindergarten students. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school. In Grächen there were a total of 5 classes and 104 students in the primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling (orientation classes), followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All the lower and upper secondary students from Grächen attend their school in a neighboring municipality.

, there were 43 students from Grächen who attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Grächen


text:
1916 in Ireland

Events from the year 1916 in Ireland.

Events

 * 14 February – John Redmond is re-elected Chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party in Dublin.
 * 29 February – the week-long Derry Feis opens in the city.
 * 21 March – a crowd attacks Sinn Féin's Tullamore headquarters; three police are injured.
 * 20–21 April – the German-controlled cargo steamer SS Libau, masquerading as SS Aud, is intercepted by the Royal Navy and scuttled following an unsuccessful attempt to land arms for the Irish Volunteers in Tralee Bay.
 * 21 April – Roger Casement and two others are arrested at Banna Strand, County Kerry, for attempting to land arms and ammunition.
 * 22 April – Eoin MacNeill, Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers cancels all manoeuvres of Volunteers planned for the following day.
 * 23 April – Easter Sunday: the military council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood meets at Liberty Hall and decides to begin the planned insurrection at noon the next day. The Proclamation of the Republic is signed by the seven leaders in the name of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic. Volunteers from Belfast and County Cork begin manoeuvres but return home.
 * 24 April – the Easter Rising begins in Dublin. The Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army occupy the General Post Office, City Hall, the College of Surgeons, the Four Courts, Jacob's Factory, Boland's Mills, the South Dublin Union, and the Mendicity Institution. At noon Patrick Pearse reads the proclamation outside the General Post Office, Dublin. Liam Mellows leads a rising of Volunteers in County Galway.
 * 25 April – martial law is declared in Dublin by the British authorities for a period of one month.
 * 26 April
 * Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Thomas Dickson and Patrick McIntyre are summarily executed at Portobello Barracks.
 * Dublin-built HMS Helga shells Liberty Hall from the Liffey.
 * Battle of Mount Street Bridge
 * 27 April
 * Major-General Sir John Maxwell arrives in Dublin to take command of the British Army, 12,000 of whose troops are now in the city; the centre is cordoned off.
 * Gas attack at Hulluch in France: The 47th Brigade, 16th (Irish) Division is decimated in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of World War I.
 * Newspaper strike in Dublin – until 5 May.
 * 28 April – Battle of Ashbourne: A group of Volunteers at Ashbourne, County Meath, force the Royal Irish Constabulary to surrender with the loss of 8 police to 2 Volunteers.
 * 29 April – at 3.45pm, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly and Thomas MacDonagh surrender unconditionally as the Easter Rising collapses.
 * 1 May – the Easter Rising collapses. Sir John Maxwell, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces announces that all involved in the insurrection have surrendered.
 * 3 May – following their courts martial, Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas J. Clarke are executed at Kilmainham Gaol.
 * 4 May – the executions continue. Joseph Plunkett, Michael O'Hanrahan, Edward Daly and Willie Pearse are executed for their part in the Rising. The Chief Secretary of Ireland, Augustine Birrell, resigns.
 * 5 May – John MacBride, another leader of the Rising, is executed today. W. T. Cosgrave is sentenced to death, however, this is later commuted to penal servitude for life.
 * 8 May – another four leaders of the Easter Rising are executed. They are Éamonn Ceannt, Conn Colbert, Michael Mallin and Seán Heuston.
 * 11 May – during a debate in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Irish crisis, John Dillon of the Irish Parliamentary Party calls on the British government to end the executions of the Easter Rising leaders.
 * 12 May – two more leaders, Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly are executed. Connolly, who was wounded in the fighting, is strapped to a chair and shot. Meanwhile, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith arrives in Dublin for a week-long visit.
 * 15 May – the trial of Roger Casement begins in London. He is charged with high treason for his part in the Easter Rising.
 * 17 May – Thomas O'Dwyer, Roman Catholic Bishop of Limerick, refuses a request to discipline two of his curates who expressed republican sympathies. He reminds General Maxwell that he had shown no mercy to those who surrendered.
 * 21 May – daylight saving time begins for the first time throughout the United Kingdom as people put their clocks forward one hour. The purpose is to reduce the number of evening hours to save fuel.
 * 26 June – Roger Casement goes on trial at the Royal Courts of Justice on a charge of treason. He has been stripped of his knighthood.
 * 1 July – the Battle of the Somme begins. The 36th Ulster Division, which contains many Ulster Volunteers, loses 5,500 men in the first two days.
 * 23 July – thousands attend an open-air meeting at the Phoenix Park in Dublin to discuss the British government's Irish partition proposals. It is the first open-air meeting since martial law was proclaimed.
 * 26 July – the date of 3 August is set as the execution date of Roger Casement.
 * 3 August – Roger Casement is hanged at Pentonville Prison for high treason.
 * 19 August – The Irish Times in Dublin issues a 264-page handbook detailing the events of the Easter Rising; a 2nd edition is published by the end of the year.
 * 1 October – time in Ireland: Dublin Mean Time (25 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time) is made the same as British time from 2:00 am today under terms of the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
 * 29 October – John Redmond demands the abolition of martial law, the release of suspected persons, and that Irish prisoners be treated as political prisoners.
 * 3 November – railway steamer SS Connemara and coalship SS Retriever collide and sink in Carlingford Lough, County Down, with the loss of 94 lives.
 * 5 November – Honan Chapel, Cork, a product of the Irish Arts and Crafts movement, is dedicated.
 * 18 November – Battle of the Somme ends after 141 days; stopped by foul weather and with thousands of Irish casualties.
 * 21 December – in the British House of Commons, it is announced that all Irish prisoners are to be released.
 * 25 December – the last group of Irish prisoners, 460 men from Reading Gaol, arrive in Dublin. Seán T. O'Kelly and Arthur Griffith are among those released.

Arts and literature

 * 2 April – W. B. Yeats's play At the Hawk's Well is first performed, privately in London.
 * 7 August – there is a large audience at the Bohemian Theatre in Dublin for the first screening of the Film Company of Ireland's first film O'Neill of the Glen.
 * September – W. B. Yeats' poem Easter 1916 is written.
 * 13 December – Lennox Robinson's play The Whiteheaded Boy is premiered at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin.
 * 29 December – James Joyce's semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York.
 * Daniel Corkery's short stories A Munster Twilight are published.
 * George Noble Plunkett is dismissed from his post as curator of the National Museum of Ireland and deported to Oxford.

Soccer

 * Irish League
 * Winners: Linfield
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Linfield 1–1, 1–0 Glentoran

Gaelic Games

 * Senior Football Championship
 * Winners: Wexford
 * Wexford 3–4 : 1–2 Mayo
 * Senior Hurling Championship
 * Winners: Tipperary
 * Tipperary (Boherlahan) 5–4 : 3–2 Kilkenny (Tullaroan)

Births

 * 19 March – James Jackman, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry at Tobruk, Libya, the day before his death (killed in action 1941).
 * 19 March – Peter Kavanagh, writer, scholar and publisher (died 2006).
 * 13 April – Ralph Cusack, English High Court judge (died 1978 in England).
 * 20 April – Gerard Dillon, painter (died 1971).
 * 20 May – Francis Blackwood, 10th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye (died 1991).
 * 21 May – Sam Thompson, playwright (died 1965).
 * 30 May – Jackie Power, Limerick hurler and Gaelic footballer (died 1994).
 * 6 July – Hugh Gibbons, Roscommon Gaelic footballer and Fianna Fáil TD (died 2007).
 * 23 July – Tom O'Higgins, barrister and judge, Irish Chief Justice, Fine Gael TD and twice defeated Irish presidential candidate (died 2003).
 * 31 July – Brian Inglis, journalist, historian and television presenter (died 1993).
 * 14 August – Máirín Lynch, wife of Taoiseach Jack Lynch (died 2004).
 * 4 September – Alexis FitzGerald Snr, solicitor, Fine Gael Seanad member (died 1985).
 * 8 September – John M. Feehan, author and publisher (died 1991).
 * 24 September – Robin Kinahan, Unionist politician and businessman (died 1997).
 * 3 October – Frank Pantridge, physician, cardiologist and inventor of the portable defibrillator (died 2004).
 * 17 October – Jack Bowden, cricketer and hockey player (died 1988).
 * 27 October – Nigel Trench, 7th Baron Ashtown, peer and diplomat (died 2010).
 * 3 November – Rúaidhrí de Valera, archaeologist (died 1978).
 * 10 November – Louis le Brocquy, artist (died 2012).
 * 25 November – Cosmo Haskard, British Army officer, Governor of the Falkland Islands (died 2017).
 * 8 December – T. K. Whitaker, civil servant, economist (died 2017).
 * 14 December – Tomás de Bhaldraithe, Irish language scholar and lexicographer (died 1996).
 * 16 December – Michael Carty, Fianna Fáil TD (died 1975).
 * 21 December – Seán Brosnan, barrister, Fianna Fáil TD and Senator (died 1979).
 * 25 December – Noel Larmour, cricketer and diplomat (died 1999).
 * Paddy Fahey, fiddler (died 2019)

Deaths

 * 9 January – Ada Rehan, actress in the United States (born c.1857).
 * 16 February – Adelaide Maria Guinness, wife of Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh, first owner of Farmleigh.
 * 18 March – Stopford Augustus Brooke, preacher and writer on literature (born 1832).
 * 26 April
 * Francis Browning, cricketer (born 1868).
 * Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, suffragist, pacifist and writer, murdered by British Army (born 1878).
 * 29 April – The O'Rahilly, killed during the Easter Rising (born 1875).
 * 3 May
 * Tom Clarke, nationalist, rebel and organiser of the Easter Rising, executed (born 1857).
 * Thomas MacDonagh, nationalist, poet, rebel and an Easter Rising leader, executed (born 1878).
 * Patrick Pearse, teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist and political activist, an Easter Rising leader, executed (born 1879).
 * 4 May
 * Edward Daly, Easter Rising participant, executed by firing squad (born 1891).
 * Willie Pearse, Easter Rising participant, executed, brother of Patrick Pearse (born 1891).
 * Joseph Plunkett, nationalist, poet, journalist and an Easter Rising leader, executed (born 1887).
 * 5 May – John MacBride, nationalist, rebel and an Easter Rising leader, executed (born 1865).
 * 8 May
 * Éamonn Ceannt, nationalist, rebel and an Easter Rising leader, executed (born 1881).
 * Conn Colbert, nationalist and rebel, Easter Rising participant, executed (born 1888).
 * Seán Heuston, Fianna Éireann member, Easter Rising participant, executed by firing squad in Kilmainham Gaol (born 1891).
 * Michael Mallin, second in command of Irish Citizen Army, Easter Rising participant, executed by firing squad in Kilmainham Gaol (born 1874).
 * 9 May – Thomas Kent, nationalist and rebel, executed following a gunfight with the RIC (born 1865).
 * 12 May
 * James Connolly, socialist, trade unionist, nationalist, rebel and an Easter Rising leader, executed (born 1868).
 * Seán Mac Diarmada, nationalist, rebel and an Easter Rising leader, executed (born 1883).
 * 5 June – Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British Field Marshal and statesman (born 1850).
 * 1 July – William Crozier, cricketer (born 1873).
 * 23 July – Thomas MacDonald Patterson, politician and newspaper publisher in the United States (born 1839).
 * 3 August – Roger Casement, British diplomat, nationalist, poet and Irish revolutionary, executed at Pentonville Prison (born 1864).
 * 25 August – Maurice O'Rorke, politician and Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives (born 1830).
 * 9 September – Thomas Kettle, writer, barrister, Nationalist politician and economist, killed in action (born 1880).
 * 19 October – Alexander Young, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1901 at Ruiterskraal, South Africa, killed in action (born 1873).
 * 25 October – John Todhunter, poet and playwright (born 1839).
 * 2 November – Frank Hugh O'Donnell, writer and nationalist politician (born 1846).
 * 18 December – Henry Mitchell Jones, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, Crimea (born 1831).
 * 22 December – James O'Kelly, nationalist politician and journalist, Irish Parliamentary Party MP (born 1845).

title: 1916 in Ireland


text:
United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command

The United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command (USASMDC) is the Army Service Component Command (ASCC) for United States Strategic Command and United States Space Command. It was established in 1985 as the Army Strategic Defense Command, responsible for ballistic missile defense. In 1992, it merged with Army Space Command to become Army Space and Strategic Defense Command. In 1997, it became an Army Major Command and was redesignated Army Space and Missile Defense Command.

Army Space and Missile Defense Command is responsible for developing and providing the Army with space, missile defense and high altitude capabilities. It consists of two operational elements: the 100th Missile Defense Brigade and the 1st Space Brigade. The commander of Army Space and Missile Defense Command also serves as the commander of United States Space Command's Joint Functional Component Command for Integrated Missile Defense.

Following the Space Force's establishment, the Army's continued involvement with space has become controversial, with multiple proposals and reports advocating for the Space Force to absorb the Army's remaining space forces, as it did with the Navy's space forces, or even Space and Missile Defense Command as a whole. The Space Force has absorbed the Army's satellite communications mission and the Joint Tactical Ground Stations, while the Army maintains the 100th Missile Defense Brigade and a downsized 1st Space Brigade. The Army is attempting to redefine its role in space operations, focused on integrating and interdicting space capabilities for land forces.

Structure
The SMDC is made up of several components, Active Army and full-time Army National Guard, due to the 24-hour a day, 7-day a week, 365-day a year nature of SMDC's mission:

History
The Army's involvement with ballistic missile defense can be traced back to the Nike Zeus program in the late-1950s, being developed to counter the Soviet Union's ballistic missiles, however, it was never deployed. This was followed by the Nike-X program, which was replaced by the Sentinel program in 1967 before deployment. The Sentinel program was highly ambitious, intending to operationally deploy 6 Perimeter Acquisition Radars, 17 Missile Site Radars, 480 long-range LIM-49 Spartan missiles, and 220 short-range Sprint missiles. Army support for the Sentinel waned as more resources were required to support its land forces in Vietnam, rather than the secondary mission of ballistic missile defense. Controversy over the Sentinel program led to its suspension in 1969 and it was replaced by the Safeguard program within the year.

Unlike Sentinel, which was intended to protect large areas of the United States, Safeguard was focused on defending the Air Force's missile fields and against a more limited nuclear attack from China. The 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty limited the United States and Soviet Union to two anti-ballistic missile sites, later reduced to on in 1974. Only one Safeguard site, at what is now Cavalier Space Force Station, ever reached full operating capability before the program was canceled under congressional pressure in December 1975. The single operational Perimeter Acquisition Radar was repurposed as part of the NORAD early warning system and transferred to the Air Force in 1977. It currently is operated by the Space Force's 10th Space Warning Squadron.

President Ronald Reagan's 1983 announcement of the Strategic Defense Initiative reinvigorated the Army's missile defense enterprise. The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization was a multi-service organization, consisting of Army, Navy, and Air Force elements. On 1 July 1985, the Army established the Army Strategic Defense Command and served as the lead for ground-based interceptors while the Air Force led the space-based elements of the program.

Following the creation of United States Space Command, the Army was the last of the three services to create a space command. Army Space Command was the smallest, being led by a Colonel. Ultimately, the Army chose to cut Army Space Command staffing by ten percent and merge it with Army Strategic Defense Command to form Army Space and Strategic Defense Command in 1992. Following the Bush and Clinton administrations, the Strategic Defense Initiative was significantly scaled back to focus on protection against limited strikes and the Army began to refocus on theater missile defense.

Army Space Command continued to exist as a specialized sub-command within Army Space and Strategic Defense Command. On 1 May 1995, Army Space Command's Military Satellite Communications Directorate, responsible for operating the Defense Satellite Communications System payload became the 1st Satellite Control Battalion. This was the first regular Army unit with an operational space mission. It also began fielding the Joint Tactical Ground Station and Army Space Support Teams.

In 1997, the Army Space and Strategic Defense Command was renamed Army Space and Missile Defense Command and elevated to a full major command. Following the September 11 attacks, the Army was directed to deploy a national missile defense system, which would become the Ground-Based Midcourse Defenses.

The United States Army Futures Command, formed 24 August 2018, gives priority to modernization of air and missile defense. Cross-functional teams were instituted to oversee the  modernization effort  in the areas of hypersonic systems,  maneuver SHORAD (M-SHORAD) and Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS).

Mission transfers to the United States Space Force
When the Space Force was established in 2019 it was intended to consolidate the existing military space forces across the Army, Navy, and Air Force. When the Space Force was established, the greatest resistance to transferring its space forces came from the Army. At the time of the Space Force's establishment in 2019, the Army had three major space operations units: the 1st Space Brigade, 100th Missile Defense Brigade, and the Army Satellite Operations Brigade.

On 21 September 2021, the Army and Space Force announced that the Army's Satellite Operations Brigade would be transferring into the new service. While the Space Force, and Air Force before it, had operated the Defense Satellite Communications System and Wideband Global SATCOM satellites, the Army had traditionally operated the payloads. Payload operates were conducted by the 53d Signal Battalion since 2005 when it replaced the 1st Satellite Control Battalion, which conducted the mission from 1995 to 2005. In 2019, just prior to the Space Force's establishment, the Army established Task Force Eagle, reassigning the 53d Signal Battalion from the 1st Space Brigade and moving elements from Space and Missile Defense Command's G-6 headquarters to consolidate Army satellite communications. Task Force Eagle was renamed the Army Satellite Operations Brigade in 2019. On 15 August 2022, the Army's satellite communications mission was officially transferred to the Space Force and assumed by Space Delta 8 and the 53rd Space Operations Squadron, which took its number to honor the 53rd Signal Battalion.

The debate over the transfer of missile warning was extremely contentions, leading to debates on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Space Force, and Air Force Space Command before it, had responsibility for global and national missile warning, while the Army had a small element for regional missile warning. The Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) was operated by the Army's 1st Space Brigade, receiving, processing and disseminating data from the Space Force's missile warning satellites. Following the satellite communications' transfer, the Army and Space Force began negotiating transferring the missile warning mission. In January 2023, the Space Force announced that the Army agreed to transfer the JTAGS mission to Space Delta 4, fully assuming the mission on 1 October 2023 and activating the 5th Space Warning Squadron.

There are still calls for the Army to follow the Navy in transferring all of its space forces to the Space Force. The Heritage Foundation has called for the wholesale transfer of Army Space and Missile Defense Command to the Space Force. The 100th Missile Defense Brigade operates the Ground Based Interceptor system out of Schriever Space Force Base, Vandenberg Space Force Base, and Fort Greely. Former Air Force space officers have called to move this mission to the Space Force and the Center for Strategic and International Studies included moving missile defense into the Space Force. The Army also continues to maintain a cadre of Functional Area 40 space operations officers, although over 85% indicated they would transfer to the Space Force if able. The Army is also maintaining a downsized 1st Space Brigade, however the RAND Corporation has conducted a study calling for the transfer of the Army's space control forces to the Space Force.

The Army has attempted to carve out a role in space operations, with its 2024 Army Space Vision outlining the service's space mission as integrating space capabilities and interdicting adversary space capabilities, including counter-satellite communications, counter-surveillance and reconnaissance, and navigation warfare in support of land operations. Responsibility for conducting these operations rest with Army Multi-Domain Task Forces and a new space formation called the Theater Strike Effects Group. However, the Army is no longer looking to develop and deploy its own constellations of satellites.


text:
V200

V200 or V-200 may refer to:

 * DB Class V 200, a diesel-hydraulic locomotive used by the German railway Deutsche Bundesbahn
 * ESP LTD V-200, a guitar model manufactured by ESP
 * UMS Skeldar V-200, a Swedish uncrewed military helicopter
 * V-200, a variant of the Cadillac Gage Commando armoured personnel carrier
 * Voyage 200, a design in the TI-92 series calculators

title: V200


text:
1915 in Ireland

Events

 * March – construction in Queenstown of St Colman's Cathedral, Cobh, concludes with completion of the spire.
 * 4 April – 25,000 National Volunteers assemble at the Phoenix Park, Dublin. John Redmond takes the salute from under the statue of Charles Stewart Parnell on Sackville Street.
 * 5 April – at the National Volunteers convention at the Mansion House, Dublin, John Redmond praises their response to World War I.
 * 7 May – sinking of the RMS Lusitania: British ocean liner RMS Lusitania is sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-20 about 11 mi off Old Head of Kinsale, County Cork, killing 1,198 civilians en route from New York to Liverpool, among them the Irish-born art dealer and benefactor Sir Hugh Lane and Irish composer and conductor Thomas O'Brien Butler.
 * 25 May – the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom forms the Asquith coalition ministry, a national wartime coalition government of twelve Liberals, eight Unionists and one Labour member. In Dublin the Irish Parliamentary Party approves John Redmond's decision not to join.
 * 29 July – Republicans, led by Patrick Pearse, take over the Gaelic League at its Dundalk conference. Douglas Hyde resigns as its president.
 * 1 August – O'Donovan Rossa is buried at Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, and Pearse delivers the graveside oration ("Ireland unfree shall never be at peace").
 * 26 December – the Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916.
 * The Elim Pentecostal Church is founded in Monaghan by Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys.

Arts and literature

 * 1 February – Helen Waddell's first play, The Spoiled Buddha, is premiered at the Opera House, Belfast, by the Ulster Literary Society.
 * Francis Ledwidge's poems Songs of the Fields published.
 * James Stephens' poems The Adventures of Seumas Beg: the Rocky Road to Dublin and Songs from the Clay are published.
 * The first dramatic film made in Ireland, Fun at Finglas Fair, is directed by F. J. McCormick. It is never released as all prints are destroyed in the Easter Rising of April 1916.

Football

 * Irish League
 * Winners: Belfast Celtic
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Linfield 1–0 Belfast Celtic

Births

 * 11 January – Paddy Mayne, international rugby union footballer and decorated soldier (died 1955).
 * 13 January – Kit Ahern, Fianna Fáil TD (died 2007).
 * 21 January – Andy O'Brien, Fine Gael senator from County Cavan (died 2006).
 * 25 January – Liam Cunningham, Fianna Fáil TD (died 1976).
 * 7 February – Mark Clinton, Fine Gael TD, Minister for Agriculture and MEP (died 2001).
 * 15 February – Sam Kydd, actor (died 1982).
 * 15 March – Micho Russell, tin whistle player and collector of traditional music and folklore (died 1994).
 * 9 April – Leonard Wibberley, author (died 1983).
 * 2 May – George Harrison, member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and alleged gun-runner (died 2004).
 * 3 May – Walter Macken, novelist, dramatist and actor (died 1967).
 * 17 May – Oisín Kelly, sculptor (died 1981).
 * 6 August – Tom O'Reilly, Cavan Gaelic footballer and independent TD for Cavan 1944–1948 (died 1995)
 * 28 August – Patrick Hennessy, painter (died 1980).
 * 16 September – Eddie Filgate, Fianna Fáil TD (died 2017).
 * 16 October – Jim Young, Cork hurler (died 1992).
 * 18 September – James Tully, Labour Party TD and Cabinet Minister (died 1992).
 * 7 November – Bill Hayes, soccer player (died 1987).
 * 20 December – Noel Browne, politician, Cabinet Minister (died 1997).
 * Full date unknown
 * John Graham, Irish Republican Army activist in the 1940s (died 1997).
 * Willie Murphy, Cork hurler (died 1977).

Deaths

 * 20 January – Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, businessman, politician, and philanthropist (born 1840).
 * 26 January – Michael Sullivan, physician, professor and politician in Canada (born 1838).
 * 28 January – David Dickson Rogers, politician in Ontario (born 1845).
 * 14 February – Cornelius Coughlan, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Delhi, India (born 1828).
 * 24 April – Frederick William Hall, soldier, posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium (born 1885).
 * 7 May – on board RMS Lusitania
 * O'Brien Butler, composer (born 1861).
 * Hugh Lane, established Dublin's Municipal Gallery of Modern Art (born 1875).
 * 29 June – Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, Fenian leader (born 1831).
 * 2 August – William Abraham, Irish Nationalist MP (born 1840).
 * 21 August – Gerald Robert O'Sullivan, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1915 at Gallipoli, Turkey (born 1888).
 * 21 August – Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford, peer and soldier (born 1864).
 * 25 September – Joseph Lynch, cricketer (born 1880).
 * 10 October – Albert Cashier, soldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War, physically female, but lived as a man (born 1843).
 * 21 December – Violet Florence Martin, author (born 1862).

title: 1915 in Ireland


text:
G. N. Watson

George Neville Watson   (31 January 1886 – 2 February 1965) was an English mathematician, who applied complex analysis to the theory of special functions. His collaboration on the 1915 second edition of E. T. Whittaker's A Course of Modern Analysis (1902) produced the classic "Whittaker and Watson" text. In 1918 he proved a significant result known as Watson's lemma, that has many applications in the theory on the asymptotic behaviour of exponential integrals.

Life
He was born in Westward Ho! in Devon the son of George Wentworth Watson, a schoolmaster and genealogist, and his wife, Mary Justina Griffith.

He was educated at St Paul's School in London, as a pupil of F. S. Macaulay. He then studied Mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge. There he encountered E. T. Whittaker, though their overlap was only two years.

From 1914 to 1918 he lectured in Mathematics at University College, London. He became Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Birmingham in 1918, replacing Prof R S Heath, and remained in this role until 1951.

He was awarded an honorary MSc Pure Science in 1919 by Birmingham University.

He was President of the London Mathematical Society 1933/35.

He died at Leamington Spa on 2 February 1965.

Works
His Treatise on the theory of Bessel functions (1922) also became a classic, in particular in regard to the asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions.

He subsequently spent many years on Ramanujan's formulae in the area of modular equations, mock theta functions and q-series, and for some time looked after Ramanujan's lost notebook.

"Sometime in the late 1920s, G. N. Watson and B. M. Wilson began the task of editing Ramanujan's notebooks. The second notebook, being a revised, enlarged edition of the first, was their primary focus. Wilson was assigned Chapters 2–14, and Watson was to examine Chapters 15–21. Wilson devoted his efforts to this task until 1935, when he died from an infection at the early age of 38. Watson wrote over 30 papers inspired by the notebooks before his interest evidently waned in the late 1930s."

Ramanujan discovered many more modular equations than all of his mathematical predecessors combined. Watson provided proofs for most of Ramanujan's modular equations. Bruce C. Berndt completed the project begun by Watson and Wilson. Much of Berndt's book Ramanujan's Notebooks, Part 3 (1998) is based upon the prior work of Watson.

Watson's interests included solvable cases of the quintic equation. He introduced Watson's quintuple product identity.

Honours and awards
In 1919 Watson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1946, he received the Sylvester Medal from the Society. He was president of the London Mathematical Society from 1933 to 1935.

He is sometimes confused with the mathematician G. L. Watson, who worked on quadratic forms, and G. Watson, a statistician.

Family
In 1925 he married Elfrida Gwenfil Lane daughter of Thomas Wright Lane.

title: G. N. Watson


text:
1914 in Ireland

Events from the year 1914 in Ireland.

Events

 * 17 January – Edward Carson inspects a parade of the East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers.
 * 20 February – the Fethard-on-Sea life-boat capsizes on service off the County Wexford coast: nine crew are lost.
 * 26 February –, designed as the third and largest Olympic-class ocean liner, is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyards in Belfast.
 * 1 March – three outbreaks of foot and mouth disease are confirmed in County Cork.
 * 9 March – the British Prime Minister proposes to allow the Ulster counties to hold a vote on whether or not to join a Home Rule parliament in Dublin.
 * 20 March – Curragh incident: British Army officers stationed in Ireland at the Curragh Camp resign their commissions rather than be ordered to resist action by Unionist Ulster Volunteers if the Government of Ireland Act ("Third Home Rule Bill") is passed in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The government backs down and they are reinstated.
 * 2 April – Cumann na mBan, the Irish republican women's paramilitary organisation, is formed in Dublin as an auxiliary of the Irish Volunteers.
 * 6 April – the second reading of the Home Rule Bill is carried in Westminster.
 * 24–25 April – Larne Gun Running: 35,000 rifles and over 3 million rounds of ammunition from a German dealer are landed at Larne, Bangor and Donaghadee for the Unionist Ulster Volunteers and quickly distributed around Ulster by motor transport.
 * 25 May – the House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Bill.
 * 23 June–14 July – the Government of Ireland Bill passes through the House of Lords. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they want to come under Dublin's jurisdiction. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, the Act is never implemented in its original form and the wishes of Fermanagh and Tyrone are eventually ignored.
 * 10 July – the Provisional Government of Ulster meets for the first time in the Ulster Hall. It vows to keep Ulster in trust for the King and the British constitution.
 * 21 July – a conference (called on 19 July) is opened at Buckingham Palace by the King. It is hoped that unionists and nationalists attending will break the impasse over Home Rule.
 * 24 July – the Buckingham Palace conference ends in failure. Nationalists and Unionists present cannot agree in principle or detail.
 * 26 July – Howth gun-running: former British civil servant and novelist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in his yacht Asgard and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. Troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the Bachelor's Walk massacre, firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 30 others are injured.
 * 4 August – World War I: Declaration of war by the United Kingdom on the German Empire.
 * September – Ulster Division formed as a division of the British New Army from Ulster Volunteers.
 * 18 September – the Government of Ireland Act (the Home Rule Act) receives Royal Assent (although George V has contemplated refusing it) but is postponed (as projected on 30 July) for the duration of World War I by the simultaneous Suspensory Act and in practice never comes into effect in its original form.
 * 20 September – in a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, John Redmond calls on members of the Irish Volunteers to go "wherever the firing line extends". The majority do so, fighting in the 10th and 16th (Irish) Division alongside their volunteer counterparts from the 36th (Ulster) Division; the rump Irish Volunteers split off on 24 September.
 * 2 October – German spy Carl Hans Lody is arrested at the Great Southern Hotel, Killarney.
 * 18 October – the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet takes shelter in Lough Swilly while Scapa Flow is secured against submarine attack.
 * 27 October – World War I: Royal Navy super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious (1912) (23,400 tons), is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.
 * 5 December – the Irish Volunteers appoint a headquarters staff, with Eoin MacNeill as chief of staff.
 * Welsh evangelist George Jeffreys establishes his first church in Belfast, predecessor of the Elim Pentecostal Church.

Arts and literature

 * February
 * James Joyce's semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist (London).
 * Lord Dunsany's collection Five Plays is published in London.
 * 4 February – a staging of George A. Birmingham's comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall provokes a riot.
 * June – James Joyce's Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in and around Dublin during the early 20th century, is published in London.
 * Terence MacSwiney's contemporary play The Revolutionist is published (first performed 1921).

Football

 * International
 * Ireland win the British Home Championship football tournament outright for the first time.
 * 19 January Wales 1–2 Ireland (in Wrexham)
 * 14 February England 0–3 Ireland (in Middlesbrough)
 * 14 March Ireland 1–1 Scotland (in Belfast)
 * Irish League
 * Winners: Linfield
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners: Glentoran 3–1 Linfield

Golf

 * Balmoral Golf Club opened in Belfast.

Births

 * 15 January – James Flanagan (in Derry), only Roman Catholic Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (died 1999).
 * 18 January – Patrick Lindsay, Fine Gael TD and lawyer (died 1993).
 * 23 February – Sheila Galvin, Fianna Fáil TD (died 1983).
 * 10 March – Michael Torrens-Spence, held commissions in the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm, the Royal Air Force, the British Army, Ulster Special Constabulary and Ulster Defence Regiment (died 2001).
 * 30 March – Eamon Kelly, actor (died 2001).
 * 28 May – William Blease, Baron Blease, trade unionist and politician (died 2008).
 * 19 June – Julia Clifford, fiddle player and traditional musician (died 1997).
 * 1 July – John Feenan, footballer (died 1994)
 * 10 July – Charles Donnelly, poet, killed at the Jarama Front, Spanish Civil War (died 1937).
 * 30 July – Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, journalist, author, sports official and sixth president of the International Olympic Committee (died 1999).
 * 5 August – Charles Cuffe, cricketer (died 1972).
 * 10 September – Terence O'Neill, Fourth Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (died 1990).
 * 13 September – Michael F. Kitt, Fianna Fáil TD (died 1974).
 * 8 November – Jackie Brown, footballer (died 1990).
 * 14 November – Joseph Barnes, medical missionary (died 2017).
 * 10 December – Séamus Dolan, Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann 1977–1981 (died 2010).
 * 31 December – Ernest Gébler, writer (died 1998).
 * Full date unknown
 * Aidan MacCarthy, doctor, RAF medical officer, captured by the Japanese during the Second World War (died 1992).
 * Eddie McAteer, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland) MP (died 1986).
 * Sydney Sparkes Orr, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tasmania (died 1966).

Deaths

 * 7 January – Patrick Weston Joyce, historian and musicologist (born 1827).
 * 23 February – Thomas McCarthy Fennell, Fenian political prisoner transported to Western Australia (born 1841).
 * 4 March – William Hamilton, cricketer (born 1859).
 * 25 March – Robert James McMordie, solicitor, politician and Lord Mayor of Belfast (born 1849).
 * 31 March – Timothy Daniel Sullivan, journalist, politician and poet, wrote the Irish national hymn God Save Ireland (born 1827).
 * 19 May – Frederick James Walker, motor cycle racer, killed at 1914 Isle of Man TT races (born 1876).
 * 23 June – Colonel John Burke, soldier in America (born 1838).
 * 28 June – Patrick James Foley, politician (born 1836)
 * 12 August – John Philip Holland, engineer, developed the first Royal Navy submarine (born 1840).
 * 1 September – George Henry Morris, soldier, first commanding officer to lead an Irish Guards battalion into battle, killed in action (born 1872).
 * 15 October – Anthony Traill, provost of Trinity College Dublin (born 1838).
 * 2 November – Charles FitzClarence, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1899 near Mafeking, killed in action (born 1865).
 * 10 November – Lydia Shackleton, botanical artist (born 1828).
 * 22 December – John Nesbitt Kirchhoffer, lawyer and politician in Canada (born 1848).
 * 26 December – Thomas Kelly-Kenny, British Army general who served in the Second Boer War (born 1840).

title: 1914 in Ireland


text: Category:Garfield County, Oklahoma

title: Category:Garfield County, Oklahoma


text:
Division of North Sydney

The Division of North Sydney is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

The Australian Electoral Commission has proposed that the seat be abolished at the next election.

History
It was proclaimed in 1900 and was one of the original 75 divisions contested at the first federal election. It originally stretched as far as the Northern Beaches, though much of that area became Warringah in 1922.

Second only to the nearby Division of Wentworth, the Division of North Sydney has the nation's second-highest proportion (56.4%) of high-income families. As with all North Shore seats, it has usually been a comfortably safe seat for the Liberal Party of Australia and its predecessors. Labor has usually run dead in the seat, though it came within 3.1 percent of winning it in the 1943 election landslide. While Labor managed to make the seat marginal on several occasions over the next two decades, it last came reasonably close to winning the seat in 1961.

North Sydney and Wentworth are the only two federation divisions in New South Wales to have never been held by Labor. The Liberal hold on the seat was broken in 1990 by "father of the independents" Ted Mack, who had represented much of the area in state parliament from 1981 to 1988. He held the seat for two terms before retiring at the 1996 election, after two terms, for the same reason he previously chose to resign from state parliament after two terms − to avoid receiving a parliamentary pension.

However, during Mack's tenure, North Sydney was always on the stronger side of fairly safe for the Liberals in "traditional" two-party-preferred match-ups with Labor, and it was a foregone conclusion that it would revert to the Liberals once Mack retired. Indeed, when Mack retired in 1996, Joe Hockey reclaimed the seat for the Liberals on a swing large enough to revert the seat to its traditional status as a comfortably safe Liberal seat. Hockey held it easily until 2015, serving as Treasurer from 2013 to 2015 in the Abbott government. After Abbott was ousted as Liberal leader and Prime Minister by Malcolm Turnbull in the September 2015 Liberal leadership spill Hockey moved to the backbench, but six days later he announced his intention to resign from parliament, taking effect from 23 October. The 2015 North Sydney by-election was held on 5 December to elect his replacement.

Trent Zimmerman, a former Hockey staffer, retained the seat for the Liberal Party with 48.2 percent of the primary vote after a larger-than-predicted 12.8 percent swing against the Turnbull Coalition government. That was only the second time in North Sydney since federation that the successful Liberal candidate had not obtained a majority of the primary vote and had to rely on preferences. Zimmerman faced a double-digit primary vote swing − more than triple that of the 2015 Canning by-election − even though Labor did not even contest the seat.

The Liberal two-candidate-preferred vote of 60.2 percent against independent Stephen Ruff compares to the previous election vote of 65.9 percent against Labor. The reduction of 5.7 percent could not be considered a "two-party/candidate preferred swing" − when a major party is absent, preference flows to both major parties does not take place, resulting in asymmetric preference flows.

Zimmerman became the first openly LGBTI member of the House of Representatives. He won the seat in his own right in 2016 and 2019. However, in 2022, he lost over 13 percent of his primary vote amid the Liberals' collapse in the North Shore and other "blue ribbon" areas of metropolitan Australia, and was defeated by teal independent Kylea Tink, the second non-Liberal ever to win it. The swing against the Liberals was large enough to make the seat marginal in a "traditional" two-party contest between the Liberals and Labor for the first time in 60 years; on paper, the Liberal margin over Labor was only 1.2 percent.

The most notable member for the seat was Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia from 1915 to 1923, and later a minister in the Lyons, Page, Menzies and Fadden governments. Hughes is the longest-serving parliamentarian in Australian history. He transferred to Bradfield after it was carved out of North Sydney's northern portion in 1949, and died as that seat's member in 1952. Other notable members include Mack, Hockey, and Dugald Thomson, a minister in the Reid Government.

The Australian Electoral Commission has proposed that the seat be abolished at the next election.

Boundaries
Since 1984, federal electoral division boundaries in Australia have been determined at redistributions by a redistribution committee appointed by the Australian Electoral Commission. Redistributions occur for the boundaries of divisions in a particular state, and they occur every seven years, or sooner if a state's representation entitlement changes or when divisions of a state are malapportioned.

Located along Sydney's Lower North Shore, the division is named after the suburb of North Sydney. It also includes the suburbs of Artarmon, Cammeray, Castlecrag, Crows Nest, Greenwich, Henley, Hunters Hill, Huntleys Cove, Huntleys Point, Kirribilli, Lane Cove, Lane Cove North, Lane Cove West, Lavender Bay, Linley Point, Longueville, McMahons Point, Middle Cove, Milsons Point, Naremburn, North Willoughby, Northbridge, Northwood, Riverview, St Leonards, Waverton, Willoughby, Willoughby East, Wollstonecraft, and Woolwich; as well as parts of Chatswood, Chatswood West, Cremorne, Gladesville, Gore Hill and Neutral Bay.

title: Division of North Sydney


text:
User talk:Luistadeu

Luis Tadeu nasceu em Barra do Bugres, Mato Grosso no dia 12 de Novembro de 1983.

4° filho de Maria Isabel e Aroldo José. 3° com este pré-nome, Luis.

Luis Tadeu está atualmente fazendo faculdade. Propaganda & Marketing é o curso e a universidade é a Estácio de Sá.

Trabalha com empréstimos e financiamentos em uma empresa do grupo Lojas Americanas.

Luis Tadeu desde criança sempre gostou da área jornalística e pequeno já escrevia textos considerados excelentes por seus professores. Lançou em seu condomínio um jornal para debater os assuntos condominais e abordava também assuntos do bairro. Participou da criação, veiculação de um jornal no seu colégio quando estava no 1° ano do Ensino Médio. Era o fotógrafo do jornal.

title: User talk:Luistadeu


text:
Talk:Monaco Grand Prix

'Master of Monaco'
I see we had a discussion on this above last summer, the result of which was to remove reference to 'Master of Monaco' as a title, as there appeared to be little support for it in the references. While Senna is referred to in this way, so are G Hill and Schumacher (try googling 'Master of Monaco' and each of the drivers' names - you'll get a similarly small number of hits for each). I think it eventually was reinstated on the strength of a reference to Senna being 'master of Monaco' in one race, but I've removed that as not really supporting the claim. Having failed to find a better source, I'm going to remove this material now. As ever, if anyone finds a better source, it can go back in. Cheers. 4u1e 23 February 2007, 12:25
 * I've also switched from 'King of Monaco' to 'Mr Monaco' in the lead (referring to Graham Hill) because I believe Mr Monaco is a name more often associated with Hill (supporting evidence: It's the title of one of his biographies and Hill + 'Mr Monaco' turns up about 5 times as many hits on Google as Hill + 'King of Monaco'). 4u1e 23 February 2007, 12:38

Part in France?
Is it true that part of the circuit is in France? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.236.120.178 (talk) 15:25, 5 June 2014 (UTC)
 * No. Tvx1 12:52, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

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External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Monaco Grand Prix