text:
Coopworth

The Coopworth is a modern New Zealand breed of sheep. It was developed by researchers at Lincoln College in the Canterbury region of the South Island between about 1956 and 1968, the result of cross-breeding of New Zealand Romney ewes and Border Leicester rams. It has become the second-most numerous sheep breed in New Zealand, and has been exported to Australia, some European countries, and the United States.

History
The Coopworth was developed between about 1956 and 1968 at Lincoln College (now Lincoln University), near Christchurch in the Canterbury region of the South Island by researchers under Ian Coop. The aim of the project was to increase the prolificacy or lambing percentage of ewes. To this end, New Zealand Romney ewes were put to Border Leicester rams; the Border Leicester was at that time the most prolific breed in New Zealand. Successive generations were then selectively bred based on strict performance recording for factors including fertility, maternal qualities, rate of growth and fleece weight. Results came fast – by about the fourth generation the cross-bred line was thought better than a direct Romney–Border Leicester cross, despite the benefit of heterosis in the latter. A breed association, the Coopworth Sheep Society of New Zealand, was formed in 1968 after a meeting of breeders.

The Coopworth soon became widespread. By 1984 it was the second-most numerous breed in New Zealand after the Romney, constituting almost 20% of the national flock and almost half the number of Romneys; in 2000 it represented about 10% of the whole population, while the Romney made up almost 60%.

It was soon exported to Australia (from 1975), to the United States (from 1970) and to some European countries.

Characteristics
The Coopworth looks much like the Romney, but is rather larger. It is of medium size: mature ewes weigh about, rams some It is polled, white-faced and white-woolled; the face and legs are free of wool. It is a lowland sheep, more suited to improved lowland pasture than to hill country.

The Woodlands Coopworth is a strain within the Coopworth breed, characterised by an X-linked gene which increases ovulation by about 40%, and so contributes to greater fecundity.

Use
The Coopworth is reared for both meat and wool. Fleeces weigh about ; staple length is in the range with a fibre diameter of about  (Bradford count 48/46s). The wool is used for clothing, for hand-spinning, and in carpet blends.

title: Coopworth


text:
Polish heraldry

Polish heraldry is the study of the coats of arms that have historically been used in Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It treats of specifically Polish heraldic traits and of the Polish heraldic system, contrasted with heraldic systems used elsewhere, notably in Western Europe. Due to the distinctive ways in which feudal societies evolved, Poland's heraldic traditions differ substantially from those of the modern-day German lands and France.

Polish heraldry is an integral part of the history of the Polish szlachta (nobility).

History
Unlike Western Europe, in Poland, the Polish nobles szlachta did not emerge exclusively from the feudal class of knights but stemmed in great part from earlier Slavic local rulers and free warriors and mercenaries. Rulers often hired these free warriors and mercenaries to form military units (Drużyna) and eventually, in the 11th century during the time of Casimir I the Restorer with the development of feudalism, armies paid by the Prince were replaced by knights that were paid in land. Much written evidence from the Middle Ages demonstrates how some elements of the Polish nobility did emerge from former Slavic rulers that were included in the ranks of the knightly class under the terms of the chivalric law (ius militare) and iure polonico.

Because Polish clans (Rody) have different origins, only part of the szlachta can be traced all the way back to the traditional old clan system based on kinship. The clans that could show kinship belonged to a House (Dom), such as the House of Odrowąż. Later, when different Houses created different surnames for each property, the House turned into the Clan Odrowąż. Other szlachta were not related and their unions were mostly voluntary and based on fellowship and brotherhood rather than kinship, still being full members of the Clan, creating Clan politics like in Clan Ostoja or Clan Abdank, but forming a heraldic clan. Near the end of the history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, due to adoptions and other circumstances, all Clans in Poland turned into Heraldic Clans.

In the year 1244, Bolesław, Duke of Masovia, identified members of the knights' clan as members of a genealogia:

I received my good servitors [Raciborz and Albert] from the land of [Great] Poland, and from the clan [genealogia] called Jelito, with my well-disposed knowledge [i.e., consent and encouragement] and the cry [vocitatio], [that is], the godło, [by the name of] Nagody, and I established them in the said land of mine, Masovia, [on the military tenure described elsewhere in the charter]. The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare, i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used sometime before 1244 to define knightly status.

According to Polish historian Tadeusz Manteuffel, a Polish clan (ród) consisted of people related by blood and descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity (see gens). The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called gród were built where a unifying religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. Such clans often used signs (proto-coat of arms) that later, during 13th century become coat of arms of the House or the Clan. The origin of those proto-CoAs is controversial. Some, like Sulimirski, claim Sarmatian origin and some like historian Franciszek Piekosiński claim that those signs are Runes of dynastic tribal rulers.

Heraldic symbols began to be used in Poland in the 13th century. The generic Polish term for a coat of arms, herb, was used for the first time in the year 1415 at the Royal Office with text et quatuor herbis, originating as a borrowing of the Czech erb, which in turn came from the German Erbe – heritage.

During the Union of Horodło (1413), 47 Prince and Boyar families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were adopted into 47 Polish noble clans and began to use Polish coats of arms.

Medieval coats of arms
Since there was no heraldic authority in Poland or in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, many old Polish coats of arms were changed over time by different publications, losing their original appearance. The Heraldic Commission was registered on 20 January 2010. Although many medieval Polish coats of arms were presented in Western European rolls of arms, there were no publications that presented original coats of arms in Poland until the 20th century, when Adam Heymowski began recovering old Polish coats of arms. His work was continued by Professor Józef Szymański (historian), who finally published an armorial of original Polish coats of arms.

The ancient Pałuki family coat of arms was visually close to the Topór coat of arms, and in time a similar coat was assumed by Clan Topór. As the Ostoja coat of arms evolved, the dragon was replaced by feathers and the cross by the sword, followed by other changes between ancient and modern versions.

Many Polish coats of arms feature so-called variations, which are particular to Polish heraldry. In many cases, variations are simple errors, sometimes the family wished to make a distinction within the clan and in other cases coats have been called variations of a particular family's coat just because they look similar, which all together create a unique heraldic clan organisation in Poland. This is presented in the second part of the gallery, which shows many different variations of the Ostoja coat of arms.

None of the variations above have anything in common with Ostoja, they just look similar.

Starting with proto-arms and families like Odrowąż being the House of Odrowąż, Polish family names were appended in many cases with -cki or -ski in reference to the name of their properties; for example, if a person named Chełmski acquired the town of Poniec, he would change his surname to Poniecki. Furthermore, a Jerzykowski (de Jerzykowo) that owned the property of Baranowo changed his surname to Baranowski (de Baranowo) and a Baranowski that owned the property of Chrzastowo change the surname to Chrzastowski (de Chrzastowo). A family became a clan or "heraldic family" using the same coat of arms. Later, when clans adopted several families, they formed heraldic clans, families using the same arms, in many cases defending clan politics but not necessarily blood related to each other.

Peculiarities

Although the Polish heraldic system evolved under the influence of German heraldry, there are many notable differences.

The most striking peculiarity of the system is that a coat of arms does not belong to a single family. A number of unrelated families (sometimes hundreds of them), usually with a number of different family names, may use the same, undifferenced coat of arms, and each coat of arms has its own name. The total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low – ca. 160 (Piekosiński ) in the late Middle Ages. The same can be also seen in Western Europe when families of different surnames but sharing clan origin would use similar coats-of-arms, the fleur-de-lis of the many Capetian families being perhaps the best-known example.

One side-effect of this unique arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms name (or clan name). For example, Jan Zamoyski herbu Jelita means "Jan Zamoyski of the Jelita coat of arms" (though it is often translated as "of the clan Jelita" or herbu is Latinized de armis). From the 15th to 17th centuries, the formula seems to have been to copy the ancient Roman naming convention: praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or Gens/Clan name) and cognomen (surname), following the Renaissance fashion. So we have Jan Jelita Zamoyski, forming a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone, literally "compound name"). Later, the double-barrelled name began to be joined with a hyphen: Jan Jelita-Zamoyski. (See Polish names).

The Polish émigrés of the 19th century sometimes used adaptations of their names according to the Western European (mainly French) style, becoming e.g. Balthasar Klossowski de Rola (Balthus), Jean de Bloch (Jan Gotlib Bloch), or Tamara de Lempicka. Some would also keep the Latin forms of their surnames, as Latin was the official language of the Kingdom of Poland, hence the popularity of Late-Medieval or Early-Modern forms such as "de Zamosc Zamoyski".

A single coat of arms could appear in slightly different versions, typically in different colours, depending on the custom of the family using it. Such variations (odmiany) are still considered as representing the same coat of arms.

One of the most visually striking characteristics of Polish heraldry is the abundance of gules (red) fields. Among the oldest coats of arms in Poland, nearly half use a red background, with blue (azure) coming in a distant second. Nowhere else in Europe is there seen such a strong bias towards a particular colour scheme. It follows, however, the well-known heraldic custom of all Europe, of the vassals following the colour-scheme of their overlord, which found practical use on the battlefield.

Other typical features used in Polish heraldry include horseshoes, arrows, Maltese crosses, scythes, stars, and crescents. There are also many purely geometrical shapes for which a separate set of heraldic terms was invented. It has been suggested that originally all Polish coats of arms were based on such abstract geometrical shapes, but most were gradually "rationalized" into horseshoes, arrows and so on. If this hypothesis is correct, it suggests in turn that Polish heraldry, also unlike western European heraldry, may be at least partly derived from the Tamgas, marks used by Eurasian nomads such as the Sarmatians, Avars and Mongols, to mark property. Evidence of the origins of the system was considered scanty, and the hypothesis has been criticized as being part of "Sarmatism" (the Polish tradition of romanticizing their supposed Sarmatian ancestry). However, recent DNA projects that concern Polish Nobility proved that at least part of Polish Nobility is of Sarmatian origin.

A Polish coat of arms consists of shield, crest, helm, and crown. Mantling became fashionable during the 18th and 19th centuries. Supporters, mottos, and compartments normally do not appear, although certain individuals used them, especially in the final stages of the system's development, partly in response to French and German influence. Preserved medieval evidence shows Polish coats-of-arms with mantling and supporters.

Shield
Polish coats of arms are divided in the same way as their western counterparts. However, Polish coats of arms is applied on clans rather than to separate families and new families where adopted to the Clan, using same CoA. Thus Polish escutcheons are rarely parted, there are however a lot of preserved quartered coats-of-arms. These would most often show the arms of the four grandparents of the bearer. Or also the paternal-paternal great-grandmother in the 5th field if the male-line coat-of-arms goes in the heart field.

The tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. By the 17th century, usually, men and women inherited a coat of arms from their father or mother or even both (or a member of a clan who had adopted them). But also men or women could permanently adopt the arms of their wives or husbands and transmit them to their children, even after remarriages. The brisure was rarely used. All children would inherit the coat(s) of arms of their parent(s) and transmit them to their children. This partly accounts for the relatively large proportion of Polish families who had adopted a coat of arms by the 18th century. Another factor was the trend of the nobly titled marrying "commoners" and passing on their title to their spouse and children, forbidden in the Middle Ages. An illegitimate child could adopt her/his noble mother's surname and title with the consent of the mother's father but was often adopted and raised by the natural father's family, thereby acquiring the father's surname and title.

Heart-shaped shields were mostly used in representations of the coats of arms of royalty. Following the union between Poland and Lithuania, and the creation of the elective monarchy, it became customary to place the coats of Poland and Lithuania diagonally, with the coat of arms of the specific monarch placed centrally on top. Research continues to find out what a "heart-shaped" shield is. Most likely, the coat of Poland was placed on the left-right diagonal (I & IV) and Lithuania on the right-left diagonal (II & III) as evidenced in the shield at the top of this page. The specific monarch crest then being placed in the "heart" position.

Tinctures
In addition to these seven basic tinctures, which were standard in western Europe, many more tinctures were used in Poland and (after the union with Poland) Lithuania.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polish heraldry


text:
Gliński coat of arms

Gliński is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the time of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Michał Gliński

title: Gliński coat of arms


text:
Hipocentaur coat of arms

Hipocentaur (Polish for "Hippocentaur") is a Lithuanian and Polish coat of arms. It was used by a number of szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The earliest images of the coat of arms come from 1422, when seals of two brothers from the Holszanski family were attached to the documents of the Treaty of Melno.

Blazon
J-B. Rietstap, specifying that the field of the shield is red, blazons the arms as:

"De gueules, à un centaure Sagittaire au naturel, la tête retournée vers senestre, la queue levée, recourbée et terminée en tête de serpent. Casque couronné. Cimier: trois plumes d'autruche d'argent."

He also blazons the arms of Hornostay (Lithuania), with a blue field, as "D'azur au centaure sagittaire de carnation, ayant la queue terminée par un serpent qui fait jouer son dard, et acc. en pointe d'une rose d'argent (Hippocentaurus)'."

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Paweł Holszański

title: Hipocentaur coat of arms


text:
Kierdeja coat of arms

Kierdeja is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * General Eufemiusz Czaplic
 * Jan Czaplic (Kiev castellan, d. 1604)
 * Aleksander Czaplic-Szpanowski (Polish Arian connected with the Kisielin community (Volhynia), expelled from Poland in 1660, d. 1664)
 * Józef Czaplic (Orthodox bishop of Lutsk, d. 1654)
 * Celestyn Czaplic (Master of the Hunt of the Crown, Marshal of Polish Sejm, d. 1804)

title: Kierdeja coat of arms


text:
Komar coat of arms

Komar is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

title: Komar coat of arms


text:
Charlton Marshall

Charlton Marshall is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset. It lies within the North Dorset administrative district, on the A350 road 2 mi south of the market town of Blandford Forum. It is sited on a river terrace above the floodplain of the River Stour, with most of the land in the parish stretching south-west over chalk hills. In the 2011 census the number of dwellings recorded within the parish was 513 and the population was 1,156.

Within the parish boundary is evidence of the sites of Anglo-Saxon burial mounds, and human habitation in the parish can be dated back at least a thousand years. Next to the river were three earlier settlements, which influenced the elongated layout of the current village. The parish church was rebuilt in 1713 and restored in 1895, although the tower dates from the 15th century. Charlton Marshall Halt railway station was once a halt on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway.

Within the last half century Charlton Marshall has grown considerably, and there are now more than five times as many homes in the village as there were in the middle of the 19th century. A proposal to jointly bypass Charlton Marshall and neighbouring Spetisbury has never been realised.

Governance
Charlton Marshall civil parish was in Riversdale electoral ward, which also includes Spetisbury civil parish to the south. The total ward population in the 2011 census was 1,711.

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Charlton Marshall is part of the Winterborne North ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

title: Charlton Marshall


text:
Kryszpin coat of arms

Kryszpin is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The exact story behind this coat of arms is unknown. Both its blazoning and the features used are probably of foreign origin and were naturalised in Polish heraldry sometime in the 16th century, probably of German origin. It is somehow related to the Nieczuja coat of arms.

Blazon
Parted per pale, or and azure, in dexter two deer heads couped argent, in sinister lion passant argent. Both divided by a tree rump proper.

Out of a crest coronet, between two vols, peacock's feathers.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:
 * Hieronim Kirszensztajn, podskarbi of Lithuania (1663–1676)
 * Andrzej Kryszpin, voivod of Vitebsk

title: Kryszpin coat of arms


text:
Rounder Records

Rounder Records is an independent record label founded in 1970 in Somerville, Massachusetts by Marian Leighton Levy, Ken Irwin, and Bill Nowlin. Focused on American roots music, Rounder's catalogue of more than 3000 titles includes records by Alison Krauss and Union Station, George Thorogood, Tony Rice, and Béla Fleck, in addition to re-releases of seminal albums by artists such as the Carter Family, Jelly Roll Morton, Lead Belly, and Woody Guthrie. "Championing and preserving the music of artists whose music falls outside of the mainstream," Rounder releases have won 54 Grammy Awards representing diverse genres, from bluegrass, folk, reggae, and gospel to pop, rock, Americana, polka and world music. Acquired by Concord in 2010, Rounder is based in Nashville, Tennessee. In 2016, The Rounder Founders (Levy, Irwin and Nowlin) were inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame.

Beginnings
Rounder was founded by Ken Irwin, Bill Nowlin, and Marian Leighton Levy. Nowlin and Irwin first met in 1962 as incoming freshman at Tufts University in the Boston suburb of Medford, Massachusetts. Exposure to The Greenbriar Boys, the Charles River Valley Boys, the Hillbilly at Harvard radio show, and fiddling conventions, as well as the musicians who performed at Club 47, one of the first venues in the Northeast to book African-American blues artists from the American south, fueled their interest in bluegrass, old-time, and other roots music. They were unable to find records by many of the artists they saw live: the records "just didn't exist."

Nowlin and Irwin met Levy, then a student at Clark University, in 1967. An "unrepentant folkie," like Nowlin and Irwin, she moved to Boston to attend graduate school at Northeastern University. The three shared an apartment as well as a desire to bring roots music to a wider audience, and began to explore the idea of starting a record company. "We were all involved in radical politics, and the anti-war movement, and a lot of our inspiration for starting Rounder had to do with minority culture and wanting to represent music that we really liked, but that was not in the mainstream," Levy said in a 2015 interview.

1970s: George Pegram, Norman Blake, Rounder 0044, George Thorogood
Financed with Irwin's savings of $1500, Rounder was founded in 1970 in the Somerville apartment, a living/working/political collective. The name Rounder was chosen for several reasons: the shape of a vinyl record, the nickname for a hobo, and the name of the folk band The Holy Modal Rounders. Levy, Irwin and Nowlin also self-identified as "Rounders", the name reflecting the "outlaw self-image of three romantics who positioned themselves in opposition to capitalism, the programmatic rigidity of the old Left, and the more doctrinaire cultural rules of the folk revival itself." The lawyer who drew up Rounder's papers of incorporation did so in exchange for two Rounder albums.

Irwin and Nowlin were introduced to fiddle music through a Folkways recording of the 34th Old Time Fiddlers Convention, and in late 1969 (sources differ), for $125., they bought the rights to a tape by a 76-year-old banjo player, George Pegram, who had been a star of the Fiddlers Convention. It became Rounder's first release, Rounder 0001. Rounder 0002 was by the Spark Gap Wonder Boys; a local band, the album was recorded at the Harvard and MIT radio stations for "the cost of the tape." 500 copies of each record were pressed. Both were released on October 20, 1970. To boost the label's credibility—and get local record stores to stock their releases—Irwin, Nowlin, and Levy started distributing other small folk labels, and began selling albums at music festivals.

In 1971, the label released its first bluegrass album, One Morning in May, by Joe Val and the New England Bluegrass Boys. Over the next several years, they released bluegrass albums by old-time artists (Snuffy Jenkins and Pappy Sherrill, Highwoods Stringband, and The Blue Sky Boys), traditional bluegrass artists (Don Stover, Ted Lundy, Del McCoury, The Bailey Brothers, Buzz Busby), and progressive bluegrass artists, most notably by Country Cooking and Tony Trischka.

Believing that "music doesn't discriminate," Nowlin, Irwin and Leighton-Levy sought out female artists, then a rarity in the bluegrass world, and in the early 70s released albums by Hazel Dickens and Alice Gerrard, who recorded as Hazel & Alice, and Ola Belle Reed. By 1974, Rounder had put out 22 records, including the label's breakthrough album, Norman Blake's Home in Sulphur Springs. Realizing that Rounder was no longer a part-time pursuit, Irwin resigned from his job—he was a professor at the University of Lowell—and Nowlin and Levy left graduate school to run Rounder full-time.

In 1975, Rounder released the self-titled debut album by J. D. Crowe & The New South. One of the "most pioneering and influential records in the history of bluegrass,", it was commonly referred to by its stock number, Rounder 0044. The program notes from the 2016 Bluegrass Hall of Fame Induction ceremony stated that the record "did much to chart the course of bluegrass for the balance of the 1970s and beyond."

In addition to new music, Rounder re-released 78 rpm discs from the 1920s and 1930s. In the mid-70s, with a catalog of about 200 LPs by acoustic artists, the label expanded its Bluegrass focus to include folk, blues and other styles of music, notably signing NRBQ, Arlen Roth and George Thorogood and the Destroyers. In May 1977, Rounder released NRBQ's "All Hopped Up." Later that year, George Thorogood and the Destroyer's eponymous debut was released; although it was rooted in blues, it was more of a rock album than any of the label's previous releases. Within a year, the record sold more than 75,000 copies, a substantial achievement at the time for an independently distributed record. Rounder released the Destroyer's second album, Move it on Over, in 1978. The title track, a Hank Williams cover, was released as a single and received heavy FM airplay. The album entered the American Top 40 and went gold, as did the band's debut. Irwin described Thorogood's success as a "watershed" moment for Rounder, stating that while it did not change the founder's interest or mission, it made clear that the label needed to expand both its staff and its distribution. Rounder recorded Thorogood's fourth record, Bad to the Bone, and released it through a joint venture with EMI. At the close of the decade, Rounder moved from their Somerville office to a larger office in Cambridge.

In 1979, Rounder's employees decided to unionize, and Nowlin, Levy, and Irwin were strongly opposed. The workers voted to join Local 925 of the Service Employees Union. As a result of their opposition to the union, relations between the employees and the founders were strained for several years.

1980s: Heartbeat, Philo, Alison Krauss
Although they were approached by less traditional roots artists following Thorogood's success, the founders signed artists that reflected the label's original mission. Among others, they signed Johnny Copeland and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. Scott Billington, a musician and Rounder staff member, was recruited to produce Brown's debut for Rounder with Jim Bateman, and together they pushed Brown to record classic blues songs. The resulting album, Alright Again!, won the 1982 Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album. It was Rounder's first Grammy.

In the early 80s, Rounder once again broadened its focus, establishing a reggae imprint, Heartbeat and adding Klezmer, Cajun, Zydeco and Tex-Mex Conjunto musicians to its roster. Throughout the decade, the label released records by esoteric artists who were unlikely to garner mainstream recognition, including Ted Hawkins, Jonathan Richman, and Sleepy LaBeef.

In 1984, Rounder acquired the traditional and folk music label Philo Records. Among others, the acquisition brought Utah Phillips, Dave Van Ronk, Christine Lavin, and singer-songwriter Nanci Griffith to the label. Griffith's Rounder debut, Once in a Very Blue Moon, marked the "emergence of a major talent." Critically acclaimed, the album was the foundation for Griffith's 1993 success with the Grammy Award-winning Other Voices, Other Rooms (released by Elektra).

Largely responsible for Rounder's A&R, Irwin listened to every demo tape that the label was sent. He first heard Alison Krauss in 1984 on a demo of the band Classical Grass, later known as Union Station, and Krauss—who mainly played fiddle and contributed vocal harmonies—sang lead on a gospel song. Irwin, taken with her voice, was interested in Krauss as a solo artist, and signed her to Rounder at 14. Once on the roster, Irwin brought Krauss (and her parents) to Nashville to find a producer for her Rounder debut. The album, Too Late to Cry, was released in 1987, when Krauss was 16. It was followed by the Union Station album Two Highways in 1989.

1990s: Zoe Records, Mercury Records, Music for Little People, Liquid Audio
Rounder released I've Got That Old Feeling, Krauss' second solo album, in 1990. It was her first album to hit the Billboard charts, and earned Krauss a 1991 Grammy Award—her first—in the Best Bluegrass album category. Over the course of the decade, Krauss would release a second solo album, 1999's Forget About It, and two albums with Union Station, Everytime You Say Goodbye (1992) and So Long So Wrong. (1997). Forget About It and So Long So Wrong were certified gold. Krauss won four Grammys as a solo artist and Union Station won five during the 1990s.

In 1991, producer Ron Levy partnered with Rounder to create and distribute the Bullseye Blues label, releasing music from Lowell Fulson, Smokin' Joe Kubek and Charles Brown. In the winter of that year, the company merged with Rykodisc distribution's East Side Digital to form REP Co. along with Precision Sound. Rykodisc later restructured to form Distribution North America, which would handle many of Rounder's albums.

Rounder acquired the children's label, Music for Little People, in 1994. Renamed Rounder Kids, it functioned as a separate corporation within the Rounder Records Group. Artists including Raffi released records through Rounder Kids, which distributed labels 250 labels and 2200 titles.

Rounder bought the Chicago-based Flying Fish Records in fall of 1995. The label, founded in 1974 by Rounder associate Bruce Kaplan, had a catalog of over 500 records by artists including Sweet Honey in the Rock, Pete Seeger, and Doc Watson at the time of its acquisition. That same year, Krauss released the career retrospective,  Now That I've Found You. The album charted at #2 on the country charts, and hit the top fifteen on the pop charts. It sold two million copies and received two Grammy Awards.

In 1997, the founders appointed Rounder's first president and CEO, John Virant, who had been the label's general counsel since 1992. Among other initiatives, Virant conceived of and oversaw the creation of a pop music imprint, Zoë, named for his daughter. Artists including Blake Babies, Juliana Hatfield, Kay Hanley and Sarah Harmer released records on the imprint.

A distribution agreement with Polygram's Mercury Records was signed in 1998. Expected to increase the sales of new releases of artists such as Juliana Hatfield, the PolyGram Group Distribution affiliate handled more than a third of Rounder's titles. Less prominent titles were sold through distributors DNA and Bayside.

In April 1999, the company signed an agreement with Liquid Audio, Inc. for digital distribution of its music over the Internet. By then, Mercury's parent company PolyGram had been acquired by Universal. Universal Music and Video Distribution unit sold Rounder's bigger titles.

2000s: Raising Sand, Rounder Books, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Steve Martin
While polka was a mainstay of Rounder's catalog, in 2001 the company moved the musical style to the mainstream with the release of Jimmy Sturr's Gone Polka album. "Unabashed polka fan," Willie Nelson, whose first bands played polka, often recorded on Sturr's albums, and four songs on Gone Polka featured Nelson's vocals, illustrating "the happy cross-cultural union between the Lone Star State and Eastern Europe."

In 2002, Rounder signed a deal with Provident Music Distribution to sell Rounder products to Christian retailers, and began marketing the recordings of jazz saxophonist Branford Marsalis's Marsalis Music label.

Rounder Books was created in Spring 2004. The division's first releases were Nowlin's baseball biography Mr. Red Sox: The Johnny Pesky Story, and a book of collected fan essays, edited by Nowlin and Cecelia Tan. Nowlin, along with other co-writers, released another three Red Sox-themed books over the next six years. Other titles from Rounder Books included a children's book by Raffi, Everybody Grows, and the company's bestseller, Rush drummer/lyricist Neil Peart's Roadshow: Landscape with Drums—A Concert Tour by Motorcycle.

In 1986, although pursued by Rounder, Mary Chapin Carpenter chose instead to sign with Columbia Records. Twenty years later, in 2006, she signed with Rounder. Moving beyond the country music she was associated with, on Rounder she released what many fans and critics regarded as the best albums of her career.

Echoing the early achievements of Hazel Dickens and Alison Krauss, in the male-dominated field of bluegrass music, in 2007 Rounder released Crowd Favorites, a compilation of six albums by Claire Lynch. The album earned multiple International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) awards and Lynch was inducted into the Alabama Bluegrass Hall of Fame. In 2005, Lynn Morris, Alecia Nugent and Rhonda Vincent were honored by the Society for the Preservation of Bluegrass Music of America.

The Robert Plant/Alison Krauss album, Raising Sand, in 2007, was one of Rounder's biggest hits both commercially and critically. It won five Grammys, including Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album, Record of the Year (for "Please Read the Letter"), Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "Rich Woman," and Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for "Killing the Blues". Krauss was the sixth female artist to win five Grammys in a single night. Raising Sand was certified platinum in March 2008.

In 2009, Rounder reissued a series of 1920s and 1930s Carter Family recordings. The same year, the label launched what would become a 100-disc reissue series compiled by musicologist Alan Lomax whose archival project began in 1938 with the taping of Jelly Roll Morton, and ultimately included Lead Belly, Muddy Waters, Woody Guthrie, and many others. Steve Martin also released the first of his Rounder albums, The Crow: New Songs for the Five-String Banjo in 2009.

Releasing about 100 albums per year by the end of the decade, Rounder's catalog had grown to include Del McCoury, David Grisman, the Whitstein Brothers, Madeleine Peyroux, and James King, as well as supergroups Dreadful Snakes (Jerry Douglas, Pat Enright, Bela Fleck, Mark Hembree, Blaine Sprouse, and Roland White) and Longview (Dudley Connell, James King, Don Rigsby, Joe Mullins, Glen Duncan, and Marshall Wilborn), and the compilation Oh Sister. Artists including Robert Plant, Dolores O'Riordan, Ann Wilson, Fleck, Minnie Driver, Rush, Cowboy Junkies, Griffith, Laura Nyro, Fairport Convention, Linda Thompson, Boz Scaggs, Nelson, Skaggs, and Joe Diffie among others, recorded for Rounder during the 2000s.

2010s: Concord, 40th anniversary, John Strohm
In April 2010, Los Angeles, California-based Concord Music Group acquired Rounder Records, adding the latter's 3,000 titles to its own 10,000. Irwin, Nowlin and Leighton-Levy remained in creative and advisory roles. In an interview with The Boston Globe, Leighton-Levy said: "We felt this was better than simply trying to soldier on alone. It's not an exit strategy. Concord acquired Rounder wanting it to continue what it is doing."

To celebrate its 40th anniversary, Rounder produced a concert at the Grand Ole Opry. Broadcast on PBS in March 2010, The Rounder Records 40th Anniversary Concert was released on DVD to benefit NARAS's Grammy in the Schools Program. Performers included Krauss, Carpenter, Martin, Thomas, Fleck, and Peyroux.

In 2014, Rounder moved from Cambridge to Nashville, Concord's base of operations.

In April 2015, Concord merged its new acquisition, the North Carolina-based label, Sugar Hill, with the Rounder Label Group. Founded in the late 1970s, the Sugar Hill catalog included records by Ricky Skaggs, Lee Ann Womack, Sarah Jarosz, Liz Longley, Corey Smith, Kasey Chambers, Sam Bush, moe., and Bryan Sutton and Black Prairie. John Strohm, a musician and entertainment lawyer, became Rounder's president in 2017, as Virant moved to a senior creative role. An attorney at the Nashville law firm Loeb & Loeb at the time, Strohm had been instrumental in developing the careers of Alabama Shakes, Sturgill Simpson, The Civil Wars, Dawes, and Bon Iver, among others. A guitarist, drummer, and songwriter, Strohm spent half of his career playing in critically acclaimed alternative bands including the Blake Babies, Antenna, and the Lemonheads. He also released two albums as a solo artist, Vestavia in (1999) and Everyday Life in 2007.

Subsidiary labels

 * Bullseye Blues

 * Easydisc
 * Flying Fish Records

 * Greenhays
 * Heartbeat Records

 * Henry Street

 * Philo Records
 * Rounder Select
 * Rounder Specials

 * Sugar Hill Records

 * Upstart
 * Varrick

 * Zoë Records
 * Music for Little People

Relevant literature

 * Nowlin, Bill. 2021. Vinyl Ventures: My Fifty Years at Rounder Records. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing.

title: Rounder Records


text: Category:Hidalgo County, Texas

title: Category:Hidalgo County, Texas


text:
Mogiła coat of arms

Mogiła (Polish for "Tomb") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by a number of szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:

title: Mogiła coat of arms


text:
Drysdale sheep

The Drysdale is a New Zealand breed of sheep. It was developed from 1931 by Francis Dry, and derives from sheep of the New Zealand Romney breed in which a mutation caused the coat to be particularly hairy, and thus suitable for carpet-making. It is a specialised carpet wool breed, but also a useful meat breed.

History
Francis Dry in 1931 noticed a genetic freak, a Romney ram with a high percentage of very coarse wool. Crossing two Romneys and Cheviots resulted in a sheep with a lot of coarse fleece which is about 6 kg with a 40 microns fibre diameter and a staple of 200 to 300 mm. The coarse wool gene causes both male and female Drysdales to be horned. The male's horn resembles a Wiltshire ram's horn whereas the ewe's horns are very small - usually only 8 to 9 cm in length. Live weight is 60–70 kg.

title: Drysdale sheep


text:
Charminster

Charminster is a village and civil parish in west Dorset, England, situated on the River Cerne and A352 road 1 mi north of the county town Dorchester. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 2,940 and also contains the hamlet of Charlton Down.

The village name derives from the River Cerne and the small 'minster' church of St Mary, resulting in "Cerneminster" (recorded in 1223), which eventually evolved into Charminster. The village, which includes Wolfeton House, was the place of origin of Richard Norman and family, one of the Planters of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America, who arrived there in ca. 1626. Scientist Margaret Bastock died in the village in 1982, aged 62.

Charminster was in the Charminster and Cerne Valley electoral ward, which stretches from the northern outskirts of Dorchester through Cerne Abbas to Minterne Magna. The total population of this ward at the 2011 census was 4,768.

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Charminster is part of the Charminster St Mary's ward for elections to Dorset Council.

Facilities
As a relatively large village Charminster has an abundance of amenities, with three pubs, a village hall and a community center with the former having seating capacity in the main hall of 100 seated 120 standing and a further 10 or so in other rooms, as well as a village green at Charminster house used for fetes and community celebrations, beyond this the village has a park and a numerous variety of shops and business with a previously mentioned church and a First school

title: Charminster


text:
Odyniec coat of arms

Odyniec (Polish for "Boar") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Antoni Edward Odyniec, writer (1804–1885)
 * Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko, Inspector General of the Armed Forces of Poland (1893–1982)

title: Odyniec coat of arms


text:
Orda coat of arms

Orda is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

title: Orda coat of arms


text:
Przyjaciel coat of arms

Przyjaciel (Polish for "Friend") also known as "de Pryjatel" and "Amicus" is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
The coat of arms has its source in the following historical event during the reign of the Polish King, Bolesław IV the Curly (Kędzierzawy) (1125-1173), Duke Henryk, Prince of Sandomierz, the king's brother, was waging war against the still pagan Prussians, in 1164, and was killed in a battle. The knight Mirosław, who hailed from the east, as his name suggests, and who was in the service of the king and king's brother, Henryk, broke through the enemy lines with his men, in order to retrieve Henryk's body and valuable armor, but was killed himself in the process. For Mirosław's steadfast loyalty, in the memory of his bravery, King Bolesław of Poland bestowed this coat of arms and lands to Mirosław's descendants.

Blazon
A shield of blue color, with a heart in a vessel, pierced from top to bottom by an arrow, helmet with five ostrich feathers, and the blue and yellow fringe, signifying the ancient colors of knight Mirosław's ancestral origins.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, military officer and commander
 * Józef Epifani Minasowicz, publisher, poet, translator, journalist and editor
 * Tadeusz Wolański, archaeologist and researcher of inscriptions in the Etruscan language
 * Medard Downarowicz, political activist and minister
 * Andrzej Downarowicz, podstarosta and judge
 * Tadeusz Downarowicz, member of the Great Sejm
 * Bohdan Pawłowicz, writer, journalist, radio broadcaster, military officer, Polonia activist
 * Jurowski family

title: Przyjaciel coat of arms


text:
River Cerne

The River Cerne is a 10 mi river in Dorset, England, which rises in the Chalk hills of the Dorset Downs at Minterne Magna, between High Stoy and Dogbury Hill, flows down a valley through Cerne Abbas and Charminster, and flows into the River Frome in Dorchester. The Cerne Valley lies in the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Its name is derived from the Primitive Welsh *carn, "pile of stones," thus meaning "the stony stream." The pronunciation with soft 'c', instead of "chern" as would be expected (Old English *ċēarn), is suggested as being due to Anglo-Norman influence.

The Cerne has been described as "a friendly river, for none of its delightful villages shun the stream". Another wrote, "The change from the sheep-grazed open downland landscape of the river's source to the intimate enclosed beauty of Minterne Gardens is quite magical".

The river's valley is one of several roughly parallel valleys which drain the dip slope of the Dorset Downs. The Cerne Valley Way is a circular walk taking in the aforementioned hamlets and villages, as well as Nether Cerne, Godmanstone and Forston. This walk follows the course from near its source in the basin formed by the hill of High Stoy and Dogbury to its junction with the Frome in the water meadows at Charminster. Attractions along the route include Britain's largest hill figure, the Cerne Abbas Giant, Minterne House and Gardens and Hilfield Hill nature reserve.

The Cerne is largely groundwater fed with some upstream catchment, running primarily over chalk and upper greensand. The bed armour is mainly of flint overlain by seasonal sandy silt, with a healthy ecosystem of flora and fauna. A 2008 report by the Wild Trout Trust stated that a fishery owned by the Gallia family is located near to Nether Cerne which had been recognised by a trust conservation award. The report concluded that "the habitat of the River Cerne was excellent, providing good quality habitat for all life stages of brown trout".

In the past, the river has over spilled into Cerne Abbas, however no river-related flooding has occurred since a relief scheme, involving a system of gullies and culverts, and a reservoir capable of holding 44,000,000 litres of floodwater, was commissioned in 1986.

title: River Cerne


text: Category:Archaeoastronomy

title: Category:Archaeoastronomy


text:
Radwan coat of arms

Radwan is a Polish knights' clan (ród) and a Polish coat of arms used by the noble families within the clan (szlachta).

Blazon
Gules: a Gonfanon or surmounted by a Maltese Cross of the last. Crest – on a crowned helmet – three ostrich feathers proper.

Arms: gules, a gonfannon ensigned of a cross in chief, and fringed in base, all or. Issuant of a helmet ducally crowned; for a crest, three ostrich plumes proper.

History
Radwan is among the most ancient coats of arms. Its origin traces to Polish and German nobility.

The most ancient seal dates from 1443 and the first record from 1409. This coat of arms was widespread mainly in the regions of Kraków, Płock, Sandomierz, Sieradz, and also in Podlasie, Rawa, Ruthenia, and Lithuania. It exists in eight variants.

Families of magnate status (możni/high nobility) bearing Radwan arms were the Babski's, and the Magnuszewski's and Uchański's (See: Jakub Uchański), parts of the Mazovian feudal elite; however, many branches of the Radwans never transcended the status of middle and lesser nobility.

"In Poland, the Radwanice were noted relatively early (1274) as the descendants of Radwan, a knight [more properly a "rycerz" (German "ritter")] active a few decades earlier. ..."

Kasper Niesiecki S.J. (1682–1744) in his "Herbarz Polski" (with increased legal proofs and additions by Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz [1805–1881] in the Leipzig editions, 1839–1846) writes:

"'It [Radwan coat of arms] was awarded during the reign of King Bolesław Smialy (1058–1079) on the occasion of a battle with Ruthenia; a captain named Radwan had been sent out on a foray with part of the army. He happened upon the enemy camp in such close quarters that they could neither protect themselves from a skirmish with the Ruthenians, nor fight with them, inasmuch as their numbers were so much smaller. But they all agreed it was better to fall dead on the spot than to encourage the enemy by fleeing. So with all their heart they sprang toward the Ruthenians, whose knights were daunted by this attack; but when they saw the small numbers against them, the Ruthenians grew bold, and not only took away their banner, but dispersed them as well. Captain Radwan, wishing to encourage his men to fight once more, rushed to a nearby church, where he seized the church's banner; he then gathered his men and courageously attacked the enemy. The Ruthenians took this to mean a new army with fresh troops had joined the battle, and began to retreat and flee. So Radwan's banner carried the day, and for this he received that church's banner for his shield, as well as other gifts.

Paprocki, however, gives this as occurring during the rule of Bolesław Chrobry [992–1025] in 1021. He writes that Radwan was a royal chancellor, which information he is supposed to have taken from ancient royal grants. I conclude from this that either this clan sign is more ancient than the time of Bolesław Śmiały [1058–1079] and originated in the time of Bolesław Krzywousty [1102–1138], to whom some authors ascribe its conferment on that aforementioned Radwan; or else that before the time of Bolesław Śmiały [1058–1079] the Radwans used some other arms in their seal: for instance, that Radwan whom Paprocki gives as Bishop of Poznań in 1138. Długosz, in 'Vitae Episcop. Posnan. [Lives of the Bishops of Poznań]' does not include him under Radwan arms, but Sreniawa; there I, too, will speak of him.'"

From Little Poland, the Śreniawa family/gens was insignificant and financially modest; however, King Kazimierz the Great (1310–1370) supported them in Little Poland.

Radwan, Bishop of Poznań, assisted with the establishment of the first Commandery of the Knights of Saint John in Poznań circa 1187 or possibly May 6, 1170. The donation was made by Mieszko III Stary (1121? – 1202), High Duke of all Poland.

Ancient Origins and Reason for Many Surnames
See: Szlachta: Origins of szlachta surnames.

The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the nobility/szlachta. The Polish nobility/szlachta in Poland, where Latin was written and spoken far and wide, used the Roman naming convention of the tria nomina (praenomen, nomen, and cognomen) to distinguish Polish citizens/nobles/szlachta from the peasantry and foreigners, hence why so many surnames are associated with the Radwan coat of arms.

Nomen (nomen gentile—name of the gens /ród or clan):

Radwan

Cognomen (name of the family sept within the gens):

For example—Braniecki, Dąbrowski, Czcikowski, Dostojewski, Górski, Nicki, Zebrzydowski, etc.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:
 * Dąbrowski Manor in Michałowice
 * Jarosław Dąbrowski
 * Stefan Tytus Dąbrowski

 * Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Polish spelling "Dostojewski")

 * Samuel Osiński
 * Jakub Uchański
 * House of Zebrzydowski
 * Andrzej Zebrzydowski
 * Mikołaj Zebrzydowski

Friedrich Nietzsche as Polish Nobleman Controversy: His Ring Bearing Radwan Coat of Arms

Friedrich Nietzsche wore a signet ring bearing the Radwan coat of arms. He often claimed his ancestors were Polish noblemen called either "Niëtzky" or "Niëzky," which was equated to the surname of the Polish family "Nicki" bearing the Radwan coat of arms. Gotard Nietzsche, a member of the Nicki family, left Poland for Prussia. His descendants later settled in the Electorate of Saxony circa the year 1700. All Saints' Church, in Wittenberg, Saxony, is where Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses in 1517, according to Philip Melanchthon, which began the Protestant Reformation.

Nietzsche's statements: – letter to Heinrich von Stein, c. beginning of December 1882 – Nachlass, Sommer 1882 21 [2]
 * "meine Vorfahren waren polnische Edelleute, noch die Mutter meines Großvaters war Polin"
 * transl.: "my ancestors were Polish noblemen, even my grandfather's mother was Polish"
 * "Man hat mich gelehrt, die Herkunft meines Blutes und Namens auf polnische Edelleute zurückzuführen, welche Niëtzky hießen und etwa vor hundert Jahren ihre Heimat und ihren Adel aufgaben, unerträglichen religiösen Bedrückungen endlich weichend: es waren nämlich Protestanten."
 * transl.: "I was taught to ascribe the origin of my blood and name to Polish noblemen who were called Niëtzky and left their home and nobleness about a hundred years ago, finally yielding to unbearable suppression: they were Protestants."

– letter to Georg Brandes, April 10, 1888
 * "Meine Vorfahren waren polnische Edelleute (Niëzky); es scheint, dass der Typus gut erhalten ist, trotz dreier deutschen "Mütter"."
 * transl.: "My ancestors were Polish noblemen (Niëzky); it seems that the type is well preserved in spite of three German "mothers""

– Ecce Homo, Warum ich so weise bin (Why I am so wise) No. 3 (earlier version)
 * "Und doch waren meine Vorfahren polnische Edelleute: ich habe von daher viel Rassen-Instinkte im Leibe, wer weiss? zuletzt gar noch das liberum veto. Denke ich daran, wie oft ich unterwegs als Pole angeredet werde und von Polen selbst, wie selten man mich für einen Deutschen nimmt, so könnte es scheinen, dass ich nur zu den angesprenkelten Deutschen gehörte."
 * transl.: "And yet my ancestors were Polish noblemen: it is owing to them that I have so much race instinct in my blood, who knows? perhaps even the liberum veto. When I think of how often I have been accosted as a Pole when traveling, even by Poles themselves, and how seldom I have been taken for a German, it seems to me as if I belonged to those who have but a sprinkling of German in them.

In her 1895 biography Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's, his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche discussed this, quoted the second statement above and told a longer version of the story, giving her aunts as a source. Also she says that not their great-grandfather (as Friedrich had claimed), but their great-great-grandfather had travelled from Poland to Saxony; that this travel had lasted three years, and that their great-grandfather was born in this time. Also she recalled a lost document called "La famille seigneuriale de Niëtzky" in which it was stated that a member of the family had to flee from Poland in 1716. In her 1895 retelling of the story, Förster-Nietzsche did not state clearly whether she thought it to be true or a family myth. Many Nietzsche biographies until today have used Förster-Nietzsche's book as a source.

In 1898, Hans von Müller did some research concerning the Nietzsches' origins. He found that Nietzsche's great-grandfather was born on February 26, 1714 (8 o'clock in the morning) in the town of Bibra and was given the name Gotthelf Engelbert some days later. His father, Nietzsche's great-great-grandfather, was named Christoph and had lived in Bibra since at least 1709. At that time, Müller could not find earlier evidence or the family birth name of Christoph Nietzsche's wife, but nevertheless published his results. In a private talk with Elisabeth, he jokingly said that if the lost document had put the events in 1706, not 1716, there would at least have been a possibility of it being true.

He was quite surprised when Elisabeth published a harsh rejection of his essay and there stated that she "just sees from an old notebook" that the lost document had really put the events in 1706, not 1716. Although she accepted Müller's evidence, she found it mysterious why the family name of Christoph Nietzsche's wife was "concealed" in the old church books. [Elisabeth's appearing and disappearing "old notebooks" have often been a very practical source for her statements].

In 1905, a Polish writer named Bernhard Scharlitt began to take interest in Nietzsche's family history and wrote letters to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. In the book Herbarz polski, he found a small note about a family "Nicki" belonging to the Radwan coat of arms, and conjectured that some Gotard Nietzsche had migrated from Poland to Prussia c. 1632, and that his descendant Christoph Nietzsche in 1706 had merely changed Prussia with Saxony.

He wrote this to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who quickly dismissed all her earlier conjectures, even the religious suppression so important to her brother, and also found "after thorough research" that in fact her brother had always written (two-syllable) "Nicki" and never the three-syllable form "Niëzky". [An obvious lie, see the above quotations by Nietzsche]. Scharlitt was full of joy and published his conjectures and Elisabeth's letters in a Polish-patriotic article.

However, in her new 1912 biography Der junge Nietzsche, Elisabeth did not repeat her enthusiastic support for Scharlitt's conjectures – perhaps they had become inopportune in rising German nationalism. She now wrote "Nicki" but nevertheless claimed that phonetically it would be "Niëzky" with three syllables; she changed (that is, forged) her brother's 1882 fragment (second quotation on top) from "etwa vor hundert Jahren" (about hundred years ago) to "vor mehr als hundert Jahren" (more than hundred years ago), but in the end said that she does not know anything for sure because "papers have been lost".

What Scharlitt and Förster-Nietzsche did not know was that Hans von Müller after her strong rejection had abstained from an open debate, but had quietly pursued his research in old churchbooks, and that he was successful. His results are:

 * Nietzsche's great-great-great-great-grandfather:
 * Mattheß Nitzsche, lived in Burkau
 * Nietzsche's great-great-great-grandfather:
 * Christoph Nitzsche [I.], baptized May 15, 1662, Burkau; married to Anna Grüner, daughter of Hanß Grüner
 * Nietzsche's great-great-grandfather:
 * Christoph Nitzsche [II.], first marriage in 1707 in Eckartsberga, living in Bibra at least since 1709, died January 5, 1739, lower tax official in Bibra
 * First marriage with Johanna Christiana Büttner, daughter of Johann Dietrich Büttner from Eckartsberga
 * Second marriage with Margaretha Elisabetha Schönermarckin [the one whose family name Elisabeth rumoured to be "mysteriously concealed"], daughter of Ludwig Heinrich Schönermarck in Sondershausen)
 * Nietzsche's great-grandfather:
 * Gotthelf (or Gotthilf) Engelbert Nitzsche, born February 26, 1714, in Bibra, died September 21, 1804, in Bibra, succeeded his father as lower tax official); is from Christoph's [II.] first marriage, not from the second one as Müller had conjectured in 1898.
 * (First) marriage with Johanne Amalie Herold, born November 10, 1717, in Reinsdorf, died September 17, 1770, in Bibra, married July 19, 1740)

Their seventh child was
 * Nietzsche's grandfather:
 * Friedrich August Ludwig Nitzsche (or Nietzsche), born January 29, 1756, in Bibra, died March 16, 1826, in Eilenburg, a Lutheran pastor
 * First marriage with Johanne Friederike Richter, married July 6, 1784, in Bibra)
 * Second marriage with Erdmuthe Dorothee Krause (born December 11, 1778, in Reichenbach, died Naumburg April 3, 1865 – Nietzsche knew her – married October 9, 1809, in Naumburg)

Nietzsche's father Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, from the second marriage and also a Lutheran pastor, born October 10, 1813, is well known.

Hans von Müller wrote down the story of the legend and his results in a private manuscript between 1935 and 1937. The manuscript was published for the first time in 2002

Max Oehler also published an article about this in 1937/1938 (see article on Oehler). Whereas one should remain sceptical about Oehler, who was a devote Nazi, Hans von Müller's text is clearly not written in favour of some Nazi ideology. But Oehler's and Müller's results are essentially identical, Oehler only gives three more ancestors: Mattheß' father Hans Nitzsche, born c. 1620–1630; Hans' father Elias Nitzsche, born c. 1600; and Elias' father, name unknown, born c. 1570, all in Burkau. Both Oehler and Müller did not exclude a Slavic origin of the family; however, Müller suggests Sorbian rather than Polish origin.

As a possible source for the family myth Nietzsche's aunts believed in, Müller suggests Adam Nietzki (1714–1780), professor of medicine in Halle and of Polish (but not noble) origin, and Christoph Niczky, of Hungarian nobility, both of whom were not further related to the family Nietzsche.

Modern Nietzsche scholarship does not believe in the legend of noble Polish ancestry. For example, in the Colli-Montinari edition of Nietzsche's letters, the commentary on the above quoted letter to Brandes shortly notes:
 * "diese von N gepflegte Legende entbehrt jeder Grundlage"
 * transl.: "this legend maintained by N lacks any basis"

title: Radwan coat of arms


text:
Rozmiar coat of arms

Rozmiar is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

title: Rozmiar coat of arms


text:
Chedington

Chedington is a small village and civil parish in west Dorset, England, situated near the A356 road 4 mi southeast of Crewkerne in Somerset. Dorset County Council estimate that in 2013 the population of the civil parish was 130. It is administered as part of Parrett and Axe Parish Council.

The village lies between the headwaters of the River Parrett, to the north, and the River Axe to the south. The Parrett flows in a northerly direction to the Bristol Channel at Bridgwater, whilst the Axe flows south to the English Channel at Axmouth, thus locating Chedington on the watershed of England's South West Peninsula.

Chedington early references
The name of the village is Old English for ‘the farm of a man named Cedd’, but it was not included in the Domesday Book, being first mentioned over 100 years later in 1194. It grew up around Chedington Court, although it was the neighbouring village of South Perrott that provided the tradesmen needed to service the estate. Chedington Court itself was completely rebuilt in 1840 by the then owner William Trevelyan Cox, as a flamboyant, Jacobean-style mansion where curvilinear gables feature prominently. Across the narrow thoroughfare, directly opposite to Chedington Court, is the 16th-century Manor Farm, much altered in the 17th c. The porch of this dressed-stone building, bears the inscription "Thomas Warren 1634". Lower Farm, house 250 yards S.W. of the church, is of two storeys built in the 17th century.

As John Marius Wilson (1805–1885) put it in the Imperial Gazetteer of England & Wales 1870-2, most of Chedington’s eminences command superb views, with Somerset’s Mendip Hills and Hamdon Hills, from which much of Chedington itself is hewn, to the North-East. "Tucked into the deep hills of western Dorset, just off the major tourist routes across England, Chedington is so small that its handful of cottages doesn't even appear on some large-scale maps. Here, far from crowds that haunt Blenheim Palace, Stonehenge, Stratford-upon-Avon, or Haworth, I find the England of my dreams--quiet, pastoral, and sometimes endearingly eccentric...."

It is probable Charles II of England whilst on the run after the Battle of Worcester in September 1651, travelled through or close by Chedington and Winyard's Gap on his circuitous six-week journey to escape. He had travelled from the battlefield through a series of safe-houses through Castle Cary to Trent Manor House and then to Charmouth staying at the Queen’s Arms. Continuing to Bridport on the coast before turning back to Broadwindsor staying at the George Inn. He returned to Trent Manor House again and continued to Mere, Wiltshire and eventually to Shoreham-by-Sea where he made his successful escape.

Chedington Court
Chedington Court, dates from 1285, was re-built in old Ham Stone in Jacobean-style in 1840, a Grade II listed property with grounds and parkland of 31 acres which included the source of the River Parrett, with that of the Axe being nearby. By 1855 it was occupied by William Trevelyan Cox JP followed by Captain William Trevelyan Hody JP in 1889. Then Sir Henry Peto, son of the Victorian railway magnate Morton Peto bought Chedington Court and its estate in 1893. He became High Sheriff in 1897 and Deputy Lieutenant for the county of Dorset. Like so many families they lost two sons in the Great War, the heir to the estate, 30-year-old Captain Henry Peto of the 10th Royal Hussars, who fell in the first Battle of Ypres in November 1914 and later the 27-year-old Sapper Walter Samuel Peto of the Royal Engineers killed while on patrol in Salonika December 1917. Sir Henry and Lady Peto lived in the house until his death in 1938.

By the early 1980s it had become a hotel, a small seven-bedroom country house property run by Philip and Hilary Chapman. Hilary had developed a fine culinary reputation in the kitchen, whilst Philip concentrated on front of house. It had received good reviews, including The New York Times in June 1987, “Ten acres of garden containing a lovely variety mature trees and shrubs. There were sweeping lawns, elegant terraces and a summer house nestling under an ancient yew hedge close to a landscaped pool. We saw a croquet lawn, a putting green, and even a helicopter landing ground. Inside, a marvellous oak staircase sets the tone for the whole house which featured heavy brass door handles, leaded lights in stone mullions and gleaming polished oak floors with beautiful oriental carpets. Most of the furniture was Victorian. One of the rooms had a fine thirties suite from the old RMS Queen Mary” and The Washington Post in March 1991. The Chapmans' invested in a new 9-hole Chedington Court Golf Club at South Perrott designed by David Hemstock in August 1991 later extended to 18-holes, with club professional Simon Tucker.

However, the hotel was sold in 1997 to Canadian businessman Brendan Clouston for £1.2 million and returned to residential use, upsetting the local villagers in the process. Apparently, he let off some birthday fireworks for his wife, which reportedly frightened the neighbours and caused livestock to panic. On the market again in 2003 for £5.95 million, after Clouston left for Scotland. The golf course went into receivership in August 2010, finally closed in December and returned to farm pasture. On the market again in 2015, the Chedington Court Estate is now owned by the Guy family who have grown the Estate which now encompasses an events and wellness venue, a world-class equestrian centre and the Winyard's Gap Inn pub. Dr Geoffrey Guy is founding partner of GW Pharmaceuticals.

Chedington church (deconsecrated)
The site of the Old Church and Churchyard lies about 50 yards North East of the Victorian Church and now forms part of the private gardens of Chedington Court. A transcript record of some of the memorials between 1713 and 1971 feature on Dorset Online Parish Council (OPC)

The Victorian Parish Church, built c.1840-1, by Richard Carver (architect) (1792-1862) of Taunton. Formerly dedicated to St James, was made redundant in 1980 and has since been converted into a private dwelling. A grade II listed building since 1966. Originally consisting solely of nave and chancel, the church has Ham stone ashlar walls, a chamfered plinth, a slate roof with stone gable-copings and a scallop-shell motif above the doorway. The bell-cote housed a single bell, said to date from 1610. Later, George Vialls was commissioned to add an organ chamber, a baptistery and the south porch. The building was in service for less than 140 years before it was deconsecrated, its bell dismounted and its internal fixtures removed. Chedington parish is now combined with that of South Perrott The 13th c. Parish Church of St. Mary can be found in the southern part of that village.

Village pub and Winyard's Gap
At the north end of the village where the village road meets the A356 is a 17th century pub known as Winyard's Gap Inn. The Inn's previous name was the Three Horse Shoes. It became part of the Dorset backdrop for character statements featured in a series of trials at the Old Bailey in 1753. One of the most famous English criminal mysteries of the 18th century. It involved Mary Squires, an ageing gypsy, accused with Mrs Susannah ‘Mother’ Wells of carrying out an abduction (Elizabeth Canning) for prostitution, as brothel matrons. They protested they were scapegoats. Mary Squires counter-claimed that she was with the smugglers, in Abbotsbury and Chedington, at the time when the prosecution accused her of cavorting with highwaymen. The magistrate was Henry Fielding (1707–54), who had used similar character material in his earlier novel Tom Jones. He allowed dubious evidence from Elizabeth Canning (1734–73) and an even less credible account from a young lady named Virtue Hall. Squires and Wells were tried and convicted. The newly elected Lord Mayor of London, a notable humanitarian and freeman of the Brewers’ Company named Sir Crisp Gascoyne (1700–61), reviewed fresh evidence and eventually, Mary Squires secured a pardon, but Susannah Wells, was less fortunate as she had already been hanged. Years later the story would be re-told in Thomas Hardy's 1906 narrative poem 'A Trampwoman's Tragedy'.

The Inn marks the western end of the Dorset Downs. The wooded viewpoint ridge looks north across most of Somerset from a strategic chalky pass into the Dorset downs. Along here, through Winyard’s Gap, King Charles led his troops after successful West Country campaigns in 1644 in England during the Civil War.

After the First World War, the National Trust, which owns Winyard’s Gap, donated 16 acres of land here for a memorial to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division of the Dorsetshire Regiment and a replica of the monument found on Hill 112 at Caen in Normandy was erected.

River Parrett Trail
Chedington is the starting point of the 50 mi long River Parrett Trail, a long-distance footpath along the route of the River Parrett, which rises in the village. It passes many landmarks and places of interest including; Burrow Hill Cider Farm, Muchelney Abbey, West Sedgemoor, the Blake Museum, Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum, the site of the Battle of Sedgemoor (July 1685) and finally discharging into Bridgwater Bay.

title: Chedington


text:
Eilenberg–MacLane space

In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, an Eilenberg–MacLane space is a topological space with a single nontrivial homotopy group.

Let G be a group and n a positive integer. A connected topological space X is called an Eilenberg–MacLane space of type $$K(G,n)$$, if it has n-th homotopy group $$\pi_n(X)$$ isomorphic to G and all other homotopy groups trivial. Assuming that G is abelian in the case that $$n > 1$$, Eilenberg–MacLane spaces of type $$K(G,n)$$ always exist, and are all weak homotopy equivalent. Thus, one may consider $$K(G,n)$$ as referring to a weak homotopy equivalence class of spaces. It is common to refer to any representative as "a $$K(G,n)$$" or as "a model of $$K(G,n)$$". Moreover, it is common to assume that this space is a CW-complex (which is always possible via CW approximation).

The name is derived from Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane, who introduced such spaces in the late 1940s.

As such, an Eilenberg–MacLane space is a special kind of topological space that in homotopy theory can be regarded as a building block for CW-complexes via fibrations in a Postnikov system. These spaces are important in many contexts in algebraic topology, including computations of homotopy groups of spheres, definition of cohomology operations, and for having a strong connection to singular cohomology.

A generalised Eilenberg–Maclane space is a space which has the homotopy type of a product of Eilenberg–Maclane spaces $$\prod_{m}K(G_m,m)$$.

Examples

 * The unit circle $$S^1$$ is a $$K(\Z,1)$$.
 * The infinite-dimensional complex projective space $$\mathbb{CP}^{\infty}$$ is a model of $$K(\Z,2)$$.
 * The infinite-dimensional real projective space $$\mathbb{RP}^{\infty}$$ is a $$K(\Z/2,1)$$.
 * The wedge sum of k unit circles $$\textstyle\bigvee_{i=1}^k S^1$$ is a $$K(F_k,1)$$, where $$F_k$$ is the free group on k generators.
 * The complement to any connected knot or graph in a 3-dimensional sphere $$S^3$$ is of type $$K(G,1)$$; this is called the "asphericity of knots", and is a 1957 theorem of Christos Papakyriakopoulos.
 * Any compact, connected, non-positively curved manifold M is a $$K(\Gamma,1)$$, where $$\Gamma=\pi_1(M)$$ is the fundamental group of M. This is a consequence of the Cartan–Hadamard theorem.
 * An infinite lens space $$ L(\infty, q)$$ given by the quotient of $$S^\infty$$ by the free action $$ (z \mapsto e^{2\pi i m/q}z) $$ for $$ m \in \Z/q $$ is a $$K(\mathbb{Z}/q,1)$$. This can be shown using covering space theory and the fact that the infinite dimensional sphere is contractible. Note this includes $$\mathbb{RP}^{\infty}$$ as a $$K(\Z/2,1)$$.
 * The configuration space of $$n$$ points in the plane is a $$K(P_n,1)$$, where $$P_n$$ is the pure braid group on $$n$$ strands.
 * Correspondingly, the nth unordered configuration space of $$ \mathbb{R}^2 $$ is a $$K(B_n,1)$$, where $$B_n$$ denotes the n-strand braid group.
 * The infinite symmetric product $$ SP(S^n)$$ of a n-sphere is a $$K(\mathbb{Z},n)$$. More generally $$ SP(M(G,n)) $$ is a $$ K(G,n) $$ for all Moore spaces $$ M(G,n) $$.

Some further elementary examples can be constructed from these by using the fact that the product $$K(G,n) \times K(H,n)$$ is $$K(G\times H,n)$$. For instance the n-dimensional Torus $$\mathbb{T}^n$$ is a $$ K(\mathbb{Z}^n, 1)$$.

Remark on constructing Eilenberg–MacLane spaces
For $$ n = 1 $$ and $$ G $$ an arbitrary group the construction of $$ K(G,1) $$ is identical to that of the classifying space of the group $$ G $$. Note that if G has a torsion element, then every CW-complex of type K(G,1) has to be infinite-dimensional.

There are multiple techniques for constructing higher Eilenberg-Maclane spaces. One of which is to construct a Moore space $$M(A,n)$$ for an abelian group $$A$$: Take the wedge of n-spheres, one for each generator of the group A and realise the relations between these generators by attaching (n+1)-cells via corresponding maps in $$ \pi_n(\bigvee S^n) $$ of said wedge sum. Note that the lower homotopy groups $$\pi_{i < n} (M(A,n)) $$ are already trivial by construction. Now iteratively kill all higher homotopy groups $$\pi_{i > n} (M(A,n)) $$ by successively attaching cells of dimension greater than $$ n + 1 $$, and define $$ K(A,n) $$ as direct limit under inclusion of this iteration.

Another useful technique is to use the geometric realization of simplicial abelian groups. This gives an explicit presentation of simplicial abelian groups which represent Eilenberg-Maclane spaces.

Another simplicial construction, in terms of classifying spaces and universal bundles, is given in J. Peter May's book.

Since taking the loop space lowers the homotopy groups by one slot, we have a canonical homotopy equivalence $$K(G,n)\simeq\Omega K(G,n+1)$$, hence there is a fibration sequence
 * $$K(G,n) \to * \to K(G,n+1)$$.

Note that this is not a cofibration sequence ― the space $$K(G,n+1)$$ is not the homotopy cofiber of $$K(G,n) \to *$$.

This fibration sequence can be used to study the cohomology of $$K(G,n+1)$$ from $$K(G,n)$$ using the Leray spectral sequence. This was exploited by Jean-Pierre Serre while he studied the homotopy groups of spheres using the Postnikov system and spectral sequences.

Bijection between homotopy classes of maps and cohomology
An important property of $$K(G, n)$$'s is that for any abelian group G, and any based CW-complex X, the set $$[X, K(G,n)]$$ of based homotopy classes of based maps from X to $$ K(G,n)$$ is in natural bijection with the n-th singular cohomology group $$H^n(X, G)$$ of the space X. Thus one says that the $$K(G,n)'s$$ are representing spaces for singular cohomology with coefficients in G. Since
 * $$\begin{array}{rcl}

H^n(K(G,n),G) &=& \operatorname{Hom}(H_n(K(G,n);\Z), G) \\ &=& \operatorname{Hom}(\pi_n(K(G,n)), G) \\ &=& \operatorname{Hom}(G,G), \end{array}$$ there is a distinguished element $$u \in H^n(K(G,n),G)$$ corresponding to the identity. The above bijection is given by the pullback of that element $$ f \mapsto f^*u $$. This is similar to the Yoneda lemma of category theory.

A constructive proof of this theorem can be found here, another making use of the relation between omega-spectra and generalized reduced cohomology theories can be found here and the main idea is sketched later as well.

Loop spaces / Omega spectra
The loop space of an Eilenberg–MacLane space is again an Eilenberg–MacLane space: $$\Omega K(G,n) \cong K(G,n-1)$$. Further there is an adjoint relation between the loop-space and the reduced suspension: $$ [\Sigma X, Y] = [X,\Omega Y] $$, which gives $$[X,K(G,n)] \cong [X,\Omega^2K(G,n+2)] $$ the structure of an abelian group, where the operation is the concatenation of loops. This makes the bijection $$ [X, K(G,n)] \to H^n(X, G) $$ mentioned above a group isomorphism.

Also this property implies that Eilenberg–MacLane spaces with various n form an omega-spectrum, called an "Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum". This spectrum defines via $$ X \mapsto h^n(X):= [X, K(G,n)] $$ a reduced cohomology theory on based CW-complexes and for any reduced cohomology theory $$ h^* $$ on CW-complexes with $$ h^n(S^0) = 0 $$ for $$ n \neq 0$$ there is a natural isomorphism $$ h^n(X) \cong \tilde{H}^n(X, h^0(S^0) $$, where $$ \tilde{H^*} $$  denotes reduced singular cohomology. Therefore these two cohomology theories coincide.

In a more general context, Brown representability says that every reduced cohomology theory on based CW-complexes comes from an omega-spectrum.

Relation with Homology
For a fixed abelian group $$ G $$ there are maps on the stable homotopy groups
 * $$ \pi_{q+n}^s(X \wedge K(G,n)) \cong \pi_{q+n+1}^s(X \wedge \Sigma K(G,n)) \to \pi_{q+n+1}^s(X \wedge K(G,n+1)) $$

induced by the map $$ \Sigma K(G,n) \to K(G,n+1)$$. Taking the direct limit over these maps, one can verify that this defines a reduced homology theory
 * $$h_q(X) = \varinjlim _{n} \pi_{q+n}^s(X \wedge K(G,n)) $$

on CW complexes. Since $$ h_q(S^0) = \varinjlim \pi_{q+n}^s(K(G,n)) $$ vanishes for $$ q \neq 0$$, $$ h_* $$ agrees with reduced singular homology $$\tilde{H}_*(\cdot,G) $$ with coefficients in G on CW-complexes.

Functoriality
It follows from the universal coefficient theorem for cohomology that the Eilenberg MacLane space is a quasi-functor of the group; that is, for each positive integer $$n$$ if $$a\colon G \to G'$$ is any homomorphism of abelian groups, then there is a non-empty set

 * $$K(a,n) = \{[f]: f\colon K(G,n) \to K(G',n), H_n(f) = a\},$$

satisfying $$K(a \circ b,n) \supset K(a,n) \circ K(b,n) \text{ and } 1 \in K(1,n), $$ where $$[f]$$ denotes the homotopy class of a continuous map $$f$$ and $$S \circ T := \{s \circ t: s \in S, t \in T \}.$$

Relation with Postnikov/Whitehead tower
Every connected CW-complex $$ X $$ possesses a Postnikov tower, that is an inverse system of spaces:

 * $$\cdots \to X_3 \xrightarrow{p_3} X_2 \xrightarrow{p_2} X_1 \simeq K(\pi_1(X), 1) $$

such that for every $$ n $$:
 * 1) there are commuting maps $$ X \to X_n $$, which induce isomorphism on $$ \pi_i $$ for $$ i \leq n$$ ,
 * 2) $$ \pi_i(X_n) = 0 $$ for $$ i > n $$,
 * 3) the maps $$ X_n \xrightarrow{p_n} X_{n-1} $$ are fibrations with fiber $$ K(\pi_n(X),n)$$.

Dually there exists a Whitehead tower, which is a sequence of CW-complexes:

 * $$\cdots \to X_3 \to X_2 \to X_1 \to X $$

such that for every $$ n $$:
 * 1) the maps $$ X_n \to X $$ induce isomorphism on $$ \pi_i $$ for $$ i > n $$,
 * 2) $$ X_n $$ is  n-connected,
 * 3) the maps $$ X_n \to X_{n-1}$$ are fibrations with fiber $$ K(\pi_n(X), n-1) $$

With help of Serre spectral sequences computations of higher homotopy groups of spheres can be made. For instance $$ \pi_4(S^3) $$ and $$ \pi_5(S^3) $$ using a Whitehead tower of $$ S^3 $$ can be found here, more generally those of $$ \pi_{n+i}(S^n) \ i \leq 3 $$ using a Postnikov systems can be found here.

Cohomology operations
For fixed natural numbers m,n and abelian groups G,H exists a bijection between the set of all cohomology operations $$\Theta :H^m(\cdot,G) \to H^n(\cdot,H) $$ and $$ H^n(K(G,m),H) $$ defined by $$ \Theta \mapsto \Theta(\alpha) $$, where $$ \alpha \in H^m(K(G,m),G) $$ is a fundamental class.

As a result, cohomology operations cannot decrease the degree of the cohomology groups and degree preserving cohomology operations are corresponding to coefficient homomorphism $$ \operatorname{Hom}(G,H) $$. This follows from the Universal coefficient theorem for cohomology and the  (m-1)-connectedness of $$ K(G,m) $$.

Some interesting examples for cohomology operations are Steenrod Squares and Powers, when $$ G=H$$ are finite cyclic groups. When studying those the importance of the cohomology of $$ K(\Z /p ,n) $$ with coefficients in $$ \Z /p $$ becomes apparent quickly; some extensive tabeles of those groups can be found here.

Group (co)homology
One can define the group (co)homology of G with coefficients in the group A as the singular (co)homology of the Eilenberg-MacLane space $$ K(G,1) $$ with coefficients in A.

Further Applications
The loop space construction described above is used in string theory to obtain, for example, the string group, the fivebrane group and so on, as the Whitehead tower arising from the short exact sequence
 * $$0\rightarrow K(\Z,2)\rightarrow \operatorname{String}(n)\rightarrow \operatorname{Spin}(n)\rightarrow 0$$

with $$\text{String}(n)$$ the string group, and $$\text{Spin}(n)$$ the spin group. The relevance of $$K(\Z,2)$$ lies in the fact that there are the homotopy equivalences
 * $$K(\mathbb{Z},1) \simeq U(1) \simeq B\Z$$

for the classifying space $$B\Z$$, and the fact $$K(\Z,2) \simeq BU(1)$$. Notice that because the complex spin group is a group extension
 * $$0\to K(\Z,1) \to \text{Spin}^\Complex(n) \to \text{Spin}(n) \to 0$$,

the String group can be thought of as a "higher" complex spin group extension, in the sense of higher group theory since the space $$K(\Z,2)$$ is an example of a higher group. It can be thought of the topological realization of the groupoid $$\mathbf{B}U(1)$$ whose object is a single point and whose morphisms are the group $$U(1)$$. Because of these homotopical properties, the construction generalizes: any given space $$K(\Z,n)$$ can be used to start a short exact sequence that kills the homotopy group $$\pi_{n+1}$$ in a topological group.

Cartan seminar and applications
The Cartan seminar contains many fundamental results about Eilenberg-Maclane spaces including their homology and cohomology, and applications for calculating the homotopy groups of spheres.

 * http://www.numdam.org/volume/SHC_1954-1955__7/

Computing integral cohomology rings

 * Derived functors of the divided power functors
 * Integral Cohomology of Finite Postnikov Towers
 * (Co)homology of the Eilenberg-MacLane spaces K(G,n)

Other encyclopedic references

 * Encyclopedia of Mathematics

title: Eilenberg–MacLane space


text:
Waga coat of arms

Waga (Polish, 'Scales') is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:

title: Waga coat of arms


text:
Cheselbourne

Cheselbourne (sometimes spelled Chesilborne or Cheselborne) is a village and civil parish in Dorset, England, situated in the Dorset Downs, 7 mi north-east of Dorchester. The parish is at an altitude of 75 to 245 metres (approximately 250 to 800 feet) and covers an area of 1175 ha; the underlying geology is chalk. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 296.

The village, which contains a mix of buildings of different ages and styles, is spread along four lanes which meet here. It has a public house called the Rivers Arms. The 13th- to 14th-century parish church has a pinnacled tower with battlements, numerous gargoyles and a canonical sundial.

In 1086, in the Domesday Book Cheselbourne was recorded as Ceseburne; it had 36 households, 10 acre of meadow and one mill. It was in the hundred of Hilton and the lord and tenant-in-chief was Shaftesbury Abbey.

Cheselbourne used to be the site of a tradition known as "Treading in the Wheat", in which young women from the village would walk the fields on Palm Sunday, dressed in white.

At Lyscombe Farm in the northwest of the parish are the remains of an early 13th-century chapel. The nave was once used as a bakehouse and then a farmworker's dwelling. In 1957, a Dutch barn was built over the ruins.

title: Cheselbourne


text: Category:1535 births

title: Category:1535 births


text:
West Horndon railway station

West Horndon railway station is on the London, Tilbury and Southend line, serving the village of West Horndon situated on the boundary of the boroughs of Brentwood and Thurrock, Essex. It is 19 mi down the main line from London Fenchurch Street and is situated between Upminster and Laindon. Its three-letter station code is WHR.

History
The station was opened in 1886 as East Horndon by the London Tilbury and Southend Railway on a new direct route from Barking to Pitsea, and the original station structure survives. The station was located in the parish of West Horndon and on the boundary with Childerditch to the west. The opening of the station stimulated the building of factories in Childerditch.

The station was renamed West Horndon in 1949.

There were formerly three east-facing sidings to the north and east of the station, these closed in September 1964. An east-facing sidings to the north and west of the station connected to the premises of Brown and Tawse Limited.

Previously in the latter part of the 20th century in about 1998 the station building on the London-bound platform had been demolished. A more modern structure was erected, which provides very little shelter, unlike the original building.

During the latter part of 2008 the ticket hall, customer toilets and ticket office were refurbished. Automatic doors were provided between the street and the ticket hall, and to and from the platform.

Services
The station and all trains serving it are currently operated by c2c.

The station's ticket office is open Monday to Saturday; due to the low patronage it is closed on Sunday and public holidays. The ticket office has one serving window and uses the TRIBUTE issuing system. The ticket hall has three automatic ticket gates.

As of the June 2024 timetable the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 2 tph (trains per hour) westbound to London Fenchurch Street
 * 2 tph eastbound to Shoeburyness

title: West Horndon railway station


text:
Chetnole

Chetnole is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies approximately 6 mi south-southwest of Sherborne and 5.5 mi southeast of Yeovil in Somerset. It is sited on Oxford clay by the small Wriggle River at the western end of the Blackmore Vale. There are around 128 houses in the village. It has a railway station on the Heart of Wessex Line that is served by Great Western Railway services. Dorset County Council estimate that in 2013 the population of the parish was 330. In the 2011 census the population of Chetnole parish combined with the small parish of Stockwood to the west was 344.

Chetnole was not recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086.

History
The name "Chetnole" is thought to mean ‘Ceatta’s hillock or hilltop’ from an Old English proper name and 'cnoll'. Chetnole is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 and there is no convincing evidence of a settlement at that time. The Parish Church of St Peter is made up of several different buildings from different time periods: the 13th Century barrel-vaulted nave, the 15th Century tower, the 17th Century porch and the 19th Century chancel. The country house, Nappers, was used as a military hospital during the First World War.

Chetnole is situated on the small River Wriggle which flows north from Hilfield to the River Yeo near Bradford Abbas. There was a school in Chetnole, at the end of School Lane, from 1851 until 1938.

Governance
Chetnole is included in an electoral ward with Yetminster and other surrounding areas. The ward is one of 32 that comprise the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Chris Loder, who succeeded Oliver Letwin in 2019.

Geography
Chetnole is located approximately 6 miles southwest of Sherborne, 5.5 miles southeast of Yeovil, 2 miles south of Yetminster, and 2 miles north of Evershot.

Amenities
Chetnole is located near the Roman road to Dorchester, and is served by the 212 bus service between Dorchester and Yeovil. (Withdrawn) There is the award-winning, four-star rated Chetnole Inn. The nearest GP surgery is Yetminster with the nearest hospitals being the Sherborne Yeatman Hospital or the Yeovil District Hospital.

Chetnole Railway Station
Chetnole railway station is a small rural station serving the village. It was originally opened as a timber structure on 11 September 1933, although this was replaced by the current concrete one in the 1960s.

Great Western Railway operate services between Gloucester and Weymouth via Bristol Temple Meads and Westbury. South Western Railway runs an additional service running once on a Saturday between Weymouth and Yeovil Junction.

In 2015/2016, the annual rail passenger usage was 1,946.

John Hewlett
John Hewlett was born in Chetnole in 1762.

title: Chetnole


text: Category:Hill County, Texas

title: Category:Hill County, Texas


text:
Perendale

The Perendale is a breed of sheep developed in New Zealand by Massey Agricultural College (now Massey University) for use in steep hill situations. The breed is named after Sir Geoffrey Peren, and it achieves its aims by being the offspring of Romney ewes and Cheviot rams with sturdy legs. It is raised primarily for meat.

History
Since the early 1980s, the flock numbers of this sheep has increased, mainly because hill-country farming has increased and they are more adaptable to the terrain. Developed from the Cheviot and Romney, the Perendale is a dual-purpose sheep producing wool fibres of 29 to 35 μm diameter with a 125 mm staple length. The Perendale is characteristically a high fertility animal, and has great potential to produce a prime ewe lamb when crossed with the Merino. As a purebred, its hardiness makes it ideally suited to colder, high-rainfall areas. The Perendale is easy to care for; the ewes have little trouble lambing and are good mothers.

Characteristics
The mature body weight of a ram is 220 to 260 lb and a ewe is 120 to 150 lb. The average fiber diameter is 29 to 35 microns. The USDA wool grade is 44's to 54's.

title: Perendale