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Tax advantage

Tax advantage refers to the economic bonus which applies to certain accounts or investments that are, by statute, tax-reduced, tax-deferred, or tax-free. Examples of tax-advantaged accounts and investments include retirement plans, education savings accounts, medical savings accounts, and government bonds. Governments establish tax advantages to encourage private individuals to contribute money when it is considered to be in the public interest.

Benefits
Tax advantages provide an incentive to engage in certain investments and accounts, functioning like a government subsidy. For example, individual retirement accounts are tax-advantaged since they are tax-deferred. By encouraging investment in these accounts, there is a reduced need for the government to support citizens later in life by spending money on welfare or other government expenses. Capital gains tax rate benefits may also spur investment.

Retirement plans
The most well-known example is retirement plans, which often offer tax advantages to incentivize saving for retirement.

In countries in which the average age of the population is increasing, tax advantages may put pressure on pension schemes. For example, where benefits are funded on a pay-as-you-go basis, the benefits paid to those receiving a pension come directly from the contributions of those of working age. If the proportion of pensioners to working-age people rises, the contributions needed from working people will also rise proportionately. In the United States, the rapid onset of Baby Boomer retirement is currently causing such a problem.

However, there are international limitations regarding tax advantages realized through pensions plans. If a person with dual citizen in the United States and in the United Kingdom, they may have tax liabilities to both. If this person is living in the United Kingdom, their pension could have tax advantages in the UK, for example, but not in the US. Even though a UK pension may be exempt from UK tax, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it is exempt from US taxes. In short, a US Tax payer with dual citizenship may have to pay taxes on the gains from the UK pension to the United States government, but not the United Kingdom.

In order to reduce the burden on such schemes, many governments give privately funded retirement plans a tax advantaged status in order to encourage more people to contribute to such arrangements. Governments often exclude such contributions from an employee's taxable income, while allowing employers to receive tax deductions for contributions to plan funds. Investment earnings in pension funds are almost universally excluded from income tax while accumulating, prior to payment. Payments to retirees and their beneficiaries also sometimes receive favorable tax treatment. In return for a pension scheme's tax advantaged status, governments typically enact restrictions to discourage access to a pension fund's assets before retirement.

In the United States, tax-advantaged retirement accounts include 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, individual retirement accounts, and supplemental retirement accounts. These accounts have proliferated since they were introduced in 1978. As of 2015, they accounted for half of all long-term mutual fund assets.

Annuities
Investing in annuities may allow investors to realize tax advantages that are not realized through other tax-deferred retirement accounts, such as 401k and IRAs. One of the great advantages of annuities is they allow an investor to store away large amounts of cash and defer paying taxes. There is no yearly limit to contributions for annuities. This is especially useful for those approaching retirement age that may not have saved large sums throughout previous years. The total investment compounds annually without any federal taxes. This allows each dollar in the entire investment to accrue interest, which could potentially be an advantage compared to taxable investments. Additionally, upon cashing the annuity out, the investor can decide to receive a lump-sum payment, or develop a more spread out payout plan.

Education savings
Tax-advantaged savings accounts are designed to encourage saving for education expenses. In the United States, tax-advantaged savings vehicles include Coverdell education savings accounts and 529 plans.

Medical savings
In Singapore and other countries, medical savings accounts are tax-deferred.

Real estate
In order to encourage home ownership, there are tax deductions on mortgage payments.

In the United States, real estate investments yield considerable tax advantages. One benefit is the ability to regain the cost of income producing (for example, commercial real estate) properties through depreciation. When a property is bought in the United States, the cost of the building and land are capitalized. If the building is a commercial property or a rental property, used in a business, the cost of the building is depreciated over 39 years for non-residential buildings and 27.5 years for residential buildings using the straight-line depreciation method for tax purposes. The building’s cost is written off over the lifespan of the building by annual depreciation deductions. Thus, the building owner receives these depreciation deductions as tax advantages at their income tax rate. Upon the sale of a property, depreciation recapture is the part of the gains that the depreciation deductions are responsible for during the period of ownership. The following is an example to show the idea of depreciation in a clear manner. A building owner buys a building for $20 million. After 5 years the owner has taken $1 million of depreciation deductions. Now, the building owner’s basis in the building is $19 million. If the owner decides to sell the building for $25 million, the building owner will realize a gain of $6 million ($25 million less $19 million). Oftentimes people wrongly assume that this $6 million is taxed at a capital gains rate. However, this is a common misconception. In this example, $1 million of the gain would actually be taxed at the depreciation recapture rate, and the other $5 million at the capital gains rate.

In New Zealand, real estate investors receive a tax advantage. Investors can claim the mortgage interest they pay as a tax deduction, while homeowners cannot. This tax advantage subsidizes investors.

Life insurance
In the United States life insurance policies also have tax advantages. Income can grow in a life insurance policy that is tax deferred or tax-free. Additionally, there are certain advantages within certain life insurance policies that are excluded from estate and/or inheritance taxes.

Government bonds
In the United States, many government bonds (such as state bonds or municipal bonds) may also be exempt from certain taxes.

Investments in partnerships
Additionally, investments in partnerships and Limited Liability Companies also have tax advantages. For individual owners of businesses, the LLC is taxed as a sole proprietorship. This means that the entity is not taxed, but the income earned by the entity is taxed to the owner. The LLC has important tax advantages, such as the owners profits potentially being taxed at the owners lower marginal tax bracket. Furthermore, losses can offset the sole proprietor’s non-business income. If there are multiple owners of a Limited Liability Company, there is also tax advantages associated with it. They can choose to be taxed as a partnership, but they can also decide to be taxed as a corporate-entity. Partnerships are not taxed, but corporations are. For LLCs taxed as partnerships the income is taxed to the partners. For a corporation or an LLC taxed like a corporation, the entity is subject to tax and dividends on after tax income are also taxed to the shareholders of the corporation or the members of the LLC.

Charitable giving
To encourage charitable donations from high net-worth individuals, there are tax deductions on charitable donations greater than a specified amount.

title: Tax advantage


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British Rail Class 421

The British Rail Class 421 (4CIG) electric multiple units were built at BR's Holgate Road carriage works between 1964 and 1972. Units were built in two batches, and were initially introduced on services on the Brighton Main Line. Later units were introduced on services to Portsmouth. These units replaced older Southern Railway-designed units, such as the 5Bel "Brighton Belle" units, and 4Cor units. The fleet's lifespan was 46 years.

Standard units
The standard units contained only passenger accommodation, and formed the bulk of the fleet. They were unusual in that all four traction motors were mounted on one non-driving motor coach. Units consisted of two driving trailers, sandwiching the non-driving motor coach and an intermediate trailer.

Units were built in two batches. 'Phase 1' units were built from 1963 to 1966 for the Brighton Line, and were numbered 7301-7336. These were followed in 1970-72 by the 'Phase 2' units, built primarily for the Portsmouth line, numbered 7337-7438.

4Big units
The 4Big units were similar to the standard units, but contained a buffet car in place of the intermediate trailer.

These units were also built in two batches. 'Phase 1' units were built in 1965/66, and were numbered 7031-48. 'Phase 2' units were built in 1970, and were numbered 7049-7058.

The 4Big fleet were initially classified as Class 420 by British Rail under the TOPS system introduced in 1968, and then Class 422.

Vehicle numbering
The numbering of individual vehicles and details of when units were built are shown in the table below.

Refurbishment
Units were facelifted between 1986 and 1993.

8Mig units
In 1983, two temporary 8Mig units, given the TOPS classification Class 482 and numbered 2601–2602, were formed while the 4Big fleet underwent asbestos removal. They were used on the Portsmouth Direct line. Therefore, four standard 'Phase 2' 4Cig units, numbers 7401–7404, were reformed with a conventional locomotive-hauled miniature buffet carriage (RMB). Each 8Mig unit was formed by marshalling the RMB coach in between two units, one of which was reduced to three carriages, with the removal of the intermediate trailer (TSO). Thus in effect each 8Mig unit was effectively formed of 4Cig + RMB + 3Cig. The formations of the units are listed below:

These units were only used during the summer of 1983, after which enough asbestos-free 4Big units were available. The two 8Mig units were disbanded and the four 4Cig unit reformed. The 4Cig units have since been renumbered several times, as shown below:

8Dig units
In 1992 four 8Dig units, numbered 2001-2004, were formed by semi-permanently coupling a 4Cig and a 4Big unit. The units were dedicated to London Victoria to Brighton express services, which were operated as the Capital–Coast Express.

The 8Dig units were formed from four 'Phase 2' 4Big units plus two 'Phase 1' and two 'Phase 2' 4Cig units. The 'Phase 1' units, numbers 1901/02 (recently renumbered from 1715/16), were fitted with Mk.6 motor bogies. One of the 'Phase 2' 4Cig units, no. 1875 (ex. 7404), had previously been part of 8Mig unit 2602. Unit formations are listed below:

The units were disbanded in 1996, after replacement by dedicated Class 319/2 units. The various 4Cig and 4Big units were reformed and gained their original numbers, except unit 1875, which was renumbered to 1802.

Final years of operation
Two units had remained in service until 22 May 2010, 3Cig units nos. 1497 and 1498, which were used on the Lymington Branch Line. These two units were withdrawn from service on 22 May 2010 and replaced by Class 158 Diesel Multiple Units. Towards the end of their life, with the increasing use of newer trains which were equipped with sliding or plug doors, these trains were known commonly as "slam-door trains". 1497 is now preserved at The Mid Norfolk Railway and 1498 is now preserved on the Epping Ongar Railway. The latter has had an extra carriage added to restore its original 4Cig formation.

Privatisation to withdrawal
After rail privatisation in the mid-1990s the different divisions of British Rail were divided up into different franchises. The three former SR division – South-Eastern, South Central and South-Western – all operated 4Cig units, and are dealt with separately here.

South Eastern Trains
South Eastern Trains (SET) operated a small fleet of three 'Phase 1' and 22 'Phase 2' 4Cig units. The franchise was originally operated by Connex South Eastern.

All but one of the 'Phase 2' units continued to carry the obsolete Network SouthEast livery. One unit, no. 1870, was repainted into Connex South Eastern yellow and white. The three 'Phase 1' units were painted in white undercoat livery, since their use was originally only supposed to be short-term. However, despite this, the units remained in traffic for seven more years, from 1997 to 2004. They were popularly known as "Ghosts" by rail enthusiasts.

From 2003 units started to be withdrawn, having been replaced by the second batch of the new "Electrostar" units. The three 'Phase 1' units had gone by mid-2004. The final unit, no. 1843, lingered on for several months longer than its classmates, eventually being withdrawn in mid-November 2004. All the SET units have been scrapped.

South Central / Southern
The South Central Division inherited the largest fleet of 4Cig units. Originally this included all remaining 'Phase 1' units (though some were later transferred to South Eastern Trains), 35 'Phase 2' units, and the four 8Dig units. The remaining few 4Big units were also used on the former Central Division.

The South Central franchise was initially won by Connex South Central, which applied its yellow and white livery to most stock. In 2000 it lost the franchise to the Go-Ahead Group, which operated the franchise as South Central. In 2004 this was changed to Southern. Four 'Phase 1' units (nos. 1735/38/40, 1908) and eight 'Phase 2' units (nos. 1854/56-62) received Southern's new green livery.

In 1997 the remaining 4Big units were withdrawn. Eight were transferred to South West Trains. The remaining eleven unit were heavily rebuilt at Eastleigh Works, with compartments removed and opened out, and the buffet carriages withdrawn. The modified units were reclassified as Class 421/7 and renumbered into the 1401–1411 range. The units were also known as 3Cop units, which denoted their intended use, i.e. dedicated to East Coastway and West Coastway services out of Brighton. Two units received names – a rarity for slam-door EMU stock. In 2004 some units were augmented to four carriages with the addition of a 'Phase 1' intermediate trailer, and thus became 4Cop units.
 * 1408 - Littlehampton Progress 2000
 * 1409 - Operation Perseus

From 2003 Southern started to replace its slam-door fleet with new Class 377 Electrostar units. In general the 'Phase 1' units were withdrawn first due to their age, but as deliveries of the Electrostars increased some 'Phase 2' units were also taken out of service. By late 2004 only a handful of 'Phase 1' units and 4Cops remained in service. The final 'Phase 1' units in traffic were nos. 1704/08/11/12/14/17/43 and 1901, with the final unit, no. 1704, being withdrawn in February 2005. The final 4Cop units, nos. 1404/10/11, were withdrawn in March 2005.

The 'Phase 2' units lasted longer and two, nos. 1805 and 1866, were retained beyond August 2005, when slam-door trains lost all diagrammed work. They lasted until 19 November 2005, when they worked a farewell railtour, following which they were withdrawn.

South West Trains
South West Trains inherited a small fleet of twelve 'Phase 2' 4Cig units, and the larger fleet of 22 "Greyhound" units which had been modified to cut several minutes from journey times on the Portsmouth Direct line with its 1 in 80 gradients by adding a second stage of field weakening to improve performance at higher speeds (17% at 54 mph, 30% at 90 mph).

In 1997 the fleet was augmented with the addition of eight 4Big units from Connex South Central. These operated with the counter in the buffet carriages locked out of use. By 1999 these units had been stored, but then eight additional "Greyhound" units were converted from the redundant 4Bigs. The units were reclassified as Class 421/8, and renumbered in the range 1392–1399. The modifications included the removal of the buffet carriages, which were replaced by spare intermediate trailers from mechanically similar 4Cep units. Most of these trailers came from 4Cep units to make 3Cep units, but a few came from withdrawn units. These trailers were immediately recognisable since although they had the same body profile as the rest of the unit the windows were different and they had InterCity70 seating. The buffet carriages were withdrawn, although many were saved for preservation.

In December 2004 unit no. 1394 was reduced to a three-car unit with the removal of its Cep trailer. It was reclassified as Class 421/7, renumbered 1499, and dedicated to the Lymington Branch Line service, where it replaced the previous incumbent unit, no. 1198.

Withdrawals of units started in mid-2004, when many new Class 444 and Class 450 "Desiro" units became available for service. By the end of 2004 just a handful of units remained in traffic. The final few units were withdrawn in May 2005, with the last in traffic being 1304/09/12/16, 1392/95/96/97/98, 1499 and 1881/90. The final slam-door service ran on 26 May from London Waterloo to Bournemouth using units 1396, 1398 and 4Vep 3536. Following withdrawal two units, nos. 1304 and 1881, were transferred to "warm storage" for use by Southern if required. Most of the other units were sent for scrap, with the exception of nos. 1392 and 1499.

Services on the Lymington Branch Line were operated as a "heritage" operation using one of two refurbished 3Cig units, nos. 1497 and 1498. The two units were launched into service on 12 May 2005 having been repainted into heritage liveries, 1497 in blue and grey and 1498 in the green that the units carried when built. However, in May 2010, the new timetable changes saw the units replaced for more modern stock to save maintenance on a non-standard fleet of two units. As stated in the relevant timetable, "The slam door trains will be remembered with affection as they pass into history." The change took place on 22 May 2010 and the units have been replaced by a Class 158 on weekdays and a Class 450 Desiro at weekends. The class 421s have both been preserved due to historic significance.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 15 December 1971, a Cardiff to Portsmouth Harbour train hauled by Hymek diesel no. D7013 collided with unit 7303 on the high level section of Portsmouth and Southsea station, Hampshire. Sixteen passengers and railway staff were injured
 * In summer 1974 (date unknown) unit 7346 ran away at Wimbledon Park and hit a flyover causing extensive damage to the cab of vehicle 76620.
 * On 26 January 1985, unit 7395 formed a train with 4VEP units 7754 and 7703 which was halted by a landslip near Popham, Hampshire and was run into by Class 33 locomotive 33 104 due to the train crew failing to protect the stranded train. Twelve people were injured and the Class 33 was written off.
 * On 6 November 1985, unit 7390 collided with 4VEP unit 7724 at Copyhold Junction, near Haywards Heath, West Sussex due to poor rail conditions and a loss of braking. Forty people were injured.
 * On 4 March 1989, unit Nos. 1280 and 1295 formed a passenger train that overran a signal and collided with another passenger train formed of 4VEP unit 3441 at Purley, Surrey. Five people were killed, 8 were injured.
 * On 6 April 1989, unit 1822 was derailed at Wimbledon whilst working a London Waterloo to Southampton service. There were no injuries.
 * On 1 August 1990, Class 119 diesel multiple unit L576 collided with a passenger train comprising 4VEP units 3508 & 3504, and 4CIG unit 1304 at Reading due to overrunning signals. Forty people were injured.
 * On 29 August 1990, unit 1221 was derailed at Ash Vale Junction whilst operating a Guildford to Ascot service.

Further use
Following withdrawal from normal service several vehicles have seen further use in departmental service.
 * 3Cop unit 1401 was employed as depot shunter at Ashford Chart Leacon depot. However, it was made redundant when Chart Leacon stopped overhauls of slam-door stock and was sent for scrap in July 2005.
 * MBS 62356 (ex-unit 1850) was converted into an ultrasonic test train vehicle for use by Network Rail. It has been renumbered 999606.
 * The rest of unit 1850, namely DTC 76629, TS 71036 and DTC 76789, were retained by Network Rail to provide spares for 999606 but have now been scrapped by C.F. Booth in Rotherham.
 * One vehicle, no. 76112 from 'Phase 1' 4Cig unit 1749, was rebuilt as the Class 424 "Networker Classic" prototype in 1997. It was displayed to the public at London Victoria, paired with unrebuilt driving trailer 76747 from 4Big unit 2256, for comparison purposes. The project was shelved and the vehicle was scrapped in early 2012.
 * DTCSoL vehicles 76765 and 76836 (from 1882) plus 76775 and 76846 (from 1890) were released recently by HSBC from Shoeburyness for parts stripping at Derby RTC, after which they went to C.F. Booth.

Preservation
Only two units have been preserved in addition numerous buffet cars from 4Big units have also been preserved. The full list is shown below, with complete units highlighted:
 * 'Phase 1' unit 1753 has been preserved by the Network SouthEast Railway Society and is stored at Nemesis Rail, Burton Upon Trent.
 * 'Phase 2' unit 1497 is preserved on the Spa Valley Railway.

Former preserved CIGs include:
 * 'Phase 2' unit 1304, Scrapped by the Brighton Belle Preservation Trust.
 * 'Phase 2' "Greyhound" unit 1392, scrapped by the Brighton Belle Preservation Trust. (MBSO in extremely stripped condition survives as a shell)
 * 'Phase 2' "Greyhound" unit 1393, scrapped by the Great Central Railway, MBSO in use with Network Rail.
 * 'Phase 2' "Greyhound" unit 1399, partially component recovered by owner in 2016 to provide spares float for "4-VOP" Unit 3905 and other projects. Unit was used in filming of 'Last Passenger'
 * 'Phase 2' unit 1498, exported to Ireland for use as 'Glamping' accommodation.
 * 'Phase 2' unit 1499, Scrapped by the Dean Forest Railway.
 * 'Phase 2' unit 1881, Scrapped by the Brighton Belle Preservation Trust. (One DTS remains at Barrow Hill)
 * 'Phase 2' unit 1884, Scrapped by the Brighton Belle Preservation Trust

No Greyhound Units survive. No 8MIG or 8DIG units survive.

Fleet details
Original-condition Units

Facelifted units

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: British Rail Class 421


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Edward Marczewski

Edward Marczewski (15 November 1907 – 17 October 1976 ) was a Polish mathematician. He was born Szpilrajn but changed his name while hiding from Nazi persecution.

Marczewski was a member of the Warsaw School of Mathematics. His life and work after the Second World War were connected with Wrocław, where he was among the creators of the Polish scientific centre.

Marczewski's main fields of interest were measure theory, descriptive set theory, general topology, probability theory and universal algebra. He also published papers on real and complex analysis, applied mathematics and mathematical logic.

Marczewski proved that the topological dimension, for arbitrary metrisable separable space X, coincides with the Hausdorff dimension under one of the metrics in X which induce the given topology of X (while otherwise the Hausdorff dimension is always greater or equal to the topological dimension). This is a fundamental theorem of fractal theory. (Certain contributions to this development were also made by Samuel Eilenberg, see: Witold Hurewicz and Henry Wallman, Dimension Theory, 1941, Chapter VII.)

title: Edward Marczewski


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NZL 32

NZL 32, or Black Magic, is an International Americas Cup Class yacht which won the 1995 America's Cup by defeating the American defender Young America in a 5–0 victory off San Diego, California.

Design
NZL 32 was, in many ways, the complete opposite of her predecessor NZL 20 which contested the 1992 edition of the Louis Vuitton Cup.

Instead of being the brainchild of one man (in the case of NZL 20, Bruce Farr) she was designed by a team of Tom Schnackenberg, Doug Peterson, Laurie Davidson, David Egan, Peter Jackson, Maury Leyland, David Alan-Williams, Anthony Lehmann, Richard Karn, Wayne Smith, Mike Drumond, Chris Mitchell and Neil Wilkinson. The idea was to produce a yacht that suited the crew, catering to their specific wants and needs. NZL 32 was built of carbon fibre by the McMullen & Wing yard, Auckland, in 1994.

Her sister yacht, NZL 38, or Black Magic II, was used in the initial stages of the Louis Vuitton Cup in San Diego winning all but one race. However, Team New Zealand believed NZL 32 to be faster than NZL 38 and so retired her early, before the Louis Vuitton Cup semi-finals. NZL 38 became a trial horse for Team New Zealand's 2000 defence of the America's Cup in Auckland, and was purchased for the 2003 Cup by the Swedish Victory Challenge. She was eventually renamed Cristina.

Louis Vuitton Cup finals
With NZL 38 now retired, NZL 32 was brought out for the final stages of the Louis Vuitton Cup. She proved to be faster than NZL 38, winning 9 of 11 races in the semi-finals and 5 out of 6 in the finals against oneAustralia. As the winner of the Louis Vuitton Cup, she now had the right to challenge for the America's Cup itself.

1995 America's Cup
By this stage, it was clear NZL 32 was far superior to any of her rivals, including the winner of the defender series Stars & Stripes (USA-34). With that knowledge, Stars & Stripes skipper Dennis Conner swapped boats for the Cup matches, taking the helm of Young America. While Young America didn't win the Defender's Series, she was widely believed to be faster than Stars & Stripes.

Young America was however no match for NZL 32. In what became known as a "blackwash", Black Magic trounced Young America 5–0 in the Cup match, and thus remains unbeaten in an America's Cup race.

After the America's Cup
NZL 32 was used as a trial boat for the 2003 challenge of Le Défi and China Team.

In July 2002, she was donated to the Museum of New Zealand, however there was much debate over how she should be displayed to the nation. The initial proposal was for a 'glass case' with the yacht placed inside – a giant "ship in a bottle" – however this was likened to a "glass coffin" by many and as such was abandoned.

Eventually, following the murder of Team New Zealand's inspirational leader Sir Peter Blake, it was decided NZL 32 would form the centrepiece of a tribute to him. This was constructed at the National Maritime Museum in Auckland and was named 'Blue Water Black Magic' – an interactive exhibit and tribute to Sir Peter. NZL 32 is suspended from the ceiling and can be viewed from all angles, with much of Sir Peter's yachting memorabilia exhibited around it.

title: NZL 32


text:
Talk:Tao

Not that bad
Just wanted to say that I am actually impressed with this article. This is by its nature arguably the most difficult wikipedia article to write (assuming a sincere interest by the authors to be NPOV), and I think it is well done.

Of course many people may read this article and say "ok, wait...what?", but that's kind of the point. Anyways, I just wanted to drop by and say good job, and I sincerely hope the article stays (roughly) in this form. Short is definitely best, and academia has little place here outside of historical references. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.35.225.227 (talk) 19:36, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Although it is not writ badly, it is full of mistruths and does not contextualize Tao/Dao except to selected texts.

After reading it, I feel it is misinformation. It distracts, it diseducates, and ultimately puts the concepts down as absurdities in crazy old books.

It is allowed to put even copyrighted quotes, and there is no real article length limit.

Please consider, without seeing at least the manner in which the Dao is the Path of All Ways, and that this is fully generic - not specific at all - it is the only theory of existence which is experiencially complete and entirely self supported.

It addresses the questions of the fundament of being and the fundament of universe in a manner far more satisfying to the intellect than the smaller and smaller questions of no consequence the physics begs of us.

Truly fascinating is a lot of people, in their practice of the Tao, do not obtain nessesarily the right questions. This is to do with the breath of the eye of the mind, and even in those different modes of being, the Dao is materially relevant for extending the view beyond the thread of reason that is the language in our minds.

As you can see, attempting to explain digresses indefinitely into mysteries. That is because the concept is naturally beyond the understanding.

It is also 'the set of all sets, where sets may contain any elements of any sort and mode of interaction' as thus it is unchanging. We find ourselves within it, and are thus constrained and enabled in exploring it. That is Tau.

But of course, once you obtain more esotheric facts, outlandish theories, and 'non-binary' information, these concepts gain power very very quickly. 84.241.194.69 (talk) 14:38, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

The personhood issue
The Tao is a supposed (there is no globally accepted and well recorded evidence) divine field and lifepath.

It's not the personhood of the cosmos as for example the Abrahamic person-god. On the other hand, the Tao is supportive of life and of personhood (before the person merges with the supposed "universal whole"). Even in some rare heresies in which the Tao can be neutral when not nurished (or negative towards an evildoer); still it has prosopophilic (friendly towards the personhood of man/humans [or even animal personhood according to variant criteria of personhood]) nature.

Indirectly friendly towards personhood; or directly friendly towards personhood but not personhood itself (because many doctrines exist).

A common misconception is that native East Asian culture can be atheistic at the core (antispiritual) and spiritual at the same time. Usually the texts which promote that are metalogically shallow.

For example, CGTN in an indirect way, tries to present as Communism-friendly many archaic beliefs. Usually without specific analyses about the supposed core linkage, but with generalities and stories. We can erroneously claim that Jesus was a Communist for sharing food, or that Hitler was a kind person for working long hours for his country. Rhetorical/oratorical claims might seem impressive, but can be flawed if the examination approach does not include metalogic analysis of the component notions within the elaborations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a02:587:4107:9e00:c1bd:91f8:1207:801b (talk) 17:12, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

Originated in China due to adv civ early on, is a generic eastern origin/dominant, but no way generic to China or Chinese (racial/nationalist misrepresentation)
would be nice if it said 'history and origins' and then went all 'Chinovision' on the subject. That way modern additions get a natural place, and the subject content rather than worldy instantiation can take prime. 84.241.194.69 (talk) 14:56, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Issue with lede
The grammar definitely needs some work. Wikiblame points to here where the confusing sentence was added in an IP edit. I think it should read:

"... natural order of the universe as discerned intuitively to realize one's potential and wisdom ..."

Since I'm not sure of the original intended meaning (see link), any help improving that sentence would be appreciated! — zmm ~talk~ 21:47, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

 * We could just revert back. Text before that one was
 * Within the context of traditional Chinese philosophy and religion, the Tao is the intuitive knowing of "life" that cannot be grasped full-heartedly as just a concept but is known nonetheless through actual living experience of one's everyday being.
 * Replaced text is
 * Within the context of traditional Chinese philosophy and religion, Tao is the natural order of the universe whose character human intuition must discern in order to realize the potential for individual wisdom. This intuitive knowing of "life" cannot be grasped as just a concept but is known through actual living experience of one's everyday being.
 * To my mind this at the least requires a citation. The phrase "natural order of the universe" does not occur lower down the article.
 * Things get worse with this edit where the "natural order" phrase becomes the first definition in the article. Chaging the first sentance from
 * Tao or Dao is a Chinese word signifying the "way", "path", "route", "road" or sometimes more loosely "doctrine", "principle" or "holistic beliefs".
 * to
 * ''Tao or Dao is the natural order of the universe whose character one's human intuition must discern in order to realize the potential for individual wisdom, as conceived in the context of East Asian philosophy, East Asian religions, or any other human thought that accords with them on this principle.
 * I'm no Taoist scholar, but I think the concept of way or path is the primary meaning. I think we might want to change back to an earlier version. --Salix alba (talk): 22:35, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Italics?
I think Tao is a pretty borrowed-into-English word at this point, right? Thus, I don't think it should be italicized as a foreign-ism as per MOS:FOREIGN. Remsense 聊  01:13, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tao


text:
User:Zwobot (usurped)

Guten Tag! Ich bin das zwobot aus der deutsche Wikipedia! Ich haße Grunt und der Gay Nigger Association of America

This user is a page move vandal, possibly User:Willy on wheels. Here is an extract from the deletion log:
 * 14:16, Mar 21, 2005 MacGyverMagic deleted User:Zwobot/monobook.js (made with intent to vandalize; content was: 'window.onload = vandalizefunction vandalize {document.forms[0].wpNewTitle.value = document.forms[0].wpNewTitle.value + ' has a big willy';docume...')
 * 14:15, Mar 21, 2005 MacGyverMagic deleted Cameron Watanabe has a big willy (content was: '#redirect Cameron Watanabe')
 * 14:14, Mar 21, 2005 MacGyverMagic deleted Canadian National Railways-List of Companies has a big willy (content was: '#redirect Canadian National Railways-List of Companies')
 * 14:13, Mar 21, 2005 MacGyverMagic deleted Canadian Forces Base Comox has a big willy (content was: '#redirect Canadian Forces Base Comox')
 * 14:12, Mar 21, 2005 MacGyverMagic deleted Capitán Trueno has a big willy (content was: '#redirect Capitán Trueno')
 * 14:12, Mar 21, 2005 MacGyverMagic deleted Carnet de Passage has a big willy (content was: '#redirect Carnet de Passage')
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title: User:Zwobot (usurped)


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Category:Mackinac County, Michigan

Articles related to Mackinac County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

title: Category:Mackinac County, Michigan


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Canonical basis

In mathematics, a canonical basis is a basis of an algebraic structure that is canonical in a sense that depends on the precise context:

 * In a coordinate space, and more generally in a free module, it refers to the standard basis defined by the Kronecker delta.
 * In a polynomial ring, it refers to its standard basis given by the monomials, $$(X^i)_i$$.
 * For finite extension fields, it means the polynomial basis.
 * In linear algebra, it refers to a set of n linearly independent generalized eigenvectors of an n×n matrix $$A$$, if the set is composed entirely of Jordan chains.
 * In representation theory, it refers to the basis of the quantum groups introduced by Lusztig.

Representation theory
The canonical basis for the irreducible representations of a quantized enveloping algebra of type $$ADE$$ and also for the plus part of that algebra was introduced by Lusztig by two methods: an algebraic one (using a braid group action and PBW bases) and a topological one (using intersection cohomology). Specializing the parameter $$q$$ to $$q=1$$ yields a canonical basis for the irreducible representations of the corresponding simple Lie algebra, which was not known earlier. Specializing the parameter $$q$$ to $$q=0$$ yields something like a shadow of a basis. This shadow (but not the basis itself) for the case of irreducible representations was considered independently by Kashiwara; it is sometimes called the crystal basis. The definition of the canonical basis was extended to the Kac-Moody setting by Kashiwara (by an algebraic method) and by Lusztig (by a topological method).

There is a general concept underlying these bases:

Consider the ring of integral Laurent polynomials $$\mathcal{Z}:=\mathbb{Z}\left[v,v^{-1}\right]$$ with its two subrings $$\mathcal{Z}^{\pm}:=\mathbb{Z}\left[v^{\pm 1}\right]$$ and the automorphism $$\overline{\cdot}$$ defined by $$\overline{v}:=v^{-1}$$.

A precanonical structure on a free $$\mathcal{Z}$$-module $$F$$ consists of
 * A standard basis $$(t_i)_{i\in I}$$ of $$F$$,
 * An interval finite partial order on $$I$$, that is, $$(-\infty,i] := \{j\in I \mid j\leq i\}$$ is finite for all $$i\in I$$,
 * A dualization operation, that is, a bijection $$F\to F$$ of order two that is $$\overline{\cdot}$$-semilinear and will be denoted by $$\overline{\cdot}$$ as well.

If a precanonical structure is given, then one can define the $$\mathcal{Z}^{\pm}$$ submodule $F^{\pm} := \sum \mathcal{Z}^{\pm} t_j$ of $$F$$.

A ''canonical basis of the precanonical structure is then a $$\mathcal{Z}$$-basis $$(c_i)_{i\in I}$$ of $$F$$ that satisfies: for all $$i\in I$$.
 * $$\overline{c_i}=c_i$$ and
 * $$c_i \in \sum_{j\leq i} \mathcal{Z}^+ t_j \text{ and } c_i \equiv t_i \mod vF^+$$

One can show that there exists at most one canonical basis for each precanonical structure. A sufficient condition for existence is that the polynomials $$r_{ij}\in\mathcal{Z}$$ defined by $\overline{t_j}=\sum_i r_{ij} t_i$ satisfy $$r_{ii}=1$$ and $$r_{ij}\neq 0 \implies i\leq j$$.

A canonical basis induces an isomorphism from $$\textstyle F^+\cap \overline{F^+} = \sum_i \mathbb{Z}c_i$$ to $$F^+/vF^+$$.

Hecke algebras
Let $$(W,S)$$ be a Coxeter group. The corresponding Iwahori-Hecke algebra $$H$$ has the standard basis $$(T_w)_{w\in W}$$, the group is partially ordered by the Bruhat order which is interval finite and has a dualization operation defined by $$\overline{T_w}:=T_{w^{-1}}^{-1}$$. This is a precanonical structure on $$H$$ that satisfies the sufficient condition above and the corresponding canonical basis of $$H$$ is the Kazhdan–Lusztig basis

 * $$C_w' = \sum_{y\leq w} P_{y,w}(v^2) T_w$$

with $$P_{y,w}$$ being the Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials.

Linear algebra
If we are given an n × n matrix $$A$$ and wish to find a matrix $$J$$ in Jordan normal form, similar to $$A$$, we are interested only in sets of linearly independent generalized eigenvectors. A matrix in Jordan normal form is an "almost diagonal matrix," that is, as close to diagonal as possible. A diagonal matrix $$D$$ is a special case of a matrix in Jordan normal form. An ordinary eigenvector is a special case of a generalized eigenvector.

Every n × n matrix $$A$$ possesses n linearly independent generalized eigenvectors. Generalized eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are linearly independent. If $$\lambda$$ is an eigenvalue of $$A$$ of algebraic multiplicity $$\mu$$, then $$A$$ will have $$\mu$$ linearly independent generalized eigenvectors corresponding to $$\lambda$$.

For any given n × n matrix $$A$$, there are infinitely many ways to pick the n linearly independent generalized eigenvectors. If they are chosen in a particularly judicious manner, we can use these vectors to show that $$A$$ is similar to a matrix in Jordan normal form. In particular,

Definition: A set of n linearly independent generalized eigenvectors is a canonical basis if it is composed entirely of Jordan chains.

Thus, once we have determined that a generalized eigenvector of rank m is in a canonical basis, it follows that the m − 1 vectors $$ \mathbf x_{m-1}, \mathbf x_{m-2}, \ldots, \mathbf x_1 $$ that are in the Jordan chain generated by $$ \mathbf x_m $$ are also in the canonical basis.

Computation
Let $$ \lambda_i $$ be an eigenvalue of $$A$$ of algebraic multiplicity $$ \mu_i $$. First, find the ranks (matrix ranks) of the matrices $$ (A - \lambda_i I), (A - \lambda_i I)^2, \ldots, (A - \lambda_i I)^{m_i} $$. The integer $$m_i$$ is determined to be the first integer for which $$ (A - \lambda_i I)^{m_i} $$ has rank $$n - \mu_i $$ (n being the number of rows or columns of $$A$$, that is, $$A$$ is n × n).

Now define

 * $$ \rho_k = \operatorname{rank}(A - \lambda_i I)^{k-1} - \operatorname{rank}(A - \lambda_i I)^k \qquad (k = 1, 2, \ldots, m_i).$$

The variable $$ \rho_k $$ designates the number of linearly independent generalized eigenvectors of rank k (generalized eigenvector rank; see generalized eigenvector) corresponding to the eigenvalue $$ \lambda_i $$ that will appear in a canonical basis for $$A$$. Note that

 * $$ \operatorname{rank}(A - \lambda_i I)^0 = \operatorname{rank}(I) = n .$$

Once we have determined the number of generalized eigenvectors of each rank that a canonical basis has, we can obtain the vectors explicitly (see generalized eigenvector).

Example
This example illustrates a canonical basis with two Jordan chains. Unfortunately, it is a little difficult to construct an interesting example of low order. The matrix

 * $$A = \begin{pmatrix}

4 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 4 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 5 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 5 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4 \end{pmatrix}$$

has eigenvalues $$ \lambda_1 = 4 $$ and $$ \lambda_2 = 5 $$ with algebraic multiplicities $$ \mu_1 = 4 $$ and $$ \mu_2 = 2 $$, but geometric multiplicities $$ \gamma_1 = 1 $$ and $$ \gamma_2 = 1 $$.

For $$ \lambda_1 = 4,$$ we have $$ n - \mu_1 = 6 - 4 = 2, $$

 * $$ (A - 4I) $$ has rank 5,
 * $$ (A - 4I)^2 $$ has rank 4,
 * $$ (A - 4I)^3 $$ has rank 3,
 * $$ (A - 4I)^4 $$ has rank 2.

Therefore $$m_1 = 4.$$

 * $$ \rho_4 = \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^3 - \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^4 = 3 - 2 = 1,$$
 * $$ \rho_3 = \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^2 - \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^3 = 4 - 3 = 1,$$
 * $$ \rho_2 = \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^1 - \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^2 = 5 - 4 = 1,$$
 * $$ \rho_1 = \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^0 - \operatorname{rank}(A - 4I)^1 = 6 - 5 = 1.$$

Thus, a canonical basis for $$A$$ will have, corresponding to $$ \lambda_1 = 4,$$ one generalized eigenvector each of ranks 4, 3, 2 and 1.

For $$ \lambda_2 = 5,$$ we have $$ n - \mu_2 = 6 - 2 = 4, $$

 * $$ (A - 5I) $$ has rank 5,
 * $$ (A - 5I)^2 $$ has rank 4.

Therefore $$m_2 = 2.$$

 * $$ \rho_2 = \operatorname{rank}(A - 5I)^1 - \operatorname{rank}(A - 5I)^2 = 5 - 4 = 1,$$
 * $$ \rho_1 = \operatorname{rank}(A - 5I)^0 - \operatorname{rank}(A - 5I)^1 = 6 - 5 = 1.$$

Thus, a canonical basis for $$A$$ will have, corresponding to $$ \lambda_2 = 5,$$ one generalized eigenvector each of ranks 2 and 1.

A canonical basis for $$A$$ is

\left\{ \mathbf x_1, \mathbf x_2, \mathbf x_3, \mathbf x_4, \mathbf y_1, \mathbf y_2 \right\} = \left\{ \begin{pmatrix} -4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} -27 \\ -4 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 25 \\ -25 \\ -2 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 36 \\ -12 \\ -2 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 2 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} -8 \\ -4 \\ -1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \right\}. $$

$$ \mathbf x_1 $$ is the ordinary eigenvector associated with $$ \lambda_1 $$. $$ \mathbf x_2, \mathbf x_3 $$ and $$ \mathbf x_4 $$ are generalized eigenvectors associated with $$ \lambda_1 $$. $$ \mathbf y_1 $$ is the ordinary eigenvector associated with $$ \lambda_2 $$. $$ \mathbf y_2 $$ is a generalized eigenvector associated with $$ \lambda_2 $$.

A matrix $$J$$ in Jordan normal form, similar to $$A$$ is obtained as follows:

M = \begin{pmatrix} \mathbf x_1 & \mathbf x_2 & \mathbf x_3 & \mathbf x_4 & \mathbf y_1 & \mathbf y_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -4 & -27 & 25 &   0 & 3 & -8 \\ 0 &  -4 & -25 &  36 & 2 & -4 \\ 0 &   0 &  -2 & -12 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 &   0 &   0 &  -2 & 1 &  0 \\ 0 &   0 &   0 &   2 & 0 &  1 \\ 0 &   0 &   0 &  -1 & 0 &  0 \end{pmatrix}, $$
 * $$ J = \begin{pmatrix}

4 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 4 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 5 \end{pmatrix}, $$

where the matrix $$M$$ is a generalized modal matrix for $$A$$ and $$AM = MJ$$.

title: Canonical basis


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Captal

Captal (Lat. capitalis, first, chief ), was a medieval feudal title in Gascony. According to Du Cange the designation captal (capital, captau, capitau) was applied loosely to the more illustrious nobles of Aquitaine, counts, viscounts, etc., probably as capitales domini, principal lords, though he quotes more fanciful explanations.

As an actual title the word was used only by the lords of Trene, Puychagut, Epernon and Buch (a lordship being an amalgamation of two or more seigniories).

It is best known in connection with the famous soldier, Jean III de Grailly, captal de Buch KG (d. 1376), the captal de Buch par excellence, immortalized by Froissart as the confidant of the Black Prince and the champion of the English cause against France. His active part in the war began in 1364, when he ravaged the country between Paris and Rouen, but was beaten by Bertrand du Guesclin at Cocherel and taken prisoner. Released next year, he received the seigniory of Nemours and took the oath of fealty to the French king, Charles V, but soon resigned his new fief and returned to his allegiance to the English king. In 1367 he took part in the battle of Navarette, in which Du Guesclin was taken prisoner, the captal being entrusted with his safe-keeping. In 1371 Jean de Grailly was appointed constable of Aquitaine, but was taken prisoner next year and interned in the Temple at Paris where, resisting all the tempting offers of the French king, he remained till his death five years later.

title: Captal


text:
Lions Bay

Lions Bay (Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (Squamish) language: Ch'ích'iyúy Elx̱wíḵn, ) is a small residential community in British Columbia, Canada, located between Vancouver and Squamish on the steep eastern shore of Howe Sound. In the 2021 census the community had a population of 1,390, BC's 36th smallest municipality by population. At 2.53 km2, it is BC's 10th smallest municipality by land area. Originally a boat-access summer camping destination for Vancouverites, Lions Bay began to be permanently settled in the 1960s. The community incorporated as a village municipality in January 1971.

History
In 1889, distinctive twin peaks in the North Shore mountains were dubbed the Lions by a Judge Gray, for their supposed resemblance from Vancouver to the lion statues around Nelson's Column on London's Trafalgar Square. They are the Transformed Sisters, Ch'ich'iyúy Elxwíkn, of Coast Salish legend. The small bay on Howe Sound where pre-road climbers were dropped off to climb them was the "Lions Bay."

The extensions of the CN railway in 1954 and Highway 99 in 1958 spurred permanent residences, the area having previously mostly been summer cottages. In the 1960s, Lions Bay became a Water Improvement District. In 1999 Lions Bay amalgamated with the neighbouring unincorporated community of Brunswick Beach.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lions Bay had a population of 1,390 living in 506 of its 557 total private dwellings, an increase of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,334. With a land area of 2.53 km2, population density was.

Amenities
Lions Bay Beach Park has restroom and change facilities, a sandy beach protected by a log boom, and a float. Pay parking is available.

The Kelvin Grove Beach and Marine park 500 meters south also has a restroom and is a popular scuba destination and dog beach.

In the 2017–18 school year, School District 45's Lions Bay School had about 30 K-3 pupils, down from peak levels in prior years of 60–80. After Grade 3, public school students bus to the K-7 Gleneagles Elementary (approx. 60 Lions Bay students out of 240) and the Grade 8–12 Rockridge Secondary (approx. 80 students from Lions Bay out of 800).

Volunteer-maintained trails run through the community, and there is multi-day pay parking available at the Sunset North trailhead.

Commercial amenities include a general store with Rural Liquor Outlet, a café (including on-tap beers for on-premise consumption), a real estate office, a 150-boat dry-storage marina and a marine service centre.

Infrastructure
Under license from the Province, water is drawn at intake weirs on Harvey and Magnesia Creeks, and disinfected in two modern dual-barrier (UV and chlorine) treatment plants. Supply is sufficient for a consumption on the order of 300000 U.S.gal per day in winter and 500000 U.S.gal per day in summer (a relatively high per-capita consumption rate regionally). With no reservoirs possible in the steep terrain, and climate projections calling for longer, hotter summers with more-intense rainfall, a long-range study underway in partnership with UBC's Civil Engineering department is modelling hydrological characteristics of the snowfields and groundwater catchments above the village, both to know when to implement short-term consumption restrictions, and to understand long-term flow trends to have time to plan for deep wells, additional creek intakes or pipelining. In 2017 the municipality purchased the last piece of available waterfront land to hold in long-term reserve for a future peak-shaving desalination plant.

100 houses in the Kelvin Grove neighbourhood are on central sewer connected to a small secondary treatment plant renewed in 2020; remaining residences and businesses rely on individual onsite wastewater systems.

As a member of the regional TransLink public transit network, Lions Bay is served by the hourly 262 bus route. The provincial Sea-to-Sky Highway (four lanes and three overpass/underpass intersections) and CN Rail (three at-grade road crossings) run through the community.

Lions Bay is not supplied with natural gas (the pipeline runs to the north, from Coquitlam over the North Shore mountains to Squamish), so wintertime heating is by baseboard and underfloor electrical resistance heating at standard tariffs, heat pumps, oil furnaces and propane for houses with forced air ducting, and wood heat in appliances ranging from open fireplaces to airtights and pellet stoves. Despite occasionally poor wintertime air quality, Lions Bay negotiated reduced compliance with regional wood appliance regulations that started in 2019.

Geology
Local geology comprises lower-Cretaceous Gambier Group marine sedimentary and volcanic bedrock. Upslope, the headwaters of Magnesia, Alberta and Harvey Creeks are underlain by mid-Cretaceous era "Coast Plutonic Complex" rock, which has intruded into the older Gambier rocks. Outcrops primarily consist of greenish volcanic rock that is highly fractured (10 cm fracture spacing) with red oxidation on exposed surfaces. Prominent northwest trending faults and jointing create structural discontinuities that cause instability.

Geomorphology
Geomorphology in the area is a product of recent glaciation and post-glacial erosion. The last, or Fraser, glaciation began 33,500 years ago and reached its peak 17,500 years ago. Ice retreat was delayed several thousand years by floating glaciers grounding on the seabed, with several minor readvances. Glacial marine sedimentation (mud and rock dropped from icebergs) is believed to have ceased by 10,600 years before present. The weight of ice had depressed the land surface, so during deglaciation the sea flooded the land up to 220 m higher than it is today. Sea-level fell rapidly as the land rebounded, such that by about 10,000 years ago sea level was 10 m below present. By 5700 years ago it was at approximately modern levels. With the ice gone, water erosion and mass wasting (debris slides and flows, rockfall, avalanches) rapidly reworked unstable glacial sediments, declining over time such that by no later than 7,500 years ago the landscape was similar to today. Steep rockfall aprons developed on mid to lower slopes. Magnesia, Alberta and Harvey Creeks reincised their debris cones and alluvial fans have formed at their mouths into the ocean.

Climate
Howe Sound at Lions Bay experiences a maritime climate with a moderate temperature regime and a winter precipitation peak. Temperatures are cool December through February, and warm July and August. A pronounced precipitation peak starts in October and extends through January. Precipitation increases with elevation due to orographic uplift, because air masses condense when they cool as pressure drops when they are driven upward by mountain slopes. Annually, approximately 2000 mm of precipitation falls at sea-level, increasing to 4000 mm at the ridge crest 1200 to 1400 m above. At mid and high elevations, both rain and rain-on-snow are important drivers of winter runoff and groundwater recharge, both being quantified in the Lions Bay-UBC Long-Range Hydrology Study.

Government & politics
Lions Bay is a self-governing municipality with an elected mayor and four councillors setting policy. Execution of policy and administration is managed by a chief administrative officer through five staff working out of the municipal offices, and five at the Frank Smith Works Yard. The village's Klatt Public Safety Building houses the 30-volunteer Fire Department, an ambulance station leased to the BC Ambulance Service, and Lions Bay Search & Rescue. Policing is provided by the Squamish RCMP detachment. Lions Bay is part of the Metro Vancouver Regional District, although does not currently participate in its water, drainage or sewer functions. The mayor is a member of Mayors' Council, one of Translink's several quasi-governing bodies.

In 2018 Lions Bay's average residential non-rural property assessment of $1.62 million was the fourth-highest of all assessment areas in the province, behind only the University Endowment Lands ($3.51 million), West Vancouver ($3.24 million) and Anmore ($1.65 million).

In the 2017 provincial election, 567 of Lions Bay's approx. 1000 eligible voters voted 43% Liberal (centre-right), 28% Green, and 18% NDP (left). Politics besides, Lions Bayers tend to support environmental causes, such as the UNESCO Biosphere initiative for Howe Sound and glass-sponge reef protection, and are generally opposed to reindustrialisation of Howe Sound (such as Woodfibre LNG, McNabb Creek gravel mining and clearcut wood harvesting).

The municipality is small, with a 2017 operating budget of $3.3 million (raised 50% by property taxes and 50% by fees plus grants). 2017 average per-parcel taxes, utility and fees of $7,647 were the 2nd highest in BC. The 2017 operating budget was:
 * $1.2 mil. for 11.15 staff
 * $819,000 water operating cost ($1,420 per connection)
 * $416,000 volunteer fire department ($720 per residence)
 * $865,000 everything else.

Capital spending is funded by federal and provincial grants, debt, and occasionally taxation when the spend is overdue. In 2017, for example, a $2.71 million capital project to replace and remove four water tanks and improve water distribution network was 50% funded by the federal government, 33% by the provincial government, and 17% by 30-year debt funding for the local contribution (with 92% voter approval in a referendum).

Lions Bay Fire Rescue
A volunteer fire department with 30+ trained members provides in-village and forest interface firefighting and MVA rescue services on Highway 99. Many members go on to permanent roles at professional departments; a training at Lions Bay Fire Rescue is considered one of the best available in western Canada.

Lions Bay Search And Rescue
Lions Bay Search And Rescue was established in the 1980s following a series of landslides which caused a number of deaths and briefly cut the highway and isolated the village. Although initially set up to provide the village with a measure of self-sufficiency in an emergency, the SAR team has developed over time into a primarily mountain rescue group. Trails and peaks accessible from Lions Bay attract large numbers of hikers and climbers, especially in warmer months. Hiking trails in the area are demanding; a hike from Lions Bay to the top of the West Lion gains 1500 meters in elevation with a round trip travel time of 6–8 hours for fit hikers. Every year an increasing number of hikers are injured, lost or caught out in the dark while hiking in this area, increasing demand on Lions Bay Search and Rescue in cooperation with the Provincial Emergency Program.

Geographic names around Lions Bay

 * In 1792, Capt. Vancouver named Howe Sound for Adm. Richard Howe, and Anvil Island for its shape.
 * In 1857–1861, Capt. Richards of the survey sloop HMS Plumper named many features in Howe Sound after the ships and officers of Howe's 1 June 1794 naval battle ("The Glorious First") against the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary wars:
 * Mt. Harvey, Harvey Creek, Mt. Brunswick and Brunswick Beach for Capt. John Harvey of HMS Brunswick
 * Gambier Island for Capt. James Gambier, and the Defense Islands for his ship, HMS Defence
 * Bowyer Island for Adm. George Bowyer, whose flagship was HMS Barfleur under Capt. Cuthbert Collingwood, commemorated in Barfleur Passage between Keats and Pasely Islands, and Collingwood Channel, between Keats and Bowen Islands. Captain Sir Richard Goodwin Keats was not present at the Glorious First, but a well known Royal Navy officer of the day.
 * Bowen Island for James Bowen, master of HMS Queen Charlotte, and Pasely Island for Rear-Admiral Thomas Pasley on HMS Bellerophon.
 * Alberta Bay, Alberta Creek: perhaps after the province, which was named for a daughter of Queen Victoria.
 * Kelvin Grove, a mid-1980s developer name, ultimately from Glasgow's Kelvin river.

title: Lions Bay


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List of companies of Poland

Poland is a country located in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges (the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains) in the south. Since the fall of communism many major companies have been established in Poland. The following list includes both fully Polish companies and foreign owned firms with independent Polish operations, such as Fiat Poland. Most of Poland's economy since communism has been developed by small and medium businesses, but large corporations still control aspects of heavy industry, mining, and chemical refining.

For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations, see "Business entities in Poland".

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

title: List of companies of Poland


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User talk:Jcdavis

Hi, Jcdavis, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you enjoy your time here. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Regarding the New Testament, I had protected it due to an edit war between an anonymous user, who wanted the text to refer to the New Testament as the "Aramaic Scriptures", and just about everyone else, who wanted it to refer instead to the "Greek Scriptures". I unprotected the page as you asked, since it's been quite long enougm. (I usually only protect pages for a week at most; I just forgot to unprotect it before.)   – Quadell (talk) (help)   23:35, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jcdavis