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72nd United States Congress

The 72nd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1931, to March 4, 1933, during the last two years of Herbert Hoover's presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1910 United States census. The Senate had a Republican majority. The House started with a very slim Republican majority, but by the time it first met in December 1931, the Democrats had gained a majority through special elections.

Major events

 * Ongoing: Great Depression
 * January 12, 1932: Hattie Wyatt Caraway of Arkansas became the first woman elected to the United States Senate. (Rebecca Latimer Felton of Georgia had been appointed to fill a vacancy in 1922; the 87-year-old Felton served one day as a senator.) Caraway had won a special election to fill the remaining months of the term of her late husband, Senator Thaddeus Caraway. She won re-election to a full term in 1932 and again in 1938 and served in the Senate until January 1945.
 * July 28, 1932: Bonus Army was dispersed.
 * November 8, 1932: United States elections, 1932:
 * 1932 United States presidential election: Incumbent Republicans Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis lost to Democrats Franklin Roosevelt as President, and John Nance Garner as Vice President.
 * United States Senate elections, 1932: Democrats gained 12 seats for a 59–36 majority.
 * United States House of Representatives elections, 1932: Democrats gained 97 seats for a 313–117 majority.

Major legislation

 * January 22, 1932: Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act, Sess. 1, ch. 8,
 * February 27, 1932: Glass-Steagall Act of 1932, Sess. 1, ch. 58,
 * March 23, 1932: Norris-LaGuardia Act, Sess. 1, ch. 90,
 * June 6, 1932: Revenue Act of 1932, Sess. 1, ch. 209,
 * June 22, 1932: Federal Kidnapping Act, Sess. 1, ch. 271,
 * June 30, 1932: Economy Act of 1932, Sess. 1, ch. 314,
 * July 21, 1932: Emergency Relief and Construction Act, Sess. 1, ch. 520,
 * July 22, 1932: Federal Home Loan Bank Act, Sess. 1, ch. 522,
 * January 17, 1933: Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, Sess. 2, ch. 11,
 * March 3, 1933: Buy American Act, Sess. 2, ch. 212, title III,

Constitutional amendments

 * March 2, 1932: Approved an amendment to the United States Constitution moving the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3, and also establishing what is to be done when there is no president-elect, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification
 * January 23, 1933: The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (then 36) to become part of the Constitution.
 * February 20, 1933: Approved an amendment to the U.S. Constitution repealing the Eighteenth Amendment, and submitted it to state ratifying conventions for ratification
 * Amendment was later ratified on December 5, 1933, becoming the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

 * President: Charles Curtis (R)
 * President pro tempore: George H. Moses (R)

Majority (Republican)

 * Majority Leader: James E. Watson
 * Majority Whip: Simeon D. Fess
 * Republican Conference Secretary: Frederick Hale
 * National Senatorial Committee Chair: Daniel O. Hastings

Minority (Democratic)

 * Minority Leader: Joseph T. Robinson
 * Minority Whip: Morris Sheppard
 * Democratic Caucus Secretary: Hugo Black

House of Representatives

 * Speaker: John N. Garner (D)

Note: Republican Nicholas Longworth, the Speaker of the House in the previous Congress, was Speaker-presumptive with his party's mere three-seat majority. However, Longworth died on April 9, 1931, and by the time the 72nd Congress convened in December 1931, Democrats had gained four seats from Republicans through special elections following deaths, thus becoming the majority party in the House. Democrat John Garner was subsequently elected as Speaker.

Majority (Democratic)

 * Majority Leader: Henry T. Rainey
 * Majority Whip: John McDuffie
 * Democratic Caucus Chairman: William W. Arnold
 * Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Joseph W. Byrns Sr.

Minority (Republican)

 * Minority Leader: Bertrand H. Snell
 * Minority Whip: Carl G. Bachmann
 * Republican Conference Chairman: Willis C. Hawley
 * Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: William R. Wood

Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Senate
Senators were elected every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1934; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1936; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1932.

Alabama

 * 2. John H. Bankhead II (D)
 * 3. Hugo Black (D)

Arizona

 * 1. Henry F. Ashurst (D)
 * 3. Carl Hayden (D)

Arkansas

 * 2. Joseph Taylor Robinson (D)
 * 3. Thaddeus H. Caraway (D), until November 6, 1931
 * Hattie Caraway (D), from November 13, 1931

California

 * 1. Hiram W. Johnson (R)
 * 3. Samuel M. Shortridge (R)

Colorado

 * 2. Edward P. Costigan (D)
 * 3. Charles W. Waterman (R), until August 27, 1932
 * Walter Walker (D), September 16, 1932 – December 6, 1932
 * Karl C. Schuyler (R), from December 7, 1932

Connecticut

 * 1. Frederic C. Walcott (R)
 * 3. Hiram Bingham III (R)

Delaware

 * 1. John G. Townsend Jr. (R)
 * 2. Daniel O. Hastings (R)

Florida

 * 1. Park Trammell (D)
 * 3. Duncan U. Fletcher (D)

Georgia

 * 2. William J. Harris (D), until April 18, 1932
 * John S. Cohen (D), April 25, 1932 – January 11, 1933
 * Richard Russell Jr. (D), from January 12, 1933
 * 3. Walter F. George (D)

Idaho

 * 2. William E. Borah (R)
 * 3. John Thomas (R)

Illinois

 * 2. James Hamilton Lewis (D)
 * 3. Otis F. Glenn (R)

Indiana

 * 1. Arthur R. Robinson (R)
 * 3. James E. Watson (R)

Iowa

 * 2. Lester J. Dickinson (R)
 * 3. Smith W. Brookhart (R)

Kansas

 * 2. Arthur Capper (R)
 * 3. George McGill (D)

Kentucky

 * 2. Marvel M. Logan (D)
 * 3. Alben W. Barkley (D)

Louisiana

 * 2. Huey Long (D), from January 25, 1932
 * 3. Edwin S. Broussard (D)

Maine

 * 1. Frederick Hale (R)
 * 2. Wallace H. White Jr. (R)

Maryland

 * 1. Phillips Lee Goldsborough (R)
 * 3. Millard Tydings (D)

Massachusetts

 * 1. David I. Walsh (D)
 * 2. Marcus A. Coolidge (D)

Michigan

 * 1. Arthur H. Vandenberg (R)
 * 2. James J. Couzens (R)

Minnesota

 * 1. Henrik Shipstead (FL)
 * 2. Thomas D. Schall (R)

Mississippi

 * 1. Hubert D. Stephens (D)
 * 2. Pat Harrison (D)

Missouri

 * 1. Roscoe C. Patterson (R)
 * 3. Harry B. Hawes (D), until February 3, 1933
 * Bennett Champ Clark (D), from February 3, 1933

Montana

 * 1. Burton K. Wheeler (D)
 * 2. Thomas J. Walsh (D), until March 2, 1933

Nebraska

 * 1. Robert B. Howell (R)
 * 2. George W. Norris (R)

Nevada

 * 1. Key Pittman (D)
 * 3. Tasker Oddie (R)

New Hampshire

 * 2. Henry W. Keyes (R)
 * 3. George H. Moses (R)

New Jersey

 * 1. Hamilton Fish Kean (R)
 * 2. Dwight Morrow (R), until October 5, 1931
 * William Warren Barbour (R), from December 1, 1931

New Mexico

 * 1. Bronson M. Cutting (R)
 * 2. Sam G. Bratton (D)

New York

 * 1. Royal S. Copeland (D)
 * 3. Robert F. Wagner (D)

North Carolina

 * 2. Josiah William Bailey (D)
 * 3. Cameron A. Morrison (D), until December 4, 1932
 * Robert R. Reynolds (D), from December 5, 1932

North Dakota

 * 1. Lynn Frazier (R-NPL)
 * 3. Gerald Nye (R)

Ohio

 * 1. Simeon D. Fess (R)
 * 3. Robert J. Bulkley (D)

Oklahoma

 * 2. Thomas P. Gore (D)
 * 3. Elmer Thomas (D)

Oregon

 * 2. Charles L. McNary (R)
 * 3. Frederick Steiwer (R)

Pennsylvania

 * 1. David A. Reed (R)
 * 3. James J. Davis (R)

Rhode Island

 * 1. Felix Hebert (R)
 * 2. Jesse H. Metcalf (R)

South Carolina

 * 2. James F. Byrnes (D)
 * 3. Ellison D. Smith (D)

South Dakota

 * 2. William J. Bulow (D)
 * 3. Peter Norbeck (R)

Tennessee

 * 1. Kenneth McKellar (D)
 * 2. Cordell Hull (D)

Texas

 * 1. Tom T. Connally (D)
 * 2. Morris Sheppard (D)

Utah

 * 1. William H. King (D)
 * 3. Reed Smoot (R)

Vermont

 * 1. Porter H. Dale (R)
 * 3. Frank C. Partridge (R), until March 31, 1931
 * Warren Austin (R), from April 1, 1931

Virginia

 * 1. Claude A. Swanson (D)
 * 2. Carter Glass (D)

Washington

 * 1. Clarence Cleveland Dill (D)
 * 3. Wesley L. Jones (R), until November 19, 1932
 * Elijah S. Grammer (R), from November 22, 1932

West Virginia

 * 1. Henry D. Hatfield (R)
 * 2. Matthew M. Neely (D)

Wisconsin

 * 1. Robert M. La Follette Jr. (R)
 * 3. John J. Blaine (R)

Wyoming

 * 1. John B. Kendrick (D)
 * 2. Robert D. Carey (R)

House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives elected statewide on the general ticket or otherwise at-large, are preceded by an "At-large," and the names of those elected from districts, whether plural or single member, are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama

 * Alabama's 1st congressional district. John McDuffie (D)
 * Alabama's 2nd congressional district. J. Lister Hill (D)
 * Alabama's 3rd congressional district. Henry B. Steagall (D)
 * Alabama's 4th congressional district. Lamar Jeffers (D)
 * Alabama's 5th congressional district. LaFayette L. Patterson (D)
 * Alabama's 6th congressional district. William B. Oliver (D)
 * Alabama's 7th congressional district. Miles C. Allgood (D)
 * Alabama's 8th congressional district. Edward B. Almon (D)
 * Alabama's 9th congressional district. George Huddleston (D)
 * Alabama's 10th congressional district. William B. Bankhead (D)

Arizona

 * Arizona's at-large congressional district. Lewis W. Douglas (D)

Arkansas

 * Arkansas's 1st congressional district. William J. Driver (D)
 * Arkansas's 2nd congressional district. John E. Miller (D)
 * Arkansas's 3rd congressional district. Claude A. Fuller (D)
 * Arkansas's 4th congressional district. Effiegene L. Wingo (D)
 * Arkansas's 5th congressional district. Heartsill Ragon (D)
 * Arkansas's 6th congressional district. David D. Glover (D)
 * Arkansas's 7th congressional district. Tilman B. Parks (D)

California

 * California's 1st congressional district. Clarence F. Lea (D)
 * California's 2nd congressional district. Harry L. Englebright (R)
 * California's 3rd congressional district. Charles F. Curry Jr. (R)
 * California's 4th congressional district. Florence P. Kahn (R)
 * California's 5th congressional district. Richard J. Welch (R)
 * California's 6th congressional district. Albert E. Carter (R)
 * California's 7th congressional district. Henry E. Barbour (R)
 * California's 8th congressional district. Arthur M. Free (R)
 * California's 9th congressional district. William E. Evans (R)
 * California's 10th congressional district. Joe Crail (R)
 * California's 11th congressional district. Philip D. Swing (R)

Colorado

 * Colorado's 1st congressional district. William R. Eaton (R)
 * Colorado's 2nd congressional district. Charles Bateman Timberlake (R)
 * Colorado's 3rd congressional district. Guy U. Hardy (R)
 * Colorado's 4th congressional district. Edward T. Taylor (D)

Connecticut

 * Connecticut's 1st congressional district. Augustine Lonergan (D)
 * Connecticut's 2nd congressional district. Richard P. Freeman (R)
 * Connecticut's 3rd congressional district. John Q. Tilson (R), until December 3, 1932
 * Connecticut's 4th congressional district. William L. Tierney (D)
 * Connecticut's 5th congressional district. Edward W. Goss (R)

Delaware

 * Delaware's at-large congressional district. Robert G. Houston (R)

Florida

 * Florida's 1st congressional district. Herbert J. Drane (D)
 * Florida's 2nd congressional district. Robert A. Green (D)
 * Florida's 3rd congressional district. Tom A. Yon (D)
 * Florida's 4th congressional district. Ruth Bryan Owen (D)

Georgia

 * Georgia's 1st congressional district. Charles G. Edwards (D), until July 13, 1931
 * Homer C. Parker (D), from September 9, 1931
 * Georgia's 2nd congressional district. Edward E. Cox (D)
 * Georgia's 3rd congressional district. Charles R. Crisp (D), until October 7, 1932
 * Bryant T. Castellow (D), from November 8, 1932
 * Georgia's 4th congressional district. William C. Wright (D)
 * Georgia's 5th congressional district. Robert Ramspeck (D)
 * Georgia's 6th congressional district. Samuel Rutherford (D), until February 4, 1932
 * Carlton Mobley (D), from March 2, 1932
 * Georgia's 7th congressional district. Malcolm C. Tarver (D)
 * Georgia's 8th congressional district. Charles H. Brand (D)
 * Georgia's 9th congressional district. John S. Wood (D)
 * Georgia's 10th congressional district. Carl Vinson (D)
 * Georgia's 11th congressional district. William C. Lankford (D)
 * Georgia's 12th congressional district. William W. Larsen (D)

Idaho

 * Idaho's 1st congressional district. Burton L. French (R)
 * Idaho's 2nd congressional district. Addison T. Smith (R)

Illinois

 * Illinois's 1st congressional district. Oscar S. De Priest (R)
 * Illinois's 2nd congressional district. Morton D. Hull (R)
 * Illinois's 3rd congressional district. Edward A. Kelly (D)
 * Illinois's 4th congressional district. Harry P. Beam (D)
 * Illinois's 5th congressional district. Adolph J. Sabath (D)
 * Illinois's 6th congressional district. James T. Igoe (D)
 * Illinois's 7th congressional district. Leonard W. Schuetz (D)
 * Illinois's 8th congressional district. Peter C. Granata (R), until April 5, 1932
 * Stanley H. Kunz (D), from April 5, 1932
 * Illinois's 9th congressional district. Frederick A. Britten (R)
 * Illinois's 10th congressional district. Carl R. Chindblom (R)
 * Illinois's 11th congressional district. Frank R. Reid (R)
 * Illinois's 12th congressional district. John T. Buckbee (R)
 * Illinois's 13th congressional district. William R. Johnson (R)
 * Illinois's 14th congressional district. John C. Allen (R)
 * Illinois's 15th congressional district. Burnett M. Chiperfield (R)
 * Illinois's 16th congressional district. William E. Hull (R)
 * Illinois's 17th congressional district. Homer W. Hall (R)
 * Illinois's 18th congressional district. William P. Holaday (R)
 * Illinois's 19th congressional district. Charles Adkins (R)
 * Illinois's 20th congressional district. Henry T. Rainey (D)
 * Illinois's 21st congressional district. J. Earl Major (D)
 * Illinois's 22nd congressional district. Charles A. Karch (D), until November 6, 1932
 * Illinois's 23rd congressional district. William W. Arnold (D)
 * Illinois's 24th congressional district. Claude V. Parsons (D)
 * Illinois's 25th congressional district. Kent E. Keller (D)
 * Illinois's at-large congressional district. William H. Dieterich (D)
 * Illinois's at-large congressional district. Richard Yates Jr. (R)

Indiana

 * Indiana's 1st congressional district. John W. Boehne Jr. (D)
 * Indiana's 2nd congressional district. Arthur H. Greenwood (D)
 * Indiana's 3rd congressional district. Eugene B. Crowe (D)
 * Indiana's 4th congressional district. Harry C. Canfield (D)
 * Indiana's 5th congressional district. Courtland C. Gillen (D)
 * Indiana's 6th congressional district. William H. Larrabee (D)
 * Indiana's 7th congressional district. Louis Ludlow (D)
 * Indiana's 8th congressional district. Albert H. Vestal (R), until April 1, 1932
 * Indiana's 9th congressional district. Fred S. Purnell (R)
 * Indiana's 10th congressional district. William R. Wood (R)
 * Indiana's 11th congressional district. Glenn Griswold (D)
 * Indiana's 12th congressional district. David Hogg (R)
 * Indiana's 13th congressional district. Samuel B. Pettengill (D)

Iowa

 * Iowa's 1st congressional district. William F. Kopp (R)
 * Iowa's 2nd congressional district. Bernhard M. Jacobsen (D)
 * Iowa's 3rd congressional district. Thomas J. B. Robinson (R)
 * Iowa's 4th congressional district. Gilbert N. Haugen (R)
 * Iowa's 5th congressional district. Cyrenus Cole (R)
 * Iowa's 6th congressional district. C. William Ramseyer (R)
 * Iowa's 7th congressional district. Cassius C. Dowell (R)
 * Iowa's 8th congressional district. Lloyd Thurston (R)
 * Iowa's 9th congressional district. Charles E. Swanson (R)
 * Iowa's 10th congressional district. Fred C. Gilchrist (R)
 * Iowa's 11th congressional district. Ed H. Campbell (R)

Kansas

 * Kansas's 1st congressional district. William P. Lambertson (R)
 * Kansas's 2nd congressional district. Ulysses S. Guyer (R)
 * Kansas's 3rd congressional district. Harold C. McGugin (R)
 * Kansas's 4th congressional district. Homer Hoch (R)
 * Kansas's 5th congressional district. James G. Strong (R)
 * Kansas's 6th congressional district. Charles I. Sparks (R)
 * Kansas's 7th congressional district. Clifford R. Hope (R)
 * Kansas's 8th congressional district. William A. Ayres (D)

Kentucky

 * Kentucky's 1st congressional district. William V. Gregory (D)
 * Kentucky's 2nd congressional district. Glover H. Cary (D)
 * Kentucky's 3rd congressional district. John W. Moore (D)
 * Kentucky's 4th congressional district. Cap R. Carden (D)
 * Kentucky's 5th congressional district. Maurice H. Thatcher (R)
 * Kentucky's 6th congressional district. Brent Spence (D)
 * Kentucky's 7th congressional district. Virgil Chapman (D)
 * Kentucky's 8th congressional district. Ralph W. E. Gilbert (D)
 * Kentucky's 9th congressional district. Fred M. Vinson (D)
 * Kentucky's 10th congressional district. Andrew J. May (D)
 * Kentucky's 11th congressional district. Charles Finley (R)

Louisiana

 * Louisiana's 1st congressional district. Joachim O. Fernández (D)
 * Louisiana's 2nd congressional district. Paul H. Maloney (D)
 * Louisiana's 3rd congressional district. Numa F. Montet (D)
 * Louisiana's 4th congressional district. John N. Sandlin (D)
 * Louisiana's 5th congressional district. Riley Joseph Wilson (D)
 * Louisiana's 6th congressional district. Bolivar E. Kemp (D)
 * Louisiana's 7th congressional district. René L. De Rouen (D)
 * Louisiana's 8th congressional district. James Benjamin Aswell (D), until March 16, 1931
 * John H. Overton (D), from May 12, 1931

Maine

 * Maine's 1st congressional district. Carroll L. Beedy (R)
 * Maine's 2nd congressional district. Donald B. Partridge (R)
 * Maine's 3rd congressional district. John E. Nelson (R)
 * Maine's 4th congressional district. Donald F. Snow (R)

Maryland

 * Maryland's 1st congressional district. T. Alan Goldsborough (D)
 * Maryland's 2nd congressional district. William P. Cole Jr. (D)
 * Maryland's 3rd congressional district. Vincent L. Palmisano (D)
 * Maryland's 4th congressional district. J. Charles Linthicum (D), until October 5, 1932
 * Ambrose J. Kennedy (D), from November 8, 1932
 * Maryland's 5th congressional district. Stephen W. Gambrill (D)
 * Maryland's 6th congressional district. David J. Lewis (D)

Massachusetts

 * Massachusetts's 1st congressional district. Allen T. Treadway (R)
 * Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district. William J. Granfield (D)
 * Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district. Frank H. Foss (R)
 * Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. Pehr G. Holmes (R)
 * Massachusetts's 5th congressional district. Edith Nourse Rogers (R)
 * Massachusetts's 6th congressional district. A. Piatt Andrew Jr. (R)
 * Massachusetts's 7th congressional district. William P. Connery Jr. (D)
 * Massachusetts's 8th congressional district. Frederick W. Dallinger (R), until October 1, 1932
 * Massachusetts's 9th congressional district. Charles L. Underhill (R)
 * Massachusetts's 10th congressional district. John J. Douglass (D)
 * Massachusetts's 11th congressional district. George H. Tinkham (R)
 * Massachusetts's 12th congressional district. John W. McCormack (D)
 * Massachusetts's 13th congressional district. Robert Luce (R)
 * Massachusetts's 14th congressional district. Richard B. Wigglesworth (R)
 * Massachusetts's 15th congressional district. Joseph W. Martin Jr. (R)
 * Massachusetts's 16th congressional district. Charles L. Gifford (R)

Michigan

 * Michigan's 1st congressional district. Robert H. Clancy (R)
 * Michigan's 2nd congressional district. Earl C. Michener (R)
 * Michigan's 3rd congressional district. Joseph L. Hooper (R)
 * Michigan's 4th congressional district. John C. Ketcham (R)
 * Michigan's 5th congressional district. Carl Mapes (R)
 * Michigan's 6th congressional district. Seymour H. Person (R)
 * Michigan's 7th congressional district. Jesse P. Wolcott (R)
 * Michigan's 8th congressional district. Bird J. Vincent (R), until July 18, 1931
 * Michael J. Hart (D), from November 3, 1931
 * Michigan's 9th congressional district. James C. McLaughlin (R), until November 29, 1932
 * Michigan's 10th congressional district. Roy O. Woodruff (R)
 * Michigan's 11th congressional district. Frank P. Bohn (R)
 * Michigan's 12th congressional district. W. Frank James (R)
 * Michigan's 13th congressional district. Clarence J. McLeod (R)

Minnesota

 * Minnesota's 1st congressional district. Victor Christgau (R)
 * Minnesota's 2nd congressional district. Frank Clague (R)
 * Minnesota's 3rd congressional district. August H. Andresen (R)
 * Minnesota's 4th congressional district. Melvin Maas (R)
 * Minnesota's 5th congressional district. William I. Nolan (R)
 * Minnesota's 6th congressional district. Harold Knutson (R)
 * Minnesota's 7th congressional district. Paul J. Kvale (FL)
 * Minnesota's 8th congressional district. William Pittenger (R)
 * Minnesota's 9th congressional district. Conrad Selvig (R)
 * Minnesota's 10th congressional district. Godfrey G. Goodwin (R), until February 16, 1933

Mississippi

 * Mississippi's 1st congressional district. John E. Rankin (D)
 * Mississippi's 2nd congressional district. Wall Doxey (D)
 * Mississippi's 3rd congressional district. William M. Whittington (D)
 * Mississippi's 4th congressional district. T. Jefferson Busby (D)
 * Mississippi's 5th congressional district. Ross A. Collins (D)
 * Mississippi's 6th congressional district. Robert S. Hall (D)
 * Mississippi's 7th congressional district. Percy E. Quin (D), until February 4, 1932
 * Lawrence R. Ellzey (D), from March 15, 1932
 * Mississippi's 8th congressional district. James W. Collier (D)

Missouri

 * Missouri's 1st congressional district. Milton A. Romjue (D)
 * Missouri's 2nd congressional district. Ralph F. Lozier (D)
 * Missouri's 3rd congressional district. Jacob L. Milligan (D)
 * Missouri's 4th congressional district. David W. Hopkins (R)
 * Missouri's 5th congressional district. Joseph B. Shannon (D)
 * Missouri's 6th congressional district. Clement C. Dickinson (D)
 * Missouri's 7th congressional district. Samuel C. Major (D), until July 28, 1931
 * Robert D. Johnson (D), from September 29, 1931
 * Missouri's 8th congressional district. William L. Nelson (D)
 * Missouri's 9th congressional district. Clarence Cannon (D)
 * Missouri's 10th congressional district. Henry F. Niedringhaus (R)
 * Missouri's 11th congressional district. John J. Cochran (D)
 * Missouri's 12th congressional district. Leonidas C. Dyer (R)
 * Missouri's 13th congressional district. Clyde Williams (D)
 * Missouri's 14th congressional district. James F. Fulbright (D)
 * Missouri's 15th congressional district. Joe J. Manlove (R)
 * Missouri's 16th congressional district. William E. Barton (D)

Montana

 * Montana's 1st congressional district. John M. Evans (D)
 * Montana's 2nd congressional district. Scott Leavitt (R)

Nebraska

 * Nebraska's 1st congressional district. John H. Morehead (D)
 * Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Howard M. Baldrige (R)
 * Nebraska's 3rd congressional district. Edgar Howard (D)
 * Nebraska's 4th congressional district. John N. Norton (D)
 * Nebraska's 5th congressional district. Ashton C. Shallenberger (D)
 * Nebraska's 6th congressional district. Robert G. Simmons (R)

Nevada

 * Nevada's at-large congressional district. Samuel S. Arentz (R)

New Hampshire

 * New Hampshire's 1st congressional district. Fletcher Hale (R), until October 22, 1931
 * William N. Rogers (D), from January 5, 1932
 * New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district. Edward H. Wason (R)

New Jersey

 * New Jersey's 1st congressional district. Charles A. Wolverton (R)
 * New Jersey's 2nd congressional district. Isaac Bacharach (R)
 * New Jersey's 3rd congressional district. William H. Sutphin (D)
 * New Jersey's 4th congressional district. Charles A. Eaton (R)
 * New Jersey's 5th congressional district. Ernest R. Ackerman (R), until October 18, 1931
 * Percy H. Stewart (D), from December 1, 1931
 * New Jersey's 6th congressional district. Randolph Perkins (R)
 * New Jersey's 7th congressional district. George N. Seger (R)
 * New Jersey's 8th congressional district. Fred A. Hartley Jr. (R)
 * New Jersey's 9th congressional district. Peter A. Cavicchia (R)
 * New Jersey's 10th congressional district. Frederick R. Lehlbach (R)
 * New Jersey's 11th congressional district. Oscar L. Auf der Heide (D)
 * New Jersey's 12th congressional district. Mary T. Norton (D)

New Mexico

 * New Mexico's 1st congressional district. Dennis Chávez (D)

New York

 * New York's 1st congressional district. Robert L. Bacon (R)
 * New York's 2nd congressional district. William F. Brunner (D)
 * New York's 3rd congressional district. George W. Lindsay (D)
 * New York's 4th congressional district. Thomas H. Cullen (D)
 * New York's 5th congressional district. Loring M. Black Jr. (D)
 * New York's 6th congressional district. Andrew L. Somers (D)
 * New York's 7th congressional district. Matthew V. O'Malley (D), until May 26, 1931
 * John J. Delaney (D), from November 3, 1931
 * New York's 8th congressional district. Patrick J. Carley (D)
 * New York's 9th congressional district. Stephen A. Rudd (D)
 * New York's 10th congressional district. Emanuel Celler (D)
 * New York's 11th congressional district. Anning S. Prall (D)
 * New York's 12th congressional district. Samuel Dickstein (D)
 * New York's 13th congressional district. Christopher D. Sullivan (D)
 * New York's 14th congressional district. William I. Sirovich (D)
 * New York's 15th congressional district. John J. Boylan (D)
 * New York's 16th congressional district. John J. O'Connor (D)
 * New York's 17th congressional district. Ruth Baker Pratt (R)
 * New York's 18th congressional district. Martin J. Kennedy (D)
 * New York's 19th congressional district. Sol Bloom (D)
 * New York's 20th congressional district. Fiorello H. LaGuardia (R)
 * New York's 21st congressional district. Joseph A. Gavagan (D)
 * New York's 22nd congressional district. Anthony J. Griffin (D)
 * New York's 23rd congressional district. Frank Oliver (D)
 * New York's 24th congressional district. James M. Fitzpatrick (D)
 * New York's 25th congressional district. Charles D. Millard (R)
 * New York's 26th congressional district. Hamilton Fish III (R)
 * New York's 27th congressional district. Harcourt J. Pratt (R)
 * New York's 28th congressional district. Parker Corning (D)
 * New York's 29th congressional district. James S. Parker (R)
 * New York's 30th congressional district. Frank Crowther (R)
 * New York's 31st congressional district. Bertrand H. Snell (R)
 * New York's 32nd congressional district. Francis D. Culkin (R)
 * New York's 33rd congressional district. Frederick M. Davenport (R)
 * New York's 34th congressional district. John D. Clarke (R)
 * New York's 35th congressional district. Clarence E. Hancock (R)
 * New York's 36th congressional district. John Taber (R)
 * New York's 37th congressional district. Gale H. Stalker (R)
 * New York's 38th congressional district. James L. Whitley (R)
 * New York's 39th congressional district. Archie D. Sanders (R)
 * New York's 40th congressional district. Walter G. Andrews (R)
 * New York's 41st congressional district. Edmund F. Cooke (R)
 * New York's 42nd congressional district. James M. Mead (D)
 * New York's 43rd congressional district. Daniel A. Reed (R)

North Carolina

 * North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Lindsay C. Warren (D)
 * North Carolina's 2nd congressional district. John H. Kerr (D)
 * North Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Charles L. Abernethy (D)
 * North Carolina's 4th congressional district. Edward W. Pou (D)
 * North Carolina's 5th congressional district. Franklin W. Hancock Jr. (D)
 * North Carolina's 6th congressional district. J. Bayard Clark (D)
 * North Carolina's 7th congressional district. J. Walter Lambeth (D)
 * North Carolina's 8th congressional district. Robert L. Doughton (D)
 * North Carolina's 9th congressional district. Alfred L. Bulwinkle (D)
 * North Carolina's 10th congressional district. Zebulon Weaver (D)

North Dakota

 * North Dakota's 1st congressional district. Olger B. Burtness (R)
 * North Dakota's 2nd congressional district. Thomas Hall (R)
 * North Dakota's 3rd congressional district. James H. Sinclair (R)

Ohio

 * Ohio's 1st congressional district. Nicholas Longworth (R), until April 9, 1931
 * John B. Hollister (R), from November 3, 1931
 * Ohio's 2nd congressional district. William E. Hess (R)
 * Ohio's 3rd congressional district. Byron B. Harlan (D)
 * Ohio's 4th congressional district. John L. Cable (R)
 * Ohio's 5th congressional district. Frank C. Kniffin (D)
 * Ohio's 6th congressional district. James G. Polk (D)
 * Ohio's 7th congressional district. Charles Brand (R)
 * Ohio's 8th congressional district. Grant E. Mouser Jr. (R)
 * Ohio's 9th congressional district. Wilbur M. White (R)
 * Ohio's 10th congressional district. Thomas A. Jenkins (R)
 * Ohio's 11th congressional district. Mell G. Underwood (D)
 * Ohio's 12th congressional district. Arthur P. Lamneck (D)
 * Ohio's 13th congressional district. William L. Fiesinger (D)
 * Ohio's 14th congressional district. Francis Seiberling (R)
 * Ohio's 15th congressional district. C. Ellis Moore (R)
 * Ohio's 16th congressional district. Charles B. McClintock (R)
 * Ohio's 17th congressional district. Charles F. West (D)
 * Ohio's 18th congressional district. B. Frank Murphy (R)
 * Ohio's 19th congressional district. John G. Cooper (R)
 * Ohio's 20th congressional district. Charles A. Mooney (D), until May 29, 1931
 * Martin L. Sweeney (D), from November 3, 1931
 * Ohio's 21st congressional district. Robert Crosser (D)
 * Ohio's 22nd congressional district. Chester C. Bolton (R)

Oklahoma

 * Oklahoma's 1st congressional district. Wesley E. Disney (D)
 * Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district. William W. Hastings (D)
 * Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district. Wilburn Cartwright (D)
 * Oklahoma's 4th congressional district. Tom D. McKeown (D)
 * Oklahoma's 5th congressional district. Fletcher B. Swank (D)
 * Oklahoma's 6th congressional district. Jed J. Johnson (D)
 * Oklahoma's 7th congressional district. James V. McClintic (D)
 * Oklahoma's 8th congressional district. Milton C. Garber (R)

Oregon

 * Oregon's 1st congressional district. Willis C. Hawley (R)
 * Oregon's 2nd congressional district. Robert R. Butler (R), until January 7, 1933
 * Oregon's 3rd congressional district. Charles H. Martin (D)

Pennsylvania

 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. James M. Beck (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district. George S. Graham (R), until July 4, 1931
 * Edward L. Stokes (R), from November 3, 1931
 * Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district. Harry C. Ransley (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. Benjamin M. Golder (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district. James J. Connolly (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district. George A. Welsh (R), until May 31, 1932
 * Robert L. Davis (R), from November 8, 1932
 * Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district. George P. Darrow (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district. James Wolfenden (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district. Henry Winfield Watson (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district. J. Roland Kinzer (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district. Patrick J. Boland (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district. C. Murray Turpin (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. George F. Brumm (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district. Norton L. Lichtenwalner (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district. Louis T. McFadden (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district. Robert F. Rich (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district. Frederick W. Magrady (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district. Edward M. Beers (R), until April 21, 1932 (died)
 * Joseph F. Biddle (R), from November 8, 1932
 * Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district. Isaac H. Doutrich (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 20th congressional district. James R. Leech (R), until January 29, 1932
 * Howard W. Stull (R), from April 26, 1932
 * Pennsylvania's 21st congressional district. J. Banks Kurtz (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district. Harry L. Haines (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 23rd congressional district. J. Mitchell Chase (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 24th congressional district. Samuel A. Kendall (R), until January 8, 1933
 * Pennsylvania's 25th congressional district. Henry W. Temple (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 26th congressional district. J. Howard Swick (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 27th congressional district. Nathan L. Strong (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 28th congressional district. Thomas C. Cochran (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 29th congressional district. Milton W. Shreve (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 30th congressional district. William R. Coyle (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 31st congressional district. Adam M. Wyant (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 32nd congressional district. Edmund F. Erk (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 33rd congressional district. M. Clyde Kelly (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 34th congressional district. Patrick J. Sullivan (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 35th congressional district. Harry A. Estep (R)
 * Pennsylvania's 36th congressional district. Guy E. Campbell (R)

Rhode Island

 * Rhode Island's 1st congressional district. Clark Burdick (R)
 * Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district. Richard S. Aldrich (R)
 * Rhode Island's 3rd congressional district. Francis B. Condon (D)

South Carolina

 * South Carolina's 1st congressional district. Thomas S. McMillan (D)
 * South Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Butler B. Hare (D)
 * South Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Fred H. Dominick (D)
 * South Carolina's 4th congressional district. John J. McSwain (D)
 * South Carolina's 5th congressional district. William F. Stevenson (D)
 * South Carolina's 6th congressional district. Allard H. Gasque (D)
 * South Carolina's 7th congressional district. Hampton P. Fulmer (D)

South Dakota

 * South Dakota's 1st congressional district. Charles A. Christopherson (R)
 * South Dakota's 2nd congressional district. Royal C. Johnson (R)
 * South Dakota's 3rd congressional district. William Williamson (R)

Tennessee

 * Tennessee's 1st congressional district. Oscar Lovette (R)
 * Tennessee's 2nd congressional district. J. Will Taylor (R)
 * Tennessee's 3rd congressional district. Samuel D. McReynolds (D)
 * Tennessee's 4th congressional district. John Ridley Mitchell (D)
 * Tennessee's 5th congressional district. Ewin L. Davis (D)
 * Tennessee's 6th congressional district. Joseph W. Byrns (D)
 * Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Edward E. Eslick (D), until June 14, 1932
 * Willa M. B. Eslick (D), from August 14, 1932
 * Tennessee's 8th congressional district. Gordon Browning (D)
 * Tennessee's 9th congressional district. Jere Cooper (D)
 * Tennessee's 10th congressional district. Edward H. Crump (D)

Texas

 * Texas's 1st congressional district. Wright Patman (D)
 * Texas's 2nd congressional district. Martin Dies Jr. (D)
 * Texas's 3rd congressional district. Morgan G. Sanders (D)
 * Texas's 4th congressional district. Sam Rayburn (D)
 * Texas's 5th congressional district. Hatton W. Sumners (D)
 * Texas's 6th congressional district. Luther Alexander Johnson (D)
 * Texas's 7th congressional district. Clay Stone Briggs (D)
 * Texas's 8th congressional district. Daniel E. Garrett (D), until December 13, 1932
 * Joe H. Eagle (D), from January 28, 1933
 * Texas's 9th congressional district. Joseph J. Mansfield (D)
 * Texas's 10th congressional district. James P. Buchanan (D)
 * Texas's 11th congressional district. Oliver H. Cross (D)
 * Texas's 12th congressional district. Fritz G. Lanham (D)
 * Texas's 13th congressional district. Guinn Williams (D)
 * Texas's 14th congressional district. Harry M. Wurzbach (R), until November 6, 1931
 * Richard M. Kleberg (D), from November 24, 1931
 * Texas's 15th congressional district. John Nance Garner (D)
 * Texas's 16th congressional district. R. Ewing Thomason (D)
 * Texas's 17th congressional district. Thomas L. Blanton (D)
 * Texas's 18th congressional district. John Marvin Jones (D)

Utah

 * Utah's 1st congressional district. Don B. Colton (R)
 * Utah's 2nd congressional district. Frederick C. Loofbourow (R)

Vermont

 * Vermont's 1st congressional district. John E. Weeks (R)
 * Vermont's 2nd congressional district. Ernest Willard Gibson (R)

Virginia

 * Virginia's 1st congressional district. S. Otis Bland (D)
 * Virginia's 2nd congressional district. Menalcus Lankford (R)
 * Virginia's 3rd congressional district. Andrew Jackson Montague (D)
 * Virginia's 4th congressional district. Patrick H. Drewry (D)
 * Virginia's 5th congressional district. Thomas G. Burch (D)
 * Virginia's 6th congressional district. Clifton A. Woodrum (D)
 * Virginia's 7th congressional district. John W. Fishburne (D)
 * Virginia's 8th congressional district. Howard W. Smith (D)
 * Virginia's 9th congressional district. John W. Flannagan Jr. (D)
 * Virginia's 10th congressional district. Henry St. George Tucker III (D), until July 23, 1932
 * Joel W. Flood (D), from November 8, 1932

Washington

 * Washington's 1st congressional district. Ralph Horr (R)
 * Washington's 2nd congressional district. Lindley H. Hadley (R)
 * Washington's 3rd congressional district. Albert Johnson (R)
 * Washington's 4th congressional district. John W. Summers (R)
 * Washington's 5th congressional district. Samuel B. Hill (D)

West Virginia

 * West Virginia's 1st congressional district. Carl G. Bachmann (R)
 * West Virginia's 2nd congressional district. Frank L. Bowman (R)
 * West Virginia's 3rd congressional district. Lynn Hornor (D)
 * West Virginia's 4th congressional district. Robert L. Hogg (R)
 * West Virginia's 5th congressional district. Hugh Ike Shott (R)
 * West Virginia's 6th congressional district. Joe L. Smith (D)

Wisconsin

 * Wisconsin's 1st congressional district. Thomas Ryum Amlie (R), from October 13, 1931
 * Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district. Charles A. Kading (R)
 * Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district. John M. Nelson (R)
 * Wisconsin's 4th congressional district. John C. Schafer (R)
 * Wisconsin's 5th congressional district. William H. Stafford (R)
 * Wisconsin's 6th congressional district. Michael K. Reilly (D)
 * Wisconsin's 7th congressional district. Gardner R. Withrow (R)
 * Wisconsin's 8th congressional district. Gerald J. Boileau (R)
 * Wisconsin's 9th congressional district. George J. Schneider (R)
 * Wisconsin's 10th congressional district. James A. Frear (R)
 * Wisconsin's 11th congressional district. Hubert H. Peavey (R)

Wyoming

 * Wyoming's at-large congressional district. Vincent Carter (R)

Non-voting members

 * Alaska's at-large congressional district. James Wickersham (R)
 * Hawaii's at-large congressional district. Victor S. K. Houston (R)
 * Philippines's at-large congressional district. Pedro Guevara (Nac.)
 * Philippines's at-large congressional district. Camilo Osías (Nac.)
 * Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district. Félix Córdova Dávila, until April 11, 1932
 * José Lorenzo Pesquera (Resident Commissioner) (I), from April 15, 1932

[[File:72 us house membership.png|thumb|400px|

Senate

 * Replacements: 11
 * Democratic: 1-seat net loss
 * Republican: no net change
 * Deaths: 6
 * Resignations: 1
 * Interim appointments: 5
 * Total seats with changes: 8

 * Vermont (1)
 * | Frank C. Partridge (R)
 * Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term. Successor elected March 31, 1931.
 * | Warren Austin (R)
 * April 1, 1931
 * April 1, 1931

 * New Jersey (2)
 * | Dwight Morrow (R)
 * Died October 5, 1931. Successor was appointed and later elected.
 * | William W. Barbour (R)
 * December 1, 1931
 * December 1, 1931

 * Arkansas (3)
 * | Thaddeus H. Caraway (D)
 * Died November 6, 1931. Successor was appointed to finish the term.
 * | Hattie Caraway (D)
 * November 13, 1931
 * November 13, 1931

 * Georgia (2)
 * | William J. Harris (D)
 * Died April 18, 1932. Successor was appointed to finish the term.
 * | John S. Cohen (D)
 * April 25, 1932
 * April 25, 1932

 * Colorado (3)
 * | Charles W. Waterman (R)
 * Died August 27, 1932. Successor was appointed to finish the term.
 * | Walter Walker (D)
 * September 26, 1932
 * September 26, 1932

 * Washington (3)
 * | Wesley L. Jones (R)
 * Died November 19, 1932 having just lost re-election. Successor was appointed to finish the term.
 * | Elijah S. Grammer (R)
 * November 22, 1932
 * November 22, 1932

 * Colorado (3)
 * | Walter Walker (D)
 * Interim appointee lost election to finish term. Successor elected November 8, 1932.
 * | Karl C. Schuyler (R)
 * December 7, 1932
 * December 7, 1932

 * North Carolina (3)
 * | Cameron A. Morrison (D)
 * Interim appointee lost election to finish term. Successor elected November 8, 1932.
 * | Robert R Reynolds (D)
 * December 5, 1932
 * December 5, 1932

 * Georgia (2)
 * | John S. Cohen (D)
 * Interim appointee lost election to finish term. Successor elected January 12, 1933.
 * | Richard Russell Jr. (D)
 * January 12, 1933
 * January 12, 1933

 * Missouri (3)
 * | Harry B. Hawes (D)
 * Incumbent retired and then resigned early February 3, 1933. Successor appointed having already been elected.
 * | Bennett Champ Clark (D)
 * February 3, 1933
 * February 3, 1933

 * Montana (2)
 * | Thomas J. Walsh (D)
 * Died March 2, 1933 Seat remained vacant until next Congress
 * colspan=2 | Vacant
 * colspan=2 | Vacant

 * }

House of Representatives

 * Replacements: 23
 * Democratic: 6 seat net gain
 * Republican: 6 seat net loss
 * Deaths: 24
 * Resignations: 7
 * Contested election: 1
 * Total seats with changes: 32

 * Wisconsin's 1st congressional district
 * Vacant
 * Representative Henry A. Cooper (R) died in previous congress.
 * | Thomas R. Amlie (R)
 * October 13, 1931
 * October 13, 1931

 * Louisiana's 8th congressional district
 * | James B. Aswell (D)
 * Died March 16, 1931
 * | John H. Overton (D)
 * May 12, 1931
 * May 12, 1931

 * Ohio's 1st congressional district
 * | Nicholas Longworth (R)
 * Died April 9, 1931
 * | John B. Hollister (R)
 * November 3, 1931
 * November 3, 1931

 * New York's 7th congressional district
 * | Matthew V. O'Malley (D)
 * Died May 26, 1931. Because Congress was not in session at the time of his death, O'Malley never took his oath of office or exercised any of the duties of a Congressman. He was, nevertheless, serving in office from the beginning of his term on March 4, 1931.
 * | John J. Delaney (D)
 * November 3, 1931
 * November 3, 1931

 * Ohio's 20th congressional district
 * | Charles A. Mooney (D)
 * Died May 29, 1931
 * | Martin L. Sweeney (D)
 * November 3, 1931
 * November 3, 1931

 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district
 * | George S. Graham (R)
 * Died July 4, 1931
 * | Edward L. Stokes (R)
 * November 3, 1931
 * November 3, 1931

 * Georgia's 1st congressional district
 * | Charles G. Edwards (D)
 * Died July 13, 1931
 * | Homer C. Parker (D)
 * September 9, 1931
 * September 9, 1931

 * Michigan's 8th congressional district
 * | Bird J. Vincent (R)
 * Died July 18, 1931
 * | Michael J. Hart (D)
 * November 3, 1931
 * November 3, 1931

 * Missouri's 7th congressional district
 * | Samuel C. Major (D)
 * Died July 28, 1931
 * | Robert D. Johnson (D)
 * September 29, 1931
 * September 29, 1931

 * New Jersey's 5th congressional district
 * | Ernest R. Ackerman (R)
 * Died October 18, 1931
 * | Percy H. Stewart (D)
 * December 1, 1931
 * December 1, 1931

 * New Hampshire's 1st congressional district
 * | Fletcher Hale (R)
 * Died October 22, 1931
 * | William N. Rogers (D)
 * January 5, 1932
 * January 5, 1932

 * Texas's 14th congressional district
 * | Harry M. Wurzbach (R)
 * Died November 6, 1931
 * | Richard M. Kleberg (D)
 * November 24, 1931
 * November 24, 1931

 * Pennsylvania's 20th congressional district
 * | James R. Leech (R)
 * Resigned January 29, 1932, to become a member of the United States Board of Tax Appeals
 * | Howard W. Stull (R)
 * April 26, 1932
 * April 26, 1932

 * Mississippi's 7th congressional district
 * | Percy Quin (D)
 * Died February 4, 1932
 * | Lawrence R. Ellzey (D)
 * March 15, 1932
 * March 15, 1932

 * Georgia's 6th congressional district
 * | Samuel Rutherford (D)
 * Died February 4, 1932
 * | Carlton Mobley (D)
 * March 2, 1932
 * March 2, 1932

 * Indiana's 8th congressional district
 * | Albert H. Vestal (R)
 * Died April 1, 1932
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * Illinois's 8th congressional district
 * | Peter C. Granata (R)
 * Lost contested election April 5, 1932
 * | Stanley H. Kunz (D)
 * April 5, 1932
 * April 5, 1932

 * Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district
 * Félix Córdova Dávila
 * resigned April 11, 1932, to become Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
 * José Lorenzo Pesquera
 * April 15, 1932
 * April 15, 1932

 * Massachusetts's 8th congressional district
 * | Frederick W. Dallinger (R)
 * Resigned October 1, 1932
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district
 * | Edward M. Beers (R)
 * Died April 21, 1932
 * | Joseph F. Biddle (R)
 * November 8, 1932
 * November 8, 1932

 * Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district
 * | George A. Welsh (R)
 * Resigned May 31, 1932, to become judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
 * | Robert L. Davis (R)
 * November 8, 1932
 * November 8, 1932

 * Tennessee's 7th congressional district
 * | Edward E. Eslick (D)
 * Died June 14, 1932
 * | Willa McCord Blake Eslick (D)
 * August 14, 1932
 * August 14, 1932

 * Virginia's 10th congressional district
 * | Henry St. George Tucker III (D)
 * Died July 23, 1932
 * | Joel W. Flood (D)
 * November 8, 1932
 * November 8, 1932

 * Maryland's 4th congressional district
 * | J. Charles Linthicum (D)
 * Died October 5, 1932
 * | Ambrose J. Kennedy (D)
 * November 8, 1932
 * November 8, 1932

 * Georgia's 3rd congressional district
 * | Charles R. Crisp (D)
 * Resigned October 7, 1932, to become a member of the US Tariff Commission
 * | Bryant T. Castellow (D)
 * November 8, 1932
 * November 8, 1932

 * Illinois's 22nd congressional district
 * | Charles A. Karch (D)
 * Resigned November 6, 1932
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * Michigan's 9th congressional district
 * | James C. McLaughlin (R)
 * Died November 29, 1932
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * Connecticut's 3rd congressional district
 * | John Q. Tilson (R)
 * Resigned December 3, 1932
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * Texas's 8th congressional district
 * | Daniel E. Garrett (D)
 * Died December 13, 1932
 * | Joe H. Eagle (D)
 * January 28, 1933
 * January 28, 1933

 * Oregon's 2nd congressional district
 * | Robert R. Butler (R)
 * Died January 7, 1933
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * Pennsylvania's 24th congressional district
 * | Samuel A. Kendall (R)
 * Died January 8, 1933
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * Minnesota's 10th congressional district
 * | Godfrey G. Goodwin (R)
 * Died February 16, 1933
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.
 * colspan=2 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress.

 * }

Senate

 * Agriculture and Forestry (Chairman: Charles L. McNary; Ranking Member: Ellison D. Smith)
 * Air Mail and Ocean Mail Contracts (Special)
 * Alaska Railroad (Special Select)
 * Appropriations (Chairman: Wesley L. Jones; Ranking Member: William J. Harris)
 * Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: John G. Townsend Jr.; Ranking Member: John B. Kendrick)
 * Banking and Currency (Chairman: Peter Norbeck; Ranking Member: Duncan U. Fletcher)
 * Civil Service (Chairman: Porter H. Dale; Ranking Member: Kenneth McKellar)
 * Claims (Chairman: Robert B. Howell; Ranking Member: Park Trammell)
 * Commerce (Chairman: Hiram W. Johnson; Ranking Member: Duncan U. Fletcher)
 * Depreciation of Foreign Currencies (Select)
 * District of Columbia (Chairman: Arthur Capper; Ranking Member: William H. King)
 * Education and Labor (Chairman: Jesse H. Metcalf; Ranking Member: Royal S. Copeland)
 * Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Frank L. Greene; Ranking Member: Coleman L. Blease)
 * Expenditures in Executive Departments (Chairman: Frederick M. Sackett then Guy D. Goff; Ranking Member: Claude A. Swanson)
 * Finance (Chairman: Reed Smoot; Ranking Member: Furnifold M. Simmons)
 * Foreign Relations (Chairman: William E. Borah; Ranking Member: Claude A. Swanson)
 * Immigration (Chairman: Arthur R. Gould; Ranking Member: William H. King)
 * Indian Affairs (Chairman: Lynn J. Frazier; Ranking Member: Henry F. Ashurst)
 * Interoceanic Canals (Chairman: Thomas D. Schall; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Walsh)
 * Interstate Commerce (Chairman: James Couzens; Ranking Member: Ellison D. Smith)
 * Irrigation and Reclamation (Chairman: John Thomas; Ranking Member: Morris Sheppard)
 * Judiciary (Chairman: George W. Norris; Ranking Member: Lee S. Overman then Henry F. Ashurst)
 * Library (Chairman: Simeon D. Fess; Ranking Member: Kenneth McKellar)
 * Manufactures (Chairman: Robert M. La Follette Jr.; Ranking Member: Ellison D. Smith)
 * Military Affairs (Chairman: David A. Reed; Ranking Member: Duncan U. Fletcher)
 * Mines and Mining (Chairman: Roscoe C. Patterson; Ranking Member: Thomas J. Walsh)
 * Mississippi Flood Control Project (Select)
 * Naval Affairs (Chairman: Frederick Hale; Ranking Member: Claude A. Swanson)
 * Patents (Chairman: Charles W. Waterman; Ranking Member: Ellison D. Smith)
 * Pensions (Chairman: Arthur R. Robinson; Ranking Member: Burton K. Wheeler)
 * Post Office Leases (Select)
 * Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Lawrence C. Phipps; Ranking Member: Kenneth McKellar)
 * Printing (Chairman: George H. Moses; Ranking Member: Duncan U. Fletcher)
 * Privileges and Elections (Chairman: Samuel M. Shortridge; Ranking Member: William H. King)
 * Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Henry W. Keyes; Ranking Member: Duncan U. Fletcher)
 * Public Lands and Surveys (Chairman: Gerald P. Nye; Ranking Member: Key Pittman)
 * Reconstruction Finance Corporation (Select)
 * Rules (Chairman: George H. Moses; Ranking Member: Lee S. Overman then Pat Harrison)
 * Territories and Insular Affairs (Chairman: Hiram Bingham; Ranking Member: Key Pittman)
 * Whole

House of Representatives

 * Accounts (Chairman: Charles L. Underhill; Ranking Member: Lindsay C. Warren)
 * Agriculture (Chairman: Gilbert N. Haugen; Ranking Member: James B. Aswell)
 * Appropriations (Chairman: William R. Wood; Ranking Member: Joseph W. Byrns)
 * Banking and Currency (Chairman: Louis T. McFadden; Ranking Member: Otis Wingo then John E. Rankin)
 * Census (Chairman: E. Hart Fenn; Ranking Member: John E. Rankin)
 * Civil Service (Chairman: Frederick R. Lehlbach; Ranking Member: Lamar Jeffers)
 * Claims (Chairman: Edward M. Irwin; Ranking Member: John C. Box)
 * Coinage, Weights and Measures (Chairman: Randolph Perkins; Ranking Member: Edgar Howard)
 * Disposition of Executive Papers (Chairman: Edward H. Wason; Ranking Member: Robert A. Green)
 * District of Columbia (Chairman: Frederick N. Zihlman; Ranking Member: Christopher D. Sullivan)
 * Education (Chairman: Daniel A. Reed; Ranking Member: Loring M. Black)
 * Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress (Chairman: Charles L. Gifford; Ranking Member: Lamar Jeffers)
 * Elections No.#1 (Chairman: Carroll L. Beedy; Ranking Member: Edward E. Eslick)
 * Elections No.#2 (Chairman: Bird J. Vincent; Ranking Member: John J. Douglass)
 * Elections No.#3 (Chairman: Willis G. Sears; Ranking Member: John H. Kerr)
 * Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Guy E. Campbell; Ranking Member: Mell G. Underwood)
 * Expenditures in the Executive Departments (Chairman: William Williamson; Ranking Member: Allard H. Gasque)
 * Flood Control (Chairman: Frank R. Reid; Ranking Member: Riley J. Wilson)
 * Foreign Affairs (Chairman: Stephen G. Porter; Ranking Member: J. Charles Linthicum)
 * Immigration and Naturalization (Chairman: Albert Johnson; Ranking Member: John C. Box)
 * Indian Affairs (Chairman: Scott Leavitt; Ranking Member: John M. Evans)
 * Insular Affairs (Chairman: Edgar R. Kiess; Ranking Member: Christopher D. Sullivan)
 * Interstate and Foreign Commerce (Chairman: James S. Parker; Ranking Member: Sam Rayburn)
 * Invalid Pensions (Chairman: John M. Nelson; Ranking Member: Mell G. Underwood)
 * Irrigation and Reclamation (Chairman: Addison T. Smith; Ranking Member: C. B. Hudspeth)
 * Judiciary (Chairman: George S. Graham; Ranking Member: Hatton W. Sumners)
 * Labor (Chairman: William F. Kopp; Ranking Member: William P. Connery Jr.)
 * Library (Chairman: Robert Luce; Ranking Member: Lindsay C. Warren)
 * Memorials (Chairman: Burton L. French; Ranking Member: N/A)
 * Merchant Marine and Fisheries (Chairman: Wallace H. White Jr.; Ranking Member: Ewin L. Davis)
 * Military Affairs (Chairman: W. Frank James; Ranking Member: Percy E. Quin)
 * Mines and Mining (Chairman: William H. Sproul; Ranking Member: Arthur H. Greenwood)
 * Naval Affairs (Chairman: Frederick A. Britten; Ranking Member: Carl Vinson)
 * Patents (Chairman: Albert H. Vestal; Ranking Member: Fritz G. Lanham)
 * Pensions (Chairman: Harold Knutson; Ranking Member: Allard H. Gasque)
 * Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Archie D. Sanders; Ranking Member: Thomas M. Bell)
 * Printing (Chairman: Edward M. Beers; Ranking Member: William F. Stevenson)
 * Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Richard N. Elliott; Ranking Member: Fritz G. Lanham)
 * Public Lands (Chairman: Don B. Colton; Ranking Member: John M. Evans)
 * Revision of Laws (Chairman: Roy G. Fitzgerald; Ranking Member: Loring M. Black)
 * Rivers and Harbors (Chairman: S. Wallace Dempsey; Ranking Member: Joseph J. Mansfield)
 * Roads (Chairman: Cassius C. Dowell; Ranking Member: Edward B. Almon)
 * Rules (Chairman: Bertrand H. Snell; Ranking Member: Edward W. Pou)
 * Standards of Official Conduct
 * Territories (Chairman: Charles F. Curry; Ranking Member: William C. Lankford)
 * War Claims (Chairman: James G. Strong; Ranking Member: Miles C. Allgood)
 * Ways and Means (Chairman: Willis C. Hawley; Ranking Member: John N. Garner)
 * World War Veterans' Legislation (Chairman: Royal C. Johnson; Ranking Member: John E. Rankin)
 * Whole

Joint committees

 * Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)
 * Disposition of (Useless) Executive Papers
 * The Library (Chairman: Sen. Simeon D. Fess)
 * Printing (Chairman: Sen. George H. Moses then Duncan U. Fletcher; Vice Chairman: Rep. Edgar R. Kiess)
 * Taxation (Chairman: Rep. Willis C. Hawley)
 * Veterans' Affairs

Caucuses

 * Democratic (House)
 * Democratic (Senate)

Legislative branch agency directors

 * Architect of the Capitol: David Lynn
 * Attending Physician of the United States Congress: George Calver
 * Comptroller General of the United States: John R. McCarl
 * Librarian of Congress: Herbert Putnam
 * Public Printer of the United States: George H. Carter

Senate

 * Chaplain: ZeBarney T. Phillips (Episcopalian)
 * Secretary: Edwin P. Thayer
 * Librarian: James D. Preston
 * Sergeant at Arms: David S. Barry
 * Democratic Party Secretary: Edwin A. Halsey
 * Republican Party Secretary: Carl A. Loeffler

House of Representatives

 * Chaplain: James S. Montgomery (Methodist)
 * Clerk: South Trimble
 * Doorkeeper: Joseph J. Sinnott
 * Parliamentarian: Lewis Deschler
 * Postmaster: Finis E. Scott
 * Reading Clerks: Patrick Joseph Haltigan (D) and Alney E. Chaffee (R)
 * Sergeant at Arms: Joseph G. Rodgers, until December 7, 1931
 * Kenneth Romney, from December 7, 1931

title: 72nd United States Congress


text:
User talk:FinnMcCool

Thanks for that Louise Shaffer article! A fan of soaps, I assume? Mike H 04:30, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:FinnMcCool


text:
Category:Experimental composers

 * Composers of Experimental music.

title: Category:Experimental composers


text: User talk:66.38.9.167

title: User talk:66.38.9.167


text: Category:Firearm components

title: Category:Firearm components


text:
User talk:0101TAITcdc

Hello, "0101TAITcdc" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
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 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. -- Infrogmation 04:43, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:0101TAITcdc


text:
Antioch, South Carolina

Antioch is a small unincorporated community in Kershaw County, South Carolina, United States, eight miles east of Camden, just near Lee County. The community is part of the Columbia, South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

South Carolina Highway 34 and Interstate 20 are two major routes that run through the community. Exits 101 and 108 on Interstate 20 serve as access to the community.

title: Antioch, South Carolina


text:
Kontsert

Kontsert (Russian: Концерт, ; commonly read as Kohuept or Kohliept, Concert) is the second live album by Billy Joel, released in 1987. The album was recorded during the Soviet leg of Joel's 1987 The Bridge tour. This album was co-produced by Jim Boyer and Brian Ruggles, and mixed by Jim Boyer.

Background
In 1986 Billy Joel was invited to perform in the Soviet Union the following year, 1987. Joel took advantage of this opportunity to be a musical ambassador. He was seen as a "nice, safe, first attempt at bringing in an American 'pop star.'"

The concert
The tour of the Soviet Union consisted of six shows, three in Moscow and three in Leningrad. Joel brought his family with him to show the Russians that he felt safe and trusted the Russian people. During the show Joel gave new meanings to songs such as "Honesty". Each time the song was performed, he dedicated the song to Vladimir Vysotsky because he was an inspirational Russian man who "spoke the truth."

During the second of the three concerts performed in Moscow at the Olympic Sports Complex, Joel flipped his electric keyboard, and broke his microphone stand on his grand piano. While performing "Sometimes a Fantasy", the audience kept getting attention from spotlights, which angered Joel as he felt it was making it harder to connect with them.

He yelled, "Stop lighting the audience!" He then trashed his instruments, overturning his piano and breaking his mic stand. He later claimed that, "People like their privacy. They go to a concert to get that, to be in the dark and do their own thing."

Joel brought his daughter Alexa Ray Joel and his wife Christie Brinkley on tour with the band. He also crowd-surfed during his performances. While in Leningrad, Billy dove into the crowd during the performance of "The Longest Time". This was another way for him to show that he trusted the Russian people.

Joel had played a tour in Europe prior to the tour in the Soviet Union, and was being interviewed during the day. As a result, his voice became hoarse. Joel himself stated that he was disappointed by the album, and believes his vocals were not up to par during its production. Despite his opinion, Columbia Records released the album, claiming it was a "historic event". Joel and his band jokingly refer to the album as Kaput.

Impact
Prior to this show, rock music was barely gaining ground in the Soviet Union. The implementation of Gorbachev's glasnost allowed people of the Soviet Union to witness Western Rock. As a result, the government had to learn how to put on concerts, while the people of Russia had to learn how to participate in them. Joel's Russian tour was the first live rock radio broadcast in Soviet history. Joel and his band were one of the first western rock groups to perform in Russia, along with John Denver, Elton John, James Taylor, and Santana.

While in Russia, Billy Joel and his daughter Alexa met and became friends with a clown named Viktor. The song "Leningrad" would eventually be written about him. This song was released on the 1989 Storm Front album.

Joel went on to say: "The trip to Russia was probably the biggest highlight for me as a performer. I met these people and they weren't the enemy. I also hoped that the people in America could see what we did. What happens when your kid says to you 'what did you do in the Cold War, Daddy?' And now we have something to say."

A Matter of Trust: The Bridge to Russia
On May 19, 2014, the album was re-released and retitled as A Matter of Trust: The Bridge to Russia, a two-CD, one-DVD/Blu-ray set incorporating eleven previously unreleased tracks on CD and seven previously unreleased and restored songs on video. In addition, the DVD/Blu-ray set contains a newly produced documentary of the same name which features updated interviews with Joel's current and former band members as well as personnel involved with the original 1987 production. "Superfans are likely to drool over the deluxe edition which includes a book with accounts from writers and journalists who were on the road with Joel during the tour," Charles Pitter at PopMatters wrote."

Track listing
All songs written by Billy Joel, except where noted.

Disc one
 * 1) "Odoya" (Traditional Georgian) – 1:16
 * 2) "Prelude/Angry Young Man" – 5:33
 * 3) "Honesty" – 5:15
 * 4) "The Ballad of Billy the Kid" – 5:32
 * 5) "She's Always a Woman" – 3:35
 * 6) "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant" – 8:21
 * 7) "Goodnight Saigon" – 6:37
 * 8) "Stiletto" – 5:10
 * 9) "Big Man on Mulberry Street" – 7:29
 * 10) "Baby Grand" – 6:14
 * 11) "What's Your Name" – 2:17
 * 12) "The Longest Time" – 5:11
 * 13) "An Innocent Man" – 6:04

Disc two
 * 1) "Pressure" – 5:23
 * 2) "Allentown" – 3:52
 * 3) "A Matter of Trust" – 5:10
 * 4) "Only the Good Die Young" – 3:32
 * 5) "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me" – 4:00
 * 6) "Sometimes a Fantasy" – 3:38
 * 7) "You May Be Right" – 5:35
 * 8) "Uptown Girl" – 3:09
 * 9) "Big Shot" – 4:54
 * 10) "Back in the U.S.S.R." (Lennon/McCartney) – 2:55
 * 11) "The Times They Are A-Changin'" (Dylan) – 2:38
 * 12) "She Loves You" (Lennon/McCartney) (Russian concerts rehearsal recording) – 2:24
 * 13) "New York State of Mind" (Russian concerts rehearsal recording) – 6:22
 * 14) "Piano Man" (Russian concerts rehearsal recording) – 4:25

DVD/Blu-ray Bonus song:
 * 1) "Prelude/Angry Young Man"
 * 2) "Allentown"
 * 3) "Goodnight Saigon"
 * 4) "Big Man on Mulberry Street"
 * 5) "Baby Grand"
 * 6) "An Innocent Man"
 * 7) "Honesty"
 * 8) "The Longest Time"
 * 9) "A Matter of Trust"
 * 10) "Only the Good Die Young"
 * 11) "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me"
 * 12) "Sometimes a Fantasy"
 * 13) "You May Be Right"
 * 14) "Uptown Girl"
 * 15) "Big Shot"
 * 16) "Back in the U.S.S.R."
 * 1) "Pressure"

Personnel

 * Billy Joel – vocals, grand piano, harmonica, keyboards, electric guitar
 * Dave Lebolt – keyboards
 * Mark Rivera – keyboards, alto saxophone, baritone saxophone, lyricon, tambourine, backing vocals
 * Russell Javors – acoustic guitars, electric guitars, harmonica, backing vocals
 * Kevin Dukes – electric guitars, acoustic guitars
 * Doug Stegmeyer – bass guitar, electric upright bass
 * Liberty DeVitto – drums, maracas, Simmons drums
 * Peter Hewlett – percussion, backing vocals
 * George Simms – percussion, backing vocals
 * The Georgian Rustavi Ensemble of USSR – vocals on "Odoya"
 * Oleg Smirnoff – on-stage translation

title: Kontsert


text: File:Simpsons arcade screenshot.png

title: File:Simpsons arcade screenshot.png


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Social imperialism

As a political term, social imperialism is the political ideology of people, parties, or nations that are, according to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, "socialist in words, imperialist in deeds". Some academics use this phrase to refer to governments that engage in imperialism meant to preserve the domestic social peace.

Political use
The term "social imperialism" is a Marxist expression, typically used in a derogatory fashion. The phrase was first used in Marxist circles during the early 20th century discussions on the position of the international workers' movement towards the impending European war and particularly in regard to the Social Democratic Party of Germany. In this context it is very similar to, but not interchangeable with, the terms social chauvinism and social patriotism.

In the later decades the most significant use of the phrase has been in the Maoist critique of the Soviet Union. Mao Zedong argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Albanian leader and Chinese ally Enver Hoxha agreed with Mao in this analysis, before later using the expression to also condemn Mao's Three Worlds Theory amid the Sino-Albanian split.

Academic use
The term has also been used by left-wing academics, especially in regard to modern German history. The academic use of the phrase is usually to describe governments that engage in imperialism meant to preserve the domestic social peace. The left-wing German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler has defined social imperialism as "the diversions outwards of internal tensions and forces of change in order to preserve the social and political status quo", and as a "defensive ideology" to counter the "disruptive effects of industrialization on the social and economic structure of Germany". In Wehler's opinion, social imperialism was a device that allowed the German government to distract public attention from domestic problems and preserve the existing social and political order. Wehler argued that the dominant elites used social imperialism as the glue to hold together a fractured society and to maintain popular support for the social status quo. Wehler argued German colonial policy in the 1880s was the first example of social imperialism in action, and was followed up by the Tirpitz Plan for expanding the German Navy starting in 1897. In this point of view, groups such as the Colonial Society and the Navy League are seen as instruments for the government to mobilize public support. The demands for annexing most of Europe and Africa in World War I are seen by Wehler as the pinnacle of social imperialism.

The British Marxist historian Geoff Eley contends that there are three flaws to Wehler's theory of social imperialism. The first is that Wehler credits leaders such as Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and Prince Bernhard von Bülow with a greater degree of vision than what they in fact possessed. The second is that many of the pressure groups on the right who advocated an imperialist policy for Germany were not the creations of the government, and in fact often demanded far more aggressive policies than what the government was willing to undertake. The third was that many of these imperialist lobbying groups demanded a policy of political and social reform at home, in addition to imperialism abroad. Eley argued that what is required in thinking about social imperialism is a broader picture with an interaction from above and below, and a wider view of the relationship between imperialism abroad and domestic politics.

One of the more notable uses of the social imperialism concept was by the British Marxist historian Timothy Mason who argued that World War II was caused by social imperialism. In Mason's opinion, German foreign policy was driven by domestic political considerations, and the launch of World War II in 1939 was best understood as a "barbaric variant of social imperialism". Mason argued that "Nazi Germany was always bent at some time upon a major war of expansion". However, Mason states that the timing of such a war was determined by domestic political pressures, especially as relating to a failing economy. According to Mason, by 1939, the "overheating" of the German economy caused by rearmament, the failure of various rearmament plans caused by the shortages of skilled workers, industrial unrest caused by the breakdown of German social policies, and a sharp drop in living standards for the German working class forced Hitler into going to war at a time and place not of his choosing. Mason contended that, when faced with the deep socio-economic crisis, the Nazi leadership had decided to embark upon a ruthless "smash and grab" foreign policy of seizing territory in Eastern Europe which could be pitilessly plundered to support living standards in Germany. Mason described German foreign policy as driven by an opportunistic "next victim" syndrome after the Anschluss, in which the "promiscuity of aggressive intentions" was nurtured by every successful foreign policy move. In Mason's opinion, the decision to sign the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and to attack Poland, and with it risking a war with Britain and France, was an abandonment by Hitler of his foreign-policy programme, outlined in Mein Kampf and Zweites Buch, and was forced on him by the need to seize and plunder territory abroad in order to prevent the collapse of the German economy. Mason's theory of World War II as an act of social imperialism and as a sudden "flight into war" into 1939 was to involve him in the 1980s in a debate with the British historian Richard Overy.

title: Social imperialism


text: User talk:66.182.200.77

title: User talk:66.182.200.77


text: User talk:66.75.214.11

title: User talk:66.75.214.11


text:
Guillermo Haro

Guillermo Haro Barraza (21 March 1913 – 26 April 1988) was a Mexican astronomer. Through his own astronomical research and the formation of new institutions, Haro was influential in the development of modern observational astronomy in Mexico. Internationally, he is best known for his contribution to the discovery of Herbig–Haro objects.

Early life
Haro was born in Mexico City on 21 March 1913 to Ignacio Haro and Leonor Barraza. He studied philosophy and law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). While working as a reporter for Excélsior, Haro became interested in astronomy after a 1937 interview with Luis Enrique Erro. As a result of his dedication and enthusiasm for astronomy, he was hired by Erro in 1943 as an assistant at the newly founded Observatorio Astrofísico de Tonantzintla. Erro arranged for Haro to further his astronomical training in the United States at the Harvard College Observatory, Case Observatory (1944), Yerkes Observatory and McDonald Observatory (1945 to 1947).

Career
Upon his return to Mexico in 1945, Haro continued working at the Observatorio Astrofísico de Tonantzintla where he was responsible for the commissioning of the new 24-31-inch Schmidt camera and where he became involved in the study of extremely red and extremely blue stars. In 1947 he started working for the Observatorio de Tacubaya of the UNAM. Haro's contributions to observational astronomy, Among them were the detection of a large number of planetary nebulae in the direction of the Galactic Center and the discovery (also independently done by George Herbig) of the nonstellar condensations in high density clouds near regions of recent star formation (now called Herbig–Haro objects). Haro and co-workers discovered flare stars in the Orion nebula region, and later on in stellar aggregates of different ages.

Other major research projects carried out by Haro included the list of 8746 blue stars in the direction of the north galactic pole published jointly with W. J. Luyten in 1961. Work made with the 48-inch Palomar Schmidt using the three-color image technique developed at Tonantzintla. At least 50 of these objects turned out to be quasars (which had not yet been discovered in 1961). Haro's list of 44 blue galaxies, compiled in 1956, was a precursor to the work of Benjamin Markarian and others in searching for such galaxies. Haro also discovered a number of T Tauri stars, one supernova, more than 10 novae, and one comet.

Major accomplishments
Haro was very influential in the development of astronomy in Mexico, not only by virtue of his own astronomical research but also by promoting the development of new institutions. In a more important aspect he defined modern astrophysical research in Mexico where he gave impulse to different initial lines of research and established general scientific policies. Guillermo Haro discovered a new type of large nebulae with American colleague George Herbig - that were named Herbig-Haro objects.

Haro became a member of the Colegio Nacional at age 40, the youngest person to do so.

In 1959, Haro became the first person from Mexico elected to the Royal Astronomical Society. His students included Silvia Torres-Peimbert and Manuel Peimbert.

Haro founded the Mexican Academy of Sciences (first president 1960) and the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (an observatory named after him is in the state of Sonora).

Recognition
Galaxy Haro 11 (H11) is a small galaxy situated in the southern constellation of Sculptor and is named after Haro who first included it in a study published in 1956.

The Guillermo Haro International Program on Advanced Astrophysical Research at INAOE, which was created in August 1995, was named after him.

On 21 March 2018, 105 years after his birth, Google featured Haro in a Google Doodle.

Personal life

In 1968, Haro married journalist and writer Elena Poniatowska, with whom he had two children: Felipe and Paula. He was previously divorced from his first wife, Gladys Learn Rojas.

Haro died on 27 April 1988 in Mexico City, and is interred at the Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres of the Panteón Civil de Dolores.

title: Guillermo Haro


text: User talk:64.203.156.247

title: User talk:64.203.156.247


text:
Nobuhiro Watsuki

Nobuhiro Nishiwaki (西脇 伸宏), better known by his pen name Nobuhiro Watsuki (和月 伸宏), is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his samurai-themed series Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (1994–1999), which has over 70 million copies in circulation and a sequel he is currently creating, Rurouni Kenshin: The Hokkaido Arc (2017–present).

Watsuki has written three more manga series, Gun Blaze West (2001), Buso Renkin (2003–2005), and Embalming: The Another Tale of Frankenstein (2007–2015). He has mentored several well-known manga artists, including One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda, Shaman King creator Hiroyuki Takei, and Mr. Fullswing creator Shinya Suzuki. Watsuki was convicted of possessing child pornography in 2018.

Early life
Watsuki was born in Tokyo and was brought up in Nagaoka, Niigata. When he was in middle school, Watsuki practiced kendo. He still drew manga but also enjoyed sports, although he never won a kendo match. Watsuki grew frustrated with kendo, and eventually quit.

Career
In high school, Watsuki received an honorable mention in the 33rd Tezuka Awards for his 1987 one-shot Teacher Pon, which he wrote under the pen name "Nobuhiro Nishiwaki". Hokuriku Yūrei Kobanashi earned him the Hop Step award. It was included in Hop Step Award Selection volume 6 in 1991. After graduating, Watsuki moved to Tokyo and worked as an assistant to Yōichi Takahashi and Takeshi Obata. Watsuki worked on Obata's Mashin Bōken Tan Lamp-Lamp and Chikara Bito Densetsu, the former's title character would later serve as a model for Sagara Sanosuke.

Watsuki then created three historically set samurai-themed one-shots; Crescent Moon in the Warring States, and two sharing the title Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story. Set in the Sengoku Jidai era of Japan's warring states, Crescent Moon in the Warring States relates the tale of the lone swordsman Hiko Seijūrō. The first Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story features Himura Kenshin stopping a crime lord from taking over the Kamiya family dojo. The second sees Kenshin saving a young girl who is being held ransom by fallen samurai. These three works served as the basis for his first serial; Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story, which follows the former hitokiri Himura Kenshin and was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1994 to 1999. It was a major success with over 70 million copies in circulation, and was adapted into an anime television series, several animated films, and a trilogy of live-action films. The story Haru ni Sakura, included in the Kenshin Kaden guidebook, details the fates of the main cast of Rurouni Kenshin following its conclusion. In Yahiko no Sakabatō, set five years after the conclusion of Rurouni Kenshin, Myōjin Yahiko must save the daughter of a dojo master from an old foe.

During Rurouni Kenshin's serialization, Watsuki wrote Meteor Strike, a one-shot written for a Weekly Shōnen Jump artists project. It chronicles the what-if adventures of a young boy who is struck in the head by a meteor and gains superhuman powers, eventually saving his town from a nuclear disaster. Watsuki felt disgusted with the work and originally did not plan on revealing it, but ultimately decided to include Meteor Strike in the final Rurouni Kenshin volume to increase its page count. Although, he said that after reading the story over again it "relaxed" him "in a nice way." Watsuki included three main elements in the story, which he described as having "some different flavors" than Rurouni Kenshin. He had wanted to use meteors in a story for a long time, since they are the "most energetic natural phenomena." His second element was a boy wearing a pair of white gloves. Watsuki described white gloves as "sort of plain" and "not cool at all," yet he considers the element to be one of his favorites since the gloves "give off a sense of strength." His third element is the girl wearing a construction site helmet. The helmet is masculine, while the Japanese school uniform that the girl wears is feminine. Watsuki said that he created the main character Shinya "on the spot," giving him too much honesty, and a personality that overlaps with that of Himura Kenshin, which he regrets "a little." Watsuki created Chiho, the other major character, to show the "shojo theme of the moment" when the boy out-matures the girl. Watsuki felt that the plan "didn't work out so well" and "a lot wasn't what I wanted it to be." He added that he liked portraying the "helpful nature" of Chiho.

In 2001, Watsuki created his second serialized work, the western Gun Blaze West. The story follows Viu Bannes, a young gunfighter on his journey towards Gun Blaze West, the place where the greatest gunmen go to test their strength. It ran in Weekly Shōnen Jump for less-than a year, from January 8 to August 13, 2001. Its three volumes were published in English by Viz.

His third serialization Buso Renkin, was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump between July 7, 2003, and May 9, 2005, with two special chapters published in Akamaru Jump. Watsuki is married to author Kaworu Kurosaki (黒碕薫). She has assisted her husband in writing several of his manga including Buso Renkin, which she later wrote two novelizations of. Watsuki described himself as "pro-dōjinshi" and asked fans to send fan comics. Buso Renkin became his second work to be adapted into an anime. Both the manga and anime were released in English by Viz Media.

Watsuki wrote two one-shots for Jump the Revolution!, Embalming -Dead Body and Bride- on November 1, 2005, and Embalming II -Dead Body and Lover- on November 1, 2006, that would become his fourth serial. Embalming -The Another Tale of Frankenstein- began in the debut issue of Jump SQ on November 2, 2007, and concluded on April 4, 2015. Kaworu Kurosaki again assisted him with the story. It draws largely from Mary Shelley's famed 1818 novel Frankenstein and follows a young man named Fury Flatliner, who was turned into a Frankenstein in order to destroy all the others and specifically seeks the one that killed his parents.

Between 2012 and 2013, Watsuki put Embalming on hold to write Rurouni Kenshin: Restoration in Jump SQ. This "reboot" depicts the battles that are featured in the first live-action Rurouni Kenshin film. Its two collected volumes were published in English by Viz Media. It was the first of several returns to the author's most famous series. Rurouni Kenshin: Restoration Act Zero was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump in August 2012 as a prologue to Restoration and included in its first volume. The two-part Rurouni Kenshin: Master of Flame, which shows how Shishio Makoto met Komagata Yumi and formed the Juppongatana, followed in Jump SQ. in 2014. From August 9–11, 2013, an exhibit of art from Rurouni Kenshin was displayed at Otakon in the United States curated by Watsuki's wife. Watsuki and his wife collaborated on the two-chapter Rurouni Kenshin Side Story: The Ex-Con Ashitaro for the ninth anniversary of Jump SQ. in 2016. The second chapter revealed that the story is a prequel to a new arc of the series; Rurouni Kenshin: The Hokkaido Arc which began in fall 2017.

Child pornography charges
In November 2017, police found DVDs with footage of naked girls in their early teens in Watsuki's Tokyo office. Tokyo Police raided Watsuki's home as part of an investigation into the purchase of child pornography. The search uncovered about a hundred child pornography DVDs. He was referred to prosecutors over possession of child pornography on November 21. The serialization of Rurouni Kenshin: The Hokkaido Arc was put on hiatus after the details of Watsuki's charges were made public. In February 2018, Watsuki was fined ¥200000 or about US$1500. The Hokkaido Arc resumed serialization in June 2018.

Influences and inspirations
Watsuki started drawing from the influence of his older brother. His favorite manga is Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack and his favorite artist is Takeshi Obata. Other series that influenced him include Fujiko F. Fujio's Doraemon and Pa-man, Mitsuru Adachi's Touch, Wing Man by Masakazu Katsura, Minako Narita's Alien Street and Cypher, and Yu Yu Hakusho by Yoshihiro Togashi. Watsuki believes that he is not very good at writing comedy, but he stated that he does not give up on it because laughter contains "smiles and happiness, the greatest common denominators."

Watsuki based many of his characters on historical figures, characters from other manga/anime, and video games series. For example, Himura Kenshin was based on Kawakami Gensai, one of the Four Hitokiri of the Bakumatsu. Four years after the revolution ended, Gensai was falsely accused of a crime and was executed. Watsuki admires Kenshin for his desire to do good in honor of those whom he had to kill so the Meiji Government could exist. In addition, Saitō Hajime was based on the historical Saitō Hajime, a member of the Shinsengumi although Watsuki admitted altering him to the point of fan complaints. Several other characters, most notably Sagara Sanosuke, Shinomori Aoshi, and Seta Sōjirō, are also loosely based on certain figures among the Shinsengumi. Okita Sōji, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Katsura Kogorō are among numerous other historical figures who make appearances in the story. Yukishiro Enishi's minion Gein was based on puppeteer and serial killer Ed Gein.

Serialized manga

 * Rurouni Kenshin
 * Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (1993)
 * Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (1993)
 * Rurouni: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (1993)

 * Gun Blaze West (2001)
 * Embalming
 * Embalming

Other manga

 * a dōjinshi illustrated by Watsuki and written by Kaworu Kurosaki.
 * a dōjinshi illustrated by Watsuki and written by Kaworu Kurosaki.
 * a dōjinshi illustrated by Watsuki and written by Kaworu Kurosaki.
 * a dōjinshi illustrated by Watsuki and written by Kaworu Kurosaki.

Video game designs

 * Samurai Shodown V (2003)
 * Shinsengumi Gunraw Den (2005)

Other work

 * Buso Renkin (2006) – Voice of Buhiro Watsukino in episode 7.
 * Endride (2016) – Character designs

title: Nobuhiro Watsuki


text: Category:Dutch inventors

title: Category:Dutch inventors


text:
Talk:PCB Prototyping

User:65.92.54.221, who made this page, apparently owns the content of PCBprototyping.com, so this is not a copyvio. --Twinxor 04:58, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:PCB Prototyping


text:
Talk:Printed circuit board milling

User:65.92.54.221, who made this page, apparently owns the content of PCBprototyping.com, so this is not a copyvio. --Twinxor 04:58, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This was listed on the wfy-needed page, but it looks pretty well wikified to me. | Keithlaw 04:14, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Moved here from article
 * some machines can also perform other operations such as solder paste application, board digitizing, and measurement, but these are not required for the actual production of a board (My italics).

So why does this need to be mentioned in article on PCB MILLING?Light current 07:24, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Printed?
In what sense can a milled circuit board said to be "printed"?  Spinning Spark  00:18, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * The same sense as an etched board is described as "printed". Andy Dingley (talk) 00:40, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
 * With an etched board the resist is deposited with a process analogous to printing (photolithography or silk-screening). The same cannot be said for milling.  Spinning  Spark  00:54, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Smiling Machines
This article contains the phrase "CNC smiling machines". What is this supposed to mean? DmitryKsWikis (Dmitry K.) | talk 22:10, 4 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fixed it. --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:48, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Expansion by paid editor: User:Riledcebu
Please remove this content diff as it was paid work. 217.44.53.77 (talk) 19:16, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Printed circuit board milling


text: Category:Chinese inventors

title: Category:Chinese inventors