text:
Come as You Are (Nirvana song)

"Come as You Are" is a song by American rock band Nirvana, written by frontman and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It is the third track and the second single from the band's second studio album Nevermind, the single released in March 1992. It was the band's second and final American top 40 hit, reaching number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100, and second UK top 10 hit, reaching number nine on the UK Singles Chart. The single reached the top 10 in eight countries and the top 40 in eleven further countries.

The unexpected success of the album's lead single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" drew Nirvana to mainstream success, with Nevermind being released two weeks after the single's release. Following the album's release, the band and its management company debated whether to release "Come as You Are" or "In Bloom" as the next single from the album due to Cobain's concerns over similarity of the former with Killing Joke song "Eighties" (1984). After some persuasion by the management company, Cobain agreed to release "Come as You Are" as the second single because of its commercial potential. Killing Joke were upset over the song, and there were rumors that a lawsuit had been filed over the song, though the suit never materialized. Killing Joke guitarist Geordie Walker was said to be upset about the whole situation, and he felt that Nirvana handled the matter poorly. Similarities between "Come as You Are" and "Life Goes On" by the Damned have also been noted.

The music video for "Come as You Are" was directed by Kevin Kerslake, who drew inspiration for it from the cover artwork of Nevermind. Rolling Stone ranked "Come as You Are" 445th on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and it placed 452nd on the 2010 edition of the list.

Background and recording
"Come as You Are" was one of the few new songs Nirvana recorded onto the rehearsal tape the group sent to producer Butch Vig prior to the recording of Nevermind in 1991. The group recorded the song with Vig during album sessions at Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, California, in early 1991. Cobain recorded his guitar solo in two takes, as well as three takes of vocals, of which the first was used. Vig then asked Cobain to double track his vocals throughout the entire song. During the harmony overdub session, Cobain accidentally sang the phrase "And I don't have a gun" too early, appearing the fourth time he sings the word "memoria" after the guitar solo. When this mistake was discovered, Cobain decided to keep it in the final recording. Vig sampled Cobain singing "memoria" from the middle of the song and placed it in the background of the song near the end twice. The band also performed an acoustic version of the song on MTV Unplugged on November 18, 1993. The recording later appeared on MTV Unplugged in New York in November 1994.

Composition and lyrics
"Come as You Are" is an alternative rock song that lasts for a duration of three minutes and thirty-eight seconds. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by BMG Rights Management, it is written in the time signature of common time, with a heavy rock tempo of 120 beats per minute. "Come as You Are" is composed in the key of E minor, while Kurt Cobain's vocal range spans one octave and one note, from a low of E3 to a high of F♯4. The song alternates between the chords of E5 and D5 during the verses and Esus4 and G in the pre-chorus, while at the refrain it changes to the chord progression of A–C5. It begins with Cobain playing an unaccompanied guitar riff for eight seconds. Cobain used an Electro-Harmonix Small Clone guitar chorus pedal to give his instrument a "watery" or "echoey" tone during the verses and pre-choruses and as a result of which, the pedal has been associated with the song ever since. He is joined by the rest of the band for the first verse, which is moody and subdued. Once the band reaches the chorus, the song reaches full volume. The shift in dynamics is a technique Nirvana used on many of its songs. The song features one of Cobain's longest guitar solos. "Kurt really did not play a lot of solos," Vig said. "This one is more of a melodic part based on the vocal melody. It's not trying to show off pyrotechnics. It complements the melody of the song."

Many have speculated the song to be about heroin, which Cobain was struggling with at the time of writing and recording. The lyrics "Come doused in mud, soaked in bleach" speak directly to a Seattle-area HIV prevention campaign from the time period encouraging addicts to sterilize their needles with bleach before using them with the tagline "If doused in mud, soak in bleach", and "As a friend, as a trend, as a known enemy", for some, was further allegory of addiction to the drug. After Cobain's death, Sub Pop records approached G. Alan Marlatt at the University of Washington to set up a memorial fund to establish an addiction treatment center titled the "Come as You Are" center, but the funding fell through after the record label was sold to Warner Music Group.

Cobain described the lyrics of "Come as You Are" as contradictory, and said the song was about "people and what they're expected to act like". Pointing to the line "Take your time, hurry up, choice is yours, don't be late", essayist Catherine J. Creswell writes that in Cobain's lyrics, "[p]hrases clump into strings of empty clichés whose own ostensible meaning is forced into contradictions or simple rhyme sound".

In light of Cobain's suicide in 1994, AllMusic's Mark Deming suggests that hearing "Cobain sing 'and I swear that I don't have a gun' gives 'Come as You Are' an edge it was never meant to have when [Nevermind] was first released in 1991." Deming reasons that the "I don't have a gun" lyric is Cobain's "attempt to reassure listeners that ... his target is the world at large rather than the individuals in it, and that there was still room in this damaged world for everyone". Others have suggested the lyrics regarding the "gun" are metaphors for escapism and turmoil found in heroin usage.

Release
Wary of the similarity between the main riff of "Come as You Are" and English post-punk band Killing Joke's 1985 single "Eighties", Nirvana and its management were unsure about releasing the song as the second single from Nevermind. Danny Goldberg, head of Nirvana's management Gold Mountain, later revealed that "[w]e couldn't decide between 'Come as You Are' and 'In Bloom.' Kurt was nervous about 'Come as You Are' because it was too similar to a Killing Joke song but we all thought it was still the better song to go with. And, he was right, Killing Joke later did complain about it." Nirvana biographer Everett True writes that "Come as You Are" was eventually chosen for release as a single because "Goldberg favoured the more obviously commercial song".

It was anticipated that the first single from Nevermind, "Smells Like Teen Spirit", would be a "base-building alternative cut", while "Come as You Are" would be able to cross over into other radio formats. However, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" became a surprise hit and boosted the band's popularity, whereas "Come as You Are" served to maintain it. After its release as a single in March 1992, "Come as You Are" peaked at number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100. The single stayed on the chart for 18 weeks. The song also reached number three on the Billboard Mainstream and Modern Rock Tracks charts. The single also broke the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart, peaking at the ninth spot, where it was also the week's highest new entry. This song ranked number 82 in Blender's "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born", and 452nd on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". In 2019, the song was placed at number 17 on Rolling Stone's ranking of 102 Nirvana songs.

Although members of Killing Joke claimed the main guitar riff of "Come as You Are" plagiarized the riff of "Eighties", the band reportedly did not file a copyright infringement lawsuit, which Rolling Stone magazine attributes to "personal and financial reasons". However, conflicting reports state that Killing Joke did file a lawsuit but that it was either thrown out of court, or that it was dropped following Cobain's death. Geordie Walker, Killing Joke's guitar player, said that the band was "very pissed off about that, but it's obvious to everyone. We had two separate musicologists' reports saying it was. Our publisher sent their publisher a letter saying it was and they went 'Boo, never heard of ya!', but the hysterical thing about Nirvana saying they'd never heard of us was that they'd already sent us a Christmas card!"

Later it was also noted that a third song, the Damned's "Life Goes On", pre-dated both and contained a similar riff to both songs.

In 1999, "Come as You Are" was voted in at number 49 in Kerrang! magazine's "100 Greatest Rock Tracks Ever!". As of April 2016, according to Business Insider, "Come as You Are" was the sixth most streamed song from the 1990s on Spotify. According to Nielsen Music's year-end report for 2019, "Come as You Are" was the third most-played song of the decade on mainstream rock radio with 134,000 spins. All of the songs in the top 10 were from the 1990s.

Music video
The music video was directed by Kevin Kerslake, who later directed the videos for "Lithium", "In Bloom", and "Sliver", as well as Pantera's music video for "This Love". After the unsatisfactory experience filming the "Smells Like Teen Spirit" video with Samuel Bayer, Cobain selected Kerslake due to his impressionistic style. Cobain was unable to formulate any ideas beyond homaging the Nevermind album cover and including "a lot of purples and reds", so he let Kerslake conceptualize the clip. The band shot outdoor footage in a park in Hollywood Hills a few days prior to the main video shoot. Kerslake projected this footage in the background of many shots in the main part of the video.

The video features the band in a dark room, where the appearance of falling water in front of the band distorts and blurs the band members' forms (an idea suggested by Cobain). Throughout the video, clips such as cells multiplying at an incredible rate and an unborn organism in its embryonic stages are shown. The video also features Kurt Cobain swinging violently on a chandelier as water begins to flow into the room as well as a dog wearing a cone collar trying to go down stairs, a baby swimming underwater (a reference to the cover of Nevermind), and a pistol sinking. Towards the end, a clip of the band appears, with Cobain in the front, lying on the ground and kissing the camera.

The music video was placed into heavy rotation on MTV in the US. It was placed into the Buzz Bin on MTV Europe, before being placed into active and heavy rotation. It was also played on MTV Australia, Rage and Video Smash Hits in Australia.

Legacy

In 2005, a sign was put up in Aberdeen, Washington, Cobain's hometown, that reads "Welcome to Aberdeen: Come As You Are" as a tribute to Cobain. The sign was paid for and created by the Kurt Cobain Memorial Committee, a non-profit organization created in May 2004 to honor Cobain. Founded by author Jeff Burlingame and Aberdeen City Councilman Paul Fritts, the committee also plans to create a Kurt Cobain Memorial Park and a youth center in Aberdeen.

The song appears in two scenes of Definitely, Maybe, a 2008 film starring Ryan Reynolds, and is a thematic element.

The 2016 film As You Are was named after the Nirvana track. The plot "revolves around a trio of high schoolers in the 1990s, trying to find their way through the difficult maze of adolescence."

A cover of the song, performed by Civil Twilight, appears in the end scene of the Defiance episode Down in the Ground Where the Dead Men Go.

A remix of the song was used for trailers of Marvel's 2017 Netflix series The Defenders. It also made an appearance in the 2019 film Captain Marvel, and subsequently peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart with a 267 percent increase to 2000 downloads sold and a 30 percent increase to 2.8 million US streams in week ending March 14, 2019.

The song "Adam's Song" by Blink-182 references "Come as You Are." "Come as You Are" features the lyrics, "Take your time, hurry up, the choice is yours, don't be late," while "Adam's Song," in turn, features the lyrics, "I took my time, I hurried up, the choice was mine, I didn't think enough."

The song was also featured in the closing credits of the Season 2 finale of the Apple TV+ alternative history series For All Mankind.

"Come As You Are (House Mix)" is an electronic tribute with trumpeter Maurice "Mobetta" Brown and house music DJ Chip E. from Nirvana Reimagined as House and Techno by producers Jonathan Hay and Cain McKnight.

Track listing
UK 7" single (DGCS 7)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Endless, Nameless" – 6:40

US 7" single (DGCS7-19120-A)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Drain You" (live) – 3:35

UK 12" single (DGCT 7)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Endless, Nameless" – 6:40
 * 3) "Drain You" (live) – 3:35

UK 12" picture disc (DGCTP 7)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Endless, Nameless" – 6:40
 * 3) "School" (live) – 2:31

UK CD single (GED 21715)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Endless, Nameless" – 6:40
 * 3) "School" (live) – 2:31
 * 4) "Drain You" (live) – 3:35

US CD single (DGCDS-21707)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "School" (live) – 2:31
 * 3) "Drain You" (live) – 3:35

Japanese mini CD single (MVDG-8)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Endless, Nameless" – 6:40

US cassette single (DGCCS-19120)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Drain You" (live) – 3:35

Australian cassette single (DGCCS19065)
 * 1) "Come as You Are" – 3:38
 * 2) "Endless, Nameless" – 6:40

Personnel
Personnel adapted from Nevermind liner notes

Nirvana
 * Kurt Cobain – vocals, guitar
 * Krist Novoselic – bass guitar
 * Dave Grohl – drums

Technical
 * Butch Vig – recording, mixing engineer, producer
 * Nirvana – producer, engineer

title: Come as You Are (Nirvana song)


text: Talk:Elektra Records

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Elektra Records


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User talk:Lonpicman

Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for the great image: Image:StSepulchresChurch.jpg. It great to have GFDL pictures for our articles. Keep up the good work! – Quadell (talk) (help)  22:02, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Image tagging
Wow -- what fantastic pictures you are adding! As Quadell says, we are delighted to have them. Could you do us one favor? By uploading, you are agreeing to license your photos under the GFDL. Could you please add the tag to each image description page, or respond here so I can take care of it for you? Others down the line will be checking for these image copyright tags in the future, and if they find none, they'll ask you to confirm, so it's easiest to tag them as you go (or put a note on your user page verifying that you release all images under the GFDL, so that people don't have to ask).

Thanks so much for your contributions. You are really enriching our encyclopedia with your wonderful images! [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 05:58, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have uploaded Paddington Bear into commons.wikipedia.org to be used by other languages --Bahnmoeller 18:56, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Your pics!
Your pictures are great, many thanks for adding them to the encyclopedia. I noticed you fulfilled some of the photo requests I put out within days - fantastic! I've made a category where you may be able to find more photo requests you can fix at Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in London. Just a request you might consider as a favor: do you think you could upload your photos at Commons: instead of Wikipedia? Since you are putting them out under a free licence and English Wikipedia can link to Commons images just like a normal image, it doesn't really matter which of the two you use, except that if you do it on Commons, then all the other languages of Wikipedia can use them too. At the moment, there are people who are copying some of your images over to Commons because they want them for their language Wikipedia too :) TheGrappler 04:27, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, would ask if you could upload the picture of the Samuel Plimsoll statue to Wikipedia Commons, as it then can be used in all language wiki versions. I am currently translating the english text to norwegian and would like to use it, if possible. Ulflarsen 11:34, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

license missing here --Jollyroger 09:52, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Memorial To Sir William Wallace.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Memorial To Sir William Wallace.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 15:48, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

File:PaddingtonStation-PaddingtonBear.jpg
Nominated for deletion --84.142.127.122 (talk) 09:23, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:St Helens Bishopsgate.jpg
File:St Helens Bishopsgate.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:File:St Helens Bishopsgate.jpg. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 21:18, 2 October 2009 (UTC)
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 * File:St Dunstans In The West Interior.jpg is now available as Commons:File:St Dunstans In The West Interior.jpg. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 12:41, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
 * File:StGilesCripplegate.jpg is now available as Commons:File:StGilesCripplegate.jpg. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 12:45, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
 * File:St Giles Cripplegate Interior.jpg is now available as Commons:File:St Giles Cripplegate Interior.jpg. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 12:45, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
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Using your image of St Giles Cripplegate
Hi,

I'm writing a historical walking tour of London for an iPhone app and would love to use your image StGilesCripplegate.jpg to illustrate what St Magnus-the-Martyr would have looked like before the Great Fire. Would that be OK? It would, of course, be attributed.

Kim Biddulph (comtessa69) Comtessa69 (talk) 21:22, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lonpicman


text:
Talk:Pickett's Charge

Number of regimental commanders in Picketts division
The article says: "Pickett's three brigade commanders and all thirteen of his regimental commanders were casualties.". Later in the same section it says "Of the 15 regimental commanders in Pickett's division, the Virginia Military Institute produced eleven and all eleven were casualties—six killed, five wounded. Trimble and Pettigrew were the most senior casualties of the day; Trimble lost a leg, and Pettigrew received a minor wound to the hand (only to die from a bullet to the abdomen suffered in a minor skirmish during the retreat to Virginia)."

So is it 13 or 15 regimental commanders? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.253.32.171 (talk) 10:58, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

 * 15. I have fixed this and reworked that paragraph. Thank you for catching. Hal Jespersen (talk) 18:06, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

The Name of the Charge
Two things for consideration: First, the article states that it is "less frequently" called Longstreet's Assault. All of the brigade marker plaques at Gettysburg that summarize the unit's actions during the battle refer to it by this name. Second, I heard from a licensed tour guide that part of the reason it got the name Pickett's Charge is because Pickett went back to Virginia and talked himself up, saying "Look what I did" or "Look what we, the Virginians, did." Virginia newspapers got the story first and ran with it. This is partially addressed in the Aftermath section, but Pickett's "bragging" is not mentioned. I can't find a valid source for this though. Merv243 (talk) 02:26, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The WP:COMMONNAME is still overwhelmingly "Pickett's Charge". Your former point falls under WP:OFFICIAL and the latter, if true, under WP:POVTITLE to some extent. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 03:30, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

edits Dec 2012
I have reverted or rewritten a few of the recent edits. The first deletion was the text "Others dispute these claims and assert that Pickett was a brave and inspirational leader to his men in battle, such as James Longstreet, who called him a "great leader." footnoted as "Longstreet, James. From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1896." Without a page number reference it is difficult to verify this, but I could not find a statement by Longstreet in the context of Pickett's charge that made such an assertion.

Second was a paragraph of opinion without a citation from secondary sources: "Perhaps the most important question that arises from the disaster that was Pickett's Charge is, "Why did the Confederates under Pickett lose?" Although there will never be a definitive answer to this question, it is possible to determine some of the factors that could have contributed to the defeat. Scholars today seem to agree on three main reasons for the Confederate loss. One, it is proposed that Pickett and the other Confederate leaders were too confident going into the battle of Gettysburg after their victory at Chancellorsville, and therefore they underestimated the Union army and were caught off guard in battle. Secondly, it has been argued that Pickett did not have enought reinforcements, and that his troops were not equipped to handle the situation, so they were overwhelmed and lost. The most popular explanation for the loss seems to be that it was a bad call to order the charge by Robert E. Lee in the first place, so by ordering it, he set the Confederates up to lose from the start."

Other changes were to accommodate the flow of the information already in the article. I removed one incomplete footnote as being unnecessary beyond the existing citations.

Hal Jespersen (talk) 20:11, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

# of Wounds of Cushing?
In this article, Cushing is noted as being severely wounded early on, then later described as being struck by 3 bullets.

Cushing's page states he was struck by two shell fragments, then a bullet to the mouth. Was he struck by shell fragments, then by 3 bullets, or wounded three times, the last being a bullet to the mouth?

 * The "severely wounded" adjectival phrase was out of place and redundant, so I removed it. Hal Jespersen (talk) 15:07, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Lee's Battle Plan
I noticed my edit introducing Lee's battle plan was undone, but I'm confused by the reason, which said "the lead section is supposed to be a summary of the main article, not a place to introduce opinions".

The citation described in detail how Lee had planned to attack the flanks to shift forces from the center, then attack a weakened center.

--SuperAnth (talk) 18:30, 30 January 2014 (UTC)

File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on July 3, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-07-03. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 07:02, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

Pickett's division did not wheel.
The text as written says, "On the right flank, Pickett's Virginians crossed the Emmitsburg Road and wheeled partially to their left to face northeast. [My emphases]." A little later it says:

"As the division wheeled to the left, its right flank was exposed to McGilvery's guns and the front of Doubleday's Union division on Cemetery Ridge. Stannard's Vermont Brigade marched forward, faced north, and delivered withering fire into the rear of Kemper's brigade. [My emphases.]"

According to this account, Pickett's division "wheeled" to present its right flank to Cemetery Ridge, at least obliquely. Consistently with that, it claims that Stannard's men, facing north, fired into Kemper's rear. This account is bogus.

What actually happened is that Pickett's division encountered the Union position in line of battle facing east, and that as its right wing encountered severe difficulties, its survivors moved by the left flank (that is, the men faced left and proceeded in file) toward the north. It then faced right, toward the Union position.

We know this both from evidence and common sense.

Evidence.

1st Evidence

Col. Francis V. Randall, 13th Vermont Infantry, Stannard's Brigade, reported that after his regiment and the 14th Vermont took a position in advance of the Union line:

"The heavy rebel column, which I need not describe, bore down steadily upon us until about half way from the Emmitsburg road to our position. Our men were directed to withhold their fire up to this time, when the two regiments rose up and poured in a volley that seemed to level their front rank and all mounted officers. We continued to pour in our fire as best we could, and very soon the charging column seemed to slacken and nearly halt. In this way they staggered for a moment, and commenced to move by their left flank toward a position more nearly in front of the cemetery. As our front became uncovered, I moved my regiment a little by the flank, so as to extricate my left from some shrubbery that partially surrounded and hid them, when I changed front forward on my right company, throwing my left flank toward the rebel main line of battle."

"General Doubleday at this time rode up to me, and assured me that my movement would be a success, and he ordered the regiments to my right to cease firing and allow me to pass in front of their line, which we did, following the rebel column so close that when they faced to charge up Cemetery Ridge we were within 15 rods of them, and they passed directly in review before us, my men at the same time pouring one of the most withering fires I had ever beheld into their exposed flank." [OR 1-XXVII, Part 1, pp. 352-354; my emphases.]

This report implies that Pickett's extreme right faced east in front of Stannard, halfway between the Emmitsburg road and Stannard's position. This fact alone is inconsistent with any wheel-like maneuver whereby the division changed front to the northeast. Randall explicitly asserts that Pickett's right moved by the left flank and then faced to confront Cemetery Ridge. This also contradicts a "wheel," and contradicts that Pickett's line ever other than east-facing. The only sense in which the 13th Vermont fired into Kempers "rear" is that it may have shot at the backs of men moving north in long files. But it was shooting at Pickett's flank.

2nd Evidence

Lieut. Col. S. G. Shepard, Seventh Tennessee Infantry, reported the operations of Archer's brigade, Heth's division, in part as follows:

"In the engagement of the 3d. the brigade was on the right of our division ... There was a space of a few hundred yards between the right of Archer's brigade and the left of General Pickett's division when we advanced, but, owing to the position of the lines (they not being an exact continuation of each other), as we advanced, the right of our brigade and the left of General Pickett's division gradually approached each other, so that by the time we had advanced a little over half of the way, the right of Archer's touched and connected with Pickett's left." "The command was then passed down the line by the officers, “Guide right;" and we advanced our right, guiding by General Pickett's left. The enemy held their fire until we were in fine range, and opened upon us a terrible and well-directed fire. Within I00 or 200 yards of his works, we came to a lane inclosed by two stout post and plank fences. This was a very great obstruction to us, but the men rushed over as rapidly as they could, and advanced directly upon the enemy's works, the first line of which was composed of rough stones." [OR 1-XXIX, Part 2, p. 647; my emphasis.]

This reports the gradual joining together of the lines of Heth's and Pickett's divisions, due to a slight difference in their initial facings. Both, however, were facing more or less east. After the join, both must have remained facing east, since if Pickett's had turned northeast, it would have been impossible for Archer's brigade to "guide by," or conform its movements to, Pickett's left. According to Shepard, both divisions then crossed a fenced road, undoubtedly the Emmitsburg road, and proceeded directly to the attack; there is no account of Archer's brigade standing still, once over the road, while Pickett's division changed front as part of some grandiose wheel-like maneuver.

3rd Evidence

Colonel Norman J. Hall, 7th Michigan, commanded the Third Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps, which on the 3rd was in line just to the left of the "High Water Mark." His report includes a schematic map of the Confederate assault [OR 1-XXVII, Part 1, p. 438]. His map shows the Confederate forces disposed in line, facing east (more precisely, perfectly parallel to the Emmitsburg road). It shows both the first and second lines of the Confederate right wing moving by the left flank to shift more toward the eventual "High Water Mark." There are two notations next to the Confederate first line. The first says:

"Rebel first line where fire first opened. Commenced to turn by left flank." [My emphasis.]

The second says, "Rebel first line in disorder moving to point A [a point marked directly in front of Cushing's battery]."

The associated depiction of the Confederate first line clearly shows a line of battalions, parallel to the Emmitsburg road, with a north-pointing arrow drawn on the right end of each battalion. These arrows unmistakably indicate movement by the left flank.

Hall's map depicts the Confederate second line (presumably, Armistead's brigade) also drawn as a line of battalions, parallel to the Emmitsburg road, with north-facing arrows on their right ends (except that the leftmost battalion is shown moving toward the Union line). The notation is, "Second line forming column." This second line is drawn on the west side of the Emmitsburg road, and is drawn such that the resulting column of battalions, headed by the leftmost, would point directly toward Cushing's battery.

The diagram further shows a column of battalions, east of the road, pushing directly toward Cushing's battery.

Now whether the Confederates ever formed a proper column of battalions may reasonably be doubted (I have not found any other reports of it), but this evidence clearly supports that whether organized or disorganized, Pickett's division moved by the left flank to concentrate in front of the "High Water Mark." Such movement is inconsistent with any sort of wheeling maneuver.

Other Evidence

You will search the Union and Confederate battle reports in vain for any account of a change of front by Pickett's division.

There is other evidence that I will not bother to introduce just now, because this comment is already long. However I may introduce it later.

Common Sense

Pickett's first line, in crossing Emmitsburg road, extended from some point southwest of Cemetery Hill all the way to Stannard's position. There was not enough distance between the road and the Union line for any maneuver resembling a wheel.

Technically, if you read Hardee, there is no such thing as a "wheel" of any unit larger than a company. There are certain evolutions whereby a battalion in line of battle may change its front, which perhaps could loosely be termed "wheels," but there never existed any regulations governing evolutions of anything larger than a battalion. Any change of front by a line of multiple battalions would have required a temporary separation of the battalions, and a subsequent mutual conformance to the new line. Necessarily, this would retard the advance of the battalions on the left during the time taken by the battalions on the right to traverse the necessary arc.

Such an elaborate maneuver would never have been ordered on the east side of the Emmitsburg road where, by all accounts, the division was already under heavy fire, and coordination was breaking down. There would have been no way to convey such an order to the battalion commanders and to ensure anything like regular execution.

By very considerably delaying the advance of the division through the killing zone and (assuming room had been available) by presenting the right flank in enfilade to the Union line of battle, such a maneuver would have been profoundly irresponsible. Finally, after the completion of any such maneuver and advance in a north-east facing line, there would have had to be a corresponding right "wheel" to bring the division into direct confrontation with the Union line.

Very clearly, this defies common sense.

Hess' Mistake

It seems fair to assume that the article's claim that Pickett's division changed front is based on Earl J. Hess' Pickett's Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg. In this, Hess mistakenly assumes that "left oblique" means "an oblique change of front to the left." Robert McCulloch, a captain in Pickett's division and one of Hess' sources, did indeed say that about halfway in the attack, the line "was moved to the left oblique."

But "left oblique" was a standard maneuver, specified in Hardee (1861, E.G. Kire & Co., Memphis, p. 67), whereby the line marches in an oblique direction while maintaining its existing front. The preparatory command is "left oblique!" and the command of execution is "march!" There is scant doubt that McCulloch, an infantry captain, used "left oblique" in the sense of Hardee. This maneuver is indeed closely analogous to movement by the left flank; it is only that the line also gains ground forward. It is in no way a change of front.

So I think that Hess, due to a misunderstanding of the term "left oblique" in his sources, paints a wrong picture of the movements of Pickett's division during the attack. Mark Morss (talk) 21:23, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

 * @MM: I like all your reasoning, but like or dislike of this by fellow editors is not relevant to Wikipedia. Instead, the Wikipedia policies forbidding WP:OR and WP:SYNTH apply here.  If you disagree with wording in an article that is currently sourced, you bring other sources; that's all that matters.  All the above should be reduced to something like "although the current source A says X, source B says Y, so we should say Z to balance this".

 * If you don't have a WP:RS for source B, then we can't change the article. --A D Monroe III (talk) 17:44, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I should add that, because of WP:SYNTH, we rely on WP:SECONDARY sources, not primary ones. --A D Monroe III (talk) 17:48, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

OK, I have brought the OR, Hardee and McCullogh, but since these are primary sources, nothing can be done. Fine. Mark Morss (talk) 20:10, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

Webb's Brigade out of place on map.
The map as drawn depicts Hall's brigade (II-2-3) in the Angle and Webb's Brigade (II-2-2) in the second line. In fact, II-2-2 occupied the angle and some points on either side of it, while II-2-3 stood in line on its left. This point hardly seems trivial, since it affects the understanding of the fighting at the "High Water Mark."

See, e.g. Union II-2 reports in OR 1-XXVII Vol. 1.

Mark Morss (talk) 22:37, 19 October 2014 (UTC)

Modern Military Analysis
I want to put a section, with the same title or such. Basically everyone has second guess whether if different events leading up Pickett's charge whether it would have succeeded in the end. Even in 1998 most believe it would have failed no matter what happened, there just wasn't enough of the south at the battle to win. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1998/06/28/the-legend-of-picketts-charge/8b9b63a7-5585-401e-93df-7164aa8fc1f7/ Latest results simulation results show no matter what Pickett's charge would either failed initial, or Pickett's men wouldn't have enough forces left to hold the ground they captured. http://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/picketts-charge-what-modern-mathematics-teaches-us-about-civil-war-battle/wcm/0291f19c-3928-45a8-859e-1671533eb99f — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bongey (talk • contribs) 03:22, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

?correction due?
This sentence reads "Hancock" where it seems it should read "Kemper"

"and delivered withering fire into the rear of Kemper's brigade. At about this time, Hancock, who had been prominent in displaying himself on horseback to his men during the Confederate artillery bombardment, was wounded by a bullet" 73.220.247.81 (talk) 17:38, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Both Kemper and Hancock were similarly wounded at the battle. Kemper's wounding could use some mention, though.  --A D Monroe III(talk)  01:18, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Pfanz
In several instances, the article cites a book by Pfanz, but a book by (I presume Harry) Pfanz is not listed in the reference list. Could someone in the know please add it to the article bibliography? Thanks! SEM (talk) 11:09, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Found it, correct reference was Pfanz, Harry W. The Battle of Gettysburg. Conshohocken: Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 1994. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SEM (talk • contribs) 20:41, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

"Angle (battle)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Angle (battle) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 November 30 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Talk 18:45, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pickett's Charge


text:
Talk:New towns in the United Kingdom

Swindon?
Does Swindon fit in here somewhere?

List of planned cities
Can someone synchronize this with the list on * List of planned cities so it only shows up in one place ? dml 22:02, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Derry
Abolishing Derry's elected city council and replacing it with an unelected quango appointed by the unionist government must have um, come in for a bit of criticism. (was the Corporation of Londonderry actually under nationalist control before?) Might be good to have some highlights of criticism... Morwen - Talk 09:23, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe it was seen as a reforming move, the corporation being accused of being gerrymandered to have a unionist majority in a nationalist city, and for sectarian allocation of public housing. See under Friday 22 November 1968 in particular.Lozleader 16:49, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Winchelsea
Shouldnt (new) Winchelsea be mentioned here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kentem (talk • contribs) 19:44, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Expanding towns
Since this article includes all sorts of stuff outside the 'Act' new towns it ought to mention the GLC Expanding Towns and similar schemes, which include places like Andover, Haverhill and Basingstoke. There is a brief mention under London overspill. Pterre (talk) 15:00, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Northampton
Northampton was never removed from local authority control: Northampton Borough Council worked alongside Northampton Development Corporation, which had responsibility for the "new" areas and provided funding towards the central infrastructure. So what exactly was Northampton's status? Anyone able to help? John Campbell (talk) 15:09, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I have to say, I'm not sure that any of the New Towns were strictly removed from LA control, but rather some of the powers of the LA were transferred to the development corporations. It might be that the lead paragraph requires some clarification of its meaning before any exceptions can be outlined. Hopefully someone more knowledgeable will be able to assist. Tafkam (talk) 23:50, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Milton Keynes
Any reason to build a city of this size, actually nearly 250,000 inhabitants, in the heart of southern England? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.133.158.155 (talk) 23:16, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

Merging opinion with New towns movement.
This movement was not isolated to UK, but I think they should both be included in separate sections on one main new towns page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.98.178.221 (talk) 08:56, 16 November 2012 (UTC) Oppose It was not limited to the UK, therefore I don't think it should be merged into one article.Brad Shen (talk) 23:41, 16 August 2013 (UTC)

Cranbrook near Exeter?
Brand new town, does it have a place here? Kookas (talk) 18:55, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

Problems with structure
As has been commented earlier Towns created under development corporations established under the New Towns Act 1946 (et seq.) have been mixed with general overspill development. The lede describes this as a list article- but it is not written as such. The information is useful as written, but not if you arrive on a link from other pages that assume that this is about statutory New Towns, in fact it is very confusing. A lot of analysis on the successes and challenged were published in Select Committee on Transport, Local Government and the Regions Nineteenth Report. This article needs to be radically restructured. Before I start- has anyone any comments?-- Clem Rutter (talk) 11:03, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

Off focus text
I have cut this off-focus sports related text. Would anyone like to find it a loving home? "Cumbernauld also became home to Clyde Football Club, originally based in Glasgow, when they relocated to the new Broadwood Stadium in the town in 1994. A year later, Livingston became the home of Edinburgh based Meadowbank Thistle, who were renamed Livingston in recognition of their new location. The owners of both clubs had felt that it was unsustainable for the clubs to remain in their original locations due to the difficulty in attracting a viable fan base, and saw the new towns as the best option for creating an adequate fan base."--ClemRutter (talk) 09:49, 20 March 2017 (UTC)

Birmingham and Northampton Issue as well Peterborough
I say this nicely. Unless this was made by people not from UK. Northampton is over 50 miles from Birmingham. Just because Birmingham is established as a known city. Doesn't mean Northampton is near it. Its further away nearer Leicester a well known diverse ethnic city. On top of that Peterborough is a city not a town. It may have been designated a new town but already had city status beforehand.

Please do some research and geography before making a nearer or so statement. Thank you JoshuaGuest96 (talk) 14:29, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:New towns in the United Kingdom


text: Category:Canadian singers

title: Category:Canadian singers


text: Category:Canadian people by occupation

title: Category:Canadian people by occupation


text:
Legends of the Lost and Found

Legends of the Lost and Found: New Greatest Stories Live is the second live album by the American singer/songwriter Harry Chapin, released in 1979 (see 1979 in music). It featured ten new songs plus live versions of six tracks from recent albums. The album was not released on CD until 2005 when the Chapin family acquired the rights to the music. The new version was remixed from the original multitrack recordings by Harry's son Josh (executive producer) and Chapin Foundation board member and archivist Jason Dermer (producer/engineer). While making every attempt to stay true to the original version's sound as mixed by Steve Chapin, the new release features a revised track order that better follows the progression and feel of a Harry Chapin concert from that time period, as well as vocals that, through modern technique, rely less on the overdubs that were used in the original.

CD track listing
Disc 1:
 * 1) "Old Folkie" – 4:51
 * 2) "Stranger With the Melodies" – 7:06
 * 3) "We Were Three" – 5:20
 * 4) "Legends of the Lost and Found" – 4:12
 * 5) "Flowers Are Red" – 5:08
 * 6) "Pretzel Man" – 3:09
 * 7) "Odd Job Man" – 5:16
 * 8) "Tangled Up Puppet" – 4:37
 * 9) "Get on With It" – 5:22
 * 10) "If My Mary Were Here" – 4:51

Disc 2:
 * 1) "Poor Damned Fool" – 4:27
 * 2) "Copper" – 5:15
 * 3) "The Day They Closed the Factory Down" – 5:47
 * 4) "Mail Order Annie" – 5:44
 * 5) "Corey's Coming" – 8:09
 * 6) "You Are the Only Song/Circle" – 3:59

Personnel

 * Harry Chapin – guitar, vocals
 * Steven Chapin – piano, vocals
 * Howie Fields – drums
 * Kim Scholes – cello
 * Doug Walker – guitar, vocals
 * John Wallace – bass, vocals

title: Legends of the Lost and Found


text:
SEAT Altea

The SEAT Altea is an automobile produced by the Spanish automaker SEAT from 2004 to 2015 being previewed by the Salsa Emoción concept. As a compact multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), the car was designed by the Italian Walter de Silva, and was launched in March 2004, as the first example of SEAT's new corporate look. The third generation Toledo was identical, except for the addition of a larger boot similar to the one in the Renault Vel Satis. It was launched at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show.

Another extended version, the Altea XL, is also available (having been first presented at the 2006 Paris Motor Show). In 2007, the Altea Freetrack, with four-wheel drive and higher suspension, was released.

On 21 August 2015, SEAT announced that the Altea and Altea XL had been discontinued. Although no direct replacement for the Altea was planned, SEAT is following the global shift from MPVs to SUVs, by launching its own SUV model based on the SEAT León. In February 2016, the Ateca was launched, which was the successor to the Altea according to CEO Luca de Meo: "For us, the Ateca is the replacement of the Altea."

Overview
The Altea was released a few years after many of its competitors arriving on the scene, but it was expected to sell well. However, it exceeded expectations, and 31,223 Alteas were sold within the first year. It is a family oriented five seater, which attempts to portray a more sporty image than most of its rivals. The car is based on Volkswagen Group's A5 (PQ35) platform.

An unusual design feature is the 'vertical parked' windscreen wipers, which are designed to improve pedestrian safety. They disappear in to the window surround either side of the screen. The effect is a completely cleanly swept windscreen, but does mean the 'A pillars' are rather wide and cause a blind spot.

There were six trim levels: Essence, Reference, Reference Sport, Stylance, Sport (no longer available in the United Kingdom) and FR. Internal combustion engines are available, with the range topping 2.0 FR Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) delivering 125 kW, available since April 2006.

There are five gearboxes available (depending on market and engine); five or six speed manual, five speed tiptronic automatic, and six or seven speed Direct-Shift Gearbox. It is named after the Spanish city of Altea.

Safety
The SEAT Altea was tested in 2004, for its safety performance under the assessment scheme Euro NCAP, and it achieved an overall rating of five stars:
 * Adult occupant
 * Child occupant
 * Pedestrian

Awards

 * "Red Dot: Best of The Best" Design Award, from the Nordrhein-Westfalen (Germany) Design Centre
 * 'The World's Most Beautiful Automobile 2004', in Milan
 * 'Autonis' Design Award, by the Auto-Strassenverkehr and MOT magazines
 * 'Best Concept Car in 2003', by the Designers (Europe) organisation (for the SEAT Altea Prototipo)
 * 'Towncar of the Year' Award, by the Caravan Club, in collaboration with the English magazine What Car?
 * 'Auto Trophy' 2004 and 2005, by the German car magazine Autozeitung
 * “XII Edición de los Premios del Motor” award of 2005, by the Spanish magazine Telva
 * 'Coche de Flotas del Año' award of 2005, by the Spanish magazine Flotas
 * 'Ampe' award in 2005 in the category Internet

Powertrain
The following powertrain specifications are available:

A flexible-fuel vehicle model was also on offer, under the label "MultiFuel", featuring the 1.6 MPI E85 102 bhp engine.

Seat Altea XL/Freetrack
The SEAT Altea XL is an 18.7 cm longer variant of the normal SEAT Altea, a five door five seat compact multi purpose vehicle (MPV), with increased luggage capacity compared to the standard Altea. It was launched at the Paris Motor Show in September 2006. Sales commenced in November 2006.

The SEAT Altea Freetrack is dimensionally similar to the Altea XL, but is designed as compact sport-utility vehicle (SUV). It features raised suspension for increased ground clearance and larger plastic bumpers, and plastic wheel arch and sill extensions, which all increase its exterior dimensions.

All versions of the Freetrack, except the 2.0 Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) 2WD, are equipped with a Haldex Traction based on demand four-wheel drive (4WD). The 4WD versions are also called Seat Altea 4. In Mexico and Russia, the SEAT Altea Freetrack is marketed simply as the SEAT Freetrack.

Although the Freetrack is available with 4WD, it is not marketed by SEAT as an "SUV". However, the Freetrack could be seen as a competitor for small SUVs from other marques. The possible internal combustion engine choices are almost the same as for the normal Altea. When launched, it was available in a very uncommon intense yellow. This colour was also seen on models in several promotional brochures - however the colour scheme went out of production by August 2010.

Awards

 *  2006 Award, by the Asociación de Telespectadores de la Comunidad de Andalucía

Powertrain
The following powertrain options are available, with certain configurations utilising Volkswagen Groups highly regarded Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG):

A flexible-fuel vehicle model was also on offer, under the label "MultiFuel", featuring the 1.6 MPI E85 102 bhp engine.

Sales
SEAT sold a total of 439 Altea models in the United Kingdom during 2014, and 445 Altea XLs.

Half a million SEAT Alteas have been produced overall.

title: SEAT Altea


text:
Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí

Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí was a gauge railway line in São Paulo, Brazil.

On 13 September 1946, the São Paulo Railway was nationalised by the federal government, and passed to be managed by the Brazilian Ministry of Transportation and Public Works (Ministério da Viação e Obras Públicas). In 1948 it was renamed Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí and in 1957 became part of Rede Ferroviária Federal, S.A. (RFFSA). It was incorporated by RFFSA in 1969.

In the 1970s, the haulage system was replaced by a three blade abt system which was installed by the Japanese firm Marubeni. The locomotives for this changeover had been constructed by Hitachi. New locomotives (7) were ordered in 2010 from the Swiss manufacturer Stadler Rail. The rack-and-pinion locomotives are supposed to be the most powerful ever built, with over 5000 kW of power they develop 760 kN of tractive force. The first unit is already undergoing testing as of June 2012. The first two units should be shipped of to Brazil by fall in order to undergo testing on the track before the end of the year.

title: Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí


text:
Namaqualand

Namaqualand (Khoikhoi: "Nama-kwa" meaning Nama Khoi people's land) is an arid region of Namibia and South Africa, extending along the west coast over 1000 km and covering a total area of 440000 km2. It is divided by the lower course of the Orange River into two portions – Little Namaqualand to the south and Great Namaqualand to the north.

Little Namaqualand is within the Namakwa District Municipality, forming part of Northern Cape Province, South Africa. It is geographically the largest district in the country, spanning over 26,836 km2. A typical municipality is Kamiesberg Local Municipality. The semidesert Succulent Karoo region experiences hot summers, sparse rainfall, and cold winters.

Great Namaqualand, in the Karas Region of Namibia, is sparsely populated by the Namaqua, a Khoikhoi people who have traditionally inhabited the Namaqualand region.

Tourism
The area’s landscape ranges from an unexploited coastal strip in the west to semidesert areas in the north-east. Famed for its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its wild flowers during spring, its wealth of minerals, and cultural history, Namaqualand is a popular region for international and local tourists. The Namakwa coastline and the banks of the Orange River are popular for their hiking trails and off-roading routes.

The beginning of the flower season varies from year to year, but usually occurs between August and October. The natural landscape is continually monitored with the first sign of spring and flower season being the arrival of Namakwa daisies. When purple vygies bloom, spring is coming to an end.

The Namaqua National Park is situated west of the N7, one of South Africa's national roads. This conservation area is a great biodiversity hotspot, with the highest concentration of succulent plants of any of the world's arid regions. More than a thousand of its estimated 3500 floral species cannot be found anywhere else in the world.

The Ai-Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park, on the border of Namibia and South Africa, was known as the Richtersveld National Park in South Africa and the Ai-Ais Hot Springs Game Park in Namibia before the two parks were formally combined in August 2003. What was once the Richtersveld National Park nurtures about 30% of South Africa’s succulent species.

Modern settlements in the river area
Some of the more prominent towns in this area are Springbok, being the largest in the region, and Kleinzee and Koiingnaas, both private mining towns owned by De Beers Diamond Mines. This area is quite rich in alluvial diamonds deposited along the coast by the Orange River. Oranjemund is another mining town along this coast, situated in Namibia, but very much on the border. As the name suggests, it is at the mouth of the Orange River, which forms the border between South Africa and Namibia.

The town of Alexander Bay is located 5 km away opposite the river on the South African side and is linked to Oranjemund by the Ernest Oppenheimer Bridge. Other links crossing the river further upstream are a reintroduced pontoon at Sendelingsdrift in the Richtersveld National Park, and road bridges at Vioolsdrif (the main border crossing between the two countries) and at the remote border crossing of Onseepkans.

A vibrant fishing industry is found along this stretch of the South African west coast, especially in Port Nolloth, the major resort town of Namaqualand, and Hondeklipbaai, or Dogstonebay, called such because of a large boulder outside the town, which when viewed correctly, looks vaguely like a dog sitting down.

Since the 19th century, copper has been mined at Springbok and its surrounding towns such as Okiep,  while a large mine extracting copper, lead, zinc, and silver is located at Aggeneys, 110 km further inland.

People
The region is known for its cultural history, which was preserved by the Nama and Khoisan tribes. The Nama people are a group of Khoikhoi people. Around 50% of the Nama population and 80% of the neighboring Herero population were brutally killed by the German Empire between 1904 and 1907 in a racial extermination during the Herero and Namaqua genocide. Nama people traditionally speak the Khoikhoi language.

title: Namaqualand


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gennaro Varriale

Gennaro Varriale was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Vanity. User's only other edit was to add Gennaro Varriale link to Naples. Dsmdgold 22:06, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity article. Geogre 01:22, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Vanity and not notable. Delete. --Slowking Man 06:27, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. jni 07:24, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Anuchin (crater)

Anuchin is a lunar impact crater that lies on the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. It is located to the south of the larger crater Lamb, and to the north-northwest of Kugler.

The rim of Anuchin remains relatively sharply defined, although it has been subject to wear due to subsequent impacts. The satellite crater Anuchin L lies astride the southern rim, but the otherwise the outer wall is not significantly incised. The interior floor is nearly featureless, with no central peak at the midpoint and only a few tiny craterlets. But it does not possess the darker hue of a crater interior that has been resurfaced by lava flows.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Anuchin.

title: Anuchin (crater)


text: Category:Italian physicists

title: Category:Italian physicists


text:
Willamette National Forest

The Willamette National Forest is a National Forest located in the central portion of the Cascade Range of the U.S. state of Oregon. It comprises 1678031 acre. Over 380,000 acres (694 mi2, 1,540 km2) are designated wilderness which include seven major mountain peaks. There are also several National Wild and Scenic Rivers within the forest. The forest is named for the Willamette River, which has its headwaters in the forest. The forest's headquarters are located in the city of Springfield. There are local ranger district offices in McKenzie Bridge, Detroit, Sweet Home, and Westfir.

The forest stretches for over 100 miles (160 km) along the western slopes of the Cascades in Western Oregon. It extends from the Mount Jefferson area east of Salem to the Calapooya Ridge which divides the watersheds of the Willamette and Umpqua rivers. About 61% of the forest is located in Lane County, but there are large areas in Linn, Marion, and Douglas counties, as well as much smaller areas in Clackamas and Jefferson counties.

History

 * This section includes edited text from the Willamette National Forest website, which is in the public domain.

The Cascade Forest Reserve was created in September 1893 by proclamation of U.S. President Grover Cleveland, in response to numerous petitions from local citizens requesting protection of the Cascade Range. The Cascade Forest Reserve stretched from the Columbia River almost to the California border. From 1893 to 1897, the Cascade Forest Reserve was largely managed as a preserve.

The Sundry Civil Appropriations Act of June 1897 (an organic act) appropriated funds for management of the national forest reserves and mandated management goals. Those management goals included: "…securing favorable conditions of water flows, and to furnish a continuous supply of timber for the use and necessities of the citizens of the United States", protection of the forests from destruction by fire and depredations, and development of mineral resources, among other provisions. The Organic Act led to establishment of forest reserve boundaries, forest supervisors, and forest ranger patrol districts. Addie Morris and Cy Bingham were noteworthy early rangers in areas that would become the Willamette National Forest.

In 1908, the Cascade Forest Reserve was divided into the Oregon National Forest, the Cascade National Forest, the Umpqua National Forest and the Crater National Forest. In 1911, the Santiam National Forest was created from parts of the Oregon National Forest and the Cascade NF. The Deschutes National Forest was created from the portions that drain into the Deschutes River. In 1933, the Santiam National Forest and the Cascade National Forest were combined to form the Willamette National Forest.

The period of 1905 to 1933 featured decentralized administration for the forests of the western Cascades. Forest and district administrative boundaries were further refined. The U.S. Forest Service made efforts to establish relationships with local communities and with the forest users. This was a time of extensive recreation planning in the western Cascades. A fire control organization was built. Mining claims were established, and the first large timber sales were sold near Detroit and Oakridge.

During the Great Depression and World War II, the Willamette National Forest became a representative of the federal government in the communities of the western Cascades. Efforts were made to improve employment and economic conditions through the Civilian Conservation Corps and through the use of sustained yield forestry. During World War II, the Willamette stepped up timber sales to provide resources for the war effort. Between 1942 and 1945, the Willamette sold 559 e6board feet of timber.

The years 1945 to 1970 mark an era of intensive forestry and forest management. This era included dramatic increases in recreation use, timber sales, dam construction, campground construction, and wildlife management. Mining claims were looked at much more critically. Grazing on the national forest was reduced and then virtually discontinued during this era. In 1962, the Columbus Day Storm downed an estimated 140 e6board feet of timber and created many log jams on the rivers. Two years later, in 1964, the Christmas week flood hit the Willamette hard. Six campgrounds were fully destroyed, and seven more were damaged. Roads, bridges, and culverts were also lost. The passage of the Wilderness Act earlier that year created new wilderness areas and controversy over the management for the new areas. This era also marked the establishment and growth of an activist environmental movement. The movement is best known for the controversy surrounding the French Pete addition to the Three Sisters Wilderness.

The history of the Forest Service and the Willamette National Forest after 1970 is one of dramatic change and heated controversies. The Willamette's timber sales continued at about 750 e6board feet per year through the 1970s; however, the price bid per thousand increased dramatically. This price speculation led to timber sale defaults and sale buy-backs in the early 1980s. The volume not cut in the early 1980s was resold in the latter half of the decade. The "section 318" bill passed by the U.S. Congress increased the volume sold on the Willamette in 1990 to nearly 1 e9board feet of timber. After that, timber sale volumes declined rapidly. The Willamette National Forest Land Management Plan was approved in 1990. The plan was amended in 1993 by the Northwest Forest Plan (also called the President's Plan). In 1997, the Willamette's planned sale volume was 132 e6board feet.

Official areas
About one fifth, or 380805 acre, of the Willamette National Forest is designated as wilderness area, some of which conserve its old-growth forests:
 * Diamond Peak Wilderness at 52337 acre is mostly located within the Deschutes National Forest
 * Middle Santiam Wilderness at 8542 acre
 * Menagerie Wilderness at 5033 acre
 * Mount Jefferson Wilderness at 111177 acre is partially located within the Mount Hood and Deschutes National Forests
 * Mount Washington Wilderness at 52516 acre is partially located within the Deschutes National Forest
 * Opal Creek Wilderness at 20266 acre
 * Three Sisters Wilderness at 242400 acre is partially located within the Deschutes National Forest
 * Waldo Lake Wilderness at 37162 acre

Geography
The elevation of the forest ranges from about 1,500 feet (460 meters) above sea level on the western edge of the forest to almost 10,500 ft (3,200 m) at the top of Mount Jefferson, Oregon's second-highest peak. Seven major peaks of the Cascades—Mount Jefferson, Mount Washington, Three Fingered Jack, Diamond Peak, North, Middle and South Sisters—as well as numerous high mountain lakes are within these wilderness areas. The McKenzie and the North Fork Middle Fork Willamette River are part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

Ecology
The forest receives 80 to 150 inches (2,000 to 3,800 millimeters) of precipitation each year from moist onshore Pacific Ocean flow which encounters adiabatic cooling rising over the Cascades. Much of the precipitation is received in the form of snow which accumulates in higher elevations from October through April. The rain and snow melt drain into the McKenzie, Santiam, and Willamette rivers, which flow from the forest and provide high-quality drinking water to Eugene, Salem, Corvallis, and Albany. There are over 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) of rivers and streams in the forest and over 375 lakes.

The forest's dominant tree species is the Douglas-fir, the state tree of Oregon. Douglas-fir is a valuable timber species in the United States. The forest contains some stands of old-growth forest, some of which are over 300 ft tall, among the tallest trees in the world, with tree diameters ranging from 3 to 8 ft. A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was 594800 acre.

Over one dozen other conifer species are common in the forest, including western redcedar, incense-cedar, western white pine, ponderosa pine, Pacific yew, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, and several species of fir. The forest is home to over 300 species of fish and wildlife, including the northern spotted owl, mule deer, bald eagle, Chinook salmon, black-tailed deer, bull trout, black bear, cougar, southern red-backed vole, elk, wolverine, and several other sensitive and threatened species.

Conservation
The forest is central to the famous controversy between the logging industry and the endangered species status of the northern spotted owl. Environmentalists maintain that the forest was aggressively clearcut for many years threatening a federally listed endangered species. The timber industry contended that the forest can simultaneously provide lumber jobs and wildlife habitat. Since April 1994, the forest has been governed by the Northwest Forest Plan, which restricts, but does not eliminate, logging in potential spotted owl habitat.

title: Willamette National Forest


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