text:
Superman III

Superman III is a 1983 superhero film directed by Richard Lester from a screenplay by David Newman and Leslie Newman based on the DC Comics character Superman. It is the third installment in the Superman film series and a sequel to Superman II (1980). The film features a cast of Christopher Reeve, Richard Pryor, Jackie Cooper, Marc McClure, Annette O'Toole, Annie Ross, Pamela Stephenson, Robert Vaughn, and Margot Kidder.

Although the film recouped its budget of $39 million, it proved less successful than the first two Superman films, both financially and critically. While harsh criticism focused on the film's comedic and campy tone as well as on the casting and performance of Pryor, the special effects and Christopher Reeve's performance as Superman were praised.

A sequel, Superman IV: The Quest for Peace, was released in July 1987.

Plot
The Metropolis-based conglomerate Webscoe hires Gus Gorman, a computer programmer who embezzles through salami slicing, which brings him to the attention of CEO Ross Webster. Webster, his sister Vera, and Webster's girlfriend Lorelei blackmail Gus into helping him.

At the Daily Planet, Clark Kent convinces Perry White to let him and Jimmy Olsen visit Smallville for Clark's high school reunion, while fellow reporter and Clark's unrequited romantic interest Lois Lane leaves for a Bermuda vacation. En route, as Superman, Clark extinguishes a fire in a chemical plant containing unstable beltric acid, which produces corrosive vapor when superheated.

At the reunion, Clark reunites with childhood friend Lana Lang, a divorcée with a young son named Ricky. Clark is harassed by Brad Wilson, his former bully and Lana's ex-boyfriend. While having a picnic with Lana, Superman saves an unconscious Ricky from being killed by a combine harvester.

Infuriated by Colombia's refusal to do business with him, Webster orders Gus to command Vulcan, an American weather satellite, to create a tornado to destroy Colombia's coffee crop, allowing Webster to corner the market. Gus travels to Smallville to use a Webscoe subsidiary to reprogram the satellite. Although Vulcan creates a storm, Superman neutralizes it. Seeing Superman as a threat to his plans, Webster orders Gus to fabricate Kryptonite. Gus uses Vulcan to analyze Krypton's debris. As one of the elements of Kryptonite is unknown, he substitutes tar.

Lana convinces Superman to appear at Ricky's birthday party, but Smallville turns it into a town celebration. Gus and Vera, disguised as Army officers, give Superman the flawed Kryptonite as an award. Rather than weaken him, he becomes selfish and commits petty acts of vandalism such as straightening the Leaning Tower of Pisa and blowing out the Olympic Flame.

Gus asks Webster to build the world's most sophisticated supercomputer; he agrees, if Gus creates an energy crisis by directing all oil tankers to the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Lorelei seduces Superman, persuading him to waylay one of the tankers and cause an oil spill.

Superman suffers a nervous breakdown and splits into two beings: the immoral, corrupted dark Superman and the moral, mild-mannered Clark Kent. The two fight, with Clark defeating his evil self. Regaining his sanity, Superman repairs the damage of the oil spill. After defending himself from exploding rockets and an ASALM missile, he confronts Webster, Vera, and Lorelei. The supercomputer identifies Superman's weakness and unleashes a beam of pure Kryptonite.

Guilt-ridden, Gus destroys the Kryptonite ray with an axe. Superman escapes, but the computer becomes self-aware, defending itself against Gus's attempts to disable it. The computer transforms Vera into a cyborg that attacks her brother and Lorelei with beams of energy that immobilize them. Superman returns with beltric acid. The intense heat emitted by the supercomputer causes the acid to become volatile, destroying the computer. Gus declines to return to Metropolis, deciding to make a fresh start in West Virginia.

As Clark, Superman visits Lana after she moves to Metropolis. Lana's new job as Perry White's secretary surprises Lois, who returns from vacation with an article about corruption in Bermuda and has newfound respect for Clark after reading his story. Superman restores the Leaning Tower of Pisa and flies into the sunrise for further adventures.

Cast

 * Christopher Reeve as Clark Kent / Superman: After discovering his origins in the earlier films, he sets himself to helping those on Earth. After defeating his arch enemies, Lex Luthor twice and General Zod, Superman comes face-to-face with a new villain: the megalomaniac Ross Webster, who is determined to control the world's coffee and oil supplies. Superman also battles personal demons after exposure to a synthetic form of kryptonite that corrupts him.
 * Richard Pryor as August "Gus" Gorman: A bumbling computer genius who works for Ross Webster and inadvertently gets mixed up in Webster's scheme to destroy Superman.
 * Jackie Cooper as Perry White: The editor of the Daily Planet.
 * Marc McClure as Jimmy Olsen: A photographer for the Daily Planet.
 * Annette O'Toole as Lana Lang: Clark's high school friend who reconciles with Clark after seeing him during their high school reunion. O'Toole later portrayed Martha Kent on the Superman television series Smallville.
 * Robert Vaughn as Ross "Bubba" Webster: A villainous, super-wealthy industrialist and philanthropist. After Superman prevents him from taking over the world's coffee supply, Ross is determined to destroy Superman before he can stop his plan to control the world's oil supply. He is an original character created for the movie.
 * Annie Ross as Vera Webster: Ross's sister and partner in his corporation and villainous plans.
 * Pamela Stephenson as Lorelei Ambrosia: Ross's assistant. Lorelei, a voluptuous blonde bombshell, is well read, articulate and skilled in computers, but conceals her intelligence from Ross and Vera, to whom she adopts the appearance of a superficial, stereotypical klutz. As part of Ross's plan, she seduces Superman.
 * Margot Kidder as Lois Lane: A reporter at the Daily Planet who has a history with both Clark Kent and Superman. She is away from Metropolis on vacation to Bermuda, which put her in the middle of a front-page story.
 * Gavan O'Herlihy as Brad Wilson: Lana's ex-boyfriend and Clark's high school rival. A security guard at a Webscoe subsidiary, he is also a chronic alcoholic.

Frank Oz originally had a cameo as a surgeon, but the scene was deleted from the final cut, although it was later included in the TV extended version of the film. Shane Rimmer, who had a role in Superman II as a NASA controller, has a small part as a state police officer. Pamela Mandell, who played a diner waitress in the same film, appears here as the hapless wife of a Daily Planet sweepstakes winner. Aaron Smolinski, who played baby Clark Kent in the 1978 Superman film, appears as the little boy next to the phone booth that Clark Kent uses to change into Superman. He also would later appear in Man of Steel as a communications officer.

Development
Richard Donner confirmed that he had been interested in writing at least two more Superman films, which he intended to allow Tom Mankiewicz to direct, and that he would have included Brainiac as the villain of the third film. However, Donner departed the series during the production of Superman II. The film was formally announced at the 33rd Cannes Film Festival in May 1980, months before the theatrical release of the second film. In December 1980, producer Ilya Salkind wrote a treatment for this film that included Brainiac, Mister Mxyzptlk and Supergirl. The treatment was released online in 2007. The Mister Mxyzptlk portrayed in the outline varies from his good-humored comic counterpart, as he uses his abilities to cause serious harm. Dudley Moore was the top choice to play the role. Meanwhile, in the same treatment, Brainiac was from Colu and had discovered Supergirl in the same way that Superman was found by the Kents. Brainiac is portrayed as a surrogate father to Supergirl and eventually fell in love with his "daughter", who did not reciprocate his feelings, as she had fallen in love with Superman. Brainiac retaliates by using a personality machine to corrupt and manipulate Superman. The climax of the film would have seen Superman, Supergirl, Brainiac, Jimmy Olsen, and Lana Lang time travel to the Middle Ages for a final confrontation in a fiefdom taken over by Brainiac. After defeating him and leaving him behind as a helpless serf, Superman and Supergirl would have either been married at either the end of Superman III or in Superman IV. The treatment was rejected by Warner Bros. Pictures as being too complex and expensive to shoot, and Salkind additionally wanted to save the character of Supergirl for a solo film. Because of the high budgets required for the series the Salkinds considered selling the rights to the series to Dino De Laurentiis. The significance of computers to the plot, the villains' plan to corrupt Superman, and the splitting of him into a good and an evil half would be carried over into the final film. The film was originally intended to be titled Superman vs. Superman, but it was retitled after the producers of Kramer vs. Kramer threatened a lawsuit.

Casting
Both Gene Hackman and Margot Kidder are said to have been angry with the way the Salkinds treated Superman director Richard Donner, with Hackman retaliating by refusing to reprise the role of Lex Luthor. After Margot Kidder publicly criticized the Salkinds for their treatment of Donner, the producers reportedly "punished" the actress by reducing her role in Superman III to a brief appearance. Hackman later denied such claims, stating that he had been busy with other movies and the consensus that making Luthor a constant villain would be akin to incessant horror movie sequels where a serial killer keeps coming back from the grave. Hackman would reprise his role as Lex Luthor in Superman IV, with which the Salkinds had no involvement. In his commentary for the 2006 DVD release of Superman III, Ilya Salkind denied any ill will between Margot Kidder and his production team and denied the claim that her part was cut for retaliation. Instead, he said, the creative team decided to pursue a different direction for a love interest for Superman, believing the Lois and Clark relationship had been played out in the first two films (but could be revisited in the future). With the choice to give a more prominent role to Lana Lang, Lois's part was reduced for story reasons. Salkind also denied the reports about Gene Hackman being upset with him, stating that Hackman was unable to return because of other film commitments.

After an appearance by Richard Pryor on The Tonight Show, telling Johnny Carson how much he enjoyed seeing Superman II, the Salkinds were eager to cast him in a prominent role in the third film, riding on Pryor's success in films such as Silver Streak, Stir Crazy and The Toy. Pryor accepted a $5 million salary to appear in the film. Following the release of the film, Pryor signed a five-year contract with Columbia Pictures worth $40 million.

Filming
Principal photography commenced on June 21, 1982. Most of the interior scenes were shot, like the previous Superman films, at Pinewood Studios outside London. The junkyard scene was filmed on Pinewood's backlot. The coal mine scene, where Superman leaves Gus, was filmed at Battersea Power Station, where Richard Lester had previously shot scenes for the Beatles film Help! Most exteriors were filmed in Calgary, Alberta due to Canada's tax breaks for film companies. Superman's drinking binge was filmed at the St. Louis Hotel in Downtown East Village, Calgary, while other scenes such as the slapstick-comedy opening were shot several blocks to the west. While the supercomputer set was created on Pinewood's 007 Stage, exteriors were shot at Glen Canyon in Utah.

Effects and animation
The film includes "the same special effects team" from the prior two films. Atari, part of Warner, created the video game computer animation for the missile defense scene.

Music
As with the previous sequel, the musical score was composed and conducted by Ken Thorne, using the Superman theme and most other themes from the first film composed by John Williams. Giorgio Moroder was hired to create songs for the film, though their use in the film is minimal.

Theatrical
Superman III was shown at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C., on June 12, 1983, and then had its New York premiere on June 14, 1983, at Cinema I. It was released in theatres on June 17, 1983, in the United States and July 19, 1983, in the United Kingdom.

Marketing
William Kotzwinkle wrote a novelization of the film published in paperback by Warner Books in the U.S. and by Arrow Books in the United Kingdom to coincide with the film's release; Severn House published a British hardcover edition. Kotzwinkle thought the novelization "a delight the world has yet to find out about." However, writing in Voice of Youth Advocates, Roberta Rogow hoped this would be the final Superman film and said, "Kotzwinkle has done his usual good job of translating the screenplay into a novel, but there are nasty undertones to the film, and there are nasty undertones to the novel as well. Adults may enjoy the novel on its own merits, as a Black Comedy of sorts, but it's not written for kids, and most of the under-15 crowd will either be puzzled or revolted by Kotzwinkle's dour humor."

Extended television edition
Like the previous films, a separate extended edition was produced. It was aired on ABC. The opening credits were in outer space, featuring an edited version of the film's end-credit theme music, serving as an opening theme. This is followed by a number of scenes, including additional dialogue but not added into any of the official VHS, DVD or Blu-ray cuts of the film. The "Deluxe Edition" of Superman III, released in 2006 on par with the DVD release of Superman Returns, included these scenes in its extra features section as "deleted scenes".

Box office
Superman III grossed $60 million at the United States box office, and $20.2 million internationally, for a total of $80.2 million worldwide. The film was the 12th-highest-grossing film of 1983 in North America.

Critical response
Superman III holds a 29% approval rating and has an average rating of on Rotten Tomatoes based on 59 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, "When not overusing sight gags, slapstick and Richard Pryor, Superman III resorts to plot points rehashed from the previous Superman flicks." The film has a Metacritic rating of 44, indicating "mixed or average reviews" from 13 professional reviewers.

Film critic Leonard Maltin said that Superman III was an "appalling sequel that trashed everything that Superman was about for the sake of cheap laughs and a co-starring role for Richard Pryor". The film was nominated for two Razzie Awards including Worst Supporting Actor for Richard Pryor and Worst Musical Score for Giorgio Moroder. Audiences also saw Robert Vaughn's villainous Ross Webster as an inferior fill-in for Lex Luthor.

Christopher John reviewed Superman III in Ares magazine #16 and commented that "compared to the first film in this series, everything about Superman III is a joke, a harsh cruel joke played on all the people who wanted to see more of the Superman they saw a few years ago."

Colin Greenland reviewed Superman III for Imagine magazine, and stated that "What ultimately spoils the fun in Superman III is not the incoherent story or even the technophobia. It is simply overloaded—too many ideas, too many gadgets, too many stars (Pamela Stephenson is completely wasted in a part which would have been too dumb for Goldie Hawn). The wiring all comes loose at the end; an anticlimax, and a rushed one at that."

Fans of the Superman series placed a great deal of the blame on director Richard Lester. Lester made a number of popular comedies in the 1960s—including the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night—before being hired by the Salkinds in the 1970s for their successful Three Musketeers series, as well as Superman II which, although better received, was also criticised for unnecessary sight gags and slapstick. Lester broke tradition by setting the opening credits for Superman III during a prolonged slapstick sequence rather than in outer space.

The film's screenplay, by David and Leslie Newman, was also criticized. When Richard Donner was hired to direct the first two films, he found the Newmans' scripts so distasteful that he hired Tom Mankiewicz for heavy rewrites. Since Donner and Mankiewicz were no longer attached, the Salkinds were free to bring their version of Superman to the screen and once again hired the Newmans for writing duties. Reeve stated in his autobiography that the original script for the first Superman had so many puns and gags that it risked having Superman earn a reputation akin to that of Batman being associated with the campy TV show of the 1960s. "In one scene in this script, Superman would be in pursuit of Lex Luthor, identified by his bald head and grab him, only to realize he had captured Telly Savalas who would remark "Who loves ya, baby?" and offer Superman a lollipop. Dick [Donner] had done away with much of that inanity."

Reeve's own performance as a corrupted Man of Steel received praise, particularly the junkyard battle between this newly darkened Superman and Clark Kent. One of the film's positive reviews was from the fiction writer Donald Barthelme, who praised Reeve as "perfect", also describing Vaughn as "essentially playing William Buckley—all those delicious ponderings, popping of the eyes, licking of the corner of the mouth."

title: Superman III


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Dale Crover

Dale Crover (born October 23, 1967) is an American rock musician. Crover is best known as the drummer for Melvins and has also been the drummer for Men of Porn, Shrinebuilder, Crystal Fairy and, for a brief time, Nirvana. He is also guitarist and vocalist for Altamont. He has toured with Fantômas (filling in for Dave Lombardo), Off!, and Redd Kross. In 2016, Rolling Stone listed him as the 69th greatest drummer of all time.

Biography
Melvins recruited Crover on drums in 1984 from an Iron Maiden cover band, following original drummer Mike Dillard's departure. Crover has been one of the two constant members of the Melvins, along with frontman Buzz Osborne, and is the only band member besides Osborne to appear on all their studio albums. In late 1985, Crover played bass in Fecal Matter, a band he formed with Kurt Cobain and Greg Hokanson. After Hokanson left the band, Cobain and Crover recorded Illiteracy Will Prevail on a 4-track on Easter 1986 at Cobain's aunt's home in Burien, Washington. Crover played bass and drums on the demo. "Spank Thru" from this demo appears on the Nirvana album Sliver: The Best of the Box. Fecal Matter disbanded in 1986.

Crover drummed on Nirvana's ten-song demo recorded January 23, 1988, at Reciprocal Recording Studios in Seattle. Nine of these songs have been officially released:
 * "Floyd the Barber", "Paper Cuts", and "Downer" – Bleach
 * "Beeswax", "Downer", "Hairspray Queen", "Mexican Seafood", and "Aero Zeppelin" – Incesticide
 * "If You Must" and "Pen Cap Chew" – With the Lights Out

Nirvana with Crover played a 14-song show in Tacoma, Washington, on the night of the same day that they did the demo session. Three cuts from the show – "Downer", "Floyd the Barber", and "Raunchola"/"Moby Dick" – appear on With the Lights Out. Later in 1988, Crover and Melvins' bandmate Buzz Osborne relocated to San Francisco, California.

Crover briefly rejoined Nirvana during a short west-coast tour with Sonic Youth in August 1990. In April 1991, Crover drummed on a demo version of "Drain You" with Cobain on guitar and vocals and Dave Grohl on bass guitar. The track appears on With the Lights Out.

Crover is also credited as the drummer on most of the tracks on Mike Patton's Peeping Tom project from 2006.

In 1994, Crover founded the band Altamont with Joey Osbourne and Dan Southwick of Acid King. He produced and performed additional vocals on Acid King's début release that year. During this time he was also married to Acid King's frontwoman Lori S., but they divorced. Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014. Although not officially inducted with the band, he was singled out for his work with them during Crover's successor Dave Grohl's acceptance speech.

He has released several records under his own name and as the Dale Crover Band.

Appearances
Dale Crover made an appearance in Neil Young's video "Harvest Moon" playing Neil Young. This was largely due to his physical resemblance of the younger Young.

Cartoon versions of Crover and bandmate Osborne appear in an episode of Uncle Grandpa as well.

Discography
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Date of release ! Title ! Label ! Credited for ! Catalog number
 * 1994
 * Acid King: Acid King
 * Sympathy for the Record Industry
 * Additional vocals
 * 1996
 * Dale Crover: Drumb
 * Man's Ruin Records
 * Performer
 * September 7, 1999
 * Hank Williams III: Risin' Outlaw
 * Curb Records
 * drums on "Cocaine Blues"
 * October 19, 2004
 * Men of Porn: Wine, Women and Song
 * Small Stone Records
 * drums
 * SS-047
 * October 2009
 * Shrinebuilder: Shrinebuilder
 * Neurot Recordings
 * drums
 * NR070
 * February 2015
 * Conan Neutron & the Secret Friends: The Enemy of Everyone
 * rowspan="3"|Seismic Wave Entertainment
 * drums
 * SW013
 * May 2016
 * Conan Neutron & the Secret Friends: The Art of Murder
 * drums
 * SW014
 * September 2019
 * Conan Neutron & the Secret Friends: Protons and Electrons
 * drums
 * SW027
 * December 2020
 * Plan D
 * Joyful Noise Recordings
 * drums
 * JNR 309
 * December 2020
 * Conan Neutron & the Secret Friends: Dark Passengers
 * Learning Curve Records
 * drums
 * LCR077-1
 * colspan="5"|
 * December 2020
 * Plan D
 * Joyful Noise Recordings
 * drums
 * JNR 309
 * December 2020
 * Conan Neutron & the Secret Friends: Dark Passengers
 * Learning Curve Records
 * drums
 * LCR077-1
 * colspan="5"|
 * LCR077-1
 * colspan="5"|
 * colspan="5"|

Solo

 * Date of release
 * Title
 * Label
 * Album/Single
 * Credited for
 * Catalog number
 * August 2016
 * Skins
 * rowspan="2"|Joyful Noise Recordings
 * Single
 * Performer
 * July 2017
 * The Fickle Finger of Fate
 * Album
 * Vocals, Guitar, Drums
 * JNR235
 * August 2019
 * Sell Out
 * Seismic Wave Entertainment
 * Single
 * Vocals, Guitar
 * SW026
 * January 2021
 * Rat-A-Tat-Tat!
 * Joyful Noise Recordings
 * Album
 * Vocals, Guitar, Drums
 * JNR345
 * colspan="5"|
 * January 2021
 * Rat-A-Tat-Tat!
 * Joyful Noise Recordings
 * Album
 * Vocals, Guitar, Drums
 * JNR345
 * colspan="5"|
 * colspan="5"|
 * colspan="5"|

with Altamont

 * Date of release
 * Title
 * Label
 * Credited for
 * Catalog number
 * May 27, 1997
 * Wanted Dead or Alive (split album with Acid King)
 * rowspan="2"|Man's Ruin Records
 * MR-072
 * October 13, 1998
 * Civil War Fantasy
 * MR-085
 * March 26, 1999
 * In the Groove (Compilation album, Rattlesnake Shake)
 * The Music Cartel
 * July 10, 2000
 * Right in the Nuts (Compilation album, Make It)
 * Small Stone Records
 * May 1, 2001
 * Our Darling
 * Man's Ruin Records
 * MR-2020
 * November 1, 2005
 * The Monkee's Uncle
 * AntAcidAudio
 * AAA-995
 * colspan="5"|
 * May 1, 2001
 * Our Darling
 * Man's Ruin Records
 * MR-2020
 * November 1, 2005
 * The Monkee's Uncle
 * AntAcidAudio
 * AAA-995
 * colspan="5"|
 * November 1, 2005
 * The Monkee's Uncle
 * AntAcidAudio
 * AAA-995
 * colspan="5"|
 * colspan="5"|
 * colspan="5"|

with Melvins
Houdini Live 2005
 * Date of release
 * Title
 * Label
 * Credited for
 * Catalog number
 * 1986
 * Six Songs
 * C/Z Records
 * CZ002
 * 1987
 * Gluey Porch Treatments
 * Alchemy Records
 * VM103
 * 1989
 * Ozma
 * Boner Records
 * BR16-2
 * August 21, 1991
 * Kill Rock Stars (Compilation album, Ever Since My Accident)
 * Kill Rock Stars
 * KSR 201
 * 1991
 * Your Choice Live Series Vol. 12
 * Your Choice Records
 * YC-LS 012
 * 1991
 * Bullhead
 * rowspan="2"|Boner Records
 * BR25-2
 * 1991
 * Eggnog
 * BR28-2
 * 1992
 * Salad of a Thousand Delights
 * Box Dog Video
 * BDV002
 * 1992
 * Dale Crover
 * rowspan="2"|Boner Records
 * BR33-2
 * 1992
 * Lysol (aka Melvins)
 * BR35-2
 * September 21, 1993
 * Houdini
 * Atlantic Records
 * 82532-2
 * August 1994
 * Prick
 * Amphetamine Reptile Records
 * AmRep 031
 * September 1994
 * Stoner Witch
 * rowspan="2"|Atlantic Records
 * 82704-2
 * July 15, 1996
 * Stag
 * 82878-2
 * May 5, 1997
 * Honky
 * rowspan="3"|Amphetamine Reptile Records
 * AmRep 064-2
 * August 26, 1997
 * Singles 1–12
 * AmRep 063
 * 1998
 * Alive at the Fucker Club
 * AmRep 072
 * May 17, 1999
 * The Maggot
 * rowspan="4"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-002
 * August 23, 1999
 * The Bootlicker
 * IPC-004
 * February 7, 2000
 * The Crybaby
 * IPC-006
 * November 27, 2000
 * Gluey Porch Treatments
 * IPC-012
 * February 6, 2001
 * Electroretard
 * Man's Ruin Records
 * MR2002
 * April 16, 2001
 * Colossus of Destiny
 * rowspan="4"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-014
 * April 1, 2002
 * Millennium Monsterwork 2000 with Fantômas
 * IPC-019
 * April 15, 2002
 * Hostile Ambient Takeover
 * IPC-020
 * March 11, 2003
 * 26 Songs
 * IPC-038
 * September 16, 2003
 * Melvinmania: The Best Of The Atlantic Years 1993–1996
 * Atlantic Records
 * 5050466574428
 * March 9, 2004
 * Neither Here Nor There
 * rowspan="2"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-047
 * August 23, 2004
 * Pigs of the Roman Empire with Lustmord
 * IPC-054
 * October 19, 2004
 * Never Breathe What You Can't See with Jello Biafra
 * rowspan="2"|Alternative Tentacles
 * Virus300
 * September 26, 2005
 * Sieg Howdy! with Jello Biafra
 * Virus350
 * May 16, 2006
 * A Live History of Gluttony and Lust
 * IPC-006
 * November 27, 2000
 * Gluey Porch Treatments
 * IPC-012
 * February 6, 2001
 * Electroretard
 * Man's Ruin Records
 * MR2002
 * April 16, 2001
 * Colossus of Destiny
 * rowspan="4"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-014
 * April 1, 2002
 * Millennium Monsterwork 2000 with Fantômas
 * IPC-019
 * April 15, 2002
 * Hostile Ambient Takeover
 * IPC-020
 * March 11, 2003
 * 26 Songs
 * IPC-038
 * September 16, 2003
 * Melvinmania: The Best Of The Atlantic Years 1993–1996
 * Atlantic Records
 * 5050466574428
 * March 9, 2004
 * Neither Here Nor There
 * rowspan="2"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-047
 * August 23, 2004
 * Pigs of the Roman Empire with Lustmord
 * IPC-054
 * October 19, 2004
 * Never Breathe What You Can't See with Jello Biafra
 * rowspan="2"|Alternative Tentacles
 * Virus300
 * September 26, 2005
 * Sieg Howdy! with Jello Biafra
 * Virus350
 * May 16, 2006
 * A Live History of Gluttony and Lust
 * Neither Here Nor There
 * rowspan="2"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-047
 * August 23, 2004
 * Pigs of the Roman Empire with Lustmord
 * IPC-054
 * October 19, 2004
 * Never Breathe What You Can't See with Jello Biafra
 * rowspan="2"|Alternative Tentacles
 * Virus300
 * September 26, 2005
 * Sieg Howdy! with Jello Biafra
 * Virus350
 * May 16, 2006
 * A Live History of Gluttony and Lust
 * September 26, 2005
 * Sieg Howdy! with Jello Biafra
 * Virus350
 * May 16, 2006
 * A Live History of Gluttony and Lust
 * May 16, 2006
 * A Live History of Gluttony and Lust
 * A Live History of Gluttony and Lust
 * rowspan="8"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-076
 * October 10, 2006
 * (A) Senile Animal
 * IPC-082
 * July 8, 2008
 * Nude With Boots
 * IPC-105
 * June 1, 2010
 * The Bride Screamed Murder
 * IPC-112
 * June 5, 2012
 * Freak Puke (Melvins Lite)
 * IPC-136
 * April 30, 2013
 * Everybody Loves Sausages
 * IPC-144
 * November 5, 2013
 * Tres Cabrones
 * IPC-150
 * October 14, 2014
 * Hold It In
 * IPC-164
 * April 1, 2016
 * Three Men and a Baby with Mike Kunka
 * Sub Pop
 * SP 1147
 * June 3, 2016
 * Basses Loaded
 * rowspan="4"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-178
 * July 7, 2017
 * A Walk with Love & Death
 * IPC-195
 * April 20, 2018
 * Pinkus Abortion Technician
 * IPC-201
 * February 26, 2021
 * Working With God
 * IPC-234
 * colspan="5"|
 * Three Men and a Baby with Mike Kunka
 * Sub Pop
 * SP 1147
 * June 3, 2016
 * Basses Loaded
 * rowspan="4"|Ipecac Recordings
 * IPC-178
 * July 7, 2017
 * A Walk with Love & Death
 * IPC-195
 * April 20, 2018
 * Pinkus Abortion Technician
 * IPC-201
 * February 26, 2021
 * Working With God
 * IPC-234
 * colspan="5"|
 * Pinkus Abortion Technician
 * IPC-201
 * February 26, 2021
 * Working With God
 * IPC-234
 * colspan="5"|
 * IPC-234
 * colspan="5"|
 * colspan="5"|
 * colspan="5"|

with Nirvana

 * Date of release
 * Title
 * Label
 * Credited for
 * Catalog number
 * June 15, 1989
 * Bleach (On the songs "Floyd the Barber", "Paper Cuts" and "Downer")
 * Sub Pop
 * SP-034
 * November 21, 1989
 * Teriyaki Asthma,Volume 1 (Compilation album, "Mexican Seafood")
 * C/Z Records
 * CZ009
 * August 21, 1991
 * Kill Rock Stars (Compilation album, "Beeswax")
 * Kill Rock Stars
 * KRS-201
 * November 1991
 * Teriyaki Asthma Vols. I-V (Compilation album, "Mexican Seafood")
 * C/Z Records
 * CZ037
 * December 14, 1992
 * Incesticide (On the songs "Beeswax", "Downer", "Mexican Seafood", "Hairspray Queen", and "Aero Zeppelin")
 * DGC Records
 * DGCD-24504
 * November 23, 2004
 * With the Lights Out (On the songs "If You Must", "Pen Cap Chew", "Downer", "Floyd the Barber", "Raunchola/Moby Dick", and "Drain You")
 * rowspan="2"|Geffen Records
 * B0003727-00
 * November 1, 2005
 * Sliver: The Best of the Box (On the song "Drain You")
 * }
 * Incesticide (On the songs "Beeswax", "Downer", "Mexican Seafood", "Hairspray Queen", and "Aero Zeppelin")
 * DGC Records
 * DGCD-24504
 * November 23, 2004
 * With the Lights Out (On the songs "If You Must", "Pen Cap Chew", "Downer", "Floyd the Barber", "Raunchola/Moby Dick", and "Drain You")
 * rowspan="2"|Geffen Records
 * B0003727-00
 * November 1, 2005
 * Sliver: The Best of the Box (On the song "Drain You")
 * }
 * November 1, 2005
 * Sliver: The Best of the Box (On the song "Drain You")
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dale Crover


text:
Alexander Bielaski

Alexander Bielaski (August 1, 1811 – November 7, 1861) was an engineer and Union Army officer who was killed during the Battle of Belmont during the American Civil War. Born in the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire or elsewhere in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Bielaski fought under Polish officer Henryk Dembiński during the November Uprising against the Russians in 1831. After suffering a disfiguring wound at the Battle of Grochów, he immigrated to the United States in 1832 and worked as an engineer and surveyor, including doing work for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Illinois Central Railroad. Bielaski was a friend of Abraham Lincoln, who gave him a commission in the Union Army when the American Civil War broke out in 1861. Serving as an aide to Brigadier General John A. McClernand, Bielaski was killed while leading the 27th Illinois Infantry Regiment in a charge at the Battle of Belmont.

Early life
Alexander Bielaski was born either in the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire or elsewhere in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, on August 1, 1811. The modern historian Nathaniel C. Hughes describes him as Polish. Bielaski was trained as a topographical engineer in a Russian military academy at St. Petersburg and entered the Imperial Russian Army as an engineer. He joined the November Uprising, a revolt against the Russian Empire, in 1831. He served in a Polish army under Henryk Dembiński, under whom he once commanded a 300-man rear guard; his unit was wrecked by a Russian attack and Bielaski only returned to Polish headquarters with a single man. He was later shot in the mouth while fighting in the Battle of Grochów. The wound was disfiguring and destroyed several teeth. After the wound healed, Bielaski moved to Paris to work for the French government before immigrating to the United States in 1832.

Bielaski entered the United States at Portland, Maine, and entered the railroad industry. When he first reached the United States, he spoke no English, but some French; he eventually gained a proficiency in the use of English. After serving as a surveyor and engineer for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, he traveled to Florida for surveying work in 1835 before moving to Springfield, Illinois, in 1837. That same year, Bielaski befriended Abraham Lincoln. After surveying the Illinois Central Railroad, he was naturalized as a United States citizen in 1841. In July 1842, he married Springfield resident Mary Ann Carey, before moving to Mexico City in November 1842. Bielaski spent eighteen months in Mexico, where he was employed as an engineer and declined an offer of Mexican citizenship made by Santa Anna.

Returning to Illinois, he farmed for two years, but accepted an offer of employment with the United States General Land Office in 1845. Bielaski moved to Washington, D. C. for the position; by 1853, he had been promoted to a well-compensated position as a principal draftsman. After Lincoln was elected president, he would spend evenings sitting with Bielaski on the latter's porch. When the American Civil War began in 1861, Lincoln offered Bielaski a captain's commission to serve in the Union Army. Bielaski was initially reluctant to accept the offer because of his family, but was convinced to join the army by Lincoln. After joining the Union Army, he became an aide-de-camp for Brigadier General John A. McClernand.

American Civil War
While serving as an aide to McClernand, Bielaski was concerned about the armament of the Union troops. McClernand's men were largely armed with flintlock muskets retooled to use percussion caps. Bielaski felt that the Union cavalry should be armed with lances, as were French and Austrian armies as well as the Cossacks. Early in the war, the Confederate States Army controlled the towns of Columbus, Kentucky, and Belmont, Missouri on opposite sides of the Mississippi River, giving them control of the river. Union Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant wanted to contain the Confederate positions, and boarded men onto transport vessels on November 6, 1861. After learning that the Confederates were planning an offensive, Grant ordered the transports to attack the Confederate camp in Belmont. A position near Belmont was reached on November 7, and the Union troops began moving to attack the Confederates, who were commanded by Brigiader General Gideon Pillow.

While most of Grant's force encountered Pillow's Confederates, McClernand had detached the 27th Illinois Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Napoleon Buford, to take a road to the Union right, and be in position on the other side of a slough from the main Union line. Bielaski accompanied Buford and the 27th Illinois Infantry during the movement. During the march, Buford learned that by abandoning his original directions and heading further down the road, he could strike the Confederates in the rear of their position. Buford decided to make the movement against the Confederate rear; the historian Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes believes that Bielaski supported the decision. After turning onto a plank road and later making another turn, the 27th Illinois Infantry Regiment reached a point within 0.25 mile of the Confederate camp, where the trees surrounding the camp had been cut down to form abatis. Bielaski had helped make the decisions about which roads to take during the movement.

The 27th Illinois Infantry then charged the Confederate line, which was held in that sector by Company A of the 13th Tennessee Infantry Regiment. Confederate fire initially disrupted the Union line, but Bielaski rallied the men and took part in the charge. He was first shot in the hand, and was then forced to dismount from his horse after the animal was wounded in the neck. After firing several shots with a musket he picked up on the field, Bielaski grabbed the regiment's battle flag and led the charge. Carrying the flag made him a target, though, and he was killed during the attack. Hughes states that he was killed by a bullet to the head, while Joseph A. Wytrwał, writing for Polish American Studies, attributes his death to a cannonball. A contemporary newspaper report stated that he "fell mutilated by cannon bullets". Union Colonel John A. Logan stated "a braver man never fell on the field of battle" when writing about Bielaski's death in his action report, and McClernand also noted his bravery. Grant's men were initially able to capture the Confederate camp, but Pillow received reinforcements from Columbus and counterattacked, driving the Union soldiers from the field. Bielaski was buried in a mass grave until his remains were disinterred in 1864 and transferred to the Mound City National Cemetery in Illinois. His grave is marked as "Unknown Soldier, killed at the Battle of Belmont".

Family
Bielaski was the father of Oscar Bielaski, who was one of the first Polish-Americans to play professional baseball in the United States. Through his other son, Alexander, Bielaski was the grandfather of A. Bruce Bielaski, who served as director of what became the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1912 to 1919. Ruth Shipley was A. Bruce's sister and Bielaski's granddaughter; she served as the head of the passport division of the United States Department of State for 27 years.

title: Alexander Bielaski


text: Category:1567 births

title: Category:1567 births


text: Category:1560s births

title: Category:1560s births


text:
Monsignor (film)

Monsignor is a 1982 American drama film directed by Frank Perry about a Roman Catholic priest's rise through the ranks of the Vatican, during and after World War II. Along the way, he involves the Vatican in the black marketeering operations of a Mafia don, and has an affair with a woman in the postulant stage of becoming a nun. He eventually repents and returns to his faith, attempting to make right the things he has done wrong. The cast includes Christopher Reeve, Geneviève Bujold, Fernando Rey, Jason Miller, Joseph Cortese, Adolfo Celi, and Leonardo Cimino.

The film was not well received by critics and performed poorly at the box office; Reeve later blamed this on poor editing. Supporting actors Miller and Rey were singled out for their strong performances. The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Musical Score, the only Razzie nomination John Williams ever received in his career to date.

The filming location was entirely in Rome, Italy.

Plot
With the Vatican having financial difficulties during World War II, a young priest from America is sent for, recommended because of his accounting skill. He has already broken the rules, for his first assignment after ordination, is a military chaplain. There he ministers to a dying soldier and then takes the dead soldier's position as a machine gunner and destroys a squadron of advancing German troops. This action of a priest killing in combat gets him removed from that position, and he is then sent to the Vatican, with his knowledge of business and accounting.

Father John Flaherty does indeed have a good head for figures, but also believes in any means to an end. To raise money for the church, he is willing to enter into a black market operation with the Mafia, selling cartons of cigarettes by the tens of thousands for a percentage of the take.

The priest's morals are strained further when he develops a romantic interest in Clara, a young nun who is having a crisis of faith. They begin an affair, but Flaherty does not confess to her his true identity. One day during a papal ceremony, Clara catches sight of Flaherty in his clerical robes. Her love and trust are shattered.

Flaherty's methods may be overlooked, but his success at raising funds is appreciated by some of his superiors as he rises to become a monsignor, then a cardinal. When an ill-advised stock investment costs the Vatican millions, however, Flaherty must pay the price for his deeds.

Cast

 * Christopher Reeve as Father Flaherty
 * Geneviève Bujold as Clara
 * Leonardo Cimino as The Pope
 * Fernando Rey as Cardinal Santoni
 * Adolfo Celi as Cardinal Vinci
 * Jason Miller as Don Appolini
 * Tomas Milian as Father Francisco
 * Robert Prosky as Bishop Walkman
 * Joe Pantoliano as Private Musso
 * Charles Hallahan as Archbishop
 * Joseph Cortese as Ludovico 'Lodo' Varese
 * Milena Vukotic as Sister Verna
 * Joe Spinell as Bride's Father
 * Ettore Mattia as Pietro
 * Gregory Snegoff as Soldier
 * Pamela Prati as Roman Girl
 * Darin Berry as Altar Boy

Music
The score of the film is composed and conducted by John Williams and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. The soundtrack was released in 1982.

In 2007, Intrada released a limited edition of Williams' score of the film and an expanded version was released on June 4, 2019.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 0% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 2.4/10.

In 1983, Christopher Reeve said Monsignor "was a horrible picture and deserved to be lambasted" and a "very bad movie." He complained that the film "makes serious allegations about a religious figure and fails to prove it." Reeve lamented that "we had the material and it was misused," blaming the result on "corporate decision-making."

Controversy
On November 29, 1982, the film was banned from showing in the Republic of Ireland; the Irish Film Censor Board cited its conflation of religion and adultery, as it features an affair between a priest and a postulant nun. The decision was overturned by the Film Appeals Board on December 17; this caused controversy among members of Fianna Fáil – chairman Ned Brennan believed the majority of the Irish public did not want it to be released and said "standards must be maintained", wanting it banned on "moral grounds".

title: Monsignor (film)


text:
Ewa District, Nauru

Ewa is a district in the Pacific nation of the Republic of Nauru, located in the north of island.

Geography
It covers an area of 1.2 km2 and has a population of 537. Ewa is part of the Anetan Constituency.

The northernmost point of Nauru is in the Ewa District.

Buildings and structures

 * Kayser College - A K-10 school. Named after German missionary Alois Kayser, who lived on the island for forty years.
 * Capelle & Partner - a department store that is the largest business in Nauru.
 * An Australian rules football playing ground is to the east of Capelle & Partner; it is a bare patch of crushed coral.
 * Christ the King Church is located in the town of Arubo.

Education
The primary and secondary schools serving all of Nauru are Yaren Primary School in Yaren District (years 1-3), Nauru Primary School in Meneng District (years 4-6), Nauru College in Denigomodu District (years 7-9), and Nauru Secondary School (years 10-12).

There is a private Catholic school, Kayser College, in Ewa. It serves infant years-year 8; and it served years 1-11 as of April 2002. A new three classroom building opened on 8 May 2015. the Nauru Department of Education gives the school 80% of its funds.

Notable people

 * Marcus Stephen, appointed President of Nauru in 2007

title: Ewa District, Nauru


text: Category:1567 deaths

title: Category:1567 deaths


text:
User:Autopilots

This is my user page, if you wish to communicate with me, please edit my talk page.

title: User:Autopilots


text:
Kohala

Kohala may refer to:
 * Kohala (mountain) an extinct volcano of Hawaii
 * Kohala, Hawaii, two districts on the island of Hawaii
 * Kohala, Pakistan, a town in Pakistan
 * Kohala Bridge, a bridge between Azad Kashmir and Pakistan
 * Kohala Hydropower Project Pakistan
 * Kohala, Jalandhar a village in Punjab, India
 * Kohala, Mysore, a village in Karnataka, India
 * Kohala, Estonia, village in Rakvere Parish, Lääne-Viru County, Estonia
 * Hans Kohala (born 1966), Swedish athlete

title: Kohala


text:
Kula ring

Kula, also known as the Kula exchange or Kula ring, is a ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The Kula ring was made famous by Bronisław Malinowski, considered the father of modern anthropology. He used this test case to argue for the universality of rational decision-making and for the cultural nature of the object of their effort. Malinowski's seminal work on the topic, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922), directly confronted the question, "Why would men risk life and limb to travel across huge expanses of dangerous ocean to give away what appear to be worthless trinkets?" Malinowski carefully traced the network of exchanges of bracelets and necklaces across the Trobriand Islands, and established that they were part of a system of exchange (the Kula ring), and that this exchange system was clearly linked to political authority.

Malinowski's study became the subject of debate with the French anthropologist, Marcel Mauss, author of The Gift ("Essai sur le don", 1925). Since then, the Kula ring has been central to the continuing anthropological debate on the nature of gift-giving, and the existence of gift economies.

Basic description
The Kula ring spans 18 island communities of the Massim archipelago, including the Trobriand Islands, and involves thousands of individuals. Participants travel at times hundreds of miles by canoe in order to exchange Kula valuables, which consist of red shell-disc necklaces (veigun or soulava) that are traded to the north (circling the ring in clockwise direction) and white shell armbands (mwali) that are traded in the southern direction (circling counterclockwise). If the opening gift was an armband, then the closing gift must be a necklace and vice versa. The exchange of Kula valuables is also accompanied by the trade in other items known as gimwali (barter). The terms of participation vary from region to region. Whereas on the Trobriand Islands the exchange is monopolised by the chiefs, in Dobu there are between 100 and 150 people involved in Kula trade, between one and two in each matrilineage.

Items for trade
All Kula valuables are non-use items traded purely for purposes of enhancing one's social status and prestige. Carefully prescribed customs and traditions surround the ceremonies that accompany the exchanges which establish strong, ideally lifelong relationships between the exchange parties (karayta'u, "partners"). The act of giving, as Mauss wrote, is a display of the greatness of the giver, accompanied by shows of exaggerated modesty in which the value of what is given is actively played down. (Marcel Mauss (1979), Sociología y Antropología, Ed. Tecnos, Madrid, page. 181) Such a partnership involves strong mutual obligations such as hospitality, protection and assistance. According to the Muyuw, a good Kula relationship should be "like a marriage". Similarly, the saying around Papua is: "once in the Kula, always in the Kula."

Kula valuables never remain for long in the hands of the recipients; rather, they must be passed on to other partners within a certain amount of time, thus constantly circling around the ring. However, even temporary possession brings prestige and status. Important chiefs can have hundreds of partners while less significant participants may only have fewer than a dozen. Even though the vast majority of items that Kula participants have at any given time are not theirs and will be passed on, Damon (1980:281) notes that e.g. amongst the Muyuw all Kula objects are someone's kitoum, meaning they are owned by that person (or by a group). The person owning a valuable as kitoum has full rights of ownership over it: he can keep it, sell it or even destroy it. The Kula valuable or an equivalent item must be returned to the person who owns it as kitoum. For example, the most important Muyuw men own between three and seven Kula valuables as kitoum, while others do not own any. The fact that, at least in theory, all such valuables are someone's kitoum adds a sense of responsibility to the way they are handled, reminding the recipient that he is only a steward of somebody else's possession. (The ownership of a particular valuable is, however, often not known.) Kula valuables can be exchanged as kitoum in a direct exchange between two partners, thus fully transferring the rights of ownership.

Trading and the social hierarchy
The right of participation in Kula exchange is not automatic; one has to "buy" one's way into it through participating in various lower spheres of exchange. The giver-receiver relationship is always asymmetrical: givers are higher in status. Also, Kula valuables are ranked according to value and age, as are the relationships that are created through their exchange. Participants will often strive to obtain particularly valuable and renowned Kula objects whose owner's fame will spread quickly through the archipelago. Such a competition unfolds through different persons offering pokala (offerings) and kaributu (solicitory gifts) to the owner, thus seeking to induce him to engage in a gift exchange relationship involving the desired object. Kula exchange therefore involves a complex system of gifts and countergifts whose rules are laid down by custom. The system is based on trust as obligations are not legally enforceable. However, strong social obligations and the cultural value system, in which liberality is exalted as highest virtue while meanness is condemned as shameful, create powerful pressures to "play by the rules". Those who are perceived as holding on to valuables and as being slow to give them away soon get a bad reputation (cf. ).

The Kula trade was organized differently in the more hierarchical parts of the Trobriand islands. There, only chiefs were allowed to engage in Kula exchange. In hierarchical areas, individuals can earn their own kitomu shells, whereas in less hierarchical areas, they are always subject to the claims of matrilineal kin. And lastly, in the hierarchical areas, Kula necklaces and bracelets are saved for external exchange only; stone axe blades are used internally. In less hierarchical areas, exchange partners may lose their valuables to internal claims. As a result, most seek to exchange their Kula valuables with chiefs, who thus become the most successful players. The chiefs have saved their Kula valuables for external trade, and external traders seek to trade with them before they lose their valuables to internal claims.

The Kula exchange system can be viewed as reinforcing status and authority distinctions since the hereditary chiefs own the most important shell valuables and assume the responsibility for organizing and directing the ocean voyages. Damon (1980) notes that large amounts of Kula valuables are handled by a relatively small number of people, e.g. amongst the Muyuw, three men account for over 50 percent of Kula valuables. The ten most influential men control about 90 percent of all and almost 100 percent of the most precious Kula objects. The movement of these valuables and the related relationships determine most of the Muyuw's political alliances. Fortune notes that Kula relationships are fragile, beset with various kinds of manipulation and deceit. But the recent research results of Susanne Kuehling do not support Fortune's emphasis on cheating and even killing in relation to king. The Muyuw for example state that the only way to get ahead in Kula is to lie, commenting that deceit frequently causes Kula relationships to fall apart. Similarly, Malinowski wrote of "many squabbles, deep resentments and even feuds over real or imaginary grievances in the Kula exchange."

Gift versus commodity exchange
The Kula ring is a classic example of Marcel Mauss' distinction between gift and commodity exchange. Melanesians carefully distinguish gift exchange (Kula) and market exchange in the form of barter (gimwali). Both reflect different underlying value systems and cultural customs. The Kula, Mauss wrote, is not supposed to be conducted like gimwali. The former involves a solemn exchange ceremony, a "display of greatness" where the concepts of honour and nobility are central; the latter, in contrast, often done as part of Kula exchange journeys, involves hard bargaining and serves purely economic purposes.

Kula valuables are inalienable in the sense that they (or an equivalent object) have to be returned to the original owner. Those who receive them can pass them on as gifts, but they cannot be sold as commodities (except by the one who owns them as kitoum).

Malinowski, however, highlighted the unusual characteristics of these "gifts". Malinowski placed the emphasis on the exchange of goods between individuals, and their non-altruistic motives for giving the gift: they expected a return of equal or greater value. In other words, reciprocity is an implicit part of gifting; there is no such thing as the "free gift" given without expectation. Mauss, in contrast, emphasized that the gifts were not between individuals, but between representatives of larger collectivities. These gifts were, he argued, a "total prestation" (see Law of obligations) and not a gift in the Western sense of the word. They were not simple, alienable commodities to be bought and sold, but, like the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, embodied the reputation, history, and sense of identity of a "corporate kin group", such as a line of kings. Given the stakes, Mauss asked "why anyone would give them away?" His answer was an enigmatic concept, "the spirit of the gift". A good part of the confusion (and resulting debate) was due to a bad translation of that phrase. Mauss appeared to be arguing that a return gift is given to keep the very relationship between givers alive; a failure to return a gift ends the relationship and the promise of any future gifts. Jonathan Parry has demonstrated that Mauss was arguing instead that the concept of a "pure gift" given altruistically only emerges in societies with a well-developed market ideology, such as the West and India.

Mauss' concept of "total prestations" was further developed by Annette Weiner, who revisited Malinowski's fieldsite in the Trobriand Islands. Her critique was twofold: first, Trobriand Island society is matrilineal, and women hold a great deal of economic and political power. Their exchanges were ignored by Malinowski. Secondly, she developed Mauss's argument about reciprocity and the "spirit of the gift" in terms of "inalienable possessions: the paradox of keeping while giving." Weiner contrasts "moveable goods" which can be exchanged with "immoveable goods" that serve to draw the gifts back (in the Trobriand case, male Kula gifts with women's landed property). She argues that the specific goods given, like Crown Jewels, are so identified with particular groups that, even when given, they are not truly alienated.

Not all societies, however, have these kinds of goods, which depend upon the existence of particular kinds of kinship groups. French anthropologist Maurice Godelier pushed the analysis further in The Enigma of the Gift (1999). Albert Schrauwers has argued that the kinds of societies used as examples by Weiner and Godelier (including the Kula ring in the Trobriands, the potlatch of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, and the Toraja of South Sulawesi, Indonesia) are all characterized by ranked aristocratic kin groups that fit with Claude Lévi-Strauss' model of "House Societies" (where "House" refers to both noble lineage and their landed estate). Total prestations are given, he argues, to preserve landed estates identified with particular kin groups and maintain their place in a ranked society.

title: Kula ring


text:
Deathtrap (film)

Deathtrap is a 1982 American black comedy suspense film based on the 1978 play of the same name by Ira Levin. It was directed by Sidney Lumet from a screenplay by Levin and Jay Presson Allen, and stars Michael Caine, Dyan Cannon and Christopher Reeve. Critics gave the film mostly favorable reviews, while noting its plot similarities to Caine's 1972 film Sleuth.

The film narrates the tale of a famous playwright, who has not had any hits in recent years. After his student entrusts him with the manuscript of a promising play, the writer tells his wife that if the student hasn’t told anyone else about his play, he could kill the student and claim the manuscript as his own.

Plot
Famed playwright Sidney Bruhl debuts the latest in a series of Broadway flops and returns to his East Hampton, Long Island, home hungover and morose. Although his wife Myra assures him their financial situation is not dire, Sidney is starving for a hit. He reveals he has received a manuscript of a play by a student who recently attended one of his own writing workshops, asking for his input. Sidney considers the work near-perfection, and tells Myra that the best idea he has had lately is to murder its author and produce the play as his own. Myra realizes that he is not joking.

Sidney invites young Clifford Anderson to their secluded home, decorated with weapons from his own plays, to discuss the script, Deathtrap. Clifford, handsome, unattached, and full of both naivete and enthusiasm, arrives by train. Over the course of the evening Myra tries desperately to convince Sidney to work with Clifford as equal partners, but to no avail. Sidney entices Clifford to try on a pair of Harry Houdini’s trick escape handcuffs. When Clifford finds that they do not work both he and Myra become nervous. Eventually Sidney gives Clifford their key, but before he can remove them Sidney attacks and strangles him with a chain.

Sidney removes the body but still has to convince Myra to conspire with him. She reveals nothing when they receive an unexpected visit from neighbor Helga Ten Dorp, a Dutch psychic and minor European celebrity renting an adjacent property. Helga senses pain and death in the house. Before she leaves, she warns Sidney about a man in boots who will attack him.

As Myra prepares for bed, she begins to come to terms with what Sidney has done. She heads downstairs for a drink but a sound spooks her and she flees back upstairs, suspecting an intruder. Sidney takes her back downstairs to prove that all is well and they return to the bedroom. The calm is broken when Clifford bursts through the bedroom window and beats Sidney with a log. Clifford chases Myra through the house until her weak heart gives out and she collapses and dies.

Sidney calmly descends the stairs, uninjured, and joins Clifford. They exchange a few words about what to do with Myra's body, then exchange a passionate kiss. The previous few hours are revealed to have been an elaborate ruse to kill Myra without laying a hand on her.

Clifford moves in with Sidney and the two work together at a partner's desk. Sidney suffers from writer's block, but Clifford busily types page after page of a new play that he suspiciously keeps under lock and key. While Clifford is out grocery shopping, Sidney tries to break into the drawer but fails. He waits for Clifford to retrieve his play, then switches Clifford's manuscript with a fake.

Sidney is horrified to read that Clifford is using the true story of Myra's murder as the basis of a new play called Deathtrap. He angrily confronts Clifford, who boasts about the play's potential and insists he will write it with or without Sidney's approval. Clifford offers to share the credit with Sidney, who comes to believe that Clifford is a sociopath. Sidney plays along with the collaboration on Deathtrap while he plots a solution. A few days later, Helga stops by, ostensibly for candles in anticipation of a predicted thunderstorm. Clifford tells her that he works for Sidney as his secretary. When Sidney comes home Helga warns Sidney that Clifford is the man in boots. Sidney tells Helga not to worry and that he is about to fire Clifford.

Sidney asks Clifford to arm himself with an axe to demonstrate a bit of stage business, then produces a gun. He intends to shoot Clifford, claim it was in self-defense and dispose of the Deathtrap manuscript. But Sidney finds his gun to be empty. Clifford had anticipated some such scheme from him and has loaded the bullets into a different gun. Clifford now intends to use Sidney's attempted betrayal-and-axe scheme in the play. He secures Sidney to a chair with manacles and tells him he is going to pack up and leave. He warns Sidney to not try to stop the production of the play.

However, Clifford is unaware the manacles are trick shackles, another Houdini prop. Sidney easily releases himself, grabs a crossbow, goes outside, and climbs up to the bedroom window. He enters, and descending the stairs shoots Clifford in the back with a single bolt. Before Sidney can dispose of the body, the storm hits with full force and the house suffers a blackout. A flash of lightning illuminates the living room and a fleeting figure scurries through. It is Helga, thinking Sidney is in danger and coming to help.

She realizes that Sidney actually poses the threat and grabs a gun while Sidney finds a knife. Clifford regains consciousness and trips Helga. The gun goes flying and a struggle for it ensues. Clifford stumbles to his feet, grabs the axe and swings it at Sidney. In that moment, the scene transitions to a stage version of itself, with actors before a full house. The on-stage struggle culminates with "Clifford" stabbing "Sidney" and both dying, leaving "Helga" victorious. The opening night audience erupts in thunderous applause, and at the back of the theatre stands an exultant Helga Ten Dorp, now the author of a hit Broadway play called Deathtrap.

Cast

 * Michael Caine as Sidney Bruhl
 * Christopher Reeve as Clifford Anderson
 * Dyan Cannon as Myra Bruhl
 * Irene Worth as Helga Ten Dorp
 * Henry Jones as Porter Milgrim
 * Joe Silver as Seymour Starger

Real-life film and theatre critics Stewart Klein, Jeffrey Lyons and Joel Siegel have cameo appearances as themselves.

Reception
Critic Roger Ebert gave it three stars, calling it "a comic study of ancient and honorable human defects, including greed, envy, lust, pride, avarice, sloth, and falsehood." Ebert, along with Janet Maslin, and Gary Arnold of The Washington Post noted the similarities to Caine's 1972 film Sleuth,  and similarities have subsequently been noted by film historians.

Cannon was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for her performance.

The kissing scene between Sidney and Clifford is not in the original play (although they are revealed to be lovers). In his book The Celluloid Closet, gay film historian Vito Russo reports that Reeve said that the kiss was booed by preview audiences in Denver, Colorado, and estimated that a Time magazine report of the kiss spoiled a key plot element and cost the film $10 million in ticket sales. (The film earned more than $19 million at the box office.) In his book Murder Most Queer (2014), Jordan Schildcrout describes attending a screening at which an audience member screamed, "No, Superman, don't do it!" at the moment of the Caine–Reeve kiss.

Deathtrap has a positive rating of 74% at Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10, as of August 2023.

Home video release
Deathtrap was released on Region 1 DVD on July 27, 1999. It was re-released on November 8, 2003, as half of a two-pack with the Henry Winkler/Michael Keaton buddy film Night Shift. Warner Home Video released Deathtrap on Blu-ray Disc on November 20, 2012, as part of the Warner Archive Collection.

title: Deathtrap (film)


text:
Talk:Sergey Lukyanenko

Remame
Since his name in English translations was Sergei, rather than Sergey, I changed it.

Dream Line
While "Dream Line" is a sound translation of the original title (Линия Грёз), "Lines of Delirium" is more poetic, and, in my humble opinion, more true to the original intent of the title. --Strannik 03:46, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * "Delirium" has unwanted associations with delirium tremens. After checking some dictionaries, it seems thet "imaginings" might be the best choice.

 * True, but most English-speaking people have no idea what "imaginings" mean. Sometimes, an accurate translation isn't a best one. --24.15.209.23 20:53, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Duplication
Houstin, we have a problem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Lukianenko

--FIXED WITH A REDIRECT--

His name is properly spelled Sergei Lukyanenko, not with a "y."

Л - значит Люди
Why did someone put it as "H is for Human", whereas it, as I see it, should be "P is for People"? I just can't get that. Is there any kind of official translation of the title? --Dennis Valeev 15:55, May 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Люди means human species, thus is, homo sapiens rather than folk or nation—that's why human is a more appropriate translation than people. In the other words, Л is to signify the presence of humans, not aliens. Got it? --Targi 03:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Why English in the bibliography?
I simply can't understand why the bibliography is translated into English whilst Stanislaw Lem's one is given in Polish. Why write 'would-be' translations of novels' titles? Why not write them in Russian first (maybe with translited versions)? IMHO, that would be more consistent. --Targi 16:37, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And no one responded... Yet I want to add some more comments about the 'would-be' translations. First, 'Not the time for dragons' sounds just terrible to me. Okay, the official site versions are sometimes bad enough, but the official 'Wrong Time for Dragons' was much better (even if one leaves behind the capitalization conventions). Second, I suppose that 'stellar' instead of 'star' would make a good change -- it's SF, after all. 'Плетельщица снов' has a clear translation into English -- it's 'dreamweaver'. And many other title seem very strange to me. I hope the original author of this page will pay attention to my humble notes. Or maybe I should change the article myself? --Targi 18:09, 3 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not the original author, but IMHO, of course, you should, if you see how to improve it! Your the idea, your the fulfillment :)
 * If i would do it, i would just change the article, saying in summary "see discussion". ellol 23:52, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * You're right, of course. I made some corrections, after I had seen that the original author had no willing to defend his or her writings. :)
 * I just was afraid that the author would get offended if I changed the text. --Targi 09:33, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Could some native English speaker please go over this!?
Unfortunately I'm not a native English speaker myself, but even I can tell that "In the coauthoring with" is a horrible mangling of English. And the text on "Knight of Fourty Islands" sound like it has been translated by a web-bot or something. Somebody please bring this up to some standart. This is Wikipedia after all not some fan's home-written webpage.

 * In broad sense, the whole Wikipedia is fan-written; this fact itself isn't bad. See Be_bold. But of course, it would be very interesting and useful, if a native english speaker would correct the text, or say what he thinks sounds wrong. 80.73.170.228 23:48, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Working on it. GRuban 18:34, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, user 80.73.170.228 was me and it still remains my position. ellol 08:49, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm also working on it. -Ntay 21:33, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I finished going over it, and editing it. ---Ntay 01:58, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

argentum
1.Аргентумный(серебряный) - переводится как Argentum или silver.

Looking for authors!
We're looking for people who have a very good knowledge of the movies Night Watch, Day Watch and the books they are based upon. We are a company working on a commercial website about this movie. Please write to nightwatch.site@googlemail.com Thanks!

 * Any chance we can find out what the company in question is? I, for one, am not terribly eager to give out my personal information to a mysterious party with an e-mail address from a free service provider. --Strannik 03:14, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Opening
I think this quote from off-line interview with Boris Strugatsky could be incorporated in the introduction : ''Я совсем не так воспринимаю лучшие вещи Лукьяненко. Ненависть там вообще вторична, а первична как раз доброта — та самая пресловутая доброта с кулаками, мучительные попытки героев остаться добрыми, будучи сильными. Я бы сказал, что это вообще сквозная тема Лукьяненко: как сохранить доброту в мире зла, если сам ты силен и хорошо вооружен. Это – проблема!''
 * For the English-speakers among us - the translation of the above-mentioned quote:
 * I don't quite comprehend the best works of Lukyanenko. Hatred is secondary to us, but goodness is something inate - that goodness with fists, those tortured attempts by the heroes to remain good while being strong. I must say that this is the underlining theme for Lukyanenko: how to preserve your goodness in the world of evil when you are strong and well-armed. That's the real problem. --Strannik 18:40, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Strannik, you translated the first sentence incorrectly. It should be "I see the best works of Lukyanenko quite differently." Another possible translation is this: "I understand the best works of Lukyanenko quite differently". The entire biography page is full of orthographical errors. I am gonna see what I can fix.

Official English translations
Can anyone tell me if there are any official English translations of Lukianenko's books (apars the Night Watch). Some names in the article sound... strange. The one which made me writing this was the name of the planet 'Turr' [tar]. By the way, why Turr and not Tar? And similar questions arise very often. That's why I would like to know about any official translations one can use as templates.
 * Turr was my "idea", feel free to change. ellol 08:43, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Safe for Night Watch and the uncoming Day Watch and Dusk Watch, no other translations are in the works. --Strannik 16:23, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Suggestion
The article in its current form is a mess. I will, for a start, split from here the bibliography and create the list, articles for each book having text, any needed categories and the NavBox. I hope it will not be considered as a pointless forks. Kmorozov 08:24, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree. A page about a writer should be mostly about his books. ellol 13:29, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Show me good examples, please Kmorozov 13:56, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Examples: Robert_Asprin, H._G._Wells, Robert_A._Heinlein... We need to preserve bibliography here. It's another question that we can make descriptions of books here shorter, moving most of the text to the standalone articles. I wish somebody could discuss all Lukyanenko's works in a single review. But how it goes now, at least we have some structure. ellol 18:09, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see nothing similar. It is just lists of works there. More sophisticated example is in Isaac Asimov with works analysis and more. But here is a horrible mess and a navbox Sergey Lukyanenko with links to all books and to the bibliography looks much better for now. And anybody can discuss all Lukyanenko's works at Talk:Sergey Lukyanenko bibliography Kmorozov 06:47, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Strongest possible agree with KMorozov. An article about anyone should primarily be about that person, where and when he was born, what education did he get, what did he do (without going into too much specifics). His books can be treated in a bibliography. Errabee 15:14, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Suggestion
Is it a sound idea, to supply each book at Lukyanenko page with a brief description, giving idea of the most basic core of the book/its place in writer's total work, while placing all other stuff into standalone articles? Something alike a critical article, torn into pieces considering various books in near-chronological order, entertaining but telling the core of who is Lukyanenko as a writer? ellol 20:59, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Strongly disagree. All book descriptions MUST be removed from here as soon as possible, for they have absolutely no place here. This is an article about person, not a bibliography page. It should feature the general description of Doctor's work, not each book synopses. I'll try to take on it as tomorrow, as I get up, becuase just now the page in reminiscent a worst examples of a Russian Wikipedia, as it looks like it was written by a person with far more enthusiasm than taste and/or common sense. --Khathi 16:02, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

German translations
There are German translations of quite a few of his books out there (I can immediately recall five I've seen, amazon.de has six), these should also be featured somewhere... should I split off a translations section? (I've also found a forthcoming translation of Night Watch in Hungarian.) - prezzey 15:08, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, it seems to be a reasonable idea. ellol 21:04, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Major overhaul
Completely rewrote the article to the way the writer's biography should be. Didn't bother much with sources, however, as I was acquainted with Lukyanenko over the 'Net since 1997, and personally since 200, so most my information are more or less came from very despersed sources (read: my memory). Could someone took ot the sourcing this info? --Khathi 04:15, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that "Stars are Cold Toys" shares themas with David Brin's Uplift series? I would say it shares themas with Strugatsky's "World of the Noon". ellol 04:40, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am sure. Both series use similar setting, which divide sentient races in the Galaxy into castes of Strongs and Weaks, and tell a story of an underdogs' alliance striving to overcome this injustice. --Khathi 13:34, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Biography check
Can we have a check on biography and family life please? Is Sergei a medical doctor who specialised in psychiatry after basic training? Or is he a psychologist, in which case he would not have a medical degree? I raise this because of the comment under "Family Life": "She is a fellow psychologist". If the author is a medical doctor in psychiatry and his wife is a psychologist, then "fellow" is wrong should be scrapped. Yes, his wife may be a doctor, but of philosophy not of medicine 150.101.96.65 11:03, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Correct spelling(s) of his Name
As with many translated names there is some variation in spelling.

His name has two 'correct' english versions

 * 1) Sergey Lukianenko see the english version of the authors' 'official' website
 * 2) Sergei Lukyanenko used by his publishers on translated works as on this amazon example and one less correct
 * 3) Sergey Lukyanenko is used on wikipedia and another 'official' website

I will add a note on the main article page. Should wikipedia standardise on spelling 1 or 2 rather than the less used third version?
 * --Brian R Hunter (talk) 15:39, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Name of "Island Russia"
Not sure if it's an official name for it but originally it's not "Island Russia" it's "Island Rus'" or "Rus' Island". Rus' as in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_(region) and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology_of_Rus_and_derivatives Novel contains (and is based on) references to old slavic fairytales. -- 85.140.114.112 (talk) 19:54, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sergey Lukyanenko


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User talk:Autopilots

Welcome
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AfD nomination of Silence Dogood
An article that you have been involved in editing, Silence Dogood, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Woogee (talk) 01:44, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Paul Barsky

The article Paul Barsky has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non notable radio personality, I found a couple of passing mentions but no significant coverage

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title: User talk:Autopilots


text:
Arch of the Sergii

Arch of the Sergii (Croatian: Slavoluk Sergijevaca) is an Ancient Roman triumphal arch located in Pula, Croatia. The arch commemorates three members of the Sergii family, specifically Lucius Sergius Lepidus, a tribune serving in the twenty-ninth legion that participated in the Battle of Actium and disbanded in 27 BC. This suggests an approximate date of construction: 29–27 BC. The arch stood behind the original naval gate of the early Roman colony. The Sergii were a powerful family of officials in the colony and retained their power for centuries.

History
The honorary triumphal arch, originally a city gate, was erected as a symbol of the victory at Actium. As the main inscription proclaims, it was paid for by the wife of Lepidus, Salvia Postuma Sergia. Both of their names are carved in the stone along with Lucius Sergius and Gaius Sergius, the honoree's father and uncle respectively. In its original form, statues of the two elders flanked Lepidus on both sides on the top of the arch. On either side of the inscription, a frieze depicts cupids, garlands and bucrania.

This small arch with pairs of crenelated Corinthian columns and winged victories in the spandrels, was built on the facade of a gate (Porta Aurea) in the walls, so the part, visible from the town-side, was decorated. The decoration is late hellenistic, with major Asia Minor influences. The low relief on the frieze represents a scene with a war chariot drawn by horses.

This arch has attracted the attention of many artists, including Michelangelo and Piranesi.

title: Arch of the Sergii


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Fire brick

A fire brick, firebrick, fireclay brick, or refractory brick is a block of ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is built primarily to withstand high temperature, but will also usually have a low thermal conductivity for greater energy efficiency. Usually dense fire bricks are used in applications with extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses, such as the inside of a wood-fired kiln or a furnace, which is subject to abrasion from wood, fluxing from ash or slag, and high temperatures. In other, less harsh situations, such as in an electric or natural gas fired kiln, more porous bricks, commonly known as "kiln bricks", are a better choice. They are weaker, but they are much lighter and easier to form and insulate far better than dense bricks. In any case, firebricks should not spall, and their strength should hold up well during rapid temperature changes.

Manufacture
In the making of firebrick, fire clay is fired in the kiln until it is partly vitrified. For special purposes, the brick may also be glazed. There are two standard sizes of fire brick: 9 x and 9 x. Also available are firebrick "splits" which are half the thickness and are often used to line wood stoves and fireplace inserts. The dimensions of a split are usually 9 x. Fire brick was first invented in 1822 by William Weston Young in the Neath Valley of Wales.

High temperature applications
The silica fire bricks that line steel-making furnaces are used at temperatures up to 3000 F, which would melt many other types of ceramic, and in fact part of the silica firebrick liquefies. High-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (HRSI), a material with the same composition, was used in the insulating tiles of the Space Shuttle.

Non-ferrous metallurgical processes use basic refractory bricks because the slags used in these processes readily dissolve the "acidic" silica bricks. The most common basic refractory bricks used in smelting non-ferrous metal concentrates are "chrome-magnesite" or "magnesite-chrome" bricks (depending on the relative ratios of magnesite and chromite ores used in their manufacture).

Lower temperature applications
A range of other materials find use as firebricks for lower temperature applications. Magnesium oxide is often used as a lining for furnaces. Silica bricks are the most common type of bricks used for the inner lining of furnaces and incinerators. As the inner lining is usually of sacrificial nature, fire bricks of higher alumina content may be employed to lengthen the duration between re-linings. Very often cracks can be seen in this sacrificial inner lining shortly after being put into operation. They revealed more expansion joints should have been put in the first place, but these now become expansion joints themselves and are of no concern as long as structural integrity is not affected. Silicon carbide, with high abrasive strength, is a popular material for hearths of incinerators and cremators. Common red clay brick may be used for chimneys and wood-fired ovens.

title: Fire brick


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AFC Champions League Elite

The AFC Champions League Elite (abbreviated as the ACL Elite) is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Asian Football Confederation, and contested by Asia's top-division football clubs. It is the most prestigious club competition in Asian football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of their national associations.

Introduced in 1967 as the Asian Champion Club Tournament, the competition rebranded as AFC Champions League in 2002 following the merger of the Asian Club Championship, the Asian Cup Winners' Cup and the Asian Super Cup. It was rebranded again in 2024 to its current name.

A total of 24 clubs compete in the league stage of the competition, divided into East and West regions (12 teams each). The winner of the AFC Champions League Elite qualifies for the FIFA Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.

The most successful club in the competition is Al-Hilal with a total of four titles. Al Ain are the current champions, having beaten Yokohama F. Marinos in the 2024 final.

1967–1972: Asian Champion Club Tournament
The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) first discussed launching a tournament for the champions of AFC nations in a meeting held on 21 April 1963, with its Secretary Lee Wai Tong announcing the AFC's intention to hold a competition similar to the European Cup. The competition started in 1967 as the Asian Champion Club Tournament and had a variety of different formats in its first few years, with the inaugural tournament staged as a straight knock-out format, and the following three editions consisting of a group stage.

While Israeli clubs dominated the first four editions of the competition, this was partly due to the refusal of Arab clubs to play them:
 * In 1970, Lebanese club Homenetmen refused to play Hapoel Tel Aviv in the semi-final, which was scratched with Hapoel advancing to the final.
 * In 1971, Aliyat Al-Shorta of Iraq refused to play Maccabi Tel Aviv on three occasions: in the preliminary round (which was redrawn), in the group stage, and then in the final, which was scratched with Maccabi being awarded the championship. During the award ceremony for Maccabi, Aliyat Al-Shorta players waved the Palestinian flag around the field, with a match being arranged by the AFC and the Thai FA between Maccabi and a Combined Bangkok team in lieu of the final. The Iraqi media considered Aliyat Al-Shorta as the tournament's winners, with the team holding an open top bus parade in Baghdad.

After the 1972 edition had to be cancelled by the AFC for various reasons, including two Arab clubs being excluded for refusing to commit to playing against Israeli club Maccabi Netanya, the AFC suspended the competition for 14 years, while Israel would be expelled from the AFC in 1974.

1985–2002: Return as the Asian Club Championship
Asia's premier club tournament made its return in 1985 as the Asian Club Championship.

In 1990, the Asian Football Confederation introduced the Asian Cup Winners' Cup, a tournament for the cup winners of each AFC nation, while the 1995 season saw the introduction of the Asian Super Cup, with the winners of the Asian Club Championship and Asian Cup Winners' Cup playing against each other.

2002–2024: AFC Champions League
The 2002–03 season saw the Asian Club Championship, Asian Cup Winners' Cup and Asian Super Cup combine to become the AFC Champions League. League champions and cup winners would qualify for the qualifying playoffs with the best eight clubs from East Asia and the eight best clubs from West Asia progressing to the group stage. The first winners under the AFC Champions League name were Al-Ain, defeating BEC Tero Sasana 2–1 on aggregate. In 2004, 29 clubs from fourteen countries participated and the tournament schedule was changed to March–November.

In the group stage, the 28 clubs were divided into seven groups of four on a regional basis, separating East Asian and West Asian clubs to reduce travel costs, and the groups were played on a home and away basis. The seven group winners along with the defending champions qualified to the quarter-finals. The quarter-finals, semi-finals, and finals were played as a two-legged format, with away goals, extra time, and penalties used as tie-breakers.

Expansion
The 2005 season saw Syrian clubs join the competition, thus increasing the number of participating countries to 15, and two years later, following their transfer into the AFC in 2006, Australian clubs were also included in the tournament. However, many blamed the low prize money at that time and expensive travel cost as some of the reasons. The Champions League was expanded to 32 clubs in 2009 with direct entry to the top ten Asian leagues. Each country received up to 4 slots, though no more than one-third of the number of teams in that country's top division, rounded downwards, depending on the strength of their league, professional league structure, marketability, financial status, as well as other criteria set by the AFC Pro-League Committee. The assessment criteria and ranking for participating associations are revised by AFC every two years. The old format saw the eight group winners and eight runners-up qualify to the round of 16, in which group winners played host to the runners-up in two-legged series, matched regionally, with away goals, extra time, and penalties used as tie-breakers. The regional restriction continues all the way until the final, although clubs from the same country couldn't face each other in the quarterfinals unless that country has three or more representatives in the quarterfinals. Since 2013, the final has also been held as a two-legged series, on a home and away basis.

In 2021, the group stage was expanded from 32 to 40 teams, with both the West and East Regions having five groups of four teams. The slot allocation for the top six member associations in each region remained unchanged. The 10 group winners and top 3 runners-up per region are now seeded based on a combination table for the round of 16, with the games still matched regionally until the final.

On 25 February 2022, it was announced that the AFC Champions League would go back to an inter-year (autumn to spring) schedule starting with the 2023–24 season. In addition, the existing "3+1" rule for foreign players during matches (3 foreign players and 1 Asian foreigner) was expanded to "5+1" (5 foreign players and 1 Asian foreigner).

Women's rights in Iranian football
By 2021, the various problems with the Iranian sides were attracting media attention; international Arabic and English-language media reported the violation of women's rights in the stadiums of Iranian sides.

On top of that, Iranian women were banned from football stadiums for about 40 years, by the Iranian government. In 2019, Iranian women were first allowed to watch football at stadiums, but not during ACL games. Before that, FIFA had pressured Iran to let women into the stadiums; Iran relented, but capped the number of women to watch the 2018 final. In 2021, the AFC investigated the matter, in the hope of allowing unrestricted attendance whenever Iranian clubs are involved.

2024–25 onwards: AFC Champions League Elite
On 23 December 2022, the AFC announced that their club football structure would undergo an overhaul, with the top club competition shrinking from 40 teams in the main stage to 24 teams, divided into East and West regions (12 teams each), with each team in the East and West regions playing eight other teams from their region (four teams at home and four teams away). The top eight teams from each region would advance to the knockout stage, where only the round of 16 would be played over two legs, with all matches from the quarter-finals onward being played in a single-leg format at a centralised venue. On 14 August 2023, it was confirmed that the new format would come into effect from the 2024–25 season, with the name of the competition changing to AFC Champions League Elite. The AFC has also confirmed that AFC Champions League records and statistics would be carried forward to the ACL Elite. In December 2023, Saudi Arabia has been awarded hosting duties for the final stage for the first two seasons.

Qualification

As of the 2024–25 edition of the tournament, the AFC Champions League Elite uses a league stage format of 24 teams, which is preceded by qualifying matches for teams that do not receive direct entry to the competition proper. Teams are also split into East and West zones.

The number of teams that each association enters into the AFC Champions League Elite is determined annually through criteria as set by the AFC Competitions Committee. The criteria, which is a modified version of the UEFA coefficient, measures such thing as marketability and stadia to determine the specific number of berths that an association receives. The higher an association's ranking as determined by the criteria, the more teams represent the association in the competition.

Tournament
The tournament proper begins with a league stage of 24 teams, which are split into two leagues (East and West), with each team playing against eight opponents from their league (four at home and four away).

The top eight teams from each league advance to the round of 16. In this phase, each club face another club from its region in a two-legged, home-and-away tie to decide which eight clubs progress to a centralised Finals tournament. If the aggregate score of the two games is tied after 180 minutes, the clubs play extra time. If still tied after extra time, the tie is decided by a penalty shoot-out.

The quarter-finals, semi-finals and final matches all feature cross-regional pairings, and are played in a single-leg format at centralised venue.

Allocation
Teams from 24 AFC countries have reached the group stage of the AFC Champions League Elite. The allocation of teams by member countries is listed below; asterisks represent occasions where at least one team was eliminated in qualification prior to the group stage. 32 AFC countries have had teams participate in qualification, and countries that have never had teams reach the group stage are not shown.

Prize money
Starting with the 2024–25 season, the distribution of the prize money is as follows.

 * League stage: $800,000
 * Round of 16: $200,000
 * Quarter-finals: $400,000
 * Semi-finals: $600,000
 * Runners-up: $4,000,000
 * Champions: $10,000,000

Sponsorship
The AFC Champions League Elite is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations, in contrast to the single main sponsor typically found in national top-flight leagues.

Official Global Partners
 * Neom
 * Qatar Airways
 * Visit Saudi

Official Global Supporters
 * Konami
 * Molten

Official Regional Partner
 * Visa (West Asia only)

Video game
The current license holder for the AFC Champions League video game is Konami with the eFootball series. The license also includes the competing teams.

Performances by region
Note: Israeli clubs, winners of the 1967, 1969 and 1971 editions, are not included.

title: AFC Champions League Elite


text:
Talk:Ellen Muth

Years Active
This article says she's still in the business, but she hasn't done anything since 2013 - just having a slow 6+ years? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.171.131.186 (talk) 22:41, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

Untitled
I assume the phrase "drives and races a six speed SS" is referring to a single seater. If so, this should be spelled out in the article. - dcljr 03:55, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC) +mistake corrected- if it is ok, I will be using this entry as a testing ground for editing wikipedia articles. Currently, I am still reading the multitude of articles regarding editing and newbies, so mistakes on my part are bound to happen. Autopilots 04:55, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * SS in Ellen's case refers to a Chevy Impala Super Sport. Commonly contracted to Chevy SS. According to one DLM site this is what she drives. Although I would think that would be her road car. The last time she turned up on a race report she was in a Ferrari 360M at Watkins Glen (Assuming it was the same 'E Muth'). She has an FIA licence for F3, and that generally means that she could drive in the IRL and Champ Car series. Djarra 10:03, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Photo (?)
Hi, I just stumbled over this freely licenced pic on flickr; since I'm not totally sure and the description doesn't say: Is that Ellen Muth? --NoCultureIcons 01:43, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * So. I did a bit of research, and since it seems that she actually attended this Con I'm quite sure that it's her. A second opinion would be appreciated, and someone who actually uploads it on Commons (as long as I'm not writing an article about her in my mother-tongue, I wont go through the trouble of doing that myself, just trying to help you guys ;) --NoCultureIcons 00:36, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that's her. (I'd recognize her face anywhere.) I'd upload it but I don't know how. Ospinad 00:34, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks for your statement. I uploaded it to Commons. --NoCultureIcons 21:03, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

I have to say that this is not a good picture at all. It's strange. She's a very beautiful girl but she doesn't look good in this picture. Could we just remove it?Obvious 02:15, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * A new image you added may be better, but still needs an appropriate copyright tag or it may be deleted. —Adavidb 03:37, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * +1 to anybody who can offer up a better photo. The one that's there now is terrible: it's a really awkward, distorted angle that makes her look somehow inhuman through an unfortunate accident of forced perspective. 198.228.217.167 (talk) 07:47, 7 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Checked again, found another on Commons, and made the change. Ideally, the image should have her looking 'into' (not outside) the article, but this one's still far better. —ADavidB 17:29, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ellen Muth


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User talk:Fightfascism~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Hello, "Fightfascism" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 03:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
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 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
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Please stop creating silly or junk articles. If you keep doing so, you can be blocked from editing for vandalism. Serious contributions are welcome; please take alook at the above links. -- Infrogmation 03:58, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fightfascism. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fightfascism~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:55, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:53, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fightfascism~enwiki


text: Category:Chinese footballers

title: Category:Chinese footballers