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Talk:Royal Air Maroc

RAM IS BIGGER THAN AIR ALGERIE
CAN SOMEONE BLOCK THE GUY WHO KEEP EDITING THIS PAGE, AND SETS THAT RAM IS SMALLER THAN AIR ALGERIE!

Although I can smell politics and jealousy in their actions I am not concerned with la RAM being smaller or bigger than Air Algerie. To us, ordinary passengers, it is the service that counts. Unfortunetly both these airlines are a disgrace. La RAM Reviews or Air Algerie Reviews   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.75.129.200 (talk) 11:04, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Update
Page updated. Source--->http://www.royalairmaroc.com/Navigation_New.asp?Rub=01&LRub=La%20Compagnie&SRub=05&LSRub=Flotte

more trivia: sources ??
trivia: there have been more incidents recently (after 2001) involving the fleet, especially concerning the formation of some pilots wich could've, in (if i do remember right) 2 cases, possibly resulted in disaster.

another one involved an airplane flying to agadir wich had severe reactor issues, these restarting only after some wind-surfing. in this case it was been found out that the kerosene provided for that flight from an african company was of low standard. if i do remember well, the RAM changed fuel provider after the incident.

those incidents were only reported in some independant moroccan newpapers, not official ones. can be sourced without problems. Omega Said 04:10, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Royal air maroc.gif
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Royal air maroc is larger than Air algerie
someone keeps changing the RAM article. they change it so it says that RAM is smalled than Air Algerie. This is incorrect. Please stop vandalising the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.171.249 (talk) 18:06, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * List of largest airlines in Africa shows that RAM is larger than Air Algerie. The fleet tables show that RAM has a larger fleet. What other measure could someone use to say that Air Algerie is larger than RAM? --Matt 15:44, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Useful reference
Alia Royal Jordanian Airlines on behalf of Royal Air Maroc.--Jetstreamer Talk 22:47, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Fleet table
I have already reverted the following three edits made by, all to the fleet table of the article:

 * , addition of unsourced claims
 * , unsourced as well
 * , the reference provided does not support the claim it supposes to.

We're having a clear problem with the verifiability policy here. Can you please comment on this? Thanks.--Jetstreamer Talk 20:52, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Algerian War "Kidnapping"
In an infamous October 1956 incident during the Algerian war, four Algerian FLN leaders including Ben Bella (later to become president of independent Algeria) were flying in a RAM DC-3 from Morocco to Tunisia when they were ordered by the French to land in Algiers "for inspection." The French arrested the four FLN leaders as soon as the airplane parked on the ramp, and of course the Moroccans were furious at this insult to their sovereignity, but the French asserted that because the airplane had French registration, they had the right to "inspect" it. It helped that the pilot, named Gellier, was a former French air force officer. Reportedly, he had the stewardess somehow distract the passengers so they didn't notice the change of course.173.62.15.245 (talk) 20:38, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

Focus cities
The focus cities of RAM are not focus cities but secondary hubs. At these airports cabin and cockpit crew is based and depending on the flights RAM send more crew to there secondary hubs — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.80.188.105 (talk) 16:59, 5 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Do you have reliable sources backing your claims? If so then add them, be bold and fix what's wrong yourself.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 18:27, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

On a related note, recently reverted my recent edit, saying "The 'Hub' and 'Focus cities' fields in infobox airline do not include cities, only airports". From the username, I presume JS is much more familiar with editing in this area than I am. What started me on this path when I happened on this article was the infobox expression "focus cities", which seemed to me to be asking for cities, not for airports. But as I said, I'm not an expert in this area of WP. So I decided to add information by including a link to both the city and the airport, and doing it in such a way that would not consume any extra screen real estate, which is precious, especially in an infobox. I did pause a bit before changing the "Hub" because (unlike the expression 'focus cities') that obviously refers to an airport, not a city. But in the end, I thought it best to include two links rather than just one, as a way of providing the reader with more options without any extra clutter. As I say, I'm not an expert in this area of WP, but it does seem to me that if it is intended to list airports instead of cities, then the template ought to be changed to say "focus airports" rather than "focus cities". YBG (talk) 03:21, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Hubs
Can someone change the hubs of RAM in CMN-ORY-RAK and TNG.

On their site you can install the program about flights where you will see the hubs are Casablanca Paris Marakkach and Tangier. And their crew are based on these cities as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.80.188.105 (talk) 19:16, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

RAM Fleet
RAM Fleet shows an A320 Supposedly leased from White ? This is not the case. The carrier is currently not leasing an A320. If so please mention aircraft registration so this can be confirmed. Also RAM's B747 is not due for replacement in 2015, only a decision on replacement is expected for 2015. --Evergreen09 (talk) 12:44, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
 * It was the case at January 2015. The archive version of the article including the supporting reference can be found here .--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 23:25, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * The last three edits made in a row were reverted. There were no inline citations provided for the changes; occasional readers might/will not use the history section of each article to search for potential sources supporting unreferenced claims.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 19:14, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

I see someone added the ATR72-600's operated by subsidiary RAM Express (which has its own wiki page) however the carrier operates 5x ATR72-600 instead of 4. RAM Express took delivery of its 5th frame during Marrakech Airshow 2014 http://www.aeronautique.ma/Marrakech-Airshow-2014-Royal-Air-Maroc-Express-recoit-son-cinquieme-ATR-72-600_a3520.html --Evergreen09 (talk) 14:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I added that because the official webpage informs it. And there's no need to look for alternative referencing regarding fleet compositions unless those figures have errors or are outdated. It was agreed at WP:AIRLINE that the official information (if provided) is enough (with the aforementioned considerations).--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 15:14, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

Archived references not used in the article
--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 10:13, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

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Head office?
Around 2015 the company still stated its head office was at Anfa Airport: https://www.royalairmaroc.com/corporate/content/download/95344/703615/file/R%C3%A8glement+des+achats.pdf

Supposedly the airport was demolished, but I only find pages referencing "SIEGE SOCIAL-CASA.ANFA" - As in Anfa Airport as the HQ https://www.royalairmaroc.com/corporate/E-Sourcing/Contact

WhisperToMe (talk) 13:49, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Boeing 747-400
Planespotters.net is showing one 747-400 as active. Does anyone know if this is correct, and if so should it be added to the fleet list? 2601:640:C002:9300:20DF:878C:AABC:6D31 (talk) 23:01, 3 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Planespotters is not reliable.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 17:20, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The aircraft is used for VIP transport.--2601:640:C002:9300:182F:FC2D:7A02:9A85 (talk) 18:38, 9 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Since it's used for VIP transport should it be included on the fleet list?--73.189.56.197 (talk) 14:55, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Royal Air Maroc


text:
Le Lisp

Le Lisp (also Le_Lisp and Le-Lisp) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp.

Programming language
It was developed at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA), to be an implementation language for a very large scale integration (VLSI) workstation being designed under the direction of Jean Vuillemin. Le Lisp also had to run on various incompatible platforms (mostly running Unix operating systems) that were used by the project. The main goals for the language were to be a powerful post-Maclisp version of Lisp that would be portable, compatible, extensible, and efficient.

Jérôme Chailloux led the Le Lisp team, working with Emmanuel St. James, Matthieu Devin, and Jean-Marie Hullot in 1980. The dialect is historically noteworthy as one of the first Lisp implementations to be available on both the Apple II and the IBM PC.

On 2020-01-08, INRIA agreed to migrate the source code to the 2-clause BSD License which allowed few native ports from ILOG and Eligis to adopt this license model.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Le Lisp


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Secondary metabolism

Secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Examples of secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments and scents. The opposite of secondary metabolites are primary metabolites, which are considered to be essential to the normal growth or development of an organism.

Secondary metabolites are produced by many microbes, plants, fungi and animals, usually living in crowded habitats, where chemical defense represents a better option than physical escape. It is very hard to distinguish primary and secondary metabolites due to often overlapping of the intermediates and pathways of primary and secondary metabolism. As an example can serve sterols, that are products of secondary metabolism, and, at the same time, represent a base for a cell structure.

Important secondary metabolites

 * Antibiotics, such as streptomycin and penicillin
 * Pigments, such as delphinidin
 * Scents, such as ionone

title: Secondary metabolism


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Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita Vedanta ; (originally known as Tattvavada; IAST: Tattvavāda), is a sub-school in the Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy. The term Tattvavada literally means "arguments from a realist viewpoint". The Tattvavada (Dvaita) Vedanta sub-school was founded by the 13th-century Indian philosopher-saint Madhvacharya. Madhvacharya believed in three entities: God, jiva (soul), and jada (maya, matter). The Dvaita Vedanta school believes that God and the individual souls (jīvātman) exist as independent realities, and these are distinct, being said that Vishnu (Narayana) is independent (svatantra), and souls are dependent (paratantra) on him.

The Dvaita school contrasts with the other two major sub-schools of Vedanta, the Advaita Vedanta of Adi Shankara which posits nondualism—that ultimate reality (Brahman) and human soul (Ātman) are identical and all reality is interconnected oneness, and Vishishtadvaita of Ramanuja which posits qualified nondualism—that ultimate reality (Brahman) and human soul are different but with the potential to be identical. Sanyasis of the Dvaita Vedanta tradition belong to the ēkadaṇḍi order.

Etymology
Dvaita (द्वैत) is a Sanskrit word that means "duality, dualism". The term refers to any premise, particularly in theology on the material and the divine, where two principles (truths) or realities are posited to exist simultaneously and independently. Indologist B. N. Krishnamurti Sharma says: "The English term Dualism is inadequate to express the full content and depth of meaning that Madhva has put into the term Dvaita, as it is to be implied to his system. Even the Sanskrit word Dvaita is not literally capable of expressing more than the fundamental principles accepted. B. N. K. Sharma suggested to use the term Svatantra-Advitiya-Brahmavāda as an alternative name to Madhva's system. Sharma says, Satyadhyana Tirtha of Uttaradi Math approved this. B. N. K. Sharma further states that "the term Svatantra-Advitiya-Brahmavāda is capable of conveying directly rather than by implication or definition, the highest reach of its thought and its metaphysical ideology do often stressed by Madhva and so well expounded by Jayatirtha". It may be seen that such a term would do justice to both the aspects of reality—the finite and the infinite".

Quoting the term Advitīyatva, Sharma also states that "the term Advitīyatva has been interpreted by Madhva, in the Chandogya Bhashya, in terms of "absence of peer and superior" to Brahman, conceding by implication, the existence, the reality of "lesser reals" like matter and souls under the aegis of God. The first part of the text has been taken to emphasize the unity of God-head by excluding internal distinctions of substance and attributes in Brahman in conformity with text like नेह नानास्ति किंचना, which are understood as nagating some internal distinctions (nānātva) alone in Brahman. The only internal distinctions that are logically conceivable in Brahman, are those of attributes. This is negated by the way of significant negation. The adjunct Svatantra would thus serve to emphasize the transcendence of the supreme over the other reals and its immanence in them and show how the conception of Brahman, here, differs from the Nirviśeṣādvaita of Adi Shankara. Quoting the term Svatantra-Advitiya-Brahmavāda, Sharma also says: "It would also stand terminologically balanced with the distinctions of other Vēdantic systems like Nirviśeṣādvaita, śuddhādvaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita. It would also lay direct emphasis on the primacy of the supreme as the Para-Siddhanta of the Madhva's thought, and put the teachings about the finite in their proper place as constituting the Apara-Siddhānta (subsidiary truths)".

Aluru Venkata Rao opines that the term Dvaita is not suitable for Madhva's philosophy, hence it should not be used. Instead, he suggests to use the term Pūrnabrahmavāda.

Philosophy
Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas systematized by the 13th-century Indian philosopher-saint Madhvacharya, which espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality (svatantra-tattva), states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu as the ultimate reality (Brahman) and supreme God. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to the monotheistic God in other major religions. He is believed to be almighty, eternal, always existing, everlasting, all-knowing, and compassionate. The second reality is that of dependent (asvatantra-tattva or paratantra) but equally real universe that exists with its own separate essence. Everything that is composed of the second reality, such as individual soul, matter, and the like exist with their own separate reality. The distinguishing factor of this philosophy, as opposed to monistic Advaita Vedanta, is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe.

Like Ramanuja, Madhvacharya also embraced Vaishnavism. Madhvacharya posits God as being personal and saguna, that is endowed with attributes and qualities (in human terms, which are not believed to be able to fully describe God). To Madhvacharya, the metaphysical concept of Brahman in the Vedas was Vishnu. He stated: "Brahmaśabdaśca Viṣṇaveva", that Brahman can only refer to Vishnu. Scriptures which say different are declared as non-authoritative by him. To him, Vishnu was not just any other deva, but rather the one and only Supreme Being. According to him, the devas are souls of deceased persons who were rewarded for good deeds by being reincarnated into the heavenly worlds and becoming following organs of God's will, which would also be the case with Vayu and Lakshmi. He also believes that they are mortal, and that some of them could sink into lower stages of existence after death. Therefore, he believes that only God shall be worshipped through them, and that worshipping them on their own behalf is an apostasy which emerged during Treta Yuga, and did not yet exist during Satya Yuga. According to him, this must also be noticed regarding murtis.

Jivas
Dvaita Vedanta acknowledges two principles; however, it holds one of them (the sentient) as being eternally dependent on the other. The individual souls (jiva) are depicted as reflections, images or shadows of the divine, but never in any way (even after moksha, or liberation) identical with the divine. Being a reflection of God, each jiva has a nature with some characteristics (truth, conscious, bliss) of God in varying degree which is under the influence of karma in bondage and expands to its distinct full intrinsic capacity in moksha. Liberated jivas do not attain equality with Brahman and also are not equal to each other.

Five fundamental, eternal and real differences are described in Dvaita school:
 * 1) Between the individual souls (or jīvātman) and God (paramathma or Vishnu).
 * 2) Between matter (inanimate, insentient) and God.
 * 3) Between individual souls (jīvātman).
 * 4) Between matter and jīvātman.
 * 5) Between various types of matter.

The theory of five differences is that "the jiva is different from every other entity including all jivas". These five differences are said to explain the nature of the universe. The world is called prapañca (pañca "five") by the Dvaita school for this reason.

Madhva differed significantly from traditional Hindu beliefs owing to his concept of eternal damnation. According to him, there are three different classes of souls: One class, Mukti-yogyas, which would qualify for liberation, another, the Nitya-samsarins, which would be subject to eternal rebirth or eternal transmigration and a third class, Tamo-yogyas, which would be condemned to eternal hell (Andhatamisra).

Moksha (liberation)
Moksha (liberation) therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is essentially dependent on the Supreme. God is believed to have shown the way to attain moksha through several avatars. Bhakti Yoga is an essential part of Dvaita Vedanta. By devotion to God and God's grace, jiva attains moksha. However, bad karma results in condemnation from God.

Sadhana and Liberation
According to Madhvacharya, the jiva is unaware of its real nature due to ignorance (avidyā) caused by maya, and thus, is unable to realize its expression of intrinsic attributes. Liberation for each jiva means realizing its innate bliss by removal of covering of maya. Liberation can only be achieved by the grace of God with self-effort on the part of the jiva. Practicing vairāgya allows Mukti-yogyas (jivas qualified for liberation) to gain freedom from worldly attachments and develop faith in God. Self-effort which makes a jiva worthy for liberation involves karma (good work), Jnana Yoga (knowledge) and Bhakti Yoga (devotion). Sādhaka performs such sadhana through śravaṇa, manana and nididhyasana. Madhva also placed a great importance on a Guru's guidance and blessings to understand the jnana from scriptures. According to Madhva, śravaṇa and manana are the only means for nidhiyasana. This sadhana leads the sadhaka to aparoksa-jnana (spiritual realisation) and liberation through grace of God.

Avidya
Dvaita philosophers challenge the Advaita Vedanta view that the perception of multiplicity in a singular, unchanging reality arises from cosmic ignorance (avidya) inherently linked to Brahman. According to Advaita, this ignorance explains why plurality appears to exist. Madhva questions the possibility of liberation if both the universe and ignorance are mere illusions connected to Brahman. Madhva further argues that there is no similarity between Brahman and the cosmos to justify such an illusion.

Madhva questions the idea that avidya is unique to individual selves, arguing that if individuality itself is a misconception, then avidya must also inherently belong to Brahman. He also criticizes the idea of an unreal feature superimposed on Brahman by Advaitins to explain individual differences, seeing it as circular: if ignorance creates this feature, then ignorance must be part of Brahman, making differences and ignorance real, contradicting the foundational goal of liberation in Advaita philosophy.

Influence

 * Dvaita Vedanta and Madhvacharya's historical influence in Hinduism, state Kulandran and Kraemer, has been salutary, but not extensive.
 * According to Sharma, the influence of Dvaita Vedanta ideas have been most prominent on the Chaitanya school of Bengal Vaishnavism, and in Assam.
 * Madhva's theology influenced later scholars such as Nimbarka, Vallabha, and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. B.N.K. Sharma notes that Nimbarka's theology is a loose réchauffé of Madhva's in its most essential aspects.

title: Dvaita Vedanta


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Observational equivalence

Observational equivalence is the property of two or more underlying entities being indistinguishable on the basis of their observable implications. Thus, for example, two scientific theories are observationally equivalent if all of their empirically testable predictions are identical, in which case empirical evidence cannot be used to distinguish which is closer to being correct; indeed, it may be that they are actually two different perspectives on one underlying theory.

In econometrics, two parameter values (or two structures, from among a class of statistical models) are considered observationally equivalent if they both result in the same probability distribution of observable data. This term often arises in relation to the identification problem.

In macroeconomics, it happens when you have multiple structural models, with different interpretation, but indistinguishable empirically. "the mapping between structural parameters and the objective function may not display a unique minimum."

In the formal semantics of programming languages, two terms M and N are observationally equivalent if and only if, in all contexts C[...] where C[M] is a valid term, it is the case that C[N] is also a valid term with the same value. Thus it is not possible, within the system, to distinguish between the two terms. This definition can be made precise only with respect to a particular calculus, one that comes with its own specific definitions of term, context, and the value of a term. The notion is due to James H. Morris, who called it "extensional equivalence."

title: Observational equivalence


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Metro-land

Metro-land (or Metroland – see note on spelling, below) is a name given to the suburban areas that were built to the north-west of London in the counties of Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex in the early part of the 20th century that were served by the Metropolitan Railway. The railway company was in the privileged position of being allowed to retain surplus land; from 1919 this was developed for housing by the nominally independent Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited (MRCE). The term "Metro-land" was coined by the Met's marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide. It promoted a dream of a modern home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway service to central London until the Met was absorbed into the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933.

Metropolitan Railway
The Metropolitan Railway was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its mainline heading north from the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the mainline railway termini at Paddington, Euston and King's Cross to the City, and when, on 10 January 1863, this line opened with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, it was the world's first underground railway. When, in 1871 plans were presented for an underground railway in Paris, it was called the Métropolitain in imitation of the line in London. The modern word metro is a short form of the French word. The railway was soon extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. It reached Hammersmith in 1864, Richmond in 1877 and completed the Inner Circle in 1884, but the most important route became the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 mi from Baker Street and the centre of London. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone.

Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating services between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street. To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the Metropolitan Railway purchased electric locomotives, and these were exchanged for steam locomotives on trains at Harrow from 1908. To improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s. A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925. The 4 mi long Stanmore branch from Wembley Park was completed in 1932.

Metro-land
Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, the Met was in a privileged position with clauses in its acts allowing it to retain land that it believed was necessary for future railway use. Initially the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee, made up of Met directors. In the 1880s, at the same time as the railway was extending beyond Swiss Cottage and building the workers' estate at Neasden, roads and sewers were built at Willesden Park Estate, and the land was sold to builders. Similar developments followed at Cecil Park, near Pinner and, after the failure of the tower at Wembley, plots were sold at Wembley Park.

Robert Selbie, then General Manager, thought in 1912 that some professionalism was needed and suggested a company be formed to take over from the Surplus Lands Committee to develop estates near the railway. The First World War delayed these plans however, and it was 1919, with the expectation of a housing boom, before the MRCE was formed. Concerned that Parliament might reconsider the unique position the Met held, the railway company sought legal advice. The legal opinion was that although the Met had authority to hold land, it had none to develop it, so an independent company was created, although all but one of its directors were also directors of the railway company. The MRCE went on to develop estates at Kingsbury Garden Village near Neasden, Wembley Park, Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at Rickmansworth and create places such as Harrow Garden Village.

The term Metro-land was coined by the Met's marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide, priced at 1d. This promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, the visitor and later the house-hunter. Published annually until 1932, the last full year of independence for the Met, the guide extolled the benefits of "The good air of the Chilterns," using language such as "Each lover of Metroland may well have his own favourite wood beech and coppice – all tremulous green loveliness in Spring and russet and gold in October." The dream promoted was of a modern home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway service to central London.

From about 1914 the company had promoted itself as The Met, but after 1920 the commercial manager, John Wardle, ensured that timetables and other publicity material used the term Metro instead. Land development also occurred in central London when in 1929 a large, luxurious block of apartments called Chiltern Court opened at Baker Street, designed by the Met's architect Charles W. Clark, who was also responsible for the design of a number of station reconstructions in outer "Metro-land" at this time.

A few large houses had been built on parts of Wembley Park, south-west of the Metropolitan station, as early as the 1890s. In 1906, when Watkin’s Tower closed, the Tower Company had become the Wembley Park Estate Company (later Wembley Ltd.), with the aim of developing Wembley as a residential suburb.

Unlike other railways, from an early date the Metropolitan Railway had bought land alongside its line and then developed housing on it. In the 1880s and 1890s it had done so with the Willesden Park Estate near Willesden Green station, and in the early 1900s it developed on land in Pinner, as well as planning the expansion of Wembley Park.

In 1915 by the Metropolitan Railway's publicity department had created the term Metro-land. It was used as the new name for the company's annual guide to the places it served (known as Guide to the Extension Line prior to 1915). The Metro-land guide, although partly written to attract walkers and day trippers, was clearly primarily intended to encourage the building of suburban homes and create middle-class commuters who would use the Metropolitan Railway's trains for all their needs. It was published annually until 1932, but when the Metropolitan became part of London Transport in 1933 the term and guide were abandoned. By then North-West London was well on the road to its reputation for suburbanisation.

The 1924 Metro-land guide describes Wembley Park as "rapidly developed of recent years as a residential district", pointing out that there are several golf courses within a few minutes journey of it.

Over the years during which the guide was published, large numbers of Londoners moved out to the new estates in north-west London. Some of these estates were developed by MRCE, a company that Robert H. Selbie, the Metropolitan Railway's General Manager, set up in 1919. It would eventually build houses along the line, from Neasden reaching far out as Amersham.

One of the earliest of these MRCE developments was a 123-acre one at Chalkhill, within the bounds of what was Repton’s Wembley Park. MRCE acquired the land shortly after it was created and began selling plots in 1921. The railway even put in a siding to bring building materials to the estate.

The term ‘Metroland’ (often seen now without the hyphen - see Note on spelling, below) has become shorthand for the suburban areas that were built in north-west London and in Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex following the Metropolitan branches. It had become immortalised well before the guide stopped being published. A song called "My Little Metro-land Home" had been published in 1920, and Evelyn Waugh’s novel Decline and Fall (1928) has a character marrying a Viscount Metroland. She reappears, with the title Lady Metroland, in two more of Waugh's novels; Vile Bodies (1930) and A Handful of Dust (1934).

The British Empire Exhibition further encouraged the new phenomenon of suburban development. Wembley's sewerage was improved, many roads in the area were straightened and widened and new bus services began operating. Visitors were steadily introduced to Wembley and some later moved to the area when houses had been built to accommodate them.

Between 1921 and 1928 season ticket sales at Wembley Park and neighbouring Metropolitan stations rose by over 700%. Like the rest of West London, most of Wembley Park and its environs was fully developed, largely with relatively low-density suburban housing, by 1939.

Absorption of the Met
On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan Railway amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), and the railway became the Metropolitan line of London Transport. The LPTB was not interested in running goods and freight services and the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) took over all freight traffic. At the same time the LNER became responsible for hauling passenger trains with steam locomotives north of Rickmansworth. The lines north of Aylesbury to Verney Junction and Brill were closed; last train to Brill ran on 30 November 1935 and to Quainton Road and Verney Junction on 2 April 1936. Quainton Road continued to be served by the LNER. For a time, the LPTB used the "Metro-land" tag: "Cheap fares to Metro-land and the sea" were advertised in 1934 but the "Metro-land" brand was rapidly dropped. London Transport introduced new slogans such as "Away by Metropolitan" and "Good spot, the Chilterns".

Steam traction continued to be used on the outer sections of what had become the "Metropolitan line" until 1961. From that date Metropolitan trains ran only as far as Amersham, with main line services from Marylebone covering stations between Great Missenden and Aylesbury.

Defining Metro-land
The term Metro-land is applied to suburban areas around the route of the Metropolitan Railway, areas which urbanised under the influence of the railway in the 20th century. It applies to land in Middlesex, west Hertfordshire and south Buckinghamshire. The Middlesex area is now administered as the London Boroughs of Brent and Harrow, together with part of the London Borough of Hillingdon.

The architect Hugh Casson regarded Harrow as the "capital city" of Metro-land, while Arthur Mee's King's England described Wembley as its "epitome".

The Metro-land guide insisted that Metro-land was "a country with elastic borders that each visitor can draw for himself". Even so, Metro-land was quite firm that, so far as the Buckinghamshire Chilterns were concerned, its "Grand Duchy" was confined to the hundred of Burnham: "the Chilterns round Marlow and the Wycombes are not in Metro-land".

The usefulness of the term Metro-land, has occasionally led journalists to use the term for the suburban catchment of other underground lines.

Slogans and references
The Metropolitan's terminus at Baker Street was "the gateway to Metro-land" and Chiltern Court, which opened over the station in 1929 and was headquarters during the Second World War of the Special Operations Executive, was "at the gateway to Metro-land". In similar vein, Chorleywood and Chenies, later described by John Betjeman as "the essential Metro-land", were "at the gateway" of the Chiltern Hills (of which Wendover was the "pearl").

Literature and songs
Before the end of the First World War George R. Sims had incorporated the term in verse: "I know a land where the wild flowers grow/Near, near at hand if by train you go,/Metroland, Metroland".

By the 1920s, the word was so ingrained in the consciousness that, in Evelyn Waugh’s novel, Decline and Fall (1928), the Hon Margot Beste-Chetwynde took Viscount Metroland as her second husband. Lady Metroland's second appearance in Vile Bodies in 1930 and A Handful of Dust in 1934 further reinforces this.

Metro-land further entered the public psyche with the song My Little Metro-land Home (lyrics by Boyle Lawrence and music by Henry Thraile, 1920), while another ditty extolled the virtues of the Poplars estate at Ruislip with the assertion that "It's a very short distance by rail on the Met/And at the gate you'll find waiting, sweet Violet".

Queensbury and its local surroundings and characters were cited in the song "Queensbury Station" by the Berlin-based punk-jazz band The Magoo Brothers on their album "Beyond Believable", released on the Bouncing Corporation label in 1988. The song was written by Paul Bonin and Melanie Hickford, who both grew up and lived in the area.

In 1997, Metroland was the title and setting for a movie starring Christian Bale about the development of the relationship between a husband and wife living in the area. The movie was based on the novel of the same name written by Julian Barnes.

Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark recorded a song Metroland on the English Electric album. It was released as a single, with the video showing the singer dreamily gazing out from a train at an idealised suburban landscape.

"Live in Metro-land"
In 1903 the Metropolitan developed a housing estate at Cecil Park, Pinner, the first of many such enterprises over the next thirty years. Overseen by the Metropolitan's general manager from 1908 to 1930, Robert H Selbie, the railway formed its own Country Estates Company in 1919. The slogan, "Live in Metro-land", was even etched on the door handles of Metropolitan carriages.

Some stations, such as Hillingdon (1923), were built specifically to serve the company's suburban developments. A number, including Wembley Park, Croxley Green (1925) and Stanmore (1932), were designed by Charles W. Clark (who was responsible also for Chiltern Court) in an Arts and crafts "villa" style. These were intended to blend with their surroundings, though, in retrospect, they arguably lacked the panache and vision of Charles Holden's striking, modern designs for the Underground group in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Imitators
Nearly 70 years later the Chilterns Conservation Board was advertising "Chilterns Country – countryside walks from rail stations" (2004). Drawing no doubt on "Metro-land, a guide for ramblers", published by British Railways Southern Region shortly after the Second World War, it referred to the "Rambleland" stations of Surrey and Sussex.

Spirit of Metro-land
The sentimental and somewhat archaic prose of the Metro-land guide ("the Roman road aslant the eastern border ... the innumerable field-paths which mark the labourer's daily route from hamlet to farm") conjured up a rustic Eden – a Middle England, perhaps – similar to that invoked by Stanley Baldwin (Prime Minister three times between 1923 and 1937) who, though of manufacturing stock, famously donned the mantle of countryman ("the tinkle of the hammer on the anvil in the country smithy, the sound of the scythe against the whetstone"). As one historian of the London Underground put it wryly, "the world of Metroland is not cluttered with people: its suburban streets are empty ... There are, it seems, more farm animals than people."

A more cynical view, that sought to contrast illusion with changing times, was offered in 1934 by the composer and conductor Constant Lambert who "conjure[d] up the hideous faux bonhomie of the hiker, noisily wading his way through the petrol pumps of Metroland, singing obsolete sea chanties [sic] with the aid of the Week-End Book, imbibing chemically flavoured synthetic beer under the impression that he is tossing off a tankard of 'jolly good ale and old' ... and astonishing the local garage proprietor by slapping him on the back and offering him a pint of 'four 'alf'".

Town v. country
With similar ambiguity, Metro-land combined idyllic photographs of rural tranquillity with advertising spreads for new, though leafy, housing developments. Herein lay the contradictions well captured by Leslie Thomas in his novel, The Tropic of Ruislip (1974): "in the country but not of it. The fields seemed touchable and yet remote". Writer and historian A. N. Wilson reflected how suburban developments of the early 20th century that had been brought within easy reach of London by the railways, "merely ended up creating an endless ribbon ... not perhaps either town or country". In the process, despite Metro-land's promotion of rusticity, a number of outlying towns and villages were "swallowed up and lost their identity".

Influence of Country Life
Wilson noted that the magazine Country Life, which had been founded by Edward Hudson as Country Life Illustrated in 1897, had influenced this pattern with its advertisements for country houses: "If you were a stockbroker or a lawyer's wife ... you could perhaps afford a new Tudorbethan mansion, with an oak staircase and mullioned windows and half-timbered gables, in Godalming or Esher, or Amersham or Penn". Of the surrounding landscape, Country Life itself has observed that, in its early days, it offered "a rose-tinted view of the English countryside ... idyllic villages, vernacular buildings and already dying rural crafts. All were illustrated with hauntingly beautiful photographs. They portrayed a utopian never-never world of peace and plenty in a pre-industrial Britain."

Growth of Metro-land
By the 1930s the availability of mortgages with an average rate of interest of 41⁄4 per cent meant that private housing was well within the range of most middle class and many working-class pockets. This was a potent factor in the growth of Metro-land: for example, in the first three decades of the 20th century the population of Harrow Weald rose from 1,500 to 11,000 and that of Pinner from 3,000 to 23,000. In 1932 Northwick Park was said to have grown over the previous five years at the rate of 1,000 houses annually and Rayners Lane to "repay a visit at short intervals to see it grow".

Sir John Betjeman
In the mid-20th century the spirit of Metro-land was evoked in three "late chrysanthemums" by Sir John Betjeman (1906–1984), Poet Laureate from 1972 until his death: "Harrow-on-the-Hill" ("When melancholy autumn comes to Wembley / And electric trains are lighted after tea"), "Middlesex" ("Gaily into Ruislip Gardens / Runs the red electric train") and "The Metropolitan Railway" ("Early Electric! With what radiant hope / Men formed this many-branched electrolier"). In his autobiographical Summoned by Bells (1960) Betjeman recalled that "Metroland / Beckoned us out to lanes in beechy Bucks". Described much later by The Times as the "hymnologist of Metroland", Betjeman reached a wider audience with his celebrated documentary for BBC Television, Metro-land, directed by Edward Mirzoeff, which was first broadcast on 26 February 1973 and was released as a DVD 33 years later. The critic Clive James, who judged the programme "an instant classic", observed that "it saw how the district had been destroyed by its own success".

To mark the centenary of Betjeman's birth his daughter Candida Lycett Green (born 1942) spearheaded a series of celebratory railway events, including an excursion on 2 September 2006 from Marylebone to Quainton Road, now home of the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre. Lycett Green noted of the planning of this trip that among the fine details considered were which filling to have in the baguettes on the train through Metro-land and how long it would stop on the track so that the poem "Middlesex" could be read over the tannoy. The event was in the tradition of earlier commemorations of "Metro-land", such as a centenary parade of rolling stock at Neasden in 1963 and celebrations in 2004 to mark the centenary of the Uxbridge branch.

Avengerland
Metro-land (notably west Hertfordshire) formed the backdrop for the 1960s ABC TV series The Avengers, whose popular imagery was deployed with a twist of fantasy. The archetypal Metro-land subjects (such as the railway station and the quiet suburb) became the settings for fiendish plots and treachery in this series and others, such as The Saint, The Baron and Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), all of which made regular use of locations within easy reach of film studios at Borehamwood and Pinewood.

Escaping Metro-land
Some abhorred Metro-land for its predictability and sameness. A. N. Wilson observed that, although semi-detached dwellings of the kind built in the inner Metro-land suburbs in the 1930s "aped larger houses, the stockbroker Tudorbethan of Edwardian Surrey and Middlesex", they were in fact "pokey". He reflected that "as [the husband] went off to the nearest station every morning ... the wife, half liberated and half slave, stayed behind wondering how many of the newly invented domestic appliances they could afford to purchase, and how long the man would hold on to his job in the Slump. No wonder, when war came, that so many of these suburban prisoners felt a sense of release."

Post-war attitudes
By the end of the Second World War architects in general were turning their backs on suburbia; the very word tended to be used pejoratively, even contemptuously. In 1951 Michael Young, one of the architects of the Labour Party's electoral victory in 1945, observed that "one suburb is much like another in an atomised society. Rarely does community flourish", while the American Lewis Mumford, wrote in the New Yorker in 1953 that "monotony and suburbanism" were the result of the "unimaginative" design of Britain's post-war New Towns. When the editor of the Architectural Review, J. M. Richards, wrote in The Castles on the Ground (1946) that "for all the alleged deficiencies of suburban taste ... it holds for ninety out of a hundred Englishmen an appeal which cannot be explained away as some strange instance of mass aberration", he was, in his own words, "scorned by my contemporaries as either an irrelevant eccentricity or a betrayal of the forward looking views of the Modern Movement".

John Betjeman admired John Piper's illustrations for Castles on the Ground, describing the "fake half-timber, the leaded lights and bow windows of the Englishman's castle" as "the beauty of the despised, patronised suburb". However, as the historian David Kynaston observed sixty years later, "the time was far from ripe for Metroland nostalgia".

Julian Barnes: Metroland
Valerie Grove, who conceded that Metro-land was "a kinder word than 'suburbia'" and referred to the less spoilt areas beyond Rickmansworth as "Outer Metro-land", maintained that "suburbia had no visible history. Anyone with any spirit ... had to get out of Metro-land to make their mark".

Thus, the central character of Metroland (1980), a novel by Julian Barnes (born 1946) that was filmed in 1997, ended up in Paris during the disturbances of May 1968 – though, by the late 1970s, having thrown off the yearnings of his youth, he was back in Metro-land. Metroland recounted the essence of suburbia in the early 1960s and the features of daily travel by a schoolboy, Christopher Lloyd, on the Metropolitan line to and from London. During a French lesson, Christopher declared, "J’habite Metroland" ["I live in Metroland"], because it "sounds better than Eastwick [the fictional location of his home], stranger than Middlesex".

In real life, some schoolboys had made similar journeys for more hedonistic reasons. Betjeman recalled that, between the wars, boys from Harrow School had used the Metropolitan for illicit excursions to night clubs in London: "Whenever the police raided the Hypocrites' Club or the Coconut Club, the '43 or the Blue Lantern there would always be Harrovians there".

Social mobility: Tropic of Ruislip
Between Metro-land's heyday before the Second World War and the end of the 20th century, the proportion of owner-occupied dwellings in England, already rising fast from the mid-1920s, doubled from a third to two-thirds. In Tropic of Ruislip, Leslie Thomas’s humorous account of suburban sexual and social mores in the mid-1970s (adapted for television as Tropic, ATV 1979), the steady flow of families from council housing on one side of the railway to an executive estate on the other side served to illustrate what was becoming known as "upward mobility". Another sign was that, by the end of the book, "half the neighbourhood" of Plummers Park (probably based on Carpenders Park, on the outskirts of Watford) had moved south of the River Thames to Wimbledon or nearby Southfields. This was put down to the "attractions of Victoriana", which, like suburbia itself, championed at the time by Betjeman's Metro-land, was coming back into fashion; however, it appeared to have just as much to do with couples following each other round in order to maintain extramarital affairs.

Another glimpse of Metro-land in the 1970s was provided by The Good Life, the BBC TV comedy series (1975-8) about suburban self sufficiency. Though set in Surbiton, the programme's location filming was carried out in Northwood, an area reached by the Metropolitan in 1885. A less benign view of Metro-land was offered in the mid noughties by the detective series, Murder in Suburbia (ITV 2004-6), which, though set in the fictional town of Middleford, was also filmed in Northwood and other parts of North West London.

Note on spelling
The form Metroland is now in common use, but the "brand" was hyphenated as Metro-land or METRO-LAND, as that was the form always employed by the Metropolitan Railway in its brochures and on the trains themselves. Evelyn Waugh, John Betjeman (in "Summoned by Bells") and Julian Barnes all dispensed with the hyphen, though Betjeman's documentary of 1973 used "Metro-land".

title: Metro-land


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Recordit Plus

Recordit Plus
Advert, non-notable software -- Ferkelparade π 12:44, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree. Delete. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 16:28, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: An ad. Geogre 18:49, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Apply Deleteit Plus to this. --Improv 20:27, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. jni 13:16, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 08:41, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Paterson railway station, New South Wales

Paterson railway station is located on the North Coast line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Paterson. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter line services travelling between Newcastle and Dungog. The station opened on 14 August 1911, and its original wooden station building is still in place.

Platforms and services
Paterson station consists of a single platform. It is serviced by NSW TrainLink Hunter line services travelling between Newcastle and Dungog. There are five services in each direction on weekdays, with three on weekends and public holidays.

Opposite the platform is a 1,820 metre crossing loop. In the mid-1980s, the Rail Motor Society established its base on the site of the former freight yard opposite the station.

Transport links
Hunter Valley Buses operates one bus route via Paterson station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 185: Largs to Maitland via Bolwarra & Lorn


text:
Inmos

Inmos International plc (trademark INMOS) and two operating subsidiaries, Inmos Limited (UK) and Inmos Corporation (US), was a British semiconductor company founded by Iann Barron, Richard Petritz, and Paul Schroeder in July 1978. Inmos Limited’s head office and design office were at Aztec West business park in Bristol, England.

Products
Inmos' first products were static RAM devices, followed by dynamic RAMs and EEPROMs. Despite early production difficulties, Inmos eventually captured around 60% of the world SRAM market. However, Barron's long-term aim was to produce an innovative microprocessor architecture intended for parallel processing, the transputer. David May and Robert Milne were recruited to design this processor, which went into production in 1985 in the form of the T212 and T414 chips.

The transputer achieved some success as the basis for several parallel supercomputers from companies such as Meiko (formed by ex-Inmos employees in 1985), Floating Point Systems, Parsytec and Parsys. It was used in a few workstations, the most notable probably being the Atari Transputer Workstation. Being a relatively self-contained design, it was also used in some embedded systems. However, the unconventional nature of the transputer and its native occam programming language limited its appeal. During the late 1980s, the transputer (even in its later T800 form) also struggled to keep up with the ever-increasing performance of its competitors.

Other devices produced by Inmos included the A100, A110 and A121 digital signal processors, G364 framebuffer, and a line of video RAMDACs, including the G170 and G171, which was adopted by IBM for the original VGA graphics adapter used in the IBM PS/2.

Business history
The company was founded by Iann Barron, a British computer consultant, Richard Petritz and Paul Schroeder, both American semiconductor industry veterans. Initial funding of £50 million was provided by the UK government via the National Enterprise Board. A US subsidiary, Inmos Corporation, was also established in Colorado. Semiconductor fabrication facilities were built in the US at Colorado Springs, Colorado and in the UK at Newport, South Wales.

Under the privatization policy of Margaret Thatcher the National Enterprise Board was merged into the British Technology Group and had to sell its shares in Inmos. Offers for Inmos from AT&T and a Dutch consortium had been turned down. In 1982, construction of the microprocessor factory in Newport, South Wales was completed. By July 1984 Thorn EMI had made a £124.1m bid for the state's 76% interest in the company (the remaining 24% had been held by Inmos founders and employees). Later it was raised to £192 million, approved August 1984 and finalized in September.

In total, Inmos had received £211 million from the government, but did not become profitable. According to Iann Barron Inmos was profitable in 1984 "we were really profitable in 1984 ... we made revenues of £150 million, and we made a profit which was slightly less than £10 million".

In April 1989, Inmos was sold to SGS-Thomson (now STMicroelectronics). Around the same time, work was started on an enhanced transputer, the T9000. This encountered various technical problems and delays, and was eventually abandoned, signalling the end of the development of the transputer as a parallel processing platform. However, transputer derivatives such as the ST20 were later incorporated into chipsets for embedded applications such as set-top boxes.

In December 1994, Inmos was fully assimilated into STMicroelectronics, and the usage of the Inmos brand name was discontinued.

title: Inmos


text:
Violin Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

The Violin Sonata No. 8 in G major, Op. 30, No. 3, by Ludwig van Beethoven, the third of his Opus 30 set, was written between 1801 and 1802, published in May 1803, and dedicated to Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

Structure
The sonata has three movements:

 * 1) Allegro assai
 * 2) Tempo di minuetto, ma molto moderato e grazioso – in E-flat major
 * 3) Allegro vivace

This sonata is characteristic of early/middle Beethoven in its solid sonata structure, just beginning to get adventurous in syncopation, with some extraordinary off beat sforzandi.

The work takes approximately 18 minutes to perform.

Notable recordings
Famous recordings of the sonata include one by Fritz Kreisler with Sergei Rachmaninoff at the piano.

title: Violin Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)


text:
National Council of Negro Women

The National Council of Negro Women, Inc. (NCNW) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1935 with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African-American women, their families, and communities. Mary McLeod Bethune, the founder of NCNW, wanted to encourage the participation of Negro women in civic, political, economic and educational activities and institutions. The organization was considered as a clearing house for the dissemination of activities concerning women but wanted to work alongside a group that supported civil rights rather than go to actual protests. Women on the council fought more towards political and economic successes of black women to uplift them in society. NCNW fulfills this mission through research, advocacy, national and community-based services, and programs in the United States and Africa.

NCNW serves as a super organization that acts as a cohesive umbrella for the other African-American groups that already existed. With its 37 national affiliate organizations and its more than 200 community-based sections, NCNW has an outreach to nearly four million women, all contributing to the peaceful solutions of the problems of human welfare and rights. The national headquarters, which acts as a central source for program planning, is based in Washington, D.C., on Pennsylvania Avenue, located between the White House and the U.S. Capitol. NCNW also has two field offices.

History
The National Council of Negro Women, Inc. (NCNW) The council is indeed a charitable agency that was created in 1935 with the goal of improving the possibilities and standard of living for African-American women, their families, including their community. NCNW was founded by Mary McLeod Bethune, who aimed to empower black women to participate in civil, governmental, economic, as well as academic programs and institutions. The group was viewed as a clearinghouse for the transmission of women's activities, although it preferred to collaborate with a civil rights group instead of participating in real protests. Women on the committee pushed harder for black women's economic and political success in order to elevate them in society. Within the United States and Africa, NCNW carries out its purpose via study, lobbying, and regional and community-based programs and initiatives.

The NCNW is a super-organization that functions as a unified framework for the various African-American organizations which currently operate. NCNW has a reach of approximately four million women, thanks to its 28 nationwide affiliation groups and far greater than 200 society divisions, all of which contribute to diplomatic solutions to humanitarian security and liberties issues. The national office is situated on Pennsylvania Avenue, between both the White House and the United States Capitol, in Washington, D.C., and serves as a primary source for the planning process. Two field offices are also part of the NCNW.

Mary McLeod Bethune, a prominent teacher and governmental analyst for whom the forebears had been born into slavery, created the NCNW on December 5, 1935. Bethune recognized a need for a national organization to capture the strength of African-American women and expand their leadership. The group was founded a few years after World War I by the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), which recognized a need to defend black females' democratic and financial rights. Many groups supporting the basic liberties of African Americans were created in the 1930s, but few explicitly for African-American women. Mary used the NACW's ideals and founded the NCNW to assist African-American women plus their families. She believed that perhaps the initiatives were unsuccessful in addressing the primary issues which women encountered on a daily basis, and she intended NCNW to have a strong foundation. The tiny volunteer staff of NCNW functioned outside of Bethune's loungeroom in Washington, D.C. in the early years. Despite its modest origins, the federal government granted the NCNW, together else the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), observers accreditation to the United Nations when it was established in 1945.(Tuuri, 2018)

The group's initial four decades were devoted to realizing Bethune's vision for a consolidated women's liberation movement competent of solving financial, governmental, and social concerns that impact women and their households. In comparison to an amendment, the NCNW's endorsement was seen as extremely crucial by women's groups. From the mid-1920s until the mid-1960s, black female leaders remained noticeably missing from groups working for female equality, therefore Bethune's and the NCNW's involvement in the field of women's issues was exceptional for the period. The bigotry of white suffragists, whom black women had faced throughout the campaign for the 19th Amendment, was one of the reasons for their inaction in this area. (Higgins 2019 ) Despite the fact that Bethune as well as the NCNW remained heavily engaged in the fight for the Civil Rights Legislation, particularly in the late 1940s, she was cautious to maintain her institution upon that conservative aspect of the debate and declined to endorse it. In 1965, the NCNW enlisted the help of several northern women with backgrounds in cognitive science, community services, and professional training, and also poorly skilled volunteers, to assist its Freedom Schools and also other emerging initiatives then under the Office of Economic Opportunity, which the NCNW had fought to establish in Mississippi.

The following are among NCNW's recent overseas activities: Keeping observer membership first at United Nations in order to reflect African-American women's voices, Providing technological, training, microcredit, and economic empowerment projects in Benin in collaboration with national women's groups. Youth from Uganda, North Africa, and the United States are participating in a three-nation educational exchange. Senegal is developing a small company incubator. In Eritrea, we are collaborating on the establishment of a big microcredit initiative that will provide business loans and coaching to over 500 women. The National Council of Negro Women organizes its work with partners in 34 states as an overarching framework for 39 national and regional advocacy organizations for women of African origin in the United States and overseas.

Social contributions
The NCNW also produced several cookbooks. Their first one, The Historical Cookbook of the American Negro, was published in 1958 and was edited by Sue Bailey Thurman. It took over a decade to produce and fundraise for and includes research and contributions from African American women across the country. The goal of the cookbook was in line with the goals of the NCNW, which include furthering world peace, further integration, and also hold on to and value African American heritage as a unique cultural form. This cookbook is not organized by the genre of the food, but by the calendar year, starting with “Hopping John” for Emancipation Proclamation Day and ending with “Hot Apple Punch” for Christmas.

One of its goals was also to include recognition and appreciation for African American heroes and heroines throughout history, such as George Washington Carver, for example, who gets one of his own recipes in the cookbook for "Carver Commemoration Day." Moreover, the cookbook aimed to insert African American accomplishments into the mainstream idea of history in the U.S. that consists largely of the recorded the accomplishments of white men. In The Historical Cookbook of the American Negro, Sue Bailey Thurman set out to show how history resides in the social and cultural products of heritage recipes.

The NCNW did not produce another cookbook for over thirty years until the 1990s, when it came out with The Black Family Reunion Cookbook: Recipes and Food Memories (1991), The Black Family Dinner Quilt Cookbook: Health Conscious Recipes and Food Memories (1993), and Celebrating Our Mothers' Kitchens: Treasured Memories and Tested Recipes (1994). These three cookbooks were much more dedicated to food itself than The Historical Cookbook of the American Negro, but still included oral histories, personal narratives, political commentary, popular culture, and food and food customs, all intertwined with culinary instruction. The recipes are from both old family recipes from African American women around the country, as well as documented historical recipes. Many recipes in these newer cookbooks start with an opening vignette about a loved family member or a story that ties the food to a special event or place.

These cookbooks also intended to emphasize the potency of food, happy memories with family, and the image of well-fed children in order to contribute to a positive African American collective memory and to resist negative stereotypes about African American women that have circulated in the U.S. since the times of slavery. The NCNW cookbooks work to form a cohesive African American identity surrounding food.

Political standpoint
Although Bethune and the NCNW were very much involved in the struggle over the Equal Rights Amendment, especially in the late 1940s, even she was careful to keep her organization on the conservative side of the issue and refused to support the amendment. In 1965 the NCNW recruited many northern women with professional backgrounds in such fields as psychology, social work, and education as well as unskilled volunteers to aid the Freedom Schools and other developing programs under the Office of Economic Opportunity which the NCNW had held to establish in Mississippi.

Mary McLeod Bethune
From 1936 to 1942, Bethune was simultaneously the president of Bethune-Cookman College (founded by her in 1904, for black students in Daytona, Florida), the first president and founder of the NCNW and the special Roosevelt as Director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration. Her plans were to plan, initiate, and carry out the dreams of African-American women who felt unheard and mistreated.

Other founders
When Bethune stepped down from the presidency of the NCNW, in November 1949 at the age of 74, her two successors, Dorothy B. Ferebee, who presided from 1949 to 1953, and Vivian C. Mason, who presided from 1953 to 1957, carried on the tradition of "black first". After 1958, under Dorothy Height's leadership, the NCNW began to move in new directions to come to terms with a number of old problems, and she works to bring the organization up to date with the times. In her first years as president, Height concentrated on achieving concrete goals: the acquisition of tax-exempt status; the erection of the Bethune Memorial Statue; the professionalization of the NCNW; and the establishment of Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Museum and National Archives for Black Women's History.

Dorothy Height
Dorothy Height served as the NCNW's fourth president from 1957 to 1997, helping women feel empowered until the day she died. She marched with Martin Luther King at the civil rights marches and was invited to President Obama's inauguration. President Obama also spoke at her funeral along with many other women and men who cared deeply for her. One of Height's main concerns was with the problems many blacks faced as a result of their poverty. So, she began a campaign in Mississippi that would make better food and shelter available for those at a disadvantage by partnering with the federal government to support Black women with getting houses built for their families. The main project of this campaign was to establish a "pig bank" which would lend pigs to black families and charge interest equal to one pig per family. By 1957 the original "pig banks," of what was 55 had grown to more than 2,000 pigs. Thus, the NCNW aided many poor families in the rural South by helping them to make many practical improvements in their daily lives. This program helped many families out of poverty giving them free meals to live off of.

Archives project
Mary McLeod Bethune, the founder, worked to get African-American women their own institution that contained records and history of other black women to support the uplift of women's empowerment. She used the NCNW to help create the National Archives of Negro Women's History by establishing a committee specifically to find information about different African-American women so they could feel just as educated.

National and international programs
Some of NCNW's recent programs include:
 * The annual Black Family Reunion Program Celebration
 * Public education and advocacy for African Americans on Supreme Court and lower court nominees
 * Early childhood literacy programs to close the achievement gap
 * A new initiative and publication entitled African American Women As We Age, which is intended to educate women on health and finances
 * A national obesity abatement initiative
 * A partnership with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to develop Community Learning Centers targeting traditionally underserved students
 * Technical assistance to eight Youth Opportunity Centers in Washington, DC

Some of NCNW's recent international activities include: Developing a small business incubator in Senegal
 * Maintaining consultative status at the United Nations to represent the voice of African-American women
 * Partnering with national women's organizations in Benin to deliver technology, literacy, microcredit and economic empowerment programs
 * Linking youth in Uganda, north Africa and the U.S. in a three-nation educational exchange.
 * Partnering in the implementation of a large microcredit program in Eritrea extending small business loans and training to more than 500 women.

Serving as an umbrella organization for 39 national and local advocacy groups for women of African descent both in the U.S. and abroad, the National Council of Negro Women coordinates its activities with partners in 34 states. The council also runs four research and policy centers in its efforts to develop best practices in addressing the health, educational, and economic needs of African-American women. In 2007, NCNW's administrative costs were an estimated $4 million of the organization's group's $6 million budget for programs.

National Black Family Reunion
NCNW organizes the National Black Family Reunion, a two-day cultural event celebrating the enduring strengths and traditional values of the African-American fathers.

National chairs of NCNW

 * Mary McLeod Bethune (1935–1949)
 * Dorothy Boulding Ferebee (1949–1953)
 * Vivian Carter Mason (1953–1957)
 * Dorothy Height (1957–1997)
 * Barbara L. Shaw (2010–2012)
 * Ingrid Saunders Jones (2012–2018)
 * Johnnetta B. Cole (2018–2022)
 * Dr. Thelma T. Daley (2022–2023)

National President & CEO

 * Rev. Shavon L. Arline-Bradley (2023–present)

Executive Directors of NCNW

 * Alfreda Davis
 * Avis Jones-DeWeever (2010–2012)
 * Janice L. Mathis (2016–2023)

Uncommon Height Awards
As of 2016:

 * 2020: Susan Taylor
 * 2016: Tom Joyner
 * 2016: Cicely Tyson
 * 2014: John Lewis
 * 2014: Valerie Montgomery Rice
 * 2011: Ingrid Saunders Jones
 * 2011: Steve Perry
 * 2011: Earl W. Stafford
 * 2011: Vanessa Williams
 * 2009: Oprah Winfrey
 * 2008: Sidney Poitier
 * 2007: Dorothy I. Height
 * 2006: Johnnetta B. Cole
 * 2006: Ann M. Fudge
 * 2006: Cathy Hughes
 * 2005: Nancy Wilson
 * 2004: Quincy Jones
 * 2003: Bill and Camille Cosby
 * 2002: Maya Angelou
 * 2000: Vernon Jordan
 * 1999: Marian Wright Edelman
 * 1998: Dorothy I. Height

title: National Council of Negro Women


text:
Metroland (newspaper)

Metroland was an alternative newspaper that was published weekly in Albany, New York and mainly served the Capital District area. Distributed free of charge, the paper offered local arts and music scene coverage, news and feature articles, and political columns with a mostly liberal bent. It billed itself as "The Capital Region's Alternative Newsweekly".

Every week, Metroland included an opinion column, several local news stories, a cover story, and a comprehensive calendar of events (with a movie clock). In addition, it had published reviews of movies, restaurants, concerts, recordings, art exhibitions, dance performances, and plays. Metroland columnists include Paul Rapp, Miriam Axel-Lute, and Jo Page. Regular syndicated features include This Modern World, Savage Love, Partially Clips, Slowpoke, and Free Will Astrology. The paper also published special features such as "Best of the Capital Region", Readers Poll, fashion issues, dining guides, and "Inside Saratoga".

Metroland was edited and published by Stephen Leon and was founded in 1978 by Peter Iselin. The newspaper was published by Lou Communications, Inc. and is a member of the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies.

On November 3, 2015, the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance seized its 279 Washington Avenue offices for unpaid back taxes of over $20,000. Since then, Metroland has ceased publication.

Editorial staff

 * Stephen Leon, managing editor and publisher
 * Shawn Stone, arts editor
 * Kathryn Geurin, associate editor
 * Josh Potter, assistant editor

Contributing Photographers

 * Martin Benjamin
 * Joe Putrock
 * Julia Zave
 * Leif Zurmuhlen

Relaunch as The Alt
On November 22, 2016, a new alternative weekly launched from Schenectady with a partnership and $500,000 in funding from that city's principal daily, The Daily Gazette. Its name is The Alt.

title: Metroland (newspaper)


text:
1905 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in the year 1905.

Class A of local association leagues
The predecessor of a national league competition.

The champions qualified for the 1905 Norwegian Cup.

title: 1905 in Norwegian football