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Talk:Lists of Liberty ships

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At this time I have only listed the 'launch' names. Any suggestions regarding breaking into multiple shorter lists ? Oldfarm 13:35, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What's the problem you're trying to solve? The list doesn't seem unduly long. If you want to expand each entry into a line of info (I expect most don't have enough data to support a whole article), then one strategy is to make several "list of Liberty ships A-K" etc. I don't recommend it unless you're desperate, because multiple lists need xrefs back and forth and such, a bunch of dinking around you don't want to do unless the list is close to its expected final form. Stan 15:41, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ok. It is just that it takes quite a few minutes to load on broadband. It must take forever on a modem. Oldfarm 17:49, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * It's 90K, broadband load speed from idle server would be 1-2 seconds. The usual cause of long load times is WP server overload - they're having trouble buying machines fast enough to keep up with traffic. Stan 19:38, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Links from this page
I've just wiki-linked one entry, but shouldn't all the entries be linked to their respective wikipedia pages? cardozo 15 Apr 2005
 * My intention was that links from here would be to an article on the history of the ship. Maybe we need another link to the namesake. See the example for SS John W. Brown and John W. Brown . I took the liberty to do the same for Benjamin N. Cardozo. Oldfarm 00:09, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What's in a namesake
Maybe I'm dumb, but what's the point of including namesakes? The ships are named for somebody pretty clearly... Why double up? How 'bout a launch date & yard, instead (which are more traditional ship data anyhow, & more interesting), or build time? What about fates? Sunk, scrapped, blown up in the Galveston Explosion, turned into Corollas? Trekphiler 23:37, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Regarding seperate links to namesake: Almost all the Liberty Ships were named after famous people (who were deceased it the time), and a lot of people are interested in the namesake. In many cases, the ship also had a story/history to tell. (eg: SS Henry Bacon / Henry Bacon). I agree with launch date suggestion, it is just taking a lot of time. Oldfarm 14:59, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

In regards to the namesakes, I've changed a few that I've found to more clearly link to the namesakes...and I hope to an article on one of the namesakes soon. Orville Eastland 23:01, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Interesting project. Thanks and good work. Drutt (talk) 12:35, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of Liberty ships


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Lanchkhuti

Lanchkhuti (ლანჩხუთი) is a city in western Georgian region of Guria. It has a population of about 6,395.

Lanchkhuti received city status in 1961. Under the USSR, it was the centre of the Georgian SSR Lanchkhuti area and today continues to serve as the capital of the eponymous district within the Guria region.

Lanchkhuti is an industrial town with a tea processing factory, cannery, meat and dairy factory and a brick and tile factory. The town is served by a railway station on the Samtredia-Batumi line.

Twin towns — Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Cody, Wyoming, United States
 * 🇱🇹 Kupiškis District Municipality, Lithuania

Sports
The local football club is FC Guria Lanchkhuti, who play their home games at the Evgrapi Shevardnadze Stadium. They played one season in the Soviet Top League and won the 1990 Georgian Cup.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lanchkhuti


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Talk:Portland, Michigan

Untitled
I can't believe this doesn't say anything about government

But how about those bridges, eh? *smile* I'll see what I can add. I live there. wiegee 23:22, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't have time right now but here's some starting points:

history - http://www.portlandmichigan.us/Portland/port-hist/port_history.htm government - http://www.portland-michigan.org/citycouncil/

If you dig around there's much more on the two sites that are linked. Cmgross 16:39, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Portland Hotels
Should this heading read "Hotel Divine" instead since there is little to no information on other hotels in Portland? Also the last setence of the first paragraph mentions a picture but none are shown. 65.42.26.190 (talk) 16:36, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Information
Most if not all of this article seems to have been pasted directly from http://www.portlandmichigan.us/Portland/port-hist/port_history.htm 65.42.26.190 (talk) 16:40, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portland, Michigan


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User talk:Panoramastitcher

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 13:37, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Sam, thanks for your welcome message! I'll try to do my best here on Wikipedia:en ... --Panoramastitcher 21:40, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Bundesland-level categories
Hello! I see you are listed in Category:Wikipedians in Germany. I have made subcategories for each Bundesland in case you would like to add yourself to the appropriate one. See Category:Wikipedians in Germany for a list of the subcategories (they use the English names, the same as their Wikipedia articles). --Angr ( tɔk ) 16:13, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Panoramastitcher


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List of closed railway stations in Sydney

Stations
Over 70 railway stations in Sydney have been closed, since the first railway line was built in 1855.

'Suburb' refers to the location of the station itself and may not correlate with the suburb served, such as Kirkham which was located in Elderslie but served the suburb of Kirkham. Stations that were closed and later rebuilt or reopened have been noted through multiple dates. 'Replacement' refers to stations that were opened either directly after the former station's closure, or built later at the same location. For ease of access, linkage to railway lines and suburbs are repeated throughout the table.

in after a station name means "industrial station": stations built especially for workers. Many of these lines and stations also served non-worker passengers, such as the Sandown line. * after a station name means "renamed before closure", with some renamed several times. Stations are referred to by their final name before closure. ► after a replacement station means "later renamed as". after a replacement name indicates a Sydney Trains station. after a replacement name indicates a Sydney Metro station. after a replacement name indicates a Sydney Light Rail stop. +/- after a replacement station's name indicates that it lies close to the disused station but is slightly displaced (and may not run along the same line).

The following railway stations in Sydney have been closed:


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Prince Far I

Prince Far I (23 March 1945 – 15 September 1983) was a Jamaican reggae deejay and producer, and a Rastafarian. He was known for his gruff voice and critical assessment of the Jamaican government. His track "Heavy Manners" used lyrics about government measures initiated at the time against violent crime.

Biography
He was born Michael James Williams in Spanish Town, Jamaica. Williams' first job in the music industry was as a deejay on the Sir Mike the Musical Dragon sound system, also working as a security guard at Joe Gibbs' studio, and later as a bouncer at Studio One, but after recording "The Great Booga Wooga" for Bunny Lee in 1969 (under the name King Cry Cry, a reference to his habit of breaking into tears when angered), he got the chance in 1970 to record for Coxsone Dodd when King Stitt failed to turn up for a session. Dodd was sufficiently impressed to release the resulting recordings, Williams now using the name Prince Far I at the suggestion of another producer he had worked with, Enos McLeod. With a unique deep bass voice and talking over style, preferring to describe himself as a "chanter" rather than a "toaster", he became a popular reggae musician, styling himself "The Voice of Thunder".

His first album, Psalms For I, featuring the Lord's Prayer and various psalms, was dedicated to the illiterate who could not read the Bible for themselves. He then worked with Joe Gibbs on the second album, Under Heavy Manners, before being signed by Virgin Records for their Frontline label. Twelve albums followed between 1978 and 1981, including the highly regarded Cry Tuff Dub Encounter series of dub albums, produced by Williams and released on his Cry Tuff label, and featuring the Roots Radics under the pseudonym The Arabs. Spending an increasing amount of time in England, he also collaborated with UK On-U Sound Records including providing vocals in the reggae collective Singers & Players and may be considered a mentor figure to Adrian Sherwood. His final live performance took place on 7 December 1982 at Band on the Wall, Manchester, where he performed with Suns of Arqa This performance is captured on his album Musical Revue. In 1983, he provided vocals on Suns of Arqa's second LP Wadada Magic, and many of these vocals have been reused by the band repeatedly on a variety of tracks and remixes, ranging from their first album in 1980 to (so far) 2006. He is credited for vocals on the sleeve of each of the releases in question.

Later that year he recorded the album Umkhonto We Sizwe with producer Roy Cousins in Kingston. Before the album was finished he was shot at his home in Kingston, Jamaica, during a robbery, allegedly relating to a dispute over money, and died later in hospital.

Adrian Sherwood, deeply upset by the murder of his friend, took a production hiatus from his beloved reggae genre and in 1983 recorded with his group Circut and Neneh Cherry, "Dead Come Alive". Prince Far I is also referred to by The Clash in their single "Clash City Rockers" and also by The Mountain Goats in the song "Sept. 15th 1983", a reference to the date of his death.

Albums

 * Psalms for I (Carib Gems, 1975)
 * Under Heavy Manners (Joe Gibbs, 1976)
 * Message from the King (Virgin Front Line 1978)
 * Long Life (Virgin Front Line, 1978)
 * Cry Tuff Dub Encounter Chapter 1 (Cry Tuff/Hit Run, 1978)
 * Cry Tuff Dub Encounter Part 2 (Cry Tuff/Virgin Front Line, 1979)
 * Free from Sin (Trojan, 1979)
 * Dub to Africa (Price Far I, 1979)
 * Jamaican Heroes (Trojan 1980)
 * Cry Tuff Dub Encounter Chapter 3 (Cry Tuff/Daddy Kool, 1980)
 * Showcase in a Suitcase (Pre, 1980)
 * Livity (Pre, 1981)
 * Voice of Thunder (Trojan 1981)
 * Cry Tuff Dub Encounter Chapter 4 (Cry Tuff/Trojan 1981)
 * Musical History (Trojan 1983)
 * Umkhonto We Sizwe (Kingdom/Tamoki Wambesi 1984)
 * Musical Revue / Suns of Arqa Live with Prince Far I (ROIR, 1988)
 * Health and Strength (Pressure Sounds, 1998)

Compilation albums

 * Black Man Land (1990)
 * Dubwise (1991)
 * Cry Freedom Dub (1994)
 * In the House of Vocal & Dub with King Tubby (1995)
 * DJ Originators Head To Head Volume Two Prince Far I & Trinity (1996)
 * Megabit 25, 1922-Dub (1998)
 * Ten Commandments (1999)
 * The Golden Years 1977–1983 (1999)
 * Heavy Manners: Anthology 1977–83 (Trojan 2003)
 * Silver & Gold 1973-1975 (Blood and Fire, 2005)
 * Cry Tuff Chants On U (On-U Sound Records, 2024)

title: Prince Far I


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List of WonderSwan games

This is a list of games for the Bandai WonderSwan handheld video game system, organized alphabetically by name, with the catalog number where known. The system and its games were not released outside Japan. There are  games released on the original Wonderswan and they are compatible on every version of Wonderswan.

title: List of WonderSwan games


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Mahdia

Mahdia (المهدية ) is a Tunisian coastal city with 62,189 inhabitants, south of Monastir and southeast of Sousse.

Mahdia is a provincial centre north of Sfax. It is important for the associated fish-processing industry, as well as weaving. It is the capital of Mahdia Governorate.

Antiquity
The old part of Mahdia corresponds to the Roman city called Aphrodisium and, later, called Africa (a name perhaps derived from the older name), or Cape Africa. The Catholic Church's list of titular sees includes a no longer residential bishopric called Africa and, since there is no record of an episcopal see in Roman times called by either of these names (nor by that of Alipota, another Roman town that Charles Tissot suggested tentatively might be represented by present-day Mehdia), it is supposed that the episcopal see of Africa was established when the city was held by the Kingdom of Sicily, as a part of the Kingdom of Africa (1147–1160) and when Pope Eugene III consecrated a bishop for it in 1148. An inventory of movable property of the church of Africa (inventarium thesauri Africani) exists in an archive of the Cappella Palatina of Palermo in Sicily. Robert Favreau identified Mahdia instead with ancient Ruspae or Ruspe, which is more commonly taken to have been at Henchir Sbia (or just Sbia), north of Mahdia, or at the ruins known as Ksour Siad. The most illustrious bishop of this see was Fulgentius of Ruspe. The Catholic Church's list of titular sees, which identifies the see of Africa as Mahdia, identifies Ruspe/Ruspae as Henchir Sbia.

The Mahdia shipwreck – a sunken ship found off Mahdia's shore, containing Greek art treasures – is dated to about 80 BC, the early part of Roman rule in this region.

Islamic era
Muslim Mahdia was founded by the Fatimids under the Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi and made the capital of Ifriqiya. As the then-newly-created Fatimid Caliphate was a Shi'a regime supported by a Berber Kutama military, the caliph may have been motivated to move his capital here so as to put some distance between his power base and the predominantly Sunni city of Kairouan (the traditional capital of Ifriqiya up to that point). Construction began in 916 and the new city was officially inaugurated on 20 February 921, although some construction continued afterward. In addition to its heavy fortified walls, the city included the Fatimid palaces, an artificial harbor, and a congregational mosque (the Great Mosque of Mahdia). Most of the Fatimid city has not survived to the present day. The mosque, however, is one of the most well-preserved Fatimid monuments in the Maghreb, although it has been extensively damaged over time and was in large part reconstructed by archeologists in the 1960s. Fragments of mosaic pavements from the palaces have also been discovered from modern excavations.

In 1087, the town was attacked by raiding ships from Genoa and Pisa who burned the Muslim fleet in the harbor. The attack played a critical role in Christians' seizure of control of the Western Mediterranean, which allowed the First Crusade to be supplied by sea. The Zirid dynasty, which succeeded the Fatimids in the Maghreb, moved their capital here in 1057. Their rule was brought to an end by the Norman conquest of the city in 1148. In 1160 the city came under Almohad rule.

The role of the capital was taken over by Tunis in the 12th century during the Almohad era, which it remained during the Hafsid Dynasty. Later the city was subject to many raids. In 1390 it was the target of the Barbary Crusade, when a French army laid siege to the city but failed to take it.

The city was captured by the Spaniards in 1550. A Spanish garrison remained there until 1553. Charles V then offered the charge of the town to the Order of Saint John who ruled Malta but they refused it deeming it too expensive. The emperor ordered the Viceroy of Sicily, Juan de Vega, to dismantle Mahdia despite it being a strategically important stronghold. The demolition tasks were carried out by Hernando de Acuña. Shortly after Mahdia was reoccupied by the Ottomans, but only to live by fishing and oil-works, and the town lost its logistic and commercial importance. It remained under Turkish rule until the 19th century.

During the Nazi Occupation of Tunisia in World War II, Mahdia was the site where Khaled Abdelwahhab hid approximately two dozen persecuted Jews.

Transport
Gare Mahdia forms the southern terminus of the metre-gauge Sahel Metro railway line, which runs from Sousse and Monastir.

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Jim Adkins

James Christopher Adkins (born November 10, 1975) is an American musician who is best known as the lead guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter of the rock band Jimmy Eat World.

Jimmy Eat World (1993–present)
Adkins grew up in Mesa, Arizona, and had been playing guitar since the age of two. He has cited Def Leppard's song "Photograph" as an early influence that sparked his desire to become a guitarist, and had also learned songs by hair metal bands such as Mötley Crüe. Although he had an early preference for virtuosic guitar players, he broadened his horizons after being introduced to Fugazi by a cousin in Nebraska, where his family comes from. Adkins has also stated that Drive Like Jehu is his favorite guitar-based band, and his love of the band inspired him to seek out drummer Mark Trombino to produce 1996's Static Prevails. To date, Trombino has produced four of Jimmy Eat World's records.

While attending Mountain View High School, Adkins formed a band named Sonic Pudding which later changed its name, first to I Ate The Sandbox and then to Schon Theory. This band's style leaned towards West Coast alternative rock bands such as Drive Like Jehu and Rocket from the Crypt. Adkins co-formed Jimmy Eat World in 1993 after being invited by drummer Zach Lind, who Adkins had known since preschool, to form a band with him. Around this time, Adkins teamed up with Joel Leibow to help promote Mesa as a touring spot for musicians in order to build up a local scene. The band released their self-titled debut in 1994, with Adkins primarily on guitar and contributing lead vocals on only a single track, with his other vocal work being backing vocals. Adkins later attended Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff for a time until he was pursued by an agent from Capitol Records. Their second album Static Prevails saw guitarist Tom Linton and Adkins trading spots as the lead vocalist from track to track, and their album Clarity saw Adkins taking over lead vocals for all but one of the tracks.

As a result of the runaway critical success of Clarity and the things that surrounded it, Adkins was quoted a few months after its release as saying he had "grown up a little bit," and also said of himself that "I didn't know quite as much as I thought I did when I was 18." Reflecting on the critical and commercial success of Jimmy Eat World's 2001 album Bleed American almost two decades after its release, Adkins claimed that his songwriting in the early days of Jimmy Eat World was "100 percent" unconscious (that is, spontaneous), but that over time he developed a conscious need to make sure each of Jimmy Eat World's records stand up on their own by having a reason for their creation.

Around 2013, Adkins had become sober and has credited his sobriety with enhancing his enjoyment of songwriting.

Solo work (2015–present)
In 2015, Adkins announced he would be doing his first solo tour following the release of his debut solo EP I Will Go that same year. In 2020, Adkins started a podcast named Pass-Through Frequencies wherein he interviews other musicians.

Personal life
Adkins has three children with his wife Amy. The family resides in Phoenix, Arizona.

title: Jim Adkins


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First Dynasty

First Dynasty may refer to:
 * The First Dynasty of Egypt (c. 3500–2900 BC)
 * The First Dynasty of Kish (c. 3000–2600 BC)
 * The First Dynasty of Uruk (c. 2700–2500 BC)
 * The First Dynasty of Ur (c. 2600–2500 BC)
 * The First Dynasty of Lagash (c. 2500–2300 BC)
 * The First Babylonian dynasty (c. 1830 BC–c. 1531 BC)

title: First Dynasty


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Human Rights Day

Human Rights Day (HRD) is celebrated annually around the world on 10 December every year.

The date was chosen to honor the United Nations General Assembly's adoption and proclamation, on 10 December 1948, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the first global enunciation of human rights and one of the first major achievements of the new United Nations. The formal establishment of Human Rights Day occurred at the 317th Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on 4 December 1950, when the General Assembly declared resolution 423(V), inviting all member states and any other interested organizations to celebrate the day as they saw fit.

The day is normally marked both by high-level political conferences and meetings and by cultural events and exhibitions dealing with human rights issues. Besides, it is traditionally on 10 December that the five-yearly United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights and Nobel Peace Prize are awarded. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations active in the human rights field also schedule special events to commemorate the day, as do many civil and social-cause organisations.

History
Human Rights Day is the day in 1948 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The formal inception of Human Rights Day dates from 1950, after the Assembly passed resolution 423(V) inviting all States and interested organisations to adopt 10 December of each year as Human Rights Day. The popularity of the day can be shown by the fact that the commemorative Human Rights Day stamp issued by the United Nations Postal Administration in 1952, received approximately 200,000 advance orders.

When the General Assembly adopted the Declaration, with 48 states in favor and eight abstentions, it was proclaimed as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations", towards which individuals and societies should "strive by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance". The measure was received by both advocates and critics alike as "being more declarative than legislative, more suggestive than binding."

Although the Declaration with its broad range of political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights is not a binding document, it inspired more than 60 human rights instruments which together constitute an international standard of human rights. Today the general consent of all United Nations Member States on the basic Human Rights laid down in the Declaration makes it even stronger and emphasizes the relevance of Human Rights in our daily lives.

The High Commissioner for Human Rights, as the main United Nations rights official and his Office plays a major role in coordinating efforts for the yearly observation of Human Rights Day:

"Today, poverty prevails as the gravest human rights challenge in the world. Combating poverty, deprivation and exclusion is not a matter of charity, and it does not depend on how rich a country is. By tackling poverty as a matter of human rights obligation, the world will have a better chance of abolishing this scourge in our lifetime... Poverty eradication is an achievable goal."

The 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights occurred on 10 December 2008, and the UN Secretary-General launched a year-long campaign leading up to this anniversary. Because the UDHR holds the world record as the most translated document (except for the Bible), organizations around the globe used the year to focus on helping people everywhere learn about their rights.

On 9 December 2001, President George W. Bush made a Presidential proclamation that Human Rights Week began on 9 December. He also made the same proclamation on 10 December 2008.

Date variance
In South Africa, Human Rights Day is celebrated on 21 March, in remembrance of the Sharpeville massacre which took place on 21 March 1960. This massacre occurred as a result of protests against the Apartheid regime in South Africa. South African Human Rights Day was declared a national holiday when the ANC was elected as the government with Nelson Mandela as the first democratically elected leader. Parliament's role on this day is to empower the people so that the democratic processes becomes known to all South Africans.

It is celebrated on 11 December in Kiribati.

title: Human Rights Day


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Keymaker

The Keymaker is a fictional character, portrayed by Korean-American actor Randall Duk Kim, in the 2003 film The Matrix Reloaded. He is a computer program that can create shortcut commands, physically represented as keys, which can be used by other programs to gain quick access to various areas within the simulated reality of the Matrix. He appears as an elderly, bespectacled Korean man dressed in a button-down shirt, smock, and an apron hung with bunches of keys.

Backstory and role
The Keymaker is an "Exile", a program whose usefulness has come to an end and that has chosen to hide in the Matrix rather than be deleted. The Oracle tells Neo that he will need the Keymaker's help in order to reach the Source, the machine mainframe; however, he is being held captive by a dangerous Exile known as the Merovingian. Neo, Morpheus, and Trinity are rebuffed when they demand that the Merovingian release the Keymaker, but his wife Persephone betrays him and takes them to where the Keymaker is being held: a small room in which he toils over a key-cutting machine. Thousands of previously made keys hang in bunches on the walls.

Morpheus and Trinity, separated from Neo, flee with the Keymaker as the Merovingian's Twins, the police, and three Agents (sent to terminate the Keymaker as he is an Exile) pursue them onto the city freeways. The Keymaker assists in the escape by quickly providing Trinity with the ignition key needed to start a motorcycle, saving her the time of waiting for hot-wiring instructions to be uploaded into her mind.

Following the escape, the Keymaker meets with three crews of Zion rebels to describe the security measures in place around the building which houses the door that leads to the Source. Two electric power stations must both be shut down in order to disable the alarm system, after which Neo will have only a short time to reach the Source before the building is destroyed by explosives; in addition, if the door is opened while the alarm is still active, the explosives will detonate. As the other two crews attack the power stations, the Keymaker leads Neo and Morpheus to a hall within the building, filled with doors that represent backdoor access to other parts of the Matrix.

They are interrupted by the arrival of Agent Smith and dozens of copies he has made of himself. The Keymaker hurriedly opens a door, allowing Neo and Morpheus to take cover inside a room as the Smiths open fire, but sustains multiple gunshot wounds to the chest. Before dying, he gives Neo a single key on a chain around his neck—the one needed to reach the Source—and points Morpheus toward a door that will allow him to re-enter the Matrix proper.

Role experience
Casting director Mali Finn succeeded in bringing Kim to the attention of the Wachowskis, the creators of the Matrix series. "Randall Duk Kim was cast for his talent, his presence and his voice," said Finn. After meeting the Wachowskis, Kim said he agreed to the Keymaker role "without a single bit of hesitation." Kim described the Keymaker as a character that belongs in The Wind in the Willows but then somehow ended up in Alice in Wonderland and then got lost in the Matrix. The Wachowskis' thoughts on Keymaker were coming on the spot as various takes were done. He is a creation of collaboration; for example, Lana Wachowski suggested that Kim cut his stride in half, so that the Keymaker's movements appeared as more of a scurry, than a normal gait.

In an interview with Tim Lammers to promote the DVD release of The Matrix Reloaded, Kim said, "I'm so happy to be part of such a wonderful tale as this. I was a fan before I even got the audition call for Reloaded". "When I got the part, you could hardly keep me from flying off the ground," Kim gleefully recalled. Despite the elaborate set-up and tireless hours, Kim said he could not get enough of the Matrix experience. "On every single day of that shoot I felt like a little kid on big adventure," Kim enthused. "And working for [the Wachowskkis], they're childlike in their creativity—it's just contagious". Kim said further that the stunt drivers in the freeway motorcycle chase scene were some of the most amazing people he had ever met. "That was real. I would say Carrie and I did about three-quarters of what's seen up there," he revealed. Kim was backed by professional motorcross racer David Barrett in a jump that was a double on the Ducati motorcycle used in the freeway chase. In a June 2001 interview, stunt player Debbie Evans said it was "pretty ambitious, because those bikes aren't made to do that sort of thing, but we pulled it off".

The Keymaker also appears in the short lampoon MTV Movie Awards Reloaded, produced for the 2003 MTV Movie Awards.

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User:PaulLomax

Paul Lomax
Paul Lomax on LinkedIn

Photography
Some of my photography appears under the Creative Commons license on wikipedia: If you use them, I'd appreciate it if you let me know
 * Image:London_millenium_wobbly_bridge.jpg - featured in The Book of Lists - London and three-times Picture of the Day
 * Image:Common_starling_in_london.jpg

Many others are available on Flickr or DeviantArt

Professional Biography
Paul Lomax is Head of New Media at GMG Regional Media, a division of the Guardian Media Group comprising of two operating businesses: MEN Media, publishers of The Manchester Evening News and Surrey & Berkshire Media, publishers of the Surrey Advertiser.

Paul joined GMGRM in 2008 to run the digital unit with responsibility for digital sales, product development, strategy and ad operations across the portfolio of websites which include the Manchester Evening News, The Jobs Mine, The Homes Mine and over 20 local newspaper websites. He divides his time between MEN Media's head office in Manchester and his home in London.

Prior to joining GMG, Paul was Technology and Operations Director for nearly two years at Pod1 London, the UK’s fastest growing creative digital agency, renowned for its innovative and successful e-commerce websites for the high street fashion industry. As well as working more recently in news media, Paul spent nearly seven years at consumer magazine publisher IPC Media in a variety of roles including Digital Publisher and Internet Technology Manager, the latter running IPC’s 40-strong internal web design and development department, which he formed in 2002.

Paul has been responsible for launching literally hundreds of high-profile consumer websites and campaigns over the last 12 years with specialist experience in technology, usability, project management, product development, sales and marketing both in digital media, traditional media, agency and e-commerce arenas. Sites launched include household brands such as Marie Claire, Now, Country Life, Myla, Kurt Geiger and Jigsaw.

Before IPC, he was founder and managing director of Max Internet, a web design, build and hosting company based in his birth town of Stockport. Paul studied Computing and Information Systems with Management Accounting at the University of Manchester.

In his spare time Paul enjoys cooking, fine wine and dining, Manchester City Football Club, music, films, networking, spending time with his fianceé, Sarah, and occasionally finds time to blog on his site, twopointoh. He is often found in the middle of a book, usually about technology, management or history with the odd bit of fiction, and follows countless blogs on a variety of subjects. He is a published photographer, journalist, constant twitterer and social networker.

title: User:PaulLomax


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M0

M0 (M followed by zero) or M-0 may refer to:

Companies

 * Aero Mongolia, an airline based in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (IATA designation M0)

Places

 * Megyeri Bridge (formerly known as Northern M0 Danube bridge), a bridge crossing the Danube River
 * M0 motorway (Hungary), a ringroad around Budapest

Other uses

 * M0 (economics), the monetary base regarding the money supply
 * MØ (born 1988), Danish singer and songwriter
 * M0, a non-small-cell lung carcinoma staging code for no distant metastasis
 * M0, a type of macrophage, a type of defensive phagocytic cell in living things
 * Hayes command set M0, a command for turning a modem speaker off
 * Measure zero, or M0, the size of the null set
 * M0 macrophage, a phenotype of macrophage

title: M0


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Oni, Georgia

Oni (ონი) is a town in Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region (mkhare), Georgia. Historically and ethnographically, it is part of Racha, a historic highland province in western Georgia. The town also serves as an administrative center of the Oni district (raioni).

Oni is situated in a deep gorge on the left bank of Rioni River, some 830 m above sea level and 210 km northwest of Georgia's capital Tbilisi.

History
The territory of modern-day Oni has been inhabited since the Bronze Age. Archaeology revealed the artifacts of Colchian culture, particularly a collection of Colchian coins dating back to the 6th–3rd centuries BC. Oni is first chronicled in the 15th century, though a legend has it that the town was founded by the 2nd BC king Pharnajom of Iberia. Located on the crossroads from Northern Caucasus, Kartli (central Georgia), Imereti (western Georgia) and Lower Rach’a, Oni developed into a typical late medieval commercial town and was contested between the kings of Imereti and the princes of Rach’a. The town was absorbed by Imperial Russia in 1810, and made it, in 1846 the administrative center of the Racha Uyezd of the Kutaisi Governorate. During the Soviet Union, the town was united with a number of surrounding villages into the Oni district, which is currently administered as a part of the Racha-Lechkhumi and Lower Svaneti region.

In recent decades Oni has suffered from earthquakes and a series of avalanches. A particularly severe earthquake occurred on 29 April 1991. The earthquake measured 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale with a maximum MSK intensity of IX (Destructive), the most powerful ever recorded in the Caucasus Mountains, and caused significant damage to the infrastructure of Oni. Despite a post-Soviet tendency towards migration, Oni still retains a small number of Jewish families – remnants of once powerful and large historic Jewish community, Georgia's third largest, after those of Tbilisi and Kutaisi. The Oni Synagogue was built in the 1880s by a Polish architect and the builders were Greek Jews from Thessaloniki.

Oni and its environs house a number of historical monuments, including the ruins of medieval forts and Georgian Orthodox churches. A popular spa, Shovi, and Utsera are located some 15 to 30 km from Oni, on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountains. The Racha Regional Museum, located in Oni, has an impressive collection of 14000 unique artifacts from the fields of archaeology, ethnography, numismatics, natural history, fine art, historical documents, manuscripts, and printed books.

Demographic
The vast majority of the population is of Georgian origin and are Christians Orthodox. The largest ethnic minority is the Ossetian people.

There was a large community of Georgian Jews which explain the presence of the Oni Synagogue but they emigrated to Israel after the fall of USSR and only a few remain to look after synagogue.

Twin towns — Sister cities

 * 🇮🇱 Beersheba, Israel.
 * 🇱🇹 Kazlų Rūda, Lithuania.
 * 🇺🇸 Fitchburg, Massachusetts, United States.

Notable people from Oni

 * Shalva Amiranashvili (1899–1975), Georgian art historian
 * Gerzel Baazov (1904–1938), Georgian Jewish writer
 * Dover Kosashvili, Israeli film director

title: Oni, Georgia


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3/24

3/24 (, tres vint-i-quatre) is a Catalan free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Televisió de Catalunya (TVC). It is the corporation's all-news network, launched on 11 September 2003.

History
3/24 was born on 11 September 2003 as an initiative of the Catalan public television to develop digital terrestrial television in Catalonia.

In April 2015, the channel stopped broadcasting in the Balearic Islands, along with channels El 33 and Super3 (which run under the same frequency) as a result of the reorganisation of the regional radio space, returning in December of that same year.

During the COVID-19 lockdown in spring 2020, the channel began sharing its broadcasts with TV3.

On 16 January 2024, 3/24 switched its 576i SD feed to 1080i HD, as did all the other TVC channels.

Contents
3/24 devotes exclusively to live news and information, including news, traffic (morning), sports and stock markets from Borsa de Barcelona.

Most of the day, under the title Notícies 3/24, the channel features a 30-minute informational cycle. At night, it broadcasts Món 3/24, a world news and talk show programme. In addition, a special Aranese language news cycle is broadcast twice everyday under the name 3/24 Aranés which, unlike the Aran version of Telenotícies comarques, is watchable from all broadcast territories with the aim of encouraging and aiding viewers learning the language.

3/24 also broadcasts sports-related programmes such as 3/24 Esports also simulcasted by channel Esport3.

title: 3/24


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Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees Association

The Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA) is the largest private sector trade union in Australia, representing retail, fast-food and warehousing workers, and has branches in every state and territory. Its membership is predominantly in casual and insecure employment within the retail and fast food sectors. The union also represents a significant membership of workers from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.

The main categories of workers covered by the SDA are retail, fast food and warehousing workers but the SDA also covers reserve and backdock employees, pharmacies, footwear repairing, modelling, and hairdressing/beauty. The SDA has overlapping with other trade unions and their areas of coverage, such as the Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union in the case of retail meat employees and the United Workers Union's coverage of warehousing employees and bakers employees.

The SDA has branches across Australia. There is the Victorian Branch; New South Wales & ACT Branch; Newcastle & Northern Branch; Queensland Branch; South Australian/Northern Territory & Broken Hill Branch; Western Australian Branch; and the Tasmanian Branch. The SDA is affiliated to several organisations, which include the Australian Labor Party (ALP), the Australian Council of Trade Unions, and the global union federation, UNI Global Union. Through its affiliation to the ALP, the union has maintained strong political involvement.

Early history
During the 1890s and the early 1900s, the predecessors of the SDA first came into existence in most states, particularly through 'Early Closing Associations' focused on restricting shop trading hours. These Associations had begun campaigning for a reduction in working hours from 14 to 12 hours a day as early as 1844.

In 1908, unions representing retail and warehousing workers in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia combined to become the Shop Assistants and Warehouse Employees Federation of Australia. It was registered as a union under the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904.

Over time, unions in Tasmania, Newcastle, Broken Hill and Western Australia became part of the national union. In 1972, the union changed its name to the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association.

In the 1940s and 50s, the union was involved with the Australian Labor Party's (ALP) Industrial Groups that were organised to counter communists in the unions. These unions de-affiliated themselves with the Victorian ALP during the ALP split of 1955. The SDA re-affiliated with the Australian Labor Party in the 1980s under Labor leader Bob Hawke and is currently a member of the Labor Right faction of the party.

Women
During the war years of the 1940s the retail industry changed from being a substantially male occupation to having large numbers of women. The SDA was instrumental in achieving equal pay for women in 1975, with women comprising more than 65% of the SDA's membership as of 2010.

The union was heavily involved in achieving the 44-hour working week in 1945 and then the 38-hour week in 1984. Other achievements include winning redundancy pay in 1986, four weeks annual leave in 1974 and 12 months maternity leave in 1979.

In 1987, the SDA helped facilitate compulsory employer payments of 3% superannuation for employees paid into industry fund REST Super with joint union-employer directors.

Recent history
In 1991, the Australian Hairdressers, Wigmakers and Hairworkers Employees' Federation and the Mannequins' & Models' Guild of Australia merged with the SDA.

The SDA has a history of campaigning across the broader union movement. It was the biggest financial contributor to unions in the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute and the 'Your Rights At Work' campaign, which is credited with overturning John Howard's WorkChoices laws. It continues this tradition today through its contribution to the ACTU's Change The Rules campaign focused on reforming Australian industrial relations in the lead up to the 2019 federal election.

The SDA was led for 36 years from 1978 to 2014 by National Secretary Joe de Bruyn. De Bruyn was previously Senior Vice President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions ACTU and was President of global union federation UNI Global Union from 2010 to 2014. He did not stand for re-election in 2014 and former NSW Branch Secretary Gerard Dwyer was elected National Secretary by the SDA's National Council. De Bruyn remained the SDA's honorary National President until he was replaced by Victorian Branch Secretary Michael Donovan 2018.

In the 1980s, under the leadership of de Bruyn, the SDA strongly supported the Polish free trade union movement, Solidarity. The SDA brought Solidarity on tour to Australia to pressure the repressive, communist Polish Government as well as financially support charities that assisted Poland in its transition from communism.

In 2015, ABC's Four Corners reported widespread wage theft and exploitation at 7-Eleven franchise stores. In response, the SDA established a hotline and dedicated team of industrial officers to help workers recover lost wages. The union has made numerous submissions calling for a reform of the Franchise Code of Conduct.

Following the 2017 launch of Amazon in Australia, the SDA and the Transport Workers Union formed the Online Retail & Delivery Workers Alliance. The alliance is part of a global movement led by UNI Global Union and its affiliates to organise workers in Amazon fulfilment centres.

Youth wages
Australia operates a system of youth wages where it is legal for workers under the age of 21 to be paid a percentage of the adult wage rate for their job. The SDA has campaigned and called for the abolition of junior wages for decades.

In 2013 the SDA began a national campaign to end youth wages for workers aged 18 years of age and the retail industry. This commenced with a case at the Fair Work Commission to remove the ninety percent rate for 20-year-olds in the retail award. The Fair Work Commission ruled in favour of the SDA's application in 2014 and the 20-year-old rate began to phase out in the retail award from 2015.

Customer violence and abuse
In 2017, the SDA launched a national public awareness campaign "No One Deserves a Serve" to combat what the union described as the growing problem of violence and abuse directed at retail workers by customers. A survey conducted by the union of 6,000 retail and fast food workers found that more than 85 per cent had experienced abuse from customers. Almost three-quarters (74 percent) of respondents were women, and 65 percent of respondents worked in front end services (like cashiers and registers) and just over half (51 percent) of respondents said that no action was taken after they reported an incident.

In 2018, the SDA launched its campaign Don't Bag Retail Staff in response to the highly publicised ban of free single-use plastic bags introduced in some states.

Public holidays
The SDA has advocated for protecting and expanding public holiday rights and entitlements across all Australian states and territories.

South Australia & Northern Territory

In South Australia, the SDA spearheaded the campaign to achieve part-day public holidays after 6pm on Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve. In 2012, the South Australian government legislated these new part-day public holidays into law - making it a national first. The same was achieved in the Northern Territory in 2015.

New South Wales & Newcastle

The SDA NSW and Newcastle branches launched the Take The Time campaign to protect retail closures on key public holidays, such as Christmas Day and Boxing Day, Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Anzac Day.

In 2015, the NSW government introduced changes to the Retail Trading Act to allow for a trial of retail trading on Boxing Day. As part of the Take The Time campaign, the SDA strongly opposed moves to permanently allow stores to open on Boxing Day - or any remaining trading-free days.

Victoria

In 2015, the SDA successfully campaigned for the creation of an Easter Sunday public holiday. In the same year, the Friday before AFL grand final day was also gazetted as a newly created public holiday. Following efforts by the SDA, Victoria increased its number of public holidays to 13 days per year - the highest number in the nation.

Western Australia

In 2017, the SDA Western Australian branch launched a campaign to have Easter Saturday and Easter Sunday legislated as formal public holidays. The campaign was launched amid criticism that WA only had 10 official public holidays a year - the lowest of any state or territory.

Queensland

In 2017, the SDA Queensland branch successfully campaigned for and won Easter Sunday as a legislated public holiday. It was the first new public holiday achieved in Queensland since Anzac Day in 1927.

The Queensland branch continues to campaign for Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve part-day public holidays.

Industrial approach
As a result of the SDA's coverage, the union claims it is moderate and responsible in its approach to industrial relations. Academics Robin A. Price, Janis Bailey and Amanda Pyman have argued that though "referred to pejoratively as a 'business union'", the union "has been remarkably successful as an organisation, as measured by a number of indicators, including growth and size, and pay increases relative to statutory minimum conditions". Research conducted by Ernst & Young has found that Australia ranks second (with Denmark ranked first) out of 12 countries when comparing the average monthly retail industry wage on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis.

Criticisms
In Hart v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd and Bi-Lo Pty Ltd [2016] FWCFB 2887 (31 May 2016), the Full Bench of the Fair Work Commission (FWC) refused to approve an enterprise agreement for Coles Supermarkets on the basis that it did not pass the 'better off overall test' (BOOT). The FWC's decision effectively overturned a practice used by many unions since the 1980s and endorsed by the ACTU in the Daimaru Case in 1992. Following this decision, some media outlets criticised the union for poor outcomes in its workplace negotiations due to the union bargaining for industry-wide conditions with a result of beneath-award pay outcomes for members, despite the newly applied test not taking into account above Award conditions including Annual Leave Loading. The Sydney Morning Herald claimed that a quarter of a million workers across several major employers had been underpaid as a result of the union's negotiations, labelling it a "national wages scandal". Penalty rates, for working at night or on weekend, were scrapped in some agreements in return for higher base rates at all hours.

The union has also been criticised for its close relationship with employers, which The Sydney Morning Herald has labelled "a longstanding and cosy partnership". One controversial aspect of this has been the widely used practice across many industries of paying an administration charge for payroll deduction of union dues from major companies. The union defended the arrangements, citing the importance of payroll deductions for members who work fluctuating hours.

Political activity
The SDA is affiliated with the Australian Labor Party and is one of the most powerful unions in the Australian Labor Party's Labor Right faction. The union has been a leading supporter of many significant Labor Party reforms including Medicare, Compulsory Superannuation and abolishing John Howard's WorkChoices laws. The SDA's Victorian branch was the largest individual donor to the Victorian Labor Party in 2013–14, giving $315,667.

SDA Secretary, Gerard Dwyer, is currently an elected member of the Australian Labor Party National Executive. Present federal members of Australia's parliamentary Labor Party that have a close association with the SDA include House of Representatives members Tony Burke, Nick Champion and Amanda Rishworth and Senators Catryna Bilyk, Raff Ciccone, Don Farrell, Deborah O'Neill and Helen Polley. Historically, the SDA leadership has taken some socially conservative positions especially concerning issues like abortion, IVF, and same-sex marriage in Australia. In 2016, the SDA formally declared neutrality on the issue of same sex marriage with the National Executive of the SDA adopting a policy of supporting the right of members of the ALP to act according to their conscience on the matter. Prior to this, several SDA-aligned Labor MPs expressed public support for same-sex marriage in opposition to the SDA leadership including Kate Ellis, Amanda Rishworth and Nick Champion.


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HMS Lion (1910)

HMS Lion was a battlecruiser built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. She was the lead ship of her class, which were nicknamed the "Splendid Cats". They were significant improvements over their predecessors of the Indefatigable-class battlecruiser in terms of speed, armament and armour. This was in response to the first German battlecruisers, the Moltke-class battlecruiser, which were very much larger and more powerful than the first British battlecruisers, the Invincible-class battlecruiser.

Lion served as the flagship of the Grand Fleet's battlecruisers throughout World War I, except when she was being refitted or under repair. She sank the German light cruiser SMS Cöln (1909) during the Battle of Heligoland Bight and served as Vice-Admiral David Beatty's flagship at the battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland. She was so badly damaged at the first of these battles that she had to be towed back to port and was under repair for more than two months. During the Battle of Jutland she suffered a serious propellant fire that could have destroyed the ship had it not been for the bravery of Royal Marine Major Francis Harvey, the gun turret commander, who posthumously received the Victoria Cross for having ordered the magazine flooded. The fire destroyed one gun turret which had to be removed for rebuilding while she was under repair for several months. She spent the rest of the war on uneventful patrols in the North Sea, although she did provide distant cover during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917. She was put into reserve in 1920 and sold for scrap in 1924 under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.

Design
The Lion-class battlecruisers were designed to be as superior to the new German battlecruisers of the Moltke class as the German ships were to the Invincible class. The increase in speed, armour and gun size forced a 65 per cent increase in size over the Indefatigable class. Lion had an overall length of 700 ft, a beam of 88 ft, and a draught of 32 ft at deep load. The ship displaced 26270 LT at normal load and 30820 LT at deep load.

Propulsion
Lion had two paired sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each driving two propeller shafts using steam provided by 42 Yarrow boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 70000 shp, but achieved more than 76000 shp during her trials, although she did not exceed her designed speed of 28 kn. She carried 3500 LT of coal, and an additional 1135 LT of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. At full capacity, she could steam for 5610 nmi at a speed of 10 kn.

Armament
Lion mounted eight BL 13.5 in Mk V guns in four twin-gun turrets, designated 'A', 'B', 'Q' and 'X' from front to rear. Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen BL 4 in Mark VII guns, most of which were mounted in casemates. The two guns mounted above the forward group of casemates were given gun shields during 1913–1914 to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action. The starboard forward group of 4-inch guns was removed after April 1917.

She was built without anti-aircraft (AA) guns, but a single quick-firing (QF) 6-pounder (57 mm) Hotchkiss gun on a high-angle mounting was fitted from October 1914 to July 1915. A single QF 3 in AA gun was added in January 1915, and another the following July. Two 21 in submerged torpedo tubes were fitted, one on each broadside; fourteen torpedoes were carried.

Armour
The armour protection given to the Lions was heavier than that of the Indefatigables; their waterline belt of Krupp armour measured 9 in thick amidships. It thinned to 4 inches towards the ships' ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. The upper armour belt had a maximum thickness of 6 in over the same length as the thickest part of the waterline armour and thinned to 5 in abreast the end turrets. The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 8 to 9 in of armour, except for the turret roofs which used 2.5 to 3.25 in. The thickness of the nickel steel deck ranged from 1 to 2.5 in. Nickel steel torpedo bulkheads 2.5 inches thick were fitted abreast the magazines and shell rooms. After the Battle of Jutland revealed her vulnerability to plunging shellfire, 1 in of additional armour, weighing approximately 100 LT, was added to the magazine crowns and turret roofs.

Wartime modifications
Lion received a fire-control director between mid-1915 and May 1916 that centralised the pointing and firing of the guns under the command of the director positioned on the foremast. The turret crewmen merely had to follow pointers controlled by the director to align their guns on the target. This greatly increased accuracy as it was easier to spot the fall of shells and eliminated the problem of the ship's roll dispersing the shells as each turret fired individually.

By early 1918 Lion carried a Sopwith Pup and a Sopwith 1½ Strutter on flying-off platforms fitted on top of 'Q' and 'X' turrets. Each platform had a canvas hangar to protect the aircraft during inclement weather.

Construction and career
Lion was laid down at the Devonport Dockyard, Plymouth, on 29 November 1909. She was launched on 6 August 1910 and was commissioned on 4 June 1912. Upon commissioning, Lion became the flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron, which was renamed the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron (BCS) in January 1913. Rear Admiral Beatty assumed command of the 1st BCS on 1 March 1913. Lion, along with the rest of the 1st BCS, made a port visit to Brest in February 1914 and the squadron visited Russia in June, where Lion's officers entertained the Russian imperial family aboard while in Kronstadt.

Battle of Heligoland Bight
Lion's first action was as flagship of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral Beatty during the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914. Beatty's ships had originally been intended as distant support of the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast in case the large ships of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks. They turned south at full speed at 11:35 when the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule and the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the bar at the mouth of the Jade Estuary. The brand-new light cruiser HMS Arethusa (1913) had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the German light cruisers SMS Strassburg and SMS Cöln (1909) when Beatty's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12:37. Strassburg was able to duck into the mists and evade fire, but Cöln remained visible and was quickly crippled by fire from the squadron. Beatty, however, was distracted from the task of finishing her off by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser SMS Ariadne directly to his front. He turned in pursuit and reduced her to a flaming hulk in only three salvos at close range–under 6000 yd. At 13:10 Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire. Beatty's main body encountered the crippled Cöln shortly after turning north and she was sunk by two salvos from Lion.

Raid on Scarborough
The German Navy had decided on a strategy of bombarding British towns on the North Sea coast to draw out the Royal Navy and destroy elements of it in detail. An earlier Raid on Yarmouth on 3 November had been partially successful, but a larger-scale operation was devised by Admiral Franz von Hipper afterwards. The fast battlecruisers would actually conduct the bombardment while the entire High Seas Fleet was to station itself east of Dogger Bank to provide cover for their return and to destroy any elements of the Royal Navy that responded to the raid. But what the Germans did not know was that the British were reading the German naval codes and were planning to catch the raiding force on its return journey, although they were not aware that the High Seas Fleet would be at sea as well. Admiral Beatty's 1st BCS, now reduced to four ships, including Lion, as well as Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender's 2nd Battle Squadron with six dreadnoughts, was detached from the Grand Fleet in an attempt to intercept the Germans near Dogger Bank.

Admiral Hipper set sail on 15 December 1914 for another such raid and successfully bombarded several English towns, but British destroyers escorting the 1st BCS had already encountered German destroyers of the High Seas Fleet at 05:15 and fought an inconclusive action with them. Warrender had received a signal at 05:40 that the destroyer HMS Lynx (1913) was engaging enemy destroyers although Beatty had not. The destroyer HMS Shark (1912) spotted the German armoured cruiser SMS Roon and her escorts at about 07:00, but could not transmit the message until 07:25. Admiral Warrender received the signal, as did the battlecruiser HMS New Zealand (1911), but Beatty did not, despite the fact that New Zealand had been specifically tasked to relay messages between the destroyers and Beatty. Warrender attempted to pass on Shark's message to Beatty at 07:36, but did not manage to make contact until 07:55. Beatty reversed course when he got the message and dispatched New Zealand to search for Roon. She was being overhauled by New Zealand when Beatty received messages that Scarborough was being shelled at 09:00. Beatty ordered New Zealand to rejoin the squadron and turned west for Scarborough.

The British forces split going around the shallow Southwest Patch of the Dogger Bank; Beatty's ships passed to the north while Warrender passed to the south as they headed west to block the main route through the minefields defending the English coast. This left a 15 nmi gap between them through which the German light forces began to move. At 12:25, the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass the British forces searching for Hipper. The light cruiser HMS Southampton (1912) spotted the light cruiser SMS Stralsund and signalled a report to Beatty. At 12:30 Beatty turned his battlecruisers towards the German ships. Beatty presumed that the German cruisers were the advance screen for Hipper's ships, however, those were some 50 km (31 mi) behind. The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron, which had been screening for Beatty's ships, detached to pursue the German cruisers, but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions. This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape, and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers. The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape.

Battle of Dogger Bank
On 23 January 1915, a force of German battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Franz von Hipper sortied to clear the Dogger Bank of any British fishing boats or small craft that might be there to collect intelligence on German movements. However, the British were reading their coded messages and sailed to intercept them with a larger force of British battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Beatty. Contact was initiated at 07:20 on the 24th when the British light cruiser Arethusa spotted the German light cruiser SMS Kolberg. By 07:35 the Germans had spotted Beatty's force and Hipper ordered a turn to the south at 20 kn, believing that this would suffice if the ships that he saw to his north-west were British battleships and that he could always increase speed to SMS Blücher's maximum speed of 23 kn if they were British battlecruisers.

Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to make all practicable speed to catch the Germans before they could escape. The leading ships, Lion, her sister HMS Princess Royal (1911) and HMS Tiger (1913), were doing 27 kn in pursuit and Lion opened fire at 08:52 at a range of 20000 yd. The other ships followed a few minutes later but, hampered by the extreme range and decreasing visibility, they did not score their first hit on Blücher until 09:09. The German battlecruisers opened fire themselves a few minutes later at 09:11, at a range of 18000 yd, and concentrated their fire on Lion. They first hit her at 9:28 on the waterline with a shell that flooded a coal bunker. Shortly afterwards a 21 cm shell from Blücher hit the roof of 'A' turret, denting it and knocking out the left gun for two hours. At 09:35 Beatty signalled 'Engage the corresponding ships in the enemy's line', but Tiger's captain, believing that Indomitable was already engaging Blücher, fired at SMS Seydlitz, as did Lion, which left SMS Moltke unengaged and able to continue to engage Lion without risk. However, Lion scored the first serious hit of the battle when one of her shells penetrated the working chamber of Seydlitz's rear barbette at 09:40 and ignited the propellant lying exposed. The resulting fire spread into the other turret and burnt out both of them, killing 159 men. Seydlitz returned the damage at 10:01 with a 283 mm shell that ricocheted off the water and pierced Lion's five-inch armour aft, although it failed to explode. However, the resulting 24 by hole flooded the low power switchboard compartment and eventually shorted out two of Lion's three dynamos. SMS Derfflinger scored the most telling hits on Lion at 10:18 when two 305 mm shells struck her port side below the waterline. The shock was so great that her captain, Ernle Chatfield, thought that she had been torpedoed. One shell pierced the five-inch armour forward and burst in a wing compartment behind the armour. It drove in a 30 by piece of armour and flooded several compartments adjacent to the torpedo flat and the torpedo body room. One splinter put a hole in the exhaust pipe of the capstan engine which eventually contaminated the auxiliary condenser with saltwater. The other shell hit further aft and burst on the six-inch portion of the waterline belt. It drove in two armour plates about 2 ft and flooded some of the lower coal bunkers. At 10:41 a 283 mm shell burst against the eight-inch armour of 'A' barbette, but only started a small fire in the 'A' turret lobby that was quickly put out, although the magazine was partially flooded when a false report was received that it was on fire as well. Soon afterwards Lion was hit by a number of shells in quick succession, but only one of these was serious. A shell burst on the nine-inch armour belt abreast the engine room and drove a 16 by armour plate about two feet inboard and ruptured the port engine's feedwater tank. By 10:52 Lion had been hit fourteen times and had taken aboard some 3000 LT of water which gave her a list of 10° to port and reduced her speed. Shortly afterwards her port engine broke down and her speed dropped to 15 kn.

In the meantime Blücher had been heavily damaged by fire from all the other battlecruisers; her speed had dropped to 17 kn and her steering gear had been jammed. Beatty ordered HMS Indomitable (1907) to attack her at 10:48. Six minutes later Beatty spotted what he thought was a submarine periscope on the starboard bow and ordered an immediate 90° turn to port to avoid the submarine, although he failed to hoist the 'Submarine Warning' flag because most of Lion's signal halyards had been shot away. Almost immediately afterwards Lion lost her remaining dynamo to the rising water which knocked out all remaining light and power. He ordered 'Course Northeast' at 11:02 to bring his ships back to their pursuit of Hipper. He also hoisted 'Attack the rear of the enemy' on the other halyard although there was no connection between the two signals. This caused Rear-Admiral Sir Gordon Moore, temporarily commanding in HMS New Zealand (1911), to think that the signals meant to attack Blücher, which was about 8000 yd to the northeast, so they turned away from the pursuit of Hipper's main body and engaged Blücher. Beatty tried to correct the mistake, but he was so far behind the leading battlecruisers that his signals could not be read amidst the smoke and haze.

Lion's starboard engine was temporarily shut down due to contaminated feed water, but it was restarted and Lion headed home at 10 kn when the rest of the battlecruisers caught up with her around 12:45. At 14:30 the starboard engine began to fail and her speed was reduced to 8 kn. Indomitable was ordered to tow Lion back to port at 15:00, but it took two hours and two tries before she could start to tow Lion, and a further day-and-a-half to reach port at speeds of 7 - 10 kn, even after Lion's starboard engine was temporarily repaired.

Lion was temporarily repaired at Rosyth with timber and concrete before sailing to Newcastle upon Tyne to be repaired by Palmers; the Admiralty did not wish it known that she was damaged badly enough to require repair at either Portsmouth or Devonport Dockyards lest that be seen as a sign of defeat. She was heeled 8° to starboard with four cofferdams in place between 9 February and 28 March to repair about 1500 sqft of bottom plating and replace five armour plates and their supporting structure. She rejoined the Battlecruiser Fleet, again as Beatty's flagship, on 7 April. She had fired 243 rounds from her main guns, but had only made four hits: one each on Blücher and Derfflinger, and two on Seydlitz. In return she had been hit by the Germans sixteen times, but only suffered one man killed and twenty wounded.

Battle of Jutland

On 31 May 1916 Lion was the flagship of Admiral Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet which had put to sea to intercept a sortie by the High Seas Fleet into the North Sea. The British were able to decode the German radio messages and left their bases before the Germans put to sea. Hipper's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 15:20, but Beatty's ships did not spot the Germans to their east until ten minutes later. Almost immediately afterwards, at 15:32, he ordered a course change to east-south-east to position himself astride the Germans' line of retreat and called his ships' crews to action stations. Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard, away from the British, to assume a south-easterly course, and reduced speed to 18 kn to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up. With this turn Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet, then about 60 mi behind him. Around this time Beatty altered course to the east as it was quickly apparent that he was still too far north to cut off Hipper.

This began what was to be called the 'Run to the South' as Beatty changed course to steer east-south-east at 15:45, paralleling Hipper's course, now that the range closed to under 18000 yd. The Germans opened fire first at 15:48, followed almost immediately afterwards by the British. The British ships were still in the process of making their turn as only the two leading ships, Lion and HMS Princess Royal (1911), had steadied on their course when the Germans opened fire. The German fire was accurate from the beginning, but the British overestimated the range as the German ships blended into the haze. Lion, as the leading British ship, engaged SMS Lützow, her opposite number in the German formation. Lützow's fire was very accurate, and Lion was hit twice within three minutes of the Germans' opening fire. By 15:54 the range was down to 12900 yd, and Beatty ordered a course change two points to starboard to open up the range at 15:57. Lion scored her first hit on Lützow two minutes later, but Lützow returned the favour at 16:00 when one of her 305 mm shells hit 'Q' turret at a range of 16500 yd. The shell penetrated the joint between the nine-inch turret faceplate and the 3.5-inch roof and detonated over the centre of the left-hand gun. It blew the front roof plate and the centre faceplate off the turret, killed or wounded everyone in the turret, and started a fire that smouldered, despite efforts to put it out that had been thought to have been successful. Accounts of subsequent events differ, but the magazine doors had been closed and the magazine flooded when the smouldering fire ignited the eight full propellant charges in the turret working room at 16:28. They burned violently, with the flames reaching as high as the masthead, and killed most of the magazine and shell room crews still in the lower part of the mounting. The gas pressure severely buckled the magazine doors, and the magazine would probably have exploded if it had not already been flooded. Royal Marine Major Francis Harvey, the mortally wounded turret commander, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for having ordered the magazine flooded.

At 16:11 Lion observed the track of a torpedo fired by Moltke pass astern, but it was thought that the torpedo was fired by a U-boat on the disengaged side. This was confirmed when the destroyer HMS Landrail (1914) reported having spotted a periscope before the torpedo tracks were seen. The range had grown too far for accurate shooting so Beatty altered course four points to port to close the range again between 16:12 and 16:15. This resulted in Lion hitting Lützow again at 16:14, but Lützow hit Lion several times in return shortly afterwards. The smoke and haze from these hits caused Lützow to lose sight of Lion, and she switched her fire to HMS Queen Mary at 16:16. By 16:25 the range was down to 14400 yd, and Beatty turned two points to starboard to open the range again. However, it was too late for Queen Mary, which was hit multiple times in quick succession about that time, and her forward magazines exploded. At 16:30 the light cruiser HMS Southampton (1912), scouting in front of Beatty's ships, spotted the lead elements of the High Seas Fleet charging north at top speed. Three minutes later she sighted the topmasts of Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer's battleships, but did not transmit a message to Beatty for another five minutes. Beatty continued south for another two minutes to confirm the sighting himself before ordering a sixteen-point turn to starboard in succession.

Lion was hit twice more, during what came to be called the 'Run to the North', after the German battlecruisers made their own turn north. Beatty's ships maintained full speed to try to put some separation between them and the High Seas Fleet and gradually moved out of range. They turned north and then northeast to try to rendezvous with the main body of the Grand Fleet. At 17:40 they opened fire again on the German battlecruisers. The setting sun blinded the German gunners, and they could not make out the British ships and turned away to the northeast at 17:47. Beatty gradually turned more towards the east to allow him to cover the deployment of the Grand Fleet into its battle formation and to move ahead of it, but he mistimed his manoeuvre and forced the leading division to fall off towards the east, further away from the Germans. By 18:35 Beatty was following the 3rd BCS as they were steering east-south-east, leading the Grand Fleet, and continuing to engage Hipper's battlecruisers to their southwest. A few minutes earlier Scheer had ordered a simultaneous 180° starboard turn, and Beatty lost sight of them in the haze. At 18:44 Beatty turned his ships southeast and to the south-south-east four minutes later searching for Hipper's ships. Beatty took this opportunity to recall the two surviving ships of the 3rd BCS to take position astern of New Zealand and then slowed down to eighteen knots and altered course to the south to prevent himself from getting separated from the Grand Fleet. At this moment Lion's gyrocompass failed, and she made a complete circle before her steering was brought under control again. At 18:55 Scheer ordered another 180° turn, which put them on a converging course again with the Grand Fleet, which had altered course itself to the south. This allowed the Grand Fleet to cross Scheer's T, and they badly damaged his leading ships. Scheer ordered yet another 180° turn at 19:13 in an attempt to extricate the High Seas Fleet from the trap into which he had sent them.

This manoeuvre was successful, and the British lost sight of the Germans until 20:05, when the light cruiser HMS Castor (1915) spotted smoke bearing west-north-west. Ten minutes later she had closed the range enough to identify German torpedo boats and had engaged them. Beatty turned west upon hearing the sounds of gunfire and spotted the German battlecruisers only 8500 yd away. Inflexible opened fire at 20:20, followed almost immediately by the rest of Beatty's battlecruisers. Shortly after 20:30 the pre-dreadnought battleships of Rear Admiral Mauve's II Battle Squadron were spotted and fire switched to them. The Germans were able to fire only a few rounds at them because of the poor visibility and turned away to the west. The British battlecruisers hit the German ships several times before they blended into the haze around 20:40. After this Beatty changed course to south-southeast and maintained that course, ahead of both the Grand Fleet and the High Seas Fleet, until 02:55 the next morning when the order was given to reverse course.

Lion and the rest of the battlecruisers reached Rosyth on the morning of 2 June 1916 where she began repairs that lasted until 19 July. The remains of 'Q' turret were removed during this period and not replaced until later. She had been hit a total of fourteen times and suffered 99 dead and 51 wounded during the battle. She fired 326 rounds from her main guns, but can only be credited with four hits on Lützow and one on SMS Derfflinger. She also fired seven torpedoes, four at the German battleships, two at Derfflinger and one at the light cruiser SMS Wiesbaden without success.

Post-Jutland career
She rejoined the Battlecruiser Fleet, again as Beatty's flagship, on 19 July 1916 without 'Q' turret, but then had the turret replaced during a visit to Armstrong Whitworth at Elswick that lasted from 6 to 23 September. In the meantime, on the evening of 18 August the Grand Fleet put to sea in response to a message deciphered by Room 40 which indicated that the High Seas Fleet, less the II Squadron, would be leaving harbour that night. The German objective was to bombard Sunderland on the 19th, with extensive reconnaissance provided by airships and submarines. The Grand Fleet sailed with 29 dreadnought battleships and six battlecruisers. Throughout the 19th, Jellicoe and Scheer received conflicting intelligence, with the result that having reached its rendezvous in the North Sea, the Grand Fleet steered north in the erroneous belief that it had entered a minefield before turning south again. Scheer steered south-eastward pursuing a lone British battle squadron reported by an airship, which was in fact the Harwich Force under Commodore Tyrwhitt. Having realised their mistake the Germans then shaped course for home. The only contact came in the evening when Tyrwhitt sighted the High Seas Fleet but was unable to achieve an advantageous attack position before dark, and broke off contact. Both the British and the German fleets returned home, the British having lost two cruisers to submarine attacks and the Germans having a dreadnought damaged by torpedo.

Lion became the flagship of Vice-Admiral W. C. Pakenham in December 1916 when he assumed command of the Battlecruiser Fleet upon Beatty's promotion to command of the Grand Fleet. Lion had an uneventful time for the rest of the war, conducting patrols of the North Sea as the High Seas Fleet was forbidden to risk any more losses. She provided support for British light forces involved in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight on 17 November 1917, but never came within range of any German forces. The 1st BCS, including Lion, sailed on 12 December in a futile attempt to intercept the German destroyers that had sunk the convoy en route to Norway earlier that day, but returned to base the following day. Lion, along with the rest of the Grand Fleet, sortied on the afternoon of 23 March 1918 after radio transmissions had revealed that the High Seas Fleet was at sea after a failed attempt to intercept the regular British convoy to Norway. However, the Germans were too far ahead of the British and escaped without firing a shot. When the High Seas Fleet sailed for Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918 to be interned, she was among the escorting ships. Along with the rest of the 1st BCS she guarded the interned ships until she was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet in April 1919 and then placed in reserve in March 1920. Paid off on 30 March 1922, despite a press campaign to have her saved for the nation as a memorial, Lion was sold for scrap on 31 January 1924 for £77,000 to meet the tonnage limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty.

title: HMS Lion (1910)


text:
United States Navy Steel Band

The US Navy Steel Band was the first all-American and only military steel band. It was organized in 1957 by Rear Admiral Daniel V. Gallery, from the band assigned to him, while he was commander of the Tenth Naval District in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The band was originally called Admiral Dan's Pandemonaics and this remained as a subname after they became the US Navy Steel Band. The band was stationed in Puerto Rico until 1973, when they moved to New Orleans, LA. From there, stationed at Naval Support Activity New Orleans in the Algiers section of the city, they increased their performance schedule. Between 1973 and 1979 alone the band traveled over a million and a half miles, and performed as many as 500 concerts a year. They were disbanded in 1999.

Their first recording, in 1957, under the direction of Chief Musician Charles A. Roeper, on the Decca label, was an LP called "Pan-Demonia". Among their other recordings are an LP called Blowin' in the Wind that was co-issued by the Puerto Rico Council and the U. S. Navy League; it features numerous popular songs of the day and some traditional Puerto Rican songs (all instrumentals).

title: United States Navy Steel Band


text: Category:American printers

title: Category:American printers


text:
Groß-Umstadt

Groß-Umstadt is a town in the district of Darmstadt-Dieburg in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany. It is near Darmstadt and Frankfurt, in the southeastern part of the Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, just north of the Odenwald mountain range.

The population is about 21,000. Half of them live in Groß-Umstadt itself, the remainder in eight other districts which were incorporated by the Hesse State Municipal Reform Act in the 1970s:
 * Dorndiel
 * Heubach
 * Kleestadt
 * Klein-Umstadt
 * Raibach
 * Richen
 * Semd
 * Wiebelsbach (also includes village Frau-Nauses).

History
Traces of palaeolithic habitation have been identified outside the town.

The settlement of Civitas Auderiensium was founded at Dieburg in AD 125 in the context of the Roman occupation of the section of the province of Germania Superior on the right bank of the Rhine. The foundation was followed by an orderly settlement and Romanisation of the district, and a market for agricultural produce was established. The main building of a Roman villa rustica has been excavated under the current town church. This villa remained until the collapse of the Alemanni around AD 300. The town's history over the following 450 years until the first documentary evidence of the town is unclear. Alemannic and later Frankish tombs point to a settlement in the area of the town. The siting of the church in the core area of the former villa indicates an uninterrupted settlement, or at least to awareness of the previous settlement.

Early mediaeval period
After the conquest of Alemannic territory by the Franks, they established royal fortifications in order to secure control of the area. One such was undoubtedly established in Umstadt, the center of government of the Umstaedter Mark, which included the current municipalities of Otzberg, Höchst im Odenwald, Breuberg and Schaafheim as well as Umstadt itself. At that time Umstadt had the status of a market town as well as a church and the seat of a Count. The first documentary evidence of the district was in 743 under the name of "Autmundisstat", which signified "Autmund's town" (possibly Edmund's). Another possible origin of the name is "ad montes" (near the mountains). In 766 Princely Abbey of Fulda acquired the ownership of the Umstaedter Mark, and by 985 it owned three churches, mills and vineyards here.

Late mediaeval period
By 1263 or earlier, Umstadt had obtained town privileges as well as a town wall.

Konrad IV of Hanau incurred substantial debts in connection with his election as Prince Abbot of Fulda in 1373. He attempted to recoup these debts from the Princely abbey of Fulda after he came to power. Thus in 1374 he mortgaged the Otzberg Castle, the town of Hering and parts of Umstadt to his nephew Ulrich IV for 23,875 guilders (florins). Other parts were taken over by Electoral Palatinate, resulting in a condominium. There is physical evidence for this in two palaces: the Hanau Palace (Hanauer Schloss) which originated from the first moated palace at the town's NE corner, and the Palatinate Palace (Pfälzer Schloss) at the opposite corner. Between these were the mansions of the burghers of the town, including the seat of the Wambolts of Umstadt, which soon eclipsed the palaces of both lords of the town.

Early modern period
In 1504 the town was conquered by Landgrave Wilhelm II of Hesse, who occupied it until the ownership of the town was clarified by the Diet of Worms in 1521. This resulted in another condominium, this time between Hesse and the Palatinate. As compensation Hanau received 12,000 guilders and several nearby villages, viz. Harpertshausen, Kleestadt, Langstadt and Schlierbach.

Under this common ownership the town developed until shortly before the Thirty Years' War; the still extant town hall was built from 1596.

During the war the town was protected by its strong fortifications, preventing major destruction, but nevertheless there was great suffering, not least during the plague in 1634–36.

The town was briefly occupied and laid waste by a force of 600 dragoons under the Marquis of Barbistere in December 1688 during the War of the Palatine Succession.

19th and 20th centuries
In 1802 the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt took over the joint dominion of the town, which was the 2nd most important town of the district of Dieburg which was founded at that time. From 1857 the town adopted the name of Gross-Umstadt to distinguish it from Klein-Umstadt and Wenigumstadt. Many factories were established in the town after it obtained a railway connection.

In the election of 1933, 60% of the inhabitants voted for the Nazis, and in 1938 the town's synagogue was desecrated. After WW2 the town's population grew to about 22,500 following several expansions to its boundaries. There is now a substantial Portuguese community.

Groß-Umstadt (excluding the 8 other districts)

 * 800 - 100
 * 985 - 200
 * 1604 - 1,000
 * 1636 - 424
 * 1816 - 2,780
 * 1905 - 3,580
 * 1945 - 4,500
 * 1990 - 9,087

After their inclusion
(December 31)
 * 1998 - 21,175
 * 1999 - 21,338
 * 2000 - 21,403
 * 2001 - 21,571
 * 2002 - 21,620
 * 2003 - 21,685
 * 2004 - 21,724
 * 2005 - 22,600

Mayors

 * 1945–1954: Peter Hartmann (SPD) (1888–1969)
 * 1954–1965: Ludwig Wedel (SPD) (1909–1993)
 * 1969–1988: Hugo Seibert (independent) (1925–2011)
 * 1988–2005: Wilfried Köbler (SPD)
 * 2006-2021: Joachim Ruppert (SPD) (1962–2021)
 * 2022–2028: René Kirch (independent)

Culture
Each year on the second weekend of September there is a "Winzerfest" (a wine festival) which attracts tens of thousands of people.

Infrastructure
Groß-Umstadt has schools for students of all ages and a general hospital.

The city is connected to the Odenwald Railway and has three train stations: Groß-Umstadt Wiebelsbach, Groß-Umstadt Mitte and Groß-Umstadt Klein-Umstadt. Trains running between Frankfurt/Hanau and Eberbach stop at these stations, while trains running between Darmstadt and Eberbach only stop at Groß-Umstadt Wiebelsbach.

Partner cities

 * Saint-Péray (France; since 1966)
 * Santo Tirso (Portugal; since 1988)
 * Dicomano (Italy; since 2010)

Notable people

 * Otto Frank (physiologist) (1865–1944), physiologist
 * Hans Trippel (1908–2001), German autoconstructor ("father of the amphibious vehicles"), entangled crimes of national socialism

title: Groß-Umstadt