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List of rulers of the Pitcairn Islands

The Pitcairn Islands, a group of islands in the southern Pacific Ocean, are the last remaining British Overseas Territory in Oceania. Settled by mutineers from the HMS Bounty in 1790, the island was effectively sovereign until 1898, when it was annexed by the United Kingdom and placed under the jurisdiction of the governor of Fiji. When Fiji became independent in 1970, Pitcairn Island was placed under the authority of the British high commissioner (ambassador) to New Zealand. In practice, partly due to its isolation, Pitcairn has effectively had internal self-government throughout this period. From 1790 to 1829, the local head of government was known simply as the leader. They had a president from 1832 to 1838, and a magistrate from that time until 1999, except for an eleven-year gap from 1893 to 1904, when the chief official was the president of the Council. In 1999, the magistrate's non-judicial functions were transferred to the new office of mayor.

Colonial governors (1898–present)
See separate articles:

 * Governors of Fiji (1898–1970)
 * British High Commissioners to New Zealand (1970–present)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of rulers of the Pitcairn Islands


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Gandalf (Finnish band)

Gandalf was a Finnish melodic death metal band who incorporated elements of traditional hard rock into their sound. Formed in 1993 by drummer (then guitarist) Nalle Österman (later in Shaman, Korpiklaani and Lullacry), guitarist Timo Nyberg and vocalist Jari Hurskainen, with session drummer Mika "Gas Lipstick" Karppinen, who later achieved fame playing with the band HIM. The name Gandalf came from when the founding fans of the band used to refer to Gandalf's guitarist as the guitar wizard, Gandalf (from The Lord of the Rings). Since then, the band decided to call their band Gandalf. Gandalf released both of their albums through Wicked World Records, a subsidiary of Earache Records.

Discography

 * Deadly Fairytales (2021)
 * Rock Hell (2021)

title: Gandalf (Finnish band)


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Glass onion

Glass onions or onion bottles, were a shape of bottle developed and used during the 17th and 18th centuries. With new techniques of glass-making, the bottles marked a move away from ceramic pottery.

Background
Onion bottles most commonly were used to hold wine, but were also used for spirits. At the beginning of the 17th-century wine bottles were small and thin-walled, making them difficult to store and ship.

During the 1630s, privateer turned inventor Kenelm Digby teamed up with James Howell, creating a method of making stronger glass with hotter furnaces. Digby owned a glassworks that made bottles which were globular in shape with a high, tapered neck, a collar, and a punt. His manufacturing technique involved a coal furnace, made hotter than usual by the inclusion of a wind tunnel, and a higher ratio of sand to potash and lime than was customary. Digby's technique produced wine bottles which were stronger and more stable than most of their day, and protected the contents from light due to their green or brown translucent, rather than clear transparent, color.

These early bottles, usually referred to as "shaft and globe" bottles, evolved into the onion bottle shape by the 1670s. This shape gradually evolved to be stouter with a broad base and short neck by the end of the 17th century, then became elongated during the onset of the 18th century. Onion bottles were dark green or brown from iron oxide found within the sand used to make them. The color was further darkened by the coal used to heat the furnaces, leaving the bottles almost black. Collars were applied to the tops for corks to be tied down. When shipped, they would be laid on their sides to soak the cork and help prevent oxidation of the wine. Spirits such as brandy were also added to the wine to extend its life when shipping overseas.

title: Glass onion


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File:Somalia-Factions.png

This is a diagram of the factions in Somalia. All borders are disputed. See the respective articles for more information about the factions. Note: GIMPed from another Wikipedia image, assumed GNU FDL. The map does not correctly depict the states of Mudug up to Lower Jubbaand Jubbada Hoose. These states are part of the Somalia and not Puntland administration of Somalia.

title: File:Somalia-Factions.png


text: User talk:65.48.147.86

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User talk:PeterSP

Cleared out ancient history PeterSP (talk) 16:25, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Well, I'm not it's "weak" as such. Currently we have the US "reporting" something and Russia "stating" something - I think these words have approximately the same strength. Evercat (talk) 16:30, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:PeterSP


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Aphthona

Aphthona is a genus of beetle, in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe and Asia. More specifically, Aphthona are flea beetles, meaning they have enlarged hind legs for jumping away from potential danger. There are some 300 species known worldwide.

This flea beetle genus is important because of the usefulness of some species in controlling leafy spurge, a major invasive weed in parts of western North America. Several Aphthona species have been taken from Europe and introduced into localized areas of the United States and Canada, and some success against the weed is being seen. The six species used for this purpose include A. abdominalis, A. cyparissiae, A. czwalinae, A. flava, A. nigriscutis, and A. lacertosa, though A. abdominalis apparently never established a viable population and was never introduced in Canada.

Effectiveness of Control
Control is generally thought to be effective, but results vary from site to site, which has been attributed to soilborne pathogens, phenology of spring, soil texture, and leafy spurge density. Control is less effective in sandy soils. Control may not be reliably observed and measured for 10 years or more.

Selected species

 * Aphthona abdominalis
 * Aphthona aeneomicans
 * Aphthona albertinae
 * Aphthona alcina
 * Aphthona atrocaerulea
 * Aphthona atrovirens
 * Aphthona beauprei
 * Aphthona beckeri
 * Aphthona biokovensis
 * Aphthona bonvouloiri
 * Aphthona carbonaria
 * Aphthona chinchihi
 * Aphthona coerulea
 * Aphthona constantini
 * Aphthona crassipes
 * Aphthona cyparissiae
 * Aphthona czwalinae
 * Aphthona delicatula
 * Aphthona depressa
 * Aphthona erichsoni
 * Aphthona espagnoli
 * Aphthona euphorbiae
 * Aphthona flava
 * Aphthona flaviceps
 * Aphthona franzi
 * Aphthona fuentei
 * Aphthona gracilis
 * Aphthona herbigrada
 *  Aphthona illigeri
 * Aphthona juliana
 * Aphthona konstantinovi
 * Aphthona kuntzei
 * Aphthona lacertosa
 * Aphthona lubischevi
 * Aphthona lutescens
 * Aphthona maculata
 * Aphthona maghrebina
 * Aphthona maldesi
 * Aphthona melancholica
 * Aphthona microcephala
 * Aphthona nigriceps
 * Aphthona nigriscutis
 * Aphthona nonstriata
 * Aphthona occitana
 * Aphthona ovata
 * Aphthona pallida
 * Aphthona parnassicola
 * Aphthona perrisi
 * Aphthona placida
 * Aphthona plenifrons
 * Aphthona poupillieri
 * Aphthona punctiventris
 * Aphthona pygmaea
 * Aphthona reitteri
 * Aphthona rhodiensis
 * Aphthona rugipennis
 * Aphthona sardea
 * Aphthona sarmatica
 * Aphthona semicyanea
 * Aphthona seriata
 * Aphthona sicelidis
 * Aphthona signatifrons
 * Aphthona stussineri
 * Aphthona subovata
 * Aphthona syriaca
 * Aphthona testaceicornis
 * Aphthona velachica
 * Aphthona variolosa
 * Aphthona vaulogeri
 * Aphthona venustula
 * Aphthona violacea
 * Aphthona wagneri

title: Aphthona


text: User talk:200.118.64.214

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Paul Fitts

Paul Morris Fitts Jr. (May 6, 1912 – May 2, 1965) was a psychologist at the Ohio State University, where he conducted research in conjunction with personnel at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, generally recognized as the "birthplace of human factors engineering." Fitts also later taught at the University of Michigan. He developed a model of human movement, Fitts's law, based on rapid, aimed movement, which went on to become one of the most highly successful and well studied mathematical models of human motion.

Early life and career
During his time as s lieutenant colonel in the US Air Force, Fitts had improved aviation safety by focusing on human factors in what were called "man-machine operations" in that era. He thus became widely recognized as a pioneer in the emerging multi disciplinary science of human factors engineering.There are also indications Fitts worked in some capacity as a consultant concerning the interview of alleged UFO witnesses, and was planning work on how terrestrial or psychological explanations could account for UFO sightings.

In 1965 he died unexpectedly at the age of 52. "He was President of Division 21 (Division of Applied Experimental and Engineering psychology) of the American Psychological Association (APA), in 1957–1958. The association now has a Paul Fitts honorary award. Fitts was also elected a Fellow in the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society and served as president the organization in 1962-63 (when it was simply named the Human Factors Society)."

Education
He received degrees in psychology at the following universities:
 * University of Tennessee (BS 1934)
 * Brown University (MS 1936)
 * University of Rochester (PhD 1938)

External

 * Cliff Kuang, "How the Dumb Design of a WWII Plane Led to the Macintosh", Wired. November 13, 2019.

 * Paul M. Fitts Family Donor Impact https://lsa.umich.edu/psych/alumni/donor-impact/paul-m--fitts-family.html

title: Paul Fitts


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Annandale, Queensland

Annandale is a south-western suburb of Townsville in the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. In the, Annandale had a population of 8,376 people.

Geography
Annandale is bounded to the north by the Ross River, to the east by Stuart Drive, and to the south and west by University Road. The Annandale Wetlands are in the north-east of the locality adjacent to the river (-19.3029°N, 146.7953°W).

The Bruce Highway runs along the southern boundary, Douglas–Garbutt Road (University Road) runs along the western, and Townsville Connection Road along the north-eastern.

History
Annandale was the largest planned housing development in Townsville. Construction started in the mid-1970s and was completed in early 2005. Annandale is one of Townsville's newest suburbs and is home to some of Townsville's wealthy, who live more toward the riverbank.

Before the 2006 Queensland state election, Annandale was part of the Electoral district of Burdekin, but just prior to the 2006 state election, the suburb became part of the Electoral district of Mundingburra.

In 2006 there were 1624 registered dogs in Annandale, seven out of every ten homes owned at least one dog, this is the highest density of dogs of Townsville suburbs.

Annandale Christian School opened on 22 January 1982. William Ross State High School opened for enrolments on 30 August 1990 and commenced schooling on 29 January 1991.

Southern Cross Catholic School opened on 1998.

Annandale State School opened on 22 January 1998.

The Annandale campus of Townsville Grammar School opened on 1 January 2002.

Like many parts of Townsville, Annandale sustained damage when Cyclone Yasi hit on 3 February 2011.

Demographics
In the, Annandale had a population of 8,574 people.

In the, Annandale had a population of 8,376 people.

Education
Annandale State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at the corner of Oleander Street and Yolanda Drive (-19.3152°N, 146.7784°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 845 students with 63 teachers (55 full-time equivalent) and 59 non-teaching staff (35 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Townsville Grammar School has a primary (Prep–6) campus at 1 Brazier Drive (-19.3159°N, 146.7941°W).

Southern Cross Catholic College is a Catholic primary and secondary (Prep–10) school for boys and girls at Gartrell Drive (-19.315°N, 146.8023°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1,071 students with 78 teachers (74 full-time equivalent) and 50 non-teaching staff (35 full-time equivalent).

Annandale Christian College is a private primary and secondary (Prep–12) school for boys and girls on Yolanda Drive (-19.3127°N, 146.7802°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 537 students with 48 teachers (41 full-time equivalent) and 25 non-teaching staff (18 full-time equivalent). In 2021, the school had an enrolment of 629 students with 50 teachers (41 full-time equivalent) and 32 non-teaching staff (24 full-time equivalent).

William Ross State High School is a government secondary (7–12) school for boys and girls at Mervyn Crossman Drive (-19.3148°N, 146.8005°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 773 students with 72 teachers (69 full-time equivalent) and 37 non-teaching staff (29 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Amenities
Amenities in Annandale include the Annandale Central shopping centre anchored by a Coles supermarket and Annandale Village shopping centre.

There are a number of parks, including The Palmetum (-19.3122°N, 146.7641°W), Marabou Park, Weir Park, Macarthur Park and Windsor Park.

There are many sporting facilities at the Murray Sporting Complex including:

 * Townsville Stadium (-19.3078°N, 146.8012°W)
 * TDRL Rugby League Fields
 * SeaFM Basketball Stadium (-19.3076°N, 146.8018°W)
 * Australian Rules Fields
 * Soccer
 * Hockey
 * Velodrome
 * Cricket
 * Softball

Heritage
The Major Richard I. Bong Bridge on Macarthur Avenue (-19.3125°N, 146.7862°W) is named after Richard (Dick) Bong, an American pilot who served in Townsville with 9th Fighter Squadron of the 49th Fighter Group during World War II. He was one of the most decorated American fighter pilots and the country's top flying ace in the war.

title: Annandale, Queensland


text: User talk:84.118.222.134

title: User talk:84.118.222.134


text: User talk:65.64.118.117

title: User talk:65.64.118.117


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A Wind in the Door

A Wind in the Door is a young adult science fantasy novel by Madeleine L'Engle. It is a companion book to A Wrinkle in Time and part of the Time Quintet.

Plot
14-year-old Meg Murry is worried about her brother Charles Wallace, a 6-year-old genius bullied at school by the other children. The new principal of the elementary school is the former high school principal, Mr. Jenkins, who often disciplined Meg, and Meg is sure he has a grudge against her whole family. Meg tries to enlist Jenkins's help in protecting her brother but is unsuccessful. Later, Meg discovers that Charles Wallace has a progressive disease that is leaving him short of breath. Their mother, a microbiologist, suspects a dysfunction of his farandolae, invisible organelles within his mitochondria.

One afternoon, Charles Wallace tells Meg of a "drive of dragons" in their backyard, where he and Meg thereupon discover a pile of unusual feathers. Later, Meg has a frightening encounter with a monstrous facsimile of Mr. Jenkins. That night, Meg, Charles Wallace, and their friend, 16-year-old Calvin O'Keefe discover that Charles Wallace's "drive of dragons" is an extraterrestrial "cherubim" named Proginoskes (nicknamed 'Progo' by Meg), under the tutelage of the immense humanoid Blajeny, who recruits the three children to counteract the Echthroi.

Meg's first task, on the next day, is to distinguish the real Mr. Jenkins from two Echthroi doubles, by identification of the (potential) goodness in him despite her personal grudge. The protagonists then learn that Echthroi are destroying Charles Wallace's farandolae by persuading them not to root themselves in one place and mature. They travel inside one of his mitochondria to persuade a larval farandola, named Sporos, to accept its role as a mature fara. In the process, Meg is nearly annihilated, and Mr. Jenkins is invaded by his Echthros doubles; whereafter Proginoskes sacrifices himself to "fill in" the emptiness of the Echthroi, and Charles Wallace is saved.

Characters
Meg Murry is a high school student, a defensive misfit who gets along best with her family and her friend Calvin O'Keefe. She wears glasses, has brown hair, and initially considers herself "repulsive-looking" and "dumb", although she is quite good at math. By the time of A Wind in the Door, Meg is much happier in school than previously, in part because of her friendship with Calvin, but is deeply worried about Charles Wallace. In "naming" Mr. Jenkins, Meg learns to love and appreciate someone she has always resented. In the course of the story Meg also learns to "kythe" with Calvin, Proginoskes, and others, communing with them essentially by telepathy.

Charles Wallace Murry is written as being extremely intelligent, wise, and telepathic. He is something "new" and "different," biologically and "in essence" according to his mother. He is usually the first to discover certain elements important to the books, including the singular cherubim Proginoskes. Charles Wallace is bullied by fellow children and misunderstood by adults outside his family. He recognizes that this is a problem he must solve himself; that like any new lifeform, he must learn to adapt successfully to his environment in order to survive. Charles has blue eyes, and is said to be small for his age. His mitochondritis is life-threatening.

Calvin O'Keefe tall, orange hair, freckles and blue eyes, and is a popular boy on the basketball team. As of A Wind in the Door, he is already a high school senior at the age of fifteen, and class president. However, he did not feel that anyone understands or cares about him until he became friends with the Murry family. He is the third eldest child of Paddy and Branwen O'Keefe, who have eleven children and are seemingly neglectful of all of them. Calvin considers himself a biological "sport" and different from the rest of his family. Being poor, the O'Keefes are unable to afford new clothes to accommodate Calvin's growth spurts, and he often wears clothes that are too short for him. Throughout ‘The Time Quintet’, Calvin grows in affection and friendship with the Murry family, especially Charles Wallace and Meg, although it is strongest with the latter.

Mr. Jenkins, another character from A Wrinkle in Time, is further developed in Wind. Formerly the high school principal, Mr. Jenkins has become the principal of Charles Wallace's elementary school instead, an apparent demotion. He is described as having dandruff, thinning mouse-brown hair and smelling of "old hair cream.” Meg initially thinks of him as a failure and an obstacle, only to be surprised by his efforts to help when he finally understands the situation.

Proginoskes, is a "singular cherubim" Seraph; he becomes a particular friend of Meg's. "Progo" has what seems like hundreds of constantly moving wings, a great quantity and variety of eyes (which Meg seems to travel through at some points in the book), and "jets of flame" and smoke. He does not always take material form, and even when he does, as he tells Meg, not everyone is able to see him. Like Meg, Proginoskes is a Namer, and once learned the names of all the stars. The character's own name means "foreknowledge". He teaches and helps Meg kythe, which is a form of telepathy.

Major themes
Cosmic evil is connected with evil on a cellular level, and the children along with some new friends go within Charles Wallace in order to save his mitochondria (and the fictive entities living within them, the farandolae) from the un-namers—the Echthroi (the Ancient Greek word for "enemies"). The Echthroi are powerful, evil creatures whose desire is to X (i.e. extinguish, unname) creation. Author Calvin Miller writes that the Echthroi are "demonic spirits" that "are always stalking good, making the whole sick, the entire partial, the holy eroded by the contaminated." The Echthroi reappear in A Swiftly Tilting Planet, trying to prevent Charles Wallace from reaching key moments in history in a bid to save the world from nuclear destruction.

Space and time hold little meaning within the Time Quintet series. In several instances, we find Meg and other characters frustrated with their new friends and confused about these concepts. However, according to the mythical creatures that are introduced, these concepts are limiting and unimportant. This is the key concept to understanding why Charles' sickness could be so important. His sickness, the ailment of his mitochondria, is just as important as the fate of a planet elsewhere in the universe because each part of creation, great or small, is important.

Like all of L'Engle's books, the power of love is again a force to be reckoned with as it helps save several characters—not just Charles Wallace but also Meg and a farandola named Sporos. Meg learns to see beyond superficial impressions, and appreciate and embrace inner beauty and strength. Much of the communication between characters in this book involves a process called "kything". This process is similar to telepathy and empathic abilities combined. Meg also learns that she is a Namer. Namers work in the universe to love and Name parts of Creation, and help them to be themselves. This is the exact opposite of what Echthroi do in their Xing or unNaming.

The premise of Naming and counting is inspired by passages in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke which say that God has numbered every hair on our heads and that God is aware of every sparrow that falls. In her book The Rock That Is Higher, L'Engle mentions this concept, and the interdependency that is at the heart of A Wind in the Door:

The secrets of the atom are not unlike Pandora's box, and what we must look for is not the destructive power but the vision of interrelatedness that is desperately needed on this fragmented planet. We are indeed part of a universe. We belong to each other; the fall of every sparrow is noted, every tear we shed is collected in the Creator's bottle.

The title is based on a quote from Le Morte d'Arthur.

Story development
The novel grew out of a short story, "Intergalactic P.S. 3", first published as a pamphlet for Children's Book Week in 1970. In this early version of the narrative, Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who and Mrs Which from A Wrinkle in Time send Charles Wallace, Meg and Calvin to a school on another planet, where Proginoskes and a conifer seed version of Sporos are among their classmates. As in the novel, Meg must identify the real Mr. Jenkins among his two impostors. If she fails, it will be "a victory for the Dark Shadow" (i.e. the Black Thing).

In Walking on Water: Reflections on Faith and Art, L'Engle states that at one stage in the writing of A Wind in the Door, she knew who most of the characters would be, including Progo, the snake and "the three Mr. Jenkinses." She had difficulty developing the story, however, until a physician friend gave her two articles about mitochondria. "And there was where the story wanted me to go," L'Engle writes, "away from the macrocosm and into the microcosm." Enlisting the help of her elder daughter, she proceeded to give herself "a crash course in cellular biology," which she found to be hard work, but also a lot of fun.

Reception
At the time of the book's    publication, Kirkus Reviews said, "The audacity of Mrs. L'Engle's mytho-scientific imagination and her undoubted storytelling abilities keep the reader involved in Meg's quest, but one wonders whether its chief appeal doesn't lie in the all too natural desire to believe that our difficulties, like the Murrys', are personal attacks by the forces of cosmic evil... Unfortunately, Meg learns to love the universe with unconvincing ease, and L'Engle seems to be straining unusually hard to relate what's wrong with America to the double-talk phenomenon of mitochondria and farandolae." Michele Murray wrote in The New York Times, "Madeleine L'Engle mixes classical theology, contemporary family life, and futuristic science fiction to make a completely convincing tale that should put under its spell both readers familiar with the Murrys and those meeting them for the first time." In a 2012 essay for Tor.com, American author and critic Mari Ness wrote, "This is L'Engle at the height of her poetic powers, and the failure of this book to receive the same attention and fame as its predecessor is a genuine shame."

Series notes
The characters Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin first appeared in A Wrinkle in Time (1962, ISBN 0-374-38613-7). Unlike some of the other books in the series, A Wind in the Door focuses on the same three protagonists. They and their families collectively appear in a total of eight books, four about the Murry family (the Time Quartet) and four about the eldest of the O'Keefe children a generation later. The Time Quartet plus the last of the O'Keefe books, An Acceptable Time, are marketed as the Time Quintet.

Audio adaptation
A Listening Library edition on four audio cassettes, unabridged and read by the author, was issued in 1994. ISBN 0-8072-7506-9 In January 2012, Listening Library released an audio CD version narrated by actress Jennifer Ehle. ISBN 0307916618

title: A Wind in the Door


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Julie Crysler

Julie Crysler is a Canadian journalist and a published poet. In 1996 she was voted Montreal's second-best poet. She was the editor of This Magazine from 2000 to 2004, and is currently a producer for CBC Radio One.

title: Julie Crysler


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Art school

An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on practice and related theory in the visual arts and design. This includes fine art – especially illustration, painting, contemporary art, sculpture, and graphic design

Some schools including disciplines such as video game design, photography, fashion design, textile design, conceptual art, web design, architectural design and engineering, journalism and social media. Some schools continue craft traditions such as pottery, embroidery, printmaking, metalwork and building crafts.

Many cover theoretical subjects such as cultural anthropology, cultural theory and cultural history including histories of art traditions in local and global cultures, design theory, business and industry studies such as marketing communication, customer profiling and production related technical subjects.

Art schools can offer elementary, secondary, post-secondary, undergraduate or graduate programs, and can also offer a broad-based range of programs (such as the liberal arts and sciences). In the West there have been six major periods of art school curricula, and each one has had its own hand in developing modern institutions worldwide throughout all levels of education. Art schools also teach a variety of non-academic skills to many students.

History
Nicholas Houghton identifies six definitive historical art-school curricula in the Western tradition of art and art education: "apprentice, academic, formalist, expressive, conceptual, and professional". Each of these curricula has aided not only the way that modern art-schools teach, but also how students learn about art.

Art schools began being perceived as legitimate universities in the 1980s. Before this, any art programs were used purely as extracurricular activities, and there were no methods of grading works. After the 1980s, however, art programs were integrated into many different kinds of schools and universities as legitimate courses that could be evaluated. While some argue that this has weakened creativity among modern art-students, others see this as a way to treat fine arts equally in comparison with other subjects.

Apprentice curriculum
Apprentice paths teach art as a mixture of aesthetic and function. Typically, students would apprentice themselves to someone who was already skilled in some sort of trade in exchange for food and housing. Many of the Old Masters received training in this manner, copying or painting in the style of their teacher in order to learn the trade. Once the apprenticeship ended, the student would have to prove what they learned by creating what we know today as a "masterpiece". In modern schooling, this can be seen in practical art classes, including photography or printmaking.

Academic curriculum
Academic curricula began during the sixteenth-century Italian Renaissance, in which some of the earliest art academies were established. Up through the nineteenth century, these academies multiplied through both Europe and North America, and art began to become about both talent and intellect.

Formalist curriculum
The formalist curriculum began in the mid-twentieth century, and focused on the basic components of artwork, such as "color, shape, texture, line - and a concern with the particular properties of a material or medium". This curriculum is most noted for including the height in popularity of Bauhaus. It was based on logic, mathematics, and 'Neoplatonism', which was widespread at the time.

Expressive curriculum
Although the expressive curriculum originated at the same time as the formalist one, it focuses on completely different aspects of art. Rather than being concerned with the literal components of a piece of art, expressive curricula encouraged students to express their emotions and practice spontaneity. This is due to the heightened popularity of romanticism throughout the Renaissance.

Conceptual curriculum
The conceptual curriculum began in the late-twentieth century, and focused not only on creating artwork, but also on presenting and describing the thought process behind the work. This is when the idea of critiquing others' works for educational purposes became popularized in North America (as the concept had been shut down quickly in Europe). This serves as a model for modern-day art school programs.

Professional curriculum
Professional curricula began appearing in art schools at the very end of the twentieth century. They teach students artistry from a perspective of business, and typically focus on modern pop-culture within the works themselves. These programs are designed to teach students how to promote both themselves and their artwork.

Modern
A wide variety of art mediums and styles are integrated into modern art school programs. Different mediums that are taught include painting, printmaking, drawing and illustration, theatre, and sculpture. Newer programs can include graphic design, filmmaking, graffiti art, and certain kinds of digital media.

Online
In recent years a number of art schools have begun to offer some or all of their curricula online, which by nature, transcends national boundaries. Among these are The Art Institute of Pittsburgh Online and Academy of Art University. As with on-ground schools, many of the majors involve computer-based work, such as compositions created in Photoshop, Illustrator, or 3D-Studio Max. Submission and review of these materials proceeds virtually identically for on-ground and online classes. When online courses require production of traditional drawings or other such materials, they usually are photographed or scanned for submission and review by instructors.

In early education
According to the International Journal of Art and Design Education, "mainstream educational contexts could foster drawing behaviour and the related emotional benefits to a greater extent". Throughout a study done in the United Kingdom, it was determined that children whose parents or guardians involved them in drawing from an early age had a stronger connection with art. These children were shown to have better art skills and a significantly better chance at pursuing a career in fine arts.

Art schools and mental health
A study done by Bryan Goodwin that focused on the "Mozart effect", which refers to the idea that listening to classical music is beneficial toward mental and intellectual development, discovered that art education is useful to students of any age. It was discovered that learning both music and art within one's education were helpful in processing symptoms for those with PTSD, anxiety, and depression.

Universities and colleges
There are four independent art and design universities in Canada, all public institutions. They are Emily Carr University of Art and Design (Vancouver), NSCAD University (Halifax), OCAD University (Toronto), and Alberta College of Art and Design (Calgary).

Emily Carr University has the most active research program among the four with over $15 million in research over the last five years. OCAD University's research intensity has reached $3.2 million in 2011–12. All four schools teach in the major disciplines from painting through to new media and design. Over the last five years, Emily Carr has garnered most of the major awards for students and alums across the country.

NSCAD University was founded in 1887 by Anna Leonowens and other Halifax women. The school gained international prominence in the 1970s for innovation in conceptual art under the leadership of Garry Kennedy. In spite of its modest size, Art in America suggested in 1973 that NSCAD was "the best art school in North America", while more recently The Globe and Mail called it Canada's "most illustrious".

The teaching of visual art at Mount Allison University can be traced back to the opening of the Women's Academy in 1854. It has been an important part of the curriculum since that time. In 1941, Mount Allison was the first university in Canada to give a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in the visual arts. Much of the department's history was, and is, directly related to the Owens Art Gallery. Until 1965, when the department moved to its own quarters in the Gairdner Fine Arts Building, the department was housed in the gallery. Since that time the gallery has been extensively remodelled into one of the largest in the Maritimes, serving both the university and community. In 2014, the department moved to a new contemporary state of the art studio facility in the Purdy Crawford Centre for the Arts. And in 2020, the Pierre Lassonde School of Fine Arts was established through philanthropic support, and builds on the program's long-standing history in and support of the arts and will bolster new learning, scholarship, and arts initiatives.

Secondary schools (Ontario area)
Claude Watson School for the Arts and Karen Kain School of the Arts are intermediate-age public art schools in Toronto, Ontario. They are continued by the Claude Watson program at Earl Haig Secondary School and by the Etobicoke School of the Arts, Rosedale Heights School of the Arts, Wexford Collegiate School for the Arts, and the Catholic board Cardinal Carter Academy for the Arts.

In Brampton, Mayfield Secondary School's Regional Arts Program offers a public high school-level art school. Mississauga's Cawthra Park Secondary School offers the Regional Arts Program within a public high school-level art school as well. St. Roch Catholic Secondary School and St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School have regional arts programs at the Catholic high school level.

Canterbury High School, in Ottawa's Urbandale neighbourhood, is an arts magnet school.

United States
In the U.S., art and design schools that offer Bachelor of Fine Arts or Master of Fine Arts degrees break down into basic types with some overlap and variations.

The most highly rated schools belong to a consortium formed in 1991 and called the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). These schools differ from for-profit career schools in that they require a strong component of liberal arts courses in addition to art and design courses, providing a well-rounded college degree.

There also are partnerships between art schools and universities such as School of the Art Institute of Chicago with Roosevelt University, the New England School of Art and Design at Suffolk University, Art Institute of Boston at Lesley University, the Rhode Island School of Design with Brown University, Maryland Institute College of Art and Johns Hopkins University, the Corcoran College of Art and Design with The George Washington University, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in conjunction with Tufts University, Tyler School of Art at Temple University, Parsons School of Design at The New School, or Herron School of Art at Indiana University.

There is at least two state-supported independent art school in the U.S., Fashion Institute of Technology, which is part of the state university school system in New York, and Massachusetts College of Art and Design.

Cooper Union in New York City is among the most selective of art schools, admitting 4%, with every student on half scholarship. The Yale School of Art at Yale University offers only graduate classes in its two-year MFA programs. The Yale Daily News reported on Thursday, February 1, 2007, that the School had 1215 applications for its class of 2009 and would offer admission to fifty-five students.

Next up the scale in size for an art school would be a large art or design department, school, or college at a university. If it is a college, such as the College of Design at Iowa State University typically, it would contain programs that teach studio art, graphic design, photography, architecture, landscape architecture, interior design, or interior architecture, as well as art, design, and architectural history areas. Sometimes these are simply the schools of art, architecture, and design such as those at the College of Fine and Applied Arts at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign or the Yale School of Art. With over 3,000 students, VCU School of the Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University is one of the largest art schools in the nation and is also has achieved the highest ranking ever for a public university. Variation exists among art schools that are larger institutions, however, the essential element is that programs at universities tend to include more liberal arts courses and slightly less studio work, when compared to dedicated, but independent, schools of art.

The final and most common type of art school, a state supported or private program, would be at a university or college. It typically is a BA program, but also might be a BFA, MA, or MFA. These programs tend to emphasize a more general degree in art and do not require a major in a specific field, but might offer concentrations. A concentration is not accepted by some accrediting or professional organizations as being adequate preparation in some fields that would lead to success as a professional. This is the case for graphic design, where typically, the minimal degree is a BFA major in graphic design.

Many of the degree-offering institutions do not offer intense training in classical realism and academic painting and drawing. The Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts is considered a collegiate version of this educational model. This gap is filled by Atelier art schools (schools located inside an artist's studio) or in separate locations, such as the New York Academy of Art, the National Academy of Design, the New York Studio School, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA), established 1805, the Art Students League of New York, established in 1875.

France
In France, art schools have a long history. The oldest is Paris fine art school, established in 1648 by Charles Le Brun, and most present public art schools are over two centuries old : Nancy (1708), Toulouse (1726), Rouen (1741), etc. Some of those schools were called academies and were prestigious institutions, devoted to the education of great painters or sculptors. Others were called "école gratuite de dessin" (free school for drawing), and were devoted to the education of arts and craft artists.

Currently, there are in France 45 national or territorial public schools of art, that deliver bachelor (DNA) and master (DNSEP or DNSAP) degrees. They do not belong to universities.

Germany
The Academy of Fine Arts Nuremberg (German: Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg) was founded in 1662 by Jacob von Sandrart and is the oldest art academy in German-speaking Central Europe. Fine and applied arts have since formed key sectors of learning, although emphasises have shifted in one direction or the other over the centuries. Today learning takes the form of interdisciplinary interaction, the dialogue between fine and applied disciplines. It is flanked by new degree courses and a new media technology study programme.

Italy
In Italy there are twenty Academies of Fine Arts sustained by the state and eighteen private and public academies legally recognized. All these academies, together with all the music conservatories, institutes of musical studies and other educational institutes, converge in a specific compartment of the Italian Ministry of university and Research named AFAM (Alta Formazione Artistica, Musicale e Coreutica).

Belgium
Art schools include the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Ecole Supérieure des Arts du Cirque, and the La Cambre.

The Netherlands
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague was founded in 1682 and is the largest and oldest art institution in the Netherlands. Design Academy Eindhoven was founded in 1955. Gerrit Rietveld Academie was founded in 1924 in Amsterdam with main focus on De Stijl and Bauhaus at that time.

Sweden
Art schools have had a history in Sweden since the first half of the 18th century. Students may attend the Royal Institute of Art, which got its start in 1735. Established in 1844 originally as a part-time art school for Sunday artisans, the University College of Arts, Crafts and Design known as "Konstfack" is an arts college offering bachelor's and master's degrees in ceramics, glass, textiles, metalworking, and more.

There are also tertiary art schools attached to universities in Gothenburg, Malmö and Umeå.

United Kingdom
Perhaps those generally felt most applicable to the definition of 'art school' are the autonomous colleges or schools of art offering courses across both further and higher education boundaries, of which there are approximately eighteen, under the banner of United Kingdom Art & Design Institutions Association. Others, whose existence ties in indelibly with that of larger, non-discipline-specific universities (such as the Slade School of Art) exist. Most art schools of either orientation are equipped to offer opportunities spanning from post-16 to postgraduate level.

The range of colleges span from predominantly further education establishments to research-led specialist institutes. The University of the Arts London, for example, is a federally structured institution that comprises six previously independent schools situated in London. These include Camberwell College of Arts, Central Saint Martins, Chelsea College of Arts, London College of Communication, London College of Fashion, and Wimbledon College of Arts; others include The Slade School of Fine Art, Ravensbourne University London, The Royal College of Art and Goldsmiths College, University of London, which each grant undergraduate and postgraduate awards under one collegiate arm. The Royal College of Art with its degree-awarding arm and singular focus on postgraduate awards being a most singular exception.

Outside of London art schools in the UK include Arts University Bournemouth, Coventry School of Art and Design, University for the Creative Arts, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art & Design, Edinburgh College of Art (part of University of Edinburgh), Glasgow School of Art, Gray's School of Art, Hereford College of Arts, Leeds College of Art, Liverpool School of Art (part of Liverpool John Moores University), Loughborough University School of Art and Design, Manchester School of Art (part of Manchester Metropolitan University), Norwich University of the Arts, Moray School of Art (University of the Highlands and Islands), The Northern School of Art and Plymouth College of Art and Design.

Since the 1970s, degrees have replaced diplomas as the top-tier qualification in the field.

In the case of wholly freestanding institutions, degree validation agreements in liaison with a university have long been the custom for Bachelor of Arts (Hons) level upward. There has been a general trend for all-encompassing universities to offer programs in the visual arts, and formerly independent art schools have merged with polytechnics and universities to offer such degrees. A notable exception to this is the City and Guilds of London Art School, an independent art school solely focused on fine art and related disciplines such as carving and conservation. A few art schools have taken on university status themselves, namely Arts University Bournemouth, University for the Creative Arts, University of the Arts London, and Norwich University of the Arts. While Courtauld Institute of Art, Leeds College of Art and Royal College of Art are recognised institutions - some with degree awarding powers.

Most specialist institutions in the United Kingdom can trace their histories back to the nineteenth century or beyond, originating usually from government initiatives.

Indonesia
The first art school in Indonesia was the Universitaire Leergang voor Tekenleraren en Handenarbeit located in Bandung, part of Technical Faculty of Universiteit van Indonesie (Indonesian: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia). The school was initiated by Simon Admiraal (Art Teacher from Jakarta Lyceum), and Ries Mulder (Hollands Artist) in the year 1947. Now, the school is integrated to Institut Teknologi Bandung as Faculty of Art and Design, in the same location as previous school. Following the establishment of Universitaire Leergang, in 1950 ASRI (Indonesian Visual Art Academy) was opened in Jogjakarta, now ISI Jogjakarta. Currently there is a prominent Art School in every major Islands in Indonesia, following the establishment of ISI (Indonesian Art Institute) and ISBI (Indonesian Art and Culture Institute) in every major Islands/cities, like ISI Surakarta, ISI Denpasar, ISBI Aceh, ISBI Papua, ISBI Kalimantan, and ISBI Bandung. There are also prominent private art school/program in Indonesia namely Institut Kesenian Jakarta (Jakarta Arts Institute), visual arts program at Telkom University in Bandung, and also at Maranatha University.

Australia

Art schools in Australia are mostly located within Australian universities as a result of the Dawkins higher education reforms of the late 1980s. Prior to the Dawkins reforms, there was a mix of university-based art schools and single-discipline colleges of art. Art schools are now represented by the peak body, the Australian Council of University Art and Design Schools (ACUADS), which was founded in 1981 and was originally called the National Council of Heads of Art and Design Schools. ACUADS has 30 members:

There are other art schools in Australia, such as the Julian Ashton Art School, but they are either not accredited by TEQSA to award degrees or are private, for-profit institutions that sit outside the university system.

title: Art school


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Talk:Al-Uzza

older discussions
-- Do you think works of Robert Morey will really do it for this article? Heck no, so let's avoid that. Refutation is here: http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/Allah/moongod.html

As for the 'satanic verses', someone delete that part. refutation: http://www.answering-christianity.com/bassam_zawadi/satanic_verses.htm this satanic verses doesnt even make any sence!!!! -

The link to the following highly colored Islamist site has been suppressed by a recent visitor: Those Are The High Flying Claims

 * It's an Islamic site, or a site by a Muslim, not an Islamist site. Islamist is a word used by some people to describe political movements based on Islam, like Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.

 * Funny, this article has the phrase "moon god" seven times (repeated like a ritual) even though there is no proof that Hubal was a moon god. By the way, al-Lah would mean God with the capital "g," Since Hubal was one of the idol in Mecca, wouldn't he be called (illah, "god" with small "g", not al-Lah)? OneGuy 04:45, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Is there really any need to recount the Satanic Verses episode in full in each of these three goddess articles, when it has its own article? And can we pleeease have a source for the claim that Uzza was supposed to be a daughter of Hubal? - 208.147.76.23 06:18, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * For some reason Wetman wants to recount the entire Satanic Verses episode here. I don't have any idea why. I agree that the whole section is irrelevant and is already covered in the Satanic Verses article OneGuy 06:38, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A request for references
In response to a request from User:Mustafaa posted at my Userpage: "You state that Uzza, al-Lat, and Manat were believed to be daughters of Hubal. The source for that claim, however, is unclear; the Kitab al-Asnam, which you link to, makes no such claim, and neither does Ibn Ishaq in the Satanic Verses episode. Would you care to provide a suitable source?" (Mustafaa 23:01, 11 Feb 2005)

I have reviewed the entry and find that passages based on well-known Islamic sources have been deleted from the entry since I last looked at it.

In response to Mustafaa's request, I have disambiguated references to people, added links, attributed statements in the new manner recommended for Wikipedia and added to References.

I have removed here the following text in the hopes that it can be brought up to standards if it is to be re-edited into the article:
 * Uzza according to a recent study (source) of the complicated evidence, is believed to have been introduced into Arabia from Mesopotamia, and to have been the moon goddess of North Arabia. If this is the correct interpretation of her character, she would be the female counterpart of the moon deity of South Arabia, Almaqah, Wadd, 'Amm —or Sin as he was also called to the north, in Sumer, if the difference were only the oppositeness of gender. By further speculation, Mount Sinai— solely based on an etymology as a feminine form of Sin— would then have been one of the centers of the worship of this northern moon god or goddess (Finnegan 1952).

I am not convinced that Finegan would recognize these statements; a quote might help.

I have removed for Discussion the following assertion: "Some Western scholars like John Burton also question its authenticity" is reference to the notorious delted suras. Is this in reference to Burton's The Collection Of The Qur'an, 1977? Does this accurately reflect what Burton has said of Uzza?

I expect that User:Mustafaa will have many references to add himself. And a number of supported statements to round out a neutral and balanced entry. Much more apropos ones, too, than my ignorant efforts. An entry for Kitab al-Asnam would be very welcome, since he seems thoroughly familiar with it. --Wetman 01:20, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * See J. Burton, "Those Are The High-Flying Cranes", Journal Of Semitic Studies, 1970, Volume 15, No. 2, p. 265. That's where that Islamic apologist site got the title of his page too OneGuy 03:32, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, you never answered why you want to recount the Satanic Verses story on this page again, when that is already covered on Satanic Verses page? (see that question above). Only someone who doesn't understand this topic would so confidentially claim that only "liars" don't believe the story (that's what you told me on your page). That tells me that you don't have a clue about this topic. OneGuy 10:08, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Recent changes
Frankly— and utterly impersonally— I would tend to distrust any editor who makes covert revisions to quoted text as Mustafaa has now "corrected" the quote of al-Tawil in the entry. What else might be subverted by someone operating at such a cultural level? Certainly, the following text has now been suppressed by Mustafaa: "Whether these daughters of Hubal actually preceded him, and were reimagined as daughters when Hubal came to prominence at Mecca with the tribe of the Quraysh who were under Hubal's protection until Mohammed converted them, cannot be determined." The kind of thought that's quite commonplace in Greek mythology is a thought the reader is not to be permitted under Mustafaa's regime. Why are these the "daughters" of Hubal at Mecca, when Uzza appears without Hubal at Petra? Too subtle a question for Wikipedians? Or simply too subtle for one censor? But I ask you all: could such a logical possibility have been more modestly presented? Mustafaa tells us at the same time what pagan Arabians believed: "the pagan Arabs believed her to be one of Allah's three daughters"— quite a daring assumption under the circumstances, wouldn't you all agree?. Note that the former text refers only to outward signs of cult, never to what anyone might have believed. Don't let the objections be falsely characterized as a "personal attack": these are objections to actions that would apply to anyone, without exception. --Wetman 02:29, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have now entered material directly quoting Kitab al-Asnam as translated in the website I had lost track of, and of which Mustafaa has generously reminded me. I have entered it as a Reference, so that it will not be lost again, with an Arabic alternative, the link to which perhaps Mustafaa would be willing to ensure works, for the sake of the Wikipedia reader, always at the forefront of our thoughts... --Wetman 03:46, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If you had taken the trouble to check, the English and Arabic links (the later actually working) had both already been added by me some time earlier. - Mustafaa 18:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

...easily overlooked apparently, but now actually incorporated into the article, with the Wikipedia reader in mind. --Wetman 21:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wetman makes a serious accusation in accusing me of covert revisions to quoted text - and a false one. What I did was remove the irrelevant second half of the quote, which describes Hubal but not Uzza: "By the end of that war, the victorious Abu Sufyan cried: "O Hubal be exalted, O Hubal be exalted." The Prophet answered him: "God is the highest and the most exalted."" (Tawil 1993)".

 * Where the Tawil quote had "God", Mustafaa edited it to "Allah" (21:59, 11 Feb 2005) but has now taken the trouble to silently restore the original in the form that he quotes the deleted text just above. How unpleasantly eelish. More to the point, the juxtaposition of Hubal with Uzza among the pagan Quraysh, in their battle cries, is part of the lesson of the full and correct quote, which has been partly suppressed, precisely to obscure this undesirable historical connection, a connection that is not part of Mustafaa's personal indoctrination— which he inflicts upon Wikipedia. --Wetman 21:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That's 1:59 on my display, but never mind. That was thoughtless of me - although "Allah" is indeed correct, as confirmed by the Kitab al-Asnam - but you will also note that I fixed the problem soon after by deleting the irrelevant portion of the quote. - Mustafaa 22:10, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

He follows this misrepresentation up with another one: "Mustafaa tells us at the same time what pagan Arabians believed". Ny exact words were "According to Ibn al Kalbi's' early 9th century Kitab al-Asnam, the "Book of Idols", the pagan Arabs believed her to be one of Allah's three daughters", and Ibn al-Kalbi's exact words were "These were also called "the Daughters of Allah[17]." I do not characterize Wetman's objections as a mere "personal attack", but as either an exceedingly careless mistake or a dishonorable lie; the same, incidentally, applies to his inexplicable habit of confusing Hubal with Allah. - Mustafaa 18:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * A pagan Quraysh, referring to the chief deity, Hubal, would naturally call him al-Lah "god." My "habit" of confusing Allah with Hubal is not inexplicable but indeed reflects the historical practice, as the quote from the Kitab al-Asnam conclusively demonstrates: the pagan Arabs called the three goddesses the daughters— not of Hubal— but of Allah. Allah's association with the three goddesses in the first place identifies him as in some respects a successor to Hubal. Mustafaa will insist that there is no god but Allah. Wikipedia, however, does not promulgate dogma, except under pressure.'' --Wetman 21:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * (bang of head against wall) "Allah's association with the three goddesses in the first place identifies him as in some respects a successor to Hubal" only if the three goddesses had ever been called the daughters of Hubal! Wetman is assuming precisely the point he should be trying to prove. - Mustafaa 22:10, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Whether these daughters of Hubal actually preceded him, and were reimagined as daughters when Hubal came to prominence at Mecca with the tribe of the Quraysh who were under Hubal's protection until Mohammed converted them, cannot be determined." Despite my pointing it out to him previously, Wetman seems to remain unaware of the obvious problem with this text: it is based on the false premise that these were claimed to be daughters of Hubal, rather than (as Ibn al-Kalbi and Ibn Ishaq both claim) daughters of Allah. - Mustafaa 18:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a perfectly sensible suggestion, tactfully undercut with "cannot be determined." Apparently not an idea that may even be considered among the indoctrinated. But why do we have to suffer too?--Wetman 21:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wetman feels that the following speculation adds something to the article:

 * If the war-cry of the pagan Quraysh was "O people of `Uzza, people of Hubal", the substitution of Allah in this pagan context raises questions among Western readers, as to whose daughter Uzza actually was. Whether these daughters of Hubal or Allah actually preceded him, and were reimagined as daughters, first when Hubal came to prominence at Mecca with the tribe of the Quraysh who were under Hubal's protection and then were transferred to Muhammed, cannot be determined: such speculations are firmly discouraged in Islamic circles.

I, on the other hand, find it difficult to imagine that the undocumented speculations of inexpert "Western readers" are of any interest to an encyclopedia. If a Western scholar in this field has suggested the theory that they were daughters of Hubal, then he deserves due credit for the suggestion, and the least we can do is mention his name. If, on the other hand, this is merely Wetman's original speculation, then he should really publish it in a peer-reviewed journal first. - Mustafaa 18:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Let the alert reader of Wikipedia note the passage and make up her own mind whether or not it adds something to the article. A rebuttle might have been added to the statement by an editor. But perhaps whether its suppression adds something to the Islamic Denial that so vividly surrounds and distorts this subject, as the above dialogue so clearly demonstrates.

 * I am now removing this article from my Watchlist. Caveat lector. --Wetman 21:50, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Whatever. Despite my best efforts to ensure that the other side is represented, Wetman has still provided not so much as a single piece of evidence connecting Allah - or the three goddesses that the pagans called his daughters - to Hubal, a point directly contradicted by the Kitab al-Asnam (p. 24): I can only conclude that none exists. - Mustafaa 22:10, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Incidentally, pre-Islamic references to Allah are not anachronistic in a pagan context; the name is attested in Nabataean and Safaitic inscriptions. - Mustafaa 22:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

3?
What does the prefixed 3 in "3ZY" and "3Uzza" indicate? —Charles P. (Mirv) 17:47, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * it means the letter AYIN.
 * em zilch

NPOV
All Wikipedia Articles must have a NPOV. The pagan gods of Arabia [53.19-24]

[53.19] (Among the idols) have you considered allat and al'uzza,

[53.20] and, another, the third manat?

[53.21] What, have you males, and He females!

[53.22] That is indeed an unjust division.

[53.23] They are but names, named by you and your fathers. Allah has not sent down any authority for them. They follow conjecture and their soul's desire, even though the guidance of their Lord has come to them.

[53.24] Is the human to have whatever he fancies?

See! Those are the Real Verses! This ARticle should be deleted for not complying with NPOV! -- Obaidz96 (talk • contribs • count ) 01:15, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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Krone's proposal
Have added brief reference to Susan Krone's proposal of the fusion of the identities of Al-Lat and Al-'Uzza, and its citation elsewhere.Cpsoper (talk) 00:41, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Acute versus macron
I've seen the name "al-‘Uzzá" written with an acute accent elsewhere too; I was wondering what the reason is for using an acute rather than a macron ("al-‘Uzzā"). This looks odd when we mention "al-Manāt" in the same sentence, but perhaps there's a reason I don't know about (i.e. maybe the acute indicates something other than/in addition to vowel length). Thanks in advance! Q·L·1968 ☿ 17:31, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Al Uzza as an angel:

According to Isaac of Antioch, the pagan Arabs worshiped the Venus Star under the title Al‘Uzza “The Strong (Female)” and Syrian women ascended the roof tops to pray to the star to make them beautiful.

Grintz suggested that the Aza’el/Azazel or

Uza of 1Enoch 8:1

is none other than the goddess Al‘Uzza.

Indeed, Enoch tells that Aza’el taught men to make among

other things bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of anti- mony, and the beautifying of eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all coloring tinctures.

External links modified
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A question about the subject
Are the pre Islamic Goddess and the Enochian Uzza, actually the same? (The Enochian Uzza exists in Islam in relation to Harut and Marut as well, but I doubt that they are all the same)--VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 23:09, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

Influence on oher religions section
This section, especially the one about "the angel", seems not to be about the Arabian goddess. The source referred to (Davidson) talks about the angel Uzza, which is related to a range of angels known from Enochian literature, such as Aza, Azazel, Shemyaza, and some of these angels are also related to Samael (because "rebellious angels are sometimes merged with other ones). But it is unlikely this is related to the Arabian goddess. There further seems to be no source supporting that the deity Uzza., is the same as the fallen angel, or that they influenced each other. If there is some evidence, that Jewish angels influenced the main deities of pre-Islamic Arabian pantheon it should be cited well. Otherwise, I would actually tend to remove theis sections, because the name seems to be the only thing they share. VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 14:05, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al-Uzza


text:
Brant Bjork

Brant Bjork (born March 19, 1973) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He is best known as the drummer and founder of the influential Californian stoner rock band Kyuss. Bjork has also been a member of Fu Manchu, Mondo Generator and Vista Chino, the latter with former Kyuss members John Garcia and Nick Oliveri. He is currently the frontman and co-founder of the stoner rock power trio, Stöner. Bjork is one of the more notable figures in the stoner rock and Palm Desert scene and maintains a prolific solo career with over a dozen released albums.

Kyuss
While still in high school, Bjork got together with friends Chris Cockrell, Nick Oliveri, Josh Homme and John Garcia in 1987 to form a band called Katzenjammer. At Bjork's prompting, the band would soon be renamed Sons of Kyuss for a single EP, named after "The Sons of Kyuss" monsters in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, and then later shortened to Kyuss. The band relocated to Los Angeles in 1990 and signed to Chameleon Records, releasing their debut album, Wretch in September 1991. They were then picked up by the major label Elektra Records, becoming the first desert rock band to achieve international success. Bjork was a major creative force in Kyuss, contributing a substantial portion of the band's songwriting, including standout tracks like "Green Machine" and "50 Million Year Trip (Downside Up)". In 1994, Bjork left the band following the release of Welcome to Sky Valley, frustrated at guitarist Homme's growing reluctance to play the songs he was contributing to the band.

"Josh and I were the creative force of Kyuss. We had a very deep understanding of the need for each other in getting the band to exist musically. At the time of Sky Valley, I was young, probably about 19 or 20, and I certainly had a lot of artistic vision for Kyuss. I exercised that with Blues for the Red Sun, but when it came time for Sky Valley, there was a conflict in direction between Josh and I. That never really happened before, and I didn't know how to handle it."

Post-Kyuss
After leaving Kyuss, Bjork would go on to play with several different bands, as well as founding the independent label El Camino Records (later Duna Records). Through his label, Bjork would release albums that he was musically involved in, such as hardcore punk band De-Con's 1995 album Balls for Days, on which he played drums. Bjork would also release and produce stoner rock band Solarfeast's 1995 debut Gossamer. Bjork would later go on to join former Kyuss bandmate, Josh Homme, in his Palm Desert musical collective series, The Desert Sessions. He would play a mixture of guitar, bass, drums, and percussion on various tracks on the 1997 releases Volume 1: Instrumental Driving Music For Felons and Volume 2: Status: Ships Commander Butchered, as well as 1999's Volume 5: Poetry for the Masses (SeaShedShitheadByTheSheSore) and Volume 6: Black Anvil Ego.

Bjork briefly moved to Santa Cruz to play guitar for hardcore punk band LAB in 1997 (made up of the remaining members of '80s punk band BL'AST!), playing on their 1997 release, the 7-inch EP "Burning Leaf/Chihuahua". He would also play guitar for Fatso Jetson during 1997–1998, including on their 1998 "Jailbreak" 7-inch split EP with stoner rock band Fu Manchu.

Bjork was playing with another former member of Kyuss, Nick Oliveri, in Oliveri's metal band Mondo Generator. Joining in 1997, Bjork's drumming would feature on the 2000 LP Cocaine Rodeo, and the 2003 LP A Drug Problem That Never Existed. He would tour with the band until leaving in 2004. Bjork also appeared on the live video album Use Once and Destroy Me released in 2004, as well as later releases recorded during his stint lineup, including the 2006 7-inch single "I Never Sleep" and the 2008 Australian Tour EP.

Fu Manchu
Having produced their debut album No One Rides for Free in 1994, Bjork would officially join Fu Manchu with the release of their critically acclaimed 1997 album The Action Is Go. Bjork would continue to play on every Fu Manchu recording until his departure following the release of 2001's California Crossing, including the albums Eatin' Dust and King of the Road.

Solo career
Bjork recorded his first solo album, 1999's Jalamanta, in February of that year and performed all of the album's instruments, including guitar and vocals. He would also perform guitar and vocals in the short-lived stoner rock band Ché – a side-project collaboration with former Kyuss and Queens of the Stone Age drummer Alfredo Hernández and former Unida bassist Dave Dinsmore. Ché released their only album, Sounds of Liberation, in October 2000. Bjork's next album, 2002's Brant Bjork & the Operators, named for Bjork's fictional backing band, 'the Operators', was recorded in November 2000 with Bjork again performing vocals and most instruments. He would continue to be the sole performer, except for a few guest spots, on 2003's Keep Your Cool and 2004's Local Angel.

Bjork would form the band Brant Bjork and the Bros in 2003, featuring guitarist Mike Pygmie, bassist Dylan Roche, and drummer Michael Peffer, with Bjork performing vocals and additional guitar. They toured Europe in October 2003, performing a mixture of Bjork's solo material and Ché's Sounds of Liberation. Pygmie was replaced by Scott Cortez Silverman for further touring in Europe and North America in 2004. This line-up went on to record the 2005 double album Saved by Magic. The album featured a return to the sound of Bjork's earlier sound from his Jalamanta/Sounds of Liberation era. 2006 saw the release of Sabbia, a feature film "visual soundtrack" by filmmaker Kate McCabe, featuring Bjork's music. Brant Bjork and the Bros would go on to record another album, 2007's Somera Sól, with Alfredo Hernández replacing Michael Peffer on drums. In the same year, Bjork released his fifth solo album, Tres Dias, an acoustic album featuring reinterpretations of older songs, as well as some new material. The title of the album (Three Days) comes from the purported amount of time that Bjork claimed it took to record it at producer Tony Mason's house in Joshua Tree, California.

Bjork reported in 2007 that he had ended his label, Duna Records, citing that it took too much time and energy to run. Bjork soon created a new label, Low Desert Punk Recordings, and the Duna Records website now functions as a Brant Bjork community fansite and forum. The first release on the new label was Bjork's 2008 album, Punk Rock Guilt, made up of recordings from December 2005 referred to as the "New Jersey Sessions". This release was followed up with the 2010 album Gods & Goddesses. Recorded in LA in 2009, Gods & Goddesses was the first Brant Bjork solo album not to be primarily recorded by Bjork himself. Instead, Bjork recorded with a new line-up of musicians including guitarist Brandon Henderson, former Yawning Man bassist Billy Cordell, and former Mondo Generator drummer Giampaolo Farnedi.

In March 2014, Bjork announced that he would tour Australia in May with his backing band, the 'Low Desert Punks', consisting of bassist Dave Dinsmore, guitarist Bubba Dupree, and Tony Tornay on drums. He would later announce a New Zealand tour with dates in June. In November, an album, Black Power Flower was released on Napalm Records under the name Brant Bjork and the Low Desert Punk Band.

In June 2018, Bjork announced his new album, Mankind Woman. The album released on September 14, 2018, on Heavy Psych Sounds. Mankind Woman was noted for its "smoother and more laid back" style and psychedelic influences, compared to Bjork's previous work. The album was produced by Bubba Dupree, also serving as guitarist throughout. Another notable feature was the shared lead vocals between Bjork and long-time friend Sean Wheeler, who also performed as special guest on the subsequent Mankind Woman album tour in North America and Europe. Brant Bjork handpicked Danish The Sonic Dawn as his European tour support, echoing the psychedelic touches of Mankind Woman.

In April 2019, a new solo record entitled Jacoozzi was released. Originally recorded in 2010 and then shelved, Jacoozzi is an instrumental album, featuring jazz and funk influences with break beats. Bjork explains the material was improvisation meant to lead up to a new solo record. But Vista Chino started up around that time and thus the album was shelved. It was released on April 5, 2019, on Heavy Psych Sounds.

In May 2019, a 'remixed and remastered' reissue of Jalamanta was announced, set for release on September 13, 2019, on Heavy Psych Sounds, 20 years after the album's initial release. The remix was done by Tony Mason, who also did the original mix, and the remastering was done by John McBain at JPM Mastering, San Francisco.

In May 2020, Bjork released his eponymous studio album, Brant Bjork, on Heavy Psych Sounds.

In October 2022, Bjork released his sixteenth solo album, Bougainvillea Suite, on Heavy Psych Sounds. Bjork has described the album as "bittersweet" since it is his last record to be recorded in his studio in Joshua Tree. The album features contributions from his Stöner bandmates.

In 2023, Bjork announced a tour with his new backing band, the Brant Bjork Trio. The lineup includes bassist Mario Lalli of Fatso Jetson and Stöner drummer Ryan Güt.

Vista Chino
In November 2010, it was announced that Bjork was forming Kyuss Lives! with Bruno Fevery on guitar, Nick Oliveri on bass and John Garcia on vocals. The band undertook a European, Australian and New Zealand tour from March to May 2011. In November 2012, Kyuss Lives! announced that they had changed their name to Vista Chino.

Vista Chino released their debut album Peace on September 3, 2013, through Napalm Records.

He played with the band until October 2014, at which point Nick Oliveri announced there was a falling out and that Bjork and Garcia would continue working on their solo projects.

Stöner
In early 2020, Bjork formed the stoner rock power trio, Stöner, alongside Oliveri and Ryan Güt, the drummer for Bjork's solo band. In October, the trio made their live debut performing on the fourth volume of the concert series Live in the Mojave Desert. The album was released on April 30. In June 2021, the band released their debut album, Stoners Rule. Stöner released their sophomore album, Totally..., in May 2022. In February 2023, the band released their debut EP, Boogie to Baja.

Gear
Ludwig Drums 24x16 Bass Drum, 14x13 Tom Tom, 16x16 Floor Tom, 18x16 Floor Tom, 14x6.5 Snare
 * Drums:

Paiste 15" sound edge hi-hats', 22" Signature Reflector Heavy Full Crash', 22" 2002 Heavy Ride', 22" 2002 Crash
 * Cymbals:

 * Pro-mark: 2b Drumsticks

In the early days of Kyuss, Brant would reverse his sticks to get more power. Towards the end of his stint with Kyuss, Brant used Zildjian Rock Sticks. During his time with Fu Manchu, Brant used various Ludwig drum kits, including the kit he used in Kyuss, but primarily used a blonde maple Ludwig with a 26x16 kick, 14x14 tom and a 18x18 floor tom. His cymbals were Zildjian A's, 20 and 22 crashes and ride and 15 or 16 inch hats. His sticks varied from 5b's or 2b's from Vater, Vic Firth or Pro-mark turned upside down for maximum power.

Fender Stratocaster, Gibson SG, Gibson Firebird
 * Guitars:

Marshall Heads and Cabs
 * Amps:

Fuzzrocious 420 Fuzz, Dunlop Fuzz Face, Dunlop Echoplex, Dunlop Cry Baby Wah, MXR Phase 90
 * Effects:

Discography
Brant Bjork
 * Jalamanta (1999)
 * Brant Bjork & the Operators (2002)
 * Keep Your Cool (2003)
 * Local Angel (2004)
 * Tres Dias (2007)
 * Punk Rock Guilt (2008)
 * Gods & Goddesses (2010)
 * Tao of the Devil (2016)
 * Europe '16 (2017)
 * Mankind Woman (2018)
 * Jacoozzi (2019)
 * Brant Bjork (2020)
 * Bougainvillea Suite (2022)

Brant Bjork and the Bros
 * Saved by Magic (2005)
 * Somera Sól (2007)

Brant Bjork and the Low Desert Punk Band
 * Black Power Flower (2014)

title: Brant Bjork


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title: User:Wagdi


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The Walrus

The Walrus is an independent, non-profit Canadian media organization. It is multi-platform and produces an eight-issue-per-year magazine and online editorial content that includes current affairs, fiction, poetry, and podcasts, a national speaker series called The Walrus Talks, and branded content for clients through The Walrus Lab.

Creation
In 2002, David Berlin, a former editor and owner of the Literary Review of Canada, began promoting his vision of a world-class Canadian magazine. This led him to meet with then-Harper's editor Lewis H. Lapham to discuss creating a "Harper's North", which would combine the American magazine with 40 pages of Canadian content. As Berlin searched for funding to create that content, a mutual friend put him in touch with Ken Alexander, a former high school English and history teacher and then senior producer of CBC Newsworld's CounterSpin. Like Berlin, Alexander was hoping to found an intelligent Canadian magazine that dealt with world affairs.

Before long, the Chawkers Foundation, run by Alexander's family, had agreed to provide the prospective magazine with $5 million over five years, and the George Cedric Metcalf Charitable Foundation promised $150,000 for an internship program. This provided enough money to get by without the partnership with Harper's.

Shortly after Berlin and Alexander hired creative director Antonio de Luca and art director Jason Logan to envision the launch of The Walrus.

The magazine launched in September 2003, as an attempt to create a Canadian equivalent to American magazines such as Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly, or The New Yorker. Since then, it has become Canada's leading general interest magazine. Its mandate is: to be a national general interest magazine about Canada and its place in the world. We are committed to publishing the best work by the best writers from Canada and elsewhere on a wide range of topics for readers who are curious about the world.

Name
The "walrus" name was at first a working title, but quickly grew on the staff of the magazine. According to their website, the rationale behind it was "to dissociate this country with the 'log chomping' and 'earnestness' of our national animal (and cliché), the beaver"; the walrus, just as much a Canadian native, is "curmudgeonly but clever, bulky but agile (if only in water)." Most importantly, in the words of David Berlin, "No one ignores a walrus."

Magazine
Berlin resigned as editor in 2004, and Ken Alexander ended his tumultuous reign as publisher, then editor, in June 2008. John Macfarlane, former editor-in-chief of Toronto Life and publisher of Saturday Night, joined The Walrus in July 2008 as editor and co-publisher. With newly returned art director Brian Morgan, Macfarlane oversaw a revamping of the editorial and art direction of the magazine. The new Walrus was to be more consistent and current, with a "far more internally driven" process for story selection, and the reworked cover featuring illustrations that correspond to each issue's content.

The Walrus soon began to receive critical acclaim: its two 2003 issues alone garnered eleven National Magazine Award nominations and three wins, and the Utne Reader awarded it the prize for best new publication in 2004. In 2006, it won the National Magazine Award for Magazine of the Year in Canada. As of April 2017, it has consistently led in the National Magazine Awards, earning a total of 70 wins and 231 nominations to date.

In January 2012, High Fidelity HDTV and The Walrus announced plans to air fourteen "original high-definition documentaries" derived from content from The Walrus that had been produced since April 2011. The two companies plan on creating more documentaries in the future.

On 13 September 2012, the Walrus unveiled its redesigned website. It is based on the Wordpress platform and was developed over the course of five months.

Unpaid internship programme
In March 2014, The Walrus was required to shut down its unpaid internship programme after the Ontario Ministry of Labour declared that its longstanding practice of not paying interns was in contravention of the Employment Standards Act. The magazine issued a statement justifying its practice of using unpaid labour, saying: We have been training future leaders in media and development for ten years, and we are extremely sorry we are no longer able to provide these opportunities, which have assisted many young Ontarians—and Canadians—in bridging the gap from university to paid work and in, many cases, on to stellar careers. Since 2014, The Walrus has offered paid editorial fellowships that run six months. In 2020, The Walrus fellowships grew to one year placements.

December 2014–present
On 1 December 2014, Jonathan Kay replaced John Macfarlane as Editor-in-Chief.

In October 2015, a report in Canadaland provided details of a toxic and disorganized environment at the magazine.

Kay resigned as Editor-in-Chief on 14 May 2017, following a controversy around cultural appropriation in which he dismissed Indigenous concerns about the practice. Jessica Johnson was named executive editor, in addition to her existing role as creative director, on 7 September 2017.

Johnson resigned on 2 February 2023, saying "five years is a long time in the life of a magazine editor, and I've had a really good run." Carmine Starnino, Editor-at-large at The Walrus and a founding editor in 2002 of Maisonneuve magazine, had stepped up as Interim Editor-in-Chief by no later than 21 February.

Finances
Though The Walrus was initially pledged $1 million annually by the Chawkers Foundation for its first five years, it was unable to access this money without first being recognized as a charitable organization by the Canada Revenue Agency. The Alexander family was forced to support the magazine out of its own pocket until it finally received charitable status in 2005, creating the charitable non-profit Walrus Foundation. In addition to publishing the magazine, the Foundation runs events across Canada, including talks and debates on public policy.

In the relatively small yet geographically large Canadian market, magazines producing long-form journalism have often struggled to stay afloat. Saturday Night, which The Walrus editor John Macfarlane formerly published, lost money continuously despite being a celebrated publication. But as Macfarlane reported in 2011, The Walrus's charitable model, similar to that of Harper's, was thus far sustaining it: donations covered about half of the costs of producing the magazine in 2010, with the traditional revenue streams of circulation and advertising providing the rest. This is all the more important for the magazine because its educational mandate requires that it keep a ratio of no less than 70 percent editorial content to 30 percent advertising.

title: The Walrus


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Serb Volunteer Guard

The Serb Volunteer Guard (Српска добровољачка гарда, SDG), also known as Arkan's Tigers (Арканови тигрови) or Arkan's men (Аркановци), was a Serbian volunteer paramilitary unit founded and led by Željko Ražnatović that fought in the Croatian War and the Bosnian War during the Yugoslav Wars and was responsible for numerous war crimes and massacres.

History and organization
The SDG was created on 11 October 1990 by twenty members of the Red Star Belgrade football club Ultra group Delije Sever. The group was under the command of the Territorial Defense, a regular military in charge of the territories of Croatia populated predominantly by Serbs during the first half of the 1990s. According to historian Tony Judt, the group was one of several irregular units which "were little more than organized bands of thugs and criminals, armed by Belgrade."

The SDG set up their headquarters and training camp in a former military facility in Erdut. It saw action from mid-1991 to late 1995, initially in the Vukovar region of Croatia. It was supplied and equipped from the reserves of the Serbian police force during the War in Croatia and Bosnia.

After war broke out in the former Yugoslav republic of Croatia in the fall of 1991 and in Bosnia in April 1992, Arkan and his units moved to attack different territories in these countries. In Croatia, the Tigers fought in various locales in Eastern Slavonia.

The SDG, under the command of Arkan, massacred hundreds of people in eastern Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina while in the early ethnic cleansing campaigns in eastern Bosnia this unit had a major role. In autumn 1995, Arkan's troops fought in the area of Banja Luka, Sanski Most and Prijedor where they were routed. Arkan personally led most war actions, and rewarded his most efficient officers and soldiers with ranks, medals and eventually the products of lootings.

The SDG was officially disbanded in April 1996, and all of its members were ordered to join the Yugoslav Army. Besides Arkan, a notable member of the SDG was his right-hand man, Colonel Nebojša Djordjević, who was murdered in late 1996. Another notable member was Milorad Ulemek, who is now serving a 40-year sentence for his involvement in the assassination of Serbia's pro-Western prime minister Zoran Đinđić in 2003.

War crimes charges
Željko Ražnatović was indicted in 1997 by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for his command of the Guard, as the unit was allegedly responsible for numerous crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Convention and violations of the laws or customs of war, including active participation in the ethnic cleansing in Bijeljina and Zvornik in 1992.

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia charged the SDG, under the command or supervision of Željko Ražnatović with the following:
 * Forcibly detaining approximately thirty non-Serb men and one woman, without food or water, in an inadequately ventilated boiler room of approximately 5 m2 in size.
 * Transporting twelve non-Serb men from Sanski Most to an isolated location in the village of Trnova, where they shot and killed eleven of the men and critically wounded the twelfth.
 * Transporting approximately sixty-seven non-Serb men and one woman from Sanski Most, Šehovci, and Pobrijeze to an isolated location in the village of Sasina and shooting them, killing sixty-five of the captives and wounding two survivors.
 * Forcibly detaining approximately thirty-five Muslim Bosnian men in an inadequately ventilated boiler room around 5 m2, beating them while also depriving them of food and water, resulting in the deaths of two men.
 * The rape of a Muslim Bosnian woman on a bus outside the Hotel Sanus in Sanski Most.

Prominent members
Many of the former members of "Arkan Tigers" are prominent figures in Serbia, maintaining close ties between each other and with Russian nationalist organisations. Jugoslav Simić and Svetozar Pejović posed with Russian Night Wolves, Ceca (Arkan's widow) performed for Vladimir Putin during his visit in Serbia, Srđan Golubović is a popular trance performer known as "DJ Max" and was identified by Rolling Stone as the SDG soldier kicking dead bodies of a Bosniak family in Bijeljina on a photo from 1992.
 * Željko Ražnatović – SDG Commander
 * Borislav Pelević – Serbian presidential candidate in 2002 and 2004
 * Milorad Ulemek – JSO Commander
 * Zvezdan Jovanović – JSO Commander
 * Mihajlo Ulemek – SDG Colonel and media personality
 * Srđan Golubović - Trance DJ (not to be mistaken with a film director of the same name)

In popular culture

 * in the 2001 film Behind Enemy Lines (loosely based on the story of pilot Scott O'Grady during the Bosnian War), the unit appears as the main antagonists, led by the fictional Miroslav Lokar.
 * In the 2008 Serbian film The Tour, a group of Serbian actors go on a tour in war-torn Bosnia. Among other factions, they meet an unnamed paramilitary unit wearing insignia similar to those of the Serb Volunteer Guard. The unit's commander (played by Sergej Trifunović) is clearly based on Arkan.
 * In the 2012 Japanese anime Jormungand, one of the antagonists is Dragan Nikolaevich, commander of the Balkan Dragons. His looks and even his biography bear resounding resemblance to those of Arkan.
 * The 2012 film Twice Born is based on a novel by Margaret Mazzantini set in the background of Bosnian War.
 * In fourteenth episode of the first season of the crime procedural Law & Order: Criminal Intent, "Homo Homini Lupis", the suspect of the investigation is accused of raping a young girl. In the course of the detectives' interrogation, they identify the suspect as a former member of the volunteer guard due to a tiger tattoo on his back and attempt to establish a pattern of behavior by pointing to the war crimes that occurred in Bosnia.

title: Serb Volunteer Guard


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Period (music)

In music, the term period refers to certain types of recurrence in small-scale formal structure. In twentieth-century music scholarship, the term is usually used as defined by the Oxford Companion to Music: "a period consists of two phrases, antecedent and consequent, each of which begins with the same basic motif." Earlier usage varied somewhat, but usually referred to similar notions of symmetry, recurrence, and closure. The concept of a musical period originates in comparisons between music structure and rhetoric at least as early as the 16th century.

Western art music

In Western art music or Classical music, a period is a group of phrases consisting usually of at least one antecedent phrase and one consequent phrase totaling about 8 bars in length (though this varies depending on meter and tempo). Generally, the antecedent ends in a weaker and the consequent in a stronger cadence; often, the antecedent ends in a half cadence while the consequent ends in an authentic cadence. Frequently, the consequent strongly parallels the antecedent, even sharing most of the material save the final bars. In other cases, the consequent may differ greatly (for example, the period in the beginning of the second movement of the Pathetique Sonata).

The 1958 Encyclopédie Fasquelle defines a period as follows: Another definition is as follows: And A double period is, "a group of at least four phrases...in which the first two phrases form the antecedent and the third and fourth phrases together form the consequent."
 * "A complex phrase, in which the various parts are enchained."
 * "In traditional music...a group of bars comprising a natural division of the melody; usually regarded as comprising two or more contrasting or complementary phrases and ending with a cadence." (Harvard Dictionary of Music, 1969)
 * "A period is a structure of two consecutive phrases, often built of similar or parallel melodic material, in which the first phrase gives the impression of asking a question which is answered by the second phrase."

When analyzing Classical music, contemporary music theorists usually employ a more specific formal definition, such as the following by William Caplin:
 * "the period is normatively an eight-bar structure divided into two four-bar phrases. [...] the antecedent phrase of a period begins with a two-bar basic idea. [...] bars 3–4 of the antecedent phrase bring a 'contrasting idea' that leads to a weak cadence of some kind. [...] The consequent phrase of the period repeats the antecedent but concludes with a stronger cadence. More specifically, the basic idea 'returns' in bars 5–6 and then leads to a contrasting idea, which may or may not be based on that of the antecedent."

Bell patterns
The second definition of period in the New Harvard Dictionary of Music states: "A musical element that is in some way repeated," applying "to the units of any parameter of music that embody repetitions at any level." In some sub-Saharan music and music of the African diaspora, the bell pattern embodies this definition of period. The bell pattern (also known as a key pattern, guide pattern, phrasing referent, timeline, or asymmetrical timeline ) is repeated throughout the entire piece, and is the principal unit of musical time and rhythmic structure by which all other elements are arranged. The period is often a single bar (four main beats).

The seven-stroke standard bell pattern is one of the most commonly used representations of the musical period in sub-Saharan music. The first three strokes of the bell are antecedent, and the remaining four strokes are consequent. The consequent diametrically opposes the antecedent.

Clave

Cuban musicologist Emilio Grenet represents the period in two bars of 2/4. In explaining the structure of music guided by the five-stroke African bell pattern known in Cuba as clave (Spanish for 'key' or 'code'), Grenet uses what could be considered a definition of period: "We find that all its melodic design is constructed on a rhythmic pattern of two bars, as though both were only one, the first is antecedent, strong, and the second is consequent, weak."

As Grenet and many others describe the period, the cross-rhythmic antecedent ('tresillo') is strong and the on-beat resolution is weak. This is the opposite of Western harmonic theory, where resolution is described as strong. Despite this difference, both the harmonic and rhythmic periods have consequent resolution. In simplest terms, that resolution occurs harmonically when the tonic is sounded, and in clave-based rhythm when the last main beat is sounded. Metric consonance is achieved when the last stroke of clave coincides with the last main beat (last quarter note) of the consequent bar.

The antecedent bar has three strokes and is called the three-side of clave. The consequent bar has two strokes and is called the two-side. The three-side gives the impression of asking a question, which is answered by the two-side. The two sides of clave cycle in a type of repeating call and response.

"[With] clave . . . the two bars are not at odds, but rather, they are balanced opposites like positive and negative, expansive and contractive or the poles of a magnet. As the pattern is repeated, an alternation from one polarity to the other takes place creating pulse and rhythmic drive. Were the pattern to be suddenly reversed, the rhythm would be destroyed as in a reversing of one magnet within a series . . . the patterns are held in place according to both the internal relationships between the drums and their relationship with clave . . . Should the drums fall out of clave (and in contemporary practice they sometimes do) the internal momentum of the rhythm will be dissipated and perhaps even broken—Amira and Cornelius (1992)."

An actual key pattern does not need to be played in order for a key pattern to define the period.

title: Period (music)


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Altaria (band)

Altaria is a Finnish heavy metal band from Jakobstad, who have released four albums on the record label Metal Heaven, a fifth on Escape Music and a sixth on Reaper Entertainment.

History
In January 2008, the band decided to part ways with their record label Metal Heaven for undisclosed reasons. In the same month, bass player Marko Pukkila parted ways with the band after an argument concerning the split with Metal Heaven, and was replaced as vocalist by Ex-Terrorwheel bass player, Marco Luponero. After that, the only original member still active with Altaria at the time was Tony Smedjebacka.

Towards the later part of 2008 the band announced on their website that they were in the process of writing songs for their fifth (fourth full) studio album. In March 2009, they stated that they had finished recording 12 tracks for their upcoming release. The title had yet to be confirmed, but one track had already been completed, entitled "Pride and Desire". Altaria's fifth studio album, Unholy, was released in May 2009.

After nearly five years of inactivity, the band, together with former bass player Marko Pukkila got together for Altaria's final concert at Nummirock 2016 on 23 June.

In December 2019, the band announced through their new website that the 2006 lineup had returned, and were recording material for a sixth album for a late 2020 release. They also remastered their second album, Divinity, which was released on 27 March 2020. In April 2022, the band announced their new album, Wisdom, would be released on 8 July.

Members

 * Current lineup
 * Tony Smedjebacka – drums (2000–2016, 2020–present)
 * Marko Pukkila – bass (2000–2008, 2016, 2020–present)
 * Taage Laiho – lead vocals (2003–2006, 2020–present)
 * Juha Pekka Alanen – guitar (2005–2016, 2020–present)
 * Petri Aho – guitar (2006–2016, 2020–present; live member: 2004)

 * Former members
 * Jani Liimatainen – guitars, keyboards (2000–2005, 2016)
 * Johan Mattjus – lead vocals (2000–2001)
 * Emppu Vuorinen – guitars (2002–2004)
 * Jouni Nikula – lead vocals (2002–2003)
 * Marco Luponero – lead vocals (2006–2016), bass (2008–2016)

Discography

 * Sleeping Visions (2001 demo)
 * Feed the Fire (2002 demo)
 * Invitation (Metal Heaven, 2003)
 * Divinity (Metal Heaven, 2004)
 * The Fallen Empire (Metal Heaven, 2006)
 * Divine Invitation (2007)
 * Unholy (Escape Music, 2009)
 * Wisdom (Reaper Entertainment, 2022)

title: Altaria (band)


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Category:Melodic sections

These are different types of melodic sections.

title: Category:Melodic sections