text:
User talk:Amtd~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Amtd. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Amtd~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:51, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Amtd~enwiki


text:
Talk:List of Catholic priests

Untitled
Moved from List of Catholic Priests to correct capitalization. --Whosyourjudas (talk) 04:33, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Please don't make this into a link farm for the sex-abuse scandal. I already have Geoghan on the list and if you want to add more sex-abusers then look in Category:Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal. In fact I'll head this off myself.--T. Anthony 09:46, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * On consideration this worked better as a category and doesn't work well as a list. Sorry, but you live you learn.--T. Anthony 02:04, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This list needs a lot of work. When I say a lot, I mean a lot lot lot.  There are thousands upon thousands of notable priests.  What standard does this article use for inclusion?  There are so many notable priests missing from this list.  Why even have this list to begin with?  It needs to be more focused... much more focused. Frostandchill (talk) 03:40, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

List of Criminals
I removed Dale Fushek from the "Criminals" section, since he's only been indicted and hasn't been tried. Listing him as a criminal could be considered WP:libel. I also removed Tim Wilson, since the person linked to is not a priest or convicted criminal.

John Geoghan is a more interesting question, since technically his conviction was overturned. Erring on the side of only label people convicted as criminals, I removed him as well, but this is probably a matter for wider discussion. -- Kaszeta 03:06, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I deleted this section on "criminals". This article's own description states "Catholic priests who are mostly known for their non-priestly work should be placed on other lists."  Being a criminal is not an intrinsic part of being a priest.  Being a criminal is "non-priestly" and the vast majority of priests are not criminals.  Inclusion of criminals in this manner would be non-scholarly and rather would be in bad faith and perhaps anti-Catholic bias.  There are so many Catholic priests in the world.  Thousands, perhaps millions throughout history.  Why highlight those who have committed crimes when there are so many who are saints and have contributed to this world.  I don't understand how this list is maintainable.  It lacks proper focus and honestly is all over the place.  It has typos, spelling errors.. totally unprofessional organization.  Maybe the whole list should be deleted?  It's worth some thought.  Frostandchill (talk) 03:54, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Creator of this article and those who have updated it lack proper theological knowledge
"This is an annotated list of men primarily known for their work as Catholic priests. Catholic priests who are mostly known for their non-priestly work should be placed on other lists. Further men known for being bishops, archbishops, and other positions above the priesthood should be placed elsewhere. This is to avoid redundancy with the List of cardinals, List of popes, etc."

Frostandchill (talk) 04:03, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Please note the following:
 * Being a Catholic priest is not simply a job. The Catholic priest is ordained as a priest through the sacrament of Holy Orders.  So being a priest is more than just doing some priestly work, but there is an ontological change.  The man is an ordained priest.
 * Newsflash, bishops, archbishops, popes, cardinals, etc. are all priests. They are not in positions "above" the priesthood.  They have received the episcopal ordination and the fullness of the priesthood... but they are still priests.  Breaking News: Pope Benedict XVI is still a priest even though he is Pope.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Catholic priests


text:
Oera Linda Book

The Oera Linda Book is a manuscript written in imitated Old Frisian, purporting to cover historical, mythological, and religious themes of remote antiquity, from 2194 BCE to 803 CE. Among academics in Germanic philology, the document is considered to be a hoax or forgery.

The manuscript first came to public awareness in the 1860s. In 1872, Jan Gerhardus Ottema published a Dutch translation and defended it as genuine. Over the next few years there was a heated public controversy, but by 1879 it was universally accepted that the text was a recent composition. Nevertheless, a public controversy was revived in the context of 1930s Nazi occultism, and the book is still occasionally brought up in esotericism and Atlantis literature. The manuscript's author is not known with certainty, hence it is unknown whether the intention was to produce a pseudepigraphical hoax, a parody or simply an exercise in poetic fantasy.

Historian Goffe Jensma published a monograph on the manuscript in 2004, De gemaskerde god (The Masked God), including a discussion of the history of its reception and a new translation in 2006. Jensma concludes that it was probably intended as a "hoax to fool some nationalist Frisians and orthodox Christians", as well as an "experiential exemplary exercise" by Dutch theologian and poet François Haverschmidt.

19th century
The Oera Linda Book, known in Old Frisian as Thet Oera Linda Bok, came to light in 1867 when Cornelis Over de Linden (1811–1874) handed the manuscript, which he claimed to have inherited from his grandfather, via his aunt, over to Eelco Verwijs (1830–1880), the provincial librarian of Friesland, for translation and publication. Verwijs rejected the manuscript, but in 1872 Jan Gerhardus Ottema (1804–1879), a prominent member of the Frisian Society for History and Culture, published a Dutch translation. Ottema believed it to be written in authentic Old Frisian. The book was subsequently translated into English by William Sandbach in 1876, and published by Trübner & Co. of London.

Within the first few years after the appearance of the Oera Linda Book, its recent origin was established not only based on the exceptional claims being made, but also because of a number of anachronisms it contained. The text was nevertheless a source of inspiration for a number of occultists and speculative historians. While there was some debate among Dutch academics and in a number of newspapers about the book's authenticity during the 1870s, by 1879 it was widely recognized as a forgery.

Nazi Germany
More than forty years later, beginning in 1922, Dutch völkisch philologist Herman Wirth revived the issue. Wirth published a German translation of what he dubbed the "Nordic Bible" in 1933, as Die Ura Linda Chronik.

A panel discussion on Wirth's book at the University of Berlin on 4 May 1934 was the immediate impulse for the foundation of Ahnenerbe by Himmler and Wirth, together with Richard Walther Darré. Because of the infatuation of Himmler with the Oera Linda Book and its consequent association with Nazi occultism, it became known as "Himmler's Bible". Wirth's book was by no means universally acclaimed among the Nazi-era Nordicist academics, and the 1934 panel discussion was steeped in heated controversy. Alfred Rosenberg and his circle rejected it. Gustav Neckel had praised Wirth's work before publication, but upon seeing its content published a dismayed recension.

Speaking in defense of the book's authenticity were Walther Wüst and Otto Huth, besides Wirth himself. Speaking against its authenticity were Neckel, Karl Hermann Jacob-Friesen (who identified it as a satirical hoax by Linden) and Arthur Hübner. Hübner was one of the most respected Germanists of his generation, and his verdict of the Oera Linda being a falsification settled the defeat of Wirth's party. The public defeat of Himmler's scholarly brand of "esoteric Nordicism" resulted in the foundation of Ahnenerbe, which attracted occultists such as Karl Maria Wiligut and was viewed with suspicion by the mainstream National Socialist ideologues of Amt Rosenberg.

Modern esotericism
The book experienced a revival of popularity in the English-speaking world with the writings of Robert Scrutton. In The Other Atlantis (1977) he reproduced the full text of Sandbach's 1876 English translation, interspersed with his own commentaries on history and mythology. In Secrets of Lost Atland (1979) he became the first to link the book with the concept of earth mysteries, and, in particular, ley lines and telluric energy. Following Scrutton's example, English language accounts of the Oera Linda Book tend to place it within the New Age or alternate history genres, and do not associate it with National Socialism, as is the case in Germany.

Another figure to formulate a contemporary Neopagan tradition influenced by the Oera Linda Book was Tony Steele, who considered the book to reveal the genuine truth about the ancient European megalithic culture. In Water Witches (1998) he examined the book's use as a cultural identity marker by the Frisian-descended canal folk of the English Midlands. In The Rites and Rituals of Traditional Witchcraft (2001) he connected the religious practices of the priestesses described in the book with later medieval witchcraft traditions. Steele's 2023 horror thriller novel In a Flat Landscape also makes the Oera Linda Book a central part of the story.

Russia

A new stir rose in Russia in the 1990s when political philosopher Alexander Dugin took up the work of Herman Wirth. In his influential 1999 anthology Absoliutnaia rodina, he views the book of Oera Linda as a textbook example of a deeply rooted myth of the Aryan race that can easily be transformed into political ideologies. This is exactly what he did, according to critics: the chronicle was used to support a Eurasianism worldview, while ironically he hated the epic from the Atlantic world. As a counterpart to Friesian history, Dugin promoted the myth of the supposedly lost Palestinebuch, in which Wirth is said to have described the true history of the Jewish people. In 2007, one of his students provided a Russian translation of the Oera Linda Book with a detailed preface.

Authorship
Among those who doubt the book's authenticity, the most popular candidates for the author of the manuscript are Cornelis Over de Linden or Eelco Verwijs. A recent third choice is the Protestant preacher François Haverschmidt (1835–1894), well known for writing poetry under the pseudonym Piet Paaltjens. Haverschmidt lived in Friesland and was an acquaintance of Verwijs.

Goffe Jensma (2004) argued that Haverschmidt was the main writer of the book, with the help of Over de Linden and Verwijs. According to Jensma, Haverschmidt intended the Oera Linda Book as a parody of the Christian Bible. An article in late 2007 by Jensma says that the three authors of the translation intended it "to be a temporary hoax to fool some nationalist Frisians and orthodox Christians and as an experiential exemplary exercise in reading the Holy Bible in a non-fundamentalist, symbolical way." Ignoring clues that it was a forgery, J. G. Ottema took it seriously, and it achieved popularity for the reasons given above. Its creators felt unable to admit that they had written it, and it became the foundation for new occult beliefs. Jensma concludes his article by saying "It is a perfect irony that a book written to unmask the Holy Bible as a book of human making was to become a bible itself."

Contents
Themes running through the Oera Linda Book include catastrophism, nationalism, matriarchy, and mythology. The text alleges that Europe and other lands were, for a large part of their history, ruled by a succession of folk-mothers presiding over a hierarchical order of celibate priestesses dedicated to the goddess Frya, daughter of the creator god Wr-alda and Jrtha, the earth mother. The claim is also made that this Frisian civilization possessed an alphabet that was the ancestor of the Greek and Phoenician alphabets. Modern historiography is essentially ignored, particularly in the area of basic chronology of known events in the recent and distant past of Europe. Geological as well as geographical evidence that was readily available even as far back as Over de Linden's time is also mostly absent from the manuscript.

The earliest portion of the Oera Linda Book, namely Frya's Tex, was supposedly composed in 2194 BC, whereas the most recent part, the letter of Hidde Oera Linda, claims to date to AD 1256. Almost half of the entire book comprises The Book of Adela's Followers, the original text around which the rest grew. It is purported to have been compiled in the 6th century BC from a mixture of contemporary writings and ancient inscriptions. The last two sections of the Oera Linda Book contain a number of lacunae and the book itself breaks off in mid-sentence.

It also describes a lost land called Atland (the name given to Atlantis by the 17th-century scholar Olof Rudbeck), which was supposedly submerged in 2194 BC – the same year as 19th-century Dutch and Frisian almanacs, following traditional Biblical chronology, gave for Noah's flood.

Sections
The Oera Linda Book is divided into six sections, further subdivided into a total of 53 chapters.

 * Letters
 * The Book of Adela's Followers
 * The Writings of Adelbrost and Apollonia
 * The Writings of Frêthorik and Wiljow
 * The Writing of Konerêd
 * Fragments

title: Oera Linda Book


text:
Robert Jervis

Robert Jervis (April 30, 1940 – December 9, 2021) was an American political scientist who was the Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics in the Department of Political Science at Columbia University. Jervis was co-editor of the Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, a series published by Cornell University Press.

He is known for his contributions to political psychology, international relations theory, nuclear strategy, and intelligence studies. According to the Open Syllabus Project, Jervis is one of the most-frequently cited authors on college syllabi for political science courses.

Early life and education
Robert Jervis was born in 1940. He earned a BA from Oberlin College in 1962. At Oberlin, he developed an interest in nuclear strategy, and was influenced by Thomas Schelling’s Strategy of Conflict and Glenn Snyder’s ''Deterrence and Defense. '' In 1962, he began graduate work at University of California, Berkeley, where he studied under Glenn Snyder. He received a PhD from UC Berkeley in 1968.

Career
From 1968 to 1972, he was an assistant professor of government at Harvard University and was an associate professor from 1972 to 1974. According to Jervis, Schelling brought him to Harvard.  In 1974, Jervis was a candidate for the tenured chair vacated by Henry Kissinger when he started working in the Richard Nixon administration, but the Government department at Harvard did not consider Jervis qualified. At Harvard, he developed a close friendship with Schelling and Kenneth Waltz.  From 1974 to 1980, he was a professor of political science at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was a member of the Columbia University faculty from 1980 until his death in 2021. He was a member of the Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies in the School of International and Public Affairs. He was president of the American Political Science Association in 2000–2001.

Jervis consulted for the CIA.

He worked on perceptions and misperceptions in foreign policy decision making. Jervis played a key role in introducing insights from psychology to International Relations scholarship. Charles Glaser described Jervis's work on the security dilemma as "among the most important works in international relations of the past few decades."

According to Jack Snyder, "Jervis's body of thought can be categorized in terms of five interrelated themes: communication in strategic bargaining, perception and misperception in international politics, cooperation in anarchy, the nuclear revolution, and complex system effects and unintended consequences." According to Thomas J. Christensen and Keren Yarhi-Milo, "in seeking to understand both behavior and outcomes in world affairs, Jervis championed the role of individuals’ perceptions and formative experiences rather than just broad political, social, and economic forces... [His] work was always rooted in the complexities of actual decision-making by real people with quirks and flaws."

Jervis was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. In 2006 he was awarded the NAS Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War from the National Academy of Sciences. He participated in the 2010 Hertog Global Strategy Initiative, a high-level research program on nuclear proliferation.

In 2021, he was elected member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Jervis was the recipient of the 1990 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order.

Personal life and death
Jervis met his wife Kathe (née Weil) Jervis in 1961 on a student trip to the Soviet Union. Together they had two daughters, Alexa and Lisa. Lisa Jervis is a co-founder of Bitch magazine.

In the early 1960s, while studying for his PhD in Political Science at the University of California at Berkeley, Jervis participated in the Free Speech Movement.

Jervis died of lung cancer on December 9, 2021, at the age of 81.

Jervis is honored at Columbia University with an annual conference bearing his name.

Selected publications
Books
 * The Logic of Images in International Relations (Princeton, 1970) ISBN 978-0-231-06932-8
 * Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, 1976) ISBN 978-0-691-10049-4
 * The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy (Cornell, 1985) ISBN 9781501738654
 * The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution (Cornell, 1989) ISBN 978-0801495656
 * System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life (Princeton, 1997) ISBN 978-0-86682-003-5
 * American Foreign Policy in a New Era (Routledge, 2005) ISBN 978-0-41595-101-2
 * Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons From The Iranian Revolution And The Iraq War (Cornell, 2010) ISBN 978-0-8014-4785-3
 * How Statesmen Think: The Psychology of International Politics (Essay Collection) (Princeton, 2017) ISBN 978-0-691-17644-4

Articles

title: Robert Jervis


text:
Richard Grey (priest)

Richard Grey D.D. (6 April 1696 – 28 February 1771 ) was an English churchman and author, archdeacon of Bedford from 1757. He is now remembered for his Memoria Technica, a work on a memory system.

Life
He was born in Newcastle, the son of John Grey. He matriculated at Lincoln College, Oxford, 20 June 1712, and graduated B.A. in 1716 and M.A. 16 January 1719. He was ordained in 1719, and became chaplain and secretary to Nathaniel Crew, bishop of Durham. Crew had him presented in the following year to the rectory of Hinton, Northamptonshire. Through the same influence Grey obtained the little rectory of Steane Chapel, and in 1725 the additional living of Kimcote, near Lutterworth, Leicestershire. He was also appointed a prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, and official and commissary of the archdeaconry of Leicester. He proceeded D.D. in 1731, and was archdeacon of Bedford from 1757 for the rest of his life.

Grey was a friend of Philip Doddridge, was well known to Samuel Johnson, who admired his learning, and was intimate with John Moore. He died on 28 February 1771 and was buried at Hinton, where he had been rector for fifty years.

Memoria Technica
In 1730 appeared Grey's 'Memoria Technica; or a new Method of Artificial Memory.' Grey's system consisted in changing the last syllable of names into letters which represented figures according to an arbitrary table, and in stringing together the new formations in lines with a hexameter beat. It therefore uses strings of letters to remember numbers. Example: az = 10, tel = 325, teib = 381. The 'Memoria Technica' was applied to the dates and figures of chronology, geography, measures of weight and length, astronomy, and so on, and though uncouth and complicated met with great favour. The book went through several editions in the author's lifetime, and continued to be reprinted with modifications till 1861. On Grey's system were founded Solomon Lowe's 'Mnemonics,' and several aids to memory connected with other names.

According to Francis Fauvel Gouraud, Grey indicated that a discussion on Hebrew linguistics in William Beveridge (bishop)'s Institutionum chronotogicarum libri duo, una cum totidem arithmetices chronologicæ libellis (London, 1669) inspired him to create his system of mnemotechniques which later evolved in to the Mnemonic major system.

Other works
Greay's numerous publications began with An Answer to Barbeyrac's Spirit of the Ecclesiastics of all Ages as to the Doctrines of Morality, 1722. In 1730 he published A System of English Ecclesiastical Law, extracted from the "Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Angli" of Bishop Edmund Gibson, for the use of students for holy orders. It was in recognition of this work, which passed through four editions in a few years, that the University of Oxford gave him the degree of D.D.

In 1736 Grey published The Miserable and Distracted State of Religion in England, after previous consultation with Dr. Zachary Grey. Three pedagogic works on Hebrew were A New and Easy Method of Learning Hebrew without points, to which is added by way of Praxis the Book of Proverbs divided according to the metre, with the Masoretical readings in Roman letters (1739, 3 parts), Tabula exhibens Paradigmata Verborum Hebraicorum (1739), and Historia Josephi Patriarchi; praemittitur nova methodus Hebraice discendi. Liber Jobi in versiculos metrice divisus; accedit canticum Moysis from 1742 resulted in the 1744 An Answer to Mr. Warburton's "Remarks on several Occasional Reflections" so far as they concern the preface to a late edition of the Book of Job, in allusion to which William Warburton in the second part of his 'Remarks' called him an "impotent railer". The Last Words of David, divided according to Metre, with Notes Critical and Explanatory and the 1754 Of the Immortality of the Soul, from the Latin of I. H. Browne were translations. Grey also printed sermons and pamphlets on religious subjects.

Family
Grey married Joyce, youngest daughter of John Thicknesse, rector of Farthingo, Northamptonshire, and brother of Philip Thicknesse. She died on 12 January 1794, aged 89. He left three daughters, of whom the eldest, Joyce, married at the age of forty-five Dr. Philip Lloyd, dean of Norwich, and was known for painted windows in Norwich Cathedral. The youngest, Bridget, married the Rev. William Thomas Bowles, and was mother of William Lisle Bowles.

title: Richard Grey (priest)


text:
Talk:Optigan

Untitled
I like it: "the 1936ies" Ondundozonananandana 11:04, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

why aren't we talking about shapes!!!?! this is a coverup, or cencership!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.127.170.124 (talk) 00:31, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Dubious
The article says that the program discs were made of celluloid. This is incorrect as the use of such a dangerous and unstable material would have been a significant fire risk and much safer and stable transparent plastics were available in the 1960s. 83.104.249.240 (talk) 02:02, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Jump in and fix it. Discussing it here on such a minor article won't get anything done. See the article "Be Bold!". -Rolypolyman (talk) 04:39, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

a few first thoughts
Weeb Dingle (talk) 03:50, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * what the Sam Hell is a "Talentmaker," and how does this relate to the Optigan, and what idiot stuck that piece of trivia in there so ineptly?
 * Though I am a gearhead, the first I can recall hearing of the Optigan was Blur, 13 (1999), the track reasonably named "Optigan 1." My opinion is that this might be featured more clearly, along with other tracks where the subject device is central. Which leads me to another thought:
 * The "list of notable musicians" is, as usual on Wikipedia, a random scrapheap, with fanboys using that magic word to slip in a mention of their obsession. The list itself cannot be "notable" unless a credible source created the list, else it is nothing but original research, whether by one fan or a hundred. And the question in context of the article is whether the use of the subject equipment is notable. Without citation of tracks where it was employed (or, better, featured), it's all hearsay at best. If (say) Prince happened to have one on a shelf at Paisley Park, that of itself DOES NOT warrant mention here.
 * Could there be some effort to add an actual list of the Program Disk titles known to exist? Better yet might be some (authoritative!) notes as to which were released latest, therefore likely rarer.
 * I don't feel the Brion/Gondry passage has any particularl significance here. Maybe (!!) mention they used such a device, and move along.
 * There's no mention of the practice among aficionados of putting a disk in upside-down in order to get a "reverse attack" tape-type effect from many of the sample loops.

Talentmaker
The article mentions and links to a 'similar' device called a Talentmaker without any explanation of how it relates to the Optigan. Stub Mandrel (talk) 19:35, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Optigan


text: User talk:24.13.247.113

title: User talk:24.13.247.113


text:
User:TedCahall

Ted Cahall Corporate VP, MSN Microsoft, Inc. Bellevue, WA 98004

Personal Information cahall (at) cahall.com Live in Clyde Hill, WA

 * http://cahall.com
 * http://tedcahall.com
 * http://cahallracing.net

title: User:TedCahall


text:
Ontario Energy Board

The Ontario Energy Board is the provincial regulator of natural gas and electricity utilities in Ontario, Canada. This includes setting rates, and licensing all participants in the electricity sector including the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO), generators, transmitters, distributors, wholesalers and electricity retailers, as well as natural gas marketers who sell to low volume customers.

To ensure an adequate level of consumer protection in the energy markets, the Board developed codes of conduct for gas marketers and electricity retailers, and established a complaint resolution process for energy consumers. The Board also provides a broad range of information to energy consumers about electricity and natural gas in Ontario.

The Board oversees the electricity market and ensures regulated gas and electricity monopoly utilities comply with Board decisions and orders. This includes conducting audits, performing compliance monitoring activities and monitoring various aspects of the gas and electricity utilities’ financial operating performance.

Electricity
In the electricity sector, the Board sets transmission and distribution rates, and approves the IESO's budget and fees. The Board also sets the regulated price of electricity for residential and small business consumers on the Regulated Price Plan. Consumers who have signed contracts with an electricity retailer will pay the price set out in their contract. The Board licenses all electricity retailers who sell electricity to residential and small commercial consumers.

Prior approval by the Board is required for:
 * Construction of electricity transmission lines longer than two kilometres;
 * Amalgamation between an electricity distributor and another company;
 * Acquisition of a significant shareholding (in excess of 20 per cent of the voting securities) of an electricity transmission or distribution company;
 * Disposal of electricity transmission or distribution assets;
 * Acquisition of electricity transmission or distribution assets by an electricity generation company or affiliate; and
 * Acquisition of electricity generation facilities by an electricity transmission or distribution company or affiliate.

The Board also monitors markets in the electricity sector and reports to the Minister of Energy and Infrastructure on the efficiency, fairness, transparency and competitiveness of the markets, and reports any abuse or potential abuse of market power. The Board may also be asked to review the IESO market rules and consider appeals of IESO orders.

Natural gas
In the natural gas sector, utilities are required to submit the rates they propose to charge their customers to the Board for review. The Board approves rates associated with the cost to transport, store and distribute natural gas from utilities to consumers as well as charges to administer natural gas accounts. The Board also approves the price utilities can charge consumers for the natural gas they use. Natural gas utilities do not make a profit on the sale of natural gas. It is sold to consumers with no mark-up. Consumers who have signed contracts with a natural gas marketer will pay the price set out in their contract.

The Board licenses all natural gas marketers who sell natural gas to residential and small commercial consumers.

The Board is required to determine if constructing a natural gas pipeline is in the public interest by considering need, safety, economic feasibility, community benefits, security of supply and environmental impacts. Each municipality may grant a gas utility the right to deliver gas service and use road allowances or utility easements within its borders. The specific terms and conditions of these franchise agreements between the municipality and the utility are subject to Board approval.

The Board also reviews applications by gas distributors to create and operate underground gas storage areas and designates geological formations suitable to store natural gas in Ontario. Board approval is also required before a natural gas utility can sell its distribution system or amalgamate with another distributor.

There are currently two default service providers of natural gas in Ontario, Enbridge and Union Gas. These two entities are regulated by the Board. The Board does not regulate competitive services in the natural gas sector. These include the sale of natural gas, water heater rentals and repair or maintenance services. These products and services are competitive services and can be obtained from various companies.

title: Ontario Energy Board


text: Template:Death in June

title: Template:Death in June


text:
User talk:203.15.226.132

ANI notice
There is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Specifically, you were mentioned at WP:ANI.  Eve rgr een Fir  (talk) Please {{re}} 00:03, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

February 2017
Hello, I'm Wtmitchell. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Instant coffee— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 07:07, 23 February 2017 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

June 2017
Hello, I'm El cid, el campeador. I noticed that you made a change to an article, Arthur Miller, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so! If you need guidance on referencing, please see the referencing for beginners tutorial, or if you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Єl Cid, Єl Caɱ̩peador ‡ ᐁT₳LKᐃ  01:59, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to add defamatory content, as you did at Arthur Miller, you may be blocked from editing. Єl Cid, Єl Caɱ̩peador ‡ ᐁT₳LKᐃ  02:03, 15 June 2017 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

WWE Global Warning
Please stop removing the WWE Global Warning section of the Professional wrestling in Australia page. A discussion for its removal needs to be created first to get consensus, as it is a major section.

My take on this is that WWE officially recognises Global Warning as a PPV. It is under the PPV section on the WWE Network. It doesn't matter if it is a glorified house show or not. Super Show Down was but is still a PPV. Global Warning was a huge event with 50,000+ in attendance and has been released on DVD twice, both in 2002 and 2018. 08:10, 22 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Consensus was already reached - four times! It's not notable! "Huge event"? No unsourced BS thanks! Personal opinion not allowed here! 203.15.226.132 (talk) 23:38, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

February 2019
Please stop your disruptive behaviour. It appears you are purposefully harassing another editor. Wikipedia aims to provide a safe environment for its collaborators, and harassing other users potentially compromises that safe environment. If you continue behaving like this, you may be blocked from editing.  Acroterion   (talk)   03:30, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Anonymous users from this IP address have been blocked from editing for a period of 24 hours for contravening Wikipedia's harassment policy. If you think there are good reasons for being unblocked, please read the guide to appealing blocks, then add the following text below the block notice on your talk page:.  Acroterion   (talk)   04:16, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address and you are an uninvolved editor with a registered account, you may continue to edit by logging in.

 * StaticVapor's comment concerning Addicted4517 is in no way comparable to the accusation of criminal behavior you're attributed to him, You were warned to stop with hyperbole and inflammatory comments.  Acroterion   (talk)   04:18, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

. To the reviewing administrator, this block should stay. The conduct by this person has been beyond what is claimed. Addicted4517 (talk) 07:54, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

Stuff the lot of you then, letting criminal acts go unpunished! 203.15.226.132 (talk) 23:23, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Block extended to original term and talkpage access revoked.  Acroterion   (talk)   23:25, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

March 2019
Hello, I'm Shellwood. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to Kobo, Ethiopia— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help Desk. Thanks. Shellwood (talk) 00:23, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

May 2021
Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit you made to Trousers, did not appear constructive and has been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use the sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page.   Curbon7 (talk) 07:07, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia, and thank you for your contributions. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, please note that there is a Manual of Style that should be followed to maintain a consistent, encyclopedic appearance. Deviating from this style, as you did in Chief Justice of Australia, disturbs uniformity among articles and may cause readability or accessibility problems. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Rdp060707|talk 03:29, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

June 2021
Hello, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. I noticed that you recently added commentary to an article, Agoge. While Wikipedia welcomes editors' opinions on an article and how it could be changed, these comments are more appropriate for the article's accompanying talk page. If you post your comments there, other editors working on the same article will notice and respond to them, and your comments will not disrupt the flow of the article. However, keep in mind that even on the talk page of an article, you should limit your discussion to improving the article. Article talk pages are not the place to discuss opinions of the subject of articles, nor are such pages a forum.   Syskerr91 (talk) 08:14, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your contributions, but in one of your recent edits to Empty Fort Strategy, it appears that you have added original research, which is against Wikipedia's policies. Original research refers to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and personal experiences—for which no reliable, published sources exist; it also encompasses combining published sources in a way to imply something that none of them explicitly say. Please be prepared to cite a reliable source for all of your contributions. You can have a look at the tutorial on citing sources. Thank you. Rdp060707|1 Year of Service to the Encyclopedia 08:43, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

July 2021
Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use the sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you.

You seem to have a vendetta against the word "family" being used on Wikipedia, often changing it to a word with a different meaning entirely. Please familiarize yourself with WP:MOS and other guidelines before continuing to make these types of edits. MilkboneJar (talk) 15:50, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Parmenides, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear constructive and has been reverted. Please make use of the sandbox if you'd like to experiment with test edits. Thank you. Rdp060707|talk 06:22, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to disrupt Wikipedia, as you did at Sima Yi, you may be blocked from editing. Enough with the vendetta against the word "family," please. MilkboneJar (talk) 15:16, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant noticeboards.
 * If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.

You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you disrupt Wikipedia, as you did at Gracchi. ''You have been warned repeatedly yet you persist in replacing "family" with "house" and in this case have made other ungrammatical and bizarrely phrased unidiomatic changes. If you wish to continue editing Wikipedia, you need to stop trying to change normal English to your odd and downright wrong preferences.'' NebY (talk) 10:40, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

August 2022
Hello, I'm Sumanuil. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse or the Help desk. Thanks. Sumanuil. 03:40, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:203.15.226.132


text: File:Warren Zevon - Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Piquice

Piquice was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Delete—I always love it when an article self-identifies as both original research and a neologism. ("The term Piquice was first used in the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore it is still not widely used. It was first introduced when observing the behaviour of a student who showed these symptoms.")  Postdlf 04:51, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I put the tag on and then somebody beats me to creating the VfD page. --Michael Snow 04:52, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do not move to Wiktionary.  RickK 05:05, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 05:22 Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Move to the bit bucket. Geogre 13:44, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism, original research. To the contributor: I'm sorry about having to reject this article. I like the word, contact me on my talk page if you want to discuss it further. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:12, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. --Improv 07:35, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Piquice


text:
Talk:Upstate New York

The geography of Upstate New York
What is considered upstate New York? Plus, although much of upstate New York is rural, much of it is suburban and rugged. Can we specify which parts? 2605:6001:E7C4:1E00:B1EA:9BC8:FF42:C2CE (talk) 21:31, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The article refers to Upstate New York as a whole. As you may have read in the article, Upstate New York is an ill-defined region, with little consensus on a precise definition.  Looking at the counties that are almost always considered to be upstate, while some portions of these counties are rugged, and few (but not many) parts are suburban, this does not apply to the majority of the area.  Rural is a broader term (and might be broader than you're considering it to be), as it includes any type of land that isn't urban or suburban (generalizing a bit here, but rugged areas are typically considered to be rural).  More importantly, the point of calling out the rural nature at the top of the article is to justify why upstate has a strong agricultural industry, and not to generalize about all of the land.
 * I believe that the diverse geography of Upstate New York is discussed a bit in the Geography section, and touches on how there is a mix of mountainous areas and rural land. That section could certainly be expanded to better discuss the variation in land - feel free to make the edits there.Vmanjr (talk) 21:42, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I believe that the diverse geography of Upstate New York is discussed a bit in the Geography section, and touches on how there is a mix of mountainous areas and rural land. That section could certainly be expanded to better discuss the variation in land - feel free to make the edits there.Vmanjr (talk) 21:42, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Capitalization?
You reverted my edit changing "State" to lower case (or perhaps it just got caught up, citing talk discussion that I am unable to find. This is clearly incorrect: the name of the state is "New York", not "New York State", so "state" is not part of the name and should therefore not be capitalized.

On a slightly related note, MOS:COMPASS would seem to advise that we not capitalize "upstate", either, as most sources I've seen do not do so. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 04:19, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

 * The capitalization "New York State" is by far the more common usage. The name of the city is also "New York", but we capitalize "New York City" as well, not "New York city". And "upstate" isn't the name of a compass direction, so MOS:COMPASS doesn't necessarily imply, but in my experience sources seem to be pretty divided on capitalizing "Upstate". AJD (talk) 04:47, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Sorry - it was unintended collateral damage while trying to handle the problematic edits that came afterward from the IP user. That said, I am in agreement with AJD - "New York State" is the more common capitalization (even the state government uses it officially, and NYS has long been shorthand used in the state), and the capitalization of upstate seems ambiguous at best across all sorts of texts. Personally, I think it would be good to stick to "New York State", and to try to reach some sort of consensus on the capitalization of upstate and downstate throughout the article. Vmanjr (talk) 12:52, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

Definition in state law
In the definition section it says, "Westchester is seemingly always considered Downstate under state law." According to the DMV, however, which defines Upstate "as any county north of the NYC border." I don't know if this needs to be mentioned in the article or not, but it at least means the passage I quoted above should be changed. Hahafunnyboy (talk) 21:55, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

"New York (upstate)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect New York (upstate). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 October 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. feminist (+) 10:43, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Demographics (continued )
There should be a way to get a population number and even more in depth data straight from county data on Wikipedia or elsewhere without manually working the numbers one by one. B137 (talk) 00:54, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Namely I questioned that the population of Upstate went through steady decline for an extended period ("Since the late 20th century, with the decline of manufacturing and its jobs, the area has generally suffered a net population loss."). Much of the area is and always has been very sparsely populated. It's easy to ignore all that and only focus on anyplace that's anyplace, that being Buf, Roc, Syr, Albany and maybe binghamton. While these have declined sadly over the latter half of the 20th century, the areas around them haven't necessarily. For example, Monroe County, New York only logged one tiny loss for 1980 of 1.4% but quickly gained it back and is unequivocally higher than ever. Not so with Erie County, New York (Buffalo, New York) and Onondaga County, New York (Syracuse). But bring in many of the podunk counties, some of which don't even have incorporated cities, and the population has gone up by almost two million, an increase of more than 35%. If you include most of the next few counties as part of "downstate", that accounts for an increase of a few hundred thousand, not nearly enough to justify saying upstate had a "net population loss trend [over an extended period]", though a few counties did lose some. Not to discredit the Rust Belt for not being awful, the economy is rather stagnant (New York high-speed rail mentions this) outside of NYC. Little things come and go but nothing major. B137 (talk) 00:14, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

 * New York City
 * New York
 * Rockland
 * Westchester
 * Nassau
 * Suffolk

 * upstate 1950: 14830192 - 276129 - 672765 - 625816 - 89276 - 7891957 = 5,274,249

 * upstate 2010: 19378102 - 8175133 - 311687 - 949113 - 1339532 - 1493350 = 7,109,287

 * Minus all this for any given census year should yield the widely acknowledged "upstate" pop.

 * The clear conclusion from all this is that Upstate has NOT been losing population over the [late] 20th century. I'm not advocating for the economy or significance of the sparsely populated and much less know state of New York, but let's recognize the facts. B137 (talk) 17:54, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

 * A table should be built by taking New York State numbers and subtracting at least eight counties five of New York City two of Long Island and Westchester county. If not the six counties above that up to the 42° latitude line.

Other plausible capitalization issue
Is 'Upstate' capitalized? The article seems to say so, and I can think of comparisons that would support both sides, such as 'mainland China' or 'Upper Egypt', so I assume it comes down to source coverage and consensus, right? Remsense  留  19:22, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The ngram evidence is pretty conclusive that it should be lowercase. Furthermore, the article is telling us that it is a descriptive term (with no formal boundary) and therefore not a formal name. Cinderella157 (talk) 01:32, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Disagree that this is conclusive. You need to examine the usage in each case.  The recognised place called Upstate New York is found in upstate New York. SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:50, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * , I have changed case accordingly but you might like to check. I have to fix a couple of redlinks by moves. There is also "downstate" to fix and I guess a lot of other articles that are overcapped in consequence. Ping if you have nothing to do over the holidays? :) Cinderella157 (talk) 01:51, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * sure thing! Thank you for your input. Remsense  留  01:53, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think the ngram evidence alone is enough to go on. Before making such a significant change as moving pages, can we do an RfC, and research a bit on what reliable sources use? Anecdotally, I have seen lots of reliable sources use "Upstate New York". Vmanjr (talk) 02:02, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I would be down for this. Remsense  留  02:03, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The term is not intrinsically a proper name that would cause us to capitalise it as a matter of course. The article is telling us that it is not a formally defined geopolitical region in the same way as North Dakota (the formal name of a state) rather than north Dakota, being the northern part of Dakota (see also eastern Ukraine). Sure, there may be plenty of instances where one sees it capitalised but (per MOS:CAPS): only words and phrases that are consistently capitalized in a substantial majority of independent, reliable sources are capitalized in Wikipedia. This is essentially a statistical question to be determined by objectively polling usage in a large number of sources (a representative sample). Ngrams satisfies this. Generally, the alternative is a source war and who can produce the most sources to support their preferred capitalisation. The ngram evidence is quit conclusive with about 5:1 for lowercase (without considering titles of works, business names and like that would increase the proportion capitalised). Given the overwhelming ngram evidence, I cannot see any reasonable case being made for capitalisation. Cinderella157 (talk) 04:05, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. The n-gram stats are a fair summary of what reliable sources (books) do, and upstate and downstate are generic descriptors.  Of course when they're part of the name of an org, that's different; like Upstate New York Property Management in Rochester.  Dicklyon (talk) 06:00, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Based on what I'm seeing, scholarly sources tend predominantly to use "upstate New York", while news articles are about 50/50 when used mid-sentence, with more reputable sources leaning towards "upstate New York" and not "Upstate New York". I think that's enough for me to jump on the lowercase train. Vmanjr (talk) 20:08, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

Regions like Southern California, Western Massachusetts, and Central Florida are consistently capitalized in Wikipedia. Should Upstate New York be different? AJD (talk) 21:23, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There's plausible support in book n-gram stats for Southern California and Central Florida, but should be western Massachusetts and upstate New York. Dicklyon (talk) 05:51, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Partially for curiosity's sake, and potentially adding a thread of reason to ward off the potential nihilism of total deferment to the aggregate consensus of sources: I mostly get the rationale Cinderella157 puts forth for capitalized = vs. uncapitalized =  modifying, but there are other dimensions to consider, I reckon.I edit a lot of China articles, and the term mainland China is used a lot (meaning the territory controlled by the PRC sans Hong Kong and Macau, etc.), and it seems more or less identical as upstate New York in terms of what kind of name it is, if you'll follow me. I would consider both to be proper names because they have specific forms (it's specifically 'upstate', not 'upper' or whatever) with specific meanings, referring to specific areas for specific reasons—but in my mind the reason they are uncapitalized is because they are cultural divisions of a polity, and capitalizing them would make them sound like they are polities in and of themselves, because polities often have similar names, like West Virginia and North Macedonia.So, by that logic I'd also want to write southern California and central Florida, even though they are meaningfully proper names to me as well—you wouldn't write south California, would you? That'd just sound odd.(Anyway, that's all just my personal hysteria—this is Wikipedia so we defer to sources for these specific style points, but it's still worth interrogating imo.)  Remsense  留  06:05, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

 * On first principles, I would not capitalise Southern California or Central Florida since they are descriptive noun phrases (ie the southern part of California). Unfortunately, people's views of what is or is not a proper noun varies significantly, mainly because education tends to treat the subject somewhat simplistically. For this reason, the MOS has chosen to rely on empirical evidence rather than a priori rules. Evidence of usage clearly supports Southern California and a case could be made for Central Florida. Cinderella157 (talk) 07:32, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I know this is WP:NOTAFORUM and this is purely for my own curiosity, but in your mind what distinguishes a proper noun from a descriptive phrase in this context? They feel semantically identical in their function. Remsense  留  07:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * On first principles, I would capitalise a polity: so Western Australia but eastern Australia. Cinderella157 (talk) 09:47, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * On first principles, I wouldn't cap west Texas, my home region, nor northern New Mexico, my wife's. Yet the majority of sources do cap West Texas, but not northern New Mexico.  Not consistently, though, so WP defaults to lowercase per MOS:CAPS.  These are descriptions, not names.  Western Australia and Northern Territories and South Australia are names. Dicklyon (talk) 04:46, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * On reviewing the stats, I agree that Central Florida ought to be downcased, too. Dicklyon (talk) 04:59, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

It can vary for other reasons in unusual cases. E.g., "northern New Mexico" as simply a loosely defined geographical area is not a proper name, just a descriptor. But Northern New Mexico is often treated as a capitalized proper name of another sort, culturally/anthropologically/sociologically: a discrete Hispanic cultural zone with a unique history due to long-term isolation between the Spanish Conquest and the coming of the railroads, which has produced distinct religious traditions, cuisine, Spanish-language dialect, etc. But Northern New Mexico is not a place you can drive through or build a house in; it's a traditional and later analytical social construct. I'm extremely skeptical anything like that applies to upstate New York, west Texas, central Florida, etc. Why "Northern California" and "Southern California" get capitalized in this manner is a good question. The longer there's a continguous "Western culture" history of a place, the more likely regional terms are to be treated as proper names, even if they do not conform to political boundaries. E.g. various regions of England and Scotland. If you tried to down-case the Scottish Highlands or the West Country (or its containing South West [of] England, you'd be shouted out of the room. Cf. also the Camargue and French Riviera, Italian Riviera, etc., which do not correspond to civil divisions (or to historical kingdoms/duchies, etc.). Ultimately, this stuff seems pretty arbitrary, and we have little to go on but whether something is overwhelmingly capitalized in independent English-language sources. For every argument that can be advanced that something "is" a proper name for [insert reason here], someone else has an [insert other reason here] to argue against it, because all these "is of identity or predication" arguments about the term proper name are making Proper name (philosophy) claims which have not only been argued about inconclusively for centuries, they have no connection to capitalization in the first place (e.g. under most philosophy definitions, every named disease, species, doctrine, method, theory, etc., etc., is a proper name unless the name is purely descriptive). What determines Proper name (linguistics) treatment as something to capitalize is primarily just (and even when something is clearly a proper name under every definition, it is not necessarily capitalized anyway, e.g. k.d. lang and, increasingly lowercased, the internet). We spend too much time arguing about such matters with OR and POV, instead of just following MOS:CAPS: Wikipedia relies on sources to determine what is conventionally capitalized; only words and phrases that are are capitalized in Wikipedia. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:36, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree, it can vary. On checking, there is an abundance of assertions out there (ignoring WP:RS) that Upstate New York, a cultural place, is not simply found by looking in upstate New York.  Upstate New York is in upstate New York, but lots of upstate New York (especially the west) is not accepted (by some) as part of Upstate New York.
 * MOS aficionados should avoid erring by writing oversimplified rules. SmokeyJoe (talk) 00:01, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Upstate New York


text:
Godrevy

Godrevy (Godrevi, meaning small farms) is an area on the eastern side of St Ives Bay, west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, which faces the Atlantic Ocean. It is popular with both the surfing community and walkers. It is part owned by the National Trust, and offshore on Godrevy Island is a lighthouse maintained by Trinity House which is said to be the inspiration for Virginia Woolf's novel To the Lighthouse. Godrevy lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and the South West Coast Path runs around the whole promontory. There are several public car parks on the western side where the National Trust owns and operates a café.

Godrevy Head
The headland is on the Atlantic coast in Cornwall on the eastern side of St Ives Bay and about three miles (5 km) northeast of the town of Hayle. The nearest village is Gwithian, half a mile west beyond Godrevy Bridge across the Red River. The promontory is roughly square in shape and faces north into the Atlantic occupying an area of approximately 1 sqmi. In 1939, 320 acre and 5 mi of coastline was donated to the National Trust by D. W. Thomas of Gwithian, followed by a further 19 acre of land adjoining Godrevy Farm in 1962 by Nicholas and Charles Thomas. Godrevy Head has some of the best coastal heathland in Cornwall, with many species of plant, animal and insect life. Part of the headland, along with the coast to the east, was designated as part of the Godrevy Head to St Agnes SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) in 1951.

The western side of Godrevy Head is bounded by rocks to the north and a wide sandy beach to the south which is popular for surfing. At the north-western corner of the headland is Godrevy Point; at the north-eastern corner is Navax Point (Penn Kynyavos, meaning head of the autumn dwelling). The cliffs between the two points are approximately 220 ft above sea level.

On the northern side of the headland are two coves named Mutton Cove and Kynance Cove (Porth Kynyavos, meaning cove of the autumn dwelling) beyond which the Nathaga Rocks (Lethegow, meaning milky ones) lie off Navax Point. On the eastern side of the headland are Castle Giver Cove (Porth Castel Gaver, meaning cove of the goat's castle) and Fishing Cove.

South of Navax Point is an area of heath named The Knavocks (Kynyavos, meaning autumn dwelling) which is managed by The National Trust. The grassland and gorse scrub is criss-crossed with footpaths and is home to many species of butterflies and birds, notably nesting European stonechats. The Knavocks, like other coastal heathlands in Cornwall, is managed by regularly cutting back the gorse and by grazing, the National Trust having introduced a herd of ponies for the purpose.

Beyond Fishing Cove, the coast swings to the east towards Hell's Mouth and North Cliffs. The land here rises to approximately 290 ft, the highest point on this section of clifftop.

The cliffs, offshore rocks and coast around Godrevy Head form a renowned habitat for seabirds including cormorants, fulmars, guillemots, and razorbills and several species of gull. There is also a substantial population of grey seals throughout the year. Occasionally, bottlenose dolphins can be seen in the area.

Godrevy Island and The Stones
Godrevy Island lies approx three hundred yards off Godrevy Point. The uninhabited island is the site of Godrevy Lighthouse, operated by Trinity House. The island covers an area of 12 acres and is home to seagulls, oystercatchers and pipits. Its vegetation is dominated by grasses, with primroses and sea thrift flowering in the spring. Landings may only be made on the island with the permission of Trinity House.

Seaward of Godrevy Island is a submerged reef known as The Stones, which extends for approximately 1 mi to the northwest across the eastern approach to St Ives Bay. It has been the site of many sinkings over the years but it was not until the disastrous loss of the SS Nile on 30 November 1854, with the loss of all aboard, that Trinity House was pressured to construct a lighthouse on the island. It was built in 1859 and was converted to fully automatic operation in 1939.

Geology
The rocks at Godrevy are Devonian mudstones overlain with Quaternary ice age deposits. The mudstone was laid in a deep sea sedimentary basin and subject to seismic activity, forming turbidites. Under gravitational slumping the coarser material settled first followed by the finer material.

Overlying the turbidites are a sequence of rocks laid down during recent ice ages, and Godrevy is considered to be one of the most important Pleistocene (2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago) sites in the south-west of England. Mammal fossils are rare in Cornwall and a dog was found within the poorly sorted, coarse-grained sediments of head dated between 12,000 and 15,000 years ago. The earliest evidence of canine domestication is a dog, or possible a wolf puppy, in a human burial site in Israel from 12,000 years ago. The earliest British domestic dog remains are from Starr Carr, Yorkshire, dated to 9,538 (± 350) BP. In order to date the skeleton and to test three hypotheses, part of a bone was sampled at the Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).

The three hypotheses were:
 * if the skeleton is in context with the geology (i.e. the same age as the head deposits), then the deposits are younger than previously thought,
 * if the dating of the head deposits is correct, then the dog is a very early example of domestication,
 * if the skeleton is younger, it is not in context with the geology.

The dog skeleton dates to 1650 AD (± 30), which implies that it is possible for a recently dead animal to be within ice age deposits but leave no indication of how it happened. Fossil occurrence within ice age deposits need to be treated with caution, and skeletal remains need to be dated by AMS to provide their actual age and geological significance.

Religion
The Godrevy team ministry within the Church of England Diocese of Truro includes five churches in the St Ives district.

title: Godrevy


text:
WowWee

WowWee Group Limited, is a privately held, Hong Kong-based Canadian consumer technology company.

History
Initially from Canada, the two founding brothers (Richard and Peter Yanofsky) moved to Hong Kong to form the company in 1982, as an independent research & development and manufacturing outfit. As an OEM seller, they produced products such as the Power Rangers Power Gloves and the Talking Tots dolls. In 1987, the company changed focus, building and marketing toys under their own brand in response to a fall in OEM orders. In 1999, they produced new products including a robotic dog (MegaByte), T-Rex, and the Animaltronics and Dinotronics lines of remote control animals. In 1998 the company was purchased by Hasbro.

Under Hasbro
Shortly before the Hasbro sale, Peter Yanofsky reportedly caught physicist/roboticist Mark Tilden on the Discovery Channel, and soon hired him as a consultant. Initially Tilden worked part-time with WowWee while he continued his work with the Los Alamos National Laboratory, but in 2001, Tilden joined the company full-time. One of his first products with WowWee was the B.I.O. Bug, released in 2001. Unfortunately, while sales were doing well, they weren't as strong as either WowWee or Hasbro would have liked. In part this has been attributed to the after-effects of 9/11 and the anthrax attacks, while Tilden has also expressed disappointment with some of the limitations placed on the product design by Hasbro. After moving to WowWee full-time in 2001, Tilden focused his attention on developing Robosapien.

While Tilden was developing Robosapien, Hasbro canceled the project several times, leading Yanofsky to negotiate out of the contract in 2003. Robosapien was released in 2004, and over 1.5 million were reportedly sold in the first five months of sale. Robosapien was the first commercially available biomorphic robot, and the first to integrate personality-like features. Tilden continued to develop the line with the Robosapien V2 (released in 2005), which added functionality like speech capability; RS Media™ robot (released in 2006), which included user-created functions, and Roboreptile (also in 2006). The Roboquad a four-wheeled robot (released in 2007); the RS Tri-Bot, a three-wheeled robot (released in summer 2008), and RS Media (2006).

In 2007, working with inventor Sean Frawley, WowWee released the FlyTech Dragonfly – a remote control flying ornithopter. The Dragonfly was named as one of the inventions of the year by Time in 2007. The success of the Dragonfly led to other flying toys, such as the Bladestar (a remote controlled helicopter) and the Butterfly (a wind-up ornithopter aimed at younger children).

Under Optimal Group
On September 27, 2007, the publicly traded Optimal Group announced they had entered into a purchase agreement to acquire WowWee Ltd, which they completed in November of that year.

At the 2008 CES, several new products (including the Rovio and Femisapien) were announced with their estimated release dates and prices.

Private again; Fingerlings & Avastars
In 2010, the management of WowWee entered into a support agreement with Optimal Group, and took the company private again. In 2014, a new product, MiP, was released. It won more than 10 Tech and Toy awards, including the Toy Industry Associations’ 2015 TOTY award for Innovative Toy of the Year. MiP was also named "Innovative Toy of the Year" at the National Robotics Week. At the 2015 CES, WowWee announced products including MiPosaur and REV.

In 2017, the company employed about 100 people. For the 2017 Christmas season, it introduced, through a series of viral promotions on social media, a product called Fingerlings. The tiny robots, in the shape of monkeys, sloths and unicorns, became one of the most popular toys of the season. Some shoppers complained that they were sold fake Fingerlings on Amazon and Walmart's websites. In 2018, WowWee followed up the success with large interactive plush Fingerlings in the Fingerlings Hugs series.

in 2022 WowWee formed a partnership with the Roblox development group Gamefam to launch the Avastars line of dolls.

2010 lawsuit
On November 23, 2010, Engadget revealed that WowWee and a number of retailers were being sued for trademark infringement by Gibson Guitar Corporation for unlawfully using the shapes of the bodies and headstocks of Gibson's signature guitars in their Paper Jamz line of battery operated toy guitars. WowWee denied any wrongdoing and asserted that the shapes Gibson claimed as trademarks were generic and therefore could not function as trademarks. On November 24, 2010, the court denied Gibson's request for a temporary restraining order, but on December 22, 2010, granted Gibson's motion for a preliminary injunction. The case was later settled, with WowWee paying Gibson an undisclosed amount for licensing the likeness of Gibson guitars, according to Gibson CEO, Henry Juszkiewicz.

2022 lawsuit
On August 3, 2022, the video game company Roblox Corporation sued WowWee due to the Avastars line of toys. Roblox claimed that the Avastars' designs were too similar to that of a classic Roblox avatar.

title: WowWee


text:
Robert Campeau

Robert Joseph Antoine Campeau (August 3, 1923 – June 12, 2017) was a Canadian financier and real estate developer. Starting from a single house constructed in 1940 in the Alta Vista neighbourhood of Ottawa, Ontario, Campeau built a large land development corporation around the development of the suburb of Kanata. Expansion in the U.S. led Campeau to diversify into the ownership of retail department stores to anchor commercial development projects. The Campeau Corporation used leveraged buyouts to buy the department stores and went bankrupt when it could not maintain the debt payments, in the largest retailing bankruptcy at the time in U.S. history.

Early years
Born in Chelmsford, Ontario, Campeau's formal education ended in Grade 8, at the age of 14. He worked in jobs at Inco as a general labourer, carpenter and machinist. In 1949, he entered the residential end of the construction business. His first project was a single home constructed in partnership with his cousin in Ottawa, Ontario.

Real estate development
In Ottawa, Campeau was able to construct both office complexes and residential subdivisions to accommodate Canada's rapidly expanding civil service. Campeau frequently found himself at odds with Ottawa Mayor Charlotte Whitton over planning decisions. Whitton was quoted as saying, "When I look at his (Campeau's) houses, I think perhaps nuclear bombardment might not be such a terrible thing after all." His Campeau Corporation had two main rivals in the residential housing market: Assaly Construction Limited and Minto Developments Inc., the latter owned by the family of future Ottawa Mayor Lorry Greenberg. Despite opposition from Whitton, Campeau developed a reputation as a high-quality builder and became the most successful in the city. A street is named after him in the Ottawa suburb of Kanata, much of which he developed.

For many years, it was city policy that buildings in the downtown core were not to be taller than the Peace Tower of the parliament buildings. Campeau objected to this rule and was drawn into conflict with city council over large high-rise developments such as Place de Ville.

Due to his relationships with many civil servants and ministers, he was able to have most of his projects approved. Campeau's real estate development success soon spread outside Ottawa. In Toronto his developments included Scotia Tower (the city's third tallest skyscraper) and the Harbour Castle Hotel (now part of the Westin Hotels chain).

Corporate takeovers and bankruptcy
In the 1980s, Campeau embarked on a series of leveraged buyouts (LBOs). His first attempt at a large takeover was the Royal Trust Company, which was valued at Can$7 billion compared to the $866 million for Campeau Corporation. The bank was later sold and is now part of the Royal Bank of Canada.

As his business expanded, Campeau ventured into the United States, looking for acquisitions that would add shopping mall real estate to his portfolio of assets. Through junk bond LBOs, Campeau Corporation gained control of Allied Stores for US$3.6 billion in 1986 and Federated Department Stores, owner of Bloomingdale's, for $6.6 billion in 1988. Campeau retained well-known investment banker Bruce Wasserstein to assist with the transactions. However, the debt obligations that needed to be covered following the merger were too large and exacerbated by a market downturn that hurt retail sales; Campeau Corporation was unable to meet its debt obligations.

By June 1989, following Campeau's takeover of Federated Department Stores, both Federated and Allied Department Stores were losing money despite increased sales in year-over-year comparisons. Federated and Allied eventually filed for bankruptcy reorganization. The company was eventually acquired by the Reichman brothers who filed for bankruptcy themselves and Campeau Corporation ceased to exist.

A New York Times editorial stated: "Any corporate executive can figure out how to file for bankruptcy when the bottom drops out of the business. It took the special genius of Robert Campeau, chairman of the Campeau Corporation, to figure out how to bankrupt more than 250 profitable department stores. The dramatic jolt to Bloomingdale's, Abraham & Straus, Jordan Marsh and the other proud stores reflects his overreaching grasp and oversized ego."

Personal life
Campeau resided in a lakeside castle in Austria and he became involved in some real estate projects, including developing a large subdivision in Teltow (former GDR) near Berlin, Germany. That project failed and Campeau's company went bankrupt in 2001. The funds of the charitable foundation (Robert Campeau Family Foundation) used in his business were lost. Campeau died on June 12, 2017, in Ottawa.

title: Robert Campeau


text:
Traidenis

Traidenis (Trojden; Трайдзень; died 1282) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1269 or 1270 until 1282. He is the second most prominent grand duke of Lithuania in the 13th century after Mindaugas. His reign ended a seven-year unrest period after Mindaugas was assassinated in 1263 and firmly established the Grand Duchy as a pagan state for another hundred years.

Traidenis expanded the Grand Duchy into the territories of Sudovians and Semigalians and strengthened its presence in Black Ruthenia. Unlike Mindaugas, Traidenis did not concentrate on expansion into the east.

Biography
The circumstances surrounding Traidenis' advance to power are not clear. While his ancestors are unknown, it is known that he came from Aukštaitija, as he was Duke of Kernavė. From the outset his relationships with Galicia–Volhynia were tense as he replaced Shvarn, Duke of Galicia–Volhynia and Lithuania. The tension eventually resulted in the 1274–1276 war. Despite Mongol support to Galicia–Volhynia, Traidenis was successful in battle and his control over Black Ruthenia (Novogrudok, Grodno, Slonim, and other cities) was strengthened. Traidenis also made incursions into Poland, especially surroundings of Lublin and Łęczyca, that continued to about 1306. However, these raids did not affect Masovia as Traidenis established a dynastic link through his daughter Gaudemunda with its dukes. This dynastic relationship was further developed by Gediminas.

Traidenis, known for his devotion to paganism and anti-German attitude, was also successful in fighting with the Livonian Order. In 1270 he won the Battle of Karuse, fought on ice near Saaremaa, and killed Otto von Lutterberg, master of the Order. A new master, Andreas von Westfalen, sought a quick revenge, but was also killed by Traidenis. However, by 1272 the Order retaliated, attacking Semigalia and building Dinaburg Castle in 1273 on lands nominally controlled by Traidenis. Despite four siege engines used to throw stones, he was unable to capture the new fortress and had to retreat in 1278. In 1279 the order attacked Lithuanian lands, reaching as far as Kernavė, but on their way back they suffered a great defeat in the Battle of Aizkraukle. The Order's master, Ernst von Rassburg, became the third master to be killed by Traidenis. The defeat encouraged conquered Semigallians to rebel. The Semigalians, led by Nameisis, were now willing to acknowledge Lithuania's superiority and asked Traidenis for assistance. In 1281, Traidenis conquered Jersika Castle in the present-day Preiļi District, and was able to exchange it for Dinaburg Castle. However, Traidenis died soon afterwards, and assistance to Semigalians, exhausted by constant warfare, diminished. Traidenis is the first known Lithuanian duke to have died a natural death. All others before him were assassinated or killed in battle.

Family

 * Brothers
 * Bardis, Liesis, and Svalkenis were Eastern Orthodox and died in fights with Galicia–Volhynia
 * Sirputis assisted his brother in military campaigns
 * Daughter
 * Gaudemunda, married Bolesław II, Duke of Masovia, becoming Duchess of Masovia

title: Traidenis


text:
Bryce (software)

Bryce, also often referred to colloquially as Bryce3D, is a 3D modeling, rendering and animation program specializing in fractal landscapes. The name is taken from Bryce Canyon—a rugged region with many of the same landscapes that were first simulated with the software.

History
The original Bryce software arose from work with fractal geometry to create realistic computer images of mountain ranges and coastlines. An initial set of fractal based programs were developed by Ken Musgrave (who later created MojoWorld) a student of Benoît Mandelbrot, and extended by Eric Wenger. Wenger later met and worked with software artist Kai Krause to design a basic user interface. The first commercial version, Bryce 1.0, appeared in 1994 for the Macintosh.

Bryce 2.0, shipped in 1996, included much beyond the original notion of creating a realistic mountain range. These included independent light sources, complex atmospheric effects, the addition of primitive forms with Boolean methods to combine them, a revamped Texture Editor and the ability to export models to DXF. Bryce 2.0 was also ported to the Windows platform, although the first stable version, 2.1, was not released until 1997.

The ability to animate a scene was added (in a stable form) with the cross-platform Bryce 3D (version 3.1) in 1997 by the newly formed MetaCreations Corporation. A "camera object" unseen in the final image acted as the observer. The camera can be held in one place for a single image, or sent on a trajectory with images being rendered at many locations. The collection of images created along the camera's trajectory are combined to create a realistic animation simulating a journey through a dynamic world.

In 1999 Bryce 4.0 was released with major improvements in the handling of atmospheres and skies, textures and also in the import/export of objects.

In 2000 Bryce was purchased by Corel Corporation. Corel released version 5 of Bryce in 2001, which included several new features, like Tree Lab and metaballs. Unfortunately, rendering on version 5 was much slower than version 4, and the price tag set by Corel higher. Soon followed a patch to version 5.01, which fixed some bugs and added a few undocumented features.

In 2004, the software was sold again, to Daz 3D. In 2005, Daz 3D released Bryce 5.5 which included the Daz Studio Character plugin. This integration between DAZ's application for the manipulation of 3D models, Daz Studio, and Bryce allowed users to import content from Daz Studio and Poser, complete with all materials including transparencies, directly into Bryce, thus making it easier to have human figures in Bryce scenes.

In October 2006, Daz 3D released Bryce 6.0 and has released an update (6.1), this includes a Mac Intel compatible update. New features include animation import, support for dual-processor systems as well as hyper-threading, random replicate tool, advanced terrain editing, HDRI support and other tweaks. The interface remained largely the same, but with a green tint to it, and different buttons in the create palette.

In June 2007, Daz 3D re-released Bryce 5.5 as a freeware.

In Summer 2009, Daz 3D released version 3 of Daz Studio. This version seemed to break Bryce 6.1.

In December 2009, Daz 3D released Bryce 6.3 which improved stability, and added support for Mac OS X v10.6.

Bryce 7 was released in July 2010. New features include the Instancing Lab and advanced lighting. Updated features include the Daz Studio Bridge, the Sky Lab, clouds and HDRI. Bryce 7 is available in three versions, a limited free version, a standard version lacking the new features and a pro version with the new features. Bryce 7 is not currently compatible with OS X Lion (10.7), Mountain Lion (10.8), or Mavericks (10.9) (except for Bryce 7 Personal Limited Edition 7.1.0.74), thus the newest version of OS X it is compatible with is Snow Leopard (10.6).

As late as October 2018, Bryce 7 development has been halted, including when it comes to addressing MacOS compatibility.

Features
Bryce 7 features:
 * Instancing Lab
 * Improved Light Lab
 * Sky Lab Improvements
 * Particle Emitter
 * Daz Studio Bridge
 * Improved Import/Export file formats

title: Bryce (software)