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Glenbrook, New South Wales

Glenbrook is a township of the Lower Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 63 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blue Mountains. As of the 2021 Australian census Glenbrook had a population of 5,078 people.

Glenbrook lies between Lapstone and Blaxland at an elevation of 163 metres (535 feet) and is approximately a 50-minute drive from Sydney. It plays host to trendy cafes and boutiques, while offering various tourist attractions, including weekend markets, recreational opportunities and native flora and fauna.

The town takes its name from Glenbrook Creek, which is on the southern side of the village and must be crossed to enter the Blue Mountains National Park. Glenbrook retains many historical homes and buildings throughout the village, although most of these are occupied and not open to the public.

History
Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson reached Glenbrook area and Lagoon on their trek across the Blue Mountains on 69 May 1813 and described it as "a large lagoon of good water full of very coarse rushes".

In 1815, William Cox constructed the first road over the Blue Mountains with a gang of convicts and the Glenbrook area became an important stopping point after a storeroom was built near the lagoon. Governor Macquarie also built a military depot near the lagoon to monitor traffic on the newly built road.

After years of use, Cox's road up Lapstone Hill ran into a few problems. It was very steep in sections and in rain became slippery. A new road and stone bridge was built and opened to traffic in 1833 "The Western Road", at what is today Mitchell's Pass, planned and built by Thomas Livingstone Mitchell. The Stone Bridge, Lennox Bridge completed in 1833 and designed by Scottish stonemason David Lennox is the oldest surviving stone bridge on the Australian mainland.

Glenbrook became a town in the 1870s as a result of the arrival of the railway. In 1867 a zigzag railway was built up the Lapstone Hill and on to Weatherboard "Wentworth Falls". A siding was also built at Glenbrook "Wascoe's Siding", named after an Inn from the local area, water from Glenbrook Lagoon was piped to supply the trains after traversing the Lapstone ZigZag. This Wascoe Siding became a passenger station in 1877. In 1878, Sir Alfred Stephen, Chief Justice and Privy Councillor, decided to give the station a proper name and called it Brookdale, but later it was officially changed to Glenbrook in 1879, named after the nearby creek and Gorge. Glenbrook, which Sir John Jamison thought came from Regents Glen. A village sprung up near the station and was officially proclaimed Glenbrook, six years later.

The Lapstone ZigZag opened in 1867, a part of the ascent of Lapstone Hill on a gradient of 1 in 30–33, which was built up the side of the range with comparatively light earthwork, although it includes the substantial seven-span sandstone Knapsack Viaduct. This was later widened to carry the old Great Western Highway, and it is now part of a walking trail on the old railway/highway alignment, including a memorial to the engineer in charge of the construction of the Blue Mountains line and many other early railways, John Whitton.

In 1892 the first deviation of the railway up the Lapstone Hill, bypassed the Lapstone Zig Zag altogether. A tunnel was built through the hill to the Old Glenbrook station (subsequently dismantled). The 1892 Glenbrook Tunnel ran into trouble with water seeping from the nearby creek and the steep gradient making the climb hard for most trains, often getting stuck in the tunnel.

In 1913 the second deviation of the railway line up Lapstone Hill was completed with a new double-tracked 1913 tunnel at the Bluff Point. The old 1892 Glenbrook Tunnel was subsequently closed. As a result of the new line, the Old Glenbrook station was relocated from next to the Great Western Highway to its current location next to the village of Glenbroook at the end of Ross Street, and was officially opened 11 May 1913.

The abandoned 1892 Glenbrook Tunnel has been used to store mustard gas during World War II, and grow mushrooms in recent times. The eastern entrance can be still seen from a walking track at Lapstone.

On 28 January 1941, an Avro Anson of No. 1 Air Navigation School, Parkes crashed near Glenbrook during a medical evacuation flight from Parkes to the Sydney Airport. All five crew members were killed.

In 1999, the town was associated with the Glenbrook train disaster.

Since 2005, the suburb has been the home of The Australian Gnome Convention organised by the Rotary Club of Lower Blue Mountains and held on Australia Day each year. Owners of garden gnomes display their garden decorations and compete for various awards to raise funds for charities.

Bushwalking
Glenbrook hosts many walking tracks that can be trekked, including the popular walk to Red Hands Cave, from Glenbrook Causeway, which is a 5.8 km walk from Glenbrook's town centre.

Glenbrook also has walks that are scenic, but not well known. This includes the untracked walk to Warrimoo via Glenbrook Gorge, and the walk to Pippas Pass.

Additionally, Glenbrook hosts many natural pools, that can be accessed by walking tracks from the town centre, by a few kilometres.

Pools

Glenbrook's pools are popular for swimming in, and their tranquillity.

These pools are easily accessed by several walking tracks from the town centre.

Glenbrook's Pools include:

 * Blue Pool, on Glenbrook Creek
 * Jellybean Pool, at Glenbrook Causeway.
 * Duck Pool, a few kilometres north upstream from Blue Pool.

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Glenbrook has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the following items listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:
 * Blue Mountains National Park: Blue Mountains walking tracks
 * 15-17 Great Western Highway: Knapsack Gully Viaduct, 1865
 * 78 Great Western Highway: Glenbrook railway residence
 * Great Western Highway: 1892 Glenbrook Tunnel
 * Mitchells Pass: Lennox Bridge, Glenbrookthe oldest surviving stone arch bridge in mainland Australia

City of Blue Mountains local government heritage register
Glenbrook has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the following items listed on the City of Blue Mountains local government heritage register, as recorded in the New South Wales Heritage Database:

 * Blue Mountains National Park: Red Hand Cave
 * 67 Brook Road: The Bluff
 * Burfitt Parade: Glenbrook railway station
 * 2 Cross Street: House
 * 15 Euroka Road: Thurso
 * 26 Explorers Road: House
 * 175 Explorers Road: The Spurline
 * Great Western Highway: Glenbrook Deviation (1913)
 * 2 Great Western Highway: Gatekeeper's Cottage No 1
 * 2 Great Western Highway: Whitton Memorial
 * 15 Great Western Highway: Glenbrook Deviation (1892)
 * 15-17 Great Western Highway: Lapstone Zig Zag
 * 29 Great Western Highway: Briarcliffe (now RAAF Base Glenbrook)
 * 29 Great Western Highway: Former Lapstone Hotel (now RAAF Base Glenbrook)
 * 41 Great Western Highway: Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson Memorial
 * 41 Great Western Highway: Glenbrook Native Plant Reserve
 * 41 Great Western Highway: Original Glenbrook Railway Sign and Monument
 * 12 Hare Street: Glenbrook School of Music
 * Off Knapsack Street: Lucasville Station
 * 15-19 Lagoon Drive: Glenbrook Lagoon
 * 33 Lucasville Road: Phoenix Palm Group
 * 37 Lucasville Road: Kalamunda
 * 2 Mann Street: House
 * 9 Mann Street: House
 * 33 Moore Street: Bonnie Doone
 * 6 Nepean Gardens Place: Ulinbawn
 * 4 Park Street: Serendip
 * 6 Park Street: Glenbrook Cottage
 * 10 Park Street: Glenbrook Primary School
 * 10 Park Street: The Warruwii Centre – Building B00A
 * 20-30 Park Street: Glenbrook Park
 * 23-29 Park Street: Green Real Estate
 * 41 Park Street: Briar Hill
 * 51 Park Street: "Girrahween"
 * 2 Ross Street: Horse Trough
 * 20 Ross Street: Glenbrook Garden Centre
 * 6 Raymond Street: House
 * 8 Raymond Street: House
 * 6 Wascoe Street: House
 * 8 Wascoe Street: Ilford, house and garden
 * 9 Waters Road: Arcadia

Population
In the 2021 Census, there were 5,078 people in Glenbrook. 83.9% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 5.2%. 90.9% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 41.6%, Catholic 22% and Anglican 15.9%.

Transport
Glenbrook railway station is on the Blue Mountains Line of the NSW TrainLink intercity network. Also, the Great Western Highway passes through the town.

Landmarks

 * Two fire brigade stations, one which falls under the jurisdiction of the volunteer Rural Fire Service as well as a 'retained' New South Wales Fire Brigades station (station 301)
 * Glenbrook Cinema
 * Glenbrook Cottage (1916), Park Street (heritage-listed)
 * Glenbrook Oval
 * Glenbrook Park (1884) and stone gate are heritage-listed
 * Glenbrook Stone Suburb Staircase
 * Glenbrook Swim Centre
 * Knapsack Oval
 * Mitchells Pass
 * Mount Sion Park
 * Sir Douglas Smith Park
 * Wascoe Siding Train Park
 * Whitton Park

Recreation
Founded in 1975, Lapstone Glenbrook Netball Club  was formed from a merger between what was St Peter's Netball Club and school-based teams at Lapstone Public School and Glenbrook Public School. St Peter's Netball Club was a founding club of the Blue Mountains Netball Association and was run from the church organisation previously based in the St Peter's Anglican Church building which is now used as a cafe in Glenbrook). Netball is currently the largest participation sport in the Blue Mountains and all matches are played at the Lapstone complex.

Other sporting clubs in the area include:
 * Glenbrook Swimming Club
 * Glenbrook/Blaxland Cricket Club
 * Blue Mountains Football Club
 * Glenbrook Panthers Bowling Club
 * Glenbrook Little Athletics Club

Other non-sporting club based recreational activities include:

 * Jellybean Pool/Glenbrook Gorge/Blue Pool, entered via the national park (generally free entry on weekdays)
 * Endpoint of the Oaks Firetrail, a popular off-road bike route between Woodford and Glenbrook
 * Camping at Euroka Clearing where kangaroos can be seen at all times of the day and year (especially summer)
 * Bushwalking: Via Euroka Clearing to the Nepean River, Via Evans Track to Warragamba Dam
 * Glenbrook Cinema (one of three in the Blue Mountains)
 * Glenbrook Swimming Centre (also considered to be in Blaxland)

title: Glenbrook, New South Wales


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The Trees Are Dead & Dried Out Wait for Something Wild

The Trees Are Dead & Dried Out Wait for Something Wild is the debut album by British progressive metal band Sikth, released on 18 August 2003 by Unparalleled Records. The album was produced by the band and Andrew Scarth.

Background
Sikth was formed in 1999 by vocalists Tristan Lucey and Mikee Goodman along with Dan Weller, Graham 'Pin' Pinney, and Jamie Hunter. The band's lineup would be cemented in 2001 with the addition of Justin Hill, James Leach, and Dan 'Loord' Foord; Lucey and Hunter would depart from the band around the same time.

The band released its first EP, Let the Transmitting Begin, in early 2002 through Infernal Records. The initial release featured the songs "Such the Fool", "If You Weren't So Perfect", and "Hold My Finger"; all three songs would be re-recorded for The Trees Are Dead & Dried Out. Shortly after the EP's release, Sikth was signed to Unparalleled Carousel/Gut Records, who would release the band's second EP How May I Help You? on 23 September 2002. How May I Help You? featured the title track, "Suffice", and a cover of "Tupelo", originally by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.

Release
The Trees Are Dead & Dried Out Wait for Something Wild was initially released on 18 August 2003 through Unparalleled Carousel in the UK. The album's first single, "Scent of the Obscene", was released on 27 October 2003 and featured a cover of the Iron Maiden song "Wrathchild" as its b-side. Second single, "Peep Show", was released in December 2003.

Personnel

 * Sikth
 * Dan Weller – guitar, piano
 * Graham "Pin" Pinney – guitar
 * James Leach – bass
 * Mikee W. Goodman – vocals, lyrics, synthesizer
 * Justin Hill – vocals
 * Dan "Loord" Foord – drums, percussion

 * Other personnel
 * Andrew Scarth – audio engineering
 * Colin Richardson – mixing
 * Paul Hoare and Jakob Nygard – additional mixing
 * Vlado Meller – mastering
 * Dick Beetham – additional mastering, editing and compiling
 * Paul Chessell – art direction and design
 * Jana Leon and Patrick Ryan – photography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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USS Guardfish (SS-217)

USS Guardfish (SS-217), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the guardfish.

Construction and commissioning
Guardfish was laid down by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut. She was launched there on 20 January 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Edward J. Marquart, and commissioned at Naval Submarine Base New London New London, Connecticut, on 8 May 1942, Lieutenant Commander Thomas B. Klakring in command.

First and second war patrols, August – November 1942
After conducting shakedown out of New London, Guardfish left that base on 28 June 1942 for Pearl Harbor via the Panama Canal, and arrived there on 25 July to prepare for her first cruise. Her first war patrol was in previously unpatrolled waters off northeast Honshū. Guardfish left Pearl Harbor on 6 August 1942, sank a trawler on 22 August, and two days later sank 3,114 ton cargo ship Seikai Maru off Kinkasan Harbor. Evading escort vessels, she proceeded up the coast and found a convoy on 2 September. Guardfish attacked the next day, sinking 5,253 ton Kaimei Maru and 1,118 ton cargo ship Tenyu Maru. Chita Maru, a 2,376 ton freighter, retreated into the harbor and anchored, but a long-range shot from Guardfish left her beached in the mud. Guardfish returned from her successful first patrol to Midway for refit on 15 September 1942.

Guardfish left Midway on her second war patrol on 30 September and headed for the East China Sea. Surviving an attack by patrolling aircraft on 19 October, Guardfish closed a seven-ship convoy 21 October, sinking a 4,000-ton freighter and 6,362 ton Nichiho Maru north of Formosa as the convoy scattered. After evading pursuing aircraft and surface ships, Guardfish returned to Pearl Harbor on 28 November 1942. For her success on these first two patrols, Guardfish received a Presidential Unit Citation.

Third, fourth, and fifth war patrols, January – August 1943
Moving her base of operations to the Truk area, Guardfish left Pearl Harbor on 2 January 1943 to patrol off the Japanese stronghold. She sank Japanese patrol Boat No.1 (the former destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Shimakaze) on 12 January west of Kavieng, and a 1,300 ton cargo ship the next day. Attacked by the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Hakaze on 23 January, Guardfish sank her with a well-placed torpedo. Moving south toward Rabaul, she attacked a large convoy near Simpson Harbor, but was driven off by concentrated shore fire and escort attacks. Guardfish ended her third patrol by arriving at Brisbane, Australia on 15 February 1943.

Her fourth war patrol was conducted in the Bismarcks, Solomons, and New Guinea area, and Guardfish recorded no kills on this cruise, 9 March to 30 April 1943.

Leaving Brisbane for the same waters on 25 May 1943, Guardfish sank the transport and hell ship, Suzuya Maru, and damaged another before being forced to dive by aircraft on 13 June. She picked up a surveying party on the west coast of Bougainville on 14 July and returned to Brisbane for refit on 2 August 1943.

Sixth and seventh war patrols, August 1943 – February 1944
Guardfish left Brisbane for her sixth war patrol on 24 August 1943, landing a reconnoitering party on Bougainville and then moving into cruising waters. She sank the 5,460 ton Kasha Maru on 8 October and subsequently spent two days as lifeguard ship during the air strikes on Rabaul. Guardfish embarked another reconnoitering party on 19 October at Tulagi, landed them on Bougainville, and took vital soundings in Empress Augusta Bay before re-embarking the Marine party on 28 October. These important missions were carried out two days before the American landings at Bougainville. Guardfish reached Brisbane, completing her sixth patrol on 3 November 1943.

On 3 December 1943 Guardfish was damaged in a collision with an unknown tanker.

Turning to the shipping lanes between Truk and Guadalcanal, Guardfish began her seventh war patrol on 27 December 1943, sinking 10,024 ton oiler Kenyo Maru on 14 January 1944. She then closed Truk and sank the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Umikaze on 1 February in an attack on a convoy. After serving briefly as lifeguard ship off Truk she arrived at Pearl Harbor 18 February and from there returned to San Francisco for repairs nine days later.

Eighth and ninth war patrols, June – October 1944
Guardfish again put to sea from San Francisco and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 1 June. She then joined submarines USS Thresher (SS-200), USS Piranha (SS-389), and USS Apogon (SS-308) to form the coordinated attack group known as the "Mickey Finns", commanded by Captain W. V. O'Regan in Guardfish.

The submarines patrolled the shipping lanes around Formosa with spectacular success, Guardfish sinking 5,863 ton auxiliary Mantai Maru, 2,838 ton cargo ship Hizan Maru, and 5,215 ton cargo ship Jinsan Maru southwest of Formosa on 17 July. After damaging another freighter 18 July, Guardfish sank the cargo ship Teiryu Maru the next day, barely escaping the attacks of her escorts. She arrived at Midway for refit on 31 July 1944, and for her performance on the eighth patrol was awarded a second Presidential Unit Citation.

Sailing the Sea of Japan as a member of another wolf pack on 23 August 1944, Guardfish and the submarines, Thresher and USS Sunfish (SS-281), had a 40-minute surface gun battle with sampans on 2 September. On 25 September Guardfish attacked and sank 873 ton cargo ship Miyakawa Maru #2 and returned to Pearl Harbor on 24 October 1944.

Tenth, eleventh, and twelfth war patrols, November 1944 – June 1945
Guardfish left on 26 November 1944 for her 10th war patrol to cruise in the "Convoy College" area of the South China Sea, with yet another wolf pack. She recorded no sinkings on this cruise, but nearing Guam in the early morning of 24 January 1945 she mistook the U.S. Navy rescue and salvage ship USS Extractor (ARS-15), for a Japanese I class submarine. She fired a torpedo which struck Extractor's starboard side, causing her to capsize and sink at 15.73333°N, 135.48333°W, within five minutes. Six crew were killed, and the remainder were rescued by Guardfish. This action ended the patrol.

Guardfish's 11th war patrol was spent watching for enemy fleet units attempting to escape from the Inland Sea of Japan by way of the Kii Suido between Shikoku and Honshū. Leaving Saipan on this duty on 27 February, she found no ships but rescued two downed aviators on 19 March before returning to Midway on 11 April 1945.

Guardfish left Midway on 8 May 1945 on her 12th and final war patrol, and was assigned lifeguard station for the ever-increasing air attacks on the Japanese mainland. She sank a small trawler by gunfire on 16 June, and arrived back at Pearl Harbor on 26 June 1945.

Post-war service
The veteran submarine served with the training command after her return to Hawaii, helping to train surface ships in the newest antisubmarine warfare tactics until 25 August 1945. She then sailed for the United States, transiting the Panama Canal on 12 September and arriving at New Orleans on 16 September. Guardfish arrived at New London 6 November and decommissioned there on 25 May 1946.

Guardfish remained inactive until 18 June 1948, when she was placed "in service" for duty as a Naval Reserve Training Ship at New London. Declared surplus to Navy needs, she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1960. This ship, one of the most successful of World War II submarines, performed her final service as a target ship for a new submarine torpedo. USS Blenny (SS-324) sank her with the newly developed torpedoes off New London on 10 October 1961.

Honors and awards

 * Presidential Unit Citation, two awards, one for her first and second war patrols, and a second for her eighth war patrol.
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with 11 battle stars for World War II service

Of about 250 American submarines which conducted combat patrols in World War II, Guardfish ranked 13th in total tonnage sunk (72,424 tons) and tied for eighth in number of ships sunk with 19.

In the media
Guardfish was the subject of an article in the 14 December 1942 edition of TIME magazine. The article, titled Battle of the Pacific: A Day at the Races and written by an embedded Times staff writer (Clay Blair?), describes the Guardfish, either the 1st or 2nd war patrol and Commander Klakring's famed sneak into Tokyo Bay; Close enough to watch the horse races through the periscope.

Excerpt from article – ''It was a Sunday afternoon. Lieut. Commander Thomas Burton Klakring had run his submarine smack up to Japan's shore. Klakring raised his periscope. There was a big seaside town, a race track and a race, which "the whole town" had turned out to see. Klakring & crew placed some bets, "but we were just a little too far away to be sure which horse won." Anyhow, they were there to provide more exciting diversion for the people of Japan.''

Guardfish life on patrol was predominately displayed in the much longer article, featured in the 15 March 1943 publication of LIFE magazine. The article is titled West to Japan. US sub patrols the Japanese Coast, watches Horse-races and sinks 70,000 tons of Japanese shipping. By John Field. The article is over 4,000 words and depicts life aboard a submarine, both exciting and mundane. Byline: "This story has 50 heros and one heroine. The heros are the officers and men of an American submarine. The heroine is the ship herself. More than 300 ft. long, with ten torpedo tubes and a surface speed of better than 20 knots, she was commissioned about a year ago. Since that day, she has led an exciting and secret life. On one cruise, to the shores of Japan itself, she sank 70,000 tons of (enemy) shipping. This is the story of that cruise."

Guardfish was the subject of one episode of the syndicated television series The Silent Service

title: USS Guardfish (SS-217)


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Abd al-Rahman of Morocco

Moulay Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham (عبد الرحمن بن هشام), born on 19 February 1778 in Fes and died on 28 August 1859 in Meknes, was a sultan of Morocco from 30 November 1822 to 28 August 1859, as a ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. He was a son of Moulay Hisham. He was proclaimed sultan in Fes after the death of Moulay Sulayman.

During his long reign he proved himself competent in an age where Africa was being colonized by stronger European nations, such as neighbouring Ottoman Algeria which was invaded by France. He was able to preserve Moroccan independence and maintain Moroccan borders without ceding any land, while also supporting Emir Abd al-Qadir's resistance in Algeria against France. He also signed the necessary treaties to enforce his beliefs, and fought numerous conflicts with European nations, especially France.

Biography
Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham was born in Fes on 19 February 1778 to Hisham bin Mohammed and his wife a lady of the Oulad Jerrar tribe. Following the death of his uncle Sulayman, Abd al-Rahman was proclaimed sultan of Morocco in Fes on 30 November 1822. His reign began during a tumultuous time, when many noble families and rural tribal confederations in Morocco were trying to extract greater power away from the center, and spent much of the early part of his reign crushing revolts.

Abd al-Rahman was tall and tanned, he was firm in his stance despite his advanced age, and wore simple clothes. Every day, he rode a horse to his garden in Agdal, situated near the gates of Fes.

The will of Moulay Sulayman to entrust the throne to Abd al-Rahman:

"I do not think that the children of Mawlana, the grandfather Abdallah, nor the children of Moulay, my father, may God have mercy on him, nor the children of his children, are better than my master Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham, and I am not better for this matter than him, because - God willing – may God protect him, he does not drink alcohol, does not commit adultery, does not lie, and does not betray. He does not take blood and money unnecessarily. And if the king of the two Easts reigns... and he fasts the obligatory and the supererogatory, and he prays the obligatory and the supererogatory. But I brought him from Essaouira for people to see and know him. And I took it out of Tafilalet to show it to them, because religion is advice. If the people of truth follow him, their affairs will be made right, as did Moulay Muhammad, his grandfather, and his father is alive. They never need me, and the people of Morocco will envy him and follow him, God willing. And whoever followed him followed guidance and light. And whoever follows others, he follows sedition and misguidance."

Early reign
Upon ascension, the sultan's finances were in shambles. With the country in disarray, the central government (the Makhzen) was unable to collect much customary taxation. Abd al-Rahman turned to foreign trade, which had been cut off by the prior sultan, as way to reap in customs revenue, and began to negotiate a series of trade treaties with various European powers.

Moulay Abd al-Rahman was an enthusiastic advocate of foreign trade. As governor of Essaouira he had encouraged European merchants, and after he became sultan, consul after consul trekked down to Marrakesh; the Portuguese in 1823, the British in 1824, the French and the Sardinian in 1825. Each signed a trade treaty, although Morocco had little to export because in 1825 the country began another cycle of poor rainfall and famine.

To recoup his expenses Moulay Abd al-Rahman decided to revive the institution of Barbary piracy and reestablish his corsairing fleet. In 1828 it captured some British ships and an Austrian one. This created confrontations with the British as they blockaded Tangier, and the Austrians bombarded Larache, Asilah and Tetouan in 1829. The final bombardment of a Moroccan city in retribution for piracy occurred in 1851 at Salé.

He was an adept leader and administrator and was able to build public works and infrastructure. He did however have to deal with internal conflicts and had to quell revolts many times: 1824–1825, 1828, 1831–1832, 1843, 1849, 1852, 1853, and 1857–1858. He was always successful at placating the nobles and malcontents though.

Expedition of Austria (1829–1830)
The navy of the Austrian Empire retaliated with force for the capture of their ship, the Veloce, by the Moroccan corsairing fleet. The Austrians resolved to blockading the Moroccan ports, and then opened hostilities and bombarded Larache, Asilah and Tétouan. In June 1829 they landed at Larache and burned Moroccan ships. The Austrian landing at Larache frightened the Moroccan people on a general attack on the Muslims of North Africa, following when war started between the French and the Ottoman province of Algiers in 1827. However, the landing was a complete failure. In 1830, Austria concluded a treaty in which the principal condition was to offer a splendid gift to the sultan.

Invasion of Algiers (1830)
The most serious foreign threat to Morocco, however, was France, which had launched its invasion of neighboring Ottoman Algeria in 1830. The French landing at Sidi Feruj near Algiers and subsequent French victory in the Battle of Staouéli caused panic in Morocco, while Moroccans expressed solidarity with the Algerians. In the years preceding the French landing, in order to replace revenue lost through the demise of piracy, the Deys (the Ottoman-appointed heads of the Regency of Algiers) had raised taxes, turning the native population against them. The problem of mixed loyalties became even more acute after the French landing. As French forces pushed deeper into the interior, the tribes and city dwellers of the Province of Oran turned to Morocco for help. In the summer of 1830, Abd al-Rahman accepted boatloads of Algerian refugees arriving in the ports of Tangier and Tétouan, ordering his governors to find them housing and settle them into work.

Intervention in Tlemcen (1830–1832)
Shortly after Algiers fell in 1830, and fearing French invaders, Muhammad Bennouna organised a deputation to ask Moulay Abd al-Rahman to accept a bay'a from Tlemcen. The people of Tlemcen offered Abd al-Rahman the oath of allegiance that would legally establish 'Alawi rule over their region. The Sultan consulted the  'ulama of Fez, who ruled that the inhabitants of Tlemcen had already sworn allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan and they could not change it now. In September 1830 the Tlemcenis sent another letter arguing that the authority of the Sublime Porte no longer existed, and that its former representatives had been irreligious tyrants. The notables of the beleaguered city kept pressuring for a Moroccan intervention, reminding Abd al-Rahman that the defense of Islam was the duty of the just ruler.

In October 1830 the sultan named his nephew Moulay Ali ben Slimane, who was only fifteen years old, as Khalifa of Tlemcen and sent him to take control of Tlemcen. An uncle of the sultan, Idris al-Jarari, the Governor of Oujda, was sent with him to help in protecting the city. The Moroccan troops were warmly welcomed, even in the provinces of Titteri and Constantine. The Moroccan Sultan's authority was speedily recognised in all parts of the regency. The khotba, or public prayer, was pronounced in all the mosques for the Sultan of Morocco. Everything conspired to confirm the belief that Algeria had peaceably passed under the Moorish sceptre.

Moulay Ali let local rivalries continue unchecked, while his troops pillaged the countryside instead of taking the citadel of Tlemcen, still manned by Ottoman troops. In March 1831 the sultan recalled both of them and nominated the Governor of Tétouan Ibn al-Hami in their place. The Moroccan intervention in Algeria made it clear that the 'Alawi leadership could not orchestrate the popular feelings against the French to their own advantage. In January 1832 France sent an ambassador to Sultan Abd al-Rahman, demanding that he withdraw Morocco’s presence from Tlemcen. The Sultan initially refused to evacuate the city, but when a French warship appeared at Tangier the Makhzen negotiated and the sultan agreed to withdraw his troops. The Moroccan troops evacuated Tlemcen in May. But before Ibn al-Hami left, he appointed a new governor in the sultan's name. This was the local head of the Qadiriyya tariqa, Muhyi al-Din, who began to organise resistance to the French. In November he handed the leadership to his son, Abd al-Kader. Another embassy was sent by the Marabouts and chiefs to Fez to implore the Moroccan Sultan to provide aid and assistance. Abd al-Rahman complied with their request, by sending a confidential agent to Mascara. This proceeding, however, produced no effect.

Wadaya Revolt (1831–1834)
As a result of the sultan's withdrawal from Tlemcen in March 1831, the Wadaya rebelled in the countryside of Morocco and recognised a relative of the sultan, Mohammed bin al-Tayyib, as sultan. The revolt began in the north and spread throughout Morocco, including the capital Fes, the sultan decided to leave Fes for Meknes which was safer and was protected by the 'Abid al-Bukhari infantry, but on the way to Meknes he was stopped by rebel troops who sent him back to Fes. After the sultan learned about the unpopularity of the chief minister, he dismissed him, took away his wealth, and gave it to the Wadaya as a generous bribe, but this did not stop the rebellion. A few months later, the sultan managed to escape Fes and settle in Meknes, where he slowly built the army there by recruiting more troops. With this army, he marched on Fes and besieged it for 40 days before the Wadaya surrendered in 1834. The sultan ordered the execution of the two most important leaders of the Wadaya revolt, and dispersed them from Fes to Marrakesh, Larache, and Rabat, ending their rebellion.

Support for Emir Abd al-Qadir (1832–1844)
Abd al-Rahman supported the continued guerrilla resistance in Algeria led by Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri who was in theory, a vassal of the Moroccan sultan, albeit only tentatively, not wishing to incur French retaliation. But the border tribes of Morocco continued supporting Abd al-Qadir more actively, prompting the French launch their own strikes over the border and establishing forward outposts in Moroccan territory, which only inflamed the reaction in Morocco and increased the irregular border war. The Moroccan army attacked a French military group which France considered a declaration of war. After learning that the Sultan had sent huge forces to the eastern front, Peugeot gave Morocco a deadline of eight days to withdraw its armies from the east, but the Sultan was not convinced.

Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
The French then demanded that Morocco cease its support of Abd al-Qadir and cede its eastern frontier lands to French control and, in 1844, launched the First Franco-Moroccan War. The war did not go well for the sultan. The French navy bombarded Mogador (Essaouira) and Tangier, while the Moroccan army, under Abd al-Rahman's son Moulay Muhammad, was defeated by the French at the Battle of Isly in August 1844. Abd al-Rahman consented to the Treaty of Tangier in October 1844, withdrawing support for al-Qadir, and reducing border garrisons.

The treaties aggravated the internal situation in Morocco. Abd al-Rahman in fact rejected the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia at first, blaming it on his negotiators, but was eventually forced to ratify it. Army units and rural tribes across the north and east, already basically ungovernable, started raising rebellions which were only crushed with difficulty. The aftermath saw the break between Abd al-Rahman and Abd al-Qadir.

The crushing defeat at Isly and the bombardment of the Moroccan ports by the squadron commanded by the Prince de Joinville had grave consequences both for the sultan's internal authority and for his relations with Europe. The defeat of Isly sparked off tribal rebellions in many parts of Morocco. The Dukkala tribesmen in the region between Safi and El Jadida massacred government officials and looted El Jadida. Essaouira was pillaged by the tribes when its inhabitants deserted it. Rebellious tribes threatened Marrakesh, and in September 1845 Rabat rebelled and its leaders chose a local notable to replace the governor appointed by the sultan. The sultan's international standing was also weakened as a result of this defeat. The Scandinavian countries immediately ceased to make him the customary annual gift to retain commercial relations with Morocco. And the sultan, aware that much harm to the country could be avoided through speedy communications wit the European conculs, appointed in 1845 a na'ib (deputy) to conduct relations with them on behalf of the sultan. Though the na'ib resided in, and often held the post of governor of, Tangier, he became in fact if not in title a minister of foreign affairs.

Bombardment of Salé (1851)
On 25 November 1851, French ships anchored off Rabat and Salé. Moroccan soldiers in those cities prepared to repel the French attack and armed themselves with artillery. At 10:00 a.m, the French fleet opened fire on the forts of Salé, while the Moroccans retaliated instantly with forty batteries of artillery weapons. An hour later, the batteries in Salé were destroyed, while the artillery in Rabat were damaged to the point where they became almost useless, however Moroccan reinforcements arrived. The damaged batteries were removed from the cities by Moroccan forces who continued to resist. By the end of the bombardment, the Moroccans had 18 to 22 men killed and 47 of them wounded, with many fortifications damaged. On the other hand, the French had losses of 4 killed and 18 wounded, as well as two of their battleships damaged. Both sides claimed victory, as the bombardment ended in a French military victory but also in a Moroccan political victory.

Anglo-Moroccan Treaty (1856)
In 1856, Britain persuaded the sultan to sign a treaty in Tangier on 9 December 1856, after long negotiations between John Hay Drummond Hay, a representative of Queen Victoria, and Muhammad al-Khatib, a representative of the sultan Abd al-Rahman. Moroccan trade was freed from almost all its monopolies, custom duties were reduced to ten percent of value, Morocco's door was opened to a larger volume of overseas trade, and British subjects could own property in Morocco.

Construction
In 1856, Moulay Abd al-Rahman established the souk of Zraqten on the north side of the High Atlas, adding to territory in southern Morocco controlled by the Glaouis, who were Caids ruling various southern areas from the 18th century until Moroccan independence in 1956, after originally settling in Telouet to establish a souk. They would tax caravans travelling from the Sahara and Tafilalt regions as well as taxing goods sold locally.

The Agdal Gardens of Marrakesh, an irrigated garden, originally established by the Almoravids in the 12th century and enlarged in the days of the Saadians was revamped, reforested and encircled by ramparts during the reign of Moulay Abd al-Rahman.

Armed Forces
When Moulay Abd al-Rahman bin Hicham ascended the throne on 30 November 1822, Morocco was an undefeated power with a modern army made up of four main armed forces:
 * The Guich military tribes or Makhzen tribes which provided the regular contingents.
 * The Black Guard or the Abid al-Bukhari who were of Sub-Saharan origin.
 * The contingents provided by tribes who paid taxes or provided some contingents of recruits.
 * The Holy warriors or the Mujahideen who provided massive levies in case of extreme danger.

Death
Abd al-Rahman died in Meknes on August 28, 1859, and was buried in the Mausoleum of Moulay Ismail. He was succeeded by his son Muhammad, who took the title of sultan Muhammad IV. Immediately upon Sidi Muhammad's ascension to throne in August 1859, Spain declared war on Morocco, culminating into the Hispano-Moroccan War in which Spain sent troops to Ceuta in order to capture Tetuan.

title: Abd al-Rahman of Morocco


text:
Talk:Antipope Felix II

Untitled
The identity of this "unnamed encyclopedia" needs to be cited. —Triskaideka 17:30, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It seems likely that it's the Britannica. 71.174.78.146 18:06, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Successor
In John Delaney's Dictionary of Saints Felix II (antipope) is said to have 'ruled' between 355 and 365 A.D. Succeeded by 'antipope' Ursinus who lasted only two years, which were simultaneous with that of Damasus I. L Hamm 20:03, 24 January 2006 (UTC) \

Predecessor
This article breaks the chain where you can keep pressing predecessor.24.65.95.239 (talk) 01:43, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * What chain? Please indicate the link that leads to this antipope.  Lima (talk) 05:15, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antipope Felix II


text:
T. J. Hamblin

Terence John Hamblin (12 March 1943 – 8 January 2012) was a British academic and scientist who was professor of immunohaematology at the University of Southampton from 1987 until his death.

Life and career
Born in Worcester, England, Hamblin's early years were spent in Aldershot in Hampshire where he and his family lived on Cambridge Road; he was educated at Farnborough Grammar School (1954–1961) and the University of Bristol.

He was appointed as Consultant Haematologist in Bournemouth in 1974. He pursued a research career in haematology and immunology, successively becoming an expert in plasma exchange, stem cell transplantation, monoclonal antibody therapy, myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. He was awarded a Guernsey Fellowship for stem cell transplantation in 1986 and the Binet-Rai Medal for outstanding research in CLL in 2002.

He was a prolific author of books, chapters, original peer-reviewed articles, reviews, editorials, and web articles on scientific and medical topics. He was editor of the scientific journal Leukemia Research (1986-) and a columnist for the comic/medical political magazine World Medicine (1976–84).

His most important research discovery was that chronic lymphocytic leukaemia comes in two forms, depending on whether the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genes contain somatic mutations. If they do, the survival of the patient averages 25 years; if they do not, the survival of the patient averages 8 years.

Hamblin presented the BBC 2 episode 'Of Mice and Men' (1998) in its Counterblast series, in which he argued for the use of animals in medical research.

He publicised the fact that, contrary to popular belief, spinach contains no more iron than lettuce, while pink succulent lobster contains none at all; like all invertebrates its respiratory pigment is based on copper rather than iron. He claimed in a 1981 BMJ paper that the belief in spinach having a high iron content was due to a decimal point error that was discovered in the 1930s; Mike Sutton published an article in 2010 questioning Hamblin's story. In a later article, Sutton discovered that, contrary to popular belief, Hamblin was not the original source of the spinach, Popeye, decimal error myth. Hamblin died on 8 January 2012 of cancer.

title: T. J. Hamblin


text:
31st United States Congress

The 31st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1849, to March 4, 1851, during the 16 months of the Zachary Taylor presidency and the first eight months of the administration of Millard Fillmore's. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1840 United States census. The Senate had a Democratic majority, while there was a Democratic plurality in the House.

Major events

 * March 4, 1849: Zachary Taylor became President of the United States
 * June, 1849: Relations with France broke down as the French ambassador Guillaume-Tell de La Vallée Poussin engaged in "insulting and confrontational" behavior towards President Taylor, shortly after this a row erupted with France over reparations which France owed the United States. The president of France, Napoleon III, made this worse by making remarks that led to several members of Congress openly condemning him.
 * December 3–22, 1849: The election for the House speakership takes 63 ballots.
 * March 7, 1850: Senator Daniel Webster gave his "Seventh of March" speech in which he endorsed the Compromise of 1850 to prevent a possible civil war
 * May 22, 1850: Senate votes 42-11 in favor of ratifying the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty after the motion to do so was put forth by William R. King of Alabama. The results of the vote were celebrated in Britain.
 * July 9, 1850: President Taylor died and Vice President Millard Fillmore became President.

Major legislation

 * September 9, 1850: Compromise of 1850, sess. 1, chs. 48-51, -
 * September 18, 1850: Fugitive Slave Act, sess. 1, ch. 60,
 * September 20, 1850: "An Act to suppress the Slave Trade in the District of Columbia," sess. 1, ch. 63,
 * September 29, 1850: Donation Land Claim Act, sess. 1, ch. 76,

States admitted and territories organized

 * September 9, 1850 — As part of the Compromise of 1850:
 * Texas's borders were changed, ch. 49,
 * New Mexico Territory was organized, ch. 49,
 * California was admitted as a state, ch. 50,
 * Utah Territory was organized, ch. 51,

Senate
During this Congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of California.

House of Representatives
During this Congress, two House seats were added for the new state of California.

Senate

 * President: Millard Fillmore (W), until July 9, 1850; vacant thereafter.
 * President pro tempore: David Atchison (D), until May 5, 1850
 * William R. King (D), from May 6, 1850

House of Representatives

 * Speaker: Howell Cobb (D), elected December 22, 1849, after 63 ballots
 * Democratic Caucus Chairman: James Thompson

Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives by district.

 * Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1850; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1852; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1854.

Alabama

 * 2. Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), until November 30, 1849
 * Jeremiah Clemens (D), from November 30, 1849
 * 3. William R. King (D)

Arkansas

 * 2. William K. Sebastian (D)
 * 3. Solon Borland (D)

California

 * 1. John C. Frémont (D), from September 10, 1850 (newly admitted state)
 * 3. William M. Gwin (D), from September 10, 1850 (newly admitted state)

Connecticut

 * 1. Roger S. Baldwin (W)
 * 3. Truman Smith (W)

Delaware

 * 1. John Wales (W)
 * 2. Presley Spruance (W)

Florida

 * 1. David Levy Yulee (D)
 * 3. Jackson Morton (W)

Georgia

 * 2. John Macpherson Berrien (W)
 * 3. William C. Dawson (W)

Illinois

 * 2. Stephen A. Douglas (D)
 * 3. James Shields (D), until March 6, 1849
 * James Shields (D), from December 3, 1849

Indiana

 * 1. Jesse D. Bright (D)
 * 3. James Whitcomb (D)

Iowa

 * 2. George Wallace Jones (D)
 * 3. Augustus C. Dodge (D)

Kentucky

 * 2. Joseph R. Underwood (W)
 * 3. Henry Clay (W)

Louisiana

 * 2. Solomon W. Downs (D)
 * 3. Pierre Soulé (D)

Maine

 * 1. Hannibal Hamlin (D)
 * 2. James W. Bradbury (D)

Maryland

 * 1. Reverdy Johnson (W), until March 7, 1849
 * David Stewart (W), from December 6, 1849, until January 12, 1850
 * Thomas Pratt (W), from January 12, 1850
 * 3. James Pearce (W)

Massachusetts

 * 1. Daniel Webster (W), until July 22, 1850
 * Robert C. Winthrop (W), from July 30, 1850, until February 1, 1851
 * Robert Rantoul Jr. (D), from February 1, 1851
 * 2. John Davis (W)

Michigan

 * 1. Lewis Cass (D)
 * 2. Alpheus Felch (D)

Mississippi

 * 1. Jefferson Davis (D)
 * 2. Henry S. Foote (D)

Missouri

 * 1. Thomas H. Benton (D)
 * 3. David R. Atchison (D)

New Hampshire

 * 2. John P. Hale (FS)
 * 3. Moses Norris Jr. (D)

New Jersey

 * 1. William L. Dayton (W)
 * 2. Jacob W. Miller (W)

New York

 * 1. Daniel S. Dickinson (D)
 * 3. William H. Seward (W)

North Carolina

 * 2. Willie P. Mangum (W)
 * 3. George E. Badger (W)

Ohio

 * 1. Thomas Corwin (W), until July 20, 1850
 * Thomas Ewing (W), from July 20, 1850
 * 3. Salmon P. Chase (FS)

Pennsylvania

 * 1. Daniel Sturgeon (D)
 * 3. James Cooper (W)

Rhode Island

 * 1. Albert C. Greene (W)
 * 2. John H. Clarke (W)

South Carolina

 * 2. John C. Calhoun (D), until March 31, 1850
 * Franklin H. Elmore (D), from April 11, 1850, until May 29, 1850
 * Robert W. Barnwell (D), from June 4, 1850, until December 18, 1850
 * Robert Rhett (D), from December 18, 1850
 * 3. Andrew Butler (D)

Tennessee

 * 1. Hopkins L. Turney (D)
 * 2. John Bell (W)

Texas

 * 1. Thomas J. Rusk (D)
 * 2. Samuel Houston (D)

Vermont

 * 1. Samuel S. Phelps (W)
 * 3. William Upham (W)

Virginia

 * 1. James M. Mason (D)
 * 2. Robert M. T. Hunter (D)

Wisconsin

 * 1. Henry Dodge (D)
 * 3. Isaac P. Walker (D)

House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama

 * Alabama's 1st congressional district. William J. Alston (W)
 * Alabama's 2nd congressional district. Henry W. Hilliard (W)
 * Alabama's 3rd congressional district. Sampson W. Harris (D)
 * Alabama's 4th congressional district. Samuel W. Inge (D)
 * Alabama's 5th congressional district. David Hubbard (D)
 * Alabama's 6th congressional district. Williamson R. W. Cobb (D)
 * Alabama's 7th congressional district. Franklin W. Bowdon (D)

Arkansas

 * Arkansas's at-large congressional district. Robert W. Johnson (D)

California
Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
 * California's at-large congressional district. Edward Gilbert (D), from September 11, 1850 (newly admitted state)
 * California's at-large congressional district. George W. Wright (I), from September 11, 1850 (newly admitted state)

Connecticut

 * Connecticut's 1st congressional district. Loren P. Waldo (D)
 * Connecticut's 2nd congressional district. Walter Booth (FS)
 * Connecticut's 3rd congressional district. Chauncey F. Cleveland (D)
 * Connecticut's 4th congressional district. Thomas B. Butler (W)

Delaware

 * Delaware's at-large congressional district. John W. Houston (W)

Florida

 * Florida's at-large congressional district. Edward C. Cabell (W)

Georgia

 * Georgia's 1st congressional district. Thomas Butler King (W), until March 3, 1850
 * Joseph W. Jackson (D), from March 4, 1850
 * Georgia's 2nd congressional district. Marshall J. Wellborn (D)
 * Georgia's 3rd congressional district. Allen F. Owen (W)
 * Georgia's 4th congressional district. Hugh A. Haralson (D)
 * Georgia's 5th congressional district. Thomas C. Hackett (D)
 * Georgia's 6th congressional district. Howell Cobb (D)
 * Georgia's 7th congressional district. Alexander H. Stephens (W)
 * Georgia's 8th congressional district. Robert A. Toombs (W)

Illinois

 * Illinois's 1st congressional district. William H. Bissell (D)
 * Illinois's 2nd congressional district. John A. McClernand (D)
 * Illinois's 3rd congressional district. Timothy R. Young (D)
 * Illinois's 4th congressional district. John Wentworth (D)
 * Illinois's 5th congressional district. William A. Richardson (D)
 * Illinois's 6th congressional district. Edward D. Baker (W)
 * Illinois's 7th congressional district. Thomas L. Harris (D)

Indiana

 * Indiana's 1st congressional district. Nathaniel Albertson (D)
 * Indiana's 2nd congressional district. Cyrus L. Dunham (D)
 * Indiana's 3rd congressional district. John L. Robinson (D)
 * Indiana's 4th congressional district. George W. Julian (FS)
 * Indiana's 5th congressional district. William J. Brown (D)
 * Indiana's 6th congressional district. Willis A. Gorman (D)
 * Indiana's 7th congressional district. Edward W. McGaughey (W)
 * Indiana's 8th congressional district. Joseph E. McDonald (D)
 * Indiana's 9th congressional district. Graham N. Fitch (D)
 * Indiana's 10th congressional district. Andrew J. Harlan (D)

Iowa

 * Iowa's 1st congressional district. William Thompson (D), until June 29, 1850
 * Daniel F. Miller (W), from December 20, 1850
 * IA's 2nd congressional district. Shepherd Leffler (D)

Kentucky

 * Kentucky's 1st congressional district. Linn Boyd (D)
 * Kentucky's 2nd congressional district. James L. Johnson (W)
 * Kentucky's 3rd congressional district. Finis E. McLean (W)
 * Kentucky's 4th congressional district. George A. Caldwell (D)
 * Kentucky's 5th congressional district. John B. Thompson (W)
 * Kentucky's 6th congressional district. Daniel Breck (W)
 * Kentucky's 7th congressional district. Humphrey Marshall (W)
 * Kentucky's 8th congressional district. Charles S. Morehead (W)
 * Kentucky's 9th congressional district. John C. Mason (D)
 * Kentucky's 10th congressional district. Richard H. Stanton (D)

Louisiana

 * Louisiana's 1st congressional district. Emile La Sére (D)
 * Louisiana's 2nd congressional district. Charles M. Conrad (W), until August 17, 1850
 * Henry A. Bullard (W), from December 5, 1850
 * Louisiana's 3rd congressional district. John H. Harmanson (D), until October 24, 1850
 * Alexander G. Penn (D), from December 30, 1850
 * Louisiana's 4th congressional district. Isaac E. Morse (D)

Maine

 * Maine's 1st congressional district. Elbridge Gerry (D)
 * Maine's 2nd congressional district. Nathaniel Littlefield (D)
 * Maine's 3rd congressional district. John Otis (W)
 * Maine's 4th congressional district. Rufus K. Goodenow (W)
 * Maine's 5th congressional district. Cullen Sawtelle (D)
 * Maine's 6th congressional district. Charles Stetson (D)
 * Maine's 7th congressional district. Thomas J. D. Fuller (D)

Maryland

 * Maryland's 1st congressional district. Richard Bowie (W)
 * Maryland's 2nd congressional district. William T. Hamilton (D)
 * Maryland's 3rd congressional district. Edward Hammond (D)
 * Maryland's 4th congressional district. Robert M. McLane (D)
 * Maryland's 5th congressional district. Alexander Evans (W)
 * Maryland's 6th congressional district. John B. Kerr (W)

Massachusetts

 * Massachusetts's 1st congressional district. Robert C. Winthrop (W), until July 30, 1850
 * Samuel Atkins Eliot (W), from August 22, 1850
 * Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district. Daniel P. King (W), until July 25, 1850
 * Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district. James H. Duncan (W)
 * Massachusetts's 4th congressional district. vacant
 * Massachusetts's 5th congressional district. Charles Allen (FS)
 * Massachusetts's 6th congressional district. George Ashmun (W)
 * Massachusetts's 7th congressional district. Julius Rockwell (W)
 * Massachusetts's 8th congressional district. Horace Mann (W)
 * Massachusetts's 9th congressional district. Orin Fowler (W)
 * Massachusetts's 10th congressional district. Joseph Grinnell (W)

Michigan

 * Michigan's 1st congressional district. Alexander W. Buel (D)
 * Michigan's 2nd congressional district. William Sprague (W)
 * Michigan's 3rd congressional district. Kinsley S. Bingham (D)

Mississippi

 * Mississippi's 1st congressional district. Jacob Thompson (D)
 * Mississippi's 2nd congressional district. Winfield S. Featherston (D)
 * Mississippi's 3rd congressional district. William McWillie (D)
 * Mississippi's 4th congressional district. Albert G. Brown (D)

Missouri

 * Missouri's 1st congressional district. James B. Bowlin (D)
 * Missouri's 2nd congressional district. William V. Bay (D)
 * Missouri's 3rd congressional district. James S. Green (D)
 * Missouri's 4th congressional district. Willard P. Hall (D)
 * Missouri's 5th congressional district. John S. Phelps (D)

New Hampshire

 * New Hampshire's 1st congressional district. Amos Tuck (FS)
 * New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district. Charles H. Peaslee (D)
 * New Hampshire's 3rd congressional district. James Wilson (W), until September 9, 1850
 * George W. Morrison (D), from October 8, 1850
 * New Hampshire's 4th congressional district. Harry Hibbard (D)

New Jersey

 * New Jersey's 1st congressional district. Andrew K. Hay (W)
 * New Jersey's 2nd congressional district. William A. Newell (W)
 * New Jersey's 3rd congressional district. Isaac Wildrick (D)
 * New Jersey's 4th congressional district. John Van Dyke (W)
 * New Jersey's 5th congressional district. James G. King (W)

New York

 * New York's 1st congressional district. John A. King (W)
 * New York's 2nd congressional district. David A. Bokee (W)
 * New York's 3rd congressional district. J. Phillips Phoenix (W)
 * New York's 4th congressional district. Walter Underhill (W)
 * New York's 5th congressional district. George Briggs (W)
 * New York's 6th congressional district. James Brooks (W)
 * New York's 7th congressional district. William Nelson (W)
 * New York's 8th congressional district. Ransom Halloway (W)
 * New York's 9th congressional district. Thomas McKissock (W)
 * New York's 10th congressional district. Herman D. Gould (W)
 * New York's 11th congressional district. Peter H. Silvester (W)
 * New York's 12th congressional district. Gideon Reynolds (W)
 * New York's 13th congressional district. John L. Schoolcraft (W)
 * New York's 14th congressional district. George R. Andrews (W)
 * New York's 15th congressional district. John R. Thurman (W)
 * New York's 16th congressional district. Hugh White (W)
 * New York's 17th congressional district. Henry P. Alexander (W)
 * New York's 18th congressional district. Preston King (FS)
 * New York's 19th congressional district. Charles E. Clarke (W)
 * New York's 20th congressional district. Orsamus B. Matteson (W)
 * New York's 21st congressional district. Hiram Walden (D)
 * New York's 22nd congressional district. Henry Bennett (W)
 * New York's 23rd congressional district. William Duer (W)
 * New York's 24th congressional district. Daniel Gott (W)
 * New York's 25th congressional district. Harmon S. Conger (W)
 * New York's 26th congressional district. William T. Jackson (W)
 * New York's 27th congressional district. William A. Sackett (W)
 * New York's 28th congressional district. Abraham M. Schermerhorn (W)
 * New York's 29th congressional district. Robert L. Rose (W)
 * New York's 30th congressional district. David Rumsey Jr. (W)
 * New York's 31st congressional district. Elijah Risley (W)
 * New York's 32nd congressional district. Elbridge G. Spaulding (W)
 * New York's 33rd congressional district. Harvey Putnam (W)
 * New York's 34th congressional district. Lorenzo Burrows (W)

North Carolina

 * North Carolina's 1st congressional district. Thomas L. Clingman (W)
 * North Carolina's 2nd congressional district. Joseph P. Caldwell (W)
 * North Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Edmund Deberry (W)
 * North Carolina's 4th congressional district. Augustine H. Shepperd (W)
 * North Carolina's 5th congressional district. Abraham W. Venable (D)
 * North Carolina's 6th congressional district. John R. J. Daniel (D)
 * North Carolina's 7th congressional district. William S. Ashe (D)
 * North Carolina's 8th congressional district. Edward Stanly (W)
 * North Carolina's 9th congressional district. David Outlaw (W)

Ohio

 * Ohio's 1st congressional district. David T. Disney (D)
 * Ohio's 2nd congressional district. Lewis D. Campbell (W)
 * Ohio's 3rd congressional district. Robert C. Schenck (W)
 * Ohio's 4th congressional district. Moses B. Corwin (W)
 * Ohio's 5th congressional district. Emery D. Potter (D)
 * Ohio's 6th congressional district. Rodolphus Dickinson (D), until March 20, 1849
 * Amos E. Wood (D), from December 3, 1849, until November 19, 1850
 * John Bell (W), from January 7, 1851
 * Ohio's 7th congressional district. Jonathan D. Morris (D)
 * Ohio's 8th congressional district. John L. Taylor (W)
 * Ohio's 9th congressional district. Edson B. Olds (D)
 * Ohio's 10th congressional district. Charles Sweetser (D)
 * Ohio's 11th congressional district. John K. Miller (D)
 * Ohio's 12th congressional district. Samuel F. Vinton (W)
 * Ohio's 13th congressional district. William A. Whittlesey (D)
 * Ohio's 14th congressional district. Nathan Evans (W)
 * Ohio's 15th congressional district. William F. Hunter (W)
 * Ohio's 16th congressional district. Moses Hoagland (D)
 * Ohio's 17th congressional district. Joseph Cable (D)
 * Ohio's 18th congressional district. David K. Cartter (D)
 * Ohio's 19th congressional district. John Crowell (W)
 * Ohio's 20th congressional district. Joshua R. Giddings (FS)
 * Ohio's 21st congressional district. Joseph M. Root (FS)

Pennsylvania

 * Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. Lewis C. Levin (A)
 * Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district. Joseph R. Chandler (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district. Henry D. Moore (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. John Robbins Jr. (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district. John Freedley (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 6th congressional district. Thomas Ross (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district. Jesse C. Dickey (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district. Thaddeus Stevens (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district. William Strong (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district. Milo M. Dimmick (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district. Chester P. Butler (W), until October 5, 1850
 * John Brisbin (D), from November 13, 1850
 * Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district. David Wilmot (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. Joseph Casey (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district. Charles W. Pitman (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district. Henry Nes (W), until September 10, 1850
 * Joel B. Danner (D), from December 2, 1850
 * Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district. James X. McLanahan (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district. Samuel Calvin (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district. Andrew J. Ogle (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district. Job Mann (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 20th congressional district. Robert R. Reed (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 21st congressional district. Moses Hampton (W)
 * Pennsylvania's 22nd congressional district. John W. Howe (FS)
 * Pennsylvania's 23rd congressional district. James Thompson (D)
 * Pennsylvania's 24th congressional district. Alfred Gilmore (D)

Rhode Island

 * Rhode Island's 1st congressional district. George G. King (W)
 * Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district. Nathan F. Dixon Jr. (W)

South Carolina

 * South Carolina's 1st congressional district. Daniel Wallace (D)
 * South Carolina's 2nd congressional district. James L. Orr (D)
 * South Carolina's 3rd congressional district. Joseph A. Woodward (D)
 * South Carolina's 4th congressional district. John McQueen (D)
 * South Carolina's 5th congressional district. Armistead Burt (D)
 * South Carolina's 6th congressional district. Isaac E. Holmes (D)
 * South Carolina's 7th congressional district. William F. Colcock (D)

Tennessee

 * Tennessee's 1st congressional district. Andrew Johnson (D)
 * Tennessee's 2nd congressional district. Albert G. Watkins (W)
 * Tennessee's 3rd congressional district. Josiah M. Anderson (W)
 * Tennessee's 4th congressional district. John H. Savage (D)
 * Tennessee's 5th congressional district. George W. Jones (D)
 * Tennessee's 6th congressional district. James H. Thomas (D)
 * Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Meredith P. Gentry (W)
 * Tennessee's 8th congressional district. Andrew Ewing (D)
 * Tennessee's 9th congressional district. Isham G. Harris (D)
 * Tennessee's 10th congressional district. Frederick P. Stanton (D)
 * Tennessee's 11th congressional district. Christopher H. Williams (W)

Texas

 * Texas's 1st congressional district. David S. Kaufman (D), until January 31, 1851
 * Texas's 2nd congressional district. Volney E. Howard (D)

Vermont

 * Vermont's 1st congressional district. William Henry (W)
 * Vermont's 2nd congressional district. William Hebard (W)
 * Vermont's 3rd congressional district. George P. Marsh (W), until May 29, 1849
 * James Meacham (W), from December 3, 1849
 * Vermont's 4th congressional district. Lucius B. Peck (D)

Virginia

 * Virginia's 1st congressional district. John S. Millson (D)
 * Virginia's 2nd congressional district. Richard K. Meade (D)
 * Virginia's 3rd congressional district. Thomas H. Averett (D)
 * Virginia's 4th congressional district. Thomas S. Bocock (D)
 * Virginia's 5th congressional district. Paulus Powell (D)
 * Virginia's 6th congressional district. James A. Seddon (D)
 * Virginia's 7th congressional district. Thomas H. Bayly (D)
 * Virginia's 8th congressional district. Alexander Holladay (D)
 * Virginia's 9th congressional district. Jeremiah Morton (W)
 * Virginia's 10th congressional district. Richard Parker (D)
 * Virginia's 11th congressional district. James McDowell (D)
 * Virginia's 12th congressional district. Henry A. Edmundson (D)
 * Virginia's 13th congressional district. LaFayette McMullen (D)
 * Virginia's 14th congressional district. James M. H. Beale (D)
 * Virginia's 15th congressional district. Alexander Newman (D), until September 8, 1849
 * Thomas Haymond (W), from November 8, 1849

Wisconsin

 * Wisconsin's 1st congressional district. Charles Durkee (FS)
 * Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district. Orasmus Cole (W)
 * Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district. James D. Doty (D)

Non-voting members

 * Minnesota Territory's at-large congressional district. Henry H. Sibley, from July 7, 1849
 * Oregon Territory's at-large congressional district. Samuel Thurston (D)

31 us house membership.png]]

Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

 * Replacements: 5
 * Democrats (D): no net change
 * Whigs (W): no net change
 * Deaths: 1
 * Resignations: 3
 * Seats from newly admitted states: 2
 * Interim appointments: 4
 * Total seats with changes: 8

 * Illinois (3)
 * | James Shields (D)
 * Senate voided election March 6, 1849, as Sen. Shields was determined not to have been a US citizen for the number of years required by the Constitution. Incumbent was re-elected October 27, 1849, having by then qualified.
 * | James Shields (D)
 * Seated December 3, 1849
 * Seated December 3, 1849

 * Maryland (1)
 * | Reverdy Johnson (W)
 * Resigned March 7, 1849, having been appointed United States Attorney General
 * | David Stewart (W)
 * Appointed December 6, 1849
 * Appointed December 6, 1849

 * Alabama (2)
 * | Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D)
 * Sen. Dixon Lewis successor elected November 30, 1849
 * | Jeremiah Clemens (D)
 * Elected November 30, 1849
 * Elected November 30, 1849

 * Maryland (1)
 * | David Stewart (W)
 * Successor elected January 12, 1850
 * | Thomas Pratt (W)
 * Elected January 12, 1850
 * Elected January 12, 1850

 * South Carolina (2)
 * | John C. Calhoun (D)
 * Died March 31, 1850
 * | Franklin H. Elmore (D)
 * Appointed April 11, 1850
 * Appointed April 11, 1850

 * South Carolina (2)
 * | Franklin H. Elmore (D)
 * Died May 29, 1850
 * | Robert W. Barnwell (D)
 * Appointed June 4, 1850
 * Appointed June 4, 1850

 * Ohio (1)
 * | Thomas Corwin (W)
 * Resigned July 20, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury
 * | Thomas Ewing (W)
 * Appointed July 20, 1850
 * Appointed July 20, 1850

 * Massachusetts (1)
 * | Daniel Webster (W)
 * Resigned July 22, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of State again.
 * | Robert C. Winthrop (W)
 * Appointed July 30, 1850
 * Appointed July 30, 1850

 * California (1)
 * New state
 * California admitted to the Union September 9, 1850. The first Senator was elected September 10, 1850.
 * | John C. Frémont (D)
 * Elected September 10, 1850
 * Elected September 10, 1850

 * California (3)
 * New state
 * California admitted to the Union September 9, 1850. The first Senator was elected September 10, 1850.
 * | William M. Gwin (D)
 * Elected September 10, 1850
 * Elected September 10, 1850

 * South Carolina (2)
 * | Robert W. Barnwell (D)
 * Successor elected December 18, 1850
 * | Robert Rhett (D)
 * Elected December 18, 1850
 * Elected December 18, 1850

 * Massachusetts (1)
 * | Robert C. Winthrop (W)
 * Successor elected February 1, 1851
 * | Robert Rantoul Jr. (D)
 * Elected February 1, 1851
 * }
 * }

House of Representatives

 * Replacements: 11
 * Democrats (D): 2 seat net gain
 * Whigs (W): 2 seat net loss
 * Deaths: 8
 * Resignations: 5
 * Contested election:1
 * Seats from newly admitted states: 2
 * Total seats with changes: 16

 * Minnesota Territory's at-large congressional district
 * Vacant
 * style="font-size:80%" | Seat remained vacant after territory became organized at end of previous congress
 * Henry H. Sibley
 * Seated July 7, 1849
 * Vermont's 3rd congressional district
 * | George Perkins Marsh (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned some time in 1849
 * | James Meacham (W)
 * Seated December 3, 1849
 * Ohio's 6th congressional district
 * | Rodolphus Dickinson (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died March 20, 1849
 * | Amos E. Wood (D)
 * Seated December 3, 1849
 * Virginia's 15th congressional district
 * | Alexander Newman (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died September 8, 1849
 * | Thomas Haymond (W)
 * Seated November 8, 1849
 * Georgia's 1st congressional district
 * | Thomas B. King (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 3, 1850
 * | Joseph W. Jackson (D)
 * Seated March 4, 1850
 * Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district
 * | Daniel P. King (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died July 25, 1850
 * Vacant
 * Not filled this term
 * Iowa's 1st congressional district
 * | William Thompson (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Seat declared vacant June 29, 1850, after contested election. House ruled neither candidate entitled to seat and forced special election
 * | Daniel F. Miller (W)
 * Seated December 20, 1850
 * Massachusetts's 1st congressional district
 * | Robert C. Winthrop (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 30, 1850, after being appointed to the US Senate
 * | Samuel A. Eliot (W)
 * Seated August 22, 1850
 * Louisiana's 2nd congressional district
 * | Charles M. Conrad (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned August 17, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of War
 * | Henry A. Bullard (W)
 * Seated December 5, 1850
 * New Hampshire's 3rd congressional district
 * | James Wilson (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Resigned September 9, 1850
 * | George W. Morrison (D)
 * Seated October 8, 1850
 * California's at-large congressional district
 * colspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | California admitted into the Union September 9, 1850, and seat remained vacant until September 11, 1850
 * | Edward Gilbert (D)
 * Seated September 11, 1850
 * California's at-large congressional district
 * colspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | California admitted into the Union September 9, 1850, and seat remained vacant until September 11, 1850
 * | George W. Wright (I)
 * Seated September 11, 1850
 * Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district
 * | Henry Nes (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died September 10, 1850
 * | Joel B. Danner (D)
 * Seated December 2, 1850
 * Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district
 * | Chester P. Butler (W)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died October 5, 1850
 * | John Brisbin (D)
 * Seated November 13, 1850
 * Louisiana's 3rd congressional district
 * | John H. Harmanson (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died October 24, 1850
 * | Alexander G. Penn (D)
 * Seated December 30, 1850
 * Ohio's 6th congressional district
 * | Amos E. Wood (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died November 19, 1850
 * | John Bell (W)
 * Seated January 7, 1851
 * Texas's 1st congressional district
 * | David S. Kaufman (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died January 31, 1851
 * Vacant
 * Not filled this term
 * }
 * | John H. Harmanson (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died October 24, 1850
 * | Alexander G. Penn (D)
 * Seated December 30, 1850
 * Ohio's 6th congressional district
 * | Amos E. Wood (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died November 19, 1850
 * | John Bell (W)
 * Seated January 7, 1851
 * Texas's 1st congressional district
 * | David S. Kaufman (D)
 * style="font-size:80%" | Died January 31, 1851
 * Vacant
 * Not filled this term
 * }
 * Not filled this term
 * }

Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

 * Agriculture (Chairman: Daniel Sturgeon)
 * Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Augustus Dodge)
 * California's Admission to the Union (Select)
 * Claims (Chairman: Moses Norris Jr.)
 * Commerce (Chairman: Clement C. Clay)
 * Disorder in the Senate of April 17, 1850 (Select)
 * Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
 * District of Columbia (Chairman: James M. Mason)
 * Eligibility of James Shields (Special)
 * Finance (Chairman: Daniel S. Dickinson then James Pearce)
 * Foreign Relations (Chairman: William R. King then Henry S. Foote)
 * French Spoilations (Select) (Chairman: Truman Smith)
 * Indian Affairs (Chairman: David R. Atchison)
 * Judiciary (Chairman: Andrew P. Butler)
 * Manufactures (Chairman: William K. Sebastian)
 * Mexican Boundary Commission (Select)
 * Military Affairs (Chairman: Jefferson Davis)
 * Militia (Chairman: Sam Houston)
 * Naval Affairs (Chairman: David Levy Yulee)
 * Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
 * Patents and the Patent Office (Chairman: David S. Reid)
 * Pensions (Chairman: George Wallace Jones)
 * Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Thomas J. Rusk)
 * Printing (Chairman: Solon Borland)
 * Private Land Claims (Chairman: Solomon W. Downs)
 * Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Robert M.T. Hunter)
 * Public Lands (Chairman: Alpheus Felch)
 * Retrenchment (Chairman: James W. Bradbury)
 * Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Isaac P. Walker)
 * Roads and Canals (Chairman: Jesse D. Bright)
 * Seventh Census (Select)
 * Settlement of the Slavery Question (Select)
 * Tariff Regulation (Select)
 * Territories (Chairman: Stephen A. Douglas)
 * Whole

House of Representatives

 * Accounts (Chairman: Daniel P. King)
 * Agriculture (Chairman: Nathaniel S. Littlefield)
 * Bounty Land Act of 1850 (Select)
 * Claims (Chairman: John Reeves Jones Daniel)
 * Commerce (Chairman: Robert M. McLane)
 * District of Columbia (Chairman: Albert G. Brown)
 * Elections (Chairman: William Strong)
 * Engraving (Chairman: Edward Hammond)
 * Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Alexander Holladay)
 * Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William Thompson)
 * Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Kingsley S. Bingham)
 * Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: George A. Caldwell)
 * Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: Milo M. Dimmick)
 * Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: James M. H. Beale)
 * Foreign Affairs (Chairman: John A. McClernand)
 * Indian Affairs (Chairman: Robert W. Johnson)
 * Invalid Pensions (Chairman: Shepherd Leffler)
 * Judiciary (Chairman: James Thompson)
 * Manufactures (Chairman: Lucius B. Peck)
 * Mileage (Chairman: Graham N. Fitch)
 * Military Affairs (Chairman: Armistead Burt)
 * Militia (Chairman: Charles H. Peaslee)
 * Naval Affairs (Chairman: Frederick P. Stanton)
 * Patents (Chairman: Hiram Walden)
 * Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Emery D. Potter)
 * Private Land Claims (Chairman: Isaac E. Morse)
 * Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Franklin W. Bowdon)
 * Public Expenditures (Chairman: Andrew Johnson)
 * Public Lands (Chairman: James B. Bowlin)
 * Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Williamson R. W. Cobb)
 * Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Cullen Sawtelle)
 * Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: Loren P. Waldo)
 * Roads and Canals (Chairman: John L. Robinson)
 * Rules (Chairman: David S. Kaufman)
 * Standards of Official Conduct
 * Territories (Chairman: Linn Boyd)
 * Ways and Means (Chairman: Thomas H. Bayly)
 * Whole

Joint committees

 * Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. Thomas J. Rusk then Sen. George Badger)
 * The Library (Chairman: N/A)
 * The Printing (Chairman: N/A)

Caucuses

 * Democratic (House)
 * Democratic (Senate)

Employees

 * Librarian of Congress: John Silva Meehan

Senate

 * Chaplain: Henry Slicer (Methodist), until January 9, 1850
 * Clement M. Butler (Episcopalian), elected January 9, 1850
 * Secretary: Asbury Dickins
 * Sergeant at Arms: Robert Beale

House of Representatives

 * Chaplain: Ralph Gurley (Presbyterian)
 * Clerk: Thomas J. Campbell, died April 13, 1850
 * Richard M. Young, elected April 17, 1850
 * Doorkeeper: Robert E. Horner
 * Postmaster: John M. Johnson
 * Reading Clerks:
 * Sergeant at Arms: Nathan Sargent, until January 15, 1850
 * Adam J. Glossbrenner, from January 15, 1850

title: 31st United States Congress


text: User talk:66.110.213.71

title: User talk:66.110.213.71


text:
Joseph Stefano

Joseph William Stefano (May 5, 1922 – August 25, 2006) was an American screenwriter, known for adapting Robert Bloch's novel as the script for Alfred Hitchcock's film Psycho, and for being the producer and co-writer of the original The Outer Limits television series.

Early years
Stefano was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a father who was a tailor and a mother who made silk flowers. As a teenager, Stefano was so keen to become an actor that he dropped out of high school two weeks before graduation and traveled to New York City. In Manhattan he adopted the stage name Jerry Stevens.

Stefano's initial career was as a composer of pop music in the 1940s, writing songs for Las Vegas showman Donn Arden. In possession of a large collection of sheet music, he once spent five hours challenging pianist Michael Feinstein on the titles of obscure Tin Pan Alley songs.

Career as screenwriter, producer and director
Stefano began writing movie scripts in the late 1950s, firstly for Martin Ritt with The Black Orchid (1959); his mother's occupation was an influence on the screenplay.

Stefano was commissioned by Alfred Hitchcock to adapt Robert Bloch's novel Psycho (1960) for his film version. His work was recognized by the Mystery Writers of America when he was given a 1961 Edgar Award, for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. Stefano appears briefly onscreen, discussing Bloch's utilization of the basis of the character Norman Bates in the crimes of serial killer Ed Gein, in the documentary Ed Gein: The Ghoul of Plainfield, which can be found on Disc 2 of the DVD release of the remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003).

Stefano was offered the task of scripting Hitchcock's The Birds (1963) and Marnie (1964), but was already committed to produce and write for his friend Leslie Stevens' science fiction television anthology series The Outer Limits. Both Stefano and Stevens were involved only during the first season of the show. In the book Writing with Hitchcock, Stefano said that Hitchcock held a grudge over his being unavailable to write the screenplay for Marnie.

After leaving The Outer Limits due to network interference and exhaustion, Stefano wrote, produced and directed The Ghost of Sierra de Cobre (1964; aka The Haunted), a film utilizing many of the crew responsible for The Outer Limits. The thriller Eye of the Cat (1969) and the comedy Futz (1969) were Stefano's last big-screen work for many years. Throughout the 1970s, he wrote many television films such as Revenge! (1971), A Death of Innocence (1971), Home for the Holidays (1972), Live Again, Die Again (1974), Aloha Means Goodbye (1974) and Snowbeast (1977). Stefano also wrote one episode for the first season of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1988) entitled "Skin of Evil". Stefano was one of the Guests of Honor at the 1974 NY Telefantasy Convention (along with Noel Neill, Jim Danforth and William Tuttle), and spent hours signing autographs for hundreds of Outer Limits fans. At the show, he expressed his surprise that so many people still remembered the series almost a decade after its cancellation.

In 1990, he revisited the characters from Psycho with the TV movie script for the prequel, in what he believed had become an increasingly disappointing series of films. Psycho IV: The Beginning (1990) posits the origins of Norman Bates' destructive mother-love, featuring Olivia Hussey as Mrs. Bates. Stefano wrote and executive produced the Al Pacino drama Two Bits (1995), a personal project that fared poorly at the box-office and with critics, leaving Stefano less than enthusiastic about continuing to write for modern Hollywood. Gus Van Sant's remake of Psycho (1998 film) (1998) followed Stefano's script punctiliously, and in the biopic Hitchcock (2012) based on the book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho by Stephen Rebello, he is portrayed by Ralph Macchio.

Stefano died of a heart attack at Los Robles Hospital in Thousand Oaks, California, in 2006.

The Outer Limits
Stefano was a producer for the first season of The Outer Limits and wrote a total of 12 episodes. They are: The last episode was originally a pilot for a proposed TV series called The Unknown, but after ABC rejected it, Stefano reworked it as the season one finale.
 * "Nightmare"
 * "It Crawled Out of the Woodwork"
 * "The Zanti Misfits"
 * "The Mice" (teleplay)
 * "Don't Open Till Doomsday"
 * "The Invisibles"
 * "The Bellero Shield" (story & teleplay)
 * "Moonstone" (story)
 * "Fun and Games" (teleplay)
 * "A Feasibility Study"
 * "The Chameleon" (story)
 * "The Forms of Things Unknown"

title: Joseph Stefano


text:
La Fronde (newspaper)

La Fronde (The Sling) was a French feminist newspaper first published in Paris on 9 December 1897 by activist Marguerite Durand (1864–1936). Durand, a well known actress and journalist, used her high-profile image to attract many notable Parisian women to contribute articles to her daily newspaper, which was the first of its kind in France to be run and written entirely by women. She also had experience on other reputable publications, including La Presse and Le Figaro.

Circulation
La Fronde was financed by a donation of 7 million francs, from the Jewish banker Gustave de Rothschild. The paper began publication immediately following the Dreyfus affair, and published feuilletons modeled on mass newspapers. It was published daily initially, from 1897 to 1903, and then was published monthly from 1903 to 1905. Circulation for La Fronde briefly reached a peak of 50,000 but in September 1903 it had a massive press run of 200,000. However, financial problems forced the paper to cut back to a monthly publication, and then to close altogether in March 1905. It was revived briefly in 1914 and in 1926.

Content

The provocative title of the publication literally means slingshot and refers to the 1648–1653 Fronde rebellion against the monarchy in France. The frondeur tradition within journalism derives from this rebellion against Mazarin, the past chief minister of France. This allusion in the title was an alignment with the frondeur notion that marginalized groups had the right to engage in dialogues about matters of importance.

The paper gave extensive coverage to a broad range of feminist issues and profiled such things as Jeanne Chauvin's demand that the French government grant her the right to practice law and Madeleine Pelletier's argument for her right to become a psychiatrist. To send a message of equality the paper indicated the current date according to a variety of calendars such as the French Revolutionary calendar, the Jewish calendar, and the Gregorian. It was responsible for engaging women in non-domestic issues of social reform and activism, and eventually its focus shifted to emphasize militarism and republicanism, as well as reform of the civil code. The publication's revival was an attempt to "galvanize" World War I French patriotism. Immediately prior to the closing of the publication, it had changed its focus to suffragism.

Gender

La Fronde was highly unusual in its subversion of normative gender relations and roles. For instance, not only were the workers all women, with the exception of the building's caretaker, but they were also paid the same wage as men. Furthermore, it was a forum for such topics as sports, education, politics, etc., all of which were traditionally male topics. The journalists on La Fronde had to go to great lengths to ensure their access to places which were not open to women, such as Parliament. They would also use pseudonyms, such as Severine, which was the pseudonym of well-known anarchist contributor Caroline Rémy de Guebhard. It was these practices which both concerned and created public interest in the paper. It was widely critiqued as militantly feminist, imitating male styles of writing, and confusing by its representation of conflicting perspectives which lacked continuity. But this last critique was likely in actuality an enactment of the popular strategy in nineteenth century feminism to deconstruct republicanism by pointing out contradictions and inconsistencies. For instance, its inclusion of women who were solely mothers and those in the workforce contested the singularity of women's so-called destiny. La Fronde monumentally fostered the concept that women were knowledgeable and opinionated on traditionally male issues and spheres, and actively criticized fanciful representations of women in literature and the media.

title: La Fronde (newspaper)


text: User talk:213.235.36.175

title: User talk:213.235.36.175


text:
Trinidad and Tobago Carnival

The Trinidad and Tobago Carnival is an annual event held on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday in Trinidad and Tobago. This event is well known for participants' colorful costumes and exuberant celebrations. There are numerous cultural events such as "band launch" fetes running in the lead up to the street parade on Carnival Monday and Tuesday. Traditionally, the festival is associated with calypso music, developed by enslaved West and Central Africans in 17th century Trinidad; however, Soca music has begun to replace calypso as the more popular musical genre for Carnival. Costume (sometimes called "mas"), stick-fighting, limbo, and steelpan competitions are important components of the festival.

Carnival, as it is celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago, has spread to many other Caribbean islands as well as several cities worldwide. These celebrations include Toronto's Caribana, Miami's Miami Carnival, Houston Carifest, London's Notting Hill Carnival, as well as New York City's Labor Day Carnival.

Origin
The annual Carnival in Trinidad dates back to the 1780s, when an influx of immigrants from the French West Indies emigrated to Trinidad in response to the Cédula de Población. These immigrants included French planters and 'free coloureds' (free people of mixed race), as well as enslaved Africans. The Mas tradition started in the late 18th century with French plantation owners organizing masquerades (mas) and balls before enduring the fasting of Lent. Enslaved Africans, who could not take part in Carnival. They are said to have staged their own mini-carnivals, but using their own rituals and folklore and imitating or mocking their masters' masquerade balls.

Enslaved Africans also formed parallel celebration called "Canboulay". Canboulay (from the French cannes brulés, meaning burnt cane) The festival was characterized by drums, singing, calinda dancing, chanting, and stick-fighting. Canboulay is considered is a precursor to Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, and has played an important role in the development of the music of Trinidad and Tobago.

Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African Kaiso and canboulay music brought by African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. These slaves, brought to toil on sugar plantations, were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and not allowed to talk to each other. They used calypso to mock the slave masters and to communicate with each other. Many early calypsos were sung in French Creole by an individual called a griot. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian. Additional traditions were introduced to Trinidad by enslaved Africans during the 18th century. These include the calinda, a form of martial art involving stick-fighting. The calinda is likely of African origin, and is accompanied by music and dancing.

In 1833, the British government passed the Slavery Abolition Act, and Emancipation took effect August 1, 1834. After Emancipation, freed Africans first celebrated their freedom on 1 August the anniversary of their emancipation, and soon began celebrating emancipation during the Carnival season. As part of this transformation, they started carrying burning sugarcane in celebration of Canboulay. The carnival soon featured dancing by men and women in masks.

During the mid- and late-1800s, the colonial government tried various ways to suppress Carnival and Carnival festivities. These prohibitions resulted in civil disorder, including the Canboulay riots of 1881 and 1884. In 1884, the colonial government passed the Peace Preservation Act,  in an attempt to prevent violence breaking out during the Carnival. The Act prohibited public carrying of torches, drumming, blowing horns, and stick-fighting (or the assembly of ten or more people with sticks). It also established the official start of Carnival as 6:00 A.M. (the Monday before Lent).

Steelpan

Stick fighting and African percussion music were banned in 1881, in response to the Canboulay Riots. They were replaced by bamboo "Bamboo-Tamboo" sticks beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. In 1937 they reappeared, transformed as an orchestra of frying pans, dustbin lids and oil drums. These steelpans (or pans) are now a major part of the Trinidadian music scene and are a popular section of the Canboulay music contests. In 1941, the United States Navy arrived on Trinidad, and the panmen, who were associated with lawlessness and violence, helped to popularize steel pan music among soldiers, which began its international popularization.

J'ouvert

J'ouvert (translated from French as "break of day") symbolizes the start of the official two days of Carnival. Beginning early Monday, revelers parade through town in the tradition of the Canboulay celebrations. "Jouvay" (as it is commonly pronounced and spelled) features a variety of homemade or satirical costumes. The celebration involves participants dousing themselves in oil, mud, and powder,  and dancing to calypso and soca music through the streets. This is a stark contrast to the attractive and more formal costumes that are donned later in the day on Carnival Monday and on Tuesday.

Carnival dates
The table shows a list of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival dates from 2009 to 2026.

Characters

A few specific characters have evolved during the history of Trinidad and Tobago's Carnival. Among these characters are:

 * Burrokeet – A donkey-riding character, from burroquito (Spanish for 'little donkey'). The costume is constructed so as to give the illusion of a dancer riding a small burro or donkey. This masquerade was brought to Trinidad by Venezuelan settlers.
 * Dame Lorraine – A voluptuous woman. The costume parodies the dress of 18th-century French aristocratic women and is stuffed in the hips and bust. Often performed by men.
 * Jab Jab – A devil character, from the French Patois diable (meaning 'devil). There are Jab Jabs of different colors, including the "Jab Molassi" (molasses devil) cover their bodies in oil from head to toe.
 * Midnight Robber – A storytelling character who brags about himself and his valor. The character and costume is influenced by West African dress and storytelling as well as the American Wild West. The character wears an oversized hat, which comes in different shapes and colors.
 * Minstrels – A group of singers, often with instruments. The singers would sometimes dress in whiteface, parodying the white American minstrels who dressed in blackface.
 * Moko jumbie – A stilt dancer. The character is of African origin. Originally the character wore a hat made of dried wild cucumbers, and the stilts were striped.
 * Pierrot Grenade – A jester pretending to be a scholar. The character is a paradoy of the Pierrot character, which was a character from the Carnival balls held by the French planter class in late 18th century Trinidad. The Pierrot character was a well-dressed scholar who boasted about his knowledge. The Pierrot Grenade's costume is made of scraps of cloth pieced together.

title: Trinidad and Tobago Carnival