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FV101 Scorpion

The FV101 Scorpion is a British armoured reconnaissance vehicle and light tank. It was the lead vehicle and the fire support type in the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked), CVR(T), family of seven armoured vehicles. Manufactured by Alvis, it was introduced into service with the British Army in 1973 and was withdrawn in 1994. More than 3,000 were produced and used as a reconnaissance vehicle or a light tank.

It held the Guinness world record for the fastest production tank, recorded doing 82.23 km/h at the QinetiQ vehicle test track in Chertsey, Surrey, on 26 January 2002.

History
The Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) family of vehicles came from a British Army requirement for an armoured fighting vehicle that could be rapidly airlifted to trouble spots. The 'Armoured Vehicle Reconnaissance' was supposed to carry both a gun and an anti-tank missile but it was not possible to design an air portable vehicle to the specification. The limits on both size and weight led to the use of aluminium alloy for the hull and an adapted car engine for power. The anti-tank capability was given to a dedicated vehicle, Striker, while what became Scorpion would use a 76 mm gun in the fire support role.

In 1967, Alvis was awarded the contract to produce 30 CVR(T) prototypes. Vehicles P1–P17, the Scorpion prototypes, were delivered on time and within the budget. After extensive hot and cold weather trials in Norway, Australia, Abu Dhabi and Canada, the Scorpion was accepted by the British Army in May 1970, with a contract for 275, which later rose to 313 vehicles. The first production vehicles were completed in 1972 and the first British regiment to be equipped with the Scorpion were the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry in 1973. Alvis built more than 3,000 Scorpion vehicles for the British Army, Royal Air Force Regiment and the export market. All of the CVR(T) vehicles were to be air-portable; and two Scorpions could be carried in a Lockheed C-130 Hercules. Another requirement of the CVR(T) project was the low ground pressure, similar to that of a soldier on foot; this would serve it well in the boggy conditions of the Falklands War.

Armament

The Scorpion was armed with the low velocity 76 mm L23A1 gun, which could fire high-explosive, HESH, smoke and canister rounds. Storage was provided for 40 or 42 rounds. A 7.62 mm coaxial L7 GPMG (3,000 rounds carried) was also fitted, as were two multi-barrelled smoke grenade dischargers, one on each side of the turret. The main armament has an elevation of 35 degrees and a depression of 10 degrees; the turret has a full 360-degree traverse. The traverse was however hand-cranked, a cost-saving feature that made the turret relatively slow and laborious to traverse relative to other vehicles of its type. This gun was later deemed to be unsatisfactory, as RAF testing showed that the lack of a fume extraction system caused toxic fumes to enter the fighting compartment, endangering the crew's health.

Some Scorpions used the Cockerill Mk3 90mm gun instead. This weapon could fire the following rounds:

 * APDSDS: muzzle velocity 1210 m/s; projectile mass 2.5 kg; penetration 100 mm RHA @ 60 degree obliquity
 * HE-T: muzzle velocity 714 m/s; projectile mass 5.1 kg with 1.1 kg of filling;
 * HEAT-T: muzzle velocity 890 m/s; projectile mass 4.1 kg; penetration 250 mm of RHA @ 0 degree obliquitiy
 * HESH-T: muzzle velocity 800 m/s; projectile mass 4.5 kg with 1.2 kg of filling

Engine
The original engine was the Jaguar J60 Mk 100b 4.2-litre petrol engine, which was replaced by a Cummins or Perkins diesel engine. The maximum speed was about 50 mph and it could accelerate from standing to 30 mph in 16 seconds. The maximum speed on water (with the flotation screen deployed) was 3.6 mph. The Irish engineering company IED replaced the Jaguar engine in Irish Army Scorpions with a Steyr M16 TCA HD engine (6-cylinder, 145 kW), making the Scorpion more powerful and more reliable in critical environments.

Armour
The FV101 was a very light armoured vehicle, weighing in at a mere 8 tonnes. This meant some compromises had to be made on protection. The vehicle had 12.7 mm of sloped aluminium armour on both the front and sides, giving an average effective thickness of 25 mm.

The FV101 had all-around protection from shell fragments and 7.62 mm rounds, and the heavily sloped frontal arc was designed to be resistant to 14.5 mm rounds fired from 200 m. The initial manufacture of the aluminium armour resulted, after time and effects of the environment, in failure; "Stress Corrosion Cracking" (SCC) which seriously affected all early builds.

Other systems
The vehicle was fitted with a nuclear, biological, chemical protection system, image intensification sights for gunner and driver and a floatation screen. A commode was located under the commander's seat. An internal water tank and a boiling vessel for cooking and heating water were also provided.

Service history
The Scorpion was or is used by the armed forces of Belgium, Botswana, Brunei, Chile, Honduras, Iran, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Philippines, Spain, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. The Iranian army acquired 250 Scorpions in the late 1970s and a number of them are still in use after being refurbished locally as the Tosan tank. The Scorpion was on occasion deployed to main UK airports as a measure against possible terrorist threats, e.g., Operation Marmion at Heathrow Airport in 1974. Similar operations in 2003 used the then-current Scimitar.

Combat use

B Squadron, Blues and Royals were airlifted and deployed into the Akrotiri and Dhekelia Sovereign Base areas, during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1974.

Two troops from B Squadron, Blues and Royals served in the Falklands War. One troop was equipped with four Scorpions, the other with four FV107 Scimitars. These were the only armoured vehicles used in action by the British Army during the conflict. Scorpions also served in the Gulf War. The 16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers deployed in the first Gulf War (Operation Granby) using all variants of the CVR(T) range carrying out the role of force reconnaissance for the British spearhead towards Iraq, operating forward of other official green army units. The 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, a reconnaissance regiment, had 32 and the close reconnaissance troops of the armoured regiments each had eight. They were also used by No. 1 Squadron RAF Regiment, which was attached to the British 1st Armoured Division.

Foreign users
Some small armies, such as the Botswana Defence Force, and some larger armies such as the Iranian Army and Nigerian Army, continue to use the Scorpion, in some cases up-armed with the 90 mm Cockerill.

The Iranian army used its Scorpion tanks in the Iran–Iraq War, with various degrees of success. Early in the war, Iranians used the Scorpions's "accurate fire" (alongside the Cobra attack helicopters) to hold back Iraqi 2nd Infantry Division's offensive towards the city of Ilam. However, the Scorpions proved less effective when faced with Iraq's 9th Armoured Division:

"A second [Iraqi] column rushed to Susangerd, which it crossed without encountering any resistance, the city having apparently been left defenseless. The column continued in the direction of Hamidiyeh. It came into contact with the [Iranian] 92nd Armored Division's reconnaissance regiment, which met it with effective in-depth defense. Yet the Iranians eventually had to yield in the face of Iraqi pressure. Their Scorpions' 90 mm guns did not hold their weight against the T-62 tanks' 115 mm guns. The Iraqis thus took control of Hamidiyeh, then Bozorg."

The British government provided Iran (and Iraq) with limited parts for their Scorpions during the war:

"Regarding military matters, the British government imposed two strict rules: contracts signed before the war would be honored, but the sale of equipment likely to significantly increase either side's military capacities was banned. Interpreting these regulations loosely, the British government delivered both the Iranians and the Iraqis motors and spare parts for Chieftain and Scorpion tanks, which would allow the former to maintain tanks acquired under the Shah and the latter to repair tanks captured from the Iranian army."

Variants

 * Prototype of the Scorpion with dummy turret.
 * Scorpion 90: The Scorpion 90 or Scorpion 2 was a version armed with the long-barrelled Cockerill Mk3 M-A1 90mm gun designed for the export market.
 * AVGP Cougar: The Scorpion turret was mated with the MOWAG Piranha I chassis to create the AVGP Cougar fire support vehicle, which was used by the Canadian Armed Forces.
 * Sabre: The Scorpion has been withdrawn from British Army service and the refurbished hulls have been mated with surplus turrets from the FV 721 Fox CVR(W) wheeled reconnaissance vehicle to form a composite vehicle—the Sabre reconnaissance vehicle.
 * Salamander: A small number of converted Scorpions are in use at British Army Training Unit Suffield in Canada as part of OPFOR. With the main armament barrel replaced with a dummy they represent 125mm gun armed T-80-type vehicles.

Turret only
 * M113A1 MRV

During the late 1960s, as a result of its experiences in the Vietnam War, the Australian Army perceived a need for a hybrid, tracked fire support and reconnaissance vehicle.

Experiments in which existing M113 APCs were fitted with Saladin (not Scorpion) turrets, wielding a 76 mm M1 gun, were successful. The vehicle entered service as the M113A1 FSV (Fire Support Vehicle).

A very similar, subsequent vehicle, attaching the turret from the Scorpion to the M113, was also known as the FSV. (This re-purposing of the turret was to be the only use of any part of the Scorpion by the ADF.) Entering service in 1976, it was later redesignated the M113A1 Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle (MRV). Its development also obviated interest in acquiring brand new, purpose-built vehicles (such as a variant of the UK CVR(T) or the M2/M3 Bradley). All of these vehicles were retired in 1996.

Current operators

 * : 25 units. Purchased second-hand from Belgium and retrofitted with diesel engines as requested by Botswana.
 * : 16 units
 * 🇨🇱: 27 units; currently 15 in service in the Chilean Marine Corps. Ex-British vehicles which have been re-engined with diesel motors.
 * 🇭🇳: 19 units
 * 🇮🇷: Iran contracted Alvis for the supply of 250 vehicles in 1978, expanded with an additional order for 110 Scorpions shortly thereafter. Participated in the Iran-Iraq War. By 1997, the Iranian army had approx. 80 vehicles in working order.
 * 🇮🇩: 90 units
 * 🇯🇴: 26 units. Likely sourced from Iraq.
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria: 150 units. In 1983, 33 vehicles were selected to be upgraded with an improved 90 mm Cockerill Mk III gun replacing the original 76 mm cannon. These vehicles were also equipped with a Belgian-sourced OIP-5 fire control system.
 * 🇴🇲: 120 Units. Scorpion light tanks replaced the Saladin armoured car. Deliveries were carried out in several stages and included Sultan, Spartan and Samson vehicles as well as a command vehicle built on the Stormer chassis, and which were to be used in units alongside Oman's Chieftain main battle tank. The Omani vehicles are equipped with external mounting points for fuel cans and special mud flaps designed to suppress the amount of dust kicked up during travel. The NBC filtration system and heaters were removed and replaced with an air conditioning system and the vehicles received a warning siren indicating engine overheating. The hull floor was also reinforced with a 20 mm plate for increased mine resistance.
 * 🇵🇭: Philippine Army: Original delivery of 41 units delivered, 7 units currently active and assigned to Armor "Pambato" Division, to be replaced by the Sabrah light tank.
 * Philippine Presidential Security Group - 4 Units
 * 🇹🇭: 100 units
 * : 40 units
 * : 12 units. Includes one FV106 Samson, one FV104 Samaritan and one FV105 Sultan.
 * : 76 units, several of which were upgraded with the Pilkington Optronics TLS (Tank Laser Sight) from the Chieftain tank.
 * 🇻🇪: 78 Scorpion 90s, four to six FV104 Samaritans, two FV105 Sultans and four FV106 Samsons. The vehicles were ordered in 1988 with a contract value of US$85 MM with a stipulation for diesel engines; delivery was realized in 1992.

Former operators

 * 🇧🇪: 701 units (this total consists of all seven variants of the CVR(T)). Ordered in 1971 based on studies that showed the light tank was most suitable for the nation's topography; Belgium was the second nation to adopt the Scorpion following the British Army. First deliveries commenced in February 1973 with the vehicles assembled in Mechelen from knock-down kits supplied from the United Kingdom. The order was filled in 1980. Between 1981 and 1983, both Scorpion and Scimitar models were upgraded with mounting points for add-on armour modules, an on-board armour repair kit and other minor improvements to enhance crew comfort and ergonomics. Thirty-six Scorpions were later sold to Botswana in 1994.
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq: Limited number captured from Iran during Iran–Iraq War
 * 🇮🇪: 14 units.
 * : Purchased 26 units of the Scorpion 90 in 1981 equipped with smoke grenade launchers from Wegmann, in addition to 25 Stormers (12 of which were supplied with a Helio FVT900 turret armed with a 20 mm cannon and 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun and 13 vehicles received a Thyssen-Henschel TH-1 turret armed with twin 7.62 mm machine guns).
 * 🇳🇿: 26 units. Ordered between 1982 and 1983; the vehicles lack NBC protection, night vision sights and do not have provisions for erecting flotation screens. The engines were upgraded with electronic fuel injection and US-made radios. In the second half of the 1980s, New Zealand opted to use the turrets to upgrade their M113 armoured personnel carriers. Served with Queen Alexandra's Mounted Rifles among other units.
 * 🇪🇸: 17 units in service until 2009 with the Spanish Navy, (Infantería de Marina Española). Sold to Chile. There are a couple of units on static display as of 2011.
 * : 1,500 units ordered. Withdrawn from active service in 1994. Served with Nos 1, 2, 15, 34, 51, 58 Squadrons Royal Air Force Regiment and British Army Royal Armoured Corps armoured reconnaissance units such as 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars.
 * : 1,500 units ordered. Withdrawn from active service in 1994. Served with Nos 1, 2, 15, 34, 51, 58 Squadrons Royal Air Force Regiment and British Army Royal Armoured Corps armoured reconnaissance units such as 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars.

title: FV101 Scorpion


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Violence against Israelis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - no consensus

Violence against Israelis
Isreali Terrorism /Palestinian_terrorism_and_militancy /Terrorism against Israelis/Terrorism against Israel in 2000 / Terrorism against Israel in 2001 / Terrorism against Israel in 2002 / Terrorism against Israel in 2003 / Terrorism against Israel in 2004 and all these pages are making a mockery of wikipedia. Wikipedia is becoming a political mouthpiece. All relevant NPoV material should merged into Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. --Spacemonkey 13:33, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see any mockery. If there are notable historical facts, I don't see what's the problem with anybody writing articles about them. And merging would create extremely large articles.--AAAAA 15:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Take a look at Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan for more work by the same hand. Susvolans 16:27, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Look at the edit history of that article; clearly not by the same hand. Jayjg 16:32, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * And even if it was the "same hand", what is the problem?--AAAAA 15:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and Redirect all to Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.   — Gwalla | Talk 19:11, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * So long as there is a corresponding (and a consesnsus for) NPOV edits, I agree, M&R (though not necessarily all, as the size will be prohibitive). El_C
 * Merge and Redirect all but the date entries into Israeli-Palestinian conflict (duplicate info), Delete the date entries (not notable). --Improv 12:23, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Article would be too long. And regarding the date entries, would you consider a bomb in your local restaurant where your father, mother, brother, sister, wife, son & daughter died a NON-NOTABLE ENTRY?--AAAAA 15:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry AAAAA, with all due respect to the victims, this is not a valid argument. Billions of people had died in the last centuries and all of them had their families and relatives. Most of them had someone for whom the date of their death was a day of mourning. This however does not mean that an encyclopedia should list all possible people that died. Wiki is not about copying obituaries from all the newspapers around the world. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 16:44, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as it is an important record of current events. Even the New York Times keeps tallies of injured and war dead in conflicts. (By the way who is SpaceMonkey and why is he afraid to have a valid Wikipedia User name as there is no word "User" in front of his "signed" name, check it out for yourself by clicking on the "edit" page. It just shows up as --SpaceMonkey ??? Another Anti-Semite afraid to face the truth???) IZAK 12:36, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Sir/Ma'am, I deeply resent your accusation of anti semitism. If you notice IZAK, I've included internal links from both sides. Also, is it necessary to have pages that say Terrorism against Israel 2001, 2002, 2003 etc.  Where do we stop Israeli Terrorism against Palestinians 2001, 2002, 2003 etc?  How about pages of Saddam's atrocicties 1991, 1992, 1993 or United States state sponsored terrorism 1999, 2000, 2001!!!!   Why can't this information be included in a Palestinian/Israeli Conflict or similiar!  Stop being narrow minded IZAK.  We don't want you to make Wikipedia a political mouthpiece!  All NPoV material Merge to Israeli/Palestian Conflict pages.  --SpaceMonkey 09:17, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

User:SpaceMonkey has now inserted his corrected Wiki user name...thank you. There is no "statute of limitations" of where Wiki articles can stop as long as they remain FACTUAL and TRUTHFUL. Israel has NOT sent "terrorists" to commit suicide-bombings against civilians as Israel has not launched any sort of "Intifada" against Arabs either, so I fail to see your "moral equivalancy" between Palestinian acts of terror and Israeli acts of self-defense. Furthermore, your suggestion that the United States would "sponsor" "state terrorism" (in ways similar to Saddam-the "Butcher of Baghdad) is highly offensive and merely reflects your distorted way of "thinking" that would explain why you crave to have this page "deleted". Finally, on a technical note, you cannot squeeze onto one page everything that pertains to the "Palestinian/Israeli Conflict" which is also part of the "Arab-Israeli Conflict" which in turn is part of the millenia-old struggle between the Jews and Anti-Semitism. IZAK 11:08, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with IZAK.--AAAAA 15:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge all to Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Wolfman 16:11, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. That way all the information is in one place. --G Rutter 19:53, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect -- Jmabel 22:17, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutralize POV, Merge, and Redirect. Sarge Baldy 00:52, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge all of those pages and anything else in the same vein to Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Redirect. Neutralise POV. The facts can be discussed without singling one side out as the victim. The data belong in the same place because they stem from the same conflict and because sometimes the blame is not easy to attribute accurately. Shorne 06:13, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * To Wolfman, G Rutter, Jmabel & Sarge Baldy: Article would be too long.--AAAAA 15:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but consider merge of all pages into a more NPOV framework, e.g. chronicle of violence in the Israel-Palestinian conflict, with links to seperate pages if those exist (e.g. bus bombings or helicopter attacks on particular dates). Despite being biased towards the present title, I think it conveys too much POV to stand by itself. JFW | T@lk  10:09, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm with JFW--Josiah 19:38, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Since not many of you read all the articles, here is a short briefing:
 * Palestinian terrorism surveys Palestinian terrorism since 1920. It do overlaps in some point the article violence against Israelis since Pals focused their attacks on Israeli civilian.
 * "Terrorism against Israel in 200?" are chronological listings of terrorist attacks against Israelis. These are seperate articles because merging to one will create too long article.
 * Terrorism against Israel in 2004 started as a continue of list of attacks against Israelis, but some user insisted on adding reports of Palestinian casualties from Israeli military operation. The page name was later changed to Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 2004, although only attacks againsst Israelis are tracked and monitored regularly.
 * Puting all the information in one article will create an article that is too long, so - keep the lists, and merging of "Palestinian terrorism" with "violence against Israelis" should be reexamined carefuly. MathKnight 10:17, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect, this is what sections are for, no need to create separate articles. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 12:15, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep/merge and redirect/delete. These articles present a serious NPOV problem but I can't see how it can be solved unless some good soul dedicates a lot of time to describing Israeli violence targetted at Palestians, which is several times bigger than the violence described in these articles, as well as other human rights violations which are of far greater magnitude. Oh, and IZAK please refrain from gratuitous accusations of anti-Semitism. In the absence of any evidence to support that claim you violate a basic Wikipedia policy of personal attacks, and you banalise anti-Semitism. - pir 12:38, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep It deserves its own page. it is hard to have NPOV articles when people deny facts. violence by israelis against palestinians tends to be the israeli army going after TERRORISTS. violence by the palestinians against israelis tends to be indiscriminate killing of CIVILIANS. Xtra 13:43, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP This article deserves to exist much more than many other lame articles about the "philosophy of the mosquito" that wikipedia currently has and nobody deletes. Seems to me that this article is FACTUAL and not POV as some others say.  Merging would create an article too long.  Every single page about violence against ANYBODY should be always kept, as a reminder to all of us of the "bad" part of society and as a tribute to the victims.--AAAAA 15:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but it must be refactored with Palestinian terrorism in mind, since there is a heavy overlap: "Palestinian terrorism" should be a section of the current article in the form of summary, with the rest in the "main article" (Palestinian terrorism), as it is customary in wikipedia. Mikkalai 17:28, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep whatever is accurate and present in a NPOV manner (I'm not arguing that the current presentation is or isn't NPOV), because the material is valuable and encyclopedic and is one of the better compilations I've seen. My problem is the title, which is not really accurate. It is not really violence against Israelis because the subject predates modern Israel and non-Jews are also Israelis. The issue should really be in two articles, the earlier one covering Antisemitism in Arab Lands or "Muslim Lands" if you include Iran or Historical Status of Jews in Arab Lands, either of which would be a part of the study of similarities and contrasts with worldwide anti-Jewish sentiments, and the latter material is more in the nature of Asymmetric Warfare Against Jews after World War II or Asymmetric Warfare Against Jews in the Middle East. Either title is appropriate for the time frame after Israel became a state. The nature of asymmetric warfare is that one side (usually the weaker one) cannot or will not fight on the same terms or by the same methods as the other side. The reason I would characterize the ongoing Jewish-Arab situation as AS is because it is a war whose tactics have not much changed over more than a century, although the formation of Israel changed the complexion of things by giving the Jewish side the ability to wage conventional warfare and much of the world acting as a Greek chorus to judge and pressure the combatants. So I guess, in sum, I would want to see this subject expanded rather than suppressed, if only every word wouldn't be fought over by the opposing veiwpoints. -- Cecropia | Talk 18:09, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete (or M&R) this and all the ...in the year xxxx articles as well. Irreconcilably propaganistic. The proponents of these pages should create their own web sites with this information if they feel it needs to be recorded for prosterity and not attempt to use Wikipedia for this purpose . -- Viajero 20:05, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the date entries (not notable). Merge and Redirect all but the date entries into Israeli-Palestinian conflict (duplicate info). -- BCorr | Брайен 00:38, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. This is part of a larger problem which needs to be solved as a whole. Jayjg 01:42, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but consider either rename or define a framework: a template (Template:Arab-Israeli confict?) or a series. Deleting valuable info would not make the problem go away. Merging would create a too long article requiring resplitting.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 03:33, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge. The titles could be better but this is all factual information. I have minor issues with the term "Israeli terrorism" since I do not see invasions or targetted assassinations as the same as suicide bombings of innocents.  (My view - this isn't the forum for a discussion.)  But at the same time the state policy of destroying family homes of suicide bombers smacks of terrorism. -  Tεx  τ  urε  03:55, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect. Separate articles written from the Palestinian or Israeli side, which is what we will have if we don't merge, are counter to the spirit of Wikipedia.  I can see an argument for having a number of articles  on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but I don't think this is the way to go about it. Saforrest 04:07, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * As an additional comment, I would be fine with having a number of pages if someone could propose a framework for them that was clearly NPOV. Page names such as "Terrorism against Israel", "Palestianian terrorism" refer accurately to actual past events (in that terrorist acts were committed), but these titles discourage NPOV.  The title of an objective account of the conflict should at least be general enough to encompass the intifada at large (beyond just terrorism). Saforrest 04:17, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * DELETE ALL (without Redirect) for POV titles, POV piling on and needless clutter.
 * "Terrorism" in titles disqualifies all articles on POV grounds.
 * Having 7 articles on attacks on Israel and just 1 on attacks on Palestinians is in itself POV (and laughably so because 3 times more Palestinians were killed).
 * If there is useful NPOV'd info there it should be merged into Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. HistoryBuffEr 04:49, 2004 Oct 4 (UTC)
 * Who prevents you from writing a couple more articles, if there is something to write about? (But I agree that the word "terrorism" in the title is bad.) Mikkalai 05:29, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep This article should be kept as a standalone, as opposed to the Israeli-Palestinian/Israeli-Arab conflict, as these are primarily fought by Palestinian fighters against the IDF. Violence against Israeli civilians, some which is genocidal, is totally different to the main conflict between the IDF and Palestinian militants. Don't go on about how keeping this article is POV when it is a seperate idea. Those who still believe it is POV can read the dispution message up the top. It is also a benefit to keep this article seperate as opposed to a merger as it keeps bellow the maximum file size. Evolver of Borg 18:05, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. --YUL89YYZ 13:26, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. The article maintains an important record of who was killed/wounded and whether they where civilians/soldiers or unarmed/armed (beginning in 2004). This distinct tally for civilians:unarmed vs soldiers/armed should be expanded from 2004 to all other years. Lance6Wins 14:03, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Suggestions to "merge" look suspiciously like part of a censorship campaign. If more Arabs are dying than Jews, by a ratio of 5:1 in the Arab-Israeli conflict then that might mean that there is less violence against Israelis or that it's less important, or that it's justified. Let our readers make those judgments. We should just provide all the relevant info we can find, and organize it as well as we can. If it's accurate and neutral, the article should stay. Any merge with Violence against Arabs or "Violence against Palestinians" will only aggravate the edit wars. --Uncle Ed 15:31, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect -- I had voted for "Redirect and protect redirect" on the "Occupation of Palestine" VfD, and this seems to me the only neutral thing to do. Etz Haim 00:53, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important historical record.  Efforts shoould be made to remove POV wherever possible and focus on citing sources.  --Viriditas 06:52, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The coverage of violence by either side should not be hidden or reduced. I hope we will soon have more to cover also on the peace front. gidonb  18:07, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This VfD has expired
This VfD expired 5 days after being open (on Sep 27 at 13:33), on Oct 2 at 13:33. Here's the Tally: Consensus: Merge and Redirect
 * Merge and Redirect: 8 of 9 (89%).
 * Keep: 1 of 9 (11%)

HistoryBuffEr 02:53, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

It is most disingenuous of HistoryBuffEr to arrive at this verdict when there are at least 14 Keeps. This is not right, and deserves to be protested. IZAK 03:02, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No need to whine and falsely accuse people, you can try a Vote to undelete. HistoryBuffEr 03:10, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * The issue was obviously still open and being debated. Jayjg 03:12, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"whine and falsely accuse people"? Heavens to Betsy, why would anyone want to do that? IZAK 03:22, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I just added my Keep. Does that make 15?  --Viriditas 06:52, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Not expired
Notwithstanding HistoryBuffEr's strange math, a VfD is live and can continue being voted on until an admin gets around to ruling on consensus. -- Cecropia | Talk 03:16, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Really? From Deletion policy:
 * At the end of five days if a "rough consensus" ... has been reached
 * HistoryBuffEr 03:29, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * Yes, really. This is modified by the statement on the "old votes" page, where it is noted that the voting is open until an admin acts on it. This is further reinforced by Deletion_guidelines_for_administrators which especially notes Wikipedia bias against deletion "When in doubt, don't delete." (The bold face is in the original, I didn't add it.) And see my "pending decision" section below.

 * This is priceless: Cecropia claims that what's on the "old" page modifies the actual Deletion policy. (BTW, the "old" page just says "you can add vote if you feel strongly", but not that such vote would count.) HistoryBuffEr 05:22, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * I don't know why you're protesting, you've been told the exact same thing by the administrator Stormie on this page, after you tried the same tactic: Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/User_talk:HistoryBuffEr/Archived-Sermons Jayjg 05:54, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If you think I am mistaken, see if you can find an administrator that is willing to interpret the rules to your satisfaction. -- Cecropia | Talk 05:48, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Pending decision

 * OK, I see History's reasoning—he is trying to freeze the vote as of five days after posting. But VfD's, like most Wikipedia votes, are to determine consensus, not play games of "timing gotcha." Admins are given broad discretion to determine consensus in a VfD with the general policy being that a 2/3 vote to delete is consensus, but keeping in mind that "if in doubt, don't delete"—i.e., the Wikipedia policy is prejudiced against deletion. I am going to leave this discussion up for another 24 hours (to approx 0400Z 6 Oct 2004) to give advocates on both sides time to understand this and have their say, and if another admin does not act first, I will act on this. See "Vote remains open" below.

As of now, even judging "merge" as implicit votes for "deletion" as a separate article, there is clearly no consensus for deletion as a separate article, and even less for deletion of the content. Barring a significant change in consensus, I will move this discussion to article talk, and then you all can take it from there. I am not an editor on this article. -- Cecropia | Talk 03:50, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * My "merge" vote (although it's cast late) should be interpreted as Cecropia suggests. Etz Haim 04:04, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

To Cecropia: You have voted and are obviously biased in this vote, so you should let impartial admins make decision and take action. HistoryBuffEr 05:15, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)
 * Voting does not disallow an admin from correctly interpreting consensus according to guidelines. If you look at the guidelines you will see that admins are advised not to delete articles they have proposed for deletion. I have openly stated my opinion on this matter, but my vote is one vote. I have a significant record of making decisions of articles I do and do not agree with and people I do and do not like. And I have defended people who have fought against me. I think it ill befits you to make accusation of bias when you have attempted to cut off debate and channel consensus without an understanding of policy. Your user history indicates you have been here three weeks. This implies you are either interpreting policy on a short history as a Wikipedian or else are a sockpuppet. -- Cecropia | Talk 05:25, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * HistoryBuffEr was surprisingly well-versed in the minutiae of Wikipedia from his/her very first edit. Jayjg 05:47, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the compliment. Too bad more people don't get familiar with Wikipedia before jumping to edit, huh? HistoryBuffEr 05:56, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * That's one possible explanation. Jayjg 06:04, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * And the real explanation, which I did not mention out of courtesy, is that I am just smarter than other beginners. (P.S: This is my last reply on this subject) HistoryBuffEr 06:11, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * Maybe that is the "real" explanation. HistoryBuffEr is smart enough to know where to try to cut off the discussion. :D -- Cecropia | Talk 13:06, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I will add that I will make a decision here (and have already stated that I will do it if another admin doesn't) because, as I have stated a number of times on Wikipedia, I am not afraid of making decisions on contentious issue, because that is the heart of management. If another administrator even less involved than I says that he/she will make the decision, I will be glad to defer, but that person will have to be guided by the exact same guidelines I would. -- Cecropia | Talk 05:30, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for making it clear that your apparent bias means nothing in your book of ethics. HistoryBuffEr 05:56, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * Would you describe my "apparent bias"? That I believe the article should stay? I have not edited on this article nor do I intend to. If the vote were close I might credit your concern, but the vote right now is 14 to keep and 14 to either delete or merge and redirect. This is not close to a consensus to remove the article in any form. What outcome would satisfy you, coming from an "unbiased" admin? -- Cecropia | Talk 06:13, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This VfD was open for 5 days. There were enough votes cast by then (9) and only 1 vote was added the day before closing. Because there was a clear consensus and not much activity this VfD should have been closed. That's exactly what happened in the recent Vote to delete my user page.
 * However, instead of closing an expired and inactive VfD you added your vote and are now promising to use your admin privs to enforce your will. It should be obvious what's wrong with your approach.
 * It should be also obvious what to do with this VfD: Follow the clearly spelled out rules (stretching the rules to get your will may come back to haunt you in another vote.) If the late-comers want they can use the rules and try a Vote to undelete.. HistoryBuffEr 06:34, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)

 * You are trying to dictate policy. Wikipedia is about consensus not playing a timing game. If this voting were formally extended while all others in the same time frame were being closed, you would have a point. But you are looking for an exception in order to push your own POV. -- Cecropia | Talk 13:37, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Your "quick study" of Wikipedia rules evidently does not extend to avoiding personal attacks and charactering other users' motives. I rarely vote on VfD, but, more importantly, I have extended nothing. Topics remain open to voting until an admin gets to them. This is the way it has been and cuts the same for everyone. Deletions are chronically behind because it is an arduous and time-consuming task, especially when so many users post complicated opinions. The admins who are willing to keep on top of these are saints (IMHO) because it is one of the toughest tasks. You are trying to interpret Wikipedia policy to your POV, and get admins to go along. However, since you are so intent on claiming bias, see my amendation below.

Vote remains open
I have decided not to act on this issue at the end of 6 October, as I promised above. I was trying to put a period on this contentious subject, giving all advocates an extra 24 hours to get their "last licks" in. Since User:HistoryBuffEr] has been so intent on calling me biased, however, I've decided to allow this to run its course. This does not mean the vote is frozen at five days, as the editor asserts. It means this will remain open until another admin acts on it in due course, and the voting can continue to that point. Practice has been that the oldest VfDs get acted on first, although some are left for (quite) awhile simply because they're complicated and waiting on an admin willing to take the time and trouble. When this one reaches its "turn," there are nearly 300 active admins who can take care of it. Every single one is bound by the same policy. I am not abandoning this subject. I would challange any admin who follows "History's" assertion, expecting them to show me that this is policy based on the many other VfDs. I am not telegraphing that the decision to be to keep, merge, or delete. That will depend on the status of the vote at the time. If noone else is willing to act, I will. -- Cecropia | Talk 13:29, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"User/s": "SpaceMonkey"; "Susvolans"; "HistoryBuffEr"
It should be pretty clear by now that the seemingly "new" "Users": "Spacemonkey"; "Susvolans", and "HistoryBuffEr" (by the way, check their User contributions) (and presumably more to come) are probably all one person out there, obviously very familiar with the world of Wikipedia, making up Wiki-user names at random, wasting everybody's time in good old Internet troll fashion, and playing "mind games" as he/it wages a "shadow war" (or "war from the shadows") against articles relating to Israel, Zionism, or Jews. Until such time as it can be established just who exactly "User/s: 'SpaceMonkey'; 'Susvolans'; 'HistoryBuffEr'" is/are and what he/they is/are up to, beyond having an anti-Israel, and yes, an Anti-Semitic agenda, his/their comments and tactics should be totally ignored, and this entire vote cancelled unless Users who are better known, responsible and reliable are willing to handle this subject. Rather than follow "HistoryBuffEr"'s desire for kangaroo court tactics as evidenced here thus far. It's time to smell the coffee...IZAK 06:23, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Magnitude (mathematics)

should this

 * $$s=\sqrt{u^2+v^2+w^2}$$

be this

 * $$|s|=\sqrt{u^2+v^2+w^2}$$

or this

 * $$\|s\|=\sqrt{u^2+v^2+w^2}$$

? - Omegatron 13:39, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * What are you even refering to? I don't see "s" in the article. Aucaman 12:22, 1 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It is in http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_%28mathematics%29&oldid=3064683 Timothy Clemans 19:56, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

"Propagation of error"
I have removed the new section "propagation of error" added by User:Wykypydya on 13 April, 2007. In my opinion the section was irrelevant, in the context of this article.

I also notice that the author of this section added "fact" and "expert" tags right from the get go. That is a very odd practice. If you don't understand the subject (i.e., if you already need an expert's help before you start writing) then please don't burden the rest of us. Be sure you know what you're writing about, in other words. DavidCBryant 11:23, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Two sections are lame/weak/poorly constructed
There are problems with two of the sections. The logarithmic section unhelpfully states that a log scale is 'helpful' in comparing magnitudes. It doesn't define what is meant, and in fact it is wrong. Log scales are used to compare the RATIOs of magnitudes often the ratio being relative to a standard. A log scale is one of many non-linear scales, unfortunately this article completely ignores the others. It also doesn't seem to understand that metric spaces have a norm, and this should be mentioned. The Order of Magnitude section REQUIRES references! What it claims is also WRONG. "Order of Magnitude" does NOT imply anything about a change. It is simply the power of 10 that a value has. It is NONSENSE to claim that the term has anything to do with "moving the decimal point". I challenge this section. It should be removed. (It appears to have been written by a troll: geek culture?! Apparently, the "author" (to use the term generously) has never heard of the the Big O function (see Big O notation), which is used in computer science (and advanced mathematics).) This is a really, really weak article.173.189.72.93 (talk) 07:04, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Magnitude (mathematics)


text:
User:Jcm

I am Jon Masters and recently started doing a few minor edits on Wikipedia.

title: User:Jcm


text:
Julie Pinson

Julie Pinson (born November 7, 1967) is an American actress, best known for her work with soap operas. She starred as Eve Lambert on Port Charles, as Billie Reed on Days of Our Lives and as Janet Ciccone on As the World Turns, winning the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for latter.

Life and career
Pinson was born in Fremont, California. As a child, she was inspired by her mother, a classically trained opera singer, to get into acting. She attended Fremont Christian School, and graduated from Mission San Jose High School. Pinson later studied acting at the Charles Conrad Studios. Pinson later made her screen debut appearing in the 1992 drama film The Mambo Kings playing secondary role. She later played supporting role in the 1995 comedy-drama film Unstrung Heroes, and in 1997 appeared in the science fiction film Starship Troopers. Later in 1997, Pinson was cast as Dr. Eve Lambert on the ABC daytime soap opera, Port Charles. She played the role from June 1, 1997 to April 1, 2002. She received three Soap Opera Digest Awards nominations for her performance. After leaving the soap, Pinson moved to prime time television guest-starring on sitcoms Dharma & Greg and The Drew Carey Show. In 2004, Pinson had a brief run as Shiloh on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless appearing from February 16, 2004 to May 14, 2004.

In 2004, Pinson was cast as Billie Reed (originally played by Lisa Rinna) in the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. Pinson debuted on September 13, 2004, and vacated the role four years later on February 5, 2008. Later in 2008 she joined CBS soap opera As the World Turns as Janet Ciccone. For this performance, Pinson received three Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series nominations, winning in 2010. The soap was canceled in 2010. In 2012 she starred alongside Signy Coleman in the web-series River Ridge as Kimberly Reeves. In 2014 she guest-starred in the ABC comedy-drama series, Castle.

Personal life
Pinson was engaged to fellow actor Billy Warlock, but they broke up shortly before their planned 1999 wedding. They reconnected in 2005 while working together on Days of our Lives and married in Las Vegas on August 26, 2006.

Daytime Emmy Awards

 * Outstanding Supporting Actress (2011) Nominated
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress (2010) Won
 * Outstanding Supporting Actress (2009) Nominated

Soap Opera Digest Awards

 * Outstanding Supporting Actress (2000) Nominated
 * Outstanding Younger Lead Actress (1999) Nominated

title: Julie Pinson


text:
Norbord

Norbord Inc. was a Canadian company that manufactured wood-based panels and became the world's largest producer of oriented strand board (OSB). Norbord also manufactured particleboard, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and related value-added products. Norbord had assets of approximately $1.7 billion and employs approximately 2,600 people at 17 plant locations in the United States, Canada and Europe.

History
The company was formed as a corporate spin-off of Noranda Mines. Until it was acquired by West Fraser Timber, Norbord was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "OSB".

Structure
Norbord operates 13 OSB mills, 1 MDF (medium density fibreboard) plant, 2 particleboard (chipboard) plants and 1 furniture plant.

Its OSB mills in the US are located in Minnesota, Georgia (2 lines), Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and 2 in Texas. In Canada there are 2 mills in Alberta, 1 in British Columbia, 1 in Ontario and 2 in Québec. In Europe there are mills located in Inverness (2 lines) and Cowie (2 lines), Scotland, in South Molton, England as well as in Genk, Belgium.

The MDF line is located in Cowie, Scotland.

Its particleboard lines are located in Cowie, Scotland and South Molton, England.

Norbord's furniture factory is based in South Molton, England.

Both lines in Inverness as well as the line in Genk produce OSB.

In 2016 Norbord announced an expansion of the Inverness facility by addition of a 55m continuous OSB line, expanding production capacity to 750.000 m³/year

title: Norbord


text:
Elephants' graveyard

An elephants' graveyard (also called elephant graveyard, elephant's graveyard, or elephants' cemetery) is a place where, according to legend, old elephants instinctively direct themselves when they reach a certain age. According to this legend, these elephants would then die there alone, far from the group. However, there is no evidence in support of the existence of the elephants' graveyard.

Origin
Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of this myth. One theory involves people finding groups of elephant skeletons together, or observing old elephants and skeletons in the same habitat. Others suggest the term may spring from group die-offs, such as one excavated in Saxony-Anhalt, which had 27 Palaeoloxodon antiquus skeletons. In that particular case, the tusks of the skeletons were missing, which indicated either hunters killed a group of elephants in one spot, or else opportunistic scavengers removed the tusks from a natural die-off.

Other theories focus on elephant behavior during lean times, suggesting starving or elderly elephants who have worn their teeth down to a point that they can no longer chew tougher foods gather in places where finding food is easier, and subsequently die there. Prolific elephant hunter Walter "Karamojo" Bell discounted the idea of the elephant's graveyard, stating that bones and "tusks were still lying about in the bush where they had lain for years".

Popular culture
The idea of a graveyard for elephants was popularized in films such as Trader Horn and MGM's Tarzan films, in which groups of greedy explorers attempt to locate the elephants' graveyard, on the fictional Mutia Escarpment, in search of its riches of ivory.

Disney's 1994 animated musical film The Lion King has a reference to this motif, as well as its musical adaptation and the 2019 remake of the film.

Derivative meanings
Additionally the term "elephants' graveyard" has been deliberately used in a symbolic fashion to refer to specific paleontological sites, such as the elephant-fossil deposit that René Jeannel, professor at the French National Museum of Natural History, discovered during a Kenya & Ethiopia expedition in 1932.
 * In geology, "elephants' graveyard" is an informal term for a hypothetical accumulation of "large blocks of country rock stoped from the roofs of batholiths".
 * In military settings, it is sometimes used as a slang term to describe postings or assignments for senior officers for whom there is no potential for further promotion.
 * In Spain, the Spanish Senate is often criticised as a cementerio de elefantes where politicians who have lost their previous positions end up doing no productive work.
 * It is a term for the offices and a secretary provided to former high-ranking executives of large companies (at least in the United States), who have either retired or resigned. An executive who relinquishes or is relieved of authority becomes a consultant (special adviser) where they continue to receive a salary and an office under their contract but have little or no actual responsibilities (known as garden leave in the United Kingdom), until their non-compete agreement expires.

title: Elephants' graveyard


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User talk:Adusumilli

This is just a weired idea .when we can call meal taken between breakfast and lunch as brunch. what do we have to cal meal taken between lunch and dinner. i started to call it as lunner(lunch+dinner). so any suggestions.

title: User talk:Adusumilli


text: File:Albert goldthorpe all4cups.jpg

title: File:Albert goldthorpe all4cups.jpg


text:
Communist Workers Party of Catalonia

Communist Workers' Party of Catalonia (Partit Comunista Obrer de Catalunya) is a communist party in Catalonia. The party was founded in 1973 as a split from Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya as the Catalan branch of the Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE), and was legalized on 28 October 1977. In 2000, it became a part of the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain.

The central organ of PCOC was Endavant!, which was published monthly 1974-1999. The party's general secretary was Albert Farrán.

History
Election results:
 * 1980 Parliament of Catalonia elections: 12,963 votes (0.48%)
 * 1984 Parliament of Catalonia elections: 2,593 votes (0.09%)

When Enrique Líster rejoined the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) in 1986, following the departure of Santiago Carrillo from PCE, major sections of PCOC returned to PSUC. PCOC fused, along with PCOE, into the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain in 2000.

title: Communist Workers Party of Catalonia


text:
Alexandra Lydon

Alexandra Lydon is an American actress and writer.

Early life and education
Lydon was born and raised in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. She attended the New York University Tisch School of the Arts where she studied at the affiliated Stella Adler Conservatory, graduating with honors with a double degree in Drama and Psychology.

Career
Some of Lydon's most prominent roles were as Jane Saunders, daughter of primary villain Stephen Saunders, in the third season of the television series 24 and as Ann Owens in Prison Break. She starred in the independent film Nail Polish and IFC film Bodies, and along with 24 and Prison Break has had recurring roles on CSI: Miami and K-Ville. She has made numerous guest-starring appearances on popular shows such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Desperate Housewives, House, Private Practice, NCIS and Star Trek: Enterprise.

Lydon co-created and performed in the comedy show Worst Laid Plans at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Los Angeles and New York City. She later adapted the show into a book, Worst Laid Plans: When Bad Sex Happens to Good People, published by Abrams Image. She wrote and performed in the comedy album Worst Laid Plans at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, published by Random House in May 2010.

She had the starring role of Beth in Bryan Bertino's 2014 film Mockingbird, released by Universal Studios.

Lydon is also a voice-over artist and has narrated and contributed to documentary films, one being the award-winning The Young and the Restless in China as part of the PBS documentary series FRONTLINE.

Inspired by the first female policewomen in Boston, Lydon developed and produced the pilot "Broad Squad",<ref name="bostonglobe.com" She is currently writing a book about the Boston Police Department and the history of race and gender relations in policing for preempt Picador of Pan Macmillan UK imprints, a division of Macmillan Publishers.

title: Alexandra Lydon


text:
Talk:Chambered nautilus

“In certain areas, it’s threatened with extermination,”
Loving the Chambered Nautilus to Death by William J. Broad, published October 24, 2011 in The New York Times; “In certain areas, it’s threatened with extermination,” said Neil H. Landman, a biologist and paleontologist at the American Museum of Natural History resource. 99.112.215.159 (talk) 01:23, 26 October 2011 (UTC)
 * See Holocene extinction. 99.190.85.15 (talk) 03:50, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

both external links are 404

title: Talk:Chambered nautilus


text:
McIntyre system

The McIntyre system, or systems as there have been five of them, is a playoff system that gives an advantage to teams or competitors qualifying higher (usually by allowing higher qualified teams to lose more games or series before being eliminated compared to lower qualified teams). The systems were developed by Ken McIntyre, an Australian lawyer, historian and English lecturer, for the Victorian Football League in 1931.

In the VFL/AFL
The first McIntyre system, the Page–McIntyre system, also known as the McIntyre final four system, was adopted by the VFL in 1931, after using three systems since its foundation in 1897, the major system and predecessor to the Page–McIntyre system being the "amended Argus system" that had operated from 1907 to 1923 and 1925 to 1930.

McIntyre also devised the McIntyre final five system for the VFL for 1972, the McIntyre final six system for 1991 (which was revised for 1992) and the McIntyre final eight system for the 1994 season.

The AFL and its fans grew dissatisfied with some of the outcomes the McIntyre final eight system might allow, and replaced it with another final eight system in 2000.

Other competitions
McIntyre finals systems are used prominently throughout Australia. Most Australian rules football leagues, from professional down to suburban, use a McIntyre finals system. The New South Wales Rugby League/National Rugby League has used the McIntyre final four and final five at different times throughout its history, and used the McIntyre final eight system from 1999 until 2011. The Page–McIntyre system is also used in the ANZ Championships (netball), the Australian Baseball League and Women's National Basketball League. It was also used in the A-League (soccer) before that competition expanded its finals series to a top-six format. It is also used in the Indian Premier League (cricket).

Under the name Page playoff system, the McIntyre final four is commonly used in softball and curling events, especially in Canada. The system was also used in the Rugby League National League Three in Great Britain for the 2004 season.

A hybrid version of the Page–McIntyre system has been in used the Big Bash League in Australia since the 2019–2020 season, the difference between the original version and the hybrid version is a fifth game is played between 4th and 5th placed team playing in an elimination final with the winner playing 3rd in the first semi-final, a game that is usually played between 3rd and 4th in the original version of the system.

In North America, since 2021, it has been used as the preliminary round of the NBA Playoffs as a 'play-in tournament' to determine the seventh and eighth seeds for the main playoff tournament, with seeds 7 and 8 playing, then seeds 9 and 10, with the winner of the 7/8 game being the seventh seed, and the loser of the 7/8 game and winner of the 9/10 game competing for the eighth seed.

Page–McIntyre system
The Page–McIntyre system features four teams. In the first round of the Page–McIntyre system, the highest two ranked teams play each other, with the winner going straight through to the grand final and the loser going through to the preliminary final. The lowest two ranked teams play each other, and the winner advances to the preliminary final. The winner of preliminary final gets through to the grand final. In this system, the top two teams are able to lose a match and still qualify for the grand final, this is referred to as a 'double chance'.

Assuming that each team has an even chance of winning each match, the probability for both the highest ranked teams winning the competition is 37.5%, compared to 12.5% for the third and fourth placed teams.

McIntyre final five system
As its name states, the McIntyre final five system features five teams. From the second round the McIntyre final five system is the same as the Page–McIntyre system; however, in the first round the lowest two ranked teams play to eliminate one team and the second and third ranked teams determine which match they will play in the second round. The highest ranked team has a bye in the first round.

In this case, if all teams have an even chance of winning each match, the highest ranked team has a 37.5% chance, ranks two and three have a 25% chance and the lowest two ranked teams have a 6.25% chance of winning the competition.

First McIntyre final six system
The first McIntyre final six system was also the same as the Page–McIntyre system from the second round. In this case, two of the four lowest ranked teams are eliminated in the first round, while the top two determine which match they will play in the second round. Under this system the top two teams receive a double chance, as does the winner of match B.

Second McIntyre final six system
This adaptation of the first McIntyre system corrected for the anomaly that, in the first week, the team who finished 4th would have a more difficult opponent than the team who finished 5th, and was hence more likely to be eliminated, despite finishing higher. This was achieved by adding flexibility to the second round draw, so that the two elimination final winners were re-ranked to determine which played the winner of the qualifying final and which played the loser.

However, both McIntyre final six systems had another weakness: the loser of the qualifying final (which is the most difficult game of the first round), ended up facing elimination in the first semi-final, while the higher-ranked elimination final winner (who has had the easiest game of the first round) has a double chance in the second semi-final.

McIntyre final eight system
The McIntyre final eight bears little in common with the other McIntyre systems. At no stage does it follow the Page–McIntyre structure, and at no stage after the first week does any team retain a double chance. The system allows for 26 of the 28 combinations of the eight finalists to feature in the grand final (the two combinations not possible are 1st v 7th and 2nd v 8th). It gives 18.75% to 1st and 2nd, 15.625% to 3rd, 12.5% to 4th and 5th, 9.375% to 6th and 6.25% to 7th and 8th.

title: McIntyre system


text:
Monoclonality

In biology, monoclonality refers to the state of a line of cells that have been derived from a single clonal origin. Thus, "monoclonal cells" can be said to form a single clone. The term monoclonal comes.

The process of replication can occur in vivo, or may be stimulated in vitro for laboratory manipulations. The use of the term typically implies that there is some method to distinguish between the cells of the original population from which the single ancestral cell is derived, such as a random genetic alteration, which is inherited by the progeny.

Common usages of this term include:
 * Monoclonal antibody: a single hybridoma cell, which by chance includes the appropriate V(D)J recombination to produce the desired antibody, is cloned to produce a large population of identical cells.  In informal laboratory jargon, the monoclonal antibodies isolated from cell culture supernatants of these hybridoma clones (hybridoma lines) are simply called monoclonals.
 * Monoclonal neoplasm (tumor): A single aberrant cell which has undergone carcinogenesis reproduces itself into a cancerous mass.
 * Monoclonal plasma cell (also called plasma cell dyscrasia): A single aberrant plasma cell which has undergone carcinogenesis reproduces itself, which in some cases is cancerous.

title: Monoclonality


text:
Rina Chinen

, is a Japanese entertainer, former singer, and musical theater actress. She is affiliated with Rising Production.

History
Rina Chinen took lessons as a child from the Okinawa Actors School. By the time she reached junior high, she relocated to Osaka due to her father's work, but she continued to take lessons at the Okinawa Actors School during the weekend. Chinen moved to Tokyo shortly after graduating from high school.

Music career
In October 1996, Chinen made her music debut with the single "Do-Do for Me". A year later, her second single "Precious Delicious" earned her the Best New Artist Award at the 39th Japan Record Awards, with her third single, "Pinch ~Love Me Deeper~", being used as the third and final ending theme for the anime series, Kodomo no Omocha that same year. In 1998, her fifth single "Wing" peaked at No. 5 on Oricon's singles chart, becoming her biggest hit.

On 15 July 2001, Chinen performed at the Music Fest Peace of Ryukyu, a music festival featuring Okinawan artists. As her pop music activity decreased, she pursued a career in musical acting in 2003.

On 21 October 2021, Sony Music Entertainment Japan released all 81 of Chinen's songs internationally on digital streaming platforms to commemorate the 25th anniversary of her debut.

Television
In July 1996, Chinen made her acting debut in the drama series. In 2002, Chinen appeared in the drama series.

On 29 July 2020, Chinen was announced as part of the cast of the Toei tokusatsu drama Kamen Rider Saber.

Musical theatre
Chinen made her musical theatre debut in the Tokyo production of Jekyll & Hyde in December 2003. A year later, she starred in the localized adaptations of Miss Saigon and Fiddler on the Roof. In 2005, Chinen appeared in the Tokyo production of Les Misérables. She has since taken multiple roles for Miss Saigon and Les Misérables until 2022. Chinen is the first actress in Japan to do both Cosette, Éponine and Fantine in Les Misérables followed by Erika Ikuta and she is also the first actress in Japan to do both Kim and Ellen in Miss Saigon. Chinen also played Winifred Banks in the Japanese stage production of Mary Poppins in 2022.

Personal life
On 10 August 2005, Chinen, at the age of 24, registered her marriage to model Kentaro Nakamura, aged 22. The couple were expecting a child at the time she was cast in Jekyll & Hyde; her part was consequently reassigned to Ranran Suzuki. Chinen announced she planned on taking maternity leave after the drama finished its season, and would continue working after becoming a mother. Chinen gave birth to a baby boy on 11 March 2006. Chinen and Nakamura divorced on 15 March 2007. Nakamura was arrested on drug charges in June of that year.

Chinen married actor Yoshio Inoue on 27 July 2016. She gave birth to her second boy on 12 June 2018.

On 9 December 2019, Chinen announced that she had passed the high school graduation certification exam.

TV

 * Gakkō no Kaidan R (Kansai TV, 1996) – Kazuko Miyata
 * Shin-D – "Love Blood" (Kansai TV, 1997)
 * Five (NTV, 1997) – Madoka
 * Yume no California (TBS, 2002)
 * Kochira Hon Ikegami Sho (TBS, 2002—2005) – Atsuko Shindō
 * Asami Mitsuhiko Series 19: Yuta ga Aishita Tantei (Fuji TV, 2004) – Kaori
 * Kyoto Chiken no Onna (TV Asahi, 2010) – Kumi Sekimoto
 * SP ~ Keishichō Keigo-ka (TV Asahi, 2012) – Yuri Sudō
 * First Class (Fuji TV, 2014) – Madoka Ōkubo
 * Lunch Detective ~ Koi to Gourmet to Nazotoki to ~ (YTV, 2020) – Ritsuko Shiraishi
 * Kamen Rider Saber (TV Asahi, 2020) – Sophia

TV animation

 * Star Twinkle PreCure (2019) – Mary Anne

Film

 * Seishun Mandala! (2010) – Miki
 * Saber + Zenkaiger: Superhero Senki (2021) - Sophia

Film animation

 * Doraemon: Nobita and the Winged Braves (2001) – Tsubakuro
 * Star Twinkle PreCure the Movie: These Feelings Within the Song of Stars (2019) – Mary Anne

Dubbing

 * The Star (2017) – Mary

Musicals

 * Jekyll & Hyde – Emma Carew (December 2003)
 * Miss Saigon – Kim (2004–2014), Ellen (2016–2022)
 * Fiddler on the Roof – Hodel (2004)
 * Les Misérables – Cosette (2005), Éponine (2007–2009), Fantine (2011–2021)
 * Rudolf – Princess Stephanie of Belgium (2008)
 * Dance of the Vampires – Sarah (2009–2011)
 * She Loves Me – Ilona Ritter (2009)
 * Oh! Tabaruzaka – Fujimaki (2010)
 * Himeyuri – Kimi (2010)
 * SHOW-ismIV TATTOO 14 – Guest Sky (2013)
 * Ludwig B – Eleanore von Breuning (2014)
 * Radiant Baby – Amanda (2016)
 * Mary Poppins – Winfred Banks (2022)
 * Song Cycle Musical: In a world of never ending rain in 2024 – Performer (2024)
 * Ludwig B 〜HEART SONG (Unmei no tobira wa aka reta)〜 – Julie "Giulietta" Guicciardi (2024)
 * Kane and Abel – Zaphia (2025)

title: Rina Chinen


text:
Rufus Anderson

Rufus Anderson (August 17, 1796 – May 23, 1880) was an American minister who spent several decades organizing overseas missions.

Personal life
Rufus Anderson was born in North Yarmouth, Maine, on August 17, 1796. His father, also named Rufus Anderson, was Congregationalist pastor of the church in North Yarmouth. His mother was Hannah Parsons. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1818, and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1822, and was ordained as a minister in 1826. He married Eliza Hill (1804–1880) on January 8, 1827.

Career in missions
He worked at the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) as an assistant while studying at Andover. In 1822 he applied to go to India but was asked to remain at headquarters and later appointed assistant secretary. In 1832 he was given total responsibility for overseas work as a Secretary of the ABCFM. In this capacity, he corresponded with missionaries from around the world.

He traveled in Latin America (1819,1823-1824), the Mediterranean and Near East (1828-1829, 1843–1844), India, Ceylon, Syria, and Turkey (1854-1855), and Hawaii (1863). During the winter of 1843–1844, he visited the ABCFM's mission stations in Turkey.

He resigned as ABCFM secretary in 1866 but continued on the ABCFM Prudential Committee until 1875. From 1867 to 1869 he delivered at Andover seminary lectures on foreign missions. In 1868 Dartmouth college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., and he was made a fellow of the American Oriental society.

Theology of missions
Anderson believed that "missions are instituted for the spread of a scriptural self-propagating Christianity". Missions were for: Anything beyond this, he felt, was secondary. The end of the mission was to be "a scriptural, self propagating Christianity" the test of which is seen in evidence of a religious life, a genuine change in the church and the individual.
 * converting lost men,
 * organising them into churches,
 * giving these churches a competent native ministry,
 * conducting them to the stage of independence and (in most cases) of self-propagation.

He wrote that Bible translation, literature, schools, press and all other activities should be directed to building a mature local church which evangelised and sent out others as missionaries. He also prohibited any mission becoming engaged with a government or engaging in any kind of business. He advocated cooperation with other societies to avoid the waste of people and money. To Anderson, civilisation was not a legitimate aim of the mission but would come as an impact of the gospel, this went against the nature of mission in his time which started with civilisation of the natives.

The missionary was not to be a pastor or ruler but an evangelist, moving on to the next place as soon as possible; their business was with unbelievers, not believers. The society existed solely to help the missionary discharge their duty rather than making them a servant. Native ministers were to be the spiritual leaders.

Though there is dispute as to who wrote about the idea first, the "three-self" method is attributed to both Anderson and Henry Venn. They both wrote about the need for creating churches in the missions field that were self-supporting, self-governing, and self-propagating.

He published several books, as well as many articles in The Missionary Herald. He is remembered in Sri Lanka for shutting down American Ceylon Mission's popular Batticotta Seminary because it was not converting enough locals to Christianity. He traveled from Boston to the Hawaiian Islands in 1863, crossing the Panama Isthmus by rail, later describing the trip in a book. After retiring in 1866 wrote a history of the missions there.

He died May 23, 1880, in Boston and was buried in Forest Hills Cemetery after a funeral at Eliot Congregational Church. His son Edward Anderson became a chaplain in the American Civil War.

title: Rufus Anderson


text:
Talk:Confidence, Iowa

Untitled
This city does not show up in Census data, it has no ZIP code, and I was unable to locate it through Google.--Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 14:01, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Confidence, Iowa


text: User talk:213.79.33.133

title: User talk:213.79.33.133


text:
Roland Allen

Roland Allen (29 December 1868 – 9 June 1947) was an English missionary to China sent by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG).

Early life
He was born in Bristol, England, the son of an Anglican priest; but was orphaned early in life. He was educated at Bristol Grammar School and after winning a scholarship to study at St. John's College, Oxford, Allen also studied at the (Anglo-Catholic) Leeds Clergy Training School.

Career
Allen was ordained a deacon in 1892 and priest the following year. Allen spent two periods in Northern China working for the SPG. The first, from 1895 to 1900, ended due to the Boxer Rebellion, during which Allen was forced to flee to the British Legation in Beijing. He was a chaplain to community throughout much of the siege. After a period back in England, he returned to North China in 1902, but was forced home due to illness. These early experiences led him to a radical reassessment of his own vocation and the theology and missionary methods of the Western churches’.

Allen became an early advocate of establishing Churches that from the beginning would be self-supporting, self-propagating, and self-governing, adapted to local conditions and not merely imitations of Western Christianity. These views were confirmed by a trip to India in 1910 and by later research in Canada and East Africa. With this background, Allen wrote his book Missionary Methods, which was first published in 1912. It is possible that his thought was influenced in part by the earlier primitivist writings of Anthony Norris Groves and by the Brethren movement.

Allen's approach to mission strategy for indigenous churches is based on the study of Saint Paul’s missionary methods, as he was convinced that he found in them the solution to most of the difficulties of the day. He believed recognition of the church as a local entity and trust in the Holy Spirit's indwelling within the converts and churches was the mark of Paul's success. In contrast was Allen's belief that the people of his day were unable to entrust their converts to the Holy Spirit and instead relied in His work through them.

His views became increasingly influential, though Allen himself became disillusioned with the established churches. He spent the last years of his life in Kenya. Near the end of his life Allen wrote The Family Rite. In this essay Allen advocates that the family again becomes the center of the Christian church and its ministry. Allen died in Nairobi. His funeral was conducted by the Bishop of Mombasa and his gravestone can be found in Nairobi's City Park. A simple stone cross with the inscription on the pedestal reads: "ROLAND ALLEN, CLERK IN HOLY ORDERS, 1868–1947, I AM THE RESURRECTION AND THE LIFE SAITH THE LORD"

Works

 * The Siege of the Peking Legations, 1901
 * Missionary methods : St. Paul's or ours : a study of the church in the four provinces, London : R. Scott, 1912
 * Missionary principles, London : R. Scott, 1913
 * Pentecost & the World: the revelation of the Holy Spirit in the 'Acts of the Apostles', 	London : Oxford University Press, 1917
 * Educational principles and missionary methods : the application of educational principles to missionary evangelism, London : R. Scott, 1919
 * Missionary survey as an aid to intelligent co-operation in foreign missions, (co-authored with Thomas Cochrane), London : Longmans, Green, 1920
 * Voluntary clergy, London : SPCK, 1923
 * The spontaneous expansion of the church : and the causes which hinder it, London : The World dominion press, 1927
 * Devolution and its real significance, (co-authored with Alexander McLeish), 1927
 * Sidney James Wells Clark. A vision of foreign missions, 1937

Modern editions

 * The Ministry of the Spirit. Selected Writings, Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7188-9173-2; edited by David M. Paton; foreword by Lamin Sanneh.
 * Missionary Methods. St Paul's or Ours?, Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7188-9168-8; foreword by Bishop Michael Nazir-Ali.
 * Missionary Principles and Practice, Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7188-9170-1; foreword by Brian Stanley.
 * The Spontaneous Expansion of the Church and the Causes which Hinder it., Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7188-9171-8; foreword by Bishop Michael Turnbull.
 * Reform of the Ministry. A Study in the Work of Roland Allen, Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7188-9103-9; edited by David M. Paton.

Biography

 * Allen, Hubert, Roland Allen: Pioneer, Priest and Prophet, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1995

title: Roland Allen


text:
Chlorodyne

Chlorodyne was one of the best known patent medicines sold in the British Isles. It was invented in the 19th century by a Dr. John Collis Browne, a doctor in the British Indian Army; its original purpose was in the treatment of cholera. Browne sold his formula to the pharmacist John Thistlewood Davenport, who advertised it widely, as a treatment for cholera, diarrhea, insomnia, neuralgia, migraines, etc. As its principal ingredients were a mixture of laudanum (an alcoholic solution of opium), tincture of cannabis, and chloroform, it readily lived up to its claims of relieving pain, as a sedative, and for the treatment of diarrhea.

Imitations
Chlorodyne sold extremely well for many years; as its active ingredients were well known, local chemists' shops would also make up cheaper generic versions for sale to their customers. Here is an example of such a generic formulation, from Materia Medica by William Hale-White & A.H. Douthwaite, 21st edition (1932): "Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphinæ Composita intended to be an imitation of the proprietary medicine called chlorodyne. Mix chloroform 75, tincture of capsicum 25, tincture of Indian hemp 100, oil of peppermint 2 and glycerin 250 with alcohol (20 per cent) 450. Dissolve morphine hydrochloride 10 in the mixture. Add to it diluted hydrocyanic acid 50 and enough alcohol (90 per cent) to make 1000.  Strength. 1 millilitre contains chloroform 7.5 centimils; morphine hydrochloride 1 centigram; acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum 5 centimils.

Dose 5 to 15 minims - 0.2 to 1ml

Besides the generics, a number of rival sellers marketed their own branded versions of the formula, brands such as "Freeman's", "Teasdale's", and "Towle's". It can be seen from the illustrations that the authenticity of these rival brands was hotly contested. Another version, Shinyaku (lit. "divine-medicine"), was developed in Japan and sold domestically for many years, although its most toxic ingredients were replaced over time for reasons of safety and legality.

Criticism from the medical community
Between 1861 and 1862 The British Medical Journal featured several pieces of criticism of chlorodyne including one lead article that featured it as an example of "Professional Testimonial-Mongers." Alongside this are two letters from practising doctors. Both include significant distaste at the repeated inclusion of advertisement for Chlorodyne from Dr. Browne in a previous issue. Furthermore scepticism of its usefulness over other opioids and a general distaste for its Homeopathic advertisement is a consistent theme.

Decline
Though the drug was effective in many ways, its high opiate content also made it very addictive, and deaths from overdoses, either accidental or deliberate, became a frequent occurrence. A common feature of the coroner's report in such cases would be the description of the deceased's body being found in a flat or bedsit littered with empty Chlorodyne bottles. Over the decades of the twentieth century, the cannabis was removed from the formulation, and the amount of opiates in the medicine were progressively reduced. The name of Collis Browne lives on in Britain in a mixture sold under the trade name "J Collis Browne's Mixture" for the relief of coughs and diarrhea. This modern formulation contains morphine and peppermint oil. The active ingredients per 5ml are: morphine hydrochloride equivalent to 1.0mg anhydrous morphine, peppermint oil 1.5 microlitres.

The other ingredients are: ethanol (alcohol), benzoic acid (E210), capsicum tincture, caramel (E150), menthol, citric acid (E330), hypromellose, sorbitol solution (E420), treacle (containing sucrose and fructose), purified water.

title: Chlorodyne


text:
User:Rammer

Rammer aka Rami Lehti. Born 1974 in Somero. Now at Tampere.

title: User:Rammer


text:
Rock Eisteddfod Challenge

The Rock Eisteddfod Challenge, also known as the Australian Rock Eisteddfod Challenge, was an Australian dance and drama challenge for government-funded high schools that was active between 1980 and 2012. Initiated by the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge Foundation as part of the Global Rock Challenge, the aim of the event was to promote healthy lifestyle choices, particularly abstinence from drugs, alcohol and cigarettes. The event started in Sydney, New South Wales in 1980 and subsequently spread to other States and territories of Australia and a small number of other countries.

In 2004 an event for primary school students was started, called J Rock, to raise awareness about obesity and other eating disorders by promoting dance as a fun way to exercise.

On 9 February 2010 it was announced that due to lack of funding, the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge would not take place in 2010. The event was subsequently revised, however ceased permanently following the 2012 event. On 30 June 2013 the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge Foundation voluntarily revoked its accreditation as a registered charity with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission.

In 2013, the Government of Victoria supported the establishment of the Wakakirri School Challenge as a replacement of the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge for Victorian primary and high schools.

Concept
Rock Eisteddfod shows are stories on stage of no longer than eight minutes. Participants can have between 10 and 120 students on stage, as well as up to 20 back stage crew. The entire show is set to a pre-recorded soundtrack of contemporary music, and the aim is to use dancing and drama to tell the story. There are also sets and costumes to be thought of and the performances often combine elements from the whole arts curriculum. Schools choose their own theme and story and work collaboratively with teachers and parents to bring their ideas to life.

While performances are professionally staged events, the Global Rock Challenge is about having fun along the way. Students, teachers, parents and communities work together over many months helping to prepare the school's performance.

Many state government health and education departments put their support behind the event. The Australian Department of Health and Ageing sponsored the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge television specials with various tobacco, alcohol and drug prevention messages for 18 years.

Almost a million young people aged between 11 and 19 years have performed on stage. In 2005, 100,000 young people from 800 schools took part in one of the hundreds of shows staged worldwide.

In 2006 over 400 schools and 40,000 students competed in 50 Rock Eisteddfod Challenge shows in 17 regions across Australia.

History

The concept began in Sydney in 1980 known as the Rock 'n' Roll Eisteddfod, a NSW Arts Council sponsored-event held at the Hordern Pavilion. The idea was developed by Sydney radio station 2SM and, with support from Coca-Cola, the NSW Arts Council promoted the event as an example of local youth culture in action.

In 1988 the New South Wales Department of Health was the first to see the Rock Eisteddfod as an opportunity to deliver the Quit for life anti-smoking message to secondary school students in New South Wales. At the same time, Kerrie Hayes and Peter Sjoquist took over and revitalised the event which became known nationally as the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge. In 1998 the Rock Eisteddfod was televised nationally for the first time on the Nine Network as part of the National Drug Offensive. Novelist Tim Levy was an organiser of the Junior youth competition and hosted it in five cities across Australia.

Expansion to other countries
In New Zealand, the event was introduced in 1993, where it was branded as the Smokefree Stage Challenge, starting with 20 schools and 2000 participants, and had grown to include 171 schools and 16,381 participants.

In 1995 Inspector Mark Pontin of the Hampshire Constabulary visited Australia on a Churchill Scholarship. Pontin saw the Australian Rock Eisteddfod Challenge first hand and was so impressed that he persuaded the Chief Constable, Sir John Hoddinott, to introduce it to their area of the United Kingdom. In 1996 the inaugural event of the Rock Challenge was staged in Portsmouth with eleven schools and 800 students. This has now turned into a national series of competitions, usually starting in Aberdeen in February and running through many parts of the UK (including London, at the Hackney Empire) until the northern and southern Grand Finals around the end of May / beginning of June.

Rock Eisteddfod events were staged in several locations worldwide. New Zealand, Germany, the U.S. (until 2003), United Kingdom, Japan, the United Arab Emirates and South Africa have all taken up the Global Rock Challenge. A sister event, The Croc Festival, staged a series of festivals in remote and regional areas of Australia, aimed at both indigenous and non-indigenous communities are held each year. In addition to performing, the three-day festivals provide the opportunity for rural and remote students to participate in many health, education, employment, sport, visual and performing activities during the day.

Outcomes
Global Rock Challenge events in each country attempt to deliver specific health and lifestyle themes such as anti-tobacco, drugs and alcohol messages.

A three-year research study by the University of Sydney Department of Public Health and Community Medicine was the first cross-sectional analysis of participating and non-participating students. Professor Don Nutbeam found that participants in the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge in Sydney secondary schools had higher self-esteem than the control group of schools who did not participate in the event; that participants smoked less tobacco and marijuana and drank less alcohol than the control group. Dr Rose Grunstein also found that students in participating schools but not in the actual team also had lower propensities to smoke, drink excessive alcohol or take other drugs.

The Rock Eisteddfod Challenge as an Intervention to Increase Resiliency and Improve Health Behaviours in Adolescents (1999–2001) study examined a sample of 44 Sydney high school students and explained the effectiveness of the events as a youth program.

The overall findings included a lower incidence of drug, marijuana and alcohol use among participating REC students compared to students in non-participating REC schools. Students similarly had an improved sense of identity, belonging, purpose, problem solving skills, and social competence. As an intervention program, the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge improved flexibility, empathy and caring, good communication skills, sense of belonging and sense of purpose. 90% of students from REC schools and 87.5% from control schools knew that the message was an anti-substance abuse message, the study found very positive attitudes toward the REC, particularly amongst those who took an active role in the event.

Divisions
In all Rock Eisteddfod Challenge events there are Open and RAW Divisions. In Melbourne and Sydney there is an open, small and premier division.

J Rock

 * Team Numbers- max 143 participants
 * Performers- Min 10 Max 100
 * Stage Crew: Min 0 Max 20
 * Support Crew Max 20
 * Expenditure Maximum- $2,500

Small Teams

 * Team Numbers – max 73 participants
 * Performers: Min 10 Max 40
 * Stage Crew: Min 0 Max 10
 * Support Crew: Max 20

This division was cut out of the competition in 2008 in favor of RAW.

RAW
Introduced in 2006, the RAW Division is the division of the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge which has a 'no set' rule, focusing purely on dance. Participants are encouraged to explore using the human body in order to tell their story, and as a result RAW division has greater emphasis on choreography, dance and drama. Schools may compete in Open/Small/Premier AND Raw divisions.
 * Team Numbers – max 128 participants
 * Performers: Min 20 Max 100
 * Stage Crew Min 0 Max 5
 * Maximum Expenditure $2,500

Open

 * Team Numbers – max 143 participants
 * Performers: Min 20 Max 100
 * Stage Crew Min 0 Max 20
 * Support Crew: Min * Max 20
 * Maximum Expenditure - $8,500

Premier

 * Team Numbers - Min 20, Max 120
 * Maximum Expenditure - $8,500

title: Rock Eisteddfod Challenge


text:
FV102 Striker

The FV102 Striker was the anti-tank guided missile carrier in the CVR(T) family and served in the British Army.

Overview
FV102 Striker was the Swingfire wire-guided anti-tank missile carrying member of the CVR(T) family. The FV102 Striker was externally very similar to the FV103 Spartan but carried five missiles in a ready-to-fire bin at the back of the vehicle. Five reload missiles were carried in the vehicle. The bin was elevated to 35° (622mils) for firing. The targeting sight could be demounted and operated at a distance from the vehicle which could remain in cover, even completely screened as the missile can turn up to 90° after launch to come onto the target heading. The missiles were originally steered by joystick control using manual command to line of sight (MCLOS). This was later updated to the semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) system where the controller merely sights the target. Secondary armament was a general purpose machine gun.

Development
The Striker was developed for the British Army to fire the Swingfire missile. The first production vehicles were delivered in 1975 and used in British Army service by the Royal Artillery anti-tank guided missile batteries. The vehicle initially was powered by the Jaguar J60 4.2-litre 6-cylinder petrol engine - the same as used by several Jaguar cars. This was then replaced by a Cummins BTA 5.9 diesel engine, as used in British Army FV107 Scimitars, under the CVR(T) life extension programme.

Service history
The Striker entered service in 1976 with the Royal Artillery of the BAOR, but then was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps where they served in formation reconnaissance regiments. On 24 March 2003, during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, a Striker destroyed an Iraqi T-55 tank with an anti-tank missile. The FV102 Striker was withdrawn from British Army service as the Swingfire missile was replaced by the Javelin missile in mid-2005.

Additional specification

 * Ground clearance: 0.35 m
 * Ammunition carried: 10 Swingfire missiles, 7.62 mm NATO x 3,000 rounds.
 * Chassis manufactured by Alvis Vehicles Limited, Telford, Shropshire, West Midlands, England, UK

Former operators

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom

title: FV102 Striker


text: File:MacodesLowii.web.jpg

title: File:MacodesLowii.web.jpg


text: Category:Polish theatre directors

title: Category:Polish theatre directors


text:
FV103 Spartan

FV103 Spartan is a tracked armoured personnel carrier. It was developed for the British Army as the APC variant of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) family. The vehicle can carry up to seven personnel, including three crew members. Armed with a single machine gun, it is almost indistinguishable from the FV102 Striker in external appearance.

Rather than a general personnel carrier for infantry, the Spartan had been used for moving specialist teams, such as anti-aircraft missile teams. An anti-tank variant of the Spartan armed with MILAN anti-tank missiles was produced, named the FV120 Spartan MCT. Nearly 500 Spartans served with the British armed forces since entering service in 1978. Replacement by newer vehicles started in 2009. The vehicle is now out of British service.

Design and features
The FV103 Spartan was developed during the 1970s as the Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) version of the British Army's Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked) (CVR(T)) family of armoured fighting vehicles, designed by Alvis plc. The vehicle entered service with the British military in 1978. The Spartan is similar in appearance to the FV102 Striker, except for the missile launcher on the Striker.

The Spartan was powered by a 4.2l XK Jaguar petrol engine. The vehicle is 5.16 m in length and 2.48 m in width. With a ground clearance of 0.33 m, it has a height of 2.63 m. As the APC variant of the CVR(T) family, the FV103 has been used by small specialized groups such as mortar fire controller teams, anti aircraft teams and also reconnaissance teams. The vehicle can carry seven personnel, in a combination of three crew members and four passengers or two crew members and five passengers. It is armed with one 7.62 mm L37A1 machine gun, and can have four smoke dischargers on each side. In addition to the APC role, it has been used as a resupply vehicle for the FV102 Striker, carrying extra Swingfire missiles.

The FV103 has a combat weight of 10670 kg. It has a maximum speed of 96 km/h and has a range of 510 km. It is capable of negotiating up to 60% gradients.

Variants and service
An anti-tank variant of the FV103 was produced, named the FV120 Spartan MCT (Spartan with MILAN Compact Turret). The FV120 has a two-man turret, and carries thirteen MILAN Anti-Tank Light Infantry Missiles, with two in launch positions.

A 'stretched Spartan' design with an extra road wheel was considered as a future replacement for the FV430, able to carry three more dismounted personnel (7+3 crew), and replacing the Jaguar petrol engine with a Perkins diesel offering greater range. CVR(T) prototype number 11 (a Scorpion) was cut and extended to demonstrate the basic hull could be used as a ten-man Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC), and a diesel engine fitted. After tests confirmed the stretched version retained the mobility of the basic CVR(T), MVEE built another prototype from scratch with a wider hull called the FV4333. Alvis later purchased the design rights, renamed the vehicle the Alvis Stormer, and developed it further.

In 2006 it was reported to the House of Commons that 478 FV103 vehicles were in service with the armed forces of the United Kingdom in April of that year, 452 of them in a deployable state. By 2007, 495 FV103 Spartans were in the service of the United Kingdom. These were replaced by mid-2009 with Panther Command and Liaison Vehicles.

Belgium began using Spartans, along with other CVR(T) vehicles, in their cavalry units from 1975.

Ukraine
On 11 April 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United Kingdom approved the delivery of 120 armored vehicles, including FV103 Spartan combat vehicles, to Ukraine following a meeting between UK prime minister Boris Johnson and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky in an unannounced visit to Kyiv. Johnson pledged 120 armored vehicles and new anti-ship missile systems for Ukraine as part of another £100 million (€120 million, $130 million) commitment to delivering high-grade military equipment. 35 Spartans had been donated by the UK government, and had proved very successful.

A crowdfunding appeal by the Prytula Foundation launched on 2 November 2022 raised US$5.5m to buy 60 ex-British Army FV103 Spartans, to be delivered to Ukraine that year.

In February 2023, Unite With Ukraine procured 6 more Spartans for service with the Territorial Defense Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. As of March 2024, 7 units were destroyed or damaged and 1 captured by Russian Forces.

Current operators

 * 🇧🇼 Botswana – 6
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * 🇴🇲 Oman
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine - during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the British government announced that 35 FV103 Spartan vehicles would be donated to Ukraine. Local reports show use of the vehicles at the front line in July 2022. A crowd-sourcing appeal in November 2022 set out to fund the acquisition of additional 50 Spartans for the Ukrainian Army however, after the appeal concluded, they had raised enough to fund as many as 60 such vehicles.

Non-state operators

 * Islamic State - West Africa Province - captured from the Nigerian Army in 2020.

Former operators

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom – in service with the British Army, Royal Marines and the RAF Regiment until late 2000's.

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium – until 2005

title: FV103 Spartan