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Andújar

Andújar is a Spanish municipality of 38,539 people (2005) in the province of Jaén, in Andalusia. The municipality is divided by the Guadalquivir River. The northern part of the municipality is where the Natural Park of the Sierra de Andújar is situated. To the south are agricultural fields and countryside. The city proper located on the right bank of the Guadalquivir and the Madrid-Córdoba railway. In the past, Andújar was widely known for its porous earthenware jars, called alcarrazas or botijos, which keep water cool in the hottest weather, and were manufactured from a whitish clay found in the neighbourhood.

Antiquity
Paleolithic artifacts have been found in the area, associated with the Acheulean Culture, but it is during the Neolithic Age when the area became increasingly populated, with agriculture being developed in the fertile land, and mining activities beginning in the Sierra Morena. According to archaeological studies, the first people who inhabited the area where the Oretani, an Iberian people, who founded in the area the town of Isturgi, today occupied by the hamlet of Los Villares de Andújar.

Isturgi should not be identified with the ancient town of Illiturgis, which was situated on the hill called Máquiz (Mengíbar). Nevertheless, iliturgitano is used to describe an inhabitant of Andújar. Isturgi had contact with various peoples: Turdetani, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and other towns, such as Obulco (Porcuna) and Castulo. During the times of the Roman Empire, the Municipium Isturgi Triumphale was part of the province of Hispania Ulterior and then Hispania Baetica and the area known as the Conventus Cordubensis. It flourished due to its production of Terra sigillata and its location on the Guadalquivir. After the fall of the Roman Empire, it existed as a Visigothic town named Sturgi. But with the invasion of the Moors in the 8th century, the population fled to what are now the actual limits of the town of Andújar, where they may have already existed an Ibero-Roman settlement.

Medieval era
In 711 AD, after the Battle of Guadalete, the entire region became part of Al-Andalus, and the town of Andújar first became known as Anduyar during the emirate of Muhammad I of Córdoba (853). The city was fortified by the Almohads during the 12th century. In 1225, the Muslim king of Baeza handed over the castles of Jaén, Andújar and Martos, to Ferdinand III of Castile, although some scholars believe the transfer occurred at a different time, especially as the siege of Jaen in 1225 was unsuccessful and was thus still in Muslim hands in this year. Ferdinand was entrusted with the fortresses, and control was given to Álvaro Pérez de Castro, with the area occupied by troops from the military orders of Santiago and Calatrava. Andújar became a rendezvous point for Christian troops and armies who fought south of the Sierra Morena. The Muslim inhabitants of Andújar, Martos, and Baeza abandoned these towns at the end of 1226.

In 1227, the first Christian inhabitants arrived at Baeza, Andújar and Martos, although some sources indicate that the repopulation of Andújar did not occur until 1228. In 1467, the title of City was granted to Andújar by Henry IV of Castile.

Modern times
During the Napoleonic Wars, the city was occupied by French troops in 1808. General Pierre Dupont de l'Étang, after conquering Córdoba, established his HQ at Andújar. From Andújar Dupont sent troops to Bailén, where he lost the battle there. After this battle, the capitulations were signed at Andújar in the Palace of Gracia Real. In 1835, the first Junta de Soberanía Central de Andalucía (Junta of Central Sovereignty of Andalusia) was established at Andújar; it is considered the pioneer of the autonomist movement in Andalusia. In 1873, Andújar was declared a federal canton.

During the Spanish Civil War, Republican forces besieged a Nationalist force, led by Captain Santiago Cortés González, that had taken refuge in the Sanctuary of the Virgen de la Cabeza. The Siege of Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza lasted one year.

Climate
Andújar has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) with very hot, dry summers and mild wet winters. Located in the east of the Guadalquivir valley, it has winters very similar to those observed in Córdoba and colder than in Seville due to its location further inland. Summers are extremely hot, often with average highs exceeding 37.5 °C for the period 1981-2010. Andújar, together with the municipalities of Montoro and Marmolejo, appear to have, on average, the highest average maximum temperatures in Europe during the summer.

Local holidays and customs
Its Christian patron saints are the Virgen de la Cabeza and St. Euphrasius of Illiturgis.

The most well-known local holiday is the Pilgrimage of the Virgen de la Cabeza, celebrated on the last Sunday of the month of April. During this pilgrimage, the faithful visit the sanctuary on the hill of the Cabezo. The local legend states that on the night of August 12, 1227, a shepherd from Colomera named Juan Alonso de Rivas was watching over the livestock belonging to a neighbor from Arjona when he began to see strange lights at the top of a hill. He also heard the incessant sounds of a bell. He climbed the hill and there found the image of the Virgen de la Cabeza.

A local fair (feria) is also celebrated in September, associated with cattle-raising, but this aspect has diminished in recent years. Despite this, the fair still features stands and booths erected for the sale of cattle and livestock.

Sports
The local football (soccer) team is the 80-year-old Club Deportivo Iliturgi, in the third division of the national soccer league. In futsal, the local team is Andújar Fútbol Sala, which is in the First National Division A.

In September 2008, the Paralympic swimmer Miguel Ángel Martínez Tajuelo was the first native of the city to participate in these games, attending the Paralympic Games in Beijing 2008. He won 3 Paralympic awards in the 100 meter race (5th), 50-meter race (6th) and 50 meter backstroke (5th).

Neighborhoods

 * Barrio Montañés
 * Los Belenes
 * Polígono Puerta de Madrid (working class area divided into sector Huelva, sector Almería, sector Sevilla, sector Granada).
 * Barrio de la Paz (unofficially known as Barrio de la UVA).
 * Barrio San Bartolomé
 * Emperadores
 * La Pastora
 * Las Vistillas
 * Cuadro de la Virgen

Twin towns & sister cities
Andújar is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Favara, Italy

title: Andújar


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Category:Librarians of Congress

People who have held the position of Librarian of Congress.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Librarians of Congress


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File:Abre los ojos movie.jpg

Fair use in Open Your Eyes (1997 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promote a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

May be found at the following website: Cineking.net

title: File:Abre los ojos movie.jpg


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Persian blue

Persian blue comes in three major tones: Persian blue proper: a bright medium blue; medium Persian blue (a medium slightly grayish blue that is slightly indigoish); and a kind of dark blue which is referred to as Persian indigo, dark Persian blue, or regimental, that is much closer to the web color indigo.

Other colors associated with Persia include Persian pink, Persian rose, Persian red, Persian orange and Persian green.

Persian blue
The color Persian blue is named from the blue color of some Persian pottery and the color of tiles used in and on mosques and palaces in Iran and in other places in the Middle East. Persian blue is a representation of the color of the mineral lapis lazuli which comes from Persia and Afghanistan. The color azure is also named after the mineral lapis lazuli.

The first recorded use of Persian blue as a color name in English was in 1669.

Medium Persian blue
The medium tone of Persian blue shown at right is the color called Persian blue in color sample #178 of the ISCC-NBS color list.

Persian indigo
The color Persian indigo is displayed at right. Another name for this color (seldom used nowadays) is regimental. The color was called regimental because in the 19th century it was commonly used by many nations for navy uniforms.

Persian indigo is named for an association with a product from Persia: Persian cloth dyed with indigo.

The first recorded use of regimental (the original name for the color now called Persian indigo) as a color name in English was in 1912.

In human culture

Architecture
 * Many mosques in Iran, such as the enormous Shah Mosque in Isfahan, have interiors that are faced with tiles that are Persian blue or close variations of it.

Military
 * The color Persian indigo, which as noted above was originally called regimental, was called by that name because it used to be the color of the navy uniforms of a number of different nations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to the fact that it was easy and inexpensive to use indigo dye to dye navy uniforms.

New Age Metaphysics
 * The metaphysical books (on topics such as the seven rays) written by the New Age Prophetess Alice A. Bailey (which she claimed to have channeled from the ascended master Djwal Khul), published by the Lucis Trust and called by her followers the Alice A. Bailey material, in earlier editions up to and including the 1970s were originally bound in matte medium Persian blue, but since the 1980s, they have been bound in glossy Persian blue.

Persian carpets
 * When blue Persian carpets are produced in Iran, medium Persian blue is one of the most commonly used tones of blue.

title: Persian blue


text:
User:Francis Schonken/Dutch

Inleiding
Ik maakte geen apart profiel aan voor de nederlandstalige Wikipedia. Om desalniettemin communicaties in het nederlands mogelijk te maken, maakte ik deze subpagina van mijn profiel op de engelstalige Wikipedia.

Ondertussen verplaatste ik ook dat deel van de voorbereiding van het Rotterdams symposium die in het Engels gebeurde naar deze pagina (zie onderaan) - behalve het gedeelte over "power strucure within wikipedia", dat uiteindelijk toch niet aan bod kwam op het symposium. --Francis Schonken 10:37, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Symposium over nederlandstalige Wikipedia eind november 2004 in Rotterdam
Deze pagina kan dienen voor eventuele voorbereiding van die onderdelen van het symposium waar ik rechstreeks bij betrokken ben. Nochtans zou ik hetvolgende experiment willen doen: ik zou de voorbereiding van het nederlandstalige symposium in het engels willen doen op user:Francis Schonken. Communicaties, suggesties, enz... in het nederlands kan je natuurlijk ook altijd kwijt op User talk:Francis Schonken/Dutch

Categorieën (Van nl:Overleg Wikipedia:Symposium/Najaar 2004)

 * iets voor jou, sander? oscar 20 sep 2004 14:35 (CEST)
 * Nee, ik heb wel een aantal maal met bibliothecarissen gesproken, maar daar heb ik twee lessen uit getrokken. 1. Het is een niet-triviaal vakgebied. 2. Ik ben een leek op dat vakgebied (zoals iedereen die er geen opleiding toe gevolgd heeft). Ik kan eventueel wel helpen een geschikte deskundige te vinden. Sander Spek 20 sep 2004 14:58 (CEST)
 * lijkt me een goed plan, temeer, daar gerardm ook al voorstelde, deskundigen uit het bibliotheekwezen te interesseren in het wikipedia symposium! oscar 20 sep 2004 23:47 (CEST)
 * lijkt me ook een goed plan. Ben eventueel bereid (aanvullend) wat te vertellen over de wikipedia context i.v.m. categoriseren, bvb stand van zaken/methodieken om "hete hangijzers" i.v.m. categorisatie aan te pakken, zoals deze op engelstalige wikipedia naar voor komen (bvb: case study: categoriseren van personen: wat zijn de gevoelige punten, en hoe kunnen deze zo generiek mogelijk aangepakt worden). user:Francis Schonken
 * Mochten jullie niemand vinden, ik ben ook wel bereid wat te vertellen over de huidige struktuur van de categorieen, problemen, etc. - Michiel1972 2 okt 2004 23:48 (CEST)

Door Oscar (e-mail):
geldt je aanbod om iets over de categorieën te vertellen in rotterdam nog steeds? ik had het idee, dat je dat misschien samen met michiel1972 zou kunnen doen, die weet goed hoe de nl.wiki nu in elkaar steekt wat dat betreft. misschien een idee om even over te mailen?

Door Francis:
Op aanraden van nl:Gebruiker:Oscar neem ik even contact met je op i.v.m. symposium van november: ik had me kandidaat gesteld eventueel iets te komen vertellen over categorisatie, m.n. over de categorisatie topics waar ik in betrokken was in de en sectie van wikipedia (zie nl:Overleg Wikipedia:Symposium/Najaar 2004). Ik weet dus minder over het reilen en zeilen van de nl sectie maar kan eventueel wel bvb. over volgende onderwerpen een beeld schetsen:
 * categorization of people: het waarom en hoe van deze guideline;
 * Andere topics in category:wikipedia categorization, bvb. wat is meest geschikt voor categorie vs. lijst en navigational box,...
 * Case studies: allerlei "moeilijke gevallen", bvb. wat als er twee synoniemen bestaan om een zelfde categorie aan te duiden? Waarde van en/of problemen met "externe" classificatiesystemen: kunnen deze zomaar omgezet worden in een wikipedia categorisatiestructuur? enz...

Zelf ben ik erg benieuwd om op het symposium wat bij te leren over hoe het er in de nl wikipedia met categoriën aan toe gaat: welke problemen/zinvolle oplossingen zijn hier van toepassing? Loopt dat (bewust of onbewust) parallel met en wikipedia, of zijn er nauwelijks vergelijkingspunten?

Door Michiel1972:
Het categorisatie-probleen op nl.wik waren afgelopen maanden:
 * persoon categorisatie op basis van nationaliteit en beroep Brits schrijver, Frans filosoof etc. Deze systematiek is eigenlijk ingevoerd zonder volledige instemming van de gemeenschap, maar functioneert vrij goed. Wel treden nu hier afgeleide problemen op:
 * Amerikaans acteur en Amerikaans actrice, dus niet echt 'gender-neutral'. Op zich niet erg, maar voor andere nationaliteiten worden zowel m/v in een categorie gedaan. Misschien kan je daar wat over zeggen. Hoe doen ze dat op en.wiki?

Ook lijkt het me leuk als je kan aangeven in hoever de en.wik categorie indeling 'klaar' is. Hoeveel cats zijn er? Op de Nederlandse wik nu ongeveer 2100.

Verder lijkt het me nuttig om de + en - punten van Categorieen - lijsten - - AZ-overzichten - navigatietabellen op een rij te zetten. En de aanpak op de EN.wik hiervan.

Door Oscar (e-mail):
prima! wat mij eigenlijk voor ogen zweeft, is of een workshop(je?) categoriseren met jullie beide, of een gezamenlijke korte voordracht (samen 30 min).

Door Francis:
Zelf voel ik misschien iets minder voor een workshop (zeker niet om deze te geven, dat zou veronderstellen dat ik al volledig ingewerkt was in het categorizeren op nl wikipedia)

Ik dacht eerder aan (in geval van korte voordracht):
 * Iemand (bvb. Michiel dus) geeft een kort overzicht van stand van zaken van categoriseren op nl wikipedia.
 * Ikzelf (aanvullend zoals in mijn eerste voorstel) probeer in te pikken op eventuele problematieken in nl categorisatie die ik herken vanuit de en wikipedia, en vertel wat over hoe dat daar aangepakt werd (en vooral natuurlijk in welke mate dit tot min of meer stabiele oplossingen leidde).

Los daarvan (maar ik ben er nogal zeker van dat dat automatisch aan de orde zal komen vanuit die problematieken) probeer ik wat te vertellen over "zelfregulerende" oplossingen in Wikipedia context.

Door Waerth 10:16, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC):
Voor categories hebben we na lang overleggen waarin 7 systemen zijn voorgesteld uiteindelijk besloten het te laten evolueren. En dit werkt redelijk goed nu. We hadden namelijk voor geen 1 systeem een meerderheid. Er is zelfs een groep die door de superlange discussie voor een totale verwijdering van het categoriesysteem is.
 * Misschien goed idee dat Waerth meehelpt aan het geven van een overzicht van hoe het nu reilt en zeilt met categorisatie op nl wikipedia (suggestie van Francis).

oscar 16:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC):
hoi allemaal! daar ben ik dan ook, en zal dit overleg met spanning volgen. mij staat voor ogen, dat het thema categorieën door mensen met ervaring hiermee wordt besproken (niet ik dus), ik denk daarbij aan in ieder geval de volgende thema's:
 * huidige situatie nl:
 * mogelijkheden
 * valkuilen
 * vergelijking en: en nl:

Francis Schonken 10:31, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC):

 * Ik vind "vergelijking" een slecht gekozen woord: ten eerste zou dat waarschijnlijk te veel tijd vragen om zo'n vergelijking naar voor te brengen, ten tweede veronderstelt dit nog altijd dat er iemand zowel in en: categorisatie als in nl: categorisatie volledig ingewerkt is (om zo'n vergelijking te kunnen voorstellen). Mijn model is "uitkijken naar bruggen" tussen nl: en en: categorisatie (...waar zulke bruggen zinvol zijn).
 * Ik maakte een eerste schema van wat deze talk over categorisatie op het symposium zou kunnen zijn: zie User:Francis Schonken, onderaan de pagina (niks definitief, verander maar wat zinniger lijkt).
 * Belangrijke vraag: (oeps, deze vraag is al beantwoord op nl:Wikipedia:Symposium/Najaar 2004)

Door Michiel1972:
82.210.116.183 20:54, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC) ( =Michiel1972) Schiet me even te binnen, als ik Oscar's voorstel voor de indeling lees (3e puntje), een leuke vergelijkinging tussen en en nl om te laten zien op het symposium:
 * root cats en.wiki en root cat nl.wiki
 * de volledige tree (broodkruimel zoals Puckly dat zegt) van een zelfde artikel op en.wiki en nl.wiki. Welk artikel 'leuk' is weet ik nog niet, misschien 2 voorbeelden. Geeft een idee over de struktuur en gedetaileerdheid van de categorieen van beide wiki's.

Direct even iets gezocht (de smurfen & schoenen), voordat ik het vergeet. En: Main-Culture- Entertainment-Fiction-Fictional-Fictional species-The Smurfs Nl: Alles-Maatschappij-Cultuur-Genre -Literair genre-Fictie-Fictief-Fictieve soort - de smurfen Ander voorbeeld: En: Main-Culture-Clothing-Footwear-Shoes Nl: Alles-Maatschappij-Cultuur-Mode-Kleding-Schoen

Presentatie (eerste versie - Michiel1972)
Hoi Francis, ik wilde dit weekend een eerste opzet van onze presentatie klaarstomen. Ik maak mijn presentaties (voor m'n werk) meestal in Powerpoint, kan je dat inlezen, of wil het als .pdf? Misschien handig om onze presentaties te integreren. Wat is je e-mail, dan kan ik je een concept sturen en kan je erop schieten (en aanvullen). Groetjes Michiel 82.210.113.195 16:24, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC) (email: micmin (apestaartje) ipact.nl)

Presentatie (versie uitgebreid door Francis)

 * Nieuw! Nieuw! Nieuw! Slides kunnen gedownload worden van nl:Wikipedia:Symposium/Najaar_2004 --Francis Schonken 11:25, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Symposium Rotterdam (27 November 2004) - ENGLISH part of the preparation
See nl:Wikipedia:Symposium/Najaar 2004

When wanting to contribute to this topic in Dutch, please do so on User:Francis Schonken/Dutch (or it's talk page).

JoJan's participation to symposium
I was considering already to participate on that symposium, but at the moment I have not made a decision yet. Since I am an active contributor to the Wikiproject : Tree of Life (already more than 300 articles), I'm quite interested in the new project Wikispecies, which is on the agenda. So, count me probably in. And yes, I am Dutch speaking. JoJan 09:46, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Power structure within wikipedia
Since yesterday a topic was started on Dutch Wikipedia regarding reorganistion of the power-structures of that wikipedia, as a proposal to be discussed at the symposium: see nl:overleg wikipedia:hervormingen

I take part in that discussion, and promised to post here a piece I once wrote about how wikipedia basicly works in the context of copyleft. The piece itself is only meant as a things to consider contribution in the context of that discussion (a sort of documentation), as people were asking how things were structured in the english wikipedia.

''The following paragraphs were previously in the copyleft article, "Art - Documents" section, but as that article was growing above the standard acceptable size, they were removed there (with "self reference" as argumentation). In order to understand the concepts used in these paragraphs it will however be useful to read the copyleft article first.''

The possible pitfalls described (in the copyleft article) for copylefting art, can also be an issue when copylefting non-artistic creations outside the context of software licensing. This can be clarified with the example of how Wikipedia deals with such issues, while applying the copyleft GFDL license:
 * First it has to be remarked that Wikipedia uses none of the standard GFDL exemption techniques like "invariant sections" etc... (see copyrights), nonetheless the Wikipedia Main page can be considered as something similar to what GFDL intends with the notion "Front cover text".
 * While the complete content of Wikipedia can be copied, nonetheless the version of Wikipedia at the wikipedia.org webdomain can be considered as a "unique object": so it has not to surprise that Wikpedia has to protect itself from Vandalism or other disruptive behaviour towards the unique object. The remarkable aspect is that Wikipedia allows these rules to be constructed by Wikipedians themselves (in the "wikipedia:" subdomain), instead of hinging to a legalistic frame outside the copyleft/copyright framework. In fact this is the (largely self-regulating) mechanism with which Wikipedia addresses the broader notion of "respect", the same issue that is described (in the copyleft article) in relation to copylefted art.
 * While there is a large confidence that these self-regulating techniques will be able to cope with respect-related issues, nonetheless some fundamentals of Wikipedia (outside the GFDL license description) are in a way "untouchable", like the NPOV principle which can be largely filled in by Wikipedians (see e.g. importance), but not overturned in its essence: so this is not what GFDL calls an "invariant section", but nonetheless deals with a "declaration of intent" issue, comparable to what is described (in the copyleft article) in relation to copylefted art.
 * And of course, ultimately, if self-regulating mechanisms fail, eventually after being escalated to the arbitration committee, there is still the special statute of Wikipedia-founder Jimbo Wales, who is as well the ultimate protector of the copyleft mechanism implemented in Wikipedia, as the only one who could bypass this mechanism without further explanation if Wikipedia itself would be in danger. Note that this is in essence different from the kind of benevolent dictatorship which is needed when applying copyleft in software development: in software development the central figure in the process at least has to "manage" contributions, and to some extent contributors, while none of this is required from the central figure in a largely self-regulating copyleft endeavour like Wikipedia: so copylefting outside "software" can have certain advantages too (when applying a sound system for avoiding the mentioned pitfalls...).

--Francis Schonken 10:54, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Preparation of the "categorization" topic

 * New!!! - slides (Dutch): downloadable from m:Wikimedia meetup Rotterdam

Please feel free to add here whatever comments you have. I do this in English so that English speaking wikipedians (most of which will probably not have the opportunity to attend the Dutch symposium) can participate here too, give their views, etc... The preparation of this topic draws also from material in Dutch on User:Francis Schonken/Dutch.

I attempt a first outline of this topic to which also Michiel and possibly Waerth and others will be collaborating:

Introduction to Wikipedia categories

 * Probably, in order to catch the attention of all attendants to the symposium, it is not a bad idea to give a short introduction to wikipedia categorisation, in a style like "even if you haven't been interested in categories up till now, the basics are simple and it is fun to use them" - maybe this introduction is a bit boring to those already using categories, but, hey, they are already interested, and the intro will take only a few minutes
 * Also, I propose the intro makes clear this is not a topic "ex cathedra", but that the model chosen for this talk on categorisation is that of "dialogue"; between those giving the talk (nl: and en: wikipedians), and with the attendants to the symposium, who can bring forward whatever pops to their mind regarding this topic.

The intro gives a quick glance into categories by treating following questions (note that a beamer with a computer connected to internet would be a "nice to have" to make this quick, clear & interesting):

 * What happens if clicking one of the "categories" at the bottom of an article?

...

 * What is a subcategory?

...

 * What is a supercategory (or "parent category")?

 * See e.g. following conversation (retrieved from category talk:dramatists):
 * Bishonen: Oh, I do have a question about categories, definitely! See, when I click on a category at the bottom of an article page, I get to a category page, if that's the right term. Then, how do I go on to find the parent? There's some way, I bet, but I cant figure it. It's been driving me crazy.
 * Francis: Regarding clicking on a "category" at the bottom of a "category" page: what opens then is the parent category you clicked. In fact the categories in the box below on a category page are all the (direct) parent categories. For "higher-up" parent categories you keep clicking on the Categories below in the category box, for every new category that opens, till you reach a "top" category. Now that's theory: categories are still in expansion, and major hick-ups occur. See also Graph/Tree comparison on categorization

? What is a categorisation graph?
 * What is a categorisation tree

 * See also answer to previous question
 * Re. graph: see also nl:overleg gebruiker:Michiel1972: instead of looking for an exact translation of "graph", we'll be talking about "knooppunten" (nodes) and/or "broodkruimels" (breadcrumbs).

 * What is a category definition?

...

 * Three important aspects of categories:
 * "Categories" as a navigational system;
 * A "Category" as a container of encyclopedic knowledge:
 * Short, powerful definitions/descriptions (...if the reference article is lengthy/ambiguous);
 * Collection of representative examples.
 * "Categories" as qualifiers at the bottom of encyclopedia articles.

Categories at nl:wikipedia

 * By Michiel and/or Waerth, etc...
 * Hmm, i didn't plan to give a talk at the symposium..- Michiel 130.161.12.211

Some facts and figures
E.g.:
 * Number of categories in Dutch wikipedia:
 * On 6 nov there were 30.310 categories in the en.wiki, with a total of 387.941 articles (average of 12.8 cats per article).
 * In the nl.wiki there were (only?) 2314 categories with 39.811 articles (average 17,2 cats per article) - 82.210.113.195 20:32, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC) - Michiel
 * Where to find the pages discussing categorisation policies;

Issues
E.g.:
 * "double categorisation" ("profession" and "nationality", as the example given by Michiel)
 * Practical considerations regarding gender-neutrality (Dutch equivalent of "Actors" and "Actresses", as the example given by Michiel)
 * Adoption of "external" classification systems (7 proposed, and after discussion rejected schemes, as the example given by Waerth)
 * (Don't know whether this will still be an issue by the time of the symposium:) People rejecting categorisation altogether as a useful technique on Wikipedia (mentioned by Waerth)
 * When to use categories and/or other grouping techniques? (topic proposed by Michiel)

In the mean while, on en:wikipedia

 * Here is where Francis proposes to give some input:

E.g.:
 * "Categorisation of people" guideline on en:wikipedia: can that help out on some of the issues raised above?
 * "Grouping techniques" guideline on en:wikipedia - would it help to make a similar guideline page on nl:wikipedia?
 * Example: nl:Merlijn (nl: wikipedia).
 * Wikiprojects "managing" some categorisation trees?
 * Multiple entrances to a field of knowledge:
 * That's where Articles, Categories, Lists, Disambiguation pages, Series Boxes, Taxoboxes, etc... start to co-operate. The difficulty is rather in making the choices...
 * Example: category:Critical theory (en: wikipedia).
 * Always keep in mind:
 * Clear navigation (try to imagine an interested person knowing nothing about the topic: how would someone like that find what is contained in Wikipedia?);
 * Web-usability: Wikipedia somehow defies (more or less succesfully!) one of the basic principles of web-usability, i.e. that nobody reads long texts on a screen. Categories can help to acquire more usability.
 * Important role of categories in balancing an encyclopedia article.

title: User:Francis Schonken/Dutch


text:
Batchi

Batchi (, also Romanized as Baţchī) is a village in Firuraq Rural District, in the Central District of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 56, in 15 families.

title: Batchi


text:
Harrow football

Harrow football is a code of football played between two teams of eleven players, each attempting to win by scoring more bases (goals) than their opponent. Harrow Football is played predominantly with the feet, but players may use any part of their body including, in certain circumstances, their hands and arms to propel the ball. The leather ball is shaped like a giant pork pie, about 18 inches in diameter and 12 in deep. It tends to soak up mud and water and become extremely heavy. It is believed to be ancestral to other football codes including Association football and possibly Australian rules football.

The oldest surviving rules for Harrow football were drawn up in 1858, though it is likely to have been played exclusively at Harrow School earlier than this, both between teams of boys currently at the school and between boys at the school and old boys. The school now also play a small number of exhibition games against non-Harrow or Old Harrovian opposition. This includes games against Eton, Sunningdale Prep School Masters, Mossbourne Academy, Hatch End High School and The John Lyon School.

Nature of the game
Two teams of equally numbered players each compete to get a ball (itself known as a football) into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a base. The team which has scored the most bases at the conclusion of the game is the winner; if both teams have an equal number of bases then the game is a draw. Players mainly use their feet to move the ball around, and in general they may use any part of their bodies other than their hands or arms. But they can catch the ball with their hands if it has not touched the ground since it was kicked, and the kick was not a forward pass from a fellow team member.

In typical game play, players attempt to move towards a base through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (running with the ball close to their feet), by passing the ball from teammate to teammate and by taking shots at the base. Opposition players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball. Tackling usually means barging a player on the opposing side. Barging must be done with the shoulder and must not be from directly behind the opponent as to hit their back. You are permitted to tackle even if the opponent is not in possession of the ball.

Harrow Football is generally a free-flowing game with the ball in play at all times except when it has left the field of play over a boundary line, or play has been stopped by the referee. When play has been stopped, it recommences with a specified restart (see below).

Overview of the Laws
The Laws of Harrow football are often framed in broad terms, which allows flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. There is no definitive guide and arguments over more obscure laws on the sidelines often result because of this.

Players and equipment
Each team consists of equal numbers of players (excluding substitutes). There is no upper limit to the number of players, although it is most common to field eleven players in inter-house and other organised matches. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team (this is usually seven). There are a variety of positions in which the players are strategically placed, though these positions are not defined or required by the Laws. The positions are usually the backs also referred to as the threes on account of their number, the forwards and the wings. There are two wings on each wing to facilitate the giving of "yards". The backs pivot on the centre back depending on the position of the ball - hence the graceful alignment referred to in the Harrow Song "Yards". The forwards are often four in number and are the powerhouse which clears the way to allow the ball to be taken forward.

The basic equipment players are required to wear includes a shirt (usually the colour of a Harrow School boarding house or the official Harrow School colour), shorts, socks and footwear. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player (including jewellery).

A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game.

Officials
A game is ideally presided over by two umpires, whose decisions regarding facts connected with play are final. Each umpire carries a Yard Stick: a wooden stick used to mark the place from which yards are taken. Games were traditionally umpired by each House providing one umpire each. However, nowadays umpiring is undertaken by Beaks (Harrow Masters), House Masters and senior boys.

Playing field
Harrow Football is usually played on a pitch similar to rugby or association football pitch. The pitch can be muddy, wet, and even waterlogged. It is usually 100-130 yards (90-120m) in length by 50-100 yards (45-90m) in width. The pitch must be rectangular, with the length (touch lines) longer than the width (goal lines).

On the goal line at each end of the field is a 'base' which looks like rugby posts with their crossbar removed so a base may be scored at any point through them. The inner edges of the base posts must be 6 yd apart.

The field has no other field markings, except for a half-way line which spans the width of the pitch and is equidistant from each goal line.

Duration
A standard Harrow football match consists of two periods (known as halves) of 40 minutes each. There is usually a 15-minute break between halves, known as half time. The end of the match is known as full-time.

Boshing
Boshing is the form of tackle used in Harrow Football. It is performed by a member of either the defensive or the offensive side, and its use is warranted by being within a reasonable distance from the ball. To perform a bosh, a member of one side shoulder barges a member of the opposition. There are several limitations to the bosh, as the bosher may not raise his arms or use his elbows, and it must be performed from either the front or the side (not behind). Any breach of these rules results in a Foul.

Starts and re-starts
Each playing period in Harrow football commences with a kick-off, which is a set kick from the centre by one team. The person kicking the ball does so by dropping it from his hands. At the kick-off all players are required to be in their half of the field until the ball is kicked. Kick-offs are also used to restart play following a base, though the team kicking off also has the option of dribbling the ball rather than kicking it.

Teams alternate taking the kick-off after each base, regardless of which team scored the base. The only exception is after half time, when the team who did not kick-off at the beginning of the match takes the kick.

From the initial kick-off of a period until the end of that period, the ball is "in play" at all times until the end of the playing period, except when the ball leaves the field of play or play is stopped by one of the umpires; in these cases play is restarted by one of the following five methods:
 * Kick-off: following a base, or to begin each period of play.
 * Throw-in: when the ball has wholly crossed the touchline; awarded to opposing team to that which last touched the ball. Ball may be thrown with one hand (and usually is, due to its weight). The receiving players usually 'head' or 'shoulder' it on from the throw.
 * Base kick: when the ball has wholly crossed the base line without a base having been scored and having last been touched by an attacker; awarded to defending team. Taken from the baseline.
 * Corner throw: when the ball has wholly crossed the base line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a defender; awarded to attacking team. The ball is thrown in from the point where the ball crossed the baseline. There is a formation similar to that of a 'line-out' in rugby allowed, with any number of players allowed in the line, so long as the opposing team supplies an equal number of players. There are no requirements as to how far the ball needs to be thrown, but the players must stand three yards or more from the base line to receive the ball.
 * Yards: when the ball has been caught by a player either from the foot of an opposing player or from the foot of a team player who is playing back into their own half; awarded to the team whose member caught the ball. The umpire places their Yardstick on the pitch at the point that Yards is called. The player who caught the ball may take any length of run up, but may only take three strides after the yardstick has been reached. After this, they may take a shot at goal or kick the ball up and back to another player on their team (known as a 'transfer'). Yards can be called by the second player, but no strides may be taken unless the original player took none. For these kicks, the opposing team must stand no closer than ten yards in front of the kicker and may only build a wall with one or two players. Scoring a base without yards is possible but very difficult due to the muddy conditions the game is played in.

Fouls and misconduct
A foul occurs when a player commits a specific offence against an opponent, for example handling the ball, tripping an opponent, barging an opponent in the back, pulling at an opponent's shirt, etc., are punishable by a free kick depending on where the offence occurred.

Misconduct may occur at any time, and need not be against an opponent. Whilst the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences.

Offside
A player is deemed to be offside when they are positioned in front of the direction of play. When passing, the ball must either go backwards, or be kicked forwards and run onto from behind, similar to rugby. When a player is offside, other players will sometimes yell "you're off."

Competitions
Harrow football is played between teams consisting of boys from each Harrow School boarding house between January and April each year. During the same period there are often matches between a school team and various teams consisting of old boys. In February each year, there are organised matches between teams from each school boarding house and old boys as part of the Harrow School Founders Day celebrations. Games are also played against the University of Newcastle.

Names of the game
Harrow football is commonly known as footer within the bounds of Harrow School.

Harrow Football in school songs
A number of Harrow Songs celebrate Harrow football, possibly more than the songs celebrating any other aspect of school life. They range from the well known "Yards" to less accessible songs such as "Plump-a-Lump".

title: Harrow football


text:
Deep Listening Band

The Deep Listening Band (DLB) was founded in 1988 by Pauline Oliveros (accordion, "expanded instrument system", composition), Stuart Dempster (trombone, didjeridu, composition) and Panaiotis (vocals, electronics, composer). David Gamper (keyboards, electronics) replaced Panaiotis in 1990.

The band is named after Oliveros' term, concept, program and registered servicemark of the Deep Listening Institute, Ltd., Deep Listening, and specializes in performing and recording in resonant or reverberant spaces such as cathedrals and huge underground cisterns including the 2 e6USgal Fort Worden Cistern which has a 45-second reverberation time.

Milestones and collaborations
Deep Listening Band recorded its first, self titled album at Fort Worden Cistern in Port Townsend, WA on October 8, 1988. Al Swanson is credited with the on location recording, while Swanson and Dempster collaborated in editing the recording in December 1988. The initial name "The Deep Listening Band" and the corresponding initialism "DLB" were coined during the winter of 1988/1989. In 1991 the name became "Deep Listening Band", without a "The".

DLB collaborated with Ellen Fullman and her Long String Instrument resulting in the Suspended Music release by Periplum Records in 1993. The band also performed, recorded, and released a trope on John Cage's 4'33". Non Stop Flight, a 70-minute excerpt from the 4 hours and 33' trope recorded in September 1996 at the Mills College concert hall, was released by Music & Arts. Unquenchable Fire with the Joe McPhee Quartet, inspired by the novel of the same name, was released on the Deep Listening Label in 2003. The same year saw the release Deep Time featuring Swiss experimental percussionist Fritz Hauser as special guest.

In 2008 DLB celebrated 20 years with a series of events beginning in August at Bard College as part of New Albion Records’ 25th Anniversary. The bands anniversary celebrations culminated in a performance on October 24, 2008 at Roulette (Location 1) in NYC. On the same day Taiga Records released the double LP Then & Now, Now & Then, a compilation of mostly unreleased recording excerpts from 1990 to 2006. The performance at Roulette and the performance at Big Twig Studio in the Catskills on the following day were presented as part of IONE’s 13th Annual Dream Festival.

While 2011 was a highly productive year for DLB, it also marked the tragic loss of long time band member David Gamper in September. Supported by Matt Turner (e-cello), Rebecca Salzer, Jeff Wallace (movement), members of IGLU (Improvisation Group at Lawrence University), Larry Darling (sound) and Jillian Johnson (administration) DLB dedicated the October 29, 2011 performance at Lawrence University in Appleton, WI to the memory of David Gamper. As a tribute to Gamper DLB released three albums featuring the long time trio Dempster, Gamper and Oliveros: Octagonal Polyphony (Important Records, vinyl), Great Howl at Town Hall (Important Records, CD) and Needle Drop Jungle (Taiga Records, vinyl).

The band celebrated its 25th anniversary with a weeklong residency culminating in a concert at the Dunrobin Sonic Gym in Ontario, Canada in October 2013. On this occasion the band employed the Cistern Simulation Technology,  a simulation of the Fort Worden Cistern acoustics, developed by Jonas Braasch, Director of the Center for Cognition, Communication, and Culture at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Both residency and concert featured founding members Pauline Oliveros and Stuart Dempster as well as special guests Jonas Braasch (saxophone), Jesse Stewart (percussion, sonic artifacts) and Johannes Welsch (gongs). The concert, which opened with an invocation by IONE (author, playwright, director), was recorded by Braasch and Welsch, and released by Deep Listening as Dunrobin Sonic Gems on October 8, 2014, marking the 26th anniversary of the seminal Fort Worden Cistern recording. On this occasion DLB also released "Johina", an excerpt from the soundcheck preceding the concert, as a standalone composition for download.

Discography

 * 2014: Dunrobin Sonic Gems with IONE, Jonas Braasch, Jesse Stewart and Johannes Welsch
 * 2013: Looking Back with Joe McPhee and Randy Raine-Reusch
 * 2012: Octagonal Polyphony
 * 2012: Great Howl at Town Haul
 * 2012: Needle Drop Jungle
 * 2008: Then & Now, Now & Then (double LP)
 * 2003: Deep Time with Fritz Hauser
 * 2003: Unquenchable Fire with Joe McPhee Quartet
 * 1998: Non Stop Flight (live album)
 * 1995: Sanctuary
 * 1995: Tosca Salad
 * 1993: Suspended Music
 * 1991: The Ready Made Boomerang
 * 1990: Troglodyte's Delight
 * 1989: Deep Listening

title: Deep Listening Band


text:
Dick Murphy

Richard M. Murphy (born December 16, 1942) is an American former politician who served as the 33rd mayor of San Diego, California from 2000 to 2005.

Early life
Murphy (Murphs dad) was born 1942 in Oak Park, Illinois. He was captain of the varsity basketball team and Senior Class President of Proviso West High School in its first graduating class in 1961. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Illinois with a degree in Economics and served as president of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. He received his Master of Business Administration from Harvard University and his law degree from Stanford University.

Murphy served as an officer in the U.S. Army, in The Pentagon and the White House as a military aide to the Nixon administration. In the early 1970s he moved to San Diego, where he was Marketing Director for Bank of America, and an attorney at the law firm of Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps. In 1980, he was elected to the San Diego City Council, and served from 1981 through 1985 helping create Mission Trails Regional Park. In 1985, he was appointed municipal court judge by Governor George Deukmejian. In 1989, the governor elevated him to superior court judge where he served for more than a decade.

Mayor
Murphy was first elected mayor in November 2000. His election was a long shot against Ron Roberts, who had the support of the business community. He campaigned on providing "Leadership With 2020 Vision"—a promise to set forth a clear long term vision for the city and to provide the leadership to implement that vision. Murphy had previously served one term on the San Diego City Council representing the Seventh District. While elections for municipal offices in California are non-partisan, he is a registered Republican.

During his first term in office, Murphy set ten goals for the city and had success in accomplishing many of them. The most significant included establishing the city's first ethics commission, completing construction of a new downtown ballpark for the San Diego Padres baseball team, forming the San Diego Regional Airport Authority, creating the San Diego River Conservancy, building the Veterans Memorial Garden in Balboa Park, jump starting plans for a new central library, and implementing a plan to underground all overhead utility lines in the city.

Murphy ran for a second term in 2004 again against Ron Roberts. His re-election campaign saw controversy with a last minute write-in candidate, Donna Frye, a member of the San Diego City Council. A number of voters did not follow the proper procedure for supporting a write-in candidate, either misspelling the name of Donna Frye (usually as "Donna Fry") or writing her name in the blank but neglecting to fill in the corresponding bubble to indicate their preference. After a legal imbroglio involving three (unsuccessful) lawsuits, these votes were ultimately not counted, resulting in Murphy winning the official tally by approximately 2,000 votes.

During Murphy's second term, the city faced serious fiscal problems from years of financial mismanagement by past city governments, problems including an underfunded pension program and a series of credit-score downgrades. Facing mounting criticism over his controversial election victory and failure to adequately address the pension underfunding problem, Murphy announced his plans to resign as Mayor and resigned July 15, 2005. Murphy has written a book about his experiences as mayor entitled "San Diego's Judge Mayor: How Murphy's Law Blindsided Leadership with 2020 Vision" Sunbelt Publications San Diego.

title: Dick Murphy


text:
Dominique Anel

Dominique Anel (c. 1679 – c. 1730), French surgeon, was born at Toulouse. Anel was a pupil of well-known French surgeons J. L. Petit (1674-1750) and Georges Mareschal (1658-1736). After studying at Montpellier and Paris, he served as surgeon-major in the French army in Alsace; then after two years at Vienna he went to Italy and served in the Austrian army. In 1710 he was teaching surgery in Rouen, whence he went to Genoa, and in 1716 he was practising in Paris.

In military, Anel’s job was to clean soldiers’ wounds at the battle fields. He invented a small suction syringe which was used to remove much of the dirt and infection. This prevented the professional ‘suckers’ who followed the armies at that time to offer lip-service for money. Anel’s syringe survived with modification for 250 years. This became the forerunner of modern aspirator. Based on this unique design, hypodermic syringes were ultimately improved.

Anel was celebrated for his successful surgical treatment of fistula lacrymalis, and while at Genoa invented for use in connection with the operation the fine-pointed syringe known by his name. In 1713, Anel became famous after he treated the Duchess of Savoy for lacrimal fistulae in a period of ten days.

title: Dominique Anel


text:
Tulipa pulchella

Tulipa pulchella (syn. Tulipa humilis Herb. ) is a dwarf species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae, native to Iran and Turkey. It grows from a bulb 1–2 cm diameter, which produces a flowering stem up to 20 cm tall. The leaves are glaucous-green, 10–15 cm long. The flowers are reddish-purple, with six tepals 3 cm long and 1.5 cm broad.

Cultivation
In the early 19th century it was introduced to Europe, where a small number of cultivars are grown as ornamental plants in gardens. These include 'Persian Pearl' (purple inside, red outside), 'Eastern Star' (magenta with yellow base), and 'Obalisque' (red inside, purple out). Varieties include ''var. violacea'' (purple with black base).

title: Tulipa pulchella


text:
Kaniów

Kaniów may refer to:
 * Polish name for Kaniv in Ukraine
 * Kaniów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Kaniów, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Kaniów, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
 * Kaniów, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Battle of Kaniów, during World War I

title: Kaniów


text:
Patoka Lake

Patoka Lake is the second largest reservoir in the U.S. state of Indiana (after Monroe Lake) and is spread across Dubois, Crawford, and Orange counties in Southern Indiana.

Lake
Created as a joint effort between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, the lake is one of eight such reservoirs built in the state to provide a secure water supply and as a method of flood control. The lake covers 8,800 surface acres (36 km²) of water in the summer.Maximum depth is 52 ft.

The lake was created by damming the Patoka River about 118.3 mi above its mouth with the Patoka Lake Dam, a 145 feet high rockfill earthen dam that was completed in 1978. The lake is fed by several smaller tributaries including Allen Creek, Painter Creek, and Ritter Creek. After the lake was created several parks and nature preserves were established around it totaling 16920 acre. The lake and dam is still managed by a cooperative management team of the Army Corps of Engineers and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Patoka Lake is a great place for photography, as it is inhabited by migrating birds, a large variety of fish and beautiful lake shores. The lake has been heavily stocked with bass, bluegill, catfish, redear, crappie, and walleye. Other facilities include an archery range, boat ramps, a cross-country skiing course, fishing areas (including ice fishing), a disc golf course, trails for hiking and bicycling, hunting areas, interpretive and recreational programs, star parties, picnic shelters, swimming areas, and waterskiing zones. The lake also hosts a large campground with over 500 camping sites.

Patoka Lake has been very beneficial to the surrounding community and the state of Indiana. The lake has generated over $19.4 million in revenue and visitor expenditures in 2005 and has so far prevented over $88 million in flood damage. In 2006 the lake saw 648,738 visitors who provide jobs for 197 local residents.

title: Patoka Lake


text: Category:World War II Polish vehicles

title: Category:World War II Polish vehicles


text: File:Before Sunset poster.jpg

title: File:Before Sunset poster.jpg


text: Category:1562 deaths

title: Category:1562 deaths


text: Category:Checksum algorithms

title: Category:Checksum algorithms


text:
Wide character

A wide character is a computer character datatype that generally has a size greater than the traditional 8-bit character. The increased datatype size allows for the use of larger coded character sets.

History
During the 1960s, mainframe and mini-computer manufacturers began to standardize around the 8-bit byte as their smallest datatype. The 7-bit ASCII character set became the industry standard method for encoding alphanumeric characters for teletype machines and computer terminals. The extra bit was used for parity, to ensure the integrity of data storage and transmission. As a result, the 8-bit byte became the de facto datatype for computer systems storing ASCII characters in memory.

Later, computer manufacturers began to make use of the spare bit to extend the ASCII character set beyond its limited set of English alphabet characters. 8-bit extensions such as IBM code page 37, PETSCII and ISO 8859 became commonplace, offering terminal support for Greek, Cyrillic, and many others. However, such extensions were still limited in that they were region specific and often could not be used in tandem. Special conversion routines had to be used to convert from one character set to another, often resulting in destructive translation when no equivalent character existed in the target set.

In 1989, the International Organization for Standardization began work on the Universal Character Set (UCS), a multilingual character set that could be encoded using either a 16-bit (2-byte) or 32-bit (4-byte) value. These larger values required the use of a datatype larger than 8-bits to store the new character values in memory. Thus the term wide character was used to differentiate them from traditional 8-bit character datatypes.

Relation to UCS and Unicode
A wide character refers to the size of the datatype in memory. It does not state how each value in a character set is defined. Those values are instead defined using character sets, with UCS and Unicode simply being two common character sets that encode more characters than an 8-bit wide numeric value (255 total) would allow.

Relation to multibyte characters
Just as earlier data transmission systems suffered from the lack of an 8-bit clean data path, modern transmission systems often lack support for 16-bit or 32-bit data paths for character data. This has led to character encoding systems such as UTF-8 that can use multiple bytes to encode a value that is too large for a single 8-bit symbol.

The C standard distinguishes between multibyte encodings of characters, which use a fixed or variable number of bytes to represent each character (primarily used in source code and external files), from wide characters, which are run-time representations of characters in single objects (typically, greater than 8 bits).

Size of a wide character
Early adoption of UCS-2 ("Unicode 1.0") led to common use of UTF-16 in a number of platforms, most notably Microsoft Windows, .NET and Java. In these systems, it is common to have a "wide character" (wchar_t in C/C++; char in Java) type of 16-bits. These types do not always map directly to one "character", as surrogate pairs are required to store the full range of Unicode (1996, Unicode 2.0).

Unix-like generally use a 32-bit wchar_t to fit the 21-bit Unicode code point, as C90 prescribed.

The size of a wide character type does not dictate what kind of text encodings a system can process, as conversions are available. (Old conversion code commonly overlook surrogates, however.) The historical circumstances of their adoption does also decide what types of encoding they prefer. A system influenced by Unicode 1.0, such as Windows, tends to mainly use "wide strings" made out of wide character units. Other systems such as the Unix-likes, however, tend to retain the 8-bit "narrow string" convention, using a multibyte encoding (almost universally UTF-8) to handle "wide" characters.

C/C++
The C and C++ standard libraries include a number of facilities for dealing with wide characters and strings composed of them. The wide characters are defined using datatype, which in the original C90 standard was defined as

 * "an integral type whose range of values can represent distinct codes for all members of the largest extended character set specified among the supported locales" (ISO 9899:1990 §4.1.5)

Both C and C++ introduced fixed-size character types  and   in the 2011 revisions of their respective standards to provide unambiguous representation of 16-bit and 32-bit Unicode transformation formats, leaving   implementation-defined. The ISO/IEC 10646:2003 Unicode standard 4.0 says that:

 * "The width of  is compiler-specific and can be as small as 8 bits. Consequently, programs that need to be portable across any C or C++ compiler should not use   for storing Unicode text. The   type is intended for storing compiler-defined wide characters, which may be Unicode characters in some compilers."

Python
According to Python 2.7's documentation, the language sometimes uses  as the basis for its character type. It depends on whether  is "compatible with the chosen Python Unicode build variant" on that system. This distinction has been deprecated since Python 3.3, which introduced a flexibly-sized UCS1/2/4 storage for strings and formally aliased Py_UNICODE to. Since Python 3.12 use of, i.e. the   typedef, for Python strings (wstr in implementation) has been dropped and still as before an "UTF-8 representation is created on demand and cached in the Unicode object."

title: Wide character


text:
Parathyroidectomy

Parathyroidectomy is the surgical removal of one or more of the (usually) four parathyroid glands. This procedure is used to remove an adenoma or hyperplasia of these glands when they are producing excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH): hyperparathyroidism. The glands are usually four in number and located adjacent to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, but their exact location is variable. When an elevated PTH level is found, a sestamibi scan or an ultrasound may be performed in order to confirm the presence and location of abnormal parathyroid tissue.

Indications
The main indication for parathyroidectomy is primary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands produce excessive parathyroid hormone. Not all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism require surgery, but it is recommended if the condition causes significant symptoms or if it affects the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis) or bone health (osteoporosis), and also in people under 50 even if they do not have symptoms. It is not always possible to anticipate if a parathyroid tumor is malignant (i.e. capable of invading other tissues or spreading elsewhere). Any suspicion of parathyroid carcinoma is therefore also an indication for surgery.

Parathyroidectomy may also be required in secondary hyperparathyroidism. This situation arises mainly in people with severe chronic kidney disease in which the parathyroid glands are overactive to compensate for the low calcium and vitamin D levels often present in CKD. In many cases, the parathyroid hormone production improves when these abnormalities are treated with medication. A small proportion, however, have persistently raised hormone levels six months after treatment has started, thought to be autonomous production of hormone by the glands and loss of feedback mechanisms. In this situation surgical parathyroidectomy may be required, especially if calcium and phosphate levels remain elevated, there is calcium deposition in the wall of blood vessels (calciphylaxis in severe cases) or there is worsening bone disease. In people on dialysis, parathyroidectomy can improve their survival. It does appear that the procedure may be underused.

Procedure
The operation requires a general anesthetic (unconscious and pain free) or a local anesthetic (pain free). The surgeon makes an incision around an inch long in the neck just under the larynx (Adam's apple), and locates the offending parathyroid glands. Preoperative testing using sestamibi scanning can help identify the location of glands. It can also be used to limit the extent of surgical exploration when used in conjunction with intraoperative PTH hormone monitoring. The particular problem or disease process will determine how many of the parathyroid glands are removed. Some parathyroid tissue must be left in place to help prevent hypoparathyroidism.

Recovery after the operation tends to be swift. The PTH level is back to normal within 10–15 minutes, and can be confirmed by intraoperative rapid assessment during the operation. However, the remaining parathyroid glands may take hours to several weeks to return to their normal functioning levels (as they may have become dormant). Calcium supplements are therefore often required to prevent symptoms of hypocalcemia and to restore lost bone mass.

The patient is placed in a semi-Fowler position and the neck is extended. An abbreviated Kocher incision is made and the platysma muscle is dissected horizontally. The strap muscles are released off of the thyroid gland. Then the thyroid gland is mobilized and the parathyroid arterial blood supply is suture ligated. The entire parathyroid adenoma is identified and dissected out. Intraoperative PTH monitoring can begin at this time and will show falling PTH levels if the entire adenoma has been resected.

Complications
While mild hypocalcemia is common after partial parathyroidectomy, some people experience persistently prolonged low calcium levels. This is called hungry bone syndrome. Despite the reactivation of unresected parathyroid glands producing normal to elevated levels of PTH, serum calcium continues to be low. The balance between calcium influx and efflux within the bone continues to be disrupted, favoring the former. The bone is said to be "hungry" as it consumes minerals without regard to PTH; calcium, magnesium, and phosphate continue to be deposited into the bones, resulting in hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypophosphatemia. Prolonged calcium supplementation may be required. Hungry bone syndrome is particularly common in people who are on long-term regular dialysis.

title: Parathyroidectomy


text: Category:1523 births

title: Category:1523 births


text:
Talk:Criticisms of electoralism, USA

Section removal
I removed the Disenfranchisement and System Integrity sections, as neither section deals with the electoral system. If the US had direct democracy, the concerns under Disenfranchisement would still apply, as would concerns of voting fraud. Neither of those sections spoke about the electoral system. SWAdair | Talk 07:59, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Criticisms of electoralism, USA


text:
Polish Kennel Club

The Polish Kennel Club (Związek Kynologiczny w Polsce, ZKwP), a member of the FCI, is an organization responsible for dog pedigree registration services in Poland. The organization also provides training services, judging for conformation shows, and many other services relating to dog showing.

title: Polish Kennel Club


text:
Ukk (disambiguation)

Ukk may refer to:
 * Ukk, a village in Hungary
 * Nikolai Ukk (born 1980), Russian badminton player

UKK may refer to:

 * Oskemen Airport (IATA airport identifier: UKK) in Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Kazakhstan
 * Ukkusissat Heliport (non-IATA location identifier: UKK), in Ukkusissat, Greenland
 * Uppsala Konsert & Kongress, a concert hall and convention centre in Uppsala, Sweden
 * Urho Kekkonen (1900–1986), Prime Minister of Finland, President of Finland
 * Ultimate Kho Kho, an Indian kho-kho league

title: Ukk (disambiguation)


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Anet

Anet is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. It lies 14 km north-northeast of Dreux between the rivers Eure and Vesgre, the latter flowing into the former some 4 km northeast of Anet town hall.

History
The town possesses the remains of a castle, the Château d'Anet, built in the middle of the 16th century by Henry II for Diana of Poitiers. Near it is the plain of Ivry-la-Bataille, where Henry IV defeated the armies of the Catholic League in 1590.

Popular culture
The opening scene of the James Bond film "Thunderball" was shot in Anet.

title: Anet


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Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa

Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa (What Did the Heart Say?) is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy-drama film directed by Sanjay Chhel. The film was a remake of the Telugu Blockbuster film Swayamvaram.

Plot
New Zealand-settled Esha is attracted to fellow-student Rahul. Rahul too is attracted to Esha. Esha returns home to India and tells her parents about her love for Rahul. The family is pleased and proceeds to finalize the marriage. They accompany Esha to Rahul's house. Rahul's parents approve of Esha. But when they ask Rahul, to everyone's shock, he refuses to marry Esha under any circumstances.

Soundtrack
Music by Himesh Reshammiya. Lyrics by Sanjay Chhel. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 10,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's thirteenth highest-selling. The song "Nikamma Kya Is Dil Ne" was later re-composed for the film Nikamma by Javed-Mohsin. Abhimanyu Dassani, Shirley Setia, and Shilpa Shetty danced to the song.

title: Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa


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New Zealand Liberal Party (1991)

The New Zealand Liberal Party founded in 1991 (not to be confused with the original Liberal Party or the 1962 Liberal Party) was a splinter group of the National Party.

Origins
The Liberal Party was founded by Gilbert Myles and Hamish MacIntyre, two dissident National MPs. Myles and McIntyre were opponents of the economic reforms (dubbed "Ruthanasia") promoted by Minister of Finance Ruth Richardson, believing that they were harmful to society. As a result of their objections, Myles and McIntyre fell out with their National Party colleagues, and eventually decided to break away. After a short time as independents, they established the Liberal Party.

At its launch the party predicted it would win "six or seven seats" at the next election and hold the balance of power. Myles and MacIntyre also stated that they were anticipating a third National MP would soon join. They were careful not to mention a name, but media quickly identified Cam Campion as the MP inferred. Campion was interviewed and stated that he had not given up on National just yet and was still "flat out" trying to change National's policy direction.

The party's membership was made up of erstwhile National supporters as well as active members who resigned from National to join the Liberals. Prominent members of the party organisation also left including two members of National's Auckland divisional council in October 1991. Judith Surgenor (chair of National's electorate committee) and Larry Belshaw (electorate committee secretary and 1990 candidate for ) both resigned to join the Liberal Party citing dissatisfaction with the policies of the National government. In November another former National Party divisional councillor Malcolm Wright was chosen as the president of the party.

Alliance membership
The new organisation was plagued by organisational difficulties, and neither Myles not MacIntyre — both first-term MPs — had much political experience. Not long after the party was established, Myles and McIntyre opted to join the Liberals with the newly formed Alliance party. Although the Alliance was considerably more left-wing than the Liberals, it was emerging as the most significant political group to oppose Ruth Richardson's policies — the leader of the Alliance, Jim Anderton, had quit his own Labour Party out of opposition to Roger Douglas, an ideological ally of Richardson. Liberal politician Sue Corbett, an Auckland City Councillor, was the Alliance candidate for Mayor of Auckland City, running a high-profile campaign at the 1992 local body elections. Corbett ultimately lost to incumbent mayor Les Mills.

In 1993, however, a more prominent dissident within the National Party, Winston Peters, also quit. Although it was briefly considered that a pact might be formed between the Alliance and Peters, the two proved incompatible, and Peters established the New Zealand First party. At the time when Myles and McIntyre had split from National, they had entertained hopes that Peters (and possibly Michael Laws or Cam Campion) would join them, and were therefore disappointed at the failure of talks between Peters and the Alliance. The possibility of leaving the Alliance and merging with New Zealand First was discussed, but deep divisions emerged within the party about this possibility. In the end, Myles (along with party president Malcolm Wright and central regional chairman Trevor Jans) opted to leave the Liberals and join New Zealand First. MacIntyre remained with the Liberals for some time afterwards but he was defeated in 1993 and did not enter Parliament again and following the 1996 election where he was a list candidate for the Alliance, he then retired from politics becoming a company director.

Disbandment
In 1996, leadership of the Liberals fell to Frank Grover, who had been elected to Parliament as an Alliance list MP in the 1996 election. Grover, the party president, defeated Corbett for the Liberal leadership. In 1998 the party had declined to just over 100 members and was eventually dissolved, with its sole MP and remaining members simply becoming members of the Alliance as a whole. This was preceded by the Alliance changing its constitution in November 1997 to make it obligatory for constituent member parties have at least 500 members. The Liberal Party had well over this number at the time Myles defected to New Zealand First in 1993, but swathes of members joined him leaving the party membership decimated. MacIntyre supported the decision but was "a little sad" to see the party wind up but said it was "by far the most realistic option".

Grover himself eventually rejected the Alliance, and shortly before the 1999 election, defected to the Christian Heritage Party, giving it its first seat in Parliament. He did not secure re-election, however.

Party leadership

 * Leaders
 * Gilbert Myles (1991–93)
 * Hamish MacIntyre (1993–96)
 * Frank Grover (1996–99)

 * Presidents
 * Malcolm Wright (1991–94)
 * Frank Grover (1994–99)

title: New Zealand Liberal Party (1991)


text: File:2046 movie.jpg

title: File:2046 movie.jpg


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Jovito Salonga

Jovito Reyes Salonga, KGCR (June 22, 1920 – March 10, 2016) also called "Ka Jovy," was a Filipino politician and lawyer, as well as a leading opposition leader during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos from the declaration of martial law in 1972 until the People Power Revolution in 1986, which removed Marcos from power. Salonga was the 14th president of the Senate of the Philippines, serving from 1987 to 1992.

Early life and education
Jovito Salonga was born in poverty in Pasig on June 22, 1920. His father was a Presbyterian pastor, Esteban Salonga and his mother, Bernardita Dinang Reyes, was a market vendor. His parents married in 1904. Jovito Salonga, the youngest of five brothers, worked his way through college and law school as a proofreader in the publishing firm of his eldest brother, Isayas. He spent time shoe-shining and selling newspapers in the streets of Pasig. Salonga graduated at Pasig Elementary School. During his senior year at the College of Law at the University of the Philippines (U.P.) in Manila, he quit his job to prepare for the bar exam. Due to the beginning of World War II, he postponed taking the Philippine Bar Examination until 1944, when he and Jose W. Diokno, a future ally in the Senate and during martial law, both topped the bar with a then-record grade point average of 95.3%.

World War II hero
A few months after the Japanese invasion in December 1941, Salonga went underground and engaged in anti-Japanese activities. In April 1942, he was captured and tortured by the Japanese Military Police in Pasig in the presence of his aging father. He was transferred to Fort Santiago and several other prisons where he was subjected to further persecution. On June 11, 1942, he was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor by the Japanese and incarcerated at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, but was pardoned on the Foundation Day of Japan (Kigen Setsu) in 1943.

American education
After passing the bar, he went back to the U.P. College of Law where he earned an LL.B in 1946. He traveled to the U.S. when he won a scholarship to attend Harvard for his master's degree. Recommended by Harvard professor Manley Hudson to Yale Law School, he was awarded a fellowship at Yale University where he earned a Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD) in 1949. He however turned down their offer of a faculty position because he felt he should participate in his country's post-war reconstruction. He was honored with the Ambrose Gherini Prize for writing the best paper in international law. At Yale, he met Jose B. Laurel, son of wartime President Jose P. Laurel, who later became his law partner in the Philippines. In February 1948, he married Lydia Busuego in Cambridge, Massachusetts who gave birth to their first son, Esteban Fernando Salonga, among other children.

Salonga returned to the Philippines to pursue teaching and the practice of law. He authored several books on corporate law and international law, and was appointed Dean of the Far Eastern University Institute of Law in 1956. His student and later associate was future Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban, who said the three finest lawyers in history were Salonga, fellow ally Sen. Diokno, and future Chief Justice Claudio Ong Teehankee. On December 16, 1988, Arizona State University selected him to receive an honorary degree.

Central Philippine University and Silliman University, which were founded by Protestant Americans, conferred him with honorary degrees.

House of Representatives
In 1960, he was persuaded by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, then president of the Liberal Party (LP), one of the two dominant political parties in the Philippines at the time, to run for Congress in the second district of Rizal, where two political dynasties dominated the bureaucracy. Salonga helped build the party from the grassroots, largely with the support of disgruntled young people who responded to the issues he raised, particularly the entrenchment of the political ruling class and their families in seats of governments, a major cause of disenchantment among the masses. In the November 1961 elections, he bested his two opponents by an overwhelming margin.

Shortly after his election, he tangled with one of the best debaters of the opposing party, the Nationalista Party (NP), on the issue of proportional representation in various committees. He also composed a seminal article, published and editorialized in various papers, on the Philippines' territorial claim to North Borneo (Sabah). With the election of Cornelio Villareal (LP, Capiz) as Speaker of the House, Salonga was appointed to the chairmanship of the prestigious Committee on Good Government and led the committee in conducting inquires in aid of legislation relentlessly about the prevailing graft and corruption in the government and recommended filing of charges against some government officials and employees. In June 1962, President Macapagal filed the Philippine petition against Malaysia's alleged illegal expropriation of North Borneo. Salonga was appointed to head the delegation in the January 1963 London negotiations.

Senate
After one term, Salonga was chosen to run for Senate under the LP banner in the 1965 elections. Despite limited financial resources and the victory of NP candidate Marcos as president, Salonga was elected senator, garnering the most votes. In 1967, he was Benigno Aquino Jr.'s chief lawyer in the underage lawsuit filed against the latter by President Marcos. Largely through Salonga's skills in jurisprudence, Aquino won his case before the Commission on Elections. Subsequently, Marcos' appeals to the Supreme Court and Senate Electoral Tribunal were overturned, granting a final victory to Salonga and Aquino. For his well-documented exposés against the Marcos administration, Salonga was hailed as the "Nation's Fiscalizer" by the Philippines Free Press in 1968.

He ran for re-election in 1971. Along with some members of the Liberal Party, he was critically injured on the August 21 bombing of his party's proclamation rally at Plaza Miranda. His doctors' prognoses were grim—he was not expected to live. He survived, however, with impaired eyesight and hearing, and more than a hundred tiny pieces of shrapnel in his body. He topped the senatorial race for the second time.

He returned to the political arena and embarked on a successful law career. He protested martial law and was unjustly arrested. After his release from military custody, he was offered a visiting scholarship at Yale, where he engaged in the revision of his book on international law. He completed his book on the Marcos years, which included a program for a new democratic Philippines.

Martial law years
The imposition of martial law in September 1972 was the catalyst that radicalized hundreds of oppositionists and the pretext to arrest and imprison many of them, including moderate ones. Salonga openly and vigorously opposed it, and he and his law partners, future Justice Secretary Sedfrey Ordoñez and future Chief Justice Pedro L. Yap, defended many cases of well-known political prisoners as well as obscure detainees, most of them on a pro bono basis.

In October 1980, after the bombing of the Philippine International Convention Center, Marcos again ordered Salonga's arrest; this time he was detained at Fort Bonifacio without any formal charges and investigation. He was allowed to leave with his wife for the U.S. in March 1981, to attend several international conferences and undergo medical procedures. Right after their departure, subversion charges—supposedly a well-known Marcos tactic to scare off his enemies from ever returning—were filed against him. Jovito and Lydia Salonga lived in self-exile in Hawaii, then moved to Encino, California, where he was visited by many opposition leaders, including Ninoy Aquino. It was here where, at the request of LP President Gerry Roxas, Salonga wrote the party's Vision and Program of Government. After Roxas' death in April 1982, Salonga was elected acting president of the Liberal Party. Salonga then became one of the candidates for president against Marcos, competing against the two UNIDO leaders Doy Laurel and Eva Estrada-Kalaw, with all three eventually agreeing to settle with Corazon Aquino as the main candidate, who defeated Marcos in the 1986 election.

EDSA People Power
The assassination of Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. in August 1983 prompted Salonga to return to the Philippines on January 21, 1985, to help resuscitate his party and unite democratic opposition. A month later, the Supreme Court unanimously dismissed subversion charges against him. He was elected president of the Liberal Party.

PCGG chairman
Shortly after the EDSA Revolution, President Corazon Aquino, Aquino's widow, appointed Salonga Chair of the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG), which was tasked with investigating and recovering the alleged ill-gotten wealth of Marcos and cronies.

As chairman of the Commission on Good Government, he "filed and perfected" the government's claim to the Marcos Swiss deposits through the Swiss lawyers dr. Salvioni, dr. Fontanet and Leuenberger. His unwavering pursuit of the Marcos ill-gotten wealth was, in one senator's words, the "moral equivalent of a war". His efforts were rewarded when the government sequestrated Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr.'s firms including 93% shares of the United Coconut Planters Bank and 27% shares of the San Miguel Corporation.

In 2000, the Swiss federal Court, after 14 years of litigation, decided to forfeit the corrupt Marcos funds received by the Swiss Credit bank in Zurich, and delivered to the nation's government more than US$680,000,000. The commission also petitioned to expropriate several real estate properties and several of the nation's largest corporations that the Philippine government claim were bought through blackmail or money the Marcos family allegedly plundered from the Treasury.

Senate presidency (1987–1992)
After his one-year stint in the PCGG, he was drafted to run for the senate in the 1987 elections. For the third time, he won the number one spot in the senatorial race. He was subsequently elected as Senate President due to his colleagues' respect for his long standing career as lawyer, lawmaker and defender of human rights.

Legislation
Elected as Senate President by his peers, and as Senator by the people, Salonga authored three major legislative measures: the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees (R.A. 6713)", the "Anti-Coup d'état Act (R.A. 6968)", and the "Anti-Plunder Law (R.A. 7080)". In April 1990, he was conferred a Doctor of Laws degree, honoris causa, by the University of the Philippines "for his brilliant career as ''"an eminent political figure... for his unwavering, courageous stand against injustice, oppression, and dictatorship ... and for his sterling personal qualities of decency, humility, industry and moderation".

Salonga, despite limited means, won three senatorial elections, garnering the largest number of votes under three different administrations: that of Diosdado Macapagal, Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino. He has successfully legislated the State Scholarship Law, the Disclosure of Interest Act, the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers, the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees, and the Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder.

Rejection of the Phil–U.S. Bases Treaty
In September 1991, Salonga personally organized the group of 12 senators called "The Magnificent Twelve" in rejecting the R.P.-U.S. Bases Treaty. Salonga gave the vote that broke the tie stating in his speech that awards did not mean that much to him anymore.

Removal as Senate President
In December 1991, he was ousted from his position as President of the Senate on the charge that he was using his post to boost his chances of becoming the President of the Philippines in the 1992 election in which he is a candidate, that he was obstructing the priority legislative measures of the Aquino administration, and that he was neglecting the administration the Senate, and was succeeded by Senator Neptali A. Gonzales, Sr. who served as Senate President on January 1, 1992, following a transition of leadership agreement with Salonga. Due to the agreement, Salonga remained as Senate President until December 31, 1991. Incidentally, like Salonga, Senator Gonzales also served as Dean of the Far Eastern University Institute of Law.

1992 presidential election
He then launched a bid for the presidency in 1992, running under the Liberal Party with PDP–Laban's Aquilino Pimentel Jr. running for vice president, but he lost (finishing sixth in a seven-person race in the official tally) despite the resounding support of students from various colleges and universities.

Activities
After his retirement from government service, he continued work in public service through Kilosbayan (People Action), a forum for raising political consciousness and citizens' participation in governance; the Bantayog ng mga Bayani Foundation (Heroes' Memorial), a private entity that honors the nation's martyrs and heroes for their sacrifices during martial law; and Bantay Katarungan (Sentinel of Justice), an organization that seeks to improve the administration of justice in the Philippines through the systematic monitoring of courts and quasi-judicial agencies by selected students from leading law schools.

On September 14, 2007, Salonga resigned as member of a minor fraternity in the University of the Philippines, Diliman. They are the so-called Sigma Rho fraternity. Salonga resigned after their crime and implication in the hazing death of University of the Philippines, Diliman student, 20-year-old Cris Mendez. Salonga joined Sigma Rho in the 1940s. Salonga stated the reason for his resignation to be "because of recent events in which Sigma Rho has been involved." The NBI issued subpoenas to the Sigma Rho fraternity, but none of its members admitted responsibility for the brutal murder or shed light on the truth. Mendez suffered "bruises all over his body, particularly on the back of his arms and thighs." On September 17, 2007, the "Grand Archon Emeritus" (leading alumnus of this Sigma Rho fraternity) attempted to save face by demanding an apology from Salonga over remarks against the fraternity. Their lawyer Tony Meer, a fellow member concocted a rouse to distract the public and stated: "I don't think its fair to us. I think he owes us an apology." The requested apology was never bestowed on them. Meanwhile, the media, historians, and experts, including columnist and Sigma Kappa Pi Alumni President Jarius Bondoc praised Salonga for doing the right thing by rejecting this syndicate.

The Chair of Bantay Katarungan is former Secretary of Justice Sedfrey Ordoñez, who had been Salonga's law partner for over three decades. Salonga was a founder/adviser. Salonga remained active as a speaker, denouncing the moral and social ills in Philippine society. Since ending his political career in 1992, Salonga has been delivering lectures at such eminent universities such as the University of the Philippines, Ateneo, Universidad de Santo Tomas, De La Salle University, and F.E.U. He teaches regularly at the Lyceum of the Philippines where he holds the Jose P. Laurel Chair on Law, Government and Public Policy. He likewise launched the Dr. Jovito Salonga Center for Law and Development at the Silliman University College of Law to pioneer and develop what the law center calls as Transformative Law – "the study and application of law to transform society, shape policies through advocacy, legal education, research, training, and service learning".

Salonga was president of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) Constitutional Convention which took place September 1993 at Ellinwood-Malate Church in Manila. Always the nationalist, he persuaded the delegates to agree that the Filipino language text had equal weight to the English text. During the caucus, he was a calming influence and ran the assembly with a firm and fair hand.

Salonga wrote President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to warn her that the May 14, 2007, elections could turn out to be as "violent and fraudulent" as the Marcos-era polls. In an open letter to Secretary Eduardo Ermita, he stated that he saw Marcos in Arroyo, Ver in Esperon, but was rebuffed. Arroyo rejected the concerns raised in Salonga's letter which mentioned that her decision to call out the military to help stop election violence and killings would make the May 14 polls similar to the violence- and fraud-tainted elections during the Marcos regime.

Salonga branded the government's move to hand back an American citizen accused of rape, to the United States authorities as "a raw deal and a midnight transaction", whose victims were "Nicole" (the rape victim) and the country's justice system. Salonga claimed that a raw deal was done against "Nicole" and the judicial process by Judge Benjamin Pozon and the Court of Appeals under pressure from George W. Bush's government.

Senator Joker P. Arroyo paid him the highest tribute when he said: "Some people make history, others write it. But there is a rare handful who, in writing-and in speaking-make history. These are the ones who illuminate the issues, and in so doing move men to answer them with noble actions ... In our country there was Claro M. Recto. But if you consider the wealth of historical events surrounding a particular personality who shaped and even generated these events by his words, Jovito Salonga stands virtually alone."

On August 15, 2007, Salonga's book Not by Power or Wealth Alone was published.

On August 24, 2007, Salonga's Bantayog ng mga Bayani Foundation launched a commemorative 200-page book, Bantayog ng mga Bayani (Monument of Heroes) at the Bantayog Memorial Center on Quezon Avenue corner EDSA to honor heroes, 160 Filipino student and community activists, priests, nuns, journalists, lawyers, Supreme Court justices and an Italian priest Tulio Favali, who was murdered in 1985 by a military-backed fanatic cult.

Honors and recognition
Salonga received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for government service on August 31, 2007. He was honored for "the exemplary integrity and substance of his long public career in service to democracy and good government in the Philippines". Other awardees included Kim Sun Tae of Korea, Mahabir Pun of Nepal, Tang Xiyang of China, Palagummi Sainath of India, Chen Guangcheng and Chung To, both of China. At least 256 Asian people have won the award in various categories since its founding in 1957. Each awardee receives a certificate, a medallion and an undisclosed cash prize. Salonga was one of the 7 Asian awardees, from China, India, South Korea, Nepal and the Philippines. He also received the prestigious Ka Pepe Diokno Human Rights Award, the premier national human rights award on February 26, 2010. Jovito Salonga was also conferred the Order of the Knights of Rizal with the highest rank, Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR).

Final years and legacy

Salonga died on March 10, 2016, due to cardiac arrest at the Philippine Heart Center in Quezon City.

Salonga has been called by his nephew Rene Saguisag (Saguisag used to call him Uncle Jovy though Salonga is actually the second cousin once removed of Saguisag, as his paternal grandmother Talia Saguisag is the first cousin of Salonga's mother Dinang Reyes) as the finest statesman or the best president we never had, while Joker Arroyo called him the most important historical figure who influenced the nation by his words alone. Bantayog ng mga Bayani renamed its main building in its compound as the Sen. Jovito R. Salonga Building. It houses the museum, amphitheater, and the office. While Silliman University's law school houses the Dr. Jovito R. Salonga Center for Law and Development.

Subic Naval Base has the Inang Laya Monument which shows plaques that feature handprints of the twelve senators who voted to end the military bases agreement, with Salonga's famous speech that broke the tie included in the plaque.

In 2022, Mayor Vico Sotto of Pasig, who called Salonga his biggest hero, named the Pasig Elementary School building the Jovito R. Salonga Building.

Personal life
His spouse was Lydia Busuego whom he married in 1948, who died due to complications from diabetes on April 20, 2010, she was 88. Salonga's children are Patricia, Victoria Regina, Ricardo, Esteban Fernando, and Eduardo.

title: Jovito Salonga