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Opawa

Opawa is an inner residential suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located approximately 3.5 km south-east of the city centre. Initally Opawa was a low-lying area, and a continuation of the Sydenham swamp. By the 1860s, the area was sparsely populated by European settlers and later became a rural-agricultural locality, with many of the early settlers of English descent. As Woolston emerged as an industrial hub nearby, Opawa was heavily urbanised transforming it into an upscale residential area and its population largely included factory workers and businesspeople. Notable heritage-listed buildings in the suburb include "Risingholme" and "The Hollies". In its formative days, Opawa was a riding of the Heathcote County Council. It later amalgamated in to the city area in 1916.

The Māori name for the area is Ōpāwaho and the settlement itself is called Poho-Areare. It was located near the present-day Vincent Place and Judge Street intersection, strategically located to control the river passage to its nearby estuary. Today, the suburb's main roads are Opawa Road and Ensors Road. The main retail area is centred on Opawa Road. It developed on one of the earliest settled routes, at the intersection of Hawford and Reeves Roads. State Highway 76 and the Main South Line are situated further north of the suburb.

At a national level, the suburb is currently part of the Christchurch Central parliamentary electorate. Locally, the suburb is part of the Heathcote Ward for Christchurch City Council local body elections. Opawa contains three primary schools, two kindergartens, a retirement village and a rest home. The suburb is home to the Opawa Bowling Club and the Opawa Lawn Tennis Club. Noted people with Opawa connections include some of the early settlers and several people who were born or educated in the suburb.

History

The Māori name for the area is Ōpāwaho. It is a combination of 'Ō' which means a part of and pā and 'waho' which means outer or outside a defined area. Ōpāwaho (or Opaawaho) is also the name for the lower part of the Heathcote River. There was a kāinga located near the present-day Vincent Place and Judge Street intersection. It was used as a resting place for Māori travelling between Kaiapoi Pā and the Banks Peninsula. Māori that lived here used the surrounding swamplands and the river as a source of lamprey and eels. The name of the village itself is Poho-Areare. It is also the name of an early rangatira of the settlement and the name is also applied to a walking track that led from this settlement to South New Brighton. Later, Tūrakipō was the settlement's chief.

Opawa was a low-lying area, and a continuation of the Sydenham swamp. The Māori name for the swamplands which the Heathcote River drained is Te Kuru. Poho-areare was strategically located to control the river passage to the estuary and the ocean, eventually becoming known as Ōpāwaho. Various names rendered the area and Opawa eventually became the established and officialy recognised name.

By the 1860s, it was sparsely populated by European settlers and the area south of Linwood and Woolston became a rural-agricultural locality. Early settlers in Opawa were farmers and people of English descent, many of whom came from relatively wealthy families. In Opawa's early years, the centre of the locality was reportedly the corner of Locarno Street and Opawa Road, where the St Mark's Anglican Church is located. Opawa was established around a loop of the Heathcote River, initially where a number of large houses were built on large riverside sections.

As Woolston emerged as an industrial hub nearby, the population of Opawa grew rapidly, transforming it into an upscale residential area. Additionally, it also grew as people left Woolston's industrial areas including factory-workers and businesspeople who could not find homes in Woolston. Opawa suffered some damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake. A section of shops along Opawa Road had been closed due to the damage, while the other shops remained operating as usual. And, several homes had been damaged by collapsing chimneys. Opawa is served by the Opawa Library and Opawa Children's Library. These buildings suffered substantial earthquake-related damages. The Opawa Children's Library was able to reopen and operate and the Opawa Library was later rebuilt in 2019.

Geography
The Rāpaki Track, an old Māori walking track lies nearby. It is located in the eastern flank through St Martins Valley, linking the Canterbury Plains with Rāpaki and Lyttleton Harbour. Today, State Highway 76 (Brougham Street) and the Main South Line traverse north through the suburb. Other suburbs nearby include, Murray Aynsley Hill, Huntsbury, St Martins, Waltham, Hillsborough, and Linwood. The flat area between Opawa and Heathcote Valley enters a substantial locale of industrial businesses. The suburb's main roads are Opawa Road and Ensors Road. The main retail precinct is centred on Opawa Road, it was developed on one of the earliest settled routes, at the intersection of Hawford and Reeves Roads.

In 1967, there were proposals for the Opawa Expressway from Waltham to Tunnel Road, which will affect 307 residential and other properties in the Heathcote County and Christchurch City areas. Maps supplied to the authorities showed the expressway starting at the terminus of the northern and southern motorways near the corner of Shakespeare Road and Waltham Road, running north of Shakespeare Road, alongside the railway from Ensors Road to Garlands Road, and continued along Port Hills Road to Tunnel Road. This project would cause disruption of the residential area during its construction, and 60 properties would be affected. Opawa Road is no longer the primary thoroughfare through to Lyttelton and Heathcote.

The area between Brougham Street and Moorhouse Avenue traversing Waltham and Sydenham accommodates many small businesses and light industrial premises. The Main South Line used to provide one of Christchurch's largest industries the Addington Railway Workshops, in Addington. Woolston also became an industrial centre, positioned on the railway line. The railways had local significance as they stimulated settlement beyond the confines of the "original suburbs". In Opawa, residents had frequent trains to Christchurch passing daily through the district. When compared with the other modes of transportation, travelling via train was not convenient or simple.

The primary road supporting the transportion in the area is State Highway 76 (Brougham Street) which traverses from the north through the suburb, also through Sydenham and Brougham Street, going thoroughfare the suburbs of Hillsborough and Opawa, then Port Hills Road connecting with Tunnel Road to pass through the Lyttelton road tunnel at Heathcote Valley.

Landmarks
"Risingholme" was built in 1864 by Mary and William Reeves. Up until 1943, the building was owned by several private owners. It was later purchased by John McKenzie in 1943. The building was gifted to the city council for the "health, amusement and instruction of the public". Established in 1944, it became one of New Zealand's first community centres. It has a Category 2 listing with Heritage New Zealand.

"Fownhope" was built in 1868 its historically significant for its connection with Edward Harley, an English settler, who worked as an accountant, and Frederick Bowler. The house is built from mataī and other native New Zealand trees. The floor in the house is lined with baltic pine, which was brought from Europe. Fownhope has a strong link to early European settlement in the area, and is representative of what many houses were at the time. It has a Category 2 listing with Heritage New Zealand and the Christchurch City Council recognises a "Group 3" listing to the Fownhope.

The Hollies was built in 1871, it is an early colonial house built by English-born mechanice Edward Richardson. Richardson was responsible for overseeing the completion of the Lyttelton rail tunnel. Richardson was born in England where he trained as a civil engineer before emigrating to Christchurch. The building sits fairly close to the eastern boundary facing the Heathcote River. The Hollies is a Category 2 heritage-listed building.

St Mark's Anglican Church is located on Opawa Road. Its foundation stone was laid in May 1865 by Bishop Selwyn, the first Primate of New Zealand. In December 1949 the old St Mark's Anglican Church was destroyed by fire. This severance with the church for many people was one of the few remaining links to Christchurch's early European settlers. Relics of the church's history have been damaged beyond repair. A new church was constructed on the same site and reopened four years later in December 1953.

Roxburghe is located on 44 Opawa Road. It was built by businessman William Wombwell Charters in 1879. The building is significant because of it being a fine example of an Italianate villa. The dwelling suffered considerable damage during the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes. New foundations were laid and the building was repaired.

The Fifield located on 14 Hawford Road holds historic significance for its connection with civil engineer William Bray and pharmacist William Townend and his family. The building contains a smoking room, a nursery, and a servants' quarters. After the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes, there was damage to dwelling's chimneys. It partially collapsed and was removed as a result.

Another landmark is an untitled house located on 9 Ford Road. Noted residents here include Otto and Margaret Frankel. This dwelling holds historic significance for its connection with an Austrian architect Ernst Plischke and the significant number of European intellectuals seeking refuge in New Zealand to escape the increasing influence of Nazism in the 1930s. It is also holds significance as it reflects the ideals of in the dwelling's modernist design. It has a Category 2 listing with Heritage New Zealand.

Governance
In its early days, Opawa was a riding of the Heathcote County Council. In December 1915, a deputation from the district presented to the Christchurch City Council asserting that more than seventy out of 210 ratepayers in the area had backed the idea of joining together at a public meeting. The spokesperson of the deputation, J. Clarke, argued that the "City could offer much more to the residents of Opawa than the County Council would." Additionally, Clarke stated that the local homeowners were "Quite willing to pay a little more in rates in order to enjoy the city services." George Scott, the chairman of Heathcote and a city councilor, was in favour for the entire county merging with Christchurch as long as its capital value rating could be preserved. It was favoured to amalgamate Opawa to the city area in a proposal in February 1916.

Opawa was incorporated in to the city area in October 1916. Its neighbouring suburb of Woolston remained a self-governing borough until its amalgamation with the city in November 1921. The Christchurch City Council administers Opawa. The suburb is part of the Heathcote Ward for Christchurch City Council local body elections. The current city councillor is Sara Templeton. At a national level, Opawa currently is part of the Christchurch Central parliamentary electorate. The member of parliament is Duncan Webb of the Labour Party.

Demographics
Opawa covers 0.81 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Opawa had a population of 1,365 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 63 people (4.8%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 69 people (−4.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 504 households, comprising 642 males and 723 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.89 males per female. The median age was 47.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 219 people (16.0%) aged under 15 years, 186 (13.6%) aged 15 to 29, 621 (45.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 342 (25.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.8% European/Pākehā, 6.6% Māori, 1.3% Pasifika, 5.1% Asian, and 2.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52.7% had no religion, 37.8% were Christian, 0.9% were Hindu, 1.1% were Buddhist and 2.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 363 (31.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 195 (17.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 222 people (19.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 501 (43.7%) people were employed full-time, 180 (15.7%) were part-time, and 30 (2.6%) were unemployed. Many of the early residents of Opawa were businesspeople and factory-workers who could not find homes in Woolston.

Education
Opawa has no secondary schools, although it does contain three primary schools and two kindergartens. Opawa School, one of North Canterbury's oldest schools, is located on Ford Road. In 1920, foundation of a new school at Opawa was laid. Today, Opawa School (Te Kura o Ōpāwaho) is a full-primary school for years 1 to 8, with a roll of students. The school initially opened in 1872. There are two kindergartens in the suburb, one located on Cholmondeley Avenue and another kindergarten located on Butler Street.

Christchurch Rudolf Steiner School is a state-integrated composite school for years 1 to 13. It is located on Ombersley Terrace and has a roll of students. The school opened in 1975 and became state-integrated in 1989. St Mark's School is an Anglican state-integrated full primary school for years 1 to 8, it is located on Cholmondeley Avenue. It has a roll of students. It was established in 1921. The nearest secondary school is in Phillipstown located on Aldwins Road, Te Aratai College (formely Linwood College) situated 2.5 km to the north. All these schools are co-educational. Rolls are as of

Amenities
Opawa is home to the Opawa Bowling Club and the Opawa Lawn Tennis Club. Opawa Bowling Club had its fiftieth jubilee in March 1958. The Alpine Ice Centre on Brougham Street is Christchurch's main ice sports venue. It hosts the Canterbury Red Devils. The suburb is located approximately 3.7 km from Lancaster Park, Christchurch's main former sporting venue and has since been transformed into a public park with facilities for community sport. Recreational parks in Opawa include Risingholme Park, Hansens Park, and Ensors Park. A particularly notable park in Opawa is Hansens Park. Initally the site of a former rubbish dump, there was later plans to transform the landfill site into a park in 1959. Hansen Park contains the clubrooms of the Port Hills Athletic Club. Local businesses in Opawa include a café, a bakery, a butchery, a dairy, a pharmacy, and an op-shop. Opawa also contains a retirement village and a rest home. In addition to the Saint Marks Anglican Church, another church in Opawa is the Opawa Community Church, located on the corner of Opawa Road and Aynsley Terrace.

Notable people
Notable people with Opawa connections include many of whom were born in the suburb and some were the suburb's early settlers.

 * Noeline Baker (1878–1958), an administrator of women's labour in wartime and educator, born in Opawa.
 * Alfred William Buxton (1872–1950), a landscape gardener and nurseryman
 * John B. Condliffe (1891–1981), an economist and university professor, attended Opawa School.
 * Margaret Frankel (1902–1997), a painter, printmaker and art teacher
 * Otto Frankel (1900–1998), an Austrian-born geneticist
 * Kennaway Henderson (1879–1960), an illustrator and cartoonist
 * Ivan Mauger (1939–2018), a motorcycle speedway rider, attended Opawa School
 * Robert Page (1897–1957), an industrial chemist
 * William Reeves (1823–1891), a businessman and politician who built in 1864 and resided in a house known as "Risingholme".
 * William Pember Reeves (1857–1932), politician, cricketer, and historian
 * Mollie Tripe (1870–1939), an artist and art teacher, born in Opawa
 * Joshua Strange Williams (1837–1915), a politician and judge, an early settler in Opawa.
 * Wilfred Stanley Wallis (1891–1957), an orthopaedic surgeon and chief, born in Opawa.
 * Anthony Wilding (1883–1915) is one of New Zealand's most successful tennis players in the international class, born in Opawa.
 * Robin Williams (1919–2013), an academic administrator and mathematician

title: Opawa


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X-Men (1992 video game)

X-Men (エックス・メン) is a side-scrolling beat 'em up game produced and released by Konami for arcades in 1992, based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. The in-game character designs are based on the 1989 cartoon X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men. In the game, up to six players control the X-Men to defeat their archenemy Magneto. The six-player version of the game utilizes two screens housed in a deluxe cabinet. It was one of the top five highest-grossing dedicated arcade games of 1992 in the United States, while the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) nominated it for the "most innovative new technology" award.

An arcade exclusive for many years, a home version of the game developed by Backbone Entertainment was released by Konami digitally on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2010, followed by mobile versions for iOS and Android devices. This version is no longer available for purchase as of 2013.

Plot
The player chooses one of six X-Men: Cyclops, Colossus, Wolverine, Storm, Nightcrawler or Dazzler. Their objective is to stop the villain Magneto from wreaking havoc on human civilization. They must fight through enemies from the comics such as an army of hundreds of Sentinels, mutant crocodiles, Reavers and supervillains such as Pyro, Blob, Wendigo, Nimrod, The White Queen, Juggernaut, and Mystique. Later, Magneto kidnaps Professor X and Kitty Pryde, prompting the heroes to go on a rescue mission. The heroes fight their way to Island M and ultimately to Magneto's base on Asteroid M where the final battle takes place.

Gameplay
The object of the game is to progress as far as possible while surviving attacks from Magneto and his minions. The character is controlled with a standard joystick, an attack button, a jump button, and a mutant power button. In addition to right and left, the character can move up and down the screen as well which adds a three-dimensional feel to the game. Every character is able to fight with punches, kicks, or other close combat attacks. Each character also has a unique mutant power which can be used to defeat multiple enemies on the screen at once. The use of a mutant power is very effective, but also costly since it causes a character to lose three health points. Normally, a character who drops below four health can no longer use any mutant powers, but it is also possible for characters to obtain bonus mutant powers which can be stored like items. In the Japanese version, the power items are used up before the health, and there are also power-ups and health packs throughout the levels.

Release
Depending on the machine, the maximum number of simultaneous players varies from two to six. The six-player version is particularly unusual because it has two contiguous screens (one screen in the usual place for an arcade game, the other in the cabinet below, reflected by a mirror one side of the screen) which created the effect of a single, "double-wide" screen set up, similar to Tecmo Bowl.

X-Men was ported to PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade by Backbone Entertainment with the original US and Japanese ROMs and was released on December 14 and 15, 2010 respectively, published by Konami. The Xbox 360 and PS3 port features drop-in local or online multiplayer for up to six players (only four local players possible on the XBLA version), as well as custom matchmaking and adjustable difficulty. Players can also choose between the US and Japanese versions of the game, the latter of which features power-ups and health packs. All of the voices were re-recorded by Bang Zoom! Entertainment due to licensing reasons, but the script retained the infamous lines from the original game, including "I am Magneto, master of magnet!" and "Welcome to die!". In the re-recorded script, only two voice actors were used for male and female characters (Kyle Hebert and Mela Lee, respectively).

The game was delisted from both digital stores at the end of 2013.

Konami also released the game in the iTunes App Store to be played on iOS devices in 2011, as well as in the Android Market. The game remained largely identical to the original, with the addition of on-screen controls for smartphones. Three years later, the app was no longer available in the US iTunes App Store.

In 2021, Arcade1Up released a special Marvel themed cabinet that includes X-Men, Captain America and the Avengers and Avengers in Galactic Storm.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed X-Men on their August 15, 1992 as being both the third most-successful table arcade unit and the seventh most-successful upright arcade unit of the month. In the United States, X-Men was the top-grossing deluxe arcade cabinet on the RePlay charts for six months in 1992, from May  through October. It was one of the top five highest-grossing dedicated arcade games of 1992 in the United States, according to the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA). At the 1992 AMOA Games Awards, it was nominated for the "most played video game (dedicated)" and "most innovative new technology" awards.

In Play Meter magazine, Jim Overman gave the arcade game a rating of 91% and a "gut feeling" score of 10 out of 10.

In 2004, X-Men was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time. In 2013, Arcade Sushi ranked X-Men 3rd on their "10 Best Retro Beat 'Em Ups". Nerdist.com included the game in its "Top Ten Most Iconic Marvel Video Games". In 2023, Time Extension included the game on their top 25 "Best Beat 'Em Ups of All Time" list.

IGN gave the HD port of the game a score of 7.5, saying "the game is incredibly simple and repetitive... And yet it works. It's simply a blast to play with friends". Many websites and reviewers such as Gouki.com stated that having unlimited continues without penalty for all modes has cheapened the classic experience, especially online play. Sinclair User magazine gave X-Men a score of 58/100, noting the arcade game's ability to have six players playing simultaneously, although stating "big game, big sprites, but unless you are a big fan of the Marvel comic, probably not big fun".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: X-Men (1992 video game)


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File:Blind Melon Nico.jpg

Album cover of Blind Melon - Nico

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Talk:Heat engine

difference between Cycle type and engines
The difference between Cycle type and engines needs to be split apart. The Diesil cycle can be run completely differently from the diesil engine. Ericsson created a Diesil cycle engine that ran on external combustion. The diesil cycle doesn't require diesil fuel and can have an air fuel mixture instead of fuel injection. The Otto Cycle can be either 2 or 4 stroke.Eric Norby

Would it be reasonable to add the tropical cyclone as another example of a heat engine? Presumably under the vapor power cycle heading.

Cyclones: I'm not an expert on cyclones, but I would guess it is roughly an example of one of the types already mentioned? If anyone knows more about it, it's a good example to add. Mat-C 17:40, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Changed: moved carnot out of vapour cycle. Nothing about carnot is specifically phase change that I know of (and nothing on its page suggests so).Mat-C 17:40, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

I've removed this from the Ericsson Cycle page, would be nice to include something like it here: ''Thermodynamically, the Ericsson cycle is more similar to the Stirling and Carnot cycles. All use isothermal compression and expansion at the hot and cold temperatures. To transition the gas between the hot and cold temperatures Carnot uses adiabatic compression and expansion, Stirling uses constant volume regeneration, and Ericsson uses constant pressure regeneration. All are theoretically capable of Carnot efficiency if there are no losses. Both Brayton and Ericsson can be realized by the same simple machine, a turbine compander. A Brayton cycle with regeneration and an infinite number of stages of intercooling and reheat is equivalent to the Ericsson cycle.'' Mat-C 18:08, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

What is the purpose of this page?
This page appears to be a mishmash of highly technical discussion and lists. The lists are incomplete and the technical discussion is mostly covered more usefully in other articles (such as carnot cycle). Would it be best to make this page a simple description with suitable off links to more detail; should we try to make the list complete; is it useful to have diagrams?

The article doesn't make the relationship between heat engines and heat pumps clear, and it doesn't make the point that all (almost?) energy transformations involve the carnot efficiency (e.g. batteries, solar panels, lights).

I'm happy to spend a while cleaning it up, but I am not getting an feeling for what really belongs here. njh 08:36, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Agree - need for an overhaul
Nathan - I agree with your comments about this page. I would propose a reasonable simple explanation of what a heat engine is, and relationship to a heat pump. This article might refer to heat/work cycles in nature but I think the emphasis should be on man-made machines. It would be good to have list of links to cycles, and also to pages referring to example machines. Agree that it would be best to keep cycles and machines separate.

It would be great if this article could also be mirrored for heat pumps, which is also in need of some attention. mike 17:45, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

removed 'photon cycle'
I removed "photon cycle" and the only example listed under it, solar sail. A solar sail operates by converting radiation pressure into mechanical energy. That makes it a type of engine other than a heat engine. --Delirium 06:30, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

reference to new article: Heat engine classifications
I created a new article with the goal to develop a basic list that is logical, conceptually clear, and inclusive of all practicable approaches to building a machine to convert heat energy into mechanical energy. KYcrank 00:32, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

I would like to know more about that type of convertion(heat to mech),so where can I find this article of yours?? TUCSES (talk) 10:31, 20 September 2016 (UTC)
 * appears to have been referring to material now found in the article Timeline of heat engine technology. Dolphin  ( t ) 11:07, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Agree with first two comments - This article is poor
I've been interested in heat engines for some time, and I have never heard anyone make the argument (especially after just having pointed out that heat engines work on a heat differential, and extract power from that differential alone) that internal combustion engines are heat engines of any kind-- steam, gasoline, diesel... These engines are, by no possible stretch of definitions I can think of, operating by differential in heat. I was writing in here several examples of why it's past ridiculous to include many of these engine types as heat engines, but it's not even worth doing: the statement itself is self-evidently ludicrous. 68.99.213.231 05:05, 4 January 2007 (UTC) Andy R.

New heat engine model should be incorporated
There is a new paper published in the "International Journal of Energy Research" (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1312) that details a new heat engine model that accurately reproduces the efficiencies of Otto, Brayton, and Stirling cycle engines. This new model should be covered under this topic. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.244.46.21 (talk) 14:18, 7 March 2007 (UTC).

I hacked this discussion from the middle of the article Ϙ 18:49, 4 June 2007 (UTC). [-->I think this section needs correction. MIT's Professor Gyftopoulos seems pretty smart: http://web.mit.edu/nse/people/faculty/gyftopoulos.html

He slams the endoreversible theory in a paper titled: "On the Curzon–Ahlborn efficiency and its lack of connection to power producing processes".

Abstract: "Because some physicists continue to defend the nonexistent theory of finite time thermodynamics, additional incontrovertible experimental and theoretical evidence is provided about its irrationality and nonreality."

Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency is the endoreversible theory. ---Steve]

>The Carnot Cycle limit cannot be reached with any gas-based cycle, but engineers have worked out at least two ways to possibly go around that limit

Helllooo, nurse... Either very poor choice of wording or suggestion that those engineers are trying to exceed Carnot cycle efficiency limit. THAT I sorta would like to see, coz it's pretty equivalent to creating perpetuum mobile. Except not going to happen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.110.96.68 (talk) 23:01, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Athermal engines efficiency （Yu，Deng Hai，热效率趋向100%的能量利用新途径I:从无序到有序，中国工程热物理学会，工程热力学与能源利用学术会议，1994；

Deng Yu，Deng Hai，邓宇，邓海，热效率趋向100%的能量利用新途径II:量子化内能的分解及有序化的演变，中国工程热物理学会，工程热力学与能源利用学术会议，1994）

Efficiency
I came to this page hoping to find information about the efficiency of engines, but just a couple scattered references. That would be a useful list, although I am sure it is hard to get consistent information.

Also, you might mention rocket engines in the article. They may be the most efficient heat engines, up around 65%. DonPMitchell (talk) 17:54, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * A rocket motor is not a heat engine. Mass crosses the system boundary. Globbet (talk) 20:01, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * But under the steady flow assumption (see below) they can be treated as heat engines, and described using the Brayton cycle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.18.219.135 (talk) 10:35, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

The first sentence of this section contains an error: "The efficiency of a heat engine relates how much useful power is output for a given amount of heat energy input." The word "power" should be replaced by "work" or "energy", because power = energy per unit time, and "work" is a synonym for "energy" in the technical physic jargon. I'm replacing "power" with "work". DavidMCEddy (talk) 14:36, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Athermal engines efficiency 100%
The efficiency of traditional heat engines is a limit 1/3， 33.33%.

Px=Py=Pz=P,

PV=(2/3)NEk =(1/3)mv2N

when 3-Dimension

V2=Vx2+Vy2+Vz2

when 1-D in 3-Dimension

Vx2=3Vx2=3v2=V2

PxV=(1/3)mV2N=(1/3)mVx2N

=(1/3)m3Vx2N

=mVx2N

=2EKN

Px>P

Px=3P=3NRT/V

ηs=A/Q=1 -(T2/T1)

=1 -(T2/Q1)S

entropy S→0, so

(T2/Q1)S→0,

ηs→1

0≤η<<1

Q=3PV

or

Q=U=3PV

η0=A/Q=PV/3PV

=1/3

A=3PV

ηs=A/Q=3PV/3PV

=1

 * An athermal heat engine is a contradiction in terms, and many heat engines exceed 33% efficiency; so I've deleted, what appears to me to be, OR.Teapeat (talk) 01:43, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Internal combustion engines can't be considered heat engines
From the definitions of heat engines that I have seen, I don't believe that internal combustion engines can be considered heat engines. This is because the input is chemical energy. This chemical energy is turned into heat internally and this heat is then turned into mechanical energy. However, the input to the engine is chemical and not heat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by PhillyPhysics (talk • contribs) 16:51, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Comment: Internal Combustion Engines are heat engines - User:Twingy

 * Correct: an internal combustion engine is not a heat engine. Mass crosses the system boundary. Globbet (talk) 20:03, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Although they are in fact open systems, the internal combustion engines are modelled as heat engines, with their corresponding cycles (Otto, Diesel or Brayton). This is done using the steady flow assumption: as in every cycle enters the same amount of mixture as hot gas is expelled, it can be treated as if the same fluid were making the cycle continuously, with just the heat being discarded.--88.18.219.135 (talk) 10:34, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Internal combustion engines are a type of heat engines, because even though the way heat is generated is different, they subsequently do convert heat into work. A good definition of heat engines should therefore also include open systems and internal combustion engines. I think the definition below covers internal combustion engines (the working substance passes only once through the working body in an internal combustion engine). Teep111

In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a high temperature state to a lower temperature state. A heat "source" generates heat that brings the working substance in the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the "working body" of the engine while transferring heat to the colder "sink" until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the heat is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Teep111 (talk • contribs) 23:36, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Everyday examples
The article says: "Examples of everyday heat engines include the steam engine, the diesel engine, and the gasoline (petrol) engine in an automobile." I strongly disagree with the statement that the internal combustion engine is a good example of a heat engine. The main reason the cylinder in an IC engine moves is because the chemical reaction increases the number of molecules of gas, which increases the pressure as described by the ideal gas law PV = nRT. The higher temperature resulting from combustion also increases the pressure, but this increase can only be on the order of two-fold or three-fold (at most). The increase in the number of moles of gas due to the combustion reaction is over over ten-fold. Thomas.Hedden (talk) 21:53, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect or Deceptive use of "Sink"
The use of the term "sink" (or as the currently linked article more technically puts it, "heat sink") seems to me to be a conflation of 'useful' with 'non-useful' or 'excess' heat. I suggest removing this term to reduce probable confusion resulting. I will do so now, but feel free to redact with pending argument. Typenolies (talk) 18:49, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

 * It's used perfectly correctly. The link is wrong though, and I've relinked it. The term 'sink' is already used in the new linked-to article.GliderMaven (talk)
 * I disagree that "sink" or "thermal reservoir" are being used correctly, because they don't adequately convey the purpose or desired action of a heat engine, which is to convert the useful energy in the heat, not transfer the heat itself. I won't revert back, but I'd like the statement to be replaced with a more purposeful summary of where the heat goes and what it's trying to accomplish.Typenolies (talk) 04:16, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

Sterling cycle and Malone engine
Do sterling cycles really require the fluid to be a gas? I ask because I've come across an obscure cycle that is described as being like a sterling cycle but using liquid rather than gas. see http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/POWER/maloneliquid/maloneliquid.htm thermodynamic cycles are described using cycles of thermodynamic processes so in much same way as a sterling is still a sterling if it runs on air or helium. So as long as the processes remain the same the choice of fluid shouldn't prevent the malone being considered a sterling. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.47.140.47 (talk) 19:53, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Efficiency
In the overview, the maximum theoretical efficiency is quoted as being the "temperature difference between the hot and cold ends divided by the temperature at the hot end...". This is incorrect. The correct COP (found elsewhere in wikipedia) is given by T (hot)/(T (hot)-T (cold)) and the efficiency is given by W/Q (hot)=(Q (hot)-Q (cold))/Q (hot) (source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heaeng.html) 76.198.38.250 (talk)

Heat transfer
Added lede part and image to heat transfer, here. Prokaryotes (talk) 20:09, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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Need an article on Carnot Efficiency
The tag Carnot efficiency redirects here, but since Carnot efficiency is so central to many applications other than engines, it would probably be useful to make this a separate article. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 14:44, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

...wait, I realized that this isn't even the best article to redirect Carnot efficiency to-- there is an article Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) which is specifically about Carnot efficiency. And there are four other article which would also be better than this one: Thermal efficiency, Carnot heat engine, Carnot cycle and Second law of thermodynamics. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 14:51, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * For 10 days in February 2007 the redirect was aimed at Exergy efficiency so that makes five! Dolphin ( t ) 22:21, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Additional Phase-Change Cycle:
Comment: missing Shape Memory Alloy for solid-solid phase such as Nitinol engine - User:Twingy

title: Talk:Heat engine


text:
Category talk:Welsh politicians

Untitled
Please see Category talk:British politicians for a discussion on who should be in this category and similar. Timrollpickering 23:34, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Welsh politicians


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Category talk:Scottish politicians

Untitled
Please see Category talk:British politicians for a discussion on who should be in this category and similar. Timrollpickering 23:34, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Scottish politicians


text: User talk:24.166.105.65

title: User talk:24.166.105.65


text: User talk:63.251.222.9

title: User talk:63.251.222.9


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Pharmacy College Admission Test

The Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) was a computer-based standardized test administered to prospective pharmacy school students by Pearson Education, Inc as a service for the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP); it is offered in January, July, and September. The test is divided into five sections to be taken in approximately three and a half hours. The test includes Writing, Biology, Chemistry, Critical reading, and Quantitative Reasoning sections. The composite score is based on the multiple-choice sections, and can range from 200 – 600. There is no passing score; pharmacy schools set their own standards for acceptable scores. Calculators are not allowed during the testing period and no penalty is given for incorrect answers.

The test was retired effective January 10, 2024.

title: Pharmacy College Admission Test


text: User talk:65.29.90.119

title: User talk:65.29.90.119


text:
Rioni

The Rioni (რიონი, Rioni; Φᾶσις, Phᾶsis) is the main river of western Georgia. It originates in the Caucasus Mountains, in the region of Racha and flows west to the Black Sea, entering it north of the city of Poti (near ancient Phasis). The city of Kutaisi, once the ancient city of Colchis, lies on its banks. It drains the western Transcaucasus into the Black Sea while the river Kura, drains the eastern Transcaucasus into the Caspian Sea.

Ancient authors
Known to the ancient Greeks as the river Phasis, the Rioni was first mentioned by Hesiod in his Theogony (l.340); Plato has Socrates remark: "I believe that the earth is very large and that we who dwell between the pillars of Hercules and the river Phasis live in a small part of it about the sea, like ants or frogs about a pond" (Phaedo, 109a). Later writers like Apollonius Rhodius (Argonautica 2.12.61), Virgil (Georgics 4.367) and Aelius Aristides (Ad Romam 82) considered it the easternmost limit of the navigable seas. Herodotus and Anaximander considered Rioni a boundary between Europe and Asia. The famed voyage of Jason and the Argonauts, though semi-mythological, was said to have occurred by the Argonauts sailing up the river Phasis from its outlet to the Black Sea at Poti, to Colchis (modern Kutaisi in Georgia).

Pheasant
The term "pheasant" and the scientific name Phasianus colchicus are derived from "Phasis" and "Colchis", as this was said to be the region from which the common pheasant was introduced to Europe (the ring-necked pheasants were introduced later from East Asia).

Draining
It is said that "the failure of Colchis to emerge as a strong kingdom or to be maintained as a province of Rome has been blamed on the pestilential climate of the Phasis Valley, a situation remarked upon by travelers down to modern times, when the swamps were finally drained." Wetlands around Rioni River has been drained through a large reclamation-drainage project commissioned by government in 1960. After that, the area was cleared and converted to agricultural land.

Description
The Rioni is the longest river wholly within the borders of Georgia. The river is 327 km long, and its drainage basin covers about 13400 km2. It starts on the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains at 2960 m above sea level, north of the town Oni. Its largest tributaries are, from source to mouth: Jejora (left), Qvirila (left), Khanistsqali (left), Tskhenistsqali (right) and Tekhuri (right).

Phasis river at Taprobana
Stephanus of Byzantium wrote that there was also another river which was named Phasis, in Taprobana (Φᾶσις ἐν τῇ Ταπροβάνῃ) (Ceylon or Sri Lanka).

title: Rioni


text: File:Bob Dylan - Love and Theft.jpg

title: File:Bob Dylan - Love and Theft.jpg


text: Category:Trivia games

title: Category:Trivia games


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Talk:M3 submachine gun/Archive 1

Article name
There's likely a better name for this article then M3 SMG.
 * How's M3 Grease Gun sound? Oberiko 23:46, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Curved barrel
A curved barrel? Serious? Why would you put a curved barrel on any gun, much less an SMG?--Polyparadigm 03:48, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if I'm remembering this correctly, since it's from a book I read as a child, but I think it was a barrel extension/attachment that would allow one to shoot around a corner.-LtNOWIS 21:55, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the German army at least prototyped one for their assault rifle, so it could be inspired by or a confusion with that Jeremy Nimmo 05:52, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * In case anyone wonders, yes, curved barrels were designed as a way to shoot around corners. One famous German (Nazi) adaptation made for (the MP-44?) was basically a mirror attached to a bent piece of pipe, designed to be bolted to the weapon's barrel. They wore out incredibly quickly and thus were pretty limited in usefulness, but they were cheap to produce and provided decent results. Gspawn 21:54, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * An additional application, for the germans, was a a close-in defense weapon for tanks. A mount with a curved "barrel" was mounted through the roof. Similar to this: http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/models/ka174.html Deathbunny 05:37, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Versions
If there is an A1 and an A3, surely there must have been an A2 even if it never reached full service.GraemeLeggett 1 July 2005 09:45 (UTC)

 * As with the M3A2, I can find no authoritative source that mentions a M3A3 SMG. I suspect someone is getting confused by the designations for the Stuart tank or the Bradley IFV. --D.E. Watters July 1, 2005 17:41 (UTC)

 * I did some net searching, and I suspect the culprit is some poorly researched Video Game. --D.E. Watters July 1, 2005 18:26 (UTC)

Merge
This page should be merged with the M3 submachine gun page. Lefty July 8, 2005 19:40 (UTC)

 * done and dustedGraemeLeggett 8 July 2005 20:18 (UTC)

Claim of Gulf War use
I've searched online, and I've been unable to find any references to the use of the M3 in the Gulf War. Although it sounds like a fascinating story, it needs to be verifiable.

"drivers in the 19th Engineer Battalion, which was attached to the U.S. 1st Armored Division, deployed with the M3A1 as an alternate arm"

--Bluepdx 00:05, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Golly, I guess eyewittness reports aren't enough. Yes, they were there, in tanks or in armories, but not used much. Of course, small arms of all types were seldom used.  Given we didn't lose a single tank (that I'm aware of) there was absolutely no reason for the tankers to have used them.--Asams10 02:04, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Suppressed version ?
I think that the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) made a suppressed version of the grease gun, probably from the M3A1 variant because it appeared in the early months of 1945 (quoted in [www.smallarmsreview.com/pdf/OSSPistol.PDF]) Rob1bureau 09:01, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Anecdotal story
The following information is courtesy of Bob Caulkins. It was placed in the article by an anon. It was rv'd as original research, so I copied it from the page history to give everyone a chance to read it.

''"I carried a grease gun in Vietnam while I served with the First Marine Division (66-68). There are a several of neat things about the gun that don't appear in the description and I'd like to tell you about them. The gun had a built-in oiler in the base of the grip. After turning the gun over, the knob seen in the illustration is unscrewed revealing an oil reservoir and an oil applicator. The wire stock was a masterpiece of American ingenuity. It was a wrench for removing the barrel, the barrel had two grooves machined into it into which the wire stock was placed and then turned to loosen the barrel. One of the stock rods was threaded at the forward end to take a bore brush and drilled out to take a cleaning patch, and finally, there was a small "L" shaped piece of steel welded to the butt of the stock, as seen in the illustration, that functioned as a magazine loader. Trying to thumb load 30 rounds into the mag was a chore. This twenty-eight dollar, or so, piece of stamped, welded and machined metal was a beauty, on the several occasions when I needed it, it never failed me. "''

Mytwocents 17:44, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Copying from other countrys
can somebody please tell me why this article says other countrys copied this design? if memory serves me the u.s. copied it from them. look at the dates. i might be wrong. if it is trying to say it was copied from them it should be changed to be clearer. 63.22.210.20 06:57, 8 December 2006 (UTC)Jeff

title: Talk:M3 submachine gun/Archive 1


text: User talk:69.143.177.113

title: User talk:69.143.177.113


text:
Category:People convicted on terrorism charges

This category is for individuals who have been convicted on terrorism charges.

This category can include terrorists who correspond to the above definition, but for one or another reason never made it to prison.


text: User talk:68.9.152.207

title: User talk:68.9.152.207


text: User talk:67.172.170.19

title: User talk:67.172.170.19


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hans Bakker

Hans Bakker
Hans Bakker is the guy who was killed at an open source conference of some sort. Slashdot reported his passing. Searches on the net turn up a "Hans Bakker" that is not this guy, and Slashdot doesn't even mention him by name in the article. As much of an open source kind of guy as I am, I don't think dying at a conference makes an otherwise non-notable open source coder any more notable. CryptoDerk 23:53, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep huwr 23:51, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - Google tells us there's a sociologist by the same name who's more notable (still not notable though). Other articles unlikely to link to this, and it's highly unlikely to improve from what it already is. Jelly441 00:09, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Requiescat in Pace. Delete. Not notable.--Samuel J. Howard 00:11, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - yes, it's sad, but it happened more than 15 minutes ago, and the poor guys alloted fame minutes are used up. It's a context issue - and most people don't merit inclusion in the context of an encyclopedia. -- foobario 00:21, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - I hate to vote delete on a sincerely made tribute, but unless he was e.g. the leader of a major open source project, I don't think he is notable enough for Wikipedia, despite his tragic death. —Stormie 00:29, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable car crash victim.   — Gwalla | Talk 01:00, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, unless perhaps there's something else notable about him than just this. Does anyone know what software he's written? Bryan 02:10, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sad. Delete Dsmdgold 02:50, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, with condolences. I'm sorry, but 9-11 victims don't get individual Wikipedia articles, either. • Benc • 07:03, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You were saying? Aecis 08:12, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I was making a generalization. We have 52 articles in that category, out of 2,973 victims, and a separate memorial wiki set up to cover all of the biographies. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a memorial. • Benc • 22:19, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, it's very sad, but IMHO this isn't notable enough for Wikipedia. -- le - 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. He simply wasn't known outside his family and group of friends. If he hadn't just died, we wouldn't be having this discussion. --chbarts 10:56, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Condolences to the family, but he wasn't sufficiently notable. Delete. Average Earthman 11:44, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Never heard of this guy.

 * Delete. --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 23:35, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - there are more notable persons with no entries, or minimal entry, here.--Steeltitan 14:21, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep - Hans Bakker was also the chairman of ne2000 and a major force in organising networkevents and promoting open source in general which imho makes him an important person even though he lacks the guru's unix beard


text:
User talk:One Salient Oversight/ - archive

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful:

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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 07:36, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi there, welcome to Wikipedia! Always good to see a fellow Aussie here.

I hope you're not offended by my deletion of that source material you added, and the Wikipedia would welcome articles on those topics.

If you've got any questions, ask on the Village Pump, or if you'd like to specifically ask me you can do so on my talk page. --Robert Merkel 12:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi again, do you realize that you can retrieve the stuff I "deleted" from the catechism article by using the "page history" link on the side of the page, if you want to add it to Wikisource? --Robert Merkel 13:03, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

I was unaware that my Hunter Tylo bit was POV. I reread it and I still don't think so. In any case, the changes you've made are good. Mike H 02:05, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)

yay
someone appreciates me! lets edit again together :D Sam [Spade] 07:35, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Calvinism
Wow, are you a calvinist? determinism and all? Sam [Spade] 07:38, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Of course I am a lay preacher so please forgive the short sermon!
 * Yeah pretty much. I accept the Bible's claims that it is Divinely written and therefore has sole authority in matters of Christian belief. Once I accepted that as fact, all my Bible research pointed towards Predestination/Determinism as a concept that was explicitly taught. Of course this does raise all sorts of philosophical questions eg: Did God determine 9/11? If he did then is he to blame? And if he is to blame then isn't God evil? And if God is evil doesn't that contradict the Bible's view of him and therefore prove Christianity is wrong? Unfortunately I have to accept that yes God did determine 9/11 but no he is not to blame and no he is not evil. This of course sounds illogical, but if the Bible is taken as Divinely inspired then that is the conclusion you come to.

 * Actually that was just what I was looking for, thanks! I am not a Calvinist, but I have studied the doctrines (I study religion.. religiously ;) in particular because a) I am fascinated by the puritans (while not Calvinist exactly, they had many theological similarities) b) I am fascinated by the reformation, Martin Luther and his contemporaries, and c) Because I disagree w the doctrines of Calvinism so strongly and thoroughly.

 * I believe freewill is a central component to theology, and is the only thing similar to a limitation on God's Omniscience (for example Adams choice to defy God surprised and upset him, as did the misdeeds of the Israelites thruout the OT). I believe God creates freewill intentionally, knowing full well that it might result in chaos and suffering, but also knowing it would lead to sincere obedience and spiritual growth despite those hardships.

 * An interesting question this brings up is the tree of good and evil, and if God wanted Adam to taste of its fruit. The Bible suggests (to me) that he did not. So perhaps ignorance was bliss, and God never intended so much suffering to result from his gift of freewill? I don't pretend an easy answer to that, and I hope you don't mind my being a bit preachy, but theology is my favorite topic and all ;) Here's a link to a related discussion if your interested. Cheers, Sam [Spade] 18:26, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ah... do you really want to get into this discussion?? ;) Fortunately I am not one of those "Hyper-Calvinists" who believe that acceptance of Predestination is essential for a person's salvation. I also believe in evangelism. Many Calvinists feel that their position is not understood properly when it comes to freewill. While I would argue that, for example, God predetermined 9/11 but was not responsible for it, that those who were responsible for it were the hijackers and Osama. Yes God predetermined the event, but the evil was comitted by those perpetrators. Hard to swallow logically, I realise. You've probably heard the "God hardened Pharaoh's heart" argument as well - that before the Exodus God was actually causing Pharaoh to reject God's own commands to him to let Israel go. This is a vital passage for Calvinists because it shows a) That God predetermines people's actions, even when those actions are sinful, and 2) That the predetermined sinful action is the fault of the sinner rather than the predeterminer. As for those passages that seem to deal with God's inability to know what will happen in the future (eg the Garden of Eden), the proper Calvinist reply is that God did know what was going to happen but the text at that point treats God's reaction in human terms. Yes again you've probably heard this argument. What has really convinced me is the belief in Monergism rather than Synergism. This attempts to answer the question of "When does the Holy Spirit come upon the Christian? Before conversion, during conversion or after conversion?". A Calvinist would say "before Conversion" - the Holy Spirit enters into a person, regenerates them, and then, now that they are a new creature in Christ, they repent of their sins and trust in Christ for Salvation. An Arminian (Synergist) would say "During conversion" - that the person and the Holy Spirit act together in unison to regenerate the person and repent and have faith in Christ. A Pelagian would say "After conversion" - that a person has to repent and place his/her trust in Christ first before the Holy Spirit comes upon them and regenerates them. Monergism is supported by verses like 1 Corinthians 2.12 - we can only understand God's free gift of Grace by receiving the Holy Spirit. 1 John 5.20 says that "The Son of God has come and has given us understanding, so that we may know him who is true" - which indicates that Christ is also involved in this thing. Ephesians 2.8 says that it is by Grace we have been saved, through faith - and this (faith) not from yourselves, it is the gift of God. Faith is therefore seen as a gift - something God gives you, not something you exercise. Feel free to find passages that refute this. However I have to say that the Pelagian belief - that repentance and faith must precede the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, is actually quite a seriously bad thing to hold. Why? Because it seems to suggest that mankind is not enslaved to sin, and that he or she can, by their own free choice, choose to serve God. People who hold to this belief tend to move towards a denial of original sin, and put the focus away from Christ's sin sacrifice upon the Cross. I find it hard because it seems to suggest that there is some innate goodness in every human being, but that seems to contradict Romans 3.10-18. See my contributions to Charles Grandison Finney for more of this issue. I reckon Finney was a Pelagian, and unsaved. Hard, I realise, but I have to stick to my guns on this issue. Now... do you really want to keep talking about this? I'm happy to in the nicest possible way!

 * Thank you for both your generosity in writing at such length, and your offer for me to "opt out" if I was in some way uncomfortable. Frankly you'll probably have to let me know when your no longer interested in the discussion, since the only thing that makes me lose interest in a discussion of this sort is rudeness (some people can't seem to discuss such things w/o being rude) and inability to comprehend (this is a big problem when chatting w foreign folks, esp. Muslims who try to convert me online ;). As far as Monergism, I kinda agree w you, but I think I tend toward synergism. I see a mixture of freewill and determinism, not an absolute one way or the other. For example, an emptiness in my heart led me to religious studies, which resulted in God making himself known to me, which resulted in my knowing and loving God. I won't say conversion, because I'm largely interdenominational (I accept almost every denomination as being a useful method of worshipping God). In any case, I see a mix. I say the larger, meta-issues (like prophecy for example) are predetermined. The smaller, day to day choices however I see as left to our freewill. How do I reconcile this? I say that while God has chosen certain "guidepost" events (such as certain matters of prophecy), the way we will reach them is based upon unforeseen choices and events resulting from freewill. No matter what we do, the same general results will occur, but at different times and in different ways than if different choices had been made. To me this explains why the time and place of Christ’s return cannot be known. That it will happen is absolute, but the specifics are influenced by worldly actions. I see God as omnipotent of course, and entirely able to influence or alter any event. I also see him as choosing to allow us freewill however, and accepting the misery and misfortune resulting from it as necessary in reaping the benefit of sincere love and progress in the hearts of men. Thank you very much for your interest, please let me know if you tire of the dialogue, and please feel free to take as long as you care to in making your reply. Very nice communicating, God be with you, Jack / Sam [Spade] 17:45, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Biblical inerrancy
It's good to see a pro-inerrancy person work on Biblical inerrancy. While I personally believe the Bible is error-prone, the article itself was waaaay imbalanced towards anti-inerrancy. I've posted a comment on the talk page there though; I'm not clear what your addition was meant to show, and I think it would make more sense if some other things were spelled out.

Thanks, welcome, and feel free to organize the page better, right now it is really poorly done and seems like a random bunch of arguments, which is not what an encyclopedia article ought to be. (Just be careful about NPOV while doing it.) Cheers! Jkeiser 02:42, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

List of religious topics
Hello. When you write a new article on religion, could you add it to the list of religious topics? That alerts some interested readers to its existence. Also, if you find one that is not already listed there (a few weeks ago I found that the article titled Easter was not listed there; I was quite surprised). Michael Hardy

Will do. Thanks for your help. One Salient Oversight 10:25, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for your comments
I really appreciate what you wrote re my own additions to the Spanking article. I further appreciated getting to know you better, after having read those comments and looking about to see who you are.

I enjoyed, especially, your article on biblical inerrancy. I am one who does believe that the Torah, in its original autographs, was completely inerrant, and it does not shame me to say so. I do believe, however, that some of the writings considered to be Scripture today have been tweaked for both political and religious purposes.

Although I saw the article about spanking some time ago, I avoided writing anything, because I had already written the Non-violent Child Discipline, which had originally been part of the Spanking article on Wikipedia before I knew how to make my name appear on my articles. I believed that I needed to stay away from the "other side" because I do have very strong feelings against spanking [smile]. However, all of my opinions on the subject are based upon self-education in that area. I can claim no real expertise; therefore, I remain hesitant (to a point) to add much to the spanking area.

My first husband and I were discussing cessation of spanking when he was killed. When he was gone, I tried to do what he was thinking we should do and stopped spanking. The children were ages 5 and 2. Now ages 33 and 30, I enjoyed them as both children and teens, and they both are fabulous adults. It has been a good life with them.

I noticed that you made the very revisions to the [Pentecostalism] subject I was working out how to phrase myself last night. Thanks for clarifying the Pentecostal vs. [Charismatic] issue in the introduction. --MtB 17:39, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Edit attributions
Hi, Neil. It is possible to reattribute the edits from User:Neilinoz to your current username, per your request on Changing username, If you still want this, can you please login as the old username and confirm the request on that page? Thanks  — Kate Turner | Talk 09:12, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC)
 * Thanks, this has now been done. Regards   — Kate Turner | Talk 10:10, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC)

Stalin quote
I removed the last sentence because the previous two sentences already said it was "popularly attributed" to him and that it was possibly said in response to Churchill. Everyking 10:03, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hanegraaff
Your argument is fair enough. I thought the implication was that Hanegraaff himself is a pentecostalist/charismatic, but if you wish to include him simply on the basis of his polemics against them, that is fine with me. - Nat Krause 07:44, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Quotations from Apologetics Index
Hello! About the new articles that you're creating that are composed entirely of quotations from Apologetics Index: I think you might be breaching their copyright. I know that using short quotations do not count as copyright violations, but the phrase "The following is a quote from Apologetics Index" does not disguide the fact that you are transferring their content over wholesale, and that their content comprises the entirety of the articles.

I'm not 100% sure about this, so I've posted to Wikipedia talk:Copyright problems about this.

- Katherine Shaw 12:15, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, please consider whether what you are doing is 'fair use'. Charles Matthews 12:25, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * One Salient Oversight, thanks for the response on my page. I still feel it's rather dubious, even if your intent is for the copied content to disappear very quickly. The topics will undoubtedly be of use to somebody, but I can't see the need to get an article up as soon as possible - my instinct would have been to write stubs (however bad) and then flesh them out, rather than risk copyvios.

 * Anyway, as it's up elsewhere for others' opinions, we can see what they have to say, see what happens.

 * - Katherine Shaw 12:30, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. I think I may have accidentally broken "fair use". I am contacting the Website author and will remove the quotes if he asks me to, or if he does not respond within a few days One Salient Oversight 12:33, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal topics
Hi

I notice that you have been adding many, many article to this category. Some seem to be of doubtful relevance, and some are much better off in a wider category. Gospel for example is better in Christianity than this topic. Many of the authors you have put in here, like Michael Green are only marginally relevant to the Charismatic movement. I'm undoing a lot of your additions - can I suggest we discuss what goes in this category before we add many more? DJ Clayworth 14:10, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Also, please do not create article simply by copying text from The Apologetics Index. Apart from the copyright issues, Apologetics index is not exactly a neutral source. DJ Clayworth 14:34, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

You seem to have added around twenty or thirty articles that are straightforward copies of another website? Please do the decent thing and list all of these on Copyright problems youself, saving us the work of doing it. If you add a note saying that you submitted them in error then an admin will delete them speedily for you, and we can all get on with something useful. DJ Clayworth 14:53, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi. See the talk immediately article above about the copying and pasting of Apologetics index texts.

 * I would have thought that Michael Green was an important link to have because he is a theologian that is sympathetic to Charismatic theology and practice. One Salient Oversight 22:39, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Incurring the wrath of One Salient Oversight??
Not really! However I'd just like to ask you if you looked at my talk page about the possible copyright infringements before you added the "warning" section on all the pages I created. In that discussion I admitted that there was a possible breach of "Fair use" policy and that I had contacted the author for direction. Moreover I then pointed out that I would remove the offending text if the author directed me to, or if he did not reply within a few days.

You've obviously done a lot of work in re-jigging everything that I had done. Please understand that I was prepared to do all this myself (and made it explicit on my talk page). If any copyright infringements were made it was all an honest mistake that I was prepared to clean up myself. The text you have put in place is all rather official and "we will ban you if you do this again", which sort of makes me feel like a criminal or an idiotic newbie.

I've actually seen some of your work and I think that your contributions are pretty good. I would love to work with you on improving all these articles to make them of a high quality. One Salient Oversight 22:53, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * see also Wikipedia_talk:Copyright_problems

 * OSO Again. I'm also of the opinion that many of the pages that were removed from the category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Topics are, in fact, important to the topic at hand. Even though Gospel and Pastor are not in themselves exclusvely Charismatic and Pentecostal, from the C/P perspective they are. Examples:

 * Sabellianism is an ancient teaching that was condemned by the church. It is present in Oneness Pentecostal churches.
 * Followership is a behaviour that is encouraged and even explcitly taught amongst many P/C churches.
 * Alternative worship came about mainly because of the influence of the Charismatic movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
 * etc etc One Salient Oversight 23:14, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi. I moved the above from my own talk page to keep everything together. Thanks for your reply - let me approach what you said point by point.

The copyright of the articles you added is obviously important, but its not the only issue. Firstly, and in a minor way, it doesn't help Wikipedias credibility if all it has on a subject is a quote from another website. Even a very short stub is better than that. Secondly the source you quote is not exactly a neutral one. In one article it calls the preacher 'unbiblical' in the second sentence, having given almost no details on what he actually teaches. Our job as encyclopedists is to give the facts about who we are writing about. I'm not saying you shouldn't use sources who dislike subjects, but they shouldn't be the main source of information. It would be much better to write a couple of paragraphs on these subject - in the case of people give birthdates, primary accomplishments, a short summary of the distinctive features of their teaching. Then add criticisms as required.

On the subject of the categories. The reason I removed a lot of these categories is not because they aren't relevant to the Charismatics, but because they are relevant to a much wider range of people. Gospel for example is relevant to all of Christianity. Having added it to Category:Christianity there should be no need to add it to subcategories. If we did we would have to add it to pretty much every subcategory. That would make Gospel a little crowded. This is a precedent already; we don't add people to both Category:British writers and Category:Writers. Besides, if there was a book of the Bible with special relevance to Charismatics surely it would be Acts? You will notice I left First Epistle to the Corinthians in, because of its passages with special relevance to Charismata.

With some of the other people I think there needs to be a special connection between the person and Charismatics for them to be in the category. Michael Green may be sympathetic to the Charismatic movement, but so are many other thousands of theologians. Also Michael Green is sympathetic to dozens of other movements within the church, and many of the much more so than to the Charmismatic movement. I debated a long time over whether to remove Alpha Course and Nicky Gumbel. I realise that to those not used to the gifts of the Spirit the Alpha Course looks quite Charismatic. However of the millions of people who are involved with Alpha, only a tiny minority are in any way associated with Charismatics or Pentecostalism. In fact Pentecostals would probably have serious disagreements with Nicky - he does not see Glossolalia as a defining gift, and he considers it to be a 'beginner' gift. His association with the Charismatic movement is peripheral at best. Putting him in this category gives a misrepresentation of him.

Sabellianism is, as you say, an ancient heresy which is present in parts of the Pentecostal church. So most Sabellianism occurs (or occurred) outside the Charismatic movement, and most of the Charismatic movement is free of Sabellianism. The overlap between them is quite small. I think a much better way of showing this link is to make a link from the article Oneness Pentecostal to Sabellianism. Putting it in the category gives the misleading impression that Sabellianism is associated with most of the Charismatic movement.

Alternative worship we can maybe discuss. But Praise, Worship, and most of the others are part of most branches of Christianity, likewise Pastor. Like Gospel, we would have to add them to the category for every Christian movement and denomination if we added them to Charismatic.

I hope that helps. I'll not remove any more categories until we've talked about this a little more. DJ Clayworth 13:50, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

P.S. How would you feel about merging Baptism in the Holy Spirit and Baptism of the Holy Spirit, or explaining why they are not the same thing. I though they were, but I'm not confident enough to be sure. DJ Clayworth 14:00, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * G'day DJ. Thanks for your detailed reply. In future I will be very careful about getting quotes. It was my hope to create a little more than a stub so that others who went to those pages would get some information about it. I was quite aware of the bias, which is why I made sure that I was giving a quote rather than pretending it was original work. My intention was to create a small article with some information that I would work on later. Oh well, live and learn I suppose!!

 * As a result of this, I am now considering the idea of creating a page entitled Charismatic and Pentecostal related articles or similar. This would help get rid of any problem with having an inappropriate category attached to Gospel and Pastor, while still having a link to those articles from one end. Sabellianism and Followership would probably go onto this page as well. I suppose I went a bit overboard when I created the category. Again, live and learn.

 * As far as I know, Nicky Gumbel and the whole Holy Trinity Brompton thing is charismatic. Yes they definitely have differences with other Charismatics and Pentecostals, but the whole C/P movement is so nebulous that it is hard to pin down exactly what is going on. Latter Rain Movement and Manifest Sons of God are areas of the movement that have caused a great deal of controversy and those who held on to these beliefs were expelled from the US Assemblies of God during the 1950s for being heretics. Modern day adherents to this belief would probably suffer the same level of antagonism from within the wider Charismatic and Pentecostal movement.

 * One of the advantages of doing this was the realisation that Baptism of the Holy Spirit and Baptism in the Holy Spirit would obviously need to be merged. The same can be said for Spiritual possession and Demonic possession. I'm happy to work with you on these to merge them together.

 * Again, thanks for your input. I really enjoy Wikipedia when problems get resolved in a peaceful and adult manner! One Salient Oversight 23:04, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

More Hank Hanegraaff
Greetings from Southern California! (Hank's greeting at the start of the  Bible Answer Man  radio program) I'm a fellow Southern Californian like Hanegraaff, and I thought you'd like to know he has repeatedly said on air he is Charismatic in that he speaks in tongues. Other than that, he isn't your standard Charismatic or Pentecostal. Very much like folks at Calvary Chapel instead. BTW, I also added a bit more on World Prayer Center, and am familiar with it because of visiting the church that sponsored it being there, New Life Church in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Hope all this is helpful! --avnative 20:40, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

Greetings from Australia! Thanks for your information - it is actually very good to know that Hanegraaff is a Charismatic since it is very useful to have criticism of a movement from the inside as well. I hope you like Criticisms of Pentecostal and Charismatic Belief. One Salient Oversight 22:18, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject Sydney
Want to join? I'm still formulating policy. Incidently, there is a message board Australian wikipedians' notice board - Ta bu shi da yu 06:09, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

'spose so. What do you guys actually do?


text:
User:SUPERLINK2

 * howls* HELLO! WELCOME TO SUPERLINK2's PAGE! THIS PAGE WILL BE FIXED SHORTLY SO HANG ON!

title: User:SUPERLINK2


text:
Ōpaoa River

The Ōpaoa River, formerly called the Opawa River, is in the Marlborough region of the South Island of New Zealand. It begins in the Wairau valley where floodways are joined. It makes its way down the valley and flows through and looping around the eastern suburbs of Blenheim where it is crossed by the Opawa River Bridge. It joins the Taylor River in Blenheim (keeping the Ōpaoa name) and flows into Big Lagoon, the estuary it shares with the southern mouth of the Wairau River at Cloudy Bay.

There are two possible sources for the river's name. It might have been named after the chief Paoa. Rangitāne iwi say that the name Ōpaoa literally means smoky river. With Blenheim built on swampy land, the river was often brown (or 'smoky') as a consequence. In August 2014, the name of the river was officially altered to Ōpaoa River.

title: Ōpaoa River


text:
Phasis

Phasis may refer to:

Places and jurisdictions

 * Phasis (river), modern-day Rioni River in western Georgia
 * Phasis (town), an ancient town in the Phasis river delta, near modern-day Poti
 * Phasis (titular see), a Latin Catholic titular see

Biology

 * Phasis (butterfly), a genus of butterfly

title: Phasis


text:
Hear 'n Aid

Hear 'n Aid was a charity record recorded by a large ensemble of 40 heavy metal musicians and released in 1986. The project was organized by Ronnie James Dio, Jimmy Bain, and Vivian Campbell, all from the band Dio. Proceeds from the album were used to raise over $3 million for famine relief in Africa.

The 40 musicians were gathered together by Dio and recorded the single "Stars" together while the rest of the album was filled out with eight other tracks, several of which were contributed by artists who were on tour and unable to attend and participate in the mass recording session. A music video was released as well, produced during the recording sessions.

Release and reception
Dio originally intended the single and album to be released shortly after its recording, but contractual issues with the different artists' record labels delayed the release until 26 May 1986, somewhat diminishing the impact of its release.

The compilation album titled Hear 'n Aid (or alternatively appearing as Hear 'n Aid (An All-Star Album For Famine Relief))" was headed by "Stars", and included live tracks by Kiss, Motörhead, Dio, Accept, Rush, Scorpions, "Go for the Throat" by Y&T and a studio recording by Jimi Hendrix was released on vinyl and cassette tape formats.

The "Stars" single was released on vinyl in both 7" and 12" versions. The back of the record sleeve for the single had the following description: "On May 20 and 21, 1985, 40 artists from the hard rock music community gathered at A&M Records Studios to participate in the making of a record called "Stars", as part of a very special project known as Hear 'N Aid. The "Stars" single, coupled with the album, a video documentary on the making of the record, and other ancillary products will raise money for famine relief efforts in Africa and around the world. 40 artists and hundreds of volunteers donated their time and talent over four months to make Hear 'N Aid a reality. "Stars" is a plea for unity in the fight against world hunger."

The following CD release info needs verification as Wendy Dio indicated as late as 2011 that it was only ever released on vinyl and cassette.

""The Hear 'n Aid album was released in CD format in the U.S. in May of 1994. (Mercury/Phonogram 826-044-2 (US, CD Reissue, 5/94). Allmusic references a CD re-release on 13 June 2000 with catalog of PolyGram #4218. Kissmonster references a CD re-release: Japanese import Vertigo PHCR-4218 (Japan, CD Reissue, 11/94)""

The project also released a 30 minute Sony home video documentary, Hear 'n Aid: The Sessions, which was shot during the recording process and released on VHS and Video8 formats. The back cover for the documentary has the following description:"Hear 'N Aid: The Sessions' documents the making of a record, a very special record called 'Stars', that will raise money for famine relief. It is a behind-the-scenes journey through the process of rock 'n roll record-making, from the basic tracks through vocal solos an chorus to performances by 11 stellar guitarists that form a single guitar solo. 40 artists from the hard rock music community and hundreds of volunteers donated their time and talent over four months to make Hear 'N Aid a reality. 'Stars' is a plea for unity in the fight against world hunger.""

The single "Stars" peaked at No. 26 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1986. The music video for "Stars" received moderate airplay on MTV's Heavy Metal Mania and afterward on MTV's replacement program Headbangers Ball. During the period of high popularity of MySpace, Ronnie James Dio's profile contained an entry crediting the project with having raised $1 million within a year. In a 2017 article written for Classic Rock, Ronnie's wife and manager, Wendy Dio, estimated the project's total amount raised to be over $3 million.

On 31 May 2004, VH1 premiered a five-night documentary special titled "100 Most Metal Moments", narrated by Dee Snider. At the conclusion, Hear 'n Aid was ranked as the "No. 1 Most Metal Moment".

History
In interview video footage taken during the event, Ronnie said that while attending a 48-hour charity Radiothon at the radio station KLOS, Dio members Jimmy Bain and Vivian Campbell noticed that representation from hard rock or heavy metal stars was low. In light of the success of Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and USA for Africa's "We Are the World", they forwarded the idea to Ronnie James Dio, also attending the Radiothon, and together decided to create a similar project exclusively built around artists from the hard rock/heavy metal scene. Together the three co-wrote the song "Stars".

The song "Stars" was recorded on 20 and 21 May 1985 with the first session at Sound City Studios and then the second session moving to A&M Studios Studio A, where "We Are The World" was recorded. It was edited and mixed at Rumbo Recorders and mastered at Artisan Sound.

The project included contributions from Ted Nugent, Yngwie Malmsteen, Tommy Aldridge and members of Dio, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Quiet Riot, Dokken, Mötley Crüe, Twisted Sister, Queensrÿche, Blue Öyster Cult, Vanilla Fudge, Y&T, Rough Cutt, Giuffria, Journey, W.A.S.P. and Night Ranger as well as the parody band Spinal Tap. Lead vocals were shared between Ronnie James Dio, Rob Halford, Kevin DuBrow, Eric Bloom, Geoff Tate, Dave Meniketti, Don Dokken, and Paul Shortino. Vivian Campbell, Carlos Cavazo, Buck Dharma, Brad Gillis, Craig Goldy, George Lynch, Yngwie Malmsteen, Eddie Ojeda, and Neal Schon all added guitar solos. Iron Maiden's Dave Murray and Adrian Smith were in the middle of their 'World Slavery Tour' at the time and flew in to attend the main session.

The non-profit
Prior to the album release, and indicative of their business acumen and commitment to the project's success, Ronnie, Jimmy and Vivian established Hear 'n Aid as a full fledged non-profit (presumably to avoid experiencing similar missteps and pitfalls encountered with previous African aid efforts). "Hear ’n Aid had to be a non-profit organisation… We had to set up a board of directors, fourteen people, and all decisions had to be made by the board. My role was getting the licensing." - Wendy Dio The Classic Rock article also indicates the project leadership and participants were well aware that the funds raised from similar events such as Band Aid were squandered due to governmental corruption as well as suffering from general disorganization which led to things such as "food rotting on docks" - Paul Shortino (vocalist for Rough Cutt). The funds raised through the Hear 'n Aid project were instead used to purchase and ship agricultural machinery.

Track 1: "Stars"
Hear 'n Aid

Lead vocals
 * Ronnie James Dio (Dio)
 * Dave Meniketti (Y&T)
 * Rob Halford (Judas Priest)
 * Kevin DuBrow (Quiet Riot)
 * Eric Bloom (Blue Öyster Cult)
 * Paul Shortino (Rough Cutt)
 * Geoff Tate (Queensrÿche)
 * Don Dokken (Dokken)

Backing vocals
 * Tommy Aldridge (Ozzy Osbourne)
 * Dave Alford (Rough Cutt)
 * Carmine Appice (Vanilla Fudge/King Kobra)
 * Vinny Appice (Dio)
 * Jimmy Bain (Dio)
 * Frankie Banali (Quiet Riot)
 * Mick Brown (Dokken)
 * Vivian Campbell (Dio)
 * Carlos Cavazo (Quiet Riot)
 * Amir Derakh (Rough Cutt)
 * Buck Dharma (Blue Öyster Cult)
 * Brad Gillis (Night Ranger)
 * Craig Goldy (Giuffria)
 * Chris Hager (Rough Cutt)
 * Chris Holmes (W.A.S.P.)
 * Blackie Lawless (W.A.S.P.)
 * George Lynch (Dokken)
 * Yngwie Malmsteen
 * Mick Mars (Mötley Crüe)
 * Michael McKean (in character, and credited as David St. Hubbins of Spinal Tap)
 * Vince Neil (Mötley Crüe)
 * Ted Nugent
 * Eddie Ojeda (Twisted Sister)
 * Jeff Pilson (Dokken)
 * Rudy Sarzo (Quiet Riot)
 * Claude Schnell (Dio)
 * Neal Schon (Journey)
 * Harry Shearer (in character, and credited as Derek Smalls of Spinal Tap)
 * Mark Stein (Vanilla Fudge)
 * Matt Thorr (Rough Cutt)

Lead guitar solos 1st solo:
 * Craig Goldy (Giuffria)
 * Eddie Ojeda (Twisted Sister)

2nd solo:
 * Vivian Campbell (Dio)
 * Brad Gillis (Night Ranger)

3rd solo:
 * Neal Schon (Journey)
 * George Lynch (Dokken)

4th solo:
 * Yngwie Malmsteen
 * Vivian Campbell (Dio)

5th solo:
 * George Lynch (Dokken)
 * Carlos Cavazo (Quiet Riot)

6th solo:
 * Brad Gillis (Night Ranger)
 * Buck Dharma (Blue Öyster Cult)

Rhythm guitar melody lines
 * Dave Murray (Iron Maiden)
 * Adrian Smith (Iron Maiden)

Bass
 * Jimmy Bain (Dio)

Drums
 * Vinny Appice (Dio)
 * Frankie Banali (Quiet Riot)

Keyboards
 * Claude Schnell (Dio)

Track 2: "Up to the Limit"
Accept
 * Vocals - Udo Dirkschneider
 * Guitars - Wolf Hoffmann
 * Guitars - Jörg Fischer
 * Bass guitar - Peter Baltes
 * Drums - Stefan Kaufmann

Track 3: "On the Road"
Mötorhead
 * Vocals, bass guitar - Lemmy Kilmister
 * Rhythm guitar - Phil "Wizzö" Campbell
 * Lead guitar - Michael "Würzel" Burston
 * Drums - Pete Gill

Track 4: "Distant Early Warning" Live
Rush
 * Bass and rhythm guitar, vocals, synthesizers, and bass pedal synthesizer - Geddy Lee
 * Electric and acoustic guitars, and bass pedal synthesizer - Alex Lifeson
 * Drums and percussion - Neil Peart

Track 5: "Heaven's on Fire" Live
Kiss
 * Rhythm guitar, lead vocals - Paul Stanley
 * Bass guitar, lead vocals - Gene Simmons
 * Drums, backing vocals - Eric Carr
 * Lead guitar - Bruce Kulick

Track 6: "Can You See Me"
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
 * Guitar, lead vocals - Jimi Hendrix
 * Bass guitar - Noel Redding
 * Drums - Mitch Mitchell

Track 7: "Hungry for Heaven" Live
Dio
 * Vocals - Ronnie James Dio
 * Guitar - Vivian Campbell
 * Bass guitar - Jimmy Bain
 * Drums - Vinny Appice
 * Keyboards - Claude Schnell

Track 8: "Go for the Throat"
Y&T
 * Lead vocals, lead guitar - Dave Meniketti
 * Rhythm guitar, backing vocals - Joey Alves
 * Bass guitar, backing vocals - Phil Kennemore
 * Drums, backing vocals - Leonard Haze

Track 9: "The Zoo" Live
Scorpions
 * Lead vocals - Klaus Meine
 * Lead guitar, voice-box, backing vocals - Matthias Jabs
 * Rhythm guitar, backing vocals - Rudolf Schenker
 * Bass guitar, backing vocals - Francis Buchholz
 * Drums, percussion, backing vocals - Herman Rarebell

Re-issue and potential sequel
There was a second planned song to benefit a charity that Dio was involved with for years ("Children of the Night"), that benefited runaway children. This was to be a song called "Throw Away Children". However, due to various reasons the project never materialized, and the song ended up appearing on the 2002 Dio album, Killing the Dragon.

On 2 November 2011, Dio's widow Wendy announced that the song "Stars" would be re-released. She told Rolling Stone: “I’m going to re-release [Stars] because it only ever came out on vinyl and cassette. So it’ll come out on DVD and CD, I have loads of outtakes for the video”.

On 30 March 2015, Wendy Dio spoke with Eddie Trunk on his SiriusXM satellite radio show Eddie Trunk Live. "We are in talks right now with a couple of record labels to reissue HEAR 'N AID, with the funds going to [the Ronnie James Dio] Stand Up And Shout [Cancer Fund, the charity founded in memory of the late singer]". "We have so much stuff that was never released before — behind-the-scenes stuff that was shot during the whole time. We have photos galore of everybody that was involved in it, and I think it'll be fantastic. We just have to work on it. It may not come out this year, because I want everything to be perfect, as Ronnie would want it to be, but I am in talks about it, and that will be coming out, definitely."

In April 2015, Wendy Dio confirmed that a modern-day version of Hear 'n Aid was in the works to record a "new song" and released alongside the upcoming reissue of "Stars". She had stated that "legal stuff" was the cause of the reissue delay.

title: Hear 'n Aid


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/submission history

This page archives new articles on aircraft types from 2004 to 2021. Articles from the current month and immediately previous month can be found here.

Previous years

 * 2004 (August-December only)
 * 2005
 * 2006
 * 2007
 * 2008
 * 2009
 * 2010
 * 2011
 * 2012
 * 2013
 * 2014
 * 2015
 * 2016
 * 2017
 * 2018
 * 2019
 * 2020
 * 2021
 * 2022


text:
EFR

EFR may refer to:

Organisations

 * Eastern Frontier Rifles, a State Armed Police Force for the Indian state of West Bengal
 * École Française de Radioélectricité, now EFREI, a French private engineering school
 * Ecological fiscal reform
 * Economic Faculty Association Rotterdam, at the Erasmus University Rotterdam

Other uses

 * EF-Tu receptor
 * Enhanced full rate, a speech coding standard

title: EFR


text:
Category:Cliffs

In geography, a cliff is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs go by several names, including 'bluff'.

title: Category:Cliffs


title: User:Wolf2581


text:
Kaffir Boy

Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa is Mark Mathabane's 1986 autobiography about life under the South African apartheid regime. It focuses on the brutality of the apartheid system and how he escaped from it, and from the township Alexandra, to become a well-known tennis player. He also depicted how the young black children dealt with racism and stereotypes. By embracing education, he is able to rise out of despair and destitution.

Plot summary
At his mother's insistence, Mathabane starts school and learns to love it, rising to the top of his class in spite of frequent punishments due to his family's late payments for school fees and inability to afford school supplies. He graduates from primary school with a scholarship that will pay for his secondary education.

Mathabane's grandmother becomes a gardener for a liberal white English family, the Smiths, who give Mathabane second hand comic books, novels and tennis equipment. His English improves greatly through reading these materials, and he begins to play tennis frequently. Mathabane eventually befriends a coloured tennis coach who trains him.

Mathabane joins the high school tennis team and begins to play in tournaments, unofficially sponsored by Wilfred Horn, owner of the Tennis Ranch. It is technically illegal for Mark to play there, but the law is ignored and he becomes more comfortable with whites who frequent the Tennis Ranch. Eventually renowned tennis player Stan Smith takes Mathabane under his wing when the two meet at a tournament. Stan pays for Mathabane to compete in tournaments and talks to his coach at the University of Southern California about Mathabane attending college in the United States. The coach writes to colleges on his behalf, and Mathabane earns a tennis scholarship to Limestone College and leaves for the U.S. in 1978.

Characters and important people

 * Arthur Ashe – A black American tennis player who wins the Wimbledon tournament. His game play encourages Mathabane to become a tennis player.
 * Mark Mathabane – The author and narrator of the book
 * The Smiths – The white family who introduced Mathabane to comic books and tennis.
 * Wilfred Horn – Owner of exclusive Tennis Ranch and unofficial sponsor of Mathabane.
 * Stan Smith – Renowned tennis player who relocates Mathabane to the United States by finding a college who is willing to give the author a tennis scholarship.
 * [Abe 'Scara' Thomas] - Was like a father to Mark. He introduced him to tennis, gave him his first tennis racquet and mentored/coached him until he got the scholarship to the USA. He introduced Mark to different people who were prominent in the tennis circle. Abe Thomas loved Marvel comic books and collected them.

Controversy
Kaffir Boy has been banned in a number of schools, one of these being Cedar Crest High School, where the ban made headlines. The bans are due to a controversial scene involving child prostitution of young boys, which some have referred to as "pornography," sparking another headline defending the scene. While Mathabane wrote an article for The Washington Post stating that he would prefer it to be banned completely to being revised or censored, Mathabane has since authorized a revised version for use in such schools. The unrevised book is still used as high school reading material regardless of the controversial scenes.

Reception and awards
The book Kaffir Boy has won the prestigious Christopher Award for inspiring hope. The book reached number one on the Washington Post Bestseller's List and number three on the New York Times Bestseller's List. It has also been chosen by the American Library Association for inclusion on the list of "Outstanding Books for the College-Bound and Life-Long Learners."

title: Kaffir Boy


text:
Ranarop

Ranarop: Call of the Sea Witch was the first album by Gjallarhorn, released 1997 by Warner Music Finland.

The reworked, remixed and remastered version including an unreleased bonus track was released in November 2002. The CD was chosen "The folk music record of the year 1997" in Finland.

The Allmusic review by Heather Phares awards the album 4 stars and states " Singer/fiddler Jenny Wilhelms leads the quartet in traditional dances and ballads from the Swedish-speaking people of Finland, along with evocative instrumentals penned by the band."

Track listing

 * 1) "Intro"  – 1:27
 * 2) "Konungen och trollkvinnan (The King and the enchantress)" – 5:20
 * 3) "Herr Olof (Master Olof)" – 4:14
 * 4) "I fjol så (Last year)" – 3:05
 * 5) "Solbön/Åskan (Prayer for sun/Thunder)" – 6:28
 * 6) "O-vals (Non-Waltz)" – 3:39
 * 7) "I riden så... (Ye ride so carefully)"  – 4:28
 * 8) "Sjöjungfrun och konungadottern (The Mermaid and the princess)"  – 6:40
 * 9) "Folkesongen (Folk song)" – 4:25
 * 10) "Elviras vals/Oravais menuett (Elvira's waltz/Oravais minuet )" – 5:12
 * 11) "Eldgjald (Gjalder song)" – 4:13
 * 12) "Ramunder"  – 4:05
 * 13) "Kulning (Calling)" – 1:49
 * 14) "Reindeer Dreaming" (bonus track)  – 7:04

Personnel

 * Jenny Wilhelms – vocals, fiddle
 * Christopher Öhman – viola, fiddle, mandola, vocals
 * Tommy Mansikka-Aho – didgeridoo, percussion
 * David Lillkvist – percussion

title: Ranarop


text:
Talk:J. K. Rowling/to do

 * Verify! Verify! Verify!

title: Talk:J. K. Rowling/to do