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Talk:Double-Cross System

I was under the impression that the 'twenty committee' took its name from the fact that double cross (XX) meant twenty in latin. The way it is worded makes it seem the other way around. It is slightly inelegantly worded, as is. So if no one objects I'll have a tinker with that opening paragraph. Some time.

 * I believe you'll find most Wikipedia editors, if not all members of the human race, lack objections as far as the work of others is concerned. -- Itai 00:48, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

just made the edit that was suggested above. Tempshill 23:39, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Tricycle and Garbo confusion
Is the article referring to Tricycle or Garbo? Are they the same person?
 * No, Garbo was Joan Pujol Garcia.
 * By the way, a number of people have improved the article on Pujol quite a bit recently, and are trying to get the article to Good or possibly even Featured status in time for D-Day. Anyone who is interested in this subject is invited to evaluate the article. Thanks! K8 fan (talk) 06:00, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

German support
I don't have reliable sources to hand, but I've read multiple accounts that suggest that the Abwehr was aware of and even supported the British counterintelligence efforts at high levels, possibly up to Canaris himself (who was known to be in contact with British intelligence since before the war). This seems like an important aspect of the events that should be included in this article; does anyone have references? chrylis (talk) 07:57, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

Canaris is reported to have made overtures to MI6 and we know that he was executed on Hitlers orders in the last months of WW2. A report of a senior Abwher officers meeting in Berlin in 1941 contains a statement by Canaris that "Abwehr has nothing to do with persecution of Jews. Activity against Jews is no concern of ours, we hold ourselves aloof from it" (source National Archives file HW19/327). In the latter parts of WW2 those responsible for allied deception plans made their activities increasingly hard to swallow but they always were swallowed. It all seems to point to the Abwehr deliberately looking the the other direction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.5.96.246 (talk) 21:12, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Sam Fisher
I am ignorant on the topic, but is the "Sam Fisher" entry correct? Sam Fisher is a character in the Splinter Cell series of videogames, as voiced by Michael Ironside, so there's potentially either an amazing coincidence or some vandalism. 82.39.212.232 (talk) 19:22, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

Agents who didn't switch sides?
Is there a reason that Josef Jakobs is listed as a Double Cross agent? His article just says he was captured, tried, and shot. It makes no mention of his being turned, and given his execution, it sounds pretty unlikely that he was. This looks to me like it's just an error. Does anyone know of any reason to think otherwise?

Likewise, the listing of Günther Schütz doesn't seem correct. His page indicates that he wasn't Rainbow, but rather the person who recruited Rainbow to work for Germany. And then it describes how he was eventually dropped into Ireland where he was captured, escaped, recaptured, and then spent the rest of the war in prison. I don't understand why he's on this list here. KeithyIrwin (talk) 07:57, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Name
Please someone explain the origin of the term "Double cross". In the lead it's suggested that it comes from the Roman numeral XX i.e. 20, but that raises several questions, like - Could it not be argued that "double cross" simply comes from the fact that "to cross someone" means "to deceive them", and so "double-cross" is a "double deception"? (And therefore the nickname "Twenty committee" developed thereafter?) After all, the agents themselves are called "double agents". That doesn't come from the XX in the committee's name, does it? Thanks! BigSteve (talk) 11:42, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * What were the other 19 committees?
 * If it's 20, why has the name transferred to "double cross" and not the more logical "double-ecks", "two-cross", or even "two-ecks"? Why has the name even transferred to anything? And how did this nickname "double cross" then become a verb (we don't say "he twenty-committee'd me", do we?)
 * Wartime agencies weren't usually numbered in Roman numerals - cases in point are "MI5" and "MI6", dating from more or less that time, which were not written as "MI-V" or "MI-VI".
 * Are we certain that the name "Twenty committee" led to the name "double cross", and that it wasn't vice-versa?
 * It was the "Double cross system", which naturally received to shorthand XX. When the committee was established it was named the "Twenty Committee" (not Committee 20, or 20th Commitee). The whole point was obfuscation as to its actions. The committee never had XX, or double cross, in its name. As to your last sentence; yes, the article explains this is how it happened :) I admit only briefly... I have notes to expand it (and have done a little work) but it does need a lot more detail on how the Twenty Commitee formed etc. --Errant (chat!) 13:28, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Brilliant! Thanks for the reply, and I hope you get time to do it :-) BigSteve (talk) 09:10, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Gander
If you search the article for the word "Gander", the text says Gander was Kurt Goose, but the list says Gander was Hans Reysen. Contradiction? Or were there two Ganders? Or am I missing something else? Art LaPella (talk) 04:29, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Please fix or explain...
... this strange paragraph:

’However R V Jones refused to call off the plan absent written orders, which never came, and the deception continued.’

This whole article has spaces, gaps and textual oddities that need fixing, preferably by someone who knows the facts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.167.234.198 (talk) 08:05, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

LCS had the strings not MI5
The XX Committee was just the interface to the London Controlling Section that did all the deception planning and provided all desinformation to be channeled. The LCS had interfaces to many other services and their double agents (eg French, Indian), as deception happened globally. Ref.: Thaddeus Holt: The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2004, ISBN 0-29784-804-6. --SCIdude (talk) 16:17, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Double-Cross System


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Category:Detectives

Detectives and criminal investigators conduct investigations related to suspected violations of local laws to prevent or solve crimes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Detectives


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Hagen-Dahl

Dahl, now officially Hagen-Dahl, is a locality within the independent city of Hagen in the southeastern Ruhr, in Germany. It was incorporated into Hagen in 1975 together with Rummenohl and Priorei.

Prehistory
The remains of an old hill fort, Ambrock, have been found under a farm in Dahl (previously in Delstern), the Ribberthof (formerly Unter-Ambrock; the farm was renamed in the 19th century to honor the chief donor to the Ambrock Clinic, which is located on the grounds of the former Ober-Ambrock farm). This indicates that it was a fortified encampment sometime in pre-Carolingian times, that is, prior to the 9th century. Two archaeological digs have not uncovered enough finds for a definite dating, but uninterpreted runic inscriptions found in material re-used for the construction of the farm indicate great age. The two estates of Ober- and Unter-Ambrock are mentioned in early mediaeval sources.

The earliest written mention of a location in Dahl is a 1050 deed of gift to Werden Abbey mentioning the estate of Rumenscetha (Rumscheid) and its owner, Aeluekin.

1200–1800
In the late Middle Ages, a knightly manor of 'the Lord of Dael' is mentioned. Together with the stone church built in the second half of the 13th century, which is perhaps the oldest remaining building in the Volme valley, the site of this manor forms the centre of today's Dahl. The manor house and the church were both in large part destroyed by a catastrophic fire on 17 September 1729.

19th century
After 1817, Dahl was an independent settlement, with its own mayor, within the district of Breckerfeld, but by order of the government of the Kingdom of Prussia was administratively subordinate to the district (Kreis) of Hagen.

In 1823, Felix Gerstein, the local governor, had a residence built in classical style, Haus Dahl. The estate included 1600 acre of land, a mill, and 32 smallholdings and farms on both sides of the River Volme.

In the course of increasing industrialisation and the associated economic expansion, in 1844–47 the country road in the Volme valley was expanded, and around 1850 a stone bridge was built across the river to accommodate the increased traffic.

In 1874 the Volmetal-Bahn railway line opened between Hagen and Brügge in Lüdenscheid, which considerably sped up transport of the raw materials needed by industry, wood and iron ore (from the Siegerland) into the Ruhr and to the small ironworking shops in the valleys near the Volme.

20th century
In 1970 the former independent settlement of Dahl, consisting of Dahl, Priorei and Rummenohl, was incorporated into the town of Breckerfeld in the Kreis of Ennepe-Ruhr. In 1975, the Parliament of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia decided to transfer it to the metropolitan district of Hagen.

title: Hagen-Dahl


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Heart-Shaped Box

"Heart-Shaped Box" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It appears as the third track on the band's third and final studio album, In Utero, released by DGC Records in September 1993. It was one of two songs on In Utero remixed by Scott Litt prior to the album's release, due to the band's dissatisfaction with the original mixing by producer Steve Albini. The Litt remix also featured additional vocal harmonies and guitar by Cobain, which were the only elements on the album's 12 main tracks not recorded during the original sessions with Albini in February 1993.

"Heart-Shaped Box" was released as In Utero's first single on August 30, 1993. Although the single was not released in the United States, to avoid competing with album sales, the song generated considerable American radio airplay, reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The physical single reached the top 10 in several countries, including Portugal, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, and New Zealand. It also reached to Top 40 in numerous other countries. It was the final song performed at Nirvana's last concert, on March 1, 1994, in Munich, Germany. "Heart-Shaped Box" was also the final Nirvana song to receive a music video before the suicide of Cobain in April 1994. The video, directed by Anton Corbijn, won two awards, including Best Alternative Video, at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards.

Early history
"Heart-Shaped Box" was written by Cobain in early 1992 at the apartment in the Fairfax district of Los Angeles, California he shared with his wife, the American musician Courtney Love. In a 1994 Rolling Stone interview with David Fricke, Love recalled hearing Cobain work on the guitar riff for the first time:

"The only time I asked him for a riff for one of my songs, he was in the closet. We had this huge closet, and I heard him in there working on 'Heart-Shaped Box.' He did that in five minutes. Knock, knock, knock. 'What?' 'Do you need that riff?' 'Fuck you!' Slam. [Laughs] He was trying to be so sneaky. I could hear that one from downstairs."

Cobain briefly set the song aside, then resumed work on it after he and Love moved to an apartment in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles. Nirvana's first attempts to work on it were unsuccessful; Cobain said he waited for bassist Krist Novoselic and drummer Dave Grohl "to come up with something but it just turned into noise all the time". Eventually, during one jam session, Cobain said he "came up with the vocal style instantly and it just all flowed out real fast. We finally realized that it was a good song."

"Heart-Shaped Box" was first performed live on January 16, 1993, at the Hollywood Rock Festival in São Paulo, Brazil. It was first recorded in the studio a few days later, at BMG Ariola studios in Rio de Janeiro. Producer Craig Montgomery recalled hearing the song during the band's soundcheck in São Paulo, saying that "even then Kurt knew this was the single ... All the other [new] stuff they had was way more noisy and abrasive than this. Even the other sound guys that were out there on the platform with me were going, 'Yeah, this is a good song. The band's guitar tech, Ernie Bailey, also had a positive initial reaction to the song in Brazil, saying that "you could tell this was an important song, in a lot of ways. You knew that it just had a lot of weight to it, even the first time you heard it."

Two versions of the song were recorded at BMG Ariola, with the initial take being done to test the studio's equipment. The second take was posthumously released on the band's rarities box set, With the Lights Out, in November 2004, and on the compilation album Sliver: The Best of the Box in November 2005. On January 23, the band again performed "Heart-Shaped Box" live, at the Hollywood Rock Festival in Rio de Janeiro. These early versions of the song featured unfinished lyrics and what music journalist Gillian G. Gaar called "a far more experimental solo, more akin to the group's improvs".

In Utero
The final studio version of "Heart-Shaped Box" was recorded in February 1993 by Steve Albini at Pachyderm Studios in Cannon Falls, Minnesota, for the band's third studio album, In Utero. Work on the song began on February 14, the second day of recording. According to Albini in a 2013 interview for the audio series Spotify Landmark, "Heart-Shaped Box" was the only song recorded during the sessions that required "more than a couple of takes", along with eventual fourth single, "Pennyroyal Tea".

In a 2013 Rolling Stone interview with Fricke, Grohl recalled that "everyone was concerned about the tempo of 'Heart-Shaped Box.' But click tracks were not cool. Kurt and Steve came up with this idea — we should use a strobe light [laughs]. We had this long conversation about how it won't dictate the tempo, just imply the tempo. ... I sat there for a take or two with this fucking strobe light in my face until I practically had a seizure."

Despite his overall satisfaction with the recording, Novoselic was unhappy with the original effect used during the song's guitar solo, and recalled arguing with Cobain and Albini about it:

"These were the words I said: 'Why do you want to take such a beautiful song and throw this hideous abortion in the middle of it? And they're like, 'Well, I don't know, it sounds good.' They didn't have any arguments, because they were sabotaging it is what they were doing."

Remix
The guitar effect was eventually removed when the song was remixed, along with second single "All Apologies", by Scott Litt at Bad Animal Studios in Seattle in May 1993, several months before the album's release. Cobain and Novoselic had agreed that the vocals and bass were too quiet in Albini's original mix of the album, and elected to have the two future singles remixed. Litt's remix of "Heart-Shaped Box" also featured newly recorded vocal harmonies and acoustic guitar by Cobain.

Later performances
On September 25, 1993, the band performed "Heart-Shaped Box", along with "Rape Me", on Saturday Night Live at NBC Studios in New York City. It was their first show with second guitarist Pat Smear.

"Heart-Shaped Box" was the final song played at Nirvana's last show, on March 1, 1994, at Terminal 1 of Munich-Riem Airport in Munich, Germany.

Composition
"Heart-Shaped Box" is an alternative rock song that lasts for a duration of four minutes and thirty-nine seconds. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by BMG Rights Management, it is written in a 4/4 time signature, with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute. It is in the key of G♯ minor, modulating to G♯ dorian on the verses, while Kurt Cobain's vocal range spans one octave, from the low note of F♮3 to the high note of G♯4.

The song has a basic sequence of G♯5–E5–C♯5–G♯–E5–C♯7 in the verses and G♯5–E5–C♯7 during the chorus as its chord progression. Journalist Gillian Gaar described "Heart-Shaped Box" as "the Nirvana formula personified, with a restrained, descending riff played through the verse, building in intensity to the cascading passion of the chorus".

Lyrics

In the 1993 Nirvana biography Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana, Cobain told author Michael Azerrad that "Heart-Shaped Box" was written about children with cancer. "Every time I see documentaries about little kids with cancer I just freak out", he explained. "It affects me on the highest emotional level, more than anything else on television." As Azerrad noted, however, the song's lyrics were more likely about Love. Charles R. Cross, author of the 2001 Cobain biography Heavier Than Heaven, described the lyric, "I wish I could eat your cancer when you turn black" as "what has to be the most convoluted route any songwriter undertook in pop history to say 'I love you'". Garr wrote that "while the song does reference [cancer], the lyrics appear more to address the physical and emotional dependencies inherent in relationships."

Cobain's unused liner notes for In Utero, first described in Heavier Than Heaven and published in Journals the following year, featured an explanation for "Heart-Shaped Box" that "fell completely apart", according to Cross, "but touched on The Wizard of Oz, I Claudius, Leonardo da Vinci, male seahorses (who carry their young), racism in the Old West, and Camille Paglia".

The song's title was inspired by the collection of heart-shaped candy boxes Love kept in the front room of the Fairfax apartment she and Cobain lived in. However, early versions of the song featured the word "coffin" rather than "box". According to Bailey, the song also featured the working title "New Complaint." In a 1993 interview with Circus, Cobain explained that the chorus lyrics "Hey/ Wait/ I've got a new complaint" were a reference to how he believed he was often perceived by the media.

In 2012, Love wrote on Twitter that "Heart-Shaped Box" was about her vagina. Tweeting to the American musician Lana Del Rey, who had covered the song at a concert in Sydney, Australia, the previous week, Love wrote, "You do know the song is about my Vagina right? 'Throw down your umbilical noose so i can climb right back,' umm ... On top of which some of the lyrics about my vagina I contributed." The tweets were deleted shortly after.

Release
"Heart-Shaped Box" was released as In Utero's first commercial single on August 30, 1993, on CD, cassette tape, and 7-inch, and 12-inch vinyl record formats. The single was released in Europe only and peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. All copies of the single featured the Grohl-composed "Marigold" as a B-side, while 12-inch vinyl and CD editions also included the In Utero track, "Milk It".

In the United States, DGC sent promo copies of the song to American college, modern rock, and album-oriented rock radio stations in early September. The label did not actively court Top 40 radio, with Geffen Records' head of marketing explaining that "Nirvana didn't sell nearly 5 million [records] because of a hit single. They sold that many albums because of who they are". However, the single was available in the US in limited numbers as an import release.

"Heart-Shaped Box" entered the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart at number seven, and eventually peaked at number one on the chart. The song also reached number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Music & Media reported in November, 1993, that the song had been well received on Italian contemporary hit radio station RTL 102.5.

Critical reception
Reviewing In Utero for Rolling Stone, Fricke called "Heart-Shaped Box" "the kind of song Stone Temple Pilots couldn't write even with detailed instructions", and cited it as evidence, along with "Dumb", that if Generation X "is ever going to have its own Lennon — someone who genuinely believes in rock & roll salvation but doesn't confuse mere catharsis with true deliverance — Cobain is damn near it". Phil Alexander of Kerrang! wrote that "on the current single Heart-Shaped Box, the sublime All Apologies ... and the convalescent croon of Penny Royal Tea, [Cobain] re-stakes his claim as one of his generation's most absorbing songsmiths." John Mulvey of the NME called the song "a strangulated, semi-f-ed-up anthem of sorts for a generation who fell in love to 'Teen Spirit' and are now as disturbed as Kurt by a growing sense of maturity".

Legacy
In his review of Nirvana's eponymous greatest hits album in 2002, Will Bryant of Pitchfork wrote, "I've always considered 'Heart-Shaped Box', with its elliptical guitar figure and explosive choruses, to be one of Cobain's most accomplished compositions. For all its heavy-handed symbolism, the song strikes deepest to Cobain's preoccupation with birth, the menstrual cycle, and female anatomy, wound tightly with primal tension in the verses and released with sublime catharsis in the choruses." Andrew Romano of The Daily Beast called it "as close as Cobain ever got to a perfect song", with "a perfect music video to match".

In 1999, the song was voted number 10 in Kerrang! magazine's "100 Greatest Rock Tracks Ever!" The Guardian and Kerrang! ranked the song number one and number two, respectively, on their lists of the 20 greatest Nirvana songs. In 2022, Pitchfork readers voted it the 30th best song of the 1990s.

20th anniversary version
A second "Heart-Shaped Box" single was released in September 2013, to promote the 20th anniversary re-release of In Utero. The three-track promo CD single was included with the first 2000 copies of the "Super Deluxe" edition of the re-issue, and featured Albini's original mix of the song and a remix prepared by Albini in 2013 as B-sides.

Preliminary work
The "Heart-Shaped Box" video was the only music video made for In Utero, and the last video released by the band. Cobain had originally approached American filmmaker Kevin Kerslake, who had directed the band's last four music videos, for the songs "Come as You Are", "Lithium", "In Bloom", and "Sliver", to direct it. Five treatments were prepared by Kerslake between July 14 and August 12, and included scenes of Cobain kissing American author William S. Burroughs, whom Cobain had wanted in the video, and the band hanging by their necks from tree branches. However, no shoot arrangements were made, and by the end of August, the group had elected to work with Dutch photographer and video director Anton Corbijn instead.

Corbijn believes he was chosen to work on the video on the recommendation of Love, and cited his connection to Echo & the Bunnymen, a rock band from Liverpool, England where Love briefly lived and whom Love admired. According to Corbijn, Cobain had asked to be sent the music videos he had directed for Echo & the Bunnymen shortly before receiving a fax from Novoselic with drawings and ideas about a Nirvana video.

As Corbijn recalled, Cobain's proposed treatment for the video was "incredibly precise. More precise than I've ever had for a video. I loved it, but initially I was a bit taken aback that somebody came up with so many ideas, because generally my videos are my own ideas ... But then I looked at it and I thought that actually it was pretty good. I was very amazed by somebody writing a song and having those ideas as precise as he did." According to Novoselic, Cobain's original treatment was two pages long; Novoselic recalled typing it on his new laptop while Cobain dictated.

Filming
The "Heart-Shaped Box" video was filmed on August 31 and September 1 at Raleigh Studios in Los Angeles. Cobain had requested the video be shot in Technicolor, but as Corbijn recalled, "somehow it was not possible; maybe the whole system had been sold to China or something." Instead, Corbijn and his producer came up with the idea to shoot the video in color, then convert it to black and white and have every frame hand-tinted. The process took weeks and led to the vivid brightness of the video's colors.

In a 2013 interview with Andrew Romano of Daily Beast, Corbijn recalled "a really eerie moment" where the actor playing the video's elderly man, "fell down while walking, on the set. He had some kind of bowel cancer, which he didn't know. Something broke open. There was blood everywhere. We had to get the ambulance, and he had to go to the hospital straight off. It was really severe." According to Corbijn, the old man was the most difficult to cast because finding "an old man who looked like an old man in L.A. was not so easy ... In the end we found this fantastic man who had a jazz club or a jazz station on the radio, something like that." Cobain had originally wanted Burroughs to play the role of the elderly man, but Burroughs declined, although they later met and collaborated on the spoken word piece, "The 'Priest' They Called Him".

According to Corbijn, the two other characters in the video, the overweight woman and the young girl, were easier to cast, "although it was difficult sometimes I think for the child to act because there was blood coming out of her blouse at some point."

Corbijn remembered Cobain as "very alert. Smart boy. Very intelligent. He did everything I asked him to do." According to Cali DeWitt, who briefly worked as the Cobains' nanny, Cobain and Love had fought on set, with Cobain putting out a cigarette on his forehead in retaliation to Love's repeated reminders that this was an "important video" and that he needed to "look good". As DeWitt told author Everett True, "if you watch the video, there's a lot of make-up on his forehead because it was a really bad scab, big and in the center. In the close-ups, there's a strip of hair that never seems to move from the middle of his forehead. They had to paste some hair over it."

Synopsis
The "Heart-Shaped Box" video begins and ends with the band watching the elderly man on a hospital bed being administered medication through an IV drip. Most of the video takes place in what Garr called "a surreal 'outdoor' setting; a field of bright red poppies with a large cross standing in the middle, adjacent to a wood of creepy old trees (both elements in key scenes in The Wizard of Oz)." During the song's first verse, the elderly man, wearing a Santa Claus hat and loincloth, climbs onto the cross, which is covered by crows. The second verse introduces the young girl in what appears to be a Ku Klux Klan robe and peaked hat reaching for human fetuses in a tree, and the overweight woman in a human organ body suit with angel wings affixed to her back, similar to the winged anatomical model on the cover of In Utero. At one point during the second verse, the girl attempts to chase the three crows from the cross while the old man, now wearing a mitre, is tied to it.

During the song's guitar solo, the girl's hat is blown off her head and falls into a puddle in the poppy field, where it turns black. A brief shot during the solo reveals a fetus in the IV drip. The third verse features Cobain singing directly into the camera without his guitar, while Grohl and Novoselic stand behind him in a room with stars on the walls. The room is actually a box designed by Corbjin with a large heart on top, but the band initially disapproved of the way it looked, and Novoselic asked that it not be filmed from a distance. A brief shot of the box, with the heart above, appears at the start of the final chorus.

The band is featured performing with their instruments during the first two choruses, and without their instruments in what appears to be the same star-decorated box, zoomed out to reveal a bed, nightstand with a lamp on it, and rocking chair, during the final chorus. Both the sky and the walls of the box are blue during the quieter verses, and red during their heavier choruses and the solo. During the video Cobain repeatedly charges the camera, and his face moves in and out of focus.

As Garr pointed out, the Ku Klux Klan imagery recalled Cobain's original idea for the "In Bloom" video, which was to feature a young girl born into the KKK who eventually rejects her parents as "evil".

In his interview with The Daily Beast, Corbjin estimated that he came up with "maybe 15 percent" of the video's ideas, with the rest being Cobain's. "The big woman, for instance, was my idea", he explained. "For me that was Mother Earth. There were a few other things, like the mechanical birds and the fake butterflies and stuff." Corbjin also said the idea to have a crow lip sync parts of the first chorus was his, calling it an example of his "Dutch humor". According to Garr, Cobain had originally wanted to use real animals. Corbijn also added the ladder that the elderly man used to climb up the cross, the box that the band performed in, and the road through the poppy field.

"Director's Cut"
While editing the video, Corbijn was visited by Cobain and Love, and urged by the latter to use the extended shot of Cobain singing the third verse. As Corbijn later explained, "Kurt looked amazing, and Courtney wanted to keep that shot till the very end. It was a very long take, but she persuaded Kurt to go with that." However, Corbjin then edited a different version which replaced this shot with additional footage of the young girl and woman, as well as scenes of Cobain lying in the poppy field, covered in mist.

According to Corbijn, "They used Courtney's edit initially, and then they put mine out as well. And my edit became the video in the end." This version also appeared on the DVD The Work of Director Anton Corbijn in 2005. Both the "Original" and "Director's Cut" versions of the video appeared as bonus footage in 2013 on the Live and Loud DVD, which was issued as a standalone release as well as part of the 20th anniversary In Utero "Super Deluxe" package.

Lawsuit
On March 9, 1994, Kerslake sued Nirvana over the "Heart-Shaped Box" video, alleging copyright infringement. According to Nirvana: A Day by Day Eyewitness Chronicle by Carrie Borzillo, Kerslake discovered that he would no longer be directing the video on August 28, 1993, and sent a letter to Corbjin to ensure that none of the images in his five treatments would appear in the final video. Kerslake's lawsuit stated that both Cobain and Nirvana's record company had approved Kerslake's third treatment for the video, with Cobain describing it as "Perfect".

On September 1, 1993, Cobain called Kerslake and invited him to the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards the following day, where Kerslake's video for "In Bloom" was nominated for Best Alternative Video. Kerslake accepted the invitation, and joined the band onstage after they won the award. Soon after Kerslake wrote Cobain a letter, addressed to "kurdt", thanking him for the invitation but expressing his unhappiness over reports that his alleged ideas had been used in Corbijn's shoot. Cobain did not respond, but a meeting was set up between attorneys and the record label to discuss the video.

The case did not affect the video's distribution, and was ultimately settled out of court. In 2019, Cobain's former manager Danny Goldberg discussed the lawsuit in his Cobain biography Serving the Servant, writing that "after the video was aired, Kerslake sued Kurt, claiming, absurdly in my opinion, that he was responsible for the idea of 'Heart Shaped Box.' Kurt was deeply offended. After he died the remaining members of Nirvana settled with Kerslake."

Reception
The "Heart-Shaped Box" music video was the number one most played music video for four weeks on MTV in the US as recorded by Billboard magazine. It was also number one on Canada's MuchMusic Countdown for two weeks in November 1993. The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 1994, for Best Alternative Video and for Best Art Direction. Since the ceremony was held after Cobain's suicide in April 1994, the awards were accepted by surviving bandmembers Grohl, Novoselic and Smear. "Heart-Shaped Box" also topped the music video category in the 1993 Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics' poll. The video was also placed into active rotation on MTV Europe and power play on The Box in the UK and Ireland. It was also played on Rage in Australia.

Cobain was pleased with the video, saying that it came "closer to what I've seen in my mind, to what I've envisioned, than any other video." Novoselic agreed that "Anton did a beautiful job on that video." Cobain later asked Corbijn to direct a video for "Pennyroyal Tea", but Corbijn refused, saying that he felt "the 'Heart-Shaped Box' video was so good, I could never make a video that was as good or better." According to Corbijn, Cobain responded by telling him he would "never make another video if you don't do it. And he didn't."

Legacy
In 2011, NME ranked the song's music video at number 22 on its of the "100 Greatest Music Videos". That same year, Time magazine ranked "Heart-Shaped Box" at number 10 on its list of "The 30 All-Time Best Music Videos", where it was described as "beautiful and ... terrible".

In February 2016, Grohl reunited with actress Kelsey Rohr, who played the girl in the "Heart-Shaped Box" music video 23 years earlier, at the age of six. Rohr stated that "Today reminded me that I peaked at 6 years old but I was the most badass kid on the playground. Today was the absolute coolest. Or in Dave's words seeing each other today was a 'historic moment'! What a legend!"

In 2024, the song was featured in the ending of the Season 4 finale of The Boys.

Track listing
All songs were written by Kurt Cobain except where noted.

CD single and 12" vinyl
 * 1) "Heart-Shaped Box" – 4:39
 * 2) "Milk It" – 3:52
 * 3) "Marigold" (Dave Grohl) – 2:33

Cassette and 7" vinyl
 * 1) "Heart-Shaped Box"
 * 2) "Marigold" (Grohl)

US 12" vinyl promo single
 * 1) "Heart-Shaped Box"
 * 2) "Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip" (Cobain, Grohl, Novoselic)

2013 20th Anniversary promo CD single

(Released with first 2000 copies of the 20th Anniversary "Super Deluxe" edition of In Utero)
 * 1) "Heart-Shaped Box" (Original 1993 album version, mixed by Scott Litt)
 * 2) "Heart-Shaped Box" (Previously unreleased 1993 Steve Albini mix)
 * 3) "Heart-Shaped Box" (Previously unreleased 2013 Steve Albini mix)

Personnel

 * Kurt Cobain – vocals, guitar
 * Krist Novoselic – bass
 * Dave Grohl – drums

Other releases

 * A live version, from the band's performance for MTV at Pier 48 in Seattle on December 13, 1993, appeared on the Live and Loud DVD, released in September 2013.

 * A live version, recorded at the Great Western Forum in Inglewood, California on December 30, 1993, appeared on the live compilation, From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, released in October 1996. The full concert will be released on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" edition of In Utero in October 2023.

 * The 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" In Utero reissue will also include the band's concert at the Seattle Center Arena in Seattle on January 7, 1994, which also featured a version of "Heart-Shaped Box."

 * A live version, recorded at Palaghiaccio in Marino, Italy on February 22, 1994, will appear as bonus material on the 30th anniversary "Deluxe" and "Super Deluxe" reissues of In Utero in October 2023.

title: Heart-Shaped Box


text:
Talk:Julio Venegas

Untitled
from VfD:

This is an article for a not notable artist who committed suicide in 1996. Very sad, but still not notable. Dsmdgold 23:05, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Almost 1,000 hits on Google is notable enough, surely? 163.1.141.7 00:52, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Copyvio from here. The #2 hit I get is someone in trouble with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, who is presumably not the same guy, as he was in Pittsburg and lying about being the radiation safety officer (he was and denied it).  Secondly, the band Mars Volta or At The Drive In dedicated an album to the artist, so that could account for the Google hits and either contribute to or take away from the notability. Geogre 01:27, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Posiduck 02:26, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You did notice that it's a copyright violation, right? Geogre 04:48, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought copyvios were supposed to be listed on the copyright violation page, not here. Posiduck 12:39, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. What it needs is a 'cleanup'--*drew 12:47, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - The Google hits seem to be either Wikipedia mirrors or because a band called Mars Volta based an album called De-Loused in the Comatorium on his life (probably because he was a friend of the band members). That is his only claim to notability. Just add a note to that article.--Jll 21:09, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. He was 23 when he died.  Not notable except by association with a couple fairly well-known bands. Isomorphic 19:03, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Zopwx2 05:56, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

end moved discussion

http://www.elpasotimes.com/openmic/080503marsvolta.html

Removed Libelous Comment
", which was addressed to ex-ATDI member Ben Rodriguez and accused him of provoking Venegas' suicide."

If someone can back this up, it can go back in. 213.254.90.177 22:56, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julio Venegas


text:
Burbage, Wiltshire

Burbage is a village and civil parish in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire, England. It is about 6 mi south of Marlborough and 20 mi west of Newbury.

The parish includes the hamlets of Durley, Eastcourt, Marr Green, Ram Alley, Stibb Green, The Warren (which is close to Tottenham House), and Westcourt.

Local government
Burbage is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority. Both councils are responsible for different aspects of local government.

The parish is part of the 'Burbage and the Bedwyns' electoral ward. The ward starts in the north at Little Bedwyn, stretches to Great Bedwyn and Shalbourne then extends west to Grafton and Burbage. The population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 4,829.

Geography
Burbage stands on a watershed at the eastern end of the Vale of Pewsey, with streams to the east draining to the Thames via the Dun and Kennet; to the south draining to the Salisbury Avon via the River Bourne; and to the north and west direct to the Avon.

The village High Street was the main north–south road from Marlborough to Andover, now the A346 primary route, until a bypass was built to the west in 1991. A more minor route from Pewsey to Hungerford and the M4 (designated A338 to the east and B3087 to the west) passes to the south of the village. Burbage no longer has a station on the nearby Reading to Taunton line, the nearest stations being at Great Bedwyn (which has commuter services to London) and.

Burbage lies in the heart of the North Wessex Downs, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

History
The Kennet and Avon Canal, completed in 1810, crosses the parish just north of the village, where it passes through the Bruce Tunnel. Burbage Wharf was further west, where the canal passes under the present-day A346.

The Great Western Railway's Berks and Hants Extension Railway from Hungerford to Devizes was built close to the canal in the 1860s, eventually becoming part of the Reading to Plymouth section of the main line from London Paddington in 1906. The GWR built Savernake Low Level north of the village, above the canal tunnel; British Railways closed it in 1966 but the line remains in use. Until 1947 there was also a goods-only station at Burbage Wharf.

The Midland and South Western Junction Railway opened from Andover to Grafton and Burbage in 1882, the latter station being situated in nearby West Grafton. The northern section of the M&SWJR line from Swindon to Marlborough Low Level had opened in 1881, and this was joined to the southern section from 1883 by using the Great Western Railway's branch between Savernake and Marlborough High Level. In 1898 the M&SWJR got its own route between Marlborough and Grafton and a new station opened at Savernake High Level. The M&SWJR had therefore become a route between Southampton Central and Cheltenham and the Midlands. British Railways closed it in 1961.

The population of Burbage peaked at around 1600 with the building of the railway in 1860, declining to a low point of 1000 a century later. It has since increased steadily, regaining its 1860s level in the 21st century.

The first school in the village was built at Eastcourt in 1806, rebuilt in 1856 and supplemented by a separate building for younger children in 1861. This school was taken over by the county council around 1906, and educated children of all ages until Marlborough secondary school opened in 1946. The 19th-century buildings (designated Grade II listed in 1988) were closed in 1989 upon the opening of the new school, and became a private residence.

Church and chapel
The Church of England parish church of All Saints was rebuilt in 1854 by T.H. Wyatt, then extended with a south aisle in 1876. The original church was from the 12th century and was rebuilt in the 14th and 15th, when the tower was added; the porch was added in the 16th. The present church retains only the tower and porch of the earlier building. The church is now part of the Savernake team ministry.

A small Wesleyan Methodist chapel was built at Eastcourt in 1822, and replaced by a larger building on the High Street in 1906. This closed in 1996 and is now a private house.

Amenities
Burbage Primary School serves the village and surrounding area. The school was built in 1989 on a centrally-located site, between the High Street and Eastcourt.

Burbage has a village hall and a cricket club, Burbage and Easton Royal CC, who play in the Wiltshire division of the West of England Premier League.

There is one pub: the White Hart, on the High Street in the centre of the village.

title: Burbage, Wiltshire


text:
German Chancellery

The German Chancellery (Bundeskanzleramt,, more faithfully translated as Federal Chancellery or Office of the Federal Chancellor) is an agency serving the executive office of the chancellor of Germany, the head of the federal government, currently Olaf Scholz. The Chancellery's primary function is to assist the chancellor in coordinating the activities of the federal government. The head of the Chancellery (Chef des Bundeskanzleramtes) holds the rank of either a Secretary of State (Staatssekretär) or a Federal Minister (Bundesminister), currently held by Wolfgang Schmidt. The headquarters of the German Chancellery is at the Federal Chancellery building in Berlin, which is the largest government headquarters in the world.

History
When the North German Confederation was created in 1867, the constitution mentioned only the Bundeskanzler as the responsible executive officer. There was no collegial government with ministers. Federal Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in the beginning only established a Bundeskanzleramt as his office. It was the only 'ministry' of the country until in early 1870 the Prussian foreign office became the North German foreign office. At that occasion, the Bundeskanzleramt lost some tasks to the foreign office.

Reichskanzleramt
When the North German Confederation became the German Empire in 1871, the Bundeskanzleramt was renamed to Reichskanzleramt. It originally had its seat in the Radziwiłł Palace (also known as Reichskanzlerpalais), originally built by Prince Antoni Radziwiłł on Wilhelmstraße 77 in Berlin. More and more imperial offices were separated from the Reichskanzleramt, e.g. the Reichsjustizamt (Office for National Justice) in 1877. What remained of the Reichskanzleramt became in 1879 the Reichsamt des Innern (the home office).

Reichskanzlei
In 1878 Imperial Chancellor Bismarck created a new office for the chancellor's affairs, the Reichskanzlei. It kept its name over the years, also in the republic since 1919. In 1938–39, the building Neue Reichskanzlei (New Imperial Chancellery), designed by Albert Speer, was built; its main entrance was located at Voßstraße 6, while the building occupied the entire northern side of the street. It was damaged during World War II and later demolished by Soviet occupation forces.

Bundeskanzleramt
In 1949, the Federal Republic was created. Bonn was made the provisional capital. Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer used the Museum Koenig for the first two months and then moved the Bundeskanzleramt into Palais Schaumburg until a new Chancellery building was completed in 1976. The new West German Chancellery building was a black structure completed in the International Style, in an unassuming example of modernism.

In 1999, the headquarters of the Federal Chancellery were moved from Bonn to Berlin under the Berlin-Bonn Act, first into the Staatsratsgebäude, then in 2001 to the new building on the Spreebogen; since 2001 the secondary seat of the Federal Chancellery has been the Palais Schaumburg. A separate building, the Kanzlerbungalow served as private residence of the Chancellor and his family 1964–1999.

Headquarters
Bundeskanzleramt is also the name of the building in Berlin that houses the personal offices of the chancellor and the Chancellery staff. Palais Schaumburg in Bonn is the secondary official seat of the German Federal Chancellery.

Opened in the spring of 2001, the current Chancellery building was designed by Charlotte Frank and Axel Schultes and was built by a joint venture of Royal BAM Group's subsidiary Wayss & Freytag and the Spanish Acciona Occupying 12,000 square meters (129,166 square feet), it is also the largest government headquarters building in the world. By comparison, the new Chancellery building is ten times the size of the White House.

Because of its distinctive but controversial architecture, journalists, tourist guides and some locals refer to the buildings as Kohllosseum (as a mix of Colosseum and former chancellor Helmut Kohl under whom it was built), Bundeswaschmaschine (federal laundry machine, because of the round-shaped windows and its cubic form), or Elefantenklo (elephant loo).

Access for the general public is only possible on particular days during the year. Since 1999, the German government has welcomed the general public for one weekend per year to visit its buildings – usually in August.

Heads of the Chancellery
Heads of the German Chancellery (Chef des Bundeskanzleramts, ChefBK) attend Cabinet meetings. They may also sit as members of the Cabinet if they are also given the position of Minister for Special Affairs (Minister für besondere Aufgaben). They are often called "Kanzleramtsminister" (chancellery minister). Otherwise, they have the rank of a secretary of state (comparable to a minor or vice minister in other countries).

The current Head of the Chancellery is Wolfgang Schmidt.

Typically a ChefBK is a very close advisor of the chancellor, being the primary contact to the cabinet ministers. Many of them became cabinet ministers (with other portfolios) themselves, several ministers of the interior. Frank Walter Steinmeier who served as minister of the chancery under Schröder (1999-2005) later served as minister of foreign affairs (2005-2009 and 2013–2017) candidate for chancellor (2009) leader of the opposition (2009-2013) and ultimately in the largely ceremonial role of federal president (2017-).

title: German Chancellery


text: Category:585 deaths

title: Category:585 deaths


text: Category:538 births

title: Category:538 births


text:
Talk:List of heads of state of Burkina Faso

[Untitled]
I wonder why Blaise Compaoré is not Président in that list ? Ericd 23:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is still inexact for reference see http://www.google.fr/search?q=cache:jdF7al3TlKAJ:www.primature.gov.bf/burkina/histoire/gdates.htm+Ouezzin+Coulibaly&hl=fr or http://www.primature.gov.bf/burkina/histoire/gdates.htm+Ouezzin+Coulibaly&hl=fr Ericd 01:20, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Many Thanks
Many thanks to all those who have contributed to the enhancing of the information - much appreciated - I think it is looking good.

Regarding the status change in 1984 - according to http://flagspot.net/flags/bf.html and other sources the country was briefly Bourkina-Fasso (the French version) before becoming Burkina Faso - though this needs more corroboration.

Also - there is a discrepancy where some offices are given in French, a temptation which I have largely resisted myself as this is the English Wikipedia - however I have not unilaterally altered this in case I caused offence

Thanks again to you all, --JohnArmagh 06:45, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Link pasted for reference. I have no time to analyze and command yet : http://www.burkinabedumonde.org/circulaire.php Ericd 08:17, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC) http://perso.club-internet.fr/kibare/bproj5aa.htm

About Burkina Faso vs. Bourkina Fasso : This is all about pronounciation.

To clarify the situation :

The French "u" as no equivalent in English (and many other languages too) it pronounce like the German "ü". In French "ou" will correspond to "oo" or "ou" in English... A "s" between two vovels will pronounce "z" in French, I think it's the same in English.

Thomas Sankara issued a decree renaming the country "Burkina Faso" using the standard transcription of Mooré and Dioula in Roman alphabet.

With this transcription "u" will be pronounced like the French "ou" and "s" like "s" not "z".

The decree was written in French and Sankara precised that Burkina Faso should be pronouced like "Bourkina Fasso". It's important to know than most people were illiterate in BF, and the vast majority of those who have learned to write have learned to write French, very few people were able to read of write good Mooré or Dioula. Thus a lot of civil servants heard "Bourkina Fasso" and wrote it the French way "Bourkina Fasso". A few day later the administration issued an instruction to write Burkina Faso.

Ericd 14:25, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Tenure date
Tenure date are wrong--Chiappinik 17:05, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Then correct them and cite the sources. --JohnArmagh 19:52, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:36, 13 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Maurice Yaméogo, 1960.jpg

Election layout
Hey I am going to disagree with your disagreement. For one, I believe there to be a number of reasons why elections shouldn't be in the front, as I have attempted to explain here (Look at Election setup and onwards). Additionally, the only reason that elections are so prevalent in the front, is because Friendlyhistorian keeps changing them (from the standard placement in the back), as he finds that placement "really funny" and that placement would...result in that placement? I would urge you to reconsider. Skjoldbro (talk) 17:02, 23 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you. i answered you on that page. Cordially.--Aréat (talk) 18:47, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:09, 30 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Michel Kafando 2015-09-26.jpg

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 * Thomas-sankara-dessin.jpg


text:
Talk:Cyclotron

Merger proposal
I would like to merge the article isochronous cyclotron to the article cyclotron, since the first mentioned page has little content and is very closely related the last mentioned article. (Please object within two weeks) BR84 (talk) 20:40, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

BR84 (talk) 18:57, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Notable Examples
I cleaned up the introductory section by creating a "History" and a "Notable Examples" section. The latter is noticeably underpopulated at the moment, containing only TRIUMF. I don't have time to do it right now, but that section should probably include RIKEN, NSCL, and the one in Germany whose name escapes me at the moment. - PianoDan (talk) 13:09, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Frequency range of magnetron radiation mis-identified.
As written, the article incorrectly states the magnetron is, "...a device for producing high frequency radio waves..." It then goes on to state the wavelength as "microwaves."

A magnetron does indeed produce microwaves; but microwaves are not considered to be in the high-frequency or "HF" range of the radio spectrum. Instead, they are in the "super-high" or SHF range. This is confirmed by a number of existing Wikipedia articles, including the one titled Super high frequency.

Although this is minor point, it does work against Wikipedia's well-known goal of consistency across related articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.77.66.16 (talk) 16:55, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Article showcases lazy editors
This article illustrates the typical shortcomings of technical articles on Wikipedia. The two line introduction tells almost nothing about the subject, and is not an adequate summary in blatant violation of WP:LEAD. The brief explanation of how it works will be pretty much opaque to general readers. The history section discusses obscure Russian cyclotrons but omits the most notable machines of all, Lawrence's 60 and 184 inch cyclotrons.

Most of all, the editors show off their precious math skills with a confused derivation of the relativistic formula for cyclotron frequency, but manage to omit the most important formula of all, what anyone coming to this page wants to know, the formula for the output energy of the particle!!! All of this is due of course to lazy egocentric editing; when the choice came between writing a comprehensible encyclopedia article and indulging your private interests, the ego won out. Nice going, guys. I made an effort to correct your screwups. -- Chetvorno TALK 15:52, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

1932 or 1931?
The text, Radioactivity: Introduction and History, by Michael F. L'Annunziata on page 2 states that "Ernest Lawrence built the first working cyclotron in 1931..." That's a year prior to the date in the introduction to this article. If anyone can resolve that minor disagreement, please feel free to reply to this question. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by BobEnyart (talk • contribs) 19:09, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

it shouldn't be the size of the apparatus stated as a reason for notability
the lede ends with this 2 sentence statement: "The largest single-magnet cyclotron was the 4.67 m (184 in) synchrocyclotron built between 1940 and 1946 by Lawrence at the University of California at Berkeley,[4] which could accelerate protons to 730 MeV. The largest cyclotron is the 17.1 m (56 ft) multimagnet TRIUMF accelerator at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia which can produce 500 MeV protons."

now, it seems obvious that size of the machine is of lower importance than the output produced, eg: the maximum energy of the particles. on this ground i suggest deleting the second sentence, and perhaps mention the TRIUMF as a curiousity in the history section.

the current text suggests that TRIUMF is an upgrade of the Berkeley synchrocyclotron (multiple magnets, BIGGER size) which it is not, judged by it's lower energy output. 80.99.38.199 (talk) 20:28, 18 February 2018 (UTC).
 * or, alternatively, in case TRIUMF is an advancement in some sense (a later section mentions something along the line that it accelerates different particles than protons, or that it is more effective/cheaper to operate due to a difference in the feeding material for the particles to be accelerated) then THIS difference should be stated instead of the size of the apparatus, which in itself is hardly a reason for notability. 80.99.38.199 (talk) 17:06, 19 February 2018 (UTC).

By which metric is TRIUMF's cyclotron largest?
TRIUMF's cyclotron appears to be neither largest in size given that the RIKEN cyclotron appears to be larger in both mass and diameter. Additionally, TRIUMF's cyclotron does not appear to be the most powerful in terms of particle speed or luminosity given that the the Paul Scherrer Institute in has a 590 MeV cyclotron and over 2 mA whereas TRIUMF's seems to be limited to roughly 150 micro amperes when calculating based on claimed power in kW. In one place it mentions that TRIUMF's cyclotron is the the largest "of it's kind," "of it's kind" should be defined. For example, "of it's kind" may refer to "derived from Berkley designs" or "negative ion, isochronous, non-superconducting" - but clarity would be appreciated; I may be misunderstanding. JKumlin 12:06, 27 Jan 2022 (UTC). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.36.61.115 (talk)

 * Hi JKumlin! I'm working on revising this article one chunk at a time, and "Current Examples" (including their references elsewhere in the article) is next on the list after revising the section on uses for the things.  But feel free to walk down the hall and have a chat about this in person. :) PianoDan (talk) 16:32, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

Leo Szilárd has the prority (1929) in the invention
Just read this article: https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.1325189 no he doesnt. his alleged patent application doesnt exist in any patent databases. ergo, it was never published, and neither lawrence or anybody else ever saw it. further, max steenbeck claimed an even earlier priority, in 1927. in fact, the first published description of a cyclotron is lawrence's october 1930 paper, which was published after he and his student built the first cyclotron in april of that year. priority goes to lawrence — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ammonitida (talk • contribs) 02:23, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Minor COI disclosure
Oop. Now that I'm editing the section on medical uses of cyclotrons, I need to disclose that I work for a company that makes targets for medical cyclotrons. I will endeavor to keep my edits in the area of specific isotopes and their uses limited, and hew as closely as possible to cited neutral sources. For example, The isotopes I chose as illustrations for cyclotron produced radioisotopes were the ones listed as most common in the cited IAEA report, plus Technetium-99m, which has been in the news of late. Once this section is fleshed out, I intend to leave it to other editors. Hopefully this is acceptable. PianoDan (talk) 18:53, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

Therapeutic Beams
This sentence in the introduction's last paragraph could be improved by clarifying what therapeutic beams are or adding a link. " Close to 1500 cyclotrons are used in nuclear medicine worldwide for the production of radionuclides and therapeutic beams" ScientistBuilder (talk) 21:04, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Done - I reworded the sentence slightly to refer to "particle therapy" rather than "theraputic beams", since we already have a Wikipedia article on that topic. The same reference covers both.  PianoDan (talk) 21:28, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Explanation
I think it would be helpful to explain its useful to have more smaller magnets as opposed to one big magnet here: " Later developments included the use of more powerful superconducting magnets and the separation of the magnets into discrete sectors, as opposed to a single large magnet"ScientistBuilder (talk) 17:35, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Improvements to history
There is a lack of period: "He was assisted by a graduate student, M. Stanley Livingston Their first working cyclotron became operational in January of 1931" I think centimeters should be the main unit and inches the parentheses unit unless it was specified at the time as 4.5 inches. I think it would be helpful to include a qualifier explaining how powerful 80keV is.

I think it would be helpful to explain what RF stands for: As such, modern particle accelerators use alternating (RF) electric fields for acceleration I think it would be helpful to mention some typical values of the Kfactor. Are the elements thorium and plutonium ever used in heavy ion beams? Is there a way to add reference for the 4.5 inch cyclotron in the table? Other than that, I think it is a good article and I do not think these should be reasons to not have it as a good article.

 * Period - Already fixed.
 * Dimensions - The Lawrence machines were all specified in inches at the time, which is why their sizes are nice round numbers.
 * Electron volts - We wikilink to the description of the unit, but I'd be open to other suggestions for how to conextualize what "80 keV" is.
 * RF - Expanded to "Radio Frequency".
 * K-factor - The range of cyclotron energies is so wide, I'm not sure there's a "typical" value to cite here.
 * Thorium and Plutonium - I am unaware of either of these elements ever having been used as the ion in a cyclotron beam, rather than as a target.
 * 4.5 inch cyclotron Reference added.

PianoDan (talk) 18:32, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

Awkward mixing of quantities
"... the particles' energy was equal to the accelerating voltage ..." is a convenient shorthand, and this conflation of quantities also occurs elsewhere in the article, and detracts from its quality. In this context, more clarity and correctness may be appropriate. A possible modification might be "... the particles' energy per elementary charge unit was equal to the accelerating voltage ..." Fixing this everywhere may need a little thought, and I'm not promising to do it – only highlighting the need. 172.82.46.53 (talk) 21:28, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

 * An excellent point. I'm so used to thinking about energies and masses interchangeably in terms of eV that I forget it's not necessarily intuitive. I'll give it some thought. PianoDan (talk) 03:57, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Type of spiral
There are many types of spirals. The following reference says that a Fermat spiral is used; this is a spiral in which successive windings get closer together so that the area of each winding remains constant. This would match the appearance of Lawrence's patent drawing, but disagrees with the big cutaway diagram at the start of "Principle of operation" which looks more like an Archimedean spiral. However, a paper on biology is not really a good source for a topic about physics. Can this detail be sourced better and clarified in the article? —David Eppstein (talk) 23:53, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Technically, it's NOT a spiral at all, it's a a connected series of arcs of constant radius. Every time the particle crosses the accelerating gap, and ONLY when it crosses the accelerating gap, it gains energy.  Other than at the gap, the particle is "coasting" at a constant(ish) speed, which means it is turning with a constant radius.
 * The classical cyclotron had a pair of "D" shaped electrodes, so the particle would cross the gap twice per orbit. Modern cyclotrons can have more than two accelerating gaps per orbit, but the principle is the same - the particle is accelerated at the gap, and only there, and that's the only place the orbit radius actually changes. (Amusingly, the accelerating structures are often still referred to as "dees", regardless of their actual shape.)
 * A stylized approximation of the orbit in a one gap cyclotron (where the particle crosses the gap twice per orbit) would be two sets of concentric half-circles, with each half circle connected to one of slightly larger radius, and the connection points forming a straight line at the gap. (A less approximate model would take into account the fact that the gap has a finite size, so the acceleration doesn't take place instantaneously.)
 * But since a typical cyclotron particle will orbit hundreds of times before extraction (or collision with an internal target), the orbit is usually described as a "spiral" as a convenient approximation rather than as rigorous technical language.
 * Additionally, this is all the first approximation where you assume a constant magnetic field. Real cyclotrons also azimuthally vary the field for the purpose of keeping the beam focused in the plane of acceleration (which makes the orbits a bit "lumpy" viewed from above). And isochronous cyclotrons, which represent MOST extant models, also progressively increase the field strength with radius to compensate for the relativistic increase in apparent mass.
 * I'll see if I can find a reasonable reference for this, and think about how best to incorporate it.
 * PianoDan (talk) 06:51, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Here's a diagram I found over on Wikimedia Commons:
 * Cyclotron.png
 * "Afbuigingscondensator" may be my new favorite word for today.
 * PianoDan (talk) 06:54, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Merge § Approaches to relativistic cyclotrons and § Cyclotron types
There is a large overlap in the scope of these two sections. We should find a way to merge them. Petr Matas 04:48, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I see the argument, but I'm not sure the best way to do it. The "Relativistic approaches" section is more focused on the technical details of how to deal with relativity, where "cyclotron types" includes things like superconducting and separated sector machines, which aren't necessarily conceptually a separate type of machine, but ought to be mentioned somewhere. What would be your proposal? PianoDan (talk) 16:29, 15 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I will have to think about it. Petr Matas 17:50, 15 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I think I have a solution. The basic types (classical, synchro-, and iso-) are discussed in the relativistic approaches. Remaining are the design considerations regarding focusing and magnet shape (Separated sector cyclotron), and magnet construction (Superconducting cyclotron). These could get their own section. Petr Matas 09:51, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

Table of properties
Can we get rid of the note that synchrotron is not a cyclotron by changing the table caption to "Characteristic properties of circular accelerators"? Petr Matas 16:35, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Sure, that seems like a good idea. Or to be even MORE generous with information, (and I'd be willing to do this) we could expand it even FURTHER, to add betatrons and any other circular accelerators we can think of, and have a dividing line somewhere between "cyclotrons" and "Other Circular Accelerators."PianoDan (talk) 16:38, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

The "Magnetic field" column is intended to describe the field variation in both time and space. My understanding is that FFA's magnetic field has some non-uniformities, so I would not call it constant (in space). Is it the case that unlike isochronous cyclotron, the FFA's field non-uniformities are smaller or localized? Petr Matas 16:59, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree it's not constant in space, but it IS constant in time, and it's not really clear which the column refers to. PianoDan (talk) 17:07, 15 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I separated the variation in space and time, hope that helps. Petr Matas 17:49, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

Another issue with FFA: It seems to me that the particle's path radius increase does not match its speed increase, so the frequency cannot be constant and the operation cannot be continuous. Do you agree? Petr Matas 17:49, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

 * There are different types of FFAs, so this column might need to be something like "variable." Scaling FFAs have frequencies that ramp, non-scaling ones have fixed frequencies in some cases.  PianoDan (talk) 19:54, 15 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I have added a reference to your source and modified the table. Petr Matas 21:00, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

May I ask you for a careful check of the current version of the table including embedded notes, the section Isochronous cyclotron, and the description of the graph there? Petr Matas 09:21, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Good catch that the AVF concept needs to be separated from the Isochronous Cyclotron one. Probably the best approach is a "Focusing" section between "Particle Trajectory" and "Relativistic considerations." We could talk about both in-plane focusing, which is what AVF is for, and longitudinal focusing, which comes for free with RF acceleration, but is tough to explain simply.  PianoDan (talk) 16:56, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I have written it how I believe it could work, but it needs checking whether it corresponds to reality and sourcing. Petr Matas 22:18, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The Lorentz factor graph is interesting, but since cyclotrons rarely operate in the ultra relativistic range, it might imply that the situation is worse than it is. Graph of accelerator types looks good.  PianoDan (talk) 16:56, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Ultrarelativistic note removed. Petr Matas 22:18, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * - Thanks for all your effort on this! I've added citations to the section about focusing and rearranged things a little bit.PianoDan (talk) 16:35, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your expert inputs as well. I hope I am not too aggressive with my refinings. By the way, is it necessary to put "horizontal and longitudinal focusing" in the quotation marks, or is it an established term? Petr Matas 20:21, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * That's an excellent question. Typically in linear accelerators, you discuss "transverse" (both x and y) and "longitudinal" (z) focusing, and those are established terms.  The weirdness in cyclotrons is that horizontal and vertical focusing are completely different beasts from each other.  Also, "vertical focusing" is usually used for keeping particles in the plane, event though MANY cyclotrons (like the GE PETtrace, for example) orient the orbit plane vertically, rather than flat. PianoDan (talk) 20:28, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Longitudinal focusing
The reference to Edwards, that you have just added, points to page 21, but at page 21 of the 2008 edition I found nothing about longitudinal focusing or phase stability. Section 2.2 Phase stability starts at page 30, but the following two pages are not available for preview. Anyway, I think that it cannot work like I described it previously, because particle's direction of motion in the acceleration plane and thus its phase is unaffected by any tangential force (e.g. from the RF field). Only the bending field changes the direction according to the constant cyclotron frequency. Only if there were locations where the electric field was not parallel to the orbit (which is not the case in narrow radial gaps between the dees), it would be able to alter the phase. Petr Matas 18:31, 28 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I didn't specify a page for the second Edwards cite, but I can dig it out.
 * The RF field does not import a tangential force to the particle's direction of motion - it only acts at the accelerating gaps, and only in the direction of motion.
 * The bending field is a MAGNETIC field, and is completely static in a cyclotron.
 * The reason alternating electric fields result in phase stability in RF accelerators is exactly what it said in the chunk you deleted. The "reference particle" is travelling at a rate where it crosses the accelerating gap at the same phase every time, and sees the same voltage every time.  (And that phase is NOT the maximum of the RF field.)  Particles that arrive early arrive when the voltage is lower, and thus get less acceleration.  Particles that arrive late arrive when the voltage is higher, and get MORE acceleration.
 * As such, off-energy particles oscillate between being slightly ahead of, and slightly behind, the reference particle.
 * The "acceptance" mentioned in the quote you inserted is the range of initial phases that will be kept by this method. Particles that are too far off the reference energy will arrive so late that the RF voltage will have once again started to drop, and will not be focused back to the reference energy.
 * I hope this is clear. PianoDan (talk) 18:39, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Can you narrow the location in the source down to a single page, please? I think it should not be necessary to read the entire chapter to verify a claim. A source available online would be great.
 * I completely agree with your explanation, but only for a linear accelerator or synchrotron: A particle that arrives late receives more acceleration, thus travels longer distance, thus arrives sooner into the next gap. In cyclotron however, the distance travelled by the particle has nothing to do with its phase given by its direction of motion:
 * The direction change rate (caused by the static magnetic field) is independent from the velocity. In other words, a faster particle needs the same time to complete an orbit, because its orbit is longer.
 * The direction is unaffected by any force in the direction of motion (aka tangential force, as I understand the term).
 * Petr Matas 20:25, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * In a linac, a particle that arrives late receives greater acceleration, but the distances are fixed. It travels FASTER, and therefore reaches the next gap sooner. but it doesn't travel "longer distance."
 * That said - I'm way off base. You're correct about the longitudinal phase space being frozen in a cyclotron, and I was completely confusing two different concepts. PianoDan (talk) 21:45, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * You are right, a late particle in a linac will travel faster, not further. By the way, it was me who seeded the confusion between linac and cyclotron into your mind. ;-) Petr Matas 10:28, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cyclotron


text:
RAF Ballyhalbert

Royal Air Force Ballyhalbert or more simply RAF Ballyhalbert is a former Royal Air Force station at Ballyhalbert on the Ards Peninsula, County Down, Northern Ireland

RAF Kirkistown was a satellite to the larger Ballyhalbert.

Construction began in 1940.

Royal Air Force use
It opened provisionally in May 1941, prior to completion of the works, as a RAF Fighter Command base where the primary weapon was the Supermarine Spitfire, and officially on 28 June of that same year. The base provided local protection from Luftwaffe raids on Belfast and the rest of the province. Other aircraft operated from the base were the Hawker Hurricane, Bristol Beaufighter, North American Mustang and Boulton Paul Defiant night fighter. During its lifetime, Ballyhalbert was home to RAF, Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF), British Army, Royal Navy and United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) personnel. Servicemen from Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Poland also saw duty at Ballyhalbert.

• No. 25 Squadron RAF
 * Squadrons:

• No. 26 Squadron RAF

• No. 63 Squadron RAF

• No. 125 Squadron RAF

• No. 130 Squadron RAF

• No. 153 Squadron RAF

• No. 245 Squadron RAF

• No. 256 Squadron RAF

• No. 303 Squadron RAF

• No. 315 Polish Fighter Squadron

• No. 501 Squadron RAF

• No. 504 Squadron RAF

• Detachment of No. 13 Group Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight RAF (May – August 1941)
 * Units:

• No. 82 Group Communication Flight RAF (September 1941 – January 1942)

• No. 82 Group Training Flight RAF became No. 1493 (Target Towing) Flight RAF (October 1941 – January 1942 & January – April 1943)

• No. 1402 (Meteorological) Flight RAF (December 1944 – August 1945)

• No. 1480 (Anti-Aircraft Co-operation) Flight RAF (November – December 1941)

• No. 1494 (Target Towing) Flight RAF (April 1943 – March 1945)

• No. 2707 Squadron RAF Regiment

Fleet Air Arm use
In 1942, a request for lodger facilities and a Royal Naval Air Section at RAF Ballyhalbert was granted by RAF Northern Ireland. On 14 July 1945 the airbase was transferred by RAF Northern Ireland on loan to the Admiralty and known as Royal Naval Air Station Ballyhalbert (RNAS Ballyhalbert). On 17 July it was commissioned as HMS Corncrake with Captain G.N.P. Stringer as commanding officer.

As HMS Corncrake the airfield was used by the Fleet Air Arm for squadrons working up for carrier duty. On 13 November 1945 the airfield was closed and placed on Care and Maintenance. By 1947, with no further use made of the site it was abandoned. The airfield was sold to developers in March 1960, and is in use for several popular caravan parks.

• 3rd Naval Fighter Wing
 * Fleet Air Arm units:

• 718 Naval Air Squadron

• 725 Naval Air Squadron

• 768 Naval Air Squadron

• 784 Naval Air Squadron

• 787 Naval Air Squadron

• 800 Naval Air Squadron

• 808 Naval Air Squadron

• 812 Naval Air Squadron

• 827 Naval Air Squadron

• 880 Naval Air Squadron

• 882 Naval Air Squadron

• 885 Naval Air Squadron

• 887 Naval Air Squadron

• 894 Naval Air Squadron

• 899 Naval Air Squadron

• 1840 Naval Air Squadron

• 1846 Naval Air Squadron

title: RAF Ballyhalbert