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William Sharp (writer)

William Sharp (12 September 1855 – 12 December 1905) was a Scottish writer, of poetry and literary biography in particular, who from 1893 wrote also as Fiona Macleod, a pseudonym kept almost secret during his lifetime. He was also an editor of the poetry of Ossian, Walter Scott, Matthew Arnold, Algernon Charles Swinburne and Eugene Lee-Hamilton.

Early life
Sharp was born in Paisley and educated at Glasgow Academy and the University of Glasgow, which he attended 1871–1872 without completing a degree. In 1872 he contracted typhoid. During 1874–5 he worked in a Glasgow law office. His health broke down in 1876 and he was sent on a voyage to Australia. In 1878 he took a position in a bank in London.

Career
He was introduced to Dante Gabriel Rossetti by Sir Noel Paton, and joined the Rossetti literary group; which included Hall Caine, Philip Bourke Marston and Swinburne. He married his cousin Elizabeth Sharp in 1884, and devoted himself to writing full-time from 1891, travelling widely.

Also about this time, he developed an intensely romantic attachment to Edith Wingate Rinder, another writer of the consciously Celtic Edinburgh circle surrounding Patrick Geddes and "The Evergreen". It was to Rinder ("EWR") he attributed the inspiration for his writings as "Fiona Macleod" thereafter, and to whom he dedicated his first Macleod novel ("Pharais") in 1894. Sharp had a complex and ambivalent relationship with W. B. Yeats during the 1890s, as a central tension in the Celtic Revival. Yeats initially found Macleod acceptable and Sharp not, and later fathomed their identity. Sharp found the dual personality an increasing strain. On occasions when it was necessary for "Fiona Macleod" to write to someone unaware of the dual identity, Sharp would dictate the text to his sister (Mary Beatrice Sharp), whose handwriting would then be passed off as Fiona's manuscript.

Hermeticism
During his Macleod period, Sharp was a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. In August 1892, he published what became the only issue of the Pagan Review, in which he, under a set of pen names (including "W. H. Brooks", "W. S. Fanshawe", "George Gascoigne", "Willand Dreeme", "Lionel Wingrave", "James Marazion", "Charles Verleyne", and "Wm. Windover") argued for the establishment of a neo-paganism which would abolish gender inequality. The review was received negatively; among other things, critics wrote that its paganism was far removed from the pagan writings of the ancient world. The Saturday Review wrote:

"There can be no better cure for the errors of Neo-paganism than a study of the old pagans, Homer, Sophocles, Virgil. They, not M. Paul Verlaine, not even Mr. George Meredith, not even Beaudelaire (as the Pagan Review calls that author, who himself smote the Neo-Pagans in a memorable essay) are the guides to follow."

Death
He died in 1905 at the Castello di Maniace near Bronte, in Sicily, where he was the guest of Sir Alexander Nelson Hood, 5th Duke of Bronté (1904–1937), and was buried there in the ducal cemetery. He described the duchy and aspects of its history in his Attraverso la Ducea Nelson.

In 1910, Elizabeth Sharp published a biographical memoir attempting to explain the creative necessity behind the deception, and edited a complete edition of his works.

The Belgian Revival
Sharp took an early interest in the Belgian avant-garde and disseminated knowledge of La Jeune Belgique movement in a number of essays published in English-language literary periodicals, including two essays entitled La Jeune Belgique, a biographical and critical essay titled Maeterlinck, a reflection on Ruysbroeck and Maeterlinck and a review of Gérard Harry's production of Princess Maleine and The Intruder (1892). He translated Auguste Jenart's The Barbarian (1891) into English. His translation of Charles van Lerberghe's Les Flaireurs was published as The Night-Comers in The Evergreen: A Northern Seasonal: Autumn in 1895.

Musical Settings
The poems of Fiona Macleod attracted the attention of composers in the first half of the 20th century as part of the Celtic Twilight movement in the UK and the US. By far the best known setting was the adaptation of the verse drama The Immortal Hour as the libretto for Rutland Boughton's hugely successful opera of the same name, completed in 1914. The opera ran in London for 216 consecutive performances in 1922, and for a further 160 performances the following year, and was staged in New York City in 1926. It was revived at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in London in 1953. The first recording of the complete work, sponsored by The Rutland Boughton Trust, took place in 1983 and was released the following year by Hyperion Records on CD and as a boxed vinyl set.

Other musical settings include:
 * Samuel Barber: Two Poems of the Wind (1924)
 * Arnold Bax: A Celtic Song Cycle, (1904) and other songs
 * Rutland Boughton: Five Celtic Songs (1910)
 * Frederick Delius: I-Brasil, (1913)
 * Christopher Edmunds: Kye-Song Of Saint Bride for soprano, chorus and orchestra (1951)
 * John Foulds: Five Mood Pictures (1917)
 * Norman Fulton: Three Songs of Fiona McLeod (1962)
 * Charles T. Griffes: Three Poems of Fiona MacLeod (1918)
 * Fritz Hart: four volumes of Five Songs, opp. 73 to 77
 * Helen Hopekirk: Six Poems by Fiona Macleod (1907) and other songs
 * Herbert Howells: Five Songs for Low Voice and Piano
 * David Moule-Evans: Two Celtic Songs (1945)
 * Philip Sainton: Leaves, Shadows and Dreams
 * Caroline Holme Walker: When the Dew is Falling

Works

 * Dante Gabriel Rossetti: A Record and Study (1882)
 * The Human Inheritance, The New Hope, Motherhood and Other Poems (1882)
 * Sopistra and Other Poems (1884);
 * Earth's Voices (1884) poems
 * Sonnets of this century (1886) editor
 * Sea-Music: An Anthology of Poems (1887)
 * Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1887)
 * Romantic Ballads and Poems of Phantasy (1888)
 * Sport of chance (1888) novel
 * Life of Heinrich Heine (1888)
 * American Sonnets (1889)
 * Life of Robert Browning (1889)
 * The Children of Tomorrow (1889)
 * Sospiri di Roma (1891) poems
 * Life of Joseph Severn (1892)
 * A Fellowe and his Wife (1892)
 * Flower o' the Vine (1892)
 * The Pagan Review (1892)
 * Vistas (1894);
 * Pharais (1894) novel as FM
 * The Gypsy Christ and Other Tales (1895)
 * Mountain Lovers (1895) novel as FM
 * The Laughter of Peterkin (1895) as FM
 * The Sin-Eater and Other Tales (1895) as FM
 * Ecce puella and Other Prose Imaginings (1896)
 * Green Fire: A Romance (1896) novel as FM
 * The Washer of the Ford (1896) novel as FM
 * Fair Women in Painting and Poetry (1896)
 * Lyra Celtica: An Anthology of Representative Celtic Poetry (1896)
 * The Immortal Hour, play (1899) as FM
 * By Sundown Shores (1900) as FM
 * The Divine Adventure (1900) as FM
 * Iona (1900) as FM
 * From the Hills of Dream, Threnodies Songs and Later Poems (1901) as FM; this included the poem "The Lonely Hunter", which contains perhaps MacLeod's most famous line: Deep in the heart of Summer, sweet is life to me still, But my heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill. This inspired the title of Carson McCullers' debut novel The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
 * The Progress of Art in the Nineteenth century (1902)
 * Wind and wave: selected tales (1902)
 * The House of Usna (1903) play as FM
 * Literary Geography (1904)
 * The Winged Destiny: Studies in the Spiritual History of the Gael (1904) as FM and dedicated to Dr John Goodchild
 * Where the forest murmurs: Nature essays (1906) as FM
 * The Immortal Hour (1908) play as FM
 * Selected writings (1912) 5 Vols.
 * The Hills of Ruel, and Other Stories (1921) as FM

title: William Sharp (writer)


text:
San Antonio Rampage

The San Antonio Rampage was a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League based in San Antonio, Texas. The Rampage was primarily owned by Spurs Sports & Entertainment throughout the team's existence. In 2020, the franchise was sold to the Vegas Golden Knights and relocated as the Henderson Silver Knights.

History
In 2000, construction began on the SBC Center, located next to the Freeman Coliseum, home of the Central Hockey League's San Antonio Iguanas. Partnering with the Florida Panthers, the Spurs bought the dormant Adirondack Red Wings franchise and moved it to San Antonio. Following the acquisition of an AHL franchise, local investment for the Iguanas quickly dissipated, and the CHL franchise folded. Originally, the team was to be named the San Antonio Stampede. However, when a local semipro football team objected, the name was changed to the Rampage.

On June 30, 2005, Spurs Sports & Entertainment purchased the Panthers' interest in the franchise, assuming sole ownership of the AHL club. They also entered a multi-year affiliation agreement with the Phoenix Coyotes. On September 7, 2006, the Rampage unveiled their new uniforms with the official colors now being black, white and silver (the same motif used by the Spurs, as well as other Spurs-owned teams). While the primary and secondary logos remain the same, the crest of the jerseys now displayed just the bull's head.

On April 11, 2007, the Coyotes announced that they had fired Rampage general manager Laurence Gilman, who had been with the Coyotes organization for 13 years. On November 23, 2009, the Phoenix Coyotes fired Greg Ireland. He was replaced by assistant coach Ray Edwards; Mike Pelino was named assistant coach. Ray Edwards was officially named head coach of the San Antonio Rampage prior to the 2010–11 season.

After the 2010–11 AHL season, the Coyotes came to an agreement with the Portland Pirates to be their new AHL affiliate, and San Antonio became Florida's top affiliate for a second time.

In the 2011–12 season, the Rampage finished with a record of 41–30–3–2, good for 87 points to qualify for the sixth playoff seed in the Western Conference. They faced the third-seeded Chicago Wolves in the first round, taking Game 1 and Game 2 at home to take a 2–0 series lead in the best-of-five series. They then lost to the Wolves in Games 3 and 4 in Chicago, leading to a Game 5. In Game 5, the Rampage took a 2–0 lead, but the Wolves rallied to tie the game, sending it into overtime. After 25 minutes of overtime, San Antonio winger Bill Thomas passed to center Jon Matsumoto, feeding defenceman Roman Derlyuk to score the series winning goal on his belly to secure the first series win in franchise history for the Rampage. The goal is known to many fans as the Goal Heard Round the Alamo, and is considered the most important in Rampage history.

On March 18, 2015, the Florida Panthers announced they had entered into an affiliation agreement with the Portland Pirates to begin in the 2015–16 season, thus ending the Panthers' second term as San Antonio's NHL affiliate. On April 17, 2015, it was announced that the Rampage had come to a five-year affiliation agreement with the Colorado Avalanche.

During the 2017 off-season, it was reported that the Avalanche would promote its ECHL affiliate, the Colorado Eagles, to the AHL in 2018 while the Rampage would officially affiliate with the St. Louis Blues beginning with the 2018–19 AHL season. For the 2017–18 season, as the Blues did not have an official AHL affiliate after the Vegas Golden Knights partnered with their former affiliate, both the Avalanche and Blues would send AHL prospects to the Rampage.

On February 6, 2020, the Vegas Golden Knights announced it had purchased the franchise from the Spurs with the intent to relocate it to the Las Vegas area. The purchase and relocation was approved by the league on February 28. The team initially played at the Orleans Arena in Paradise, Nevada, while the club's new 6,000-seat arena, named Dollar Loan Center, was constructed in downtown Henderson, Nevada.

Their main rivals were the Texas Stars (located near Austin) and, from 2002 to 2013, the Houston Aeros.

The market was previously served by:
 * San Antonio Iguanas of the CHL (1994–1997, 1998–2002)
 * San Antonio Dragons of the IHL (1996–1998)

Captains

 * Lee Goren, 2003–2004
 * Paul Healey, 2004–2005
 * Bryan Helmer, 2006–2008
 * Steven Goertzen, 2008–2009
 * Jeff Hoggan, 2009–2010
 * Nolan Yonkman, 2010–2013
 * Greg Rallo, 2013–2014
 * Greg Zanon, 2014–2015
 * Ben Street, 2015–2016
 * Joe Whitney, 2016–2017
 * Chris Butler, 2017–2019
 * Jordan Nolan, 2019–2020

Single season

 * Goals: Don MacLean, 33 (2006–07)
 * Assists: Yanick Lehoux, 42 (2006–07)
 * Points: Yanick Lehoux, 73 (2006–07)
 * Points (Defenceman): Colby Robak, 39 (2011–12)
 * Penalty minutes: Pete Vandermeer, 332 (2007–08)
 * GAA: Jacob Markstrom, 2.32 (2011–12)
 * SV%: Travis Scott, .931 (2004–05)

Career

 * Career goals: Brett MacLean, 74
 * Career assists: Brett MacLean, 81
 * Career points: Brett MacLean, 155
 * Career penalty minutes: Francis Lessard, 613
 * Career goaltending wins: Josh Tordjman, 82
 * Career shutouts: Josh Tordjman, Ville Husso, 9
 * Career games: Sean Sullivan, 212

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: San Antonio Rampage


text:
Alvise Cadamosto

Alvise Cadamosto (surname cf. Ca' da Mosto, da Cadamosto, da Ca' da Mosto; also known in Portuguese as Luís Cadamosto; mononymously Cadamosto)(c. 1432 – 16 July 1483) was a Venetian explorer and slave trader, who was hired by the Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator and undertook two known journeys to West Africa in 1455 and 1456, accompanied by the Genoese captain Antoniotto Usodimare. Some have credited Cadamosto and his companions with the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands and the points along the Guinea coast from the Gambia River to the Geba River (in Guinea-Bissau), the greatest leap in the Henrican discoveries since 1446. Cadamosto's accounts of his journeys, including his detailed observations of West African societies, have proven invaluable to historians.

Background
Alvise was born at the Ca' da Mosto, a palace on the Grand Canal of Venice from which his name derives. His father was Giovanni da Mosto, a Venetian civil servant and merchant, and his mother Elizabeth Querini, from a leading patrician family of Venice. Alvise was the eldest of three sons, having younger brothers Pietro and Antonio.

At a remarkably young age, Alvise was cast out as a merchant adventurer, sailing with Venetian galleys in the Mediterranean. From 1442 to 1448, Alvise undertook various trips on Venetian galleys to the Barbary Coast and Crete, as a commercial agent of his cousin, Andrea Barbarigo. In 1451, he was appointed noble officer of the marine corps of crossbowmen on a galley to Alexandria. The next year, he served the same position on a Venetian galley to Flanders. Upon his return, he found his family disgraced and dispossessed. His father, caught in a bribery scandal, had been banished from Venice, and taken refuge in the Duchy of Modena. His Querini relatives took the opportunity to seize possession of his family's property. This setback marred the future prospects of Cadamosto's career in Venice, and probably encouraged his spirit of adventure, hoping to restore his family name and fortune with great feats of his own.

Expeditions to Africa
In August 1454, at the age of 22, Alvise and his brother Antonio embarked on a Venetian merchant galley, captained by Marco Zen, destined for Flanders. On the outward journey, the galley was detained by bad weather near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. While waiting for the weather to improve, the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator, who had his seat nearby at Sagres, dispatched a couple of his commercial agents, led by his secretary Antão Gonçalves and the local Venetian consul Patrizio di Conti, to interest the stranded Venetian merchants in opening trade contracts for sugar and other goods from the prince's Madeira island. Informed by the visitors of Henry's recent discoveries in Africa, Cadamosto, "inflamed with the desire of visiting these newly discovered regions", immediately applied to Prince Henry at his residence at Raposeira to undertake an expedition on his behalf. Henry hired him on the spot.

(Note: the 16th-century Portuguese chronicler Damião de Góis, uniquely among historians, mistakenly asserted that Cadamosto's encounter took place in 1444 rather that 1454. Given the eminence of Góis, this erroneous dating has been cited by others, and has been a cause of much confusion for later histories and chronologies. )

First Journey (1455)
Alvise Cadamosto set out on 22 March 1455 on a 43-tonne caravel supplied by Prince Henry, with Vicente Dias as ship master He proceeded to Porto Santo and Madeira, and thereafter weaved his way through the Canary islands, making stops in La Gomera, El Hierro and La Palma before reaching the African coast around Cape Blanc. Cadamosto made note of the existence of the Portuguese factory-fort at Arguin, but does not seem to have stopped there himself.

Cadamosto cruised down the west African coast to the mouth of the Senegal River (which he calls the Rio do Senega, the first recorded use of that name.) He does not seem to have stopped here, his destination being further south, at an anchorage point along the Grande Côte he called the Palma di Budomel (location uncertain, probably around Mboro, 15.16167°N, -16.92917°W). Cadamosto notes that this spot (or resgate) was already used by Portuguese traders. He dates that trade between the Portuguese and the Wolof people of the Senegal region was opened around 1450 ("five years before I went on this voyage").

While at the anchorage, Cadamosto was surprised to be met by the ruler himself, the Damel of Cayor (whom he calls Budomel), accompanied by his retinue. The Damel invited him inland while the details of the trade were finalized. Cadamosto spent nearly an entire month in an inland village, hosted by the prince Bisboror (Budomel's nephew), during which time he delighted in observing much about the local country and customs.

His trade in Cayor completed, rather than return home with his human cargo, Cadamosto decided to cruise further down the coast, towards the Cape Vert peninsula. This was intended as a pure exploratory jaunt, "to discover new countries" beyond the Cape, more specifically the mysterious "kingdom called Gambra", where Prince Henry had heard (from earlier slave captives) that gold was found in abundance. Around Cape Vert, in June 1455, Cadamosto came across two Portuguese caravels, one of which was commanded by Antoniotto Usodimare, a Genoese captain in Prince Henry's service, the other by an unnamed squire of Henry's household. They agreed to join forces and proceeded south together.

After a brief fishing stop on some unnamed islands (probably Îles des Madeleines ), Cadamosto, Usodimare and the Portuguese squire sailed south, down the Petite Côte until they reached the Sine-Saloum delta, a stretch inhabited by the Sereri (Serer people). Cadamosto has nothing good to say about the Serer, characterizing them as savage idolaters "of great cruelty" (although we should note at this point his information is being drawn principally from Wolof interpreters). Cadamosto claims he was the one who named the Saloum River as the Rio di Barbacini, the name by which it would remain known on European maps thereafter. Cadamosto and Usodimare tried to put in there, but quickly decided against it when an interpreter they landed to make contact with the local Serer natives gathered on the beaches was killed on the spot.

Pressing south, Cadamosto and Usodimare finally discovered the mouth of the Gambia River in late June or early July 1455. They set about sailing upriver, but their advance faced unremitting hostility from the Mandinka inhabitants upriver. Subjected to intense missile fire, they barely fended off a massed canoe attack that sought to trap and board them. According to Cadamosto's interpreters, the Mandinka believed the Portuguese were cannibals, that they had come to the region to buy black men to eat. Urged by their frightened crews (and probably desirous to keep his human cargo intact – he had been carrying a shipload of slaves since Cayor), Cadamosto decided to call off venturing further and backed out of the river. Cadamosto does not supply details of the return trip to Portugal.

At the mouth of the Gambia, Cadamosto made a note of the near-disappearance of the northern Pole Star on the horizon, and roughly sketched a bright constellation to the south, believed to be the first known depiction of the Southern Cross constellation (albeit wrongly positioned and with too many stars – a more accurate rendition would have to wait until Mestre João Faras in 1500.) Cadamosto called it the carro dell' ostro (southern chariot).

It is known that the fleet was back in Portugal before the end of the year, as Antoniotto Usodimare would write a letter dated 12 December 1455 to his creditors back in Genoa, reporting the results of his voyage (albeit with much exaggeration, and without mentioning Cadamosto).

Second Journey (1456)
Cadamosto set out again from Lagos in May 1456, this time not alone, but together with Antoniotto Usodimare and another caravel with an unnamed Portuguese captain, another servant of Prince Henry. The three vessels made no known trading stops, intending to sail straight to the Gambia River (probably per Prince Henry's instructions).

Catching a storm around Cape Vert peninsula, the little fleet was forced to sail west, away from the coast for two days and three nights (about 300 miles) and stumbled on the as-yet-undiscovered archipelago of the Cape Verde Islands. Cadamosto, Usodimare and the unnamed captain scouted several of the uninhabited islands, believing them to be four in number (although Cadamosto notes in his account that later explorers would find them to be ten). They anchored first on an island which they named Buona Vista (Boa Vista), before proceeding on to a larger island, which they named San Jacobo (Santiago) (according to Cadamosto, on account of it being the feast of SS. Philip and James – probably an error ) Finding the islands uninteresting, they headed on.

(Note: although Cadamosto claims credit for the discovery of the Cape Verde islands, this is disputed by Diogo Gomes, who claims he discovered the islands, together with Antonio da Noli, in 1462 (sometimes dated 1460) )

Cadamosto, Usodimare and the unnamed Portuguese captain proceeded to enter the Gambia River again, albeit this time without opposition. They sailed about 10 Italian miles (15 km) upriver and anchored briefly on a river island they named Santo Andrea (to bury a deceased crew member, named Andrea; the island is believed to be modern Dog Island ).

The trio proceeded upriver carefully, warily watched by native Mandinka canoes, but this time no hostilities or ambushes emerged. Eventually, one of the interpreters managed to entice some of the canoe-borne natives aboard the Portuguese ships and opened peaceful contact. The natives identified themselves as subjects of king Forosangoli (of the southern bank of the Gambia) and that he, and most other Mandinka kings along the Gambia river were all vassal subjects of the Emperor of Mali (Impatore di Melli), and that some of the local kings were willing to meet the Portuguese. Following the instructions of his interlocutors, Cadamosto sailed some 60 Italian miles up the Gambia river, reaching the residence of the Mandinka king he called Battimansa, Mandinka for "king of the Batti' (probably Badibu, on the north side of the river).  They were well received, but disappointed at the little evidence of the large amounts of gold they had expected to find.  They engaged in some petty trade with the locals, in particular musk (invaluable to European perfumers), and imply they even acquired live specimens of African civet cat.

Cadamosto mentions interacting with another lord, Guumimensa, whose dominion was closer to the mouth of the river. This is probably none other than the formidable 'Niumimansa', king of the Niumi-Banta of Barra region, whose rule extended over Niumi-Bato (Niominka) of the Diombos River shore, an old antagonist of Portuguese explorers. However, Cadamosto reports their relations went quite smoothly.

Cadamosto and his companions stayed in Badibu for 11 days, before departing. They did not discover the commercial center of Cantor, which was still several miles upriver (it was only discovered a couple of years later, by Diogo Gomes). But he did discover malaria, and his crew quickly fell ill with fevers. It was probably this epidemic that prompted Cadamosto to cut short his stay and leave the Gambia river, back to the ocean, where the fevers seemed to have subsided.

Resolved to continue exploring the West African coast, Cadamosto's trio set sail south, doubling Cape St. Mary (13.48611°N, -16.66833°W) and carefully navigating the dangerous breakers around Bald Cape (13.37972°N, -16.79528°W), reporting a couple of rivers along the way (none of which he names). A few days later, Cadamosto and his companions discovered the mouth of the Casamance River (12.55611°N, -16.76222°W). They named the river after the local lord Casamansa, king ('mansa') of Kasa (called Casangas by later Portuguese, a now near-extinct people, related to the Bainuk people). They sent a couple of launches to land to open contact, but being told the king was absent on campaign, Cadamosto did not linger but decided to continue on.

Sailing south, the fleet reached a red-colored headland they named Capo Rosso (Cape Roxo, 12.33556°N, -16.71306°W, today marking the border between the republic of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau). In his account, Cadamosto names two large rivers beyond the Cape Roxo promontory – Santa Anna and San Dominico – which are a little confusing. It is believed one is likely to be the Cacheu River (12.17556°N, -16.34639°W, often indicated in later Portuguese maps as Rio de São Domingos) while the other river is probably one of the branches (Rio de Jatta or Rio das Ancoras) of the Mansôa River (11.85944°N, -15.97333°W)

A day later, Cadamosto discovered a great river (grandissimo fiume), which they named Rio Grande (the Geba River – more precisely, the wide estuary it forms together with the Corubal River, it doesn't seem they actually entered the river itself) (11.75°N, -15.63333°W). After anchoring near the southern bank of the estuary, they were approached by a couple of long native canoes from the mainland (no identification given, probably Balantas or Biafares) A few trinkets were traded with the canoes, but they were unable to open communication, as their on-ship interpreters (Wolof and/or Mandinka) did not understand their native language. After a couple of days, they lifted anchor and made their way to some "of the many islands in the sea" (the Bissagos Islands), but found it just as impossible to communicate with the inhabitants there.

Given the language barrier, they saw no point in proceeding further. Cadamosto, Usodimare and the unnamed Portuguese captain set sail back to Portugal.

Achievement
The record of Portuguese discoveries prior to Alvise Cadamosto did not seem to have gone beyond the Sine-Saloum delta. The furthest pre-Cadamosto seems to have been the singular expedition of Álvaro Fernandes in 1446, which may have reached as far as Cape Roxo, but this was not followed up. The 1447 expedition led by Estêvão Afonso did not go beyond the beginning of the estuary of the Gambia River, and thereafter expeditions below Cape Vert were largely suspended by Prince Henry. The principal barrier to the Portuguese seems to have been belligerence of the Niumi-Bato (Niominka) and the Niumi-Banta (Mandinka of Niumi (Barra)), both led by the same king, Niumimansa. Cadamosto encountered that hostility on his first expedition of 1455. But on his second trip, in 1456, opposition fell away for some reason, and he managed to become the first European (along with Antoniotto Usodimare and their anonymous companions) to sail up the Gambia River. It is uncertain what caused this change of attitude from one year to the next – a new Niumimansa? A shift in senegambian politics? The unreliable Diogo Gomes later boasted that he sailed to the Gambia sometime between 1456 and 1458 and single-handedly negotiated a peace with the Niumimansa, although this is likely exaggerated. )

Once they opened the Gambia River, Cadamosto and Usodimare led the next great leap of Henrican discoveries in Africa – Cape Verde islands, the Casamance River, Cape Roxo, Cacheu River and finally the Geba River and Bissagos Islands. The length of coast they discovered in 1456 was the greatest leap in the Portuguese era of discoveries since 1446. Much the same coast would be covered again by Diogo Gomes around 1458 (possibly as early as 1456, probably sent by Henry as a follow-up to Cadamosto's report) and 1462. Cadamosto's furthest marker would only really be surpassed by Pedro de Sintra in 1461–62.

Return to Venice
After his return in 1456, Cadamosto continued to live in Lagos for many years, suggesting he must have continued to engage, directly or indirectly, in West African commerce. It is not known whether Cadamosto himself made any further trips down the African coast. Cadamosto bluntly states that there were no other voyages of exploratory significance by anyone after 1456, until the expedition of Pedro de Sintra in 1462. Cadamosto acquired the details of that expedition from Sintra's clerk upon its return.

Cadamosto's patron, Prince Henry the Navigator, died in November 1460, and the monopoly on African trade reverted to the Portuguese crown and its operations were gradually transferred from Lagos to Lisbon. Probably seeing no future for himself in the new order, Cadamosto left Portugal and returned to Venice in February 1463. Cadamosto is believed to have brought notes, logs and several nautical maps with him. Cadamosto used these to compose his famous Navigazioni sometime in the mid-1460s. The Navigazioni, besides generally hailing the Portuguese discoveries and lionizing Prince Henry, provided detailed accounts of three expeditions – his own voyages of 1455 and 1456, and the voyage of Pedro de Sintra in 1462. He is believed to have delivered much of his primary material to the Venetian cartographer Grazioso Benincasa, as Benincasa went on to produce an atlas in 1468, depicting the West African coast with remarkable accuracy.

The Navigazioni were probably written in an effort to advertise his accomplishments, and rescue his family name. Upon his return, Cadamosto managed to recover some of his family's property from his Querini relatives and, a couple of years later, married Elisabetta di Giorgio Venier, a rich noblewoman but of frail health – she died without bearing him a child. He returned to commerce, with trading interests as far afield as Spain, Alexandria, Syria and England, and with fortune and connections restored, carved out a diplomatic and administrative career for the Republic of Venice alongside it. Cadamosto served as Venetian proveditor in Cattaro, then in Corone, and was sent on diplomatic missions to Dalmatia and Herzegovina. After the fall of Negroponte in 1470, Cadamosto was placed in charge of devising a plan for the defense of Albania against the Ottomans.

In 1481, Alvise Cadamosto was elected captain of the Venetian Alexandria galley fleet, ending his naval career on the same ships where he started. He died in 1483, in the Polesine, while on diplomatic mission to Rovigo to assess the spoils acquired by the Venetian Republic after their victory over Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara in the War of Ferrara. (although in some accounts, the date of his death is sometimes given as early as 1477 and as late as 1488).

The Navigazioni
For historians of the Portuguese discoveries under Henry the Navigator, Alvise Cadamosto's accounts, the Navigazioni, have proven to be an invaluable document. Cadamosto's accounts, Gomes Eanes de Zurara's chronicle and the memoirs of Diogo Gomes, are practically all that remain of the contemporary written record of the Henrican discoveries. Indeed, until the publication of João de Barros's Decadas da Asia in 1552 (which drew on a manuscript draft of Zurara's chronicle), Cadamosto's Navigazioni was the only published work circulating in Europe about the Portuguese discoveries. Cadamosto emphasized the central role of Prince Henry, and was instrumental in building up the image of the Navigator Prince for posterity. Compared to the hagiographic Zurara and the fallible Gomes, historians have relished and lauded the reliability and detail provided by Cadamosto, giving a richer and clearer view of how the Henrican enterprise operated.

Cadamosto's accounts are also invaluable for historians of Africa, providing the first written detailed accounts of the Senegambia region, beyond the fringes touched one century earlier by Arab historian Ibn Battuta. Cadamosto gives a summary of contemporary European knowledge about West Africa. He describes the Mali Empire (Melli) and the Trans-Saharan trade, e.g. how Berber caravans carry the Saharan salt from desert pans like Teghaza (Tegazza) to frontier cities like Timbuctu (Tombutto). He goes to explain how gold coming out of the heart of Mali goes out in three parts, one to Cochia (Kukiya) and then eastwards onto Egypt, the second via Timbuctu to Toet (Tuat) and then north towards Tunisia, and a third part, also via Timbuctu, goes west to Hoden (Ouadane), destined for Morocco, part of which is deviated to the Portuguese factory at Arguin.

Cadamosto is the first known person to refer to the Senegal River by its recognizably modern name (Rio di Senega) rather than the "western Nile". Curiously, Cadamosto notes that the Senegal was probably the Niger of ancient geographers (e.g. Ptolomey). He repeats the old error of assuming that the Senegal river and the (actual) Niger river are connected to each other, forming one great east–west river, and relates the legend that it was believed to be a tributary of the great Biblical river of Gihon (Gion) that flowed from the Garden of Eden across the lands of Aethiopia.

Cadamosto describes the Wolof (Gilofi) empire, which he notes was bound on the east by the Fula Tekrur/Toucouleur (Tuchusor) and to the south by the Mandinka states of the Gambia River (Gambra) Cadamosto goes into quite some detail on the politics, society and culture of the Wolof states. He supplies a meticulously detailed eyewitness description of the Cayor village he stayed in 1455, the Damel's court, the people, customs, economy, local fauna and flora, etc. The details demonstrate Cadamosto's sheer curiosity – he describes the courtly customs, the houses, the use of cowrie shells as currency, the food and drink, the operation of local markets, livestock and cultivation, the production of palm wine, weapons, the dances and music, the reaction to European novelties (clothes, ships, cannon, bag-pipes). In all this, Cadamosto's narrative evinces a degree of honest curiosity and absence of prejudice perhaps surprising for a European of that era. Cadamosto attempts a similarly detailed account of the Mandinka people of the Gambia River, making particular note of their abundant cotton (rare in Wolof areas), although not nearly as complete, as he did not seem to venture much away from his boats there. He does not cease to marvel at the extraordinary wildlife which is far more plentiful around the Gambia, notably the hippopotamus (which he calls the "horse fish") and the largely unfamiliar African elephant (whose meat he was tempted to taste – a piece of which he salted and brought back to Portugal for Prince Henry himself; a preserved elephant's foot would be forwarded to Henry's sister, Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy.).

Editions
Alvise Cadamosto's accounts were first published in Italian at the head of the famous 1507 collection Paesi novamente retrovati, edited by Francazano Montalboddo and published in Vicenza. It was quickly followed by translations into Latin (1508), German (1508) and French (1515). The Italian version was reprinted in the famous Ramusio collection of 1550. Although reprinted and widely disseminated in other countries, a Portuguese translation did not appear until 1812.

Cadamosto was also long alleged to be the author of the Portolano del mare, a rutter with sailing directions for the Mediterranean Sea coasts, found in the library of St. Mark in Venice, with the publication stamp of Bernardo Rizzo in 1490. Cadamosto's authorship of the portolano has been generally discarded in modern times.

Editions of Cadamosto's Navigazioni:

 * Original (1507), as opening chapters of Francanzano Montalboddo, editor, Paesi novamente retrovati et Novo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino intitulato, published in Vicenza, 1507. (reprinted 1508, 1512, 1519, 1521). Cadamosto's account of his 1455 and 1456 voyages starts with title: "Libro Primo: In comenza el libro de la prima Navigatione per loceano a le terre de Nigri de la Bassa Ethiopia per comandamento del Illust. Signor Infante Don Hurich fratello de Don Dourth Re de Portogallo" (Cap. 1 through Cap. 47) is the 1455 & 1456 Cadamosto voyages.  Cadamosto's account of Pedro de Sintra is at the beginning of the next section, "Libro Secundo: De la Navigatione de Lisbona a Callichut de lengua Portogallese intaliana", starting with heading "Chi scriprireno noui paesi cum li sui nomi" (Cap. 48–50).
 * Latin (1508) trans. of Montalboddo's 1507 Paesi by Archangelo Madrigini, Abbot of Casalo, as Itinerarium Portugallensium e Lusitania in Indiam et Inde in Occidentem et Demum ad Aquilonem published in Milan, 1508. This Latin translation was reprinted in Simon Grynaeus, Novus orbis regnorum et insularum veteribus incognitorum, 1532.
 * German (1508) trans. by Jobstein Ruchamer, in Newe unbekante landte und ein newe weldte in kurt verganger zeythe erfunden, published in Nuremberg, 1508
 * French (1515): trans. by Mathurin du Redouer, Sensuyt le Nouveau monde & navigations faictes par Emeric Vespuce Florentin: Dez pays & isles nouvellement trouvez auparavant a nous inconneuz tant en l'Ethiope que Arrabie, Calichut et aultres plusiers regions estranges, published in Paris, 1515. (1916 reprint online) (Reprint 1895, C. Schefer ed., Relation des voyages à la côte occidentale d'Afrique d'Alvise de Ca' da Mosto, 1455–1457, Paris: Leroux online; New translation by Frédérique Verrier (1994) Voyages en Afrique Noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456). Paris: Chandeigne.)
 * Italian (Ramusio ed.): "Il Libro di Messer Alvise Ca da Mosto Gentilhuomo Venetiano" & "Navigatione del Capitano Pietro di Sintra Portoghese scritta per il medesimo M. Alvise da Ca da Mosto", as printed in Venice (1550), by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ed., Primo volume delle Navigazioni et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo. online
 * English: "Original Journals of the Voyages of Cada Mosto and Piedro de Cintra to the Coast of Africa, the former in the years 1455 and 1456, and the latter soon afterwards", reprinted in R. Kerr, 1811, A General History of Voyages and Travels to the end of the 18th century, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Blackwood. Ch.4 [Another English edition is found G.R. Crone, ed, 1937, The Voyages of Cadamosto, London: Haklyut]
 * Portuguese: "Navegações de Luiz de Cadamosto, a que se ajuntou a viagem de Pedro de Cintra, capitão Portuguez, traduzidas to Italiano.", in Academia Real das Sciencias, 1812, Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas, vol. 2, Pt.1 offprint

Apocryphal (not Cadamosto, but attributed to him in the past):

 * Unknown (1490) Il Portolano del mare di Alvise da Mosto, nobile Veneto, nel qual si dichiara minutamente del sito di tutti i Porti, quali sono da Venezia in Levante et in Ponente et d'altre cose utilissime & necessarie ai naviganti. 1806 ed., Venice: Silvestro Gnoato. online

Sources and Further Reading

 * J. Brotton (1998) Trading territories: mapping the early modern world, Cornell University Press
 * Bühnen, S. (1992) "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany", History in Africa, Vol. 19, pp. 45–101
 * Castilho, A.M. de (1866) Descripção e roteiro da costa occidental de Africa, desde o cabo de Espartel até o das Agulhas. 2 vols, Lisbon: Impresa Nacional. vol. 1
 * Cortesão, Armando (1931) "Subsídios para a história do Descobrimento de Cabo Verde e Guiné", Boletim da Agencia Geral das Colonias, No. 75. As reprinted in 1975, Esparsos, vol. 1, Coimbra. online
 * G.R. Crone, ed. (1937) The Voyages of Cadamosto and other documents on Western Africa in the second half of the fifteenth century, London: Hakluyt.
 * da Mosto, Andrea (1883) "Il portulano attribuito ad Alvise da Cà da Mosto", Bollettino della Società geografica italiana, vol. 30, p. 540 offprint
 * Diffie, Bailey W., and George D. Winius (1977) Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
 * Damião de Góis (1567) Chronica do prinçipe Dom Ioam: rei que foi destes regnos segundo do nome, em que summariamente se trattam has cousas sustançiaes que nelles aconteçerão do dia de seu nasçimento atte ho em que el Rei Dom Afonso seu pai faleçeo, 1905 edition, A.J. Gonçálvez Guimarãis ed. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade. online
 * Diogo Gomes De prima inventione Guineae (Portuguese translation by Gabriel Pereira (1898–99) as "As Relações do Descobrimento da Guiné e das ilhas dos Açores, Madeira e Cabo Verde" in Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, no. 5 online)
 * Hughes, A. and D. Perfect (2008) Historical Dictionary of the Gambia, 4th ed., Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow.
 * LeGrand, G. (1928) "La Gambie: notes historiques et géographiques" Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française, Jul-sep, p. 432-84
 * Major, R.H. (1868) The Life of Prince Henry, surnamed the Navigator. London: Asher & Co. 1868 ed.
 * Mauro, Alessandra (1988) "O "Carro do Austro" de Alvise da Ca' da Mosto: observaçoẽs astronómicas e fortuna editorial", Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, vol. 24, p. 463-75. offprint
 * Michaud, Noah. (2024 [2023]) Re-Viewing Alvise Ca' da Mosto's Navigazioni in Early Modern Europe and Africa. Master's thesis, 2 eds. Gainesville, Fla: University of Florida. online
 * Quintella, Ignacio da Costa (1839) Annaes da Marinha Portugueza, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias, vol. 1.
 * Russell, Peter E. (2000) Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
 * C. Schefer (1895) "Introduction" in Relation des voyages à la côte occidentale d'Afrique d'Alvise de Ca' da Mosto, 1455–1457, Paris: Leroux
 * Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, Vol. 1. Part 1 in No. 1 (Jan), p. 11–68, Pt. 2 in No. 2 (Apr), p. 273–326; Pt. 3 in No. 3 (Jul), p. 457–509.
 * Teixira da Mota, A. (1972) Mar, além Mar: Estudos e ensaios de história e geographia. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar
 * Verrier, F. (1994) "Introduction", in Voyages en Afrique Noire d'Alvise Ca'da Mosto (1455 & 1456). Paris: Chandeigne.
 * Zurla, P. (1815) Dei viaggi e delle scoperte africane di Alvise da Cà da Mosto, Patrizio Veneto, Venice. online
 * Wright, D. (1976), Niumi: the history of a western Mandinka state through the eighteenth century. Bloomington: Indiana University.

title: Alvise Cadamosto


text:
Matthew Birir

Matthew Kiprotich Birir (born 5 July 1972) is a former athlete from Kenya and a winner of the 3000 m steeplechase at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Born in Eldama Ravine, Matthew Birir started running, when he attended the famous St. Patrick's High School in Iten, which has produced many great Kenyan runners.

Career
At the Barcelona Olympics, the main favourite was Patrick Sang. At the Olympic final, it was soon clear, that all the medals are going to Kenya. At the last lap, the 20-year-old Birir outsprinted his older countryman Sang to win a gold 0.69 seconds ahead of latter.

At the 1993 World Championships Birir was fourth, behind Italian Alessandro Lambruschini, who repeated this feat three years later at the 1996 Summer Olympics, where Birir had to settle again for fourth place.

title: Matthew Birir


text:
Abraham Robertson

Abraham or Abram Robertson FRS (4 November 1751 – 4 December 1826), was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer. He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the University of Oxford from  1797 to 1809.

Robertson was born at Duns, Berwickshire, the son of Abraham Robertson, “a man of humble station”. He attended school at Great Ryle in Northumberland, and later at Duns. At age 24, he moved to London, he had hopes of travelling to the East Indies, but his patron died. He took himself alone to Oxford, where he sought to finance himself by opening an evening school for mechanics. This failed, and he served for a while as an assistant to John Ireland, a local apothecary. He then gained patronage from John Smith (1721—1796), the Savilian professor of geometry. Robertson completed a Bachelor of Arts in 1779 and completed his Master in Arts in 1782.

In 1784, he deputized for Smith, who was then acting as a physician at Cheltenham and then followed Smith as Savilian professor of geometry. His lectures were considered clear, and he was always anxious to encourage his pupils. Thus in 1804 he printed a demonstration of Euclid v, Definition 5, for the benefit of beginners.

In 1789, Robertson was presented by the dean and canons of Christ Church to the vicarage of Ravensthorpe, near Northampton, but his principal residence was still in Oxford. He married, about 1790, Miss Bacon of Drayton in Berkshire, who died a few years after he became professor. They had no children.

In 1795, the Royal Society elected him a fellow in recognition of his work on conic sections.

Robertson died on 4 December 1826 at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, and was buried in the churchyard of St Peter-in-the-East.

Robertson's chief works were the following:

 * Sectionum conicarum libri septem (1792), dedicated to Dr Cyril Jackson, dean of Christ Church, was with an exhaustive survey of the history of the field.
 * Calculations for the Earl of Liverpool's Coins of the Realm (1805)
 * He superintended the publication of the works of Archimedes which were prepared for the press by Torelli (1792), and, with much effort, the second volume of Bradley's Greenwich Royal Observatory Astronomical Observations, commenced by Thomas Hornsby (1st ser., 1798–1805).
 * He declined to publish the manuscripts of Thomas Harriot. Two of Robertson's five papers in the Philosophical Transactions were fiercely criticized, and he responded by publishing a "Reply to a Critical and Monthly Reviewer" (1808). He contributed several papers to the first series of the British Critic, and two to the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, in 1822.
 * 1801: Robertson gave evidence before a committee of the House of Commons which reported in 1801 on the expediency of replacing London Bridge by a single arch. In 1807 he graduated BD and DD.
 * 1801: The same year he was in London making calculations for Lord Grenville's system of finance, and in 1808 he drew up the tables for Spencer Perceval's system of increasing the sinking fund by granting life annuities on government security.

title: Abraham Robertson


text:
National Women's Hall of Fame

The National Women's Hall of Fame (NWHF) is an American institution founded to honor and recognize women. It was incorporated in 1969 in Seneca Falls, New York, and first inducted honorees in 1973. As of 2024, the Hall has honored 312 inductees.

Inductees are nominated by members of the public and selected by a panel of judges on the basis of the changes attributed to the honoree, that affect the social, economic or cultural aspects of society; the significant national or global impact; as well as, the enduring value of their achievements. Induction ceremonies are held every odd- numbered year in the fall, with the names of the women to be honored announced earlier in the spring, usually during March, Women's History Month.

The NWHF is a private 501(c)(3) non-profit organization funded by philanthropy, admissions, and other income. In July 2021, Jennifer Gabriel was named executive director.

Location
The National Women's Hall of Fame was hosted by Eisenhower College until 1979/1980, when the organization rented out a historic bank building in the Seneca Falls Historic District. The historic bank was renovated to house the NWHF's permanent exhibit, historical artifacts, and offices. In August 2020, the National Women's Hall of Fame opened its door to the third and final home: the historic Seneca Knitting Mill, which resides across the canal of the Women's Rights National Historical Park which includes the Wesleyan Chapel where the 1848 women's rights convention took place, an event that kickstarted the women's suffrage movement in America. This renovation and move into the historic Seneca Knitting Mill took several years to accomplish.

In 2014, the organization's board undertook a $20 million capital campaign to fund the development of the 1844 Seneca Knitting Mill, which is associated with the abolitionist movement and with the birthplace of women's rights. The move and completion of Phase 1 doubled the size of the National Women's Hall of Fame. campaigning for Phase 2: an elevator, additional staircase, and other renovations was underway. Once the Homecoming Campaign is complete, the historic Seneca Knitting Mill will quadruple the available space to 16000 sqft, including exhibit space, offices, and meeting space for conferences, wedding receptions, and community events.

A–J

 * Faye Glenn Abdellah
 * Bella Abzug
 * Abigail Adams
 * Jane Addams
 * Madeleine Albright
 * Tenley Albright
 * Louisa May Alcott
 * Florence E. Allen
 * Gloria Allred
 * Linda Alvarado
 * Dorothy H. Andersen
 * Marian Anderson
 * Ethel Percy Andrus
 * Maya Angelou
 * Susan B. Anthony
 * Virginia Apgar
 * Ella Baker
 * Lucille Ball
 * Ann Bancroft
 * Clara Barton
 * Eleanor K. Baum
 * Ruth Fulton Benedict
 * Mary McLeod Bethune
 * Antoinette Blackwell
 * Elizabeth Blackwell
 * Emily Blackwell
 * Amelia Bloomer
 * Nellie Bly
 * Louise Bourgeois
 * Margaret Bourke-White
 * Lydia Moss Bradley
 * Myra Bradwell
 * Mary Carson Breckinridge
 * Ruby Bridges
 * Nancy Brinker
 * Gwendolyn Brooks
 * Pearl S. Buck
 * Betty Bumpers
 * Charlotte Bunch
 * Octavia Butler
 * St. Frances Xavier Cabrini
 * Mary Steichen Calderone
 * Annie Jump Cannon
 * Rachel Carson
 * Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter
 * Mary Ann Shadd Cary
 * Mary Cassatt
 * Willa Cather
 * Carrie Chapman Catt
 * Judy Chicago
 * Julia Child
 * Lydia Maria Child
 * Shirley Chisholm
 * Hillary Clinton
 * Jacqueline Cochran
 * Mildred Cohn
 * Bessie Coleman
 * Eileen Collins
 * Ruth Colvin
 * Rita Rossi Colwell
 * Joan Ganz Cooney
 * Mother Marianne Cope
 * Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori
 * Jane Cunningham Croly
 * Matilda Cuomo
 * Angela Davis
 * Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
 * Dorothy Day
 * Marian de Forest
 * Donna de Varona
 * Karen DeCrow
 * Sarah Deer
 * Emma Smith DeVoe
 * Emily Dickinson
 * Dorothea Dix
 * Elizabeth Hanford Dole
 * Marjory Stoneman Douglas
 * St. Katharine Drexel
 * Anne Dallas Dudley
 * Mary Barret Dyer
 * Amelia Earhart
 * Sylvia A. Earle
 * Catherine Shipe East
 * Crystal Eastman
 * Mary Baker Eddy
 * Marian Wright Edelman
 * Gertrude Ederle
 * Gertrude Belle Elion
 * Dorothy Harrison Eustis
 * Alice C. Evans
 * Geraldine Ferraro
 * Ella Fitzgerald
 * Jane Fonda
 * Betty Ford
 * Loretta C. Ford
 * Abby Kelley Foster
 * Aretha Franklin
 * Helen Murray Free
 * Betty Friedan
 * Margaret Fuller
 * Matilda Joslyn Gage
 * Ina May Gaskin
 * Althea Gibson
 * Lillian Moller Gilbreth
 * Charlotte Perkins Gilman
 * Ruth Bader Ginsburg
 * Maria Goeppert Mayer
 * Katharine Graham
 * Martha Graham
 * Temple Grandin
 * Ella T. Grasso
 * Marcia Greenberger
 * Martha Wright Griffiths
 * Sarah Grimké
 * Angelina Emily Grimke Weld
 * Mary Hallaren
 * Rebecca S. Halstead
 * Fannie Lou Hamer
 * Alice Hamilton
 * Mia Hamm
 * Lorraine Hansberry
 * Joy Harjo
 * Martha Matilda Harper
 * Patricia Roberts Harris
 * Helen Hayes
 * Dorothy Height
 * Beatrice Hicks
 * Barbara Hillary
 * Oveta Culp Hobby
 * Barbara Holdridge
 * Billie Holiday
 * Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
 * Jeanne Holm
 * Bertha Holt
 * Grace Murray Hopper
 * Julia Ward Howe
 * Emily Howland
 * Dolores Huerta
 * Helen LaKelly Hunt
 * Swanee Hunt
 * Zora Neale Hurston
 * Anne Hutchinson
 * Barbara Iglewski
 * Shirley Ann Jackson
 * Victoria Jackson
 * Mary Jacobi
 * Frances Wisebart Jacobs
 * Mae Jemison
 * Katherine Johnson
 * Barbara Rose Johns
 * Mary Harris Jones
 * Barbara Jordan

K–Z

 * Helen Keller
 * Leontine T. Kelly
 * Susan Kelly-Dreiss
 * Frances Oldham Kelsey
 * Nannerl Keohane
 * Jean Kilbourne
 * Billie Jean King
 * Coretta Scott King
 * Julie Krone
 * Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
 * Maggie Kuhn
 * Stephanie L. Kwolek
 * Henrietta Lacks
 * Susette La Flesche
 * Winona LaDuke
 * Carlotta Walls LaNier
 * Dorothea Lange
 * Sherry Lansing
 * Allie B. Latimer
 * Emma Lazarus
 * Lilly Ledbetter
 * Mildred Robbins Leet
 * Maya Lin
 * Anne Morrow Lindbergh
 * Patricia Locke
 * Belva Lockwood
 * Juliette Gordon Low
 * Clare Boothe Luce
 * Shannon W. Lucid
 * Mary Lyon
 * Mary Mahoney
 * Nicole Malachowski
 * Wilma Mankiller
 * Philippa Marrack
 * Barbara McClintock
 * Katharine Dexter McCormick
 * Louise McManus
 * Margaret Mead
 * Barbara Mikulski
 * Kate Millett
 * Patsy Takemoto Mink
 * Maria Mitchell
 * Toni Morrison
 * Constance Baker Motley
 * Lucretia Mott
 * Kate Mullany
 * Aimee Mullins
 * Carol Mutter
 * Indra Nooyi
 * Antonia Novello
 * Sandra Day O'Connor
 * Georgia O'Keeffe
 * Rose O'Neill
 * Annie Oakley
 * Michelle Obama
 * Rosa Parks
 * Ruth Patrick
 * Alice Paul
 * Nancy Pelosi
 * Mary Engle Pennington
 * Frances Perkins
 * Rebecca Talbot Perkins
 * Esther Peterson
 * Judith L. Pipher
 * Jeannette Rankin
 * Janet Reno
 * Ellen Swallow Richards
 * Linda Richards
 * Sally Ride
 * Rozanne L. Ridgway
 * Edith Nourse Rogers
 * Mary Joseph Rogers
 * Eleanor Roosevelt
 * Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
 * Sister Elaine Roulet
 * Janet Rowley
 * Wilma Rudolph
 * Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
 * Mary Harriman Rumsey
 * Florence Sabin
 * Sacagawea
 * Bernice Sandler
 * Margaret Sanger
 * Katherine Siva Saubel
 * Betty Bone Schiess
 * Ann Schonberger
 * Patricia Schroeder
 * Anna Schwartz
 * Felice N. Schwartz
 * Blanche Stuart Scott
 * Florence B. Seibert
 * Elizabeth Ann Seton
 * Donna Shalala
 * Anna Howard Shaw
 * Catherine Filene Shouse
 * Eunice Mary Kennedy Shriver
 * Muriel Siebert
 * Beverly Sills
 * Louise Slaughter
 * Eleanor Smeal
 * Bessie Smith
 * Margaret Chase Smith
 * Sophia Smith
 * Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
 * Susan Solomon
 * Sonia Sotomayor
 * Laurie Spiegel
 * Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 * Gloria Steinem
 * Helen Stephens
 * Nettie Stevens
 * Lucy Stone
 * Kate Stoneman
 * Harriet Beecher Stowe
 * Harriet Williams Russell Strong
 * Anne Sullivan
 * Kathrine Switzer
 * Henrietta Szold
 * Mary Burnett Talbert
 * Maria Tallchief
 * Ida Tarbell
 * Helen Brooke Taussig
 * Mary Church Terrell
 * Sojourner Truth
 * Harriet Tubman
 * Wilma Vaught
 * Diane von Furstenberg
 * Florence Schorske Wald
 * Lillian Wald
 * Madam C. J. Walker
 * Mary Edwards Walker
 * Emily Howell Warner
 * Mercy Otis Warren
 * Alice Waters
 * Faye Wattleton
 * Annie Dodge Wauneka
 * Ida Wells-Barnett
 * Eudora Welty
 * Edith Wharton
 * Sheila E. Widnall
 * Emma Willard
 * Frances Willard
 * Serena Williams
 * Oprah Winfrey
 * Sarah Winnemucca
 * Flossie Wong-Staal
 * Victoria Woodhull
 * Fanny Wright
 * Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
 * Chien-Shiung Wu
 * Rosalyn Yalow
 * Gloria Yerkovich
 * Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias

title: National Women's Hall of Fame


text:
Alchemist (band)

Alchemist was an Australian progressive metal band from Canberra whose style combined death metal, progressive rock, psychedelic, Eastern, Aboriginal and electronic influences. The band formed in 1987 and released six studio albums, an EP and a compilation album. Work began on a new EP in 2010 but the band went on an indefinite hiatus and then split up. They are the only group to appear at every Metal for the Brain festival, an event they ran and organised from 1996. Alchemist also played at the Big Day Out and toured Europe several times.

1987−1992
Alchemist was formed in 1987 by Adam Agius (lead vocals/guitar) as a death metal act. The band released a demo the same year entitled "Eternal Wedlock". The band's style was raw and undeveloped, and began to evolve with the addition of new drummer Rodney Holder in 1989. The following year, the line-up of Agius, Holder, Andrew Meredith (guitar) and James Preece (bass) recorded a second demo. The demo showed the beginning of the band's experimentation with avant-garde arrangements and psychedelic influences inspired by the likes of Pink Floyd and Frank Zappa. Another demo was produced in 1991, with Preece replaced by John (The Seal) Bray from another local band called Exceed. Alchemist also performed at the first Metal for the Brain festival in Canberra, eventually becoming the only group to feature at every occasion. The track "Escapism" from the demo recording was featured the following year on the Roadrunner (Australia) compilation album Redrum, which included other rising metal acts of the time such as Sadistik Exekution, Allegiance, and Shihad.

1992−1996
In 1992, Roy Torkington joined Alchemist in place of Meredith. By this time the demos had created enough interest for them to be approached by Austrian label Lethal, who released their first album, Jar of Kingdom, the next year. The album was recorded in Sydney and featured an eclectic mixture of death metal, grindcore and psychedelia. Two songs featured vocals from Michelle Klemke, a friend of Agius' mother. According to the notes accompanying the 2005 compilation album Embryonics, Agius lost his voice during the recording. Dissatisfied with the sound of the album, the band re-mastered and re-released it in 1999. Alchemist was also dissatisfied with Lethal's handling of Jar of Kingdom and soon parted ways with them. After releasing Jar of Kingdom, the band went on their first tour.

During 1994, Alchemist recorded a promotional tape to shop to record companies and a version of the Venom song "Black Metal" for a Swedish tribute album called The Promoters of the Third World War: A Tribute to Venom, now a collector's item. The band also began work on its next album, titled Lunasphere, which was released in 1995 by Melbourne label Shock Records through its subsidiary Thrust. Lunasphere showed a further development of Alchemist's unusual style, adding Eastern motifs and keyboards to its already diverse style. The track "Garden of Eroticism" was added to the Triple J compilation album This Is Twelve (ABC/EMI) in 1996 and both this song and "Yoni Kunda" became live staples. The group supported the release of Lunasphere with a heavy touring schedule that included several shows with joint UK/Australian ambient act Deathless, a slot on the Sydney leg of the 1996 Big Day Out, supporting Cathedral and Paradise Lost on their dual headlining tour, and also opening for Fear Factory a second time. They performed live-to-air on the Triple J metal program Three Hours of Power. Two songs from this session would later be included on the Embryonics compilation album in 2005. During the same year, pioneering Canberra death metal band Armoured Angel disbanded. The band's drummer Joel Green handed over the running of the festival to Holder, who with the rest of Alchemist was responsible for the event for the next decade.

1996−2000
Alchemist began recording Spiritech in late 1996. After enduring a problematic recording process, the band handed production over to D.W. Norton, the guitarist with Melbourne band Superheist and the part-owner of Back Beach Studios in Rye, Victoria. Spiritech introduced more electronic elements as well as tribal rhythms and heavy sampling into the band's oeuvre and opened with the sprawling nine-minute "Chinese Whispers", which remains a particular favourite for group and fans alike.

In 1999, the band's next project was an EP that featured as its title track a version of "Eve of the War", the opening piece from the 1978 production, Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds. Josh Nixon from Canberra doom metal band, Pod People featured as a guest guitarist. The EP also included live versions of "Yoni Kunda" and "Chinese Whispers", an electronica remix of "Yoni Kunda" retitled as "Koni Yunda" and two Jar of Kingdom tracks, "Brumal: A View from Pluto" and "Worlds within Worlds." These last two were a precursor to the band's re-release of Jar of Kingdom the following year. This re-release included some new overdubs as the album's original master tapes were damaged, and included the 1991 demo in its entirety. This release completed their contractual obligation to Shock Records and Alchemist began to shop for a new local deal as well as international distribution. The group's albums had attained a heavy cult following in parts of Europe, particularly in the Netherlands, but they had not had European representation since their failed association with Lethal. In the meantime, Alchemist toured with Entombed and Pitchshifter.

Late in 1999, a new Alchemist track called "Austral Spectrum" appeared on a compilation of Australian metal called Under the Southern Cross and issued by Sydney label Chatterbox Records (with whom the band had just signed for Australian release). A slightly different version of the song then appeared on the Organasm album, again recorded with D.W. Norton in Rye and released in early 2000. To promote Organasm, Alchemist undertook a three-month Australian tour during autumn. Billed as "World War Three", the tour also featured Sydney thrash bands Cryogenic and Psi.Kore, both of whom had also just released CDs. Organasm featured a warmer sound and a focus on tighter songwriting with tracks embellished even more by duelling slide guitars, keyboards and samples.

2000−2005
Following 2000's Metal for the Brain, Alchemist went off the road for more than a year to work on Austral Alien, which was released by Chatterbox in May 2003. This latest album showed a mellower side of Alchemist, with highly polished production and a heavily electronic sound. Influenced by the rock band Midnight Oil, the lyrics of the semi-conceptual album focused on environmental issues affecting their country, specifically the impact of man on the ecology. Alchemist added a fifth member, Nick Wall, to provide samples during live shows.

In late 2004, Alchemist embarked on their first tour outside of Australia. Because of these commitments, Metal for the Brain was held off until February 2005. In the same month Alchemist won their first Australian Heavy Metal Music Awards, with "First Contact" awarded Best Video Clip, and Agius awarded Best Keyboardist.

2005−2010
A compilation album, Embryonics, was released in October 2005. It covered material recorded between 1990 and 1998, including tracks from the first three albums, the 1998 EP release and demo songs. Bonus tracks included two of the songs recorded on the radio in 1996. The band also announced a companion DVD release due for 2006, which, however, is yet to be released.

After ten years of successfully organising Metal for the Brain, Alchemist laid the festival to rest, playing the final event on 4 November 2006. Holder, now based in Brisbane, moved on to organise the 20-band Abducted Metal Horror Festival held in July 2007. In May of that year Alchemist completed work on their next album Tripsis, which the band declared to be a return to the earlier sound of Lunasphere and Spiritech. To coincide with the release of Tripsis, Alchemist headlined the European ProgPower event and played selected other dates. In July 2008 the band played at the Graspop Metal Meeting in Belgium as part of their European tour. In October 2008, Alchemist returned to Australia to tour with Meshuggah. Afterwards, the band premiered the video for "Tongues and Knives" on 9 December. In January 2010 Alchemist began recording a new EP as a follow-up to Tripsis. In an article in Sydney's Drum Media in July, drummer Rodney Holder claimed that Alchemist was currently on "extended hiatus". The band's website reflected this with a splash page declaring that "Alchemist are hibernating indefinitely". Holder went on to create and run a new heavy music festival named Bastardfest, inaugural shows held on 28 August in Brisbane, 4 September in Melbourne, and 16 October in Perth.

Adam Agius formed the Levitation Hex in 2010 with Mark Palfreyman of Melbourne band Alarum. They released a self-titled album in August 2012, during which time Agius talked about the hard work of being in a band, and Alchemist's eventual demise.

In 2013, just before the birth of his first child, Rodney Holder started the 'Music Business Facts' podcast, aimed at sharing tricks of the trade in interviews with successful musicians and music professionals from all over the world. He also ran a number of high-profile artist webinars and online music and production courses with artists like Devin Townsend.

Rodney Holder currently lives with his wife and two children in Brisbane.

Band line-up
Personnel
 * Adam Agius − vocals, guitar, keyboards (1987−2010)
 * John Bray − bass guitar, keyboards (1991−2010)
 * Rodney Holder − drums (1988−2010)
 * Roy Torkington − guitar (1992−2010)

Former members
 * Andrew Hall − drums (1987−88)
 * Andrew Meredith − guitar (1990−92)
 * James Preece − bass guitar (1989−91)
 * Scott Chivers − bass guitar (1987−89)
 * Murray Neill − vocals (1987−88)
 * Nick Paddon-Row − drums (1987)
 * Nick Wall − live samples (2003−2008)

Timeline

Albums

 * Jar of Kingdom (1993)
 * Lunasphere (1995)
 * Spiritech (1997)
 * Organasm (2000)
 * Austral Alien (2003)
 * Tripsis (2007)

Demos and EPs

 * "Eternal Wedlock" (1987)
 * "Demo '90" (1990)
 * "Demo '91" (1991)
 * "Promo 94" (1994)
 * "Eve of the War" (1998)
 * "Promo 99" (1999)

Compilations

 * Promoters of the Third World War - A Tribute to Venom (1997)
 * Jar of Kingdom Re-Release 99 (1999)
 * Embryonics (2005)

title: Alchemist (band)


text:
1921 South American Championship

The 1921 South American Championship was the fifth continental championship for nations in South America. It was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 2 to 30 October 1921.

The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay (which debuted in this edition) and Uruguay. Chile was also invited but withdrew before the draw due to internal dissent, and an invitation was sent to Argentine dissident Asociación Amateurs de Football that originated a conflict with the Argentine Football Association (the official local governing body and organiser of the competition).

Argentina won the tournament, being also its first official title, after several friendly competitions won such as Copa Lipton or Copa Newton.

Squads
For a complete list of participating squads see: 1921 South American Championship squads

Background
The tournament was marked by the strong dispute between the Argentine Football Association (AFA) and dissident Asociación Amateurs de Football (AAmF, formed one year before). The AAmF had received an invitation from the Football Federation of Chile to play a tournament in that country. Most of the Big Five (with the exception of Boca Juniors) were affiliated to AAmF, which had 20 teams competing in their own championship. After the AAmF accepted the invitation, some of its most prominent players trip to Chile by train. Manuel Seoane, Humberto Recanatini, Luis Célico, Cándido García, Albérico Zabaleta, were among them. The invitation was taken as a pure provocation by the AFA, which requested South American Football Confederation (CSF) the FFCh to be punished.

Being aware that they could receive a punishment, the FFCh retired its team from the competition so Chile did not attended the cup. Brazil did not include Paulista players (only Cariocas) due to a strong conflict, similar to what happened in Argentina. Paraguay arrived in Buenos Aires via Rosario, where the squad played some friendly matches v Newell's Old Boys and Tiro Federal. As a curious fact, it is worth mentioned that the Paraguayan ship also brought Rosarian players Ernesto Celli, Gabino Sosa, and Julio Libonatti (called up for Argentina) to Buenos Aires.

On 29 September, there was a meeting where the Chilean case was debated. Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs, Honorio Pueyrredón, host the meeting, where the Paraguayan delegate complained about the few time to train before their debut, contrasting with other teams that would play their first matches with more time to rest. That was solved after Argentina and Brazil agreed to open the competition. Following that discussion, the Chilean representative stated that the invitation sent to AAmF had to be seen as "a step forward to the reunification of Argentine football". On the other hand, the Uruguayan representative threatened to suspend the competition in case of Chile was penalised. After the other delegates supported the argument, Argentina was forced to accept those conditions and the competition was held with no punishment for Chile.

The AAmF ignored the competition, with its Primera División championship running at the same time that Campeonato Sudamericano. In fact, the 35th. round was scheduled for 30 October, the same day as the final match where Argentina crowned champion.

Tournament
The inaugural match between Argentina and Brazil was attended by 30,000 spectators (although the maximum capacity of Estadio Sportivo Barracas was 22,000) due to reselling ticket for twice or more its original value. Brazil came into the field with no black players because they had been banned after a suggestion from the President of Brazil, Epitácio Pessoa. Therefore Arthur Friedenreich, considered the first star of Brazilian football, was not part of that team. Argentina won 1–0 with a goal scored by Julio Libonatti.

There was great expectations for the final match between Argentina and Uruguay. Sebastián García, president of Liga Rosarina de Football, made the arrangements for people to attend the match travelling from Rosario to Buenos Aires, with tickets at low prices. Near 3,000 people from Rosario travelled to support fellow citizens Julio Libonatti, Blas Saruppo, Adolfo Celli and Florindo Bearzotti. The train departed at 6 a.m., returning to Rosario at 6 p.m.

To take pressure off the players, Argentine executives carried them to a training camp in Tigre, Buenos Aires Province. Bocce, fishing and music were some of the activities during their time there.

The Friday before the final, while the Uruguayan players played basketball in their camp in Vicente López, the Argentine executives moved the players from Tigre to a hotel in Buenos Aires downtown, where they were strictly controlled. No one could escape from there, although the duo Carlos Gardel–José Razzano were performing at Teatro Esmeralda, not far from the hotel.

The championship received wide media coverage, especially from Crítica, a newspaper founded and directed by Natalio Botana which increased its sales to become the most selling newspaper in Argentina. Botana would be then preside the AFA for a brief period in 1926. The newspaper took on a critical position regarding the AAmF and its leaders, sometimes in very harsh terms, even calling them "cretins".

The final was attended by near 40,000 people, who were at the stadium three hours prior to the start. Argentina beat Uruguay 1–0 in the last match and won the competition after earning the most points (6 in 3 games). When the match ended, the players of both teams were raised by the crowd that had entered to the pitch and carried them to the hotel where the Argentine stayed during the competition, sited on the corner of Florida and Cangallo streets.

Argentina won all the games without conceding any goal, helped by the good performance of goalkeeper Américo Tesoriere, one of the most notable footballers of the team along with Julio Libonatti, who scored three goals (one per match).

Aftermath
The large number of people who attended the matches at Sportivo Barracas and the celebrations after the victory consolidated football as a popular passion throughout the country.

The South American championship was also a commercial success, with $147,033 income from ticket sales and a $15,000 donation from the Buenos Aires City Council against total expenses of $113,801; this gave a profit of $48,232, a substantial sum at a time when football was still amateur in Argentina.

Final round
Argentina: Tesoriere; Celli, Bearzotti; J. López, Dellavalle, E. Solari; Calomino, Libonatti, Saruppo, Echeverría, González

Goal scorers
3 goals
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Libonatti

2 goals

 * 🇧🇷 Machado
 * Ángel Romano

1 goal

 * 🇦🇷 Raúl Echeverría
 * 🇦🇷 Blas Saruppo
 * 🇧🇷 Candiota
 * 🇧🇷 Zezé I
 * Ildefonso López
 * Gerardo Rivas
 * José Piendibene

title: 1921 South American Championship


text:
JJ72

JJ72 were an alternative rock band from Dublin, Ireland. After forming in 1996, they signed to Lakota Records in 1999 and released two albums before splitting in 2006.

Formation and early years
The band was formed in 1996 by lead singer and songwriter Mark Greaney and drummer Fergal Matthews, while studying at Belvedere College. Greaney grew up in Dublin, where for a time he lived next door to Phil Lynott. Matthews originated from County Meath. The name 'JJ72' derives from a window at Belvedere College made from 72 jam jars. They cited Nirvana, Mudhoney and Joy Division as influences. After auditioning several bassists they recruited their schoolmate Garvin Smith on bass in 1996. After a few early gigs, Smith left, and Greaney and Matthews once again set about auditions for a new bassist. Two bassists had short stints with the band, but in 1997 Greaney and Matthews entered the studio as a duo to record their first demo. They sent it to local record companies and media but with little response. In 1998 they started university courses, but shortly after starting they decided to concentrate on the band; They played a concert at Behan's pub in Dublin, backed by a string quartet, and were asked to appear on local television. They then recruited Hilary Woods, who Greaney had known for several years. Despite having only picked up bass recently, Woods became a member in January 1999. They recorded a second demo and targeted the UK, playing several gigs there and getting a write-up in Select. This led to interest from the Dublin-based Sony sub-label Lakota Records, who signed the band in mid-1999.

Commercial success
Début single "October Swimmer" was released in November that year, and was named 'Single of the Week' by BBC Radio 1 DJ Mark Radcliffe. They were given support slots with The Dandy Warhols and My Vitriol. The band had their first hit with "Long Way South" in May 2000, which peaked at number 68 in the UK and they played at festivals including Glastonbury, Reading and Leeds later that year.

The band released their eponymously titled debut album in Summer 2000. Produced by Ian Caple, the album was a critical and commercial success and has sold in excess of 500,000 copies in the band's native Ireland and in the United Kingdom, where it reached number 16 on the UK Albums Chart. In Germany, a special 'tour edition' was released, including a second CD-ROM disc. The album spawned the singles "Snow", "October Swimmer", "Long Way South", and "Oxygen", and saw the band perform promotional tours in Europe and the US. "Oxygen" gave the band their first top 30 single in the UK, leading the band to perform on Top of the Pops. After touring with Coldplay and Embrace, they set out on their own headline tour in 2001. They supported Muse on a tour of Europe, headlined the NME Brats tour and played in Japan. Several performances had been cancelled after Greaney lost his voice and there were further cancellations in 2001 after Matthews was knocked off his motorbike, with Kylie Minogue's drummer Bob Knight standing in for a few gigs. Matthews recovered in time for the festival season and support slots with U2. The band received an Irish Music Award for 'Best New Band' later that year. The band continued touring into February 2002.

The band's second album I To Sky followed in October 2002. It contained the singles "Formulae" and "Always and Forever" and reached the Top 5 of the Irish album charts and the Top 20 of the UK Albums Chart. The album was backed by a UK and Europe headlining tour, either side of eight shows supporting Suede in November 2002.

Return and split
In February 2003, bassist Hilary Woods left the band. Greaney and Matthews recruited Canadian-born bassist Sarah Fox as her replacement. The band played sporadic shows through 2003 and began recording new material with producer Ken Thomas in August that year, for a release expected in January 2004. In December 2004, it was reported that recording for the band's third album had been completed at Parkgate Studios, Catsfield, with producer Ian Caple. A Spring 2005 release was tentatively announced. In May 2005, the band played its first shows since November 2003 and released the download and 7"-only single "She's Gone",  which reached 136 in the UK Singles Chart. A second single, "Coming Home" followed in August 2005 and peaked at number 52 in the UK Singles Chart. A tour followed in September 2005, with Greaney expressing from the stage his frustrations regarding the release of the third album, pending an ongoing dispute with their record labels Lakota Records/Sony. An October 2005 release date for the album failed to materialise. Songs rumoured to have been included on the new album: "Take From Me", "Radio", "Everything", "Rainfalls", "Underground", "Maria", "Nothing In This World", "Some Day" (this song, as Demo version, appear as B-side on the "coming Home" 7" vinyl). A promotional CD containing "Coming Home", "Take From Me", "Radio" and "Everything" was circulated in 2005.

However, on 22 June 2006, JJ72 issued a press release announcing they were to split up after 10 years together. They cited a struggle with their record label as their main reason for the split. This press release began by borrowing John Donne's epitaph and read:

Post-JJ72 activities
Mark Greaney embarked upon his first tour as a solo artist in May 2007. He subsequently formed a new band called Concerto For Constantine, featuring himself (guitar and vocals), Gavin Fox (ex-Idlewild/Turn/Vega4 on bass) and Binzer (ex-BellX1/Frames/Halite on drums). The band performed live throughout Ireland as part of the "2fm 2moro 2our" in November 2007 and supported Smashing Pumpkins in Belfast and Dublin in Spring 2008. Concerto for Constantine then went on to sell out headline shows in Dublin and London, and also played at the Oxegen Festival in Ireland and at T in the Park in Scotland in July 2008. Post activity with Concerto for Constantine, Greaney returned to academia and is now head of education at the British and Irish Modern Music Institute (BIMM). New musical work includes the project, Vishion Factum, focusing on transhumanism and the aesthetics of succulent plants.

Sarah Fox played bass for a band called Lluther, but has since left the band and is now a London-based graphic designer. Fergal Matthews lives in Norway and plays drums for Blodhevn. Woods returned to visual arts and started a solo project called The River Cry, with a debut self-titled album released on 14 February 2013. She is now recording under her own name on the Sacred Bones label, and recorded two LPs in 2018 and 2020.

Band members

 * Mark Greaney (born 23 June 1980) – vocals, guitar, piano
 * Fergal Matthews (born 29 January 1980, in Dublin) – drums
 * Hilary Woods (born 30 May 1980) – bass, backing vocals
 * Sarah Fox – bass (from 2003 onwards)
 * Garvin Smith – bass (early line-up)

title: JJ72


text:
7.62×25mm Tokarev

The 7.62×25mm Tokarev cartridge (designated as the 7.62 × 25 Tokarev by the C.I.P. ) is a Soviet rimless bottleneck pistol cartridge widely used in former Soviet states and in China, among other countries. The cartridge has since been replaced in most capacities by the 9×18mm Makarov in Russian service.

History
Prior to the First World War, the 7.63×25mm Mauser C96 pistol gained in popularity worldwide. In 1908, the Tsarist army placed the C96 on a list of approved sidearms that officers could purchase at their own expense in lieu of carrying the Nagant M1895 revolver. Between 1914 and 1917, more Mauser pistols and ammunition were obtained as captured arms from German and Turkish forces.

The Mauser and its cartridge were used on all fronts of the Russian Civil War and in the 1920s, during a period of relatively close cooperation between Soviet Russia and the Weimar Republic, the Red Army purchased batches of the smaller Bolo version as well as ammunition for use by its officers. Although a copy of the cartridge was being produced at the Podolsky Ammunition Factory, the Soviets eventually purchased a license and manufacturing equipment from DWM in Germany to produce the cartridge.

In 1929, the Soviet Artillery Committee made a proposal to develop a domestic pistol chambered for the Mauser cartridge. After considerable research and development, it was decided that the "Model 1930 7.62 mm pistol cartridge," essentially the Mauser round with minor modifications, was to become the standard caliber for Soviet pistols and submachine guns. Early versions of the Vasily Degtyaryov–designed PPD-40 submachine gun were marked for Mauser cartridge caliber 7.62 mm.

Although dimensionally similar to the Mauser cartridge (so much so that both cartridges will chamber, load, and fire in any of these firearms), the Soviets increased the power of the Tokarev cartridge powder charge significantly. As such, while the lower-power Mauser rounds can be safely used in any of these firearms, the Tokarev cartridge is not safe for use in firearms which were not designed for the added pressure.

Cartridge dimensions
The 7.62×25mm Tokarev has 1.09 ml (16.8 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.

7.62×25mm Tokarev maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 19 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), four grooves, diameter of lands = 7.62 mm, diameter of grooves = 7.92 mm, land width = 3.81 mm and the primer type is Berdan or boxer small pistol.

According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 7.62×25mm Tokarev case can handle up to 250.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every handgun cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 7.62×25mm Tokarev chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2017) proof tested at 325.00 MPa PE piezo pressure.

Design
The cartridge is in principle an enhanced Russian version of the 7.63×25mm Mauser. The Russians produced a wide array of loadings for this cartridge for use in submachine guns. These include armor-piercing, tracer, and incendiary rounds. This cartridge has excellent penetration and can easily defeat lighter ballistic vests (NIJ level I and IIA) as well as some kevlar helmets, such as the American PASGT helmet.

When fired from a carbine-length barrel, the cartridge may penetrate NIJ level II, but is sometimes stopped by the current standard armor NIJ level IIIA. (Level IIIA is an advanced version of the Level II that can stop faster bullets than Level II, but does not meet the Level III standard. NIJ standards factor in up to 1,400 fps of bullet velocity; higher-velocity rounds can eventually penetrate them, but by definition, level III must be able to stop any 7.65 mm bullet ). Although most firearms chambered in this caliber were declared obsolete and removed from military inventories, some police and special forces units in Russia, Pakistan, and China may still use it because of the large quantity of stored ammunition available.

There is a common misconception that military surplus 7.62 Tokarev ammunition uses copper-coated mild steel bullets, and that this increases the chance of dangerous ricochets when fired at hard targets and can damage bullet traps often used on shooting ranges. While steel-core ammunition in 7.62×25 is available internationally, in the United States the importation of 7.62×25 cartridges loaded with copper-coated steel bullets is illegal; federal law defines these as armor-piercing pistol ammunition. So-called steel bullets sold are generally lead-core bullets with copper-washed steel jackets, and these do not present a significantly greater risk of ricochet than a standard copper-jacketed projectile.

In 2018, 7.62×25 ammunition was available for export from Romania, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Russia.

Reloading
If reloadable cartridge cases are not available they can be produced by resizing and trimming 9mm Winchester Magnum brass, or alternately by reforming 5.56×45mm NATO or 223 Remington cases. The cartridge case is inserted into a forming die, which produces a shoulder in the correct position, and the portion of the case projecting through the top is sawn off. Afterward, a reamer is used to ream out the new case neck to an acceptable thickness. This can also be accomplished by turning the neck to the correct thickness. This is necessary because a powerful rifle cartridge has been cut back to where the brass is relatively thick. If the brass is left too thick it may prevent chambering of the cartridge. Using this thicker brass may reduce the internal capacity of the cartridge and may cause excessive chamber pressures. Use appropriate caution when reloading converted rifle brass. Alternately, reloaders can purchase proper, new cases from Starline Mfg. Use .308" or .309" bullets for reloading for the Tokarev TT-33 and Czech CZ-52. Mauser C96 and C30 "Broomhandle" pistols typically have oversized bores, and .311" bullets may be needed to produce acceptable accuracy.

However, firing the 7.62×25 out of a Mauser C96 is not recommended, as it is too powerful and it may damage the pistol. Firearms that use the 7.62×25 cartridge can reliably fire 7.63×25mm rounds. Hornady makes an 85-grain .309" "XTP" bullet that functions well in all these pistols. On the Starline website, information is given about using the slightly less powerful, but otherwise nearly identical ammunition designed for the Mauser C96 pistol (7.63×25mm Mauser) from which the Tokarev cartridge was derived, in pistols chambered for the Tokarev round.  This was common practice by Finnish and German forces in WWII.

Performance
Various Tokarev cartridges achieve muzzle velocities around the range of 1,300 to 1,800 fps. A common velocity is around 442 m/s with about 544 J of energy. Given the wide disparity in ammunition manufactured in many different nations, ammunition is encountered that yields higher and lower velocities. Some newly manufactured ammunition intended for commercial use has a velocity of approximately 1560 ft/s.

Wolf Gold FMJ tops out at 1720 ft/s with 745 J of energy, as does PPU ammunition. Some of this ammunition, such as the Wolf Gold and Sellier & Bellot, use boxer primed brass cases that are reloadable.

Notable variants
The Soviet P-41 was a 74 grain, steel-cored, incendiary variant produced for use in the PPSh-41 and PPS-43 during World War II. This ammunition would achieve a velocity of 1,600 feet per second when fired from these firearms.

The Chinese 7.62mm Type P is a special subsonic, heavy, pointed (spitzer) loading of the cartridge, designed specifically for use in suppressed firearms. The Chinese-produced standard loading of the cartridge is designated as the Type 64.

Firearms and Service Use
The most notable use of this cartridge was in the Tokarev TT-33 pistol, which was the Soviet Union's standard service pistol from the early 1930s until the mid-1950s. It was also used in the Yugoslavian Zastava M57 pistol, and the Czech ČZ vz. 52, which was the standard Czech service pistol from 1952 until 1982. In addition, the cartridge was used in numerous submachine guns, including the Soviet PPD-40, PPSh-41, and PPS-43, the Russian PP-19 Bizon, the East German WG66, the Czech Sa 24 and Sa 26. Norinco of China makes a line of Sig-Sauer clones including the NP762 chambered in 7.62×25mm Tokarev.

One of the strangest weapons attempted for this cartridge was the LAD light machine gun (5.6 kg empty weight, 960 mm length), developed the Soviet designers V.F. Lyuty, N.M. Afanasyev and V.S. Daykin during 1942–1943. Only two prototypes were built and it was not accepted for service.

Outside COMECON countries it is not so common; however after the Cold War, many firearms, especially pistols, were exported and the round is still in production. The cartridge was also used in the Russian OTs-27 Berdysh and OTs-39 submachine gun, the North Vietnamese K-50M and VPA/Viet Minh modified MAT-49s, Czech Sa 23 and the Yugoslav M49 and M56, the latter gun being developed from the design of the German MP40. Aftermarket conversion kits are also available for many firearms including the AR and AK platforms so they may fire the Tokarev round.

Synonyms

 * 7.62mm Type P
 * 7.62mm Type 51
 * 7.62mm Tokarev
 * 7.62×25mm TT
 * .30 Tokarev
 * Czech M48
 * 7.62 TT
 * .30 Bore - Pakistan Ordnance Factory (used for both 7.63mm Mauser and 7.62mm Tokarev)

title: 7.62×25mm Tokarev


text:
Talk:Memepool

 * ''The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made further down this page, below this box.

Someone on #wikipedia who wants to remain unnamed said I should VfD this :-) — Timwi 15:17, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I offer a weak delete : 27,400 hits when I Google for Memepool blog, though the site seems truly trivial. ClockworkTroll 15:31, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm changing my vote to abstain; I'm a little torn because I feel that it's too notable to delete, but not notable enough to list. ClockworkTroll 20:03, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable website - seems more like advertising/vanity than anything else. --G Rutter 19:45, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Memepool is notable website and has been in existance for several years. -- Popsracer 12:36, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I say keep, but only just - judging from Daypop it's on quite a lot of blogrolls. It's also six years old, not bad for a weblog. However, it fails the Alexa_test quite badly, having dropped in rank to about 100,000, and not having been higher than 30,000 in the last two years (n.b. this would in fact be a high enough rank to justify inclusion if it were a web comic, for which the threshold is 200,000). Its Google PageRank is 7. --rbrwr± 20:20, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Who are we to question google and alexa, the arbiters of our universe?
 * Oh, we should always question them. But we have to have the data in order to question it, right? --rbrwr±
 * Of course... I like wikipedia, but I'm just griping about the wikipedia editors' overuse of googling to decide whether or not something is wiki worthy (this kind of thing happens often here).
 * I vote keep as it is a notable website (one of the first blogs) and is still slowly ticking along. If the site ever goes silent for an extended period of time, then we can delete this entry.
 * FYI, this unsigned vote was the first contribution of User:Riotnrrd. And that's, um, a familiar handle, too. --rbrwr±
 * Heh. I may be biased but at least I am honest. If there were any malice in my heart, I would have used a different user name, no?
 * I vote keep, though I will admit that I'm an occasional Memepool contributor. (If those GNAA kids can do it...) —tregoweth 04:24, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I've heard of it, so it must be important. Seriously, this is an influential site. --Twinxor 17:46, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Memepool's heyday has certain come and gone—indeed I no longer read it daily—but it's historically significant. If memory serves me correctly, Memepool played a major part in the rise of the "All your base" meme. Nohat 18:34, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

How about a mention of the site Josh started, geourl.org?

Is Memepool closed?
Looks like the site may have shut down. No updates for almost a month, and email bounces back. Shame. --Richardrj 15:53, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems to be back up now, but only sporadic updates.

I've been meaning to get back to it but been very busy on other projects. JoshuaSchachter 02:18, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

The word "smattering" should be removed from the entry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.203.115.182 (talk) 16:55, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Memepool


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Waterville, County Kerry

Waterville, historically known as Coirean, is a village in County Kerry, Ireland, on the Iveragh Peninsula. The town is sited on a narrow isthmus, with Lough Currane on the east side of the town, and Ballinskelligs Bay on the west, and the Currane River connecting the two.

The N70 Ring of Kerry route passes through the town. As of the 2022 CSO census, Waterville had a population of 555.

Name
The town's name in Irish, Coireán, means "little cauldron" or "little whirlpool", and refers to the shape of Ballinskelligs Bay on which the town sits. This name, however, has been transplanted onto the lake with the lake's Irish name being Loch Luíoch or Loch Luidheach.

The Butler family built a house at the mouth of the River Currane in the latter part of the 18th century. They named their house and estate Waterville. The village that developed on the estate during the first half of the 19th century was also named Waterville.

Pre-history
Evidence of ancient settlement in the area include a megalithic tomb at Eightercua. This four-stone alignment (stone-row) is located 1.5 km south-south-east of the village.

Telegraphy
The first successful transatlantic cable was finally laid after a number of attempts in 1865 by the Anglo American Telegraph Company between Heart's Content in Newfoundland and Labrador and Valentia Island near Waterville.

Waterville's role in transatlantic communication came later when in the 1880s, the Mackay-Bennett Commercial Cable Company laid their first Transatlantic telegraph cable from the nearby townland of Spunkane to Hazel Hill, near Canso, Nova Scotia. The cable station brought much activity to Waterville and additional housing was built to accommodate the telegraph company personnel who settled in the area. Waterville served as the principal European hub for the Commercial Cable Company.

Telegraph cables
On 13 July 1866, SS Great Eastern steamed westward from Valentia Island laying telegraph cable behind her. The successful landing at Heart's Content, Newfoundland on 27 July, established the first telegraph link between Europe and North America.

Later, additional cables were laid from Valentia Island and new stations opened at Ballinskelligs (1874) and Waterville (1884) making County Kerry a focal point for intercontinental communication. The Commercial Cable Company were able to lay cables from Waterville to Canso, Nova Scotia, with onward connections. Connections from Waterville to Weston-super-Mare in England and Le Havre in France were soon established. During the Civil War, the communication system between Paris and New York went down on 7 August 1922 when IRA irregulars seized Waterville.

In July 2000, the cable stations received an International Milestone Heritage Site Award from the IEEE (Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Inc USA) for their significance in the history of electrical science. The Kerry cable stations are recognised as World Heritage Communications Sites.

Waterville's cable station history is outlined in an exhibition in the Tech Amergin centre, and the remaining structures and locations feature in the Waterville Heritage Trail.

Coastal erosion
The town has been fighting back against coastal erosion since the early 20th century.

Community
Charlie Chaplin and his family first visited the town in 1959. They then returned to holiday in the town every year for over ten years. The community continued the connection to Chaplin by obtaining permission from the Charlie Chaplin estate to hold the inaugural Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival in the spirit of Charlie Chaplin. The first festival was held in August 2011.

The Tech Amergin adult education centre (named after Amergin Glúingel, a mythical explorer to the area) is used as a venue for events, shows and exhibitions, and vocational training.

Sport
Waterville Golf links has been voted the 5th best golf course in UK and Ireland. The newer Hogs Head Golf Club was named "Best New International Course" in 2018 by Golf Magazine.

Waterville GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club. The club's facilities have been rebuilt and include a gym and public running track.

Notable people

 * Charlie Chaplin and his family visited the town as a favoured holiday spot. There is a statue of Chaplin in the centre of the village in his memory.
 * Brian Lucey, Irish economist.
 * Mick O'Dwyer, Gaelic footballer and manager, is from the area. There is also a statue to O'Dwyer in the town.
 * The Marquess of Lansdowne, the Hartopps and the Butlers were landowners and landlords in the area. Both the Hartopps and Butlers were considered helpful to tenants and created local employment. In a tourist guide of the 1860s, the Hartopp Arms Hotel and Butler's Arms were described as "stately" and "comfortable" respectively. The Hartopp Arms, later known as the Southern Lake Hotel, was demolished and the Waterville Lake Hotel constructed in its place at the beginning of the 1970s.
 * John Moores, the future owner of Littlewoods football pools, mail order and stores was based in Waterville between November 1920 and May 1922 when employed as a telegraphist.
 * Samantha Power, an Irish-born American diplomat, has relatives from the village, owns a holiday home in the area, and was married in Waterville.

title: Waterville, County Kerry