text:
Talk:United States Astronaut Badge

Coast Guard Astronauts
Can anyone provide info on the Astronaut Badge which is issued in the Coast Guard? I thought it was the same as the Navy, but have recently been advised that the USCG might have thier own version. Also I have heard rumors of a Coast Guard Flight Officer Astronaut Badge. Can anyone clear this up? Husnock 30 Sep 04

Image Question
I’m afraid I have to raise some questions about this new image. While it is a good image, it looks very much like someone took the original Astronaut Wings picture, which was created by the National Personnel Records Center, and “tacked on” the FAA image. I don’t know the rules about that, which is why I’m asking. NPRC certainly did not create or modify this new image, yet it has the US Government approved tag on it.

Second, the new image causes a spacing problem in that it spills over onto the margins of the article. In my view, the original Astronaut Wings should be restored and the FAA image made into a separate picture, later in the article. That will solve the spacing problem and prevent a copyright question about modifying (without permission) the image which was created by NPRC.

The floor is open to discussion. Thanks! Husnock – 6 Oct 2004

Missing Image
An anon IP user put an image of the astrnaut pin on the badge, but it is not visable except when running the "Preview" on the edit page. When saving the article, the image is listed as missing. Is this happening on other people's machines? -Husnock 16Feb05

Navy Astronaut (NFO) wings
Two things: First there is an ommission in that the Navy has two sets of wings for Naval Astronauts (one for pilots and one for Naval Flight Officers (NFO's) that become astronauts). Each is identical to the non-astronaut aviator and NFO wings, with the addition of the swoosh and star on the crest. More info on the history of navy wings can be found here:   Evolution of Naval Wings (this might make a good external link as well)

Secondly, the wings depicted as Coast Guard astronaut wings appear to be Navy NFO astronaut wings.

 * Two answers: The Naval Flight Officer Astronaut Badge is covered under the article for Naval Flight Officer Badge (linked in this article). The Coast Guard Astronaut Badge picture is the correct badge.  The pic has been verified from Coast Guard uniform regulations.  It does look like an NFO badge, but its not.  Its just how the Coast Guard does it.  The Coast Guard NFO Badge is actually obsolete (as far as I know) with no Coast Guard NFO Astronuat equivalent. -Husnock 17:34, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

"Aerodynamic flight"?
"Only ten pilots have qualified for the Astronaut Badge by flying an airplane into space: eight from the U.S. Air Force/NASA X-15 program, plus Brian Binnie and Mike Melvill from the Scaled Composites Tier One project. All other persons have been awarded the Astronaut Badge by traveling into space on rocket boosters, rather than in aerodynamic flight."

Eh? SpaceShipOne doesn’t reach space in aerodynamic flight. --Ahruman 12:48, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Read the SpaceShipOne article Ahruman....the Tier One Project pilots WERE the SpaceShipOne pilots.

Foreigners
Lots of foreign astronauts on those Space Shuttles, most of them with military careers. Do they get astronaut badges they can wear? --Joffeloff 23:14, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Badges or wings?
Why are we calling them "badges"? This article is about U.S. practices, so shouldn't U.S. terminology be used? The Navy, USAF, and the FAA all call them "wings". Unless someone can come up with some official refs that call them badges, I propose moving this article to Astronaut Wings (which currently redirects here.). Akradecki 04:57, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, the Air Force definitely uses badge. I know the Army does too. Don't know about the Navy or FAA but it seems you're mistaken. Pardon this late reply. --IvoShandor (talk) 09:00, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Mach 25 and 100 days patch
Since this article includes info on both the silver and gold astro pin, would something about the shuttle Mach 25 patch and ISS 100 days patch be appropriate? --EarthPerson 00:13, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Comment
This comment was placed in the article by an anonymous user - I have removed it and am placing it here. -- Shruti14 t c s 19:58, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

"This picture is incorrect; the "Navy" pin is a Naval Aviator (Astronaut), awarded to pilots of space missions. The "Coast Guard" pin is a Naval Flight Officer (Astronaut), awarded to mission specialists and system operators. All Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard flight qualifications are the same, and are awarded the same pins."

Army badge
Are there any solid numbers available for the Army Astronaut Badge, I have heard this is the least awarded Army badge. --IvoShandor (talk) 09:01, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It was stated in a documentary that the Army Astronaut Badge is the least most awarded Badge, followed by the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge. It is also stated on the Tomb of the Unknowns Wikiaticle:

"A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64'), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a Tomb Guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since 1959, many men have completed training and been awarded this Badge, as well as three women. A small number of Tomb Guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer." That being said, a citation is still needed to verify claim, as a fact tag was placed on similar wording on the page linked. --RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 10:42, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Design Origin
Is there any information on where the pin/badge design came from? I've been curious about that for a while, and it would probably be pertinent enough to include in the article. 98.203.198.33 (talk) 20:17, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I updated the army section to reflect its origins in the Army Aviation Badge. --IvoShandor (talk) 00:49, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Naval Astronaut Badge
The Badge listed on the article: Military Badges/Naval Aviators, the picture and segment is incomplete, missing the picure of Naval Aviator (pilot) wings, which according to Chapter 5 of the US Navy Uniform Regulations is a legitimate badge and should be included in the article about the NFO Astronaut Wings/Badge shown in the article — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.215.230.146 (talk) 12:17, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

USAF ICSO in T-1A to FL410
Thanks for removing this bizarre comment. Why would Instructor Combat Systems Officers (ICSO) riding in the modern equivalent of a T-39 (i.e., T-1A) at 41,000 feet above Mean Sea Level (FL450) rate astronaut wings anyway? CobraDragoon (talk) 23:44, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

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Global view
Since this page is for the U.S. military badge, propose moving it to Astronaut badge (United States) and creating a separate article for the global view. Garuda28 (talk) 17:02, 16 July 2018 (UTC)

Garuda28, you are encouraged to restore the global view version and continue any other needed changes from there. The edits were bold and made in good faith, yet in this case a fellow editor has had a kilobyte of conscientious effort treated as vandalism.

A plain English reading of the article title does not refer to the United States military. Note that Astronaut Wings redirects to this page, and as such it should contain general information on the subject matter in the broadest sense. The goal of the edits was to move to something more like the Aviator badge article, which is more NPOV.

At the same time, information on the US military badges should absolutely remain part of this article, and the US military badges being the featured photo shows the variation in astronaut badge awards and is relevant to both history and the present day. It would not benefit this article to remove the information on one of the major institutions that award astronaut badges. If a separate US awards page is created, the essential content for each specific award should still be copied or transcluded into this page. The best outcome is one page that actually goes into detail on all types of astronaut badges.

The worst possible outcome would be creating a list of completely separate articles based on which agency awards the badge, and then turning the Astronaut Wings or Astronaut badge pages into stub-dab lists. -- AlexWCovington  (talk) 16:48, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * No information is lost with the revert, but I believe that this article (and the intent of it) is to cover U.S. astronaut wings. Much like there is an article for U.S. pilot wings, there is also one for U.s. astronaut wings. I agree with you there should be one for global astronaut wings, however that should be a separate article. I will work on creating one (to include US civilian wings), however I do not agree that this article should be expanded more than U.S. military wings, but rather renamed. My proposed solution is to take the approach of Aviator badge and United States Aviator Badge Garuda28 (talk) 18:06, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

Update for Commercial Flight Astronauts?
Please make any needed updates based on Nasa's televised presetation of commercial flight astronauts on August 3 2018 including the fact that they called Christopher Ferguson a "Boeing Astronaut". It may not have changed the badges but commercial astronauts and an US but non-Nasa astronaut seem to be new content. 96.58.110.23 (talk) 16:17, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * they all have military badges earned as NASA crew. Can you explain how this affects this article? Garuda28 (talk) 17:13, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

List?
Considering its the least awarded qualification badge in the USAF and basically everyone who has it is notable and already has a Wikipedia article, shouldn't there be a list of everyone who has one, either in this article or in a separate one? Similar to the one Commercial astronaut already has. Jonas1015119 (talk) 23:07, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me, just make it all services not just the USAF. Have at it. --McChizzle (talk) 23:31, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

FAA changes policy on who qualifies for commercial astronaut wings
https://spacenews.com/faa-revises-criteria-for-commercial-astronaut-wings/

https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/22/us/faa-changes-astronaut-wings-scn/index.html

"Effective July 20, the FAA issued one more critical criterion: Commercial launch crew members must also demonstrate "activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to human space flight safety," an FAA spokesperson said, quoting the new order."

"Both Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic issue their own astronaut wings to those who fly on their vehicles. Virgin Galactic awarded the four people in the cabin on the July 11 SpaceShipTwo flight large wings. Blue Origin gave those on its July 20 New Shepard flight a pin in the shape of the letter A with a feather, part of the company’s logo, forming the crossbar of the letter."

• Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 07:53, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Edit in the lead
Change

"It is the least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military"

to

"It is the rarest awarded qualification badge in the United States military"

putting in the talk cause i wanna know people's opinion--LostCitrationHunter (talk) 09:20, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States Astronaut Badge


text: Category:Goths

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Goths


text:
Echaporã

Echaporã is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 6,064 (2020 est.) in an area of 516 km². The elevation is 700 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1938.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Notable people

 * Roberta Murgo (born 1987), Brazilian model

title: Echaporã


text:
Eldorado, São Paulo

Eldorado (Xiririca before 1948 ) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 15,544 (2020 est.) in an area of 1654 km2. Eldorado is one of 29 cities in São Paulo officially recognized as a touristic city, which gives it extra funding.

Geography
Eldorado is situated on the Ribeira de Iguape River. The state highways SP-165 and SP-193 pass through the town.

The municipality contains part of the 488865 ha Serra do Mar Environmental Protection Area, created in 1984. It contains part of the 41704 ha Intervales State Park, created in 1995. It contains part of the 40175 ha Caverna do Diabo State Park, created in 2008. This park contains the largest cave in São Paulo, Caverna do Diabo (The Devil's Cave). The municipality contains 41% of the 64625 ha Quilombos do Médio Ribeira Environmental Protection Area, established in 2008.

Demographics
Census - 2000

Total Population: 14,134 Density (inhabitants/km2): 8.53
 * Urban: 6,974
 * Rural: 7,160
 * Male: 7,337
 * Female: 6,797

Infant Mortality (per 1000): 19.12

Life Expectancy: 69.57

Birth Rate: 3.50

Literacy Rate: 85.65%

Human Development Index (HDI-M): 0.733 (Source: IPEADATA)
 * HDI-M Income: 0.633
 * HDI-M Longevity: 0.743
 * HDI-M Education: 0.823

Notable people

 * Jair Bolsonaro, Brazilian President since 1 January 2019, anti-communist and conservative, known for supporting the Brazilian military government that lasted from 1964 to 1984.
 * Francisca Júlia da Silva, Brazilian poet born in Eldorado on 31 August 1871.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Eldorado, São Paulo


text:
Talk:Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild

If i recall, Vimes, and possibly Vetrinari, were both removed from open commisions. i'm going to check the source, and then update. 68.37.187.220 16:59, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

This article says that being dress black at night isn't the best camoflauge. Which color is better? /NoNo 23:59, 16 Jan 2005

 * Speaking from personal experience when e.g. driving through town at night, people dressed all in black actually stand out relatively well, given that the background is typically a discordant mixture of dark grey (the road surface), browns/greys/reds/yellows (brick buildings), other colours (painted shop fronts), bright lights in various colours (and their reflections off the road surface if it is wet), etc. I tend to find that people dressed in mixtures of drab colours tend to be the hardest to see.  The worst case being a woman I once saw crossing the road who was wearing a long beige coat with some sort of checked pattern (possibly Burberry, which in that particular lighting and backdrop, effectively functioned as Disruptive Pattern Material. 62.172.108.23 (talk) 13:03, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

In Night Watch, young Vetinari explores a whole range of colours much better for camoflauge, such as dark green and grey.

Rincewind has a price on his head???
Since when? From whom? I read all of the Discworld but Science of Discworld 3 and I don't remember that. I guess it is from the Assassin' Guild diary. Could someone please tell me if there's any explanation attached? Thanks

 * Yeah, it's from the diary. No explanation of who comissioned it (presumably someone whose path he crossed at high speed), but it says assassins are discouraged from carrying out the comission because, quite apart from the Luggage, "something" seems to be protecting him... --Daibhid C 1:06 17 December 2005.

Co-educational?
Can anyone provide a reference for this?

I'm pretty certain that it's a 'boys-only' institution, female lecturers notwithstanding chrisboote 13:29, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Also from the Diary, and confirmed in Night Watch, which featured a student assassin named Jocasta Wiggs. It was boys-only in Pyramids and the Diary describes this as a recent development. Daibhid C 16:38, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

School Rules
I've removed the "school rules" section from the article, which contained the following:

 * No boy is to keep any type of lizard in his room.
 * No boy is to build a deadfall in his room.

This is obviously not a complete list of rules, but rather a selection of a couple that are mentioned in the books. They don't really add anything worthwhile to the article, and in my opinion the section interrupts the article's flow. So I was bold and deleted it.

Chrismith 16:41, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mr Teatime.jpg
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BetacommandBot 22:08, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

New England accent?
I'd like to see a reference for Mr. Teatime being played, in the film, with a New England accent.

As a New Englander, I can assure you that the esteemed Assassin sounds nothing like my neighbors... not even in caricature. :)

Seriously... a "New England accent," in the world of the theater, is usually an exaggerated version of either the rural Maine ("Ayuh") or the upper-class Massachusetts ("Pahk the cah in Hahvahd Yahd") accent.

It seems to me that Teatime is using a humorous version of the "generic American" accent - i.e., the type newscasters learn in an attempt to be free (or mostly free) of regional-sounding speech patterns.

98.229.237.2 (talk) 05:36, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Just a small grammatical, maybe me being thick thing
I just wanted to quote this text (about Lord Downey)

'His special recipe for humbugs, submitted to Nanny Ogg, calls for "arsenic to taste", though, since arsenic is actually very traceable, this is likely a slight bit of misinformation on his part.'

This isn't really very clear to me but as I'm only into about the tenth book in Discworld I'm not qualified to say anything on the matter. I'm just saying it's not clear to someone who hasn't the right knowledge of the character and I was wondering if it had anything to do with the way it is written or whether it's just inside knowledge. Cheers and I don't mean to offend.

--Tubs uk (talk) 00:15, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

 * English isn't my first language, so maybe I'm totally wrong about what you're asking; Downey's recipe, which he apparently sent or showed to Nanny Ogg, includes arsenic. "To taste" generally means that you add something (salt, hot sauce, etc.) to a dish while tasting the dish to get the seasoning right. Arsenic is poisinous even in small amounts: Arsenic. Ho-ju-96 (talk) 18:18, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

The Library vs. The Unseen University
This article says that the Unseen University's library has every book that "has been written, will be written, or could have been written". I added a "citation needed" to indicate where the Wikipedia text contradicts this claim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ypnypn (talk • contribs) 21:11, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

New "assassins' guild" page?
"Assassins' guild" is also a term used for the members of similar societies at various universities, involving a real-time, twenty-four-hour "assassination" game in which the aim is to "kill" other assassins spread out across the university using water pistols and other fake weapons. But I can't find it anywhere on the site. Is it worth a page somewhere? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.27.55.215 (talk) 00:25, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild


text:
Talk:The Saints (Australian band)

earlier comments
Do the football links really belong on the main article page? -Frank Burdett

 * I think it's OK because most people looking for those clubs would look for them by their proper names, rather than nicknames.Grant65 (Talk) 01:04, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

Would anyone have an objection to my creating a Disambiguation Page for The Saints? I would then remove the "Other" section from this article. Would do so Feb 1, 2006 if no one complains before then. B00P 11:03, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds like an excellent idea to me. Cheers, Ian Rose 11:18, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Done. B00P 23:06, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps it should be mentioned that Algy Ward went on to play bass in NWOBHM band Tank.

Formation
Anyone got a citation for the year of formation? Lots of sources cite '77, which is indisputably false; they certainly existed as early as '74, and I've heard as early as '72. Any sources at all for this? -  Swi tch t 14:18, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Im Stranded.jpg
Image:Im Stranded.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Allfoolsday.jpg
Image:Allfoolsday.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:58, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Proposed major edits
As an ARIA Hall of Famer, the band deserves a B-class (or better) article. I intend making major edits over the next two weeks or so to improve this article: other editors are welcome to contribute.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 21:00, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
 * As the bloke who added much of the cited material (including the Bob Geldof quote, very chuffed at the time with that one!) on the band's earliest years, I look forward to someone spending the necessary time to upgrade the article as a whole. Among other things it does look very piecemeal now as people have separated album timeframes into their own (quite small) subsections. Anyway, if you put in the research and writing, I'll be happy to look over and copyedit if required. Cheers and good luck! Ian Rose (talk) 23:26, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I've finished my major edits and welcome a thorough copy edit. I've re-assessed the article as B-class and moved the discography to its own article. Some material could use a citation but I'll let other editors take it up to GA class if they wish: I'm done for now.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 11:42, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

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Active till Bailey's death?
The article says "The Saints continued to record and perform up to Bailey's death in April 2022." But the last recording listed (even in the discography page) was released in 2012 and the last live show mentioned was in 2013.

Lenbrazil (talk) 00:46, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Bob geldof quote on the saints
Shouldn’t this page mention the critical role the saints played in the foundation of punk. Sure other bands are older but they weren’t punk ..

they only later (after saints) moved into the punk Style … it’s like how guns an roses where a glamour rock bank like kiss an poison, before they moved into metal after rose tattoo guided them. & let them cover his songs.

So can someone Please add the quote from bob geldof & link to main page & references. Sir Bob Geldof famously stated that rock music in the ’70s was altered by three bands: Sex Pistols, The Ramones, and The Saints.”

& link.

https://thebrag.com/looking-back-saints-australias-first-punk-band/amp/ 49.184.131.169 (talk) 12:32, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

Right-aligned quote
I've converted this right-aligned quote to blockquote but it's not appearing as a right-aligned quote like it used to,

I've messed about in preview changing it to Cquote with right parems but nothing's worked so if someone can fix this that would be grand,

The previous HTML way was showing as a high priority task in WP:WPCleaner and needed replacing, Many thanks, Regards, – Davey 2010 Talk 21:58, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Saints (Australian band)


text:
Cynodon dactylon

Cynodon dactylon, commonly known as Bermuda grass, and also known as couch grass in Australia and New Zealand, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia and much of Asia. It has been introduced to the Americas. Contrary to its common name, it is not native to Bermuda and is in fact an abundant invasive species there. In Bermuda it has been known as "crab grass" (also a name for Digitaria sanguinalis). Other names are Dhoob, dūrvā grass, ethana grass, dubo, dog grass, dog's tooth grass, Bahama grass, crab grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, arugampul, grama, wiregrass and scutch grass.

Description
The blades are a grey-green colour and are short, usually 2 – long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow 1 – tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in colour.

The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike 2 – long.

It has a deep root system; in drought situations with penetrable soil, the root system can grow to over 2 m deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 cm under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground with its stolons, and roots wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. C. dactylon reproduces through seeds, stolons, and rhizomes. Growth begins at temperatures above 15 °C with optimum growth between 24 and 37 C; in winter or int the dry season, the grass becomes dormant and turns brown. Growth is promoted by full sun and retarded by full shade, e.g., close to tree trunks.

Cultivation
Cynodon dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30° S and 30° N latitude, and that get between 625 and 1750 mm of rainfall a year (or less, if irrigation is available). For example, in the United States, it is grown mostly in the southern half of the country.

Cultivars
Hundreds of cultivars have been created specifically for environmental tolerance and stakeholder requirements. New cultivars are released yearly.

Uses
1. It can be used as a decoration for houses and other fests.

2. Although it doesn't have much medical value it can be made into a paste and then eaten to cure gastric issues.

Religious
Commonly known as "durva" or dūrvāyugma in India, this grass is used in the Ayurveda system of medicine. Performing Puranokta Rudrabhisheka while offering durva 11 times bestows long life. In Hinduism, it is considered important in the worship of Lord Ganesha. A clump of 21 shoots of this grass is usually offered during puja (worship). It has been a part of Hindu rituals since Vedic times. A unique festival called Durga Ashtami, dedicated to this grass, is celebrated on the eighth day of Shukla Paksha of Bhadra month of the Hindu calendar.

It is known as "Arugampul" in Tamil and "Karuka" in Malayalam and is part of the Dashapushpam (Ten sacred flowers) in Kerala. In Nepal, the grass is known as "dubo" and is used by the Hindus. According to Nepalese Hindus, the grass symbolises long life. The grass is an essential item for the Naga Panchami festival as well as the Gaura festival. In a Nepalese Hindu wedding, a garland made of this grass is worn by both bride and groom.

This grass is a Yoruba herb used for Esu or Elegba in the Ifá system of orishas.

Medicinal value
The rhizomes are reported to act as a diuretic in humans and the grass juice can act as an astringent.

It has been observed that Cynodon dactylon may be selectively eaten by dogs to swiftly induce vomiting when they have gastrointestinal problems. The effect may be due to irritation caused by bristles on the leaf margin.

Other
It is fast-growing and tough, making it popular and useful for sports fields, as when damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its tolerance to heat and drought enable it to survive where few other grasses do. This combination makes it a frequent choice for golf courses in the southern and southeastern United States and South Africa. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements.

Bermuda grass has been cultivated in saline soils in California's Central Valley, which are too salt-damaged to support agricultural crops; it was successfully irrigated with saline water and used to graze cattle.

National Football League
The following National Football League teams use it as the playing surface in their home stadiums:

 * Arizona Cardinals (State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona) (Tifway 419 Hybrid Bermudagrass)
 * Baltimore Ravens (M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore) (Tifway 419 Bermuda grass)
 * Chicago Bears (Soldier Field in Chicago) (Tahoma 31 Bermuda grass)
 * Jacksonville Jaguars (TIAA Bank Field in Jacksonville, Florida) (Tifway 419 Bermuda grass)
 * Kansas City Chiefs (Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri) (Latitude 36 Bermuda grass)
 * Las Vegas Raiders (Allegiant Stadium in Paradise, Nevada)
 * Miami Dolphins (Hard Rock Stadium in Miami) (Tifway 419 Bermuda grass)
 * Philadelphia Eagles (Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia (Tahoma 31 Bermuda grass)
 * San Francisco 49ers (Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California) (Tifway II Bermuda grass)
 * Tampa Bay Buccaneers (Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida) (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)
 * Tennessee Titans (Nissan Stadium in Nashville, Tennessee) (Tifsport Bermuda sod)
 * Washington Commanders (FedEx Field in Landover, Maryland) (Latitude 36 Bermuda grass)

Major League Baseball
The following Major League Baseball teams use it as the playing surface in their home stadiums:

 * Los Angeles Angels (Angel Stadium in Anaheim, California) (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)
 * Los Angeles Dodgers (Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles) (Santa Ana Bermudagrass)
 * Oakland Athletics (Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California) (Tifway II Bermuda Grass)
 * San Diego Padres (Petco Park in San Diego) (BullsEye Bermuda Grass)
 * San Francisco Giants (Oracle Park in San Francisco) (Tifway 419 Bermudagrass)

Invasive species
It is a highly aggressive invasive species, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become a hard-to-eradicate weed in some areas (it can be controlled somewhat with Triclopyr, Mesotrione, Fluazifop-P-butyl, and Glyphosate). This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of "devil grass". Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds and most herbicides do not work. However, Ornamec, Ornamec 170, Turflon ester (tricyclopyr), and Imazapyr have shown some effectiveness. All of these items are difficult to find in retail stores, as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers.

The hybrid variety Tifton 85, like some other grasses (e.g. sorghum), produces cyanide under certain conditions, and has been implicated in several livestock deaths.

title: Cynodon dactylon


text:
Elias Fausto

Elias Fausto is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 17,936 (2020 est.) in an area of 202 km2. The elevation is 605 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Elias Fausto


text:
The Plain Truth

The Plain Truth was a free-of-charge monthly magazine, first published in 1934 by Herbert W. Armstrong, founder of The Radio Church of God, which he later named The Worldwide Church of God (WCG). The magazine, subtitled as The Plain Truth: a magazine of understanding, gradually developed into an international, free-of-charge news magazine, sponsored by the WCG church membership. The magazine's messages often centered on the pseudo-scientific doctrine of British Israelism, the belief that the early inhabitants of the British Isles, and hence their descendants, were actually descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.

By 1986, The Plain Truth was published in seven languages. The magazine's monthly circulation was roughly 8.2 million; in contrast, Time magazine's 1986 monthly circulation was 5.9 million. After Armstrong's death in 1986, new WCG leadership sought to change the core principles of WCG doctrine, quashed publication of Armstrong's writings, sold off most of the church's holdings, and began offering magazine subscriptions for sale. WCG leadership eventually changed the name of the organization and embraced positions closer to those of mainstream Protestantism.

After Joseph W. Tkach took over, leading to a major doctrinal transformation of the Worldwide Church of God, the circulation of The Plain Truth, distributed free by subscription and via newsstand distribution around the globe, fell from a peak of 8 million to less than 100,000 before it switched to a paid subscription status. Eventually the magazine was spun off into a separate, independent, evangelical ministry as Plain Truth Ministries.

Plain Truth Ministries
With The Plain Truth being ceded to Plain Truth Ministries, the traditional magazine has changed its format and replaced by two distinct publications:

 * Plain Truth dropping "The" from the title. It is an 8-page online publication in a newsletter format published 6 times annually (once every two months), with issues in January, March, May, July, September and November of each year. Digital copies are available to subscribers.
 * CWR magazine (standing for Christianity without the Religion magazine). It is a 16-page publication in magazine format, published 6 times annually (once every two months), with issues in February, April, June, August, October and December of each year. Printed hard copies are sent by mail as per subscription.

Plain Truth Ministries also publishes a monthly newsletter CWR/PTM Monthly Letter, a CWR Blog, a Daily Radio Show, a Weekly Audio Teaching Ministry.

title: The Plain Truth


text:
Elisiário

Elisiário is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,697 (2020 est.) in an area of 94.0 km². The elevation is 494 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Elisiário


text:
Prisoner-of-war camp

A prisoner-of-war camp (often abbreviated as POW camp) is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as prisoners of war by a belligerent power in time of war.

There are significant differences among POW camps, internment camps, and military prisons. Purpose-built prisoner-of-war camps appeared at Norman Cross in England in 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars and HM Prison Dartmoor, constructed during the Napoleonic Wars, and they have been in use in all the main conflicts of the last 200 years. The main camps are used for marines, sailors, soldiers, and more recently, airmen of an enemy power who have been captured by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. Civilians, such as merchant mariners and war correspondents, have also been imprisoned in some conflicts. Per the 1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War, later superseded by the Third Geneva Convention, such camps have been required to be open to inspection by representatives of a neutral power, but this hasn't always been consistently applied.

Detention of prisoners of war before the development of camps
Before the Peace of Westphalia, enemy fighters captured by belligerent forces were usually executed, enslaved, or held for ransom. This, coupled with the relatively small size of armies, meant there was little need for any form of camp to hold prisoners of war. The Peace of Westphalia, a series of treaties signed between May and October 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War, contained a provision that all prisoners should be released without ransom. This is generally considered to mark the point where captured enemy fighters would be reasonably treated before being released at the end of the conflict or under a parole not to take up arms. The practice of paroling enemy fighters had begun thousands of years earlier, at least as early as the time of Carthage but became normal practice in Europe from 1648 onwards. The consequent increase in the number of prisoners was to lead eventually to the development of the prisoner of war camps.

Development of temporary camps
Following General John Burgoyne's surrender at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, several thousand British and German (Hessian and Brunswick) troops were marched to Cambridge, Massachusetts. For various reasons, the Continental Congress desired to move them south. For this purpose, one of the congressmen offered his land outside of Charlottesville, Virginia. The remaining soldiers (some 2,000 British, upwards of 1,900 German, and roughly 300 women and children) marched south in late 1778—arriving at the site (near Ivy Creek) in January 1779. Since the barracks were barely sufficient in construction, the officers were paroled to live as far away as Richmond and Staunton. The camp was never adequately provisioned, but the prisoners built a theater on the site. Hundreds escaped Albemarle Barracks because of the shortage of guards. As the British Army moved northward from the Carolinas in late 1780, the remaining prisoners were moved to Frederick, Maryland; Winchester, Virginia; and perhaps elsewhere. No remains of the encampment site are left.

First purpose-built camp
The earliest known purpose-built prisoner-of-war camp was established by the Kingdom of Great Britain at Norman Cross, in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The prison operated until 1814 and held between 3,300 and 6,272 men.

American Civil War camps
Lacking a means for dealing with large numbers of captured troops early in the American Civil War, the Union and Confederate governments relied on the traditional European system of parole and exchange of prisoners. While awaiting exchange, prisoners were confined to permanent camps.

Neither Union or Confederate prison camps were always well run, and it was common for prisoners to die of starvation or disease. It is estimated that about 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the war; almost 10% of all Civil War fatalities. During a period of 14 months in Camp Sumter, located near Andersonville, Georgia, 13,000 (28%) of the 45,000 Union soldiers confined there died. At Camp Douglas in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and the 25% death rate at Elmira Prison in New York State very nearly equaled that of Andersonville's.

Boer War
During the Second Boer War, the British government established prisoner-of-war camps (to hold captured Boer belligerents or fighters) and concentration camps (to hold Boer civilians). In total, six prisoner-of-war camps were erected in South Africa and around 31 in overseas British colonies to hold Boer prisoners of war. The majority of Boer prisoners of war were sent overseas (25,630 out of the 28,000 Boer men captured during the fighting). After an initial settling-in period, these prisoner-of-war camps were generally well administered.

The number of concentration camps, all located in South Africa, was much higher and a total of 109 of these camps had been constructed by the end of the war - 45 camps for Boer civilians and 64 camps for black Africans. The vast majority of Boers held in the concentration camps were women and children. The concentration camps were generally poorly administered, the food rations were insufficient to maintain health, standards of hygiene were low, and overcrowding was chronic. Due to these conditions, thousands perished in the 109 concentration camps. Of the Boer women and children held in captivity, over 26,000 died during the war.

World War I
The first international convention on prisoners of war was signed at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899. It was widened by the Hague Convention of 1907. The main combatant nations engaged in World War I abided by the convention and treatment of prisoners was generally good. The situation on the eastern front was significantly worse than the western front, with prisoners in Russia at risk from starvation and disease. In total during the war about eight million men were held in prisoner of war camps, with 2.5 million prisoners in German custody, 2.9 million held by the Russian Empire, and about 720,000 held by Britain and France.

Permanent camps did not exist at the beginning of the war. The unexpectedly large number of prisoners captured in the first days of the war by the German army created an immediate problem. By September 1914, the German army had captured over 200,000 enemy combatants. These first prisoners were held in temporary camps until 1915, by which time the prisoner population had increased to 652,000 living in unsatisfactory conditions. In response, the government began constructing permanent camps both in Germany and the occupied territories. The number of prisoners increased significantly during the war, exceeding one million by August 1915 and 1,625,000 by August 1916, and reaching 2,415,000 by the end of the war.

Geneva Conference
The International Committee of the Red Cross held a conference in Geneva, Switzerland in September 1917. The conference addressed the war, and the Red Cross addressed the conditions that the civilians were living under, which resembled those of soldiers in prisoner of war camps, as well as "barbed wire disease" (symptoms of mental illness) suffered by prisoners in France and Germany. It was agreed at the conference that the Red Cross would provide prisoners of war with mail, food parcels, clothes, and medical supplies and that prisoners in France and Germany suffering from "barbed wire disease" should be interned in Switzerland, a neutral country.

A few countries were not on the same terms as Germany and Austria. For example, Hungary believed that harsh conditions would reduce the number of traitors.

The countries in the east continued their fight to help the Red Cross provide support to POWs. At the end of the war, a Franco-German agreement was made that both countries would exchange their prisoners, but the French kept a small number while the Germans released all French prisoners.

Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk in Siberia, Russia, was used after the Russian defeat to the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese war, as a base for military camps to train for future wars. Conditions there were dire and the detainees could be conscripted for war while they lived in concentration camps and prisons. Over 50,000 camp tenants were used for transportation, agriculture, mining and machinery production.

Throughout World War I, captured prisoners of war were sent to various camps including the one in Krasnoyarsk. There was a point where a large mix of nationalities was together in Krasnoyarsk which included Bulgarians, Czechs, Germans, and Poles. Many prisoners were nationalists, which led to violence within the camp. Militants would be forced to put down the instigators and keep the camp running.

Polish–Soviet War
From autumn 1920, thousands of captured Red Army soldiers and guards had been placed in the Tuchola internment camp, in Pomerania. These prisoners lived in dugouts, and many died of hunger, cold, and infectious diseases. According to historians Zbigniew Karpus and Waldemar Rezmer, up to 2000 prisoners died in the camp during its operation.

In a joint work of Polish and Russian historians, Karpus and Rezmer estimate the total death toll in all Polish POW camps during the war at 16–17 thousand, while the Russian historian Matvejev estimates it at 18–20 thousand.

On the other side of the frontline about 20,000 out of about 51,000 Polish POWs died in Soviet and Lithuanian camps

While the conditions for Soviet prisoners were clearly exposed by the free press in Poland, no corresponding fact-finding about Soviet camps for Polish POWs could be expected from the tightly controlled Soviet press of the time. Available data shows many cases of mistreatment of Polish prisoners. There have been also cases of Polish POWs' being executed by the Soviet army, when no POW facilities were available.

World War II
The 1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War established certain provisions relative to the treatment of prisoners of war. One requirement was that POW camps were to be open to inspection by authorised representatives of a neutral power.
 * Article 10 required that POWs should be lodged in adequately heated and lighted buildings where conditions were the same as their own troops.
 * Articles 27–32 detailed the conditions of labour. Enlisted ranks were required to perform whatever labour they were asked and able to do, so long as it was not dangerous and did not support the captor's war effort. Senior Non-commissioned officers (sergeants and above) were required to work only in a supervisory role. Commissioned officers were not required to work, although they could volunteer. The work performed was largely agricultural or industrial, ranging from coal or potash mining, stone quarrying, or work in saw mills, breweries, factories, railway yards, and forests. POWs hired out to military and civilian contractors and were paid $.80 per day in scrip in U.S. camps. The workers were also supposed to get at least one day per week of rest.
 * Article 76 ensured that POWs who died in captivity were honourably buried in marked graves.

Not all combatants applied the provisions of the convention. In particular the Empire of Japan, which had signed but never ratified the convention, was notorious for its treatment of prisoners of war; this poor treatment occurred in part because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonourable. Prisoners from all nations were subject to forced labour, beatings, torture, murder, and even medical experimentation. Rations fell short of the minimum required to sustain life, and many were forced into labour. After March 20, 1943, the Imperial Navy was under orders to execute all prisoners taken at sea. Japanese POW camps are found throughout south-east Asia and the Japanese conquered territories.

Escapes
The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III, on the night of March 24, 1944, involved the escape of 76 Allied servicemen, although only three were able to avoid recapture.

The Cowra breakout, on August 5, 1944, is believed to be the largest escape of POWs in recorded history and possibly the largest prison breakout ever. At least 545 Japanese POWs attempted to escape from a camp near Cowra, New South Wales, Australia. Most sources say that 234 POWs were killed or committed suicide. The remainder were recaptured.

The Great Papago Escape, on December 23, 1944, was the largest POW escape to occur from an American facility. Over 25 German POWs tunneled out of Camp Papago Park, near Phoenix, Arizona, and fled into the surrounding desert. Over the next few weeks all were recaptured.

The escape of Felice Benuzzi, Giovanni ('Giuàn') Balletto, and Vincenzo ('Enzo') Barsotti from Camp 354 in Nanyuki, Kenya, to climb Mount Kenya. The account is recorded by Benuzzi in No Picnic on Mount Kenya. After their attempt to climb Mount Kenya, the trio "escaped" back into Camp 354.

Role of the Red Cross
After World War I, when around 40 million civilians and prisoners could not be saved, the Red Cross was entrusted with more rights and responsibilities. In the course of World War II, it provided millions of Red Cross parcels to Allied POWs in Axis prison camps; most of these contained food and personal hygiene items, while others held medical kits. A special "release kit" parcel was also provided to some newly released POWs at the war's end. During the United States' call for war on Japan, the Red Cross stepped up to provide services for the soldiers overseas. A large number of provisions were needed for the soldiers in World War II over the 4 years that the Americans were involved. The American Red Cross and thirteen million volunteers had donated in the country with an average weekly donation of 111,000 pints of blood. Nurses, doctors, and volunteer workers worked on the front lines overseas to provide for the wounded and the needy. This program saved thousands of lives as plasma donations were delivered to the camps and bases. However, the Red Cross only accepted donations from white Americans and excluded those of Japanese, Italian, German and African Americans. To combat this, activists tried to fight such segregation back home with arguments that blood of Whites and blood of Blacks is the same.

Allied camps

 * Featherston prisoner of war camp, New Zealand
 * List of POW camps in Australia
 * List of POW camps in Britain
 * List of POW camps in Canada
 * List of POW camps in India
 * List of POW camps in Kenya
 * List of POW camps in occupied Germany
 * List of POW camps in the United States
 * List of POW camps in USSR
 * Lom prisoner of war camp, Norway
 * Skorpa prisoner of war camp, Norway
 * Zonderwater POW camp in Cullinan, South Africa

Conditions in Japanese camps
In the lead up to the Second World War, Japan had engaged in several conflicts aimed at expanding its empire, most notably the Second Sino-Japanese War. Although maintaining its neutrality at the outbreak of war in Europe, in 1941 the Japanese military launched surprise attacks on Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, and Pearl Harbor, which had brought the United States into the war on the side of the Allies. In 1942, after they had captured Hong Kong from the British, the Japanese established several prisoner-of-war camps in Kowloon to house Allied prisoners of war.

Believing it was shameful to be captured alive in combat, the Japanese ran their prisoner-of-war camps brutally, with many Allied prisoners of war dying in them. The Japanese field army code included a "warrior spirit", which stated that an individual must calmly face death. Those who disobeyed orders would be sentenced to death via decapitation, usually carried out by the katana of Japanese officers. The sword was seen as a symbol of wisdom and perseverance to the Japanese, and they perceived that it was an honor to die by it.

Allied prisoners-of-war in Japanese camps were forced to engage in physical labour such as building bridges, erecting forts, and digging defence trenches. These prisoners received limited food, and once their military uniforms wore out, no replacements were given. Some brutal prison guards would answer requests for water with their beatings or rifle butts. Prisoners who were seen as no use, physically weak, or rebellious, would often be killed. At the end of the war, when the camp inmates were released, many had lost body parts, and many were starved and faced extreme emaciation. Some prisoners feared execution by the Japanese in response to American bombing. The brutality of the guards caused traumatized prisoners to suffer mental illnesses that persisted for decades afterward. In many cases, survivors of camps were traumatized or ended up living with a disability. Many survivors went home or to other areas of the world to have a successful life as a businessman, or they would devote themselves to helping poor people or people in the camps who were in need of support. A former PoW, Lieutenant Colonel Philip Toosey, stated that the Japanese committed brutal atrocities. Some of these included filling a prisoner's nose with water while the guards tied them with barbed wire, then they would stand on the prisoners, stepping on the wires. Or the guards would tie a prisoner on a tree by their thumbs, with their toes barely touching the ground, and leave them there for two days without food or water. After the two days of torture, the prisoner would be jailed prior to execution, after which their corpses would later be burnt.

Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as Jack Bridger Chalker, Philip Meninsky, John Mennie, Ashley George Old, and Ronald Searle. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Many are now held by the Australian War Memorial, State Library of Victoria, and the Imperial War Museum in London. The State Library of Victoria exhibited many of these works under the title The Major Arthur Moon Collection, in 1995.

In 2016, war historian Antony Beevor (who had recently completed his book The Second World War), said that the UK government had recently released information that in some Japanese PoW camps prisoners were fattened up to be killed and eaten. Apparently, Winston Churchill had been aware of this atrocity, but kept the information secret; families would have been too distressed to learn that their sons had been the victims of cannibalism rather than killed in action.

More deaths occurred in Japanese PoW camps than in any others. The Red Cross were not able to drop parcels into these camps because they were too well defended to fly over.

Canadian camps
The Second World War was mainly fought in Europe and western Russia, East Asia, and the Pacific; there were no invasions of Canada. The few prisoners of war sent to Canada included Japanese and German soldiers, captured U-boat crews, and prisoners from raids such as Dieppe and Normandy.

The camps meant for German POWs were smaller than those meant for Japanese prisoners of war and were far less brutal. German prisoners generally benefitted from good food. However, the hardest part was surviving the Canadian winters. Most camps were isolated and located in the far north. Death and sickness caused by the elements was common.

Many camps were only lightly watched, and as such, many Germans attempted escape. Tunnelling was the most common method. Peter Krug, an escapee from a prison located in Bowmanville, Ontario, managed to escape along the railroads, using forests as cover. He made his way to Toronto, where he then travelled to Texas.

Fighting, sometimes to the death, was somewhat common in the camps. Punishments for major infractions could include death by hanging. German POWs wore shirts with a large red dot painted on the back, an easily identifiable mark outside the camps. Therefore, escapees could be easily found and recaptured. In the wake of the Japanese attacking Hong Kong, the Philippines and Pearl Harbor in which 2000 Canadians were involved, Canadians put a large focus onto Japanese-Canadians even though innocent. Japan seemed to be able to attack along the Pacific and Canada could potentially be next. Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King implemented the War Measures Act and the Defence of Canada Regulations; therefore, they could not get involved with Canadian services along with the Italians and Germans. The Nikkei (Canadians and Immigrants of Japanese origin) were stripped of possessions, which were later auctioned off without consent. The intense cold winters made it hard to live as the Nikkei were placed in camps; these campers were made of Japanese immigrants and Japanese-Canadians. They lived in barns and stables which were used for animals, therefore unsanitary. It took 5 years after the war for the Nikkei to gain their rights. Compensation was given but was not enough to cover the loss of properties. Over 22,000 Nikkei were put into these camps.
 * Japanese in Canada

Axis camps

 * List of POW camps in Germany and German-occupied countries (Stalags)
 * List of Japanese war ships
 * List of POW camps in Italy
 * List of POW camps in Japan
 * List of POW camps in Switzerland

Cigarettes as currency
In many POW camps, cigarettes were widely used as currency known as 'commodity money'. They performed the functions of money as a medium of exchange because they were generally accepted among the prisoners for settling payments or debts, and the function of money as a unit of account, because prices of other goods were expressed in terms of cigarettes. Compared with other goods, the supply of cigarettes was more stable, as they were rationed in the POW camps, and cigarettes were more divisible, portable, and homogeneous.

U.N. camps
The International Red Cross visited United Nations-run POW camps, often unannounced, noting prisoner hygiene, quality of medical care, variety of diet, and weight gain. They talked to the prisoners and asked for their comments on conditions, as well as providing them with copies of the Geneva Convention. The IRC delegates dispersed boots, soap, and other requested goods.

A prison camp was established on the island of Koje-do, where over 170,000 communist and non-communist prisoners were held from December 1950 until June 1952. Throughout 1951 and early 1952, upper-level communist agents infiltrated and conquered much of Koje section-by-section by uniting fellow communists; bending dissenters to their will through staged trials and public executions; and exporting allegations of abuse to the international community to benefit the communist negotiation team. In May 1952, Chinese and North Korean prisoners rioted and took Brigadier General Francis T. Dodd captive.

In 1952 the camp's administration was afraid that the prisoners would riot and demonstrate on May Day (a day honoring Communism) and so United States Navy ships (such as the USS Gunston Hall) removed 15,000 North Korean and Chinese prisoners from the island and moved them to prison facilities at Ulsan and Cheju-do. These ships also participated in Operation Big Switch in September 1953 when prisoners were exchanged at the end of the war.

Communist camps
The Chinese operated three types of POW camps during the Korean war. Peace camps housed POWs who were sympathetic to communism, reform camps were intended for skilled POWs who were to be indoctrinated in communist ideologies and the third type was the normal POW camps. Chinese policy did not allow for the exchange of prisoners in the first two camp types.

While these POW Camps were designated numerically by the communists, the POWs often gave the camps a name.

 * Camp 1 – Changsong – near Camp 3 on the Yalu River.
 * Camp 2 – Pyoktong – on the Yalu River.
 * Camp 3 – Changsong – near Camp 1 on the Yalu River.
 * Camp 4 – north of Camp 2
 * Camp 5 – near Pyoktong.
 * Camp 6 – P'yong-yang
 * Camp 7 – near Pyoktong.
 * Camp 8 – Kangdong
 * Camp 9 – P'yong-yang.
 * Camp 10 – Chon ma
 * Camp 11 – Pukchin
 * Camp 12 – P'yong-yang- (Peace Camp) was located in the northwestern vicinity of the capitol. Nearby were several other camps including PAK's Palace.
 * Bean Camp – Suan
 * Camp DeSoto – P'yong-yang locale – The camp was near to Camp 12.
 * Pak's Palace Camp – P'yong-yang locale – Located in the northernmost area near the Capitol. The camp was near Camp 12.
 * Pukchin Mining Camp – between Kunu-ri and Pyoktong – (aka. Death Valley Camp).
 * Sunchon Tunnel – - (aka. Caves Camp)
 * Suan Mining Camp – P'yong-yang
 * Valley Camps – Teksil-li

South Vietnamese Army camps in South Vietnam
By the end of 1965, Viet Cong suspects, prisoners of war, and even juvenile delinquents were mixed together in South Vietnamese jails and prisons. After June 1965, the prison population steadily rose, and by early 1966, there was no space to accommodate additional prisoners in the existing jails and prisons. In 1965, plans were made to construct five POW camps, each with an initial capacity of 1,000 prisoners and to be staffed by the South Vietnamese military police, with U.S. military policemen as a prisoner of war advisers assigned to each stockade.

Prisons and jails

 * Côn Đảo National Prison
 * Chí Hòa National Prison
 * Tam Hiep National Prison
 * Thu Duc National Prison
 * plus 42 Province jails

Camps

 * Bien Hoa camp – in III Corps area was opened May 1966
 * Pleiku camp – in II Corps area was opened August 1966
 * Da Nang camp (Non Nuoc) – in I Corps area was opened in November 1966
 * Can Tho camp – in IV Corps area was opened early 1967
 * Qui Nhon (Phu Tai) – opened March 1968 (for female PoWs)
 * Phú Quốc camp – off the coast of Cambodia, opened in 1968

North Vietnamese Army camps

 * "Alcatraz" – North Central Hanoi
 * "Briarpatch" – 33 mi WNW of Hanoi
 * "Camp Faith" – 9 mi West of Hanoi
 * "Dirty Bird" – Northern Hanoi
 * "Dogpatch" – 105 mi NNE of Hanoi
 * "Farnsworth" – 18 mi SW of Hanoi
 * "Hanoi Hilton" – Hoa Lo, Central Hanoi
 * "Mountain Camp" – 40 mi NW of Hanoi
 * "Plantation – Northeast Hanoi
 * "Rockpile" – 32 mi South of Hanoi
 * Sơn Tây – 23 mi West of Hanoi
 * "Skidrow" – 6 mi SW of Hanoi
 * "The Zoo" – SW suburb of Hanoi

Serb Camps

 * Manjača camp – Banja Luka, Republika Srpska
 * Sremska Mitrovica camp – Sremska Mitrovica, Vojvodina
 * Stajićevo camp – Stajićevo, Vojvodina

Other Camps

 * Čelebići prison camp – Konjic, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Lapušnik prison camp – Kosovo

Afghanistan and Iraq wars
The United States of America refused to grant prisoner-of-war status to many prisoners captured during its War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and 2003 invasion of Iraq. This was mainly because it classed them as insurgents or terrorists, which did not meet the requirements laid down by the Third Geneva Convention of 1949 such as being part of a chain of command, wearing a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bearing arms openly, and conducting military operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.

The legality of this refusal has been questioned and cases are pending in the U.S. courts. In the Hamdan v. Rumsfeld court case, on June 29, 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the captives at Guantanamo Bay detention camp were entitled to the minimal protections listed under Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. Other captives, including Saddam Hussein, have been accorded POW status. The International Red Cross has been permitted to visit at least some sites. Many prisoners were held in secret locations (black sites) around the world. The identified sites are listed below:

 * Abu Ghraib prison – 32 km west of Baghdad, Iraq
 * Bagram Air Base – near Charikar in Parvan, Afghanistan
 * Camp Bucca – near Umm Qasr, Iraq
 * Camp Delta – Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

title: Prisoner-of-war camp


text:
Changshu

Changshu (Suzhounese: /d͡ʐan¹³ ʐoʔ²³/) is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Suzhou, Jiangsu province, and is part of the Yangtze River Delta. It borders the prefecture-level city of Nantong to the northeast across the Yangtze River. Due to the mild climate and terrain there, it has enjoyed a high level of agricultural civilization since ancient times, and is named after this, for the first character of its name means "always, often", while the second  means "ripe". The name of the adjacent county-level city of Taicang means "great granary".

History
Changshu first became an independent county in 540 AD, but in 581 was made subordinate to Suzhou. It was promoted to seat of a full prefecture in 1295, was rebuilt and fortified in the 14th century, but in 1370 was reduced again to the level of a county. In the 15th and 16th centuries Changshu was several times attacked by Japanese pirates.

Changshu has traditionally been a market town for locally produced rice, corn, wheat, tea, and mulberry leaves, and since the 13th century has been a major cotton-producing district. Although administratively still a subordinate city to Suzhou, it is a provincial base of foreign trade. Currently a harbour is being developed on the Yangtze River near Changshu to service Suzhou and Wuxi.

Economy
The city's major industries include textiles, paper-making, fine chemicals, machinery, steel and forestry products. The city has more than 4,000 textile and apparel companies with combined annual sales of RMB50 billion. The paper-making industry has attracted more the US$15 billion of FDI. By the end of 2007, this industry exceeded 2.4 million tons.

More than 2,000 foreign enterprises have invested in Changshu including big names such as Sharp and Dunlop. Of the contracted investment at least one-third has come from Taiwan – more than 500 Taiwan enterprises have invested more than US$100 million in the city. UPM-Kymmene from Finland has been running a paper mill in the city since 1999 and now has an annual capacity of 200,000 tons of coated and 600,000 tons of uncoated fine paper.

Administrative divisions
Changshu is divided into 2 subdistricts and 9 towns.

2 Subdistricts

 * Bixi (碧溪新区)
 * Dongnan (东南开发区)

Infrastructure
The China National Highway 204 Yantai-Nantong-Changshu-Shanghai, Sujiahang Expressway and Suzhou-Jiaxing-Hangzhou all pass through Changshu. Changshu has one Yangtze River crossing, the Sutong Yangtze River Bridge, one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world.

College and universities

 * Changshu Institute of Technology (常熟理工学院)
 * UWC Changshu China (常熟世界联合书院)

High schools

 * Changshu High School of Jiangsu Province (江苏省常熟中学)
 * High School of Changshu City (常熟市中学)
 * Changshu Foreign Language School (常熟市外国语学校)
 * United World College of Changshu China

Gardens and parks

 * Fangta Tower Park (方塔园)
 * Yushan Park (虞山公园)
 * Shanghu Lake Park (尚湖公园)
 * The Zengs' Garden (曾园)
 * The Zhaos' Garden (赵园)
 * The Yan Garden (燕园)

Hills

 * Yushan (虞山)
 * Fushan Hills (福山诸丘)
 * Tongguan Hill (铜官山)
 * Dianshan Hill (殿山)
 * Xishan Hill (西山)

Archaeological sites

 * Xingfu Temple (兴福寺)
 * Zhongyong's Tomb (仲雍墓)
 * Yanzi's Tomb

Religion
Local people generally believe in Buddhism, Taoism, Protestantism and Catholicism. Changshu Christian Church is a Protestant church in the city.

Transportation

 * Railroad: the Yangtze Riverine Railway (planning)
 * Highways: the Yangtze Riverine Expressway, the Suzhou-Jiaxing-Hangzhou Expressway

Notable people

 * Huang Gongwang (1269–1354), one of the Four Masters of the Yüan dynasty
 * Pu Xuefeng (1900–1997), academic and administrator
 * Shiwu (1272–1352), a Chan poet and hermit who lived during the Yuan Dynasty
 * Wang Hui (1632–1717), one of the "Four Wangs" representing the orthodox school of painting during the Ming and early Qing dynasties
 * Wu Li (1632–1718), one of the orthodox school of "literati painting" (wenrenhua) in the early Qing dynasty
 * Jiang Tingxi (1669–1732), official painter and grand secretary to the Imperial Court
 * Weng Tonghe (1830–1904), Confucian scholar and imperial tutor of two emperors during the Qing dynasty
 * Wang Ganchang (1907–1998), nuclear physics scientist
 * Zhang Guangdou (1911–2013), hydrologist

title: Changshu


text: Category:Districts of Schleswig-Holstein


text:
Embaúba

Embaúba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,449 (2020 est.) in an area of 83.1 km². The elevation is 570 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Embaúba


text:
Barry Broadfoot

Barry Samuel Broadfoot, CM (January 21, 1926 – November 28, 2003) was a Canadian journalist and oral historian born in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Biography
Broadfoot's first job at 17 years old was as a cub reporter who had to go to the homes of men killed in action in World War II and obtain photographs to run along with their death notices. At 18, he joined the Canadian Army and spent the next two years in the infantry.

Broadfoot's historical research consisted of interviewing subjects, generally from across Canada, about their memories of their lives during specific historical periods such as the Great Depression and World War II. Ten Lost Years, his first in this series of books, published in 1973, was an oral history of the experiences of people during the Great Depression. He collected the experiences, via taped interviews, during the course of travelling across Canada four times, subsequent to leaving his position with the Vancouver Sun in 1971. The collected interviews became the basis of Ten Lost Years, a play written by Jack Winter, with music by Cedric Smith. The play, directed by George Luscombe, premiered in Toronto, toured Canada in 1974 and continues to be performed.

In 1997, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour.

In 1998, Broadfoot suffered a stroke, which blinded him and impaired his memory. He died in Nanaimo, British Columbia, on November 28, 2003.

Selected bibliography

 * Ten Lost Years 1973 (Doubleday)
 * Six War Years 1975
 * The Pioneer Years 1976
 * Years of Sorrow, Years of Shame 1977
 * My Own Years 1983
 * The Veterans' Years 1985
 * The Immigrant Years. Douglas & McIntyre, Vancouver 1986
 * Next-Year Country 1988
 * Ordinary Russians 1989

title: Barry Broadfoot