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Dobbins Air Reserve Base

Dobbins Air Reserve Base or Dobbins ARB is a United States Air Force reserve air base located in Marietta, Georgia, a suburb about 20 mi northwest of Atlanta. Originally known as Dobbins Air Force Base, it was named in honor of Captain Charles M. Dobbins, a World War II C-47 pilot who died near Sicily.

The installation is the home station of the host wing, the 94th Airlift Wing (94 AW) of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and its fleet of C-130 Hercules aircraft, and is also the location of the headquarters for AFRC's Twenty-Second Air Force (22 AF).

Dobbins ARB is also home to Army Aviation Service Facility #2 (AASF #2) of the Georgia Army National Guard and their fleet of UH-60 Blackhawks and UH-72 Lakota helicopters. Associated units to AASF #2 include 1st Battalion, 171st General Support Aviation Regiment; Company H, 171st Aviation Regiment; Company C, 2nd Battalion, 151st Aviation; and Detachment 1, Company C, 111th General Aviation Support Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment.

Additional Reserve component organizations at Dobbins include various units of the Marine Corps Reserve and Navy Reserve.

Dobbins ARB has two runways which it shares with the General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center (formerly Naval Air Station Atlanta) to its south. Runway 11/29 is the primary runway and is 10000 ft long and 300 ft wide with directions 110 and 290 magnetic. The second runway, called an "assault strip", is a 3500×60-foot (1067×18-meter) runway referred to as 110–290, which is parallel to Runway 11/29.

Over 14,000 flight operations occur annually making the Dobbins complex an extremely active facility with diverse air traffic operations from all branches of the military and other US government agencies. This air traffic environment takes place within the area of the busiest airport in the world (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport) and is as busy as many medium-sized commercial airports.

World War II
Originally intended by Cobb County, Georgia, as an alternative airfield for Atlanta's Candler Field, this airfield was constructed in 1941 as Rickenbacker Field. This was named for the former U.S. Army Air Corps top flying ace of World War I, Captain Eddie Rickenbacker.

The push to build this airport came in 1940 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt selected General Lucius D. Clay of the Army Air Corps to be the chief of the new Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA), which was engaged in a huge program of airfield construction. About 450 to 500 of these were built in preparation for any possible war against the United States - from the east (Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy) or from the west (the Empire of Japan).

In 1940, the CAA offered to build a modern paved airport in Cobb County if the local governments provided the land. Due to the potential labor force for defense factories in this area, local officials also hoped to attract a large aircraft factory adjacent to the site. On October 24, the government of Cobb County announced the existence of this airport project, and it also revealed that purchase options had been signed for three prospective sites. The Atlanta City Council also passed a resolution endorsing this project on January 2, 1941. Since the Army Air Corps had recently taken over part of Candler Field (now Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport), the principal municipal airport for Atlanta, the new airport in Cobb County was also seen as a reliever airport for Atlanta.

In May, the local government issued bonds to purchase 563 acre located $3 1/2$ miles southeast of Marietta along the western side of the new four-lane superhighway, U.S. Highway 41, linking Marietta with Atlanta. The CAA next allocated $400,000 for construction of two 4000 ft-long runways on the land. The W. L. Florence Company of Powder Springs, Georgia, the low bidder with a bid of $290,000, won the contract. This bid, well-below the estimated cost of $400,000, allowed the CAA to add the third runway to this construction project. The construction began on 14 July 1941. In the next month, the Gulf Oil Corporation and Georgia Air Services agreed to lease the airport, once completed, for $12,000 per year. In September 1941, Eddie Rickenbacker, America's leading flying ace of World War I, and then the president and general manager of Eastern Airlines, agreed to have this airport named Rickenbacker Field in his honor. In the same month, the U.S. Navy requested permission to use this airport for the flight training of Naval aviators. (The Navy had established the "Naval Aviation Reserve Base Atlanta", at what is now the DeKalb-Peachtree Airport, in March 1941.) In October, Georgia Air Services signed a $70,000 contract for two 180x160-ft. airplane hangars to be built. Although it was far from completion, the dedication of this airfield took place in October 1941

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, work on this new airfield accelerated rapidly. In January 1942, Lawrence Dale Bell, the founder and president of the Bell Aircraft Company, inspected this site for a proposed government-financed airplane factory for the Department of War. Meanwhile, the Department of the Navy announced its intention to take over the new airfield as an auxiliary naval air station. The Navy shortly began land-condemnation proceedings.

The Department of War, in turn, announced that it would not contest the wish of the Department of the Navy to take over Rickenbacker Field, and that it would build its new factory elsewhere. The Cobb County government appealed to the Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, urging him to change the Navy's plans. Since other options were available for flight training. Secretary Knox relinquished the Navy's claim on this airfield and left it to the Army Air Forces. (During World War II, the Navy established an auxiliary naval air station at Gainesville, Georgia, just northeast of Atlanta.)

On January 23, 1942, the Bell Aircraft Company and the Department of War announced that an aircraft factory employing up to 40,000 workers would be built near Marietta. Also, the Department of War announced on February 19 that "Rickenbacker Field" would be renamed the Marietta Army Airfield. Although its construction began in March 1942, its official ground-breaking ceremony took place in May 1942, with Captain Rickenbacker present. Rickenbacker went on to establish and pay for an aviation educational program to train workers for both civil aviation and military aviation. Also in 1942, the City of Atlanta began work on its contribution: a pipeline to supply the new factory with water from the Chattahoochee River.

In addition to taking over Rickenbacker Field, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) purchased a parcel of land just north of the airfield for a cantonment area. The Marietta Army Airfield was activated on June 6, 1943, with its personnel housed in tents as part of the 58th Bombardment Operational Training Wing. At the end of June 1943, there were 42 officers and 356 enlisted men stationed here.

The mission of the Marietta Army Airfield was acceptance testing of B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers for the USAAF, the modification of B-29s, and the operation of an Army Air Depot. Barracks for the soldiers reached completion in November 1943. By January 1, 1944, the number of soldiers stationed here had risen to 73 officers and 1,263 enlisted men. For a period of time, the Marietta Army Airfield was assigned to the USAAF's Second Air Force under the XX Bomber Command. On 12 April 1944, the Marietta Army Airfield was reassigned to the "17th Bombardment Operation Training Unit".

In the spring of 1943 the adjacent Bell Aircraft Company's factory, an additional plant (besides a pair of Boeing plants Renton, Washington and Wichita, Kansas (former Stearman Aircraft) and a Martin plant at Offutt Field, Omaha, Nebraska ) for manufacturing B-29 Superfortresses was completed. The "Defense Plant Corporation" of the Department of War paid for the construction of this factory, and the department called it "Plant #6". Bell Aircraft completed its first B-29 on schedule, and this was first test-flown on November 4, 1943. The production of B-29s at this factory increased slowly during 1944, and by the fall of 1944, Bell Aircraft's output of new B-29s began to meet and exceed the goals of the Department of War.

By January 1945, Bell Aircraft had completed 357 B-29A's. After the completion of the last one of these, the production in Marietta was switched to the B-29B Superfortress, which was a simplified version of the B-29 without the computerized gun system and other components that raised the allowable bomb load from 11,000 to 18,000 pounds. The new B-29B radar, mounted in a wing-shaped radome under the fuselage, gave much better images of the ground. The 315th Bombardment Wing based at Northwest Field, Guam, received most of the B-29Bs for night low altitude pathfinder led missions against Japan. Bell built a total of 311 B-29Bs before the plant closed in January 1946. At its height, the Bell Bomber plant employed 28,263.

Post-war
Marietta Army Airfield remained open after the war and became the home of Georgia Air National Guard (ANG) and Air Force Reserve units. The first post-war ANG unit, the 128th Fighter Squadron, activated at Marietta on 20 August 1946, with P-47 Thunderbolts. This was followed by the activation of the headquarters of the 116th Fighter Group on 9 September and the activation of the headquarters of the 54th Fighter Wing which commanded 56 units of the Air National Guard throughout the Southeastern states.

In 1948, part of the land and barracks at the original Naval Air Station Atlanta in nearby Chamblee were given to the state for the purpose of creating an engineering technology school that could rapidly train returning soldiers for civilian work in various technical fields.

Also in 1948 the airfield became Marietta Air Force Base as a result of the creation of the United States Air Force. In 1950, the Air Force renamed the base Dobbins Air Force Base in honor of Captain Charles M. Dobbins of Marietta, a World War II transport pilot. Captain Dobbins died near Sicily on July 11, 1943, when US Navy gunners who had earlier suffered a Luftwaffe (German air force) attack mistakenly downed his C-47. He was flying his third mission of the day, dropping paratroopers.

Following the war, the Bell Aircraft Plant #6 remained closed for five years. In 1951, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation took over the plant to modify B-29s for the Korean War. Lockheed also went on to build 394 B-47 Stratojets at the plant under license from Boeing. Additionally, Lockheed also conducted a B-47 modification program at Marietta. To handle the B-47 production and modification work, the airfield received a 10,000 × 300 ft runway. Over the years, the Lockheed plant constructed the Lockheed JetStar business jet (C-140), C-130 Hercules, C-141 Starlifter, and C-5 Galaxy.

In 1957, Naval Air Station Atlanta (NAS Atlanta) at the present day Peachtree-DeKalb Airport in nearby Chamblee moved to Dobbins AFB. The Navy constructed a cantonment area on the southwest portion of Dobbins AFB for their use.

In 1962, the Southern Technical Institute (now Kennesaw State University) began classes on land given to the University System of Georgia by Dobbins AFB four years prior.

In June 1992 the official name was changed from Dobbins Air Force Base to Dobbins Air Reserve Base (Dobbins ARB). In 2003, the Air Force Reserve Command changed the name again to Dobbins Joint Air Reserve Base (Dobbins JARB). However, with the closure of the NAS Atlanta on 29 September 2009, the name reverted to Dobbins Air Reserve Base once again.

In September 2005, the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Hurricane Hunter aircraft flew out of Dobbins JARB after Hurricane Katrina did major damage to their normal home at Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi. Numerous evacuees also came to metro Atlanta through Dobbins JARB, including many medevaced medical patients taken in by local hospitals.

Over the years, a wide variety of U.S. Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force aircraft have been stationed at Dobbins AFB with the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard, including the P-51 Mustang, F-51 Mustang, F-84 Thunderstreak, F-86 Sabre, C-97 Stratocruiser, C-123 Provider, C-124 Globemaster II, F-100 Super Sabre, F-105 Thunderchief, F-4 Phantom II, C-7 Caribou, C-130 Hercules and the F-15 Eagle. Naval aircraft have included the A-4 Skyhawk, A-7 Corsair II, A-6 Intruder, F/A-18 Hornet and C-9 Skytrain II of the U.S. Navy and OV-10 Bronco, AH-1 SeaCobra, UH-1 Huey and F/A-18 Hornet aircraft of the U.S. Marine Corps.

Currently and its future.

In 1995, Lockheed merged with Martin Marietta to become Lockheed Martin. The C-130 Hercules remains in production 60 years after the first one rolled out in 1955. Work also continues on the F-22 Raptor and the Joint Strike Fighter. Dobbins ARB has its own ZIP code, 30069, and Lockheed Martin also has its own ZIP code, 30063, however, Marietta is the only place name (city) considered acceptable by the United States Postal Service for the latter.

Dobbins ARB is also an automated weather station, reporting five minutes before every hour. Until sometime in 2008, it only reported from 7am to 11pm (6:55 to 10:55/22:55), although it occasionally reported overnight during unusual weather conditions, such as strong winds due to the 2004 hurricanes (Frances, Jeanne, Ivan). Local conditions shown on The Weather Channel (TWC) and Weatherscan are now taken from a different system set up by TWC during the mid-2000s (decade); until then, overnight conditions for local cable TV systems came from Fulton County Airport.

Like most U.S. bases, Dobbins ARB has had to fend off several attempts at closing it, as part of streamlining the country's military and reducing unnecessary spending. Development has steadily encroached upon the base since the war. 1978 OV-1 Mohawk 1989 A-7 Corsair II and 1993 C-130 Hercules plane crashes into residential areas near the base raised questions of safety in having a base in such a densely populated suburban area. The airfield now sits in a vast sea of urban development; flying demonstrations at air shows were discontinued some years ago because of safety concerns, although the Navy hosted air shows in 2004 and 2006, and the Air Force side hosted air shows in 2008 and 2010 (2008 marked the first time in over 15 years of a USAF Thunderbirds performance at KMGE).

Public complaints about the noise continue, and attempts to close the facility have been thwarted so far by powerful local politicians, such as former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn in 1995. However, some have proposed that it again become a commercial airport, as it was originally envisioned (there have been calls for Dobbins ARB to become the second major commercial airport in metro Atlanta, to be a major reliever to Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the busiest airport in the world).

Dobbins ARB is the only U.S. military facility left in northern Georgia after the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommendations were enacted. The Georgia Air National Guard transferred to Robins AFB in 1996, leaving Air Force Reserve C-130s as the only Air Force flying unit at the base. The 248th Medical Company (Air Ambulance) and elements of the 151st Aviation Regiment of the Army National Guard are also based there. More units relocated to Dobbins ARB as the Georgia Army National Guard took over NAS Atlanta as the latter closed due to BRAC and became a tenant non-flying command known as Navy Operational Support Center Atlanta.

Dobbins is also the home of the U.S. Air Force Reserve's Transportation Proficiency Center which provides accelerated training for Airmen joining the Air Force Reserve in transportation career fields, specialized skill training, and pre-mobilization readiness training for Reserve component transportation Airmen called to active duty service.

Near Dobbins ARB's main gate stands a Wichita-built B-29 named "Sweet Eloise" (B-29-80-BW, AAF Ser. No. 44-70113), which is on public display as a memorial to World War II bomber production at the site. However, at least two Marietta-built B-29s have survived the years. One is on display at the Georgia Veterans State Park near Cordele (B-29A-15-BN, AAF Ser. No. 42-93967) and the other (B-29B-55-BA, AAF Ser. No. 44-84053) is located at Robins Air Force Base's Museum of Flight in Warner Robins, Georgia.

Major Commands to which assigned

 * AAF Air Service Command, October 13, 1942
 * Commanding General, Army Air Forces, September 27, 1943
 * Second Air Force, January 14, 1944
 * AAF Materiel Command, July 15, 1944
 * AAF Materiel and Services, July 17, 1944
 * Redesignated: AAF Technical Service Command, August 31, 1944

 * Air Technical Service Command, July 1, 1945
 * Air Materiel Command, March 9, 1946
 * Air Defense Command, June 25, 1946
 * Continental Air Command, May 10, 1949
 * Air Force Reserve, August 1, 1968
 * Redesignated: Air Force Reserve Command, February 17, 1997–present

Major Units assigned

 * 522d Base HQ and Air Base Squadron, June 10, 1943 – March 25, 1944
 * 292d Army Air Force Base Unit, March 25, 1944 – May 31, 1946
 * 54th Fighter (later Troop Carrier) Wing, October 2, 1946 – October 11, 1950
 * 4204th Army Air Force (later Air Force) Base Unit, May 31, 1946 – December 14, 1958
 * 94th Bombardment Group, May 29, 1947 – March 20, 1951
 * Established as: 94th Bombardment (later Tactical Reconnaissance) Wing, June 26, 1949 – May 18, 1955

 * 514th Troop Carrier Group, May 29, 1947 – June 26, 1949
 * 35th Air Division, September 4, 1951 – November 15, 1958

 * 902d Reserve Training Wing, December 19, 1951 – June 13, 1952
 * 116th Tactical Fighter Wing (Various Designations), July 10, 1952 – 1996
 * 2589th Air Reserve Combat Training Center, November 1, 1953 – December 27, 1961
 * 445th Troop Carrier Wing (Various Designations), September 6, 1957 – June 29, 1971
 * 918th Troop Carrier Group (Various Designations), January 15, 1963 – September 1, 1975
 * 94th Tactical Airlift Wing / 94th Airlift Wing (Various Designations), July 1, 1972 – Present
 * Fourteenth Air Force, October 8, 1976 – July 1, 1993

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Dobbins Air Reserve Base.

United States Air Force
Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)

 * Twenty-Second Air Force
 * Headquarters Twenty-Second Air Force
 * 94th Airlift Wing (Host Wing)
 * 94th Operations Group
 * 94th Aeromedical Evacuation
 * 94th Airlift Control Flight
 * 700th Airlift Squadron – C-130H Hercules
 * 94th Operations Support Squadron
 * 94th Mission Support Group
 * 80th Aerial Port Squadron
 * 94th Aerial Port Squadron
 * 94th Mission Support Squadron
 * 94th Security Forces Squadron
 * 94th Logistic Readiness Squadron
 * 94th Civil Engineering Squadron
 * 94th Force Support Squadron
 * 94th Communications Squadron
 * 94th Maintenance Group
 * 94th Maintenance Squadron
 * 94th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 94th Aeromedical Staging Squadron

United States Marine Corps
Marine Forces Reserve

 * 4th Marine Logistics Group
 * Combat Logistics Regiment 45
 * Combat Logistics Battalion 25
 * Combat Logistics Battalion 451

United States Army
Army National Guard (ARNG)

Georgia Army National Guard

78th Aviation Troop Command

 * 111th Aviation Regiment
 * 1st Battalion (General Support)
 * Company C
 * 151st Aviation Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion (Service & Support)
 * 171st Aviation Regiment
 * 1st Battalion (General Support)
 * Company H
 * Detachment 9, Operational Airlift

United States Navy
US Navy Reserve

 * Navy Operational Support Center (NOSC) Atlanta

National Guard
Georgia National Guard

 * Headquarters Georgia National Guard

title: Dobbins Air Reserve Base


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Talk:1st century BC

BC or BCE
A quick question: should the pages about years in this particular epoch use "BC" or "BCE"? I would have thought BCE more appropriate, as it is religiously neutral, and according to Anno Domini is the more commonly used term in academic circles.

 * The Manual of Style (dates and numbers) leaves it to the discretion of the individual editor, stating only that it should be consistent within an article. But there have been very long debates on Wikipedia Talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers) (many in its archives), including a current debate at Eras/Compromise proposal and its talk page. No consensus is forthcoming. — Joe Kress 30 June 2005 01:25 (UTC)

This page has the same information as in 1st century BC, we should chose one to keep and one to delete. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Imamathwiz (talk • contribs) 06:12, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

This article is for both BC and BCE
The 1st century BC article is also the 1st century BCE article, as a consequence of a redirect. As a general guideline, when multiple terms redirect to the same article, that article usually tries to discuss all the terms, and I see no reason why the AD/BC century articles should be any different. I tried to edit the article to make it discuss both the BC and BCE terms, but my edit was reverted. —AlanBarrett (talk) 18:59, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that we should mention both terms. It might be possible to do it more tidily though - maybe mentioning only once the fact that BCE is equivalent to BC, with perhaps more explicit information about and/or links to the meaning of both abbreviations.--Kotniski (talk) 19:14, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, links to both the Anno Domini article (to explain the AD/BC notation) and the Common Era article (to explain the CE/BCE notation) seem to be necessary. For example, if you follow a link from some other article to 1st century BCE, you should easily be able to find an explanation of what "BCE" means.  —AlanBarrett (talk) 20:32, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm all for mentioning BCE, I just don't think we need to mention BCE everywhere at par with BC. Perhaps we could simply mention it at the beginning, with a link to Common Era? We could duplicate this idea at all other articles for "BC" years. For example:

The 1st century BC (or 1st century BCE) started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or historical period. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC.
 * I think that a simple mention at the very beginning is sufficient, since the article's name is indeed "1st century BC". The Common Era link will provide sufficient information about the AD/BC alternative. I'd say any further mention about it would be too cluttering. Anyone have any other suggestions? — `C RAZY `( lN )`S ANE ` 02:34, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The suggestion above looks fine to me. (Except that I'd use non-breaking spaces instead of plain spaces between the number and the "BC" or "BCE" suffix, e.g. " ", which renders as "100 BC" but ensures that there is never a line break between the number and the suffix.) —AlanBarrett (talk) 11:09, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Looks like there are no objections after a few days... I will incorporate the agreed changes. — `C RAZY `( lN )`S ANE ` 06:17, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Sacred and Non-Western History
Do events recorded only in the sacred history of a sect and not generally found in mainstream history textbooks, e.g. Nephite history from the Book of Mormon, belong on the event list?

Also, shouldn't there be more coverage of events outside the Mediterranean Basin for which reliable dating exists, e.g. East Asia, Indian Subcontinent, empires of the Western Hemisphere, etc.? Davidhof (talk) 07:47, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * No, only Biblical tales such as the Exodus are included in Wikipedia's list of historical events. While there is an equal amount of evidence and expert opinion supporting the Mormon theory of Native American origins as there is behind the tale of 2 million Jews escaping Egypt, one tale is significantly more popular and is worthy of being included as history. 2.102.160.82 (talk) 18:17, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Holocene Calendar
The Holocene calendar has a year 0, so why does it say that the 100th century runs from 9901-10000? Am removing the statement. --24.150.196.3 (talk) 17:25, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:1st century BC


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MGE

MGE is a three letter acronym, which may mean:
 * Madison Gas and Electric
 * Mahatma Gandhi Expressway
 * Medial Ganglionic Eminence, a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system
 * GM Medium Gasoline Engine
 * MGE UPS Systems, maker of three-phase uninterruptible power supplies, a subsidiary of Schneider Electric since 2003
 * MGE Office Protection Systems, maker of single-phase UPSes, bought from Schneider by Eaton Corporation in 2007
 * Missouri Gas Energy, a natural gas distribution company
 * Mobile genetic elements
 * Modular GIS Environment
 * Machine Gun Etiquette, an album by The Damned
 * Myanma Gems Enterprise

MGE

title: MGE


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Maha Shivaratri

Maha Shivaratri (महाशिवरात्रि) is a Hindu festival celebrated annually in honour of the deity Shiva, between February and March. According to the Hindu calendar, the festival is observed on the fourteenth day of the first half (night start with darkness - waning) of the lunar month of Phalguna. The festival commemorates the wedding of Shiva and Parvati, and the occasion that Shiva performs his divine dance, called the Tandava.

It is a notable festival in Hinduism, marking a remembrance of "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in life and the world. It is observed by remembering Shiva and chanting prayers, fasting, and meditating on ethics and virtues such as honesty, non-injury to others, charity, forgiveness, and the discovery of Shiva. Ardent devotees stay awake throughout this night. Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on a pilgrimage to the Jyotirlingams. The festival is believed to have originated in 5th century BCE.

In Kashmir Shaivism, the festival is called Har-ratri or phonetically simpler Haerath or Herath by Shiva devotees of the Kashmir region.

Description
Maha Shivaratri is particularly important in the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism. Unlike most Hindu festivals that are celebrated during the day, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated at night. Furthermore, unlike most Hindu festivals that include expression of cultural revelry, Maha Shivaratri is a solemn event notable for its introspective focus, fasting, meditation on Shiva, self study, social harmony and an all-night vigil at Shiva temples.

The celebration includes maintaining a jagarana, an all-night vigil and prayers, because Shaiva Hindus mark this night as "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in one's life and the world through Shiva. Offerings of fruits, leaves, sweets and milk are made to Shiva, some perform all-day fasting with Vedic or Tantric worship of Shiva, and some perform meditative yoga. In Shiva temples, the sacred Panchakshara mantra of Shiva, "Om Namah Shivaya" is chanted throughout the day. Devotees praise Shiva through the recitation of the hymn called the Shiva Chalisa.

Legend and significance
The Maha Shivaratri is mentioned in several Puranas, particularly the Skanda Purana, Linga Purana, and Padma Purana. These medieval era Shaiva texts present different versions associated with this festival, such as fasting, and offering reverence to a lingam - an emblematic figure of Shiva.

Different legends describe the significance of Maha Shivaratri. According to one legend in the Shaivism tradition, this is the night when Shiva performs the heavenly dance of creation, preservation and destruction. The chanting of hymns, the reading of Shiva scriptures and the chorus of devotees joins this cosmic dance and remembers Shiva's presence everywhere. According to another legend, this is the night when Shiva and Parvati got married. A different legend states the offering to Shiva icons, such as the linga, is an annual occasion to overcome any past sins, to restart on a virtuous path, and thereby reach Mount Kailasha for liberation. It is also believed that on this particular day, Shiva gulped the Halahala produced during the Samudra Manthana and held it in his neck, which bruised and turned blue. As a result, he acquired the epithet Nilakantha. It is also believed that the famous Neelkanth Mahadev Temple is the place where this incident took place.

The significance of dance tradition to this festival has historical roots. The Maha Shivaratri has served as a historic confluence of artists for annual dance festivals at major Hindu temples such as at Konark, Khajuraho, Pattadakal, Modhera and Chidambaram. This event is called Natyanjali, literally "worship through dance", at the Chidambaram temple which is famous for its sculpture depicting all dance mudras in the ancient Hindu text of performance arts called Natya Shastra. Similarly, at Khajuraho Shiva temples, a major fair and dance festival on Maha Shivaratri, involving Shaiva pilgrims camped over miles around the temple complex, was documented by Alexander Cunningham in 1864.

India
Maha Shivaratri is celebrated in Tamil Nadu with great pomp and fanfare in the Annamalaiyar temple located in Tiruvannamalai district. The special process of worship on this day is Girivalam or Giri Pradakshina, a 14-kilometer bare foot walk around Shiva's temple on top of the hill. A huge lamp of oil and camphor is lit on the hilltop at sunset - not to be confused with Karthigai Deepam. A ritual marathon is undertaken by the devotees to the 12 Shiva shrines in the district of Kanyakumari on the day of Shivaratri called Sivalaya Ottam. In recent years, the Isha Foundation has been a major patron of such festivities in India, with even Prime Minister Narendra Modi having attended the celebration hosted at the site of the Giant Adiyogi in Coimbatore.

The major Jyotirlinga Shiva temples of India, such as in Varanasi and Somanatha, are particularly frequented on Maha Shivaratri. They serve also as sites for fairs and special events.

In Karnataka, Mahashivaratri is one of the most important festivals that is celebrated with much grandeur. The ardent worshippers stay awake all night and visit temples to take part in the rituals. Popular temple destinations such as Dharmasthala, Murudeshwara, Gokarna, Nanjangud, Male Madeshwara Hills, Kadu Malleshwara, Kotilingeshwara, Mylaralingeshwara among others are thronged with devotees across the state and other neighbouring states. The Isha Foundation's festivities are replicated at the Adiyogi Shiva temple at Chikkaballapur which was inaugurated on 15 January 2023.

In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, special pujas are held at Pancharamas - Amararamam of Amaravati, Somaramam of Bhimavaram, Draksharamam, Kumararama of Samarlakota and Ksheerarama of Palakollu. The days immediately after Shivaratri are celebrated as Brahmotsavaalu at Srisailam, one of 12 Jyotirlinga sites. Mahashivaratri utsavalu are held at the Rudreshwara Swamy's 1000 pillar temple in Warangal. Devotees throng for the special poojas at Srikalahasti, Mahanandi, Yaganti, Antarvedi, Kattamanchi, Pattiseema, Bhairavakona, Hanamkonda, Keesaragutta, Vemulawada, Panagal, Kolanupaka amongst others. Shivaratri yatras are held at Mallayya gutta near Kambhalapalle, Gundlakamma Kona near Railway Koduru, Penchalakona, Bhairavakona, Uma Maheswaram amongst others.

The Mandi fair is in the town of Mandi is particularly famous as a venue for Maha Shivaratri celebrations. It is believed that all gods and goddesses of the area, said to number more than 200, assemble here on the day of Maha Shivaratri. Mandi, located on the banks of Beas, is popularly known as the "Cathedral of Temples" and one of the oldest towns of Himachal Pradesh, with about 81 temples of different deities on its periphery.

In Kashmir Shaivism, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated by the Hindus of Kashmir and is called, "Herath" in Kashmiri, a word derived from the Sanskrit word "Hararatri" the "Night of Hara" (another name of Shiva). Shivaratri, regarded as the most important festival of the community, for instance, is celebrated by them on trayodashi or the thirteenth of the dark half of the month of Phalguna (February–March) and not on the chaturdashi or the fourteenth as in the rest of the country. The reason for it is that this long drawn festival that is celebrated for one full fortnight as an elaborate ritual is associated with the appearance of Bhairava (Shiva) as a jvala-linga or a linga of flame. It has been described as Bhairavotsava in Tantric texts as on this occasion Bhairava and Bhairavi, his Shakti or cosmic energy, are propitiated through Tantric worship.

According to the legend associated with the origin of the worship, the linga appeared at pradoshakala or the dusk of early night as a blazing column of fire and dazzled Vatuka Bhairava and Rama (or Ramana) Bhairava, Mahadevi's mind-born sons, who approached it to discover its beginning or end but miserably failed. Exasperated and terrified they began to sing its praises and went to Mahadevi, who herself merged with the awe-inspiring jvala-linga. The Goddess blessed both Vatuka and Ramana that they would be worshipped by human beings and would receive their share of sacrificial offerings on that day and those who would worship them would have all their wishes fulfilled. As Vatuka Bhairava emerged from a pitcher full of water after Mahadevi cast a glance into it, fully armed with all his weapons (and so did Rama), he is represented by a pitcher full of water in which walnuts are kept for soaking and worshipped along with Shiva, Parvati, Kumara, Ganesha, their ganas or attendant deities, yoginis and kshetrapalas (guardians of the quarters) – all represented by clay images. The soaked walnuts are later distributed as naivedya. The ceremony is called 'vatuk barun' in Kashmiri, which means filling the pitcher of water representing the Vatuka Bhairava with walnuts and worshipping it.

Central India has a large number of Shaiva followers. The Mahakaleshwar Temple, Ujjain is one of the most venerated shrines consecrated to Shiva, where a large congregation of devotees gathers to offer prayers on the day of Maha Shivaratri. Tilwara Ghat in the city of Jabalpur and the Math Temple in the village of Jeonara, Seoni are two other places where the festival is celebrated with much religious fervour.

In Punjab, Shobha Yatras would be organised by various Hindu organisations in different cities. It is a grand festival for Punjabi Hindus.

In Gujarat, Maha Shivaratri mela is held at Bhavnath near Junagadh where bathing in the Mrugi (Mrigi) kund is considered holy. According to myth, Shiva himself comes to bath in the Mrugi kund.

In West Bengal, Maha Shivaratri is observed devoutly by unmarried girls and boys seeking a suitable husband or wife, often visiting Tarakeswar.

In Odisha, Maha Shivaratri is also known as Jagara. People fast for their wishes whole day and take food after 'Mahadipa' (The great diya) rises at the top of Shiva temple. It usually is held during midnight. Unmarried girls also worship for seeking a suitable husband.

Special anointing rituals and worships were performed at the Karuvadikkuppam Kurusithananda Temple in Pondicherry on the eve of Maha Shivaratri with various items including milk and sandalwood for the Shivalingam. Also, a Natyanjali was held at the temple premises.

Nepal
Maha Shivaratri is a national holiday in Nepal and celebrated widely in temples all over the country, especially in the Pashupatinath temple. Thousands of devotees visit the famous Shiva Shakti Peetham nearby as well. Holy rituals are performed all over the nation. Maha Shivaratri is celebrated as Nepali Army Day amid a spectacular ceremony held at the Army Pavilion, Tundikhel. In the capital city of Kathmandu, there is a provision of road blockage where children use ropes and strings to stop the people or vehicle passing through in exchange of money. Worshippers of Shiva stay up all night and smoke marijuana as Shiva is believed to be an avid smoker and marijuana smoking on this day is called taking ‘Shivako Prasad’ or ‘Shiva Buti’ literally the "Blessing of Shiva". Crowds of sadhus and saints travel to Pashupatinath Temple located in Kathmandu from all of Nepal and neighbouring India to celebrate the day and perform puja on this day.

Pakistan
Another major temple where Shivaratri is celebrated is the Shree Ratneshwar Mahadev Temple in Karachi whose Shivaratri festival is attended by 25,000 people. On the Shivaratri night, Hindus in Karachi fast and visit the temple. Later, devotees from the Chanesar Goth come to the temple carrying water from the holy river Ganges, in order to bathe the idol of Shiva. Puja is performed until 5 am, when an aarti is then done. Devotees then walk barefoot with women carrying a pooja thali containing flowers, incense sticks, rice, coconut and a diya to the sea after which they are free to break their fast. They eat breakfast later on, which was made in the temple kitchen.

Outside South Asia
Maha Shivaratri is the main Hindu festival among the Shaiva Hindu diaspora from Nepal and India. In Indo-Caribbean communities, thousands of Hindus spend the beautiful night in over four hundred temples across multiple countries, offering special jhalls (an offering of milk and curd, flowers, sugarcane and sweets) to Shiva. In Mauritius, Hindus go on pilgrimage to Ganga Talao, a crater-lake.

title: Maha Shivaratri


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Talk:Horse archer

Suggested links http://www.intlhorsearchery.org/ International Horse Archery Festival http://www.atarn.org/chinese/horseback/chinese_horseback_archery.htm Very nice site on Chinese practices. Quite detailed.

Countering horse archers Ancient armies used combinations of light (and fast ) infantry armed with spears or bows and light and/or heavy cavalry. light infantry restricts horse archers' maneuver field and gives an opportunity to friendly cavalry to charge against them. horse archers' power comes from their speed and hit&run tactics. If a horse archer group lose these advantages they become ordinary cavalry. But this is a hard work. 'cause horse archers mostly evades this kind of situations and play the game by their rules. mkayapali

I think mounted archer term is much relevant to dragoons or mounted infantry who rides to battlefield on horse, then dismount and fight as a regular infantry. But a horse archer is a horseman who uses composite bow on horseback, attacks by volleys of arrows then runs back. This is the difference between horse archers and mounted archers. (In my opinion)mkayapali

 * It is a combination of both. They shoot volleys of arrows and can ride back to shoot more or can engage the enemy on horseback with a melee weapon or dismount and engage in melee.

question: how do you stop horse archers in ancient warfare?

is this even the right title? in my understanding, a "horse archer" is an archer who is also a horse... normally, they are called "mounted archers". I admit that "horse archer" gets some non.WP google hits, but at first glance not very authoritative ones. dab 20:38, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I have seen the term 'horse archer'used in Paul O'Connels 'Soul of the Sword'. This book is however dreadfully unreliable. If someone can prove that 'mounted archer' is a more appropriate term than 'horse archer' I will change the title of this article (and of the link in the Military History page which predated it).

"horse archer(s)" is more common in the internet (7000 hits) than "mounted archer(s)" (3300 hits). It is the more recent term, however, and probably most prevalent in American English. "horse archery" and "mounted archery" rank equally around 800 hits, and there is about a dozen hits for the pedantically correct "horsed archer". I still think "mounted archer" is the more "educated" term, and therefore preferable for the purpose of an encyclopedia. As an indication of this, combining searches with "Yabusame" (with the intention of weeding out gaming and fantasy pages), "mounted archer" gets 28 hits, and "horse archer" only five. I suggest a move to "mounted archer", but since "horse archer" is widespread, it's certainly not wrong to leave the title as it is, we should just place redirects for all the other terms. dab 07:24, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Would this article benifit from say addition of Pre-Columbian North American i.e. AmerIndian bow use?

Mounted archers are refered to as mounted because they are, well, mounted. Mounted on a horse. I see no problem in calling them horse archers, but mounted archers is the more correct term.

Firearm-equipped cavalry
I have expanded the article, adding the tactical uses of cav archers in ancient warfare and reorganizing the sections into 'Appearances in History' and 'Technology'

"Horse archers were eventually rendered obsolete by the development of modern firearms  The 16th century Cuirassiers were heavy cavalry equipped with firearms.." ''

These sentences I left intact, because I was unsure of what to do with them. The development of modern firearms did not necessarily put an end to cavalry tactics, but it did see the gradual replacement of bows with firearms, leastways in Europe. I don't have much information on firearms in respect to cavalry archers in the east, so I can't really replace this statement with anything. The latter statement, I have just checked, is correct. I'll add a part about Dragoons, another type of cavalry equipped with firearms. --LordHoborgXVII 02:27, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Cavalry Archers
I believe the correct title is "cavalry archers".And the primary way to counter cavalry was by formations of pikemen or phalanxes. However though with the introduction of firearms the usage of cavalry gradually lessened in importance (and I think replaced the pike?), because a peasant armed with a musket with a little bit of practice could easily kill a knight with years of training. 72.197.133.100 20:44, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Horse archery tactics perhaps used as late as the Napoleonic era...
Supposedly Napoleon's French invasion force encountered horse archers in Poland or Russia. There doesn't seem to be too much mention of this somewhat obscure fact but it might be worth mentioning in the article as an interesting exception to the common belief that the tactic had died out during the 16th century.

Here is a link, if any other sources can be found then this could be worth incorporating into the article.

[]

"Archers appeared in civilized warfare as late as 1807, when fifteen hundred " baskiers," horse-archers, clad in chain armour, fought against Napoleon in Poland."

"Horse archers in Hannibal's army"??? The light cavalry of the Carthaginians was made up of Numidians which were experts in handling the light javelin. There are no records of them using bows. They DID use horse archer tactics but they lacked the bow which defines an archer.

And regarding "horse archers" and "mounted archers". "Horse archers" is the correct therm since the cavalry corps of an army was called in the past "horse" or the infantry "foot". A mounted archer might meen a mounted infantryman using a bow but that might not use the horse in combat but only for transportation (ex: mounted infantrymen = dragoons).

title: Talk:Horse archer


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Drafting (aerodynamics)

Drafting or slipstreaming is an aerodynamic technique where two moving objects are aligning in a close group to exploit the lead object's slipstream and thus reduce the overall effect of drag. Especially when high speeds are involved, as in motor racing and cycling, drafting can significantly reduce the paceline's average energy expenditure and can even slightly reduce the energy expenditure of the lead vehicle.

Drafting in sport
Drafting is used to reduce wind resistance and is seen most commonly in bicycle racing, motorcycle racing, car racing, and speedskating, though drafting is occasionally used even in cross-country skiing, downhill skateboarding, and running. Some forms of triathlon allow drafting. Drafting occurs in swimming as well: both in open-water races (occurring in natural bodies of water) and in traditional races in competition pools. In a competition pool a swimmer may hug the lane line that separates them from the swimmer they are abaft of thereby taking advantage of the liquid slipstream in the other swimmer's wake. Drafting also occurs in competitive longboarding.

It is believed, but not yet conclusively proven, that thoroughbred racing horses draft each other, especially in longer races.

Cycling
In cycling, any time one bicyclist is riding behind another, energy is conserved, especially at higher speeds.

In road bicycle racing, the main (largest) group of tightly packed cyclists in a race is called a peloton where cyclists ride in a long formation with each (but not the first rider) drafting behind the others before them.

When cyclists ride fast they form a paceline. Each cyclist, except the first, is drafting behind another one. In order to ride very fast, a team of some skilled cyclists may form the "Belgian tourniquet". Successively, each cyclist leads the group. Drafting can be cooperative: several competitors take turns in the lead position (which requires the most effort and energy consumption). It can also be competitive or tactical: one competitor will try to stay closely behind another, leaving the follower with more energy for a break-away push to the finish line.

Running
Drafting behind another runner can conserve energy when facing a headwind. Generally the effect is much less pronounced than in cycling due to lower speeds.

Nike worked with the aerodynamics expert Robby Ketchell at the University of New Hampshire to experiment with and select a formation of pacemakers that would best minimize drag on the professionals it sponsored in the project it termed Breaking2. A Wired magazine report that interviewed various experts affiliated and unaffiliated with Nike found they universally expected more coordinated pacing efforts to occur in running after Breaking2, with two of the quoted experts predicting that behavior like "cooperative drafting", or races that incentivize cycling-peloton-like behavior could improve running times.

Road racing
In single seater, open wheel racing series such as Formula One and the IndyCar Series, as well as to a lesser extent in sports car racing, a technique known as slipstreaming is used. Along a long straight a car following close behind another uses the slipstream created by the lead car to close the gap between them, hoping to be able to overtake the leader under braking for the next corner, or if they have a straightline speed advantage, to pass on the straight. However it is very difficult for cars to follow each other close together in fast corners as the "dirty" (turbulent) air that comes off the lead car unbalances the trailing car as its aerodynamic devices provide less grip.

Stock car racing
On the faster speedways and superspeedways used by NASCAR and ARCA, two or more vehicles can race faster when lined up front-to-rear than a single car can race alone. The low-pressure wake behind a group's leading car reduces the aerodynamic resistance on the front of the trailing car, allowing the second car to pull closer. As the second car nears the first, it pushes high-pressure air forward so less fast-moving air hits the lead car's spoiler. The result is less drag for both cars, allowing faster speeds.

Handling in corners is affected by balance changes caused by the draft: the leading car has normal front downforce but less rear downforce. The trailing car has less front downforce but normal rear downforce. A car with drafting partners both ahead and behind will lose downforce at both ends.

Similar to the "Belgian tourniquet" in cycling, the "slingshot pass" is the most dramatic and widely noted maneuver associated with drafting. A trailing car (perhaps pushed by a line of drafting cars) uses the lead car's wake to pull up with maximum momentum at the end of a straightaway, enters a turn high, and turns down across the lead car's wake. The combination of running downhill and running across the zone of lowest aerodynamic drag allows the trailing car to carry extra speed and pass on the inside of the leader.

Drafting was discovered by stock car racers in the 1960 Daytona 500, when Junior Johnson found that he could use drafting as a strategy that helped him overcome the fact that his Chevrolet could not keep up with other cars, allowing him to win the race. Like Johnson, other drivers found they picked up speed running closely behind other cars, and as they experimented, they found that a line of cars could sustain higher speeds and/or use less fuel (resulting in fewer pit-stops) than a single car running by itself.

In recent years, as aerodynamics have become increasingly critical to the performance of stock cars on "intermediate" oval tracks (between 1.33 and 2 mi) and superspeedways not requiring restrictor plates (such as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway), the effect of turbulent, or "dirty", air when following closely behind another car has become much more akin to that described above in open-wheel racing (a situation described in NASCAR circles as aero push), and is often cited as a main reason for a decrease in the amount of overtakes.

Bump drafting
Drafting is most important at NASCAR's restrictor plate tracks, Talladega Superspeedway, Daytona International Speedway, and Atlanta Motor Speedway where the plates mean that much less power is available to push the large bodies through the air. Race cars reach their highest speeds on these superspeedways, so the aerodynamic forces are highest and the effects of drafting are strongest. Since restrictor plates were first used as a safety device, their effect has changed the nature of drafting. Vehicles no longer have sufficient horsepower or throttle response to maintain their drafting speeds upon exiting the draft; they can pull out and squeeze ahead but lack the response to clear the car being passed. This negates the slingshot maneuver. As a result, passing is often the result of cooperation between two or more drivers or is achieved by sucking air off the side of the car being passed, a technique called side-drafting.

Bump drafting is a tactic used at Talladega and Daytona. The technique was initially popularized by the Archer Brothers in the SCCA Sportruck series during the late 1980s. It begins as normal drafting, but the following car pulls up behind the lead car and bumps into the rear of it, pushing the lead car ahead, to maintain momentum.

If done roughly or in the wrong position (e.g. close to the entry of the turn), this tactic can destabilize the handling of the lead car, sometimes causing a crash. Use of the tactic in this manner is known as slam drafting. Due to the danger, NASCAR has attempted to limit the bracing on bumpers on cars, disallowed bump drafting in turns, introduced "no bump zones" on certain portions of speedways where this practice is prevalent, and penalized drivers who are too rough in bump drafting. The 2010 NASCAR season allowed drivers more freedom; bump drafting was allowed anywhere, including turns.

Kyle Busch is largely responsible for a different type of bump drafting, which is now referred to as "two-car drafting" and "tandem drafting". At a 2007 test session in Talladega, he asked Ryan Newman to push him from behind, and was stunned to realize he was two seconds faster with Newman's help. At the newly paved Daytona International Speedway in 2011, Busch was the first to realize that the corners were smooth enough to allow a two-car draft for the complete length of the track. During test sessions on the track, when Busch was pushed by his brother Kurt's Penske Racing teammate Brad Keselowski, they ran 15 mph faster than single cars. Other drivers quickly picked up on Busch's strategy, and the two-car draft dominated the 2011 Daytona 500 and Budweiser Shootout. This strategy had also been very prominent at Talladega. In 2011, two-car tandem drafting was used for the extent of the Aaron's 499, with many drivers drafting their own teammates (e.g., Jimmie Johnson and Dale Earnhardt Jr. drafted together, as did Jeff Gordon and Mark Martin). For the 2012 season, the Sprint Cup series cars were modified in a way that made the tandem impossible, in order to return to pack racing. In 2014, bump drafting was banned by NASCAR in the Nationwide Series and Camping World Truck Series. Tandem Drafting made a return when NASCAR removed the restrictor plate and replaced them with Tapered Spacers, and with the flat noses and bumpers of the modern Gen 6 cars, drivers could more easily tandem and gain speed, much like the early 2010s. After Ryan Newman's scary crash in the 2020 Daytona 500, NASCAR made efforts to change drafting at superspeedways, where less horsepower was used: the removal of aero ducts to eliminate tandem drafting and decrease closing rates, and a smaller throttle body to lower the amount of air into a racecar.

Tailgating and hypermiling
Some drivers have been known to draft behind other vehicles, particularly tailgating larger vehicles, to save fuel. For example, hypermilers using this technique can achieve 75 mpg or more (a 10% increase in efficiency of certain hybrid vehicles). Some sources say that the most common tailgating does not save gasoline even at freeway speeds because one is likely to accelerate and brake so frequently that any aerodynamic savings are lost through the brakes.

On the show MythBusters, drafting behind an 18-wheeler truck was tested and results showed that traveling 100 ft behind the truck increased overall mpg efficiency by 11%. Traveling 10 ft behind the truck produced a 39% gain in efficiency. Additionally, on the same episode, MythBusters demonstrated that it can be very dangerous for the following car if one of the truck's tires (or their recaps) delaminate, as the chunks of ejected rubber can be large enough to cause serious harm, even death, to a driver following too closely.

Drafters also face the danger that, if the vehicle in front stops suddenly, there is little time to react. Platooning is under study as a means to get the benefit while also increasing safety.

Computer simulation of drafting
Computer simulation (computational fluid dynamics or CFD) is increasingly being used to analyse drafting. It is important to understand the aerodynamic behaviour of a motor vehicle when drafting, for example if the rear car is too close to the front car, the air supply to its radiator will be reduced and there is a possibility of the engine overheating. Most motor sport aerodynamic analysis is performed using wind tunnel testing. This becomes difficult for drafting cases, if only because a very large wind tunnel is needed. CFD, a kind of virtual wind tunnel, is used by race teams to understand the car's performance while drafting.

Racing games, such as most in the Mario Kart series, simulate drafting by giving the player a speed boost.

Drafting in nature
Animals have been observed to use true drafting behavior reminiscent of auto racing or cycling. Caribbean spiny lobsters for example are known to migrate in close single-file formation "lobster trains".

Vortex surfing
Vortex surfing is a related phenomenon that is currently being investigated by the US Air Force to save fuel on long-distance flights. The idea is to fly aircraft in the upward part of the wingtip vortex of a leading aircraft. In 2003, NASA said one of its F/A-18 test aircraft had a 29% fuel savings by flying in the wingtip vortex of a DC-8. The DC-8/F-18 flight was an exploratory investigation of large aircraft vortex-induced performance benefits on a fighter-type aircraft. The aircraft flew at 25,000 feet with a separation of about 200 feet nose-to-tail. The F/A-18 slowly moved in laterally to explore the vortex effects, NASA said at the time. The Air Force has also tested vortex surfing with C-17s using auto pilot in 2012, and indicated a 10% fuel saving. Tests in 2013 produced even greater fuel savings.

Vortex surfing in nature
Cooperative fluid dynamics techniques like drafting are also found in nature. Flocks of geese and some other birds fly in a V formation because the wingtip vortices generated by the front bird will create up-wash circulations. The birds flying behind will receive lift force from these up-wash vortices. Thus other birds in the flock do not need to work as hard to achieve lift. Studies show that birds in a V formation place themselves roughly at the optimum distance predicted by simple aerodynamic theory.

title: Drafting (aerodynamics)


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Talk:Workbook (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bob Mould-Workbook (album cover).jpg
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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:19, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

♥ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.97.110.158 (talk) 09:19, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Workbook (album)


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M39 cannon

The M39 cannon is a 20 mm caliber single-barreled revolver cannon developed for the United States Air Force in the late 1940s. It was used on a number of fighter aircraft from the early 1950s through the 1980s.

Development
The M39 was developed by the Springfield Armory, based on the World War II–era design of the German Mauser MG 213, a 20 mm (and 30 mm) cannon developed for the Luftwaffe, which did not see combat use. The same design inspired the 30mm British ADEN cannon and the French DEFA, but American designers chose a smaller 20 mm round to increase the weapon's rate of fire and muzzle velocity at the expense of hitting power. The 20×102mm round was later chosen by France for the M621 cannon.

Initially designated the T-160, the new gun was installed for combat testing on a number of F-86 Sabre aircraft under the "GunVal" program in late 1952, and used in action over Korea in early 1953. The results of the program were startling, with the GUNVAL F-86F's having downed 6 MIG fighters and damaged 12 others. This signaled the end of the M3 .50 caliber as the preferred fighter weapon system ongoing. It was subsequently adopted as standard armament of the F-86H fighter-bomber, F-100 Super Sabre, F-101A and F-101C Voodoo, and the F-5 Freedom Fighter. The M39 was also used on the B-57B tactical bomber. Current models of the F-5 Tiger II still use the M39A2 version of this weapon. The M39A2 was introduced in 1964.

The weapon is gas operated and consists of a five–chamber magazine running parallel to the barrel. Sealing was provided by a forcing cone that was pressed into the barrel. The sealing movement was at no time more than 1/4". A feeder mechanism ensured the proper placement of the rounds for ramming. This was powered by a feeder shaft that received kinetic force via the rotating magazine drum. This in turn was powered by propellant gas. The exterior of the 5-cylinder drum was studded with bearings that acted on a shifting cam located below the rammer/extractor platform. The gun could be set up for either right- or left-hand feed by switching the feeder head around. Some 35,000 were produced before being superseded by the M61 cannon which outperformed the M39 in almost every way. The only US aircraft still flying with the M39 is the Northrop F-5, an aircraft now only used for training. Extensive work had to be done on the forcing cone, heat dissipation, cook-off prevention, link testing, and reinforcement, to raise the mean time between failures to 1-in-1000 rounds fired. Four arms manufacturers, three independent companies, and a university research department, were involved in getting the weapon working correctly.

In Vietnam in 1967 the 116th Assault Helicopter Company operating out of Củ Chi Base Camp used the M39 mounted inverted on the forward hardpoints on the underside of a UH-1 helicopter, with ammunition feed out the left cargo door through a chute. The unit's report for May through July 1967 states "A low-level type of attack has been used on bunker lines with a good deal of success. It consists of locating and pinpointing the target area, then turning out, dropping down to about 50 feet [50 ft] (at 120 knots [120 kn]) and when about 500 meters from the target, popping up to about 150 feet [150 ft], turning hell, death and destruction onto the target, turning off, and being gone before Charlie recovers from the shock....It is most effective on huts or heavily wooded tree lines.  A hut is almost totally destroyed, i.e., to the point of setting it on fire and reducing it to ashes, and a tree line is so effectively covered that many of the trees are defoliated or limbs, etc., blown off.  In situations where the enemy is using less than bunker-type cover, the 20mm coverage is so effective that it is quite reasonable to assume that those individuals who were in the area are either dead or severely wounded." As to the ammunition, the same unit report says, "The ammunition is M-56AZ high explosive incendiary #12 link. It weighs almost one pound per round and has a bursting radius of 9 meters. It is spin-actuated at about 50 meters.  It detonates upon contact with anything."

While a major leap forward in aircraft armament, all revolver cannon suffer from the effects of barrel wear, heat dissipation, and parts life. The final improved version of the M39 had barrel changes mandated at 4000 rounds. The system would be replaced by the M61 Vulcan in aircraft for this and MTBF as well as weight considerations.

T-75 cannon
The M39 served as the basis for the T-75 autocannon developed by Taiwan (Republic of China), as a more-powerful partial replacement for the M2HB machine gun onboard naval vessels and the HMMWV tactical vehicle, with its latest use being within the XTR-101 and XTR-102 weapon stations.

T-82T 20mm Twin Anti-Aircraft Cannon

The T-82 20mm Twin Anti-Aircraft Cannon as the basis for the T-75 autocannon developed by Taiwan (Republic of China).

Projectile specifications

 * Projectile weight: 101 g (3.56 oz)
 * Types
 * M56A3::HE-I with a 10.7-gram RDX explosive charge and a 1.3-gram incendiary charge
 * M242:HE-I-T
 * M53:AP-I steel tip has a 50% chance of penetrating 6.3 mm of RHA at a range of 1,000 meters and striking angle of 0°.
 * M775:AP-I-T
 * M55A2:TP
 * M220:TP-T

title: M39 cannon


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Gateway Theatre of Shopping

Gateway Theatre of Shopping or Gateway is a shopping centre located on uMhlanga Ridge in uMhlanga, north of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Gateway Theatre of Shopping is one of the top 100 largest malls in the world. .

Gateway sees more than two million visitors coming through its doors per month. The centre was modelled on the Mall of America and West Edmonton Mall centres and was developed by Old Mutual Properties.

The construction and opening of Gateway Theatre of Shopping has also been the driving force for many new developments in the area. Originally a sugar cane plantation, the establishment of Gateway on the site has led to the development of a new town centre and both commercial and residential developments within the region. There is also a hotel attached to the mall called the Gateway Hotel operated by AHA Hotels.

Facilities
Gateway has 18 movie theatres, more than 90 restaurants, more than 380 stores, an arcade and theme park, indoor fun fair, 2 Flow Riders, a gym, valet parking, a vortex tunnel (the first of its kind in South Africa )

title: Gateway Theatre of Shopping


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Phalguna

Phalguna (फाल्गुन) is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Phalguna is the twelfth month of the year and corresponds with February/March in the Gregorian calendar.

In Luni-Solar calendars, Phalguna may begin on either the new moon or the full moon around the same time of year and is the twelfth month of the year. However, in Gujarat, Kartika is the first month of the year, and so Phalguna follows as the fifth month for Gujaratis. The holidays of Holi (15 Phalguna in Amanta System/30 Phalguna In Purnimanta System) and Maha Shivaratri (14th Phalguna in Purnimanta System) are observed in this month.

In the Vikram Samvat calendar, Phalguna is the year's eleventh month.

In solar religious calendars, Phalguna begins with the Sun's entry into Pisces and is the twelfth month of the solar year.

In the Vaishnava calendar, Govinda governs this month. Gaura-purnima celebrating the birth of the saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534) also falls in this month.

Festivals
Most parts of North India see the early celebration of the famous Hindu festival Holi in this month. Holi is celebrated at the end of the winter season on the last full moon day of the lunar month Phalguna (Phalguna Purnima), which usually falls in the later part of February or March.

The Hindu festival of Shigmo is also celebrated in Goa and Konkan in the month of Phalguna. Celebrations can stretch over a month and may last even after the Hindu Luni-Solar New Year begins. Another popular fair is Phalguna Mela in Khatushyamji in Rajasthan.

title: Phalguna


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A426 road

The A426 road is a road in England which runs from the city of Leicester to the market town of Southam in Warwickshire via the towns of Lutterworth and Rugby.

History
Until the M1 motorway was completed in the 1960s this route formed the main route between Rugby and Leicester, now much quieter as all but local traffic uses the motorway. However, the local traffic has increased as Magna Park, a prominent East Midlands warehouse facility, has developed close to Lutterworth. Broughton Astley, a couple of miles north-west of Dunton Bassett and other local villages can often become congested with goods vehicles en route between Magna Park, the M1 motorway and the M6 Motorway. At rush hours the road can become gridlocked and reduced to less than 40 mph, particularly as agricultural traffic frequently uses the stretch. For this reason, journeys between Blaby and Rugby during rush hour can take much longer than anticipated.

The A426 crosses the route of the former A45 in Dunchurch, this would have formed one of the main routes between the Midlands and South East. Dunchurch is now bypassed to the South by the M45 motorway, and the A426 no longer meets the A45

Route
The A426 starts on the Leicester Inner Ring Road, heading South through the suburbs of the city, crossing the Outer Ring Road and bypassing the village of Blaby. It crosses over the M1 which it runs parallel to for the next 10 mi or so. The road becomes rural in nature until entering the small town of Lutterworth and crossing the A4303 Southern Bypass. A further 2 mi south and it crosses the A5 Watling Street at a roundabout and eventually the M6 junction 1. It starts a descent into Rugby as a dual carriageway with 5 local access roundabouts. Approaching the Town Centre the road becomes single carriageway again and crosses under the West Coast Main Line. It passes the main Town Centre to the West and heads Southwards out of the town towards Dunchurch after which it passes over the M45 and once again becomes a rural road for its final length to terminate on the A423 Southam bypass.

Former routes
The A426, compared to other routes is a relatively untouched road, with only a single bypass:
 * The road used to travel through the village of Blaby, now bypassed

Bus corridor
A controversial decision to allow a bus corridor to be constructed on the A426 from Blaby into Leicester was given the go ahead despite heavy local opposition.

title: A426 road


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Chaitra

Chaitra (चैत्र) is a month of the Hindu calendar.

In the standard Hindu calendar and India's national civil calendar, Chaitra is the first month of the year. It is the last month in the Bengali calendar, where it is called Choitro. Chaitra or Chait is also the last month in the Nepali calendar (the Vikram Samvat), where it commences in mid-March. Chittirai is the first month in the Tamil calendar. In the Sindhi calendar, this month is referred to as Chet and is marked by the celebration of the Cheti Chand (birth of Jhulelal, an incarnation of Vishnu). In the Vaishnava calendar, Vishnu governs this month. In solar religious calendars, Chaitra begins with the Sun's entry into Pisces.

In the more traditional reckoning, the first month commences in March or April of the Gregorian calendar, depending upon whether the adhika masa (extra month for alignment of lunar or solar calendar) was observed in the year. The first day of Chaitra is marked as the Chaitra Navaratri, the Hindu lunar new year.

Names

 * চ’ত 'sot'
 * চৈত্র 'choitro'
 * 'Chait'
 * ચૈત્ર 'chaitra'
 * Hindi and चैत्र 'chaitra'
 * ಚೈತ್ರ 'chaitra''
 * ചൈത്രം 'chaitram'
 * चैत 'chait'
 * ଚୈତ୍ର 'chaitra'
 * ਚੇਤ 'cēt'
 * 'chet'
 * चेट 'chet'
 * சித்திரை 'chittirai'
 * చైత్రము 'chaitramu'

Festivals
The month of Chaitra is also associated with the departure of spring. Holi, the Hindu spring festival of colours, is celebrated on the full moon day (Purnima) of Phalguna, the month before Chaitra, exactly six days after which the Chaiti form of the Chhath festival is observed.

In Chandramana (lunar) religious calendars, Chaitra begins with the new moon in March−April and is the first month of the year. The nine-day festival Chaitra Navratri or Navadurga (or "Nava Durga", the 'nine forms of the Goddess Durga') starts from Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. The first day of month Chaitra is celebrated as Hindu New Year's Day, known as Gudi Padwa in Maharashtra,  Puthandu in Tamil Nadu and Ugadi in Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. In West Bengal, Basanti Puja, Annapurna Puja, Ram Nabami, Neel Puja and Chorok Puja (a.k.a. 'Gajon') are held consecutively before the beginning of Bengali New Year on Poila Baishakh.

title: Chaitra


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Al Shean

Abraham Elieser Adolph Schönberg    (May 12, 1868 – August 12, 1949), known as Al Shean, was a comedian and vaudeville performer. Other sources give his birth name variously as Adolf Schönberg, Albert Schönberg, or Alfred Schönberg. He is most remembered for being half of the vaudeville team Gallagher and Shean, and as the uncle of the Marx Brothers (Leonard Joseph "Chico" Marx, Adolph (Arthur) "Harpo" Marx, Julius Henry "Groucho" Marx, Milton "Gummo" Marx and Herbert Manfred "Zeppo" Marx).

Biography
Shean was born in Dornum, Kingdom of Prussia on May 12, 1868, the son of Fanny and Levi or Louis Schoenberg. His father was a magician. His sister, Minnie, married Sam "Frenchie" Marx; their sons would become known as the Marx Brothers.

After making a name for himself in vaudeville, Shean teamed up with Edward Gallagher to create the act Gallagher and Shean. While the act was successful, the men apparently did not like each other much. After their act's final Ziegfeld Follies pairing, Shean went on to perform solo in eight Broadway shows, even playing the title character in Father Malachy's Miracle.

Shean had some solo film roles: as the piano player, known as "The Professor" in San Francisco (1936), as grandfather in The Blue Bird (1940), as a priest in Hitler's Madman (1943), and in some three dozen other films. He and Gallagher also made an early sound film at the Theodore Case studio in Auburn, New York, in 1925.

He died on August 12, 1949.

Legacy
Shean's son, also named Al Shean, worked on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show.

Shean is reputed to have written the Marx Brothers' first (moderately) successful vaudeville sketch on butcher paper at Minnie and Frenchie's kitchen table one night while he was visiting.

title: Al Shean


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Vaisakha

Vaisakha (वैशाख, ) is a month of the Hindu calendar that corresponds to April/May in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Indian national calendar, Vaisakha is the second month of the year. It is the first month of the Vikram Samvat calendar, Odia calendar, Maithili Calendar, Punjabi calendar, Assamese calendar (where it is called Bohag) and the Bengali calendar (where it is called Boishakh). This month lies between the second half of April and the first half of May.

Regional calendars used in the Indian subcontinent have two aspects: lunar and solar. Lunar months begin with Chaitra and solar months start with Vaisakha Sankranti. However, regional calendars mark when the official new year is celebrated. In regions such as Maharashtra which begin the official new year with the commencement of the lunar year, the solar year is marked by celebrating Vaisakha Sankranti. Conversely, regions starting the new year with Vaisakha Sankranti, give prominence to the start of the lunar year in Chaitra. In the Vedic calendar, it is called Madhava, and in the Vaishnava calendar, it is called Madhushudana month.

Overview
In the Hindu solar calendar, Vaisakha begins in mid-April in Bengal, Mithila, Nepal, and Punjab. In Tamil Nadu, it is known as Vaikasi (mid-May to mid-June) and represents the second month of the Tamil solar calendar. The Tamil month that corresponds to Vaisakha is Chithirai (mid-April to mid-May). In the Hindu lunar calendar, Vaisakha begins with the new moon in April and represents the second month of the lunar year. The name of the month is derived from the position of the Moon near the Vishākhā constellation ("Nakshatra") on the full-moon day. In the Vaishnava calendar, Madhusudana governs this month.

The month of Boishakh also marks the official start of Summer. The month is notorious for the afternoon storms called Kalboishakhi (Nor'wester). The storms usually start with strong gusts from the north-western direction at the end of a hot day and cause widespread destruction.

Festivals
The first day of Baishakh is celebrated as the Pôhela Boishak or Bangla New Year's Day. In Mithila Region it is celebrated as the Jur Sital or Mithila New Year's Day. The day is observed with cultural programs, festivals and carnivals all around the country. The day of is also the beginning of all business activities in West Bengal and Bangladesh. The traders starts new fiscal account book called Halkhata. The accounting in the Halkhata begins only after this day. It is celebrated with sweets and gifts with customers.

The harvest festival of Vaisakhi is celebrated on in this month which marks the Punjabi new year according to the Punjabi calendar. Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on the Punjabi New year day.

Vaisakha Purnima is celebrated as Buddha Purnima or the birthday of Gautama Buddha amongst Buddhists of South and Southeast Asia, Tibet and Mongolia. Purnima refers to the Full Moon. Known in Sinhala as Vesak, it is observed in the full moon of May.

Vaisakha sukla Panchami is celebrated as Adi Shankara birthday the great philosopher and theologian of Hinduism religion.

Vaishakha Purnima is known as "vaikasi vishakam" in Tamil Nadu which is celebrated as the birthday of Lord Murugan.

Vaisakha sukla chaturdasi is celebrated as Narasimha Jayanti Festival in Sri Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Swamivari Temple at Simhachalam.

title: Vaisakha


text: Category:Hungarian scientists

title: Category:Hungarian scientists


text: Category:Canadian chemists

title: Category:Canadian chemists


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Bad Suderode

Bad Suderode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Harz, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2014, it has for administrative purposes been included as part of the municipality of Quedlinburg. It is situated in a valley in the northern part of the Harz mountains, on the road from Quedlinburg to Friedrichsbrunn.

The place is one of several spa resorts in the area. The local spring water is noted for its exceptionally high concentrations of calcium.

History
It was only in 1914 that Suderode was renamed Bad Suderode.

Between 1 January 2011 and 19 February 2013, Bad Suderode was also part of the municipality of Quedlinburg. However, the 2011 municipal merger was, in 2013, declared invalid by the judicial decision of a constitutional court. The leading judge explained the court decision which was based on the over-riding importance of legal clarity. The 2011 merger lacked legal clarity because of the failure of the responsible council leaders to comply with time-lines regarding a two-month notification period, which they had themselves included as a requirement for the process.

title: Bad Suderode


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Jyeshtha (month)

Jyeshtha or Jyēṣṭha (ज्येष्ठ; जेठ jēṭ; জেঠ zeth; ଜ୍ୟେଷ୍ଠ Jyeṣṭha) is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Jyestha is the third month of the year. Known as Joishtho (জ্যৈষ্ঠ Jyôishţhô) in Bengali, it is the second month of the Bengali calendar.

In lunar religious calendars, Jyēṣṭha begins on the new moon and is the third month of the year.

Traditionally, Jyēṣṭha is associated with high summer, and corresponds to May–June in the Gregorian calendar. In Tamil, the month is known as Āni, the third month of the solar calendar that begins in mid-June.

In Hindu astrology, Jyēṣṭha begins with the Sun's entry into Taurus, and is the second month of the year.

Festivals

 * Shani Dev Jayanti is celebrated on New Moon day i.e. Amavasya of Jyeshtha month.
 * Ganga Dussehra is celebrated as the avatarana or descent of the Ganges from heaven to earth. The day of the celebration, Ganga Dashahara, the Dashami (tenth day) of the waxing moon of the Hindu calendar month Jyestha, brings throngs of bathers to the banks of the river. A soak in the Ganges on this day is said to rid the bather of ten sins (dasha = Sanskrit "ten"; hara = to destroy) or alternatively, ten lifetimes of sins.
 * Nirjala Ekadashi is celebrated on Shukla Paksha (waxing moon) Ekadashi (11th day) of Jyeshtha. It is the most sacred and auspicious Ekadashis among all 24 Ekadashis in a year. One can attain the benefits of all 24 Ekadashis by fasting on this day.
 * Vat Purnima is a celebration observed in Maharashtra and Karnataka, India. It is celebrated on the full moon day (the 15th) of the month of Jyeshtha on the Hindu Calendar, which falls in June on the Gregorian Calendar. Women pray for their husbands by tying threads around a banyan tree on this day. It honors Savitri, the legendary wife of Satyavan who escaped death for her husband's life.
 * Snana Yatra is a bathing festival celebrated on the Purnima (full moon day) of the Hindu month of Jyeshtha. It is an important festival of the Jagannath Cult. The deities Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, Sudarshan, and Madanmohan are brought out from the Jagannath Temple (Puri) and taken in a procession to the Snana Bedi. They are ceremonially bathed and decorated for a public audience.
 * Sitalsasthi Carnival is being conducted in this month on the day of Jyeshtha Shuddha Shashthi in Odisha for many centuries.
 * Jamai Sasthi is being conducted in this month on the day of the sixth tithi of the Shukla paksha in West Bengal in Bangladesh.

title: Jyeshtha (month)


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Ashadha

Ashadha or Aashaadha or Adi (आसाढ़ Āsāṛh or आषाढ Āṣāḍh; আহাৰ ahar; ଆଷାଢ଼ Āṣāḍh; আষাঢ় Āṣāḍh; असार asār; અષાઢ) is a month of the Hindu calendar that corresponds to June/July in the Gregorian calendar. In India's national civil calendar, this month is the fourth month of the year, beginning on 22 June and ending on 22 July. In Hindu astrology, Ashada begins with the Sun's entry into Gemini. It is the first of the two months that comprise the monsoon season.

The corresponding month in the Bengali calendar, Aṣaṛh (আষাঢ় "Ashadha"), is the third month.

In lunar religious calendars, Ashadha begins on a new moon and is usually the fourth month of the year.

Festivals
Rath Yatra that is dedicated to Jagannath is held in the month of Asadha every year in Puri and other places.

Guru Purnima, a festival dedicated to the Guru, is celebrated on the Purnima (Full Moon) day of the month. Prior to it Shayani Ekadashi, is observed on the eleventh lunar day (Ekadashi) of the bright fortnight (Shukla paksha). "Aadi amavasai" is an important festival in Tamil Nadu and auspicious for Amman.

In many parts of Nepal, the arrival of monsoon marks a special time for cultivating rice. This occasion starts with farmers, men and women, planting rice (राेपाइँ) while singing plantation songs. The farmers then participate in the mud festival, throwing mud at each other and welcoming the monsoon season. The festival ends with people sharing "dahi chiura (दही चिउरा)" (literally "beaten rice with curds") with each other.

Kakkada month in Kodava calendar in Coorg, is considered one of the significant and auspicious days. Aati soppu, kakkada paayasa are the delicacies prepared on this day.

In many parts of Gujarat, Dashamaa Vart dedicated to Dashamaa or Momai maa is observed on the Amavasya of Asadha every year.

title: Ashadha


text:
Talk:Geno's Steaks

Deletion
Geno's Steaks was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. 10 votes to keep (excluding unsigned alleged sock puppet vote, and keep vote struck through), 1 of which accepted merge; 1 clear vote to merge. Postdlf 05:51, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Geno's Steaks
Let's Delete this thing. Advertisement, not notable. --Improv 20:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * After seeing the votes involved here, I did a bit more research on the company, and it seems less clearly not notable. I still have doubts as to whether it's truly notable, but no longer enough to really advocate its deletion. I change my vote to Abstain --Improv 17:45, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP, KEEP, KEEP. Extremely notable. Cheese steaks are notable, Philadelphia is well known for its cheese steaks, and Geno's, along with Pat's Steaks, are the most well known makers of cheese steaks in the city. In fact, Pat's is commony cited as having invented the cheese steak, also very notable. This is not advertising. Geno's and Pat's are (quite literally) Philadelphia cultural icons. If you've ever had and enjoyed a cheese steak, you have Geno's and Pat's to thank for it. func(talk) 20:57, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Very local cultural icons are not usually notable enough for Wikipedia. --Improv 21:03, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge with cheesesteak and redirect. Likewise for Pat's Steaks. P. Riis 21:11, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or possibly merge. (Noting that these are not just local icons, as I knew of them growing up in New Jersey) — siro  χ  o  21:33, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Geno's and Pat's meet the notability bar IMO.  They're mentioned regularly on Food Network, and it's almost impossible to talk about cheesesteaks without talking about these places.  The language in the Pat's article could use a little neutralizing, though.  I could see a combined article, since they're usually spoken of in conjunction, or a merge with cheesesteak if necessary.   —Triskaideka 22:17, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Sufficiently notable; mentioned by Fortune magazine; seem to be the Chez Panisse of cheesesteaks. Ack, I'm hungry now. Antandrus 22:54, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable indeed! Nadavspi 00:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I had a cheesteak for lunch today, therefore keep. -Sean Curtin 01:18, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - living in Philadelphia, especially, you can't stop hearing about Geno's and Pat's. Even though this article could be cleaned up... Ian Pugh 01:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm completely across the country from Geno's -- and every cheesesteak place I've been in has pictures of Philly cheesesteak joints, and every single one has Geno's. Besides, I'm hungry. --jpgordon {gab} 04:20, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep This should never have been nominated for VfD. Waste of voters time.
 * The above vote was cast by User:Radman1, who subsequently cast another vote below.  —Triskaideka 15:44, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow... sock puppetry over a cheese steak joint... sad. func(talk) 16:29, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure which is more sad, sockpuppetry over a cheese steak joint or accusations of sockpuppetry over an article which no one feels should be deleted in the first place. anthony (see warning) 23:00, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I am very careful in my accusations, I do the research on edit history. When I've convinced myself that we've got a bonafide sock puppet on our hands, I don't appoligize. People who want to either troll or cheat in a vote get no sympathy from me, regardless of the ineffectiveness of their efforts. func(talk) 23:21, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * User:Radman1, "RaD Man", and GRider all appear to be the same person, who has been known for trolling, see: Votes for deletion/RaD Man. func(talk) 19:21, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Even in San Francisco I've heard of this place.  Agree it needs to be cleaned up though. --Neschek 19:48, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Appears notable. GRider 21:21, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This account was created after VfD nomination --Improv 17:45, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Was speedy deleted until I nominated it on VfU. Keep, obviously, one of the most famous cheese steak places in the world. anthony (see warning) 23:44, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP!!! Definately notable, mentioned on TV multiple times, been in the newspapers. building is a registered historic landmark according to the tourism board for Philadelphia. Alkivar 01:39, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep . *sigh* RaD Man 06:46, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

Night Photo
Proposed:

Current:

I would crop out some of the borders, but I believe my photo would be better, as it is how the landmark currently appears. Any suggestions? Any objections? J.reed 05:05, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Self-published source re origin of "Geno's" name
On my talk page: "I undid the "source" for two reasons: it isn't independent of the subject (it is the subject) and a link to the place is already on the article, so a second link is redudant. The place is famous, so sources independent of Geno's shouldnt be hard to find. Jacksinterweb (talk) 02:37, 26 December 2007 (UTC)"

re: and

While the source is not independent of the subject, the info it supports is not controversial in the least. Please see WP:SELFPUB. If you feel you have reason to believe this information is controversial, please explain why. Cheers. - Mdsummermsw (talk) 02:48, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It was a judgment call, that I won't revisit. Selfpub is fine, but independent should have been the first choice (which is also mentioned on the same page as WP:Selfpub). Geno's is an iconic restaurant, so independent sources shouldn't be hard to find.  At first blush an article with mutltiple direct links to Geno's web site seems a bit iffy.  Truth be told if section were just be phrased differently it never would have gotten the "fact" tag in first place (btw I didnt fact tag it).  Again, just a judgment call, and I won't pursue further.  Jacksinterweb (talk) 03:11, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Please
Clearly we have a photograph of this sign indicating that it says "Please". If there are any further edits to the sign's text on this Wikipedia article, please only remove or replace the entire text, and not just the word "please". Also remember WP:SOAP... what you think of this sign, establishment, or the people that work there is not encyclopedic. j.reed (talk) 18:57, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I've been re-adding the word "Please" as it is clearly on the sign. That said, I think it is possible/likely that the sign shown is not the original. I'd bet the original was something a bit low key and the new sign (similar to the bumper stickers) was added once Vento noticed that someone was paying attention to the signs. (After all, Vento is big on promoting himself/the business.) I haven't found a source for this, however. Anyone? - SummerPhD (talk) 21:23, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually the word "Please" is not very clear on that sign and I didn't even see it at first. That's partly why I removed it with the other part being that I had found several big name news sources quoting the sign without it. I wouldn’t be surprised if those reporters also didn't see the word, which is small and in cursive and is red and white and tends to blend in with the red and white flag and eagle. Because of this I saved the file and altered it in Photoshop, recropping, brightening, and sharpening it and replaced the old one. The CBS article that I used to replace the previous dead link does not include the word please. If you are looking for one that does you'll find it here: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23715954/?GT1=43001 If the current sign is not the original sign, I doubt you'll ever find a solid source for that one. By the way, it looks like you broke the page somehow with your last edit as the ref links are now mixed into the "English sign controversy" section. BillyTFried (talk) 00:13, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The word "Please" clearly is there. It is not obvious, possibly by design. I don't expect that we'll find a source saying Vento swapped signs, but we might find sources showing the original sign (assuming I'm right and this isn't the original). Actually, I'm beginning to wonder if the current sign isn't the original. A handwritten original sign would be an "off-the-cuff" kind of decision. I'm thinking a deliberatly provocative full-color job, decorated with flags and eagles and shit, might be more Ventos speed. - SummerPhD (talk) 14:25, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't "break" the page. It's damned hard to "break" anything on Wikipedia. I screwed up. When editing a section, I'll often temporarily add a tag so that I can see my finished refs in the preview. I've fixed it now. - SummerPhD (talk) 14:33, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I'm a fan of the new photo. The crop is a bit close and the photoshopping makes the "Please" clearer than the original sign. I like the slight pull back of the prior photo for context, but that's just my opinion. The increased clarity of the "Please", though, seems to be a distortion of the real McCoy. Such a thing might be appropriate if we had sources discussing the word being there and press missing it (if that's what happened). However, we're the only ones (AFAIK) talking about it, so I think the new one is beyond "descriptive". Other thoughts? - SummerPhD (talk) 14:33, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Edit to add: "Prior version" and "new version".

 * For me the word "please" is completely illegible in the older pic without clicking on it to see it blown up. But suit yourself, as long as you don't mind constantly re-adding the word please a million times. Frankly, I don't think it makes that much difference, kinda like the difference between saying FUCK OFF WET BACK! and PLEASE FUCK OFF WET BACK! :-P BillyTFried (talk) 00:29, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Joey Venuto death
Joe or Joey Venuto died of a heart attack on August 23, 2011. Considering his philanthropic activities and his famous (or notorious) Speak English sign, I think he should have a separate article. --DThomsen8 (talk) 12:55, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Can someone verify his date of birth? In the beginning of the article, it speaks about his life (1920-2011), yet further on, it says that he was 71 when he died.Wzrd1 (talk) 16:15, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Geno's Steaks. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050220192351/http://www.northeasttimes.com:80/2001/0606/cover.html to http://www.northeasttimes.com/2001/0606/cover.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080514120220/http://www.cbsnews.com:80/stories/2006/06/08/ap/national/mainD8I4BA7O0.shtml to http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/06/08/ap/national/mainD8I4BA7O0.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080324230420/http://www.cnn.com:80/2008/US/03/19/englishonly.cheesesteaks.ap/index.html to http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/19/englishonly.cheesesteaks.ap/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:08, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geno's Steaks