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A Hard Day's Night (song)

"A Hard Day's Night" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was primarily written by John Lennon, with some minor collaboration from Paul McCartney. It was released on the film soundtrack of the same name in 1964. It was also released as a single in the UK (with "Things We Said Today" as its B-side), and in the US (with "I Should Have Known Better" as its B-side.)

The song featured prominently on the soundtrack to the Beatles' first feature film, A Hard Day's Night, and was on their album of the same name. The song topped the charts in both the United Kingdom and United States when it was released as a single. The American and British singles of "A Hard Day's Night", as well as both the American and British albums of the same title, held the top position in their respective charts simultaneously for a couple of weeks in August 1964, the first time any artist had accomplished this feat.

Title
The song's title originated from something said by Ringo Starr, the Beatles' drummer. Starr described it this way in an interview with disc jockey Dave Hull in 1964: "We went to do a job, and we'd worked all day and we happened to work all night. I came up still thinking it was day I suppose, and I said, 'It's been a hard day …' and I looked around and saw it was dark so I said, '… night!' So we came to 'A Hard Day's Night.'"

Starr's statement was the inspiration for the title of the film, which in turn inspired the composition of the song. According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine: "I was going home in the car and Dick Lester [director of the movie] suggested the title, 'Hard Day's Night' from something Ringo had said. I had used it in In His Own Write [a book Lennon was writing then], but it was an off-the-cuff remark by Ringo. You know, one of those malapropisms. A Ringo-ism, where he said it not to be funny … just said it. So Dick Lester said, 'We are going to use that title.'"

In a 1994 interview for The Beatles Anthology, however, McCartney disagreed with Lennon's recollections, basically stating that it was the Beatles, and not Lester, who had come up with the idea of using Starr's verbal misstep: "The title was Ringo's. We'd almost finished making the film, and this fun bit arrived that we'd not known about before, which was naming the film. So we were sitting around at Twickenham studios having a little brain-storming session … and we said, 'Well, there was something Ringo said the other day.' Ringo would do these little malapropisms, he would say things slightly wrong, like people do, but his were always wonderful, very lyrical … they were sort of magic even though he was just getting it wrong. And he said after a concert, 'Phew, it's been a hard day's night.'"

In 1996, yet another version of events cropped up. In an Associated Press report, the producer of the film A Hard Day's Night, Walter Shenson, stated that Lennon described to Shenson some of Starr's funnier gaffes, including "a hard day's night", whereupon Shenson immediately decided that that was going to be the title of the movie (replacing other alternatives, including Beatlemania). Shenson then told Lennon that he needed a theme song for the film.

Composition
Lennon dashed off the song in one night, and brought it in for comments the following morning. As he described in his 1980 Playboy interview, "the next morning I brought in the song … 'cuz there was a little competition between Paul and I as to who got the A-side – who got the hits. If you notice, in the early days the majority of singles, in the movies and everything, were mine … in the early period I'm dominating the group … The reason Paul sang on 'A Hard Day's Night' (in the bridge) is because I couldn't reach the notes." However, McCartney and others remember McCartney collaborating with Lennon.

On 16 April 1964, the Beatles gathered at Studio 2 of the EMI Studios and recorded "A Hard Day's Night". It took them less than three hours to polish the song for its final release, eventually selecting the ninth take as the one to be released. Evening Standard journalist Maureen Cleave described a memorable taxi ride the morning the song was recorded:

"One day I picked John up in a taxi and took him to Abbey Road for a recording session. The tune to the song 'A Hard Day's Night' was in his head, the words scrawled on a birthday card from a fan to his little son Julian: 'When I get home to you,' it said, 'I find my tiredness is through …' Rather a feeble line about tiredness, I said. 'OK,' he said cheerfully and, borrowing my pen, instantly changed it to the slightly suggestive: 'When I get home to you/I find the things that you do/Will make me feel all right.' The other Beatles were there in the studio and, of course, the wonderful George Martin. John sort of hummed the tune to the others – they had no copies of the words or anything else. Three hours later I was none the wiser about how they’d done it but the record was made – and you can see the birthday card in the British Library."

In the Associated Press report, Shenson described his recollection of what happened. At 8:30 in the morning, "There were John and Paul with guitars at the ready and all the lyrics scribbled on matchbook covers. They played it and the next night recorded it." Shenson declared, "It had the right beat and the arrangement was brilliant. These guys were geniuses."

Opening chord
"A Hard Day's Night" is immediately identifiable by its iconic Rickenbacker 360/12 12-string guitar's "mighty opening chord" played by George Harrison. According to George Martin, "We knew it would open both the film and the soundtrack LP, so we wanted a particularly strong and effective beginning. The strident guitar chord was the perfect launch," having what Ian MacDonald called "a significance in Beatles lore matched only by the concluding E major of 'A Day in the Life', the two opening and closing the group's middle period of peak creativity".

According to musicologist Jeremy Summerly, "the sound of this chord is the most discussed pop opening of all time." Analysis of the chord has been much debated, it having been described as G7add9sus4, G7sus4, or G11sus4 and others below.

Part of the chord is an Fadd9 as confirmed by Harrison during an online chat on 15 February 2001:

"Q: Mr Harrison, what is the opening chord you used for 'A Hard Day's Night'? A: It is F with a G on top, but you'll have to ask Paul about the bass note to get the proper story."

According to Walter Everett the opening chord has an introductory dominant function because McCartney plays D in the bass: Harrison and Martin play F A C G, over the bass D, on twelve-string guitar and piano respectively, giving the chord a mixture-coloured neighbour, F; two diatonic neighbours, A and C; plus an anticipation of the tonic, G – the major subtonic as played on guitar being a borrowed chord commonly used by the Beatles, first in "P.S. I Love You" (see mode mixture), and later in "Every Little Thing", "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "Got to Get You into My Life" (in the latter two against a tonic pedal).

Alan W. Pollack also interprets the chord as a surrogate dominant, the G being an anticipation that resolves on the G major chord that opens the verse. He suggests it is a mixture of D minor, F major, and G major (missing the B). Tony Bacon calls it a Dm7sus4 (D F G A C), which is the minor seventh chord (plus the fourth, G) (for more information regarding chord functions see diatonic function).

Everett points out that the chord relates to the Beatles' interest in pandiatonic harmony.

Dominic Pedler has also provided an interpretation of the chord, with the Beatles and George Martin playing the following:
 * George Harrison: Fadd9 in 1st position on Rickenbacker 360/12 12-string electric guitar
 * John Lennon: Fadd9 in 1st position on a Gibson J-160E 6-string acoustic guitar
 * Paul McCartney: high D3 played on the D-string, 12th fret on Hofner 500/1 electric bass
 * George Martin: D2-G2-D3 played on a Steinway Grand Piano
 * Ringo Starr: subtle snare drum and ride cymbal

This gives the notes: G-B-D-F-A-C (the B is a harmonic). One of the interesting things about this chord (as described by Pedler) is how McCartney's high bass note reverberates inside the soundbox of Lennon's acoustic guitar and begins to be picked up on Lennon's microphone or pick-up during the sounding of the chord. This gives the chord its special "wavy" and unstable quality. Pedler describes the effect as a "virtual pull-off".

In 2004, Jason Brown, a mathematics professor at Dalhousie University, published a report titled "Mathematics, Physics and 'A Hard Day's Night'", in which he analysed the properties of the song's opening chord using Fourier transforms. He concluded that Martin's piano contribution provided the important element in the chord beside Harrison's playing. In November the following year, Wired published an article on Brown's use of Celemony's Melodyne Editor with Direct Note Access technology to further analyse the chord. Brown's findings were partly challenged in 2012 by another mathematician, Kevin Houston from the University of Leeds. Houston, who also used a Fourier transform, attributed a greater importance in Lennon's contribution on acoustic guitar, rather than the piano notes played by Martin.

Harrison played a repeated guitar arpeggio, outlining the notes of the opening chord, thereby ending the song in a circular fashion. Martin said that the ending was his idea: "Again, that's film writing. I was stressing to them the importance of making the song fit, not actually finishing it but dangling on so that you're into the next mood." The song contains 12 other chords.

Music
The song is composed in the key of G major and in a time signature. The verse features the ♭VII or major subtonic chord that was a part of the opening chord as an ornament or embellishment below the tonic. Transposed down a perfect fifth, the modal frame of the song though pentatonic features a ladder of thirds axially centred on G with a ceiling note of B♭ and floor note of E♭ (the low C being a passing tone).

According to Middleton, the song, "at first glance major-key-with-modal-touches", reveals through its "Line of Latent Mode" "a deep kinship with typical blues melodic structures: it is centred on three of the notes of the minor-pentatonic mode (E♭-G-B♭), with the contradictory major seventh (B♮) set against that. Moreover, the shape assumed by these notes – the modal frame – as well as the abstract scale they represent, is revealed, too; and this – an initial, repeated circling round the dominant (G), with an excursion to its minor third (B♭), 'answered' by a fall to the 'symmetrical' minor third of the tonic (E♭) – is a common pattern in blues."

Lennon opens the twelve-measure-long verse and carries it along, suddenly joined at the end by McCartney, who then sings the bridge.

Recording
During the recording of "A Hard Day's Night", Lennon and McCartney doubletracked their vocals throughout including the chorus. Lennon sings the lead vocal on the verses and Paul sings lead on the middle eight. During the chorus, McCartney handles the high harmony and Lennon the low harmony. Take 7 reveals that the lyrics were still not set with Lennon singing "you make me feel all right" and McCartney and Harrison still unsteady with their respective lines, ending with Lennon chiding them with the line "I heard a funny chord".

The instrumental break is played by Harrison on a Rickenbacker 12-string guitar, with Martin doubling on a piano, recorded to tape at half-speed and then sped up to normal. Recording this solo was the most time-consuming aspect of the session. A take that appeared on a bootleg in the 1980s reveals Harrison making multiple errors in his playing. In the description of Rolling Stone's editors: "But by the time the session ended at 10 that night, he had sculpted one of his most memorable solos – an upward run played twice and capped with a circular flourish, with the church-bell chime of his guitar echoed on piano by Martin."

The song closes with Harrison playing an arpeggio of the opening chord (Fadd9) during the fade-out.

Lyrics
The lyrics speak about the singer's devotion to his lover, and how he works so she can buy the things she wants. The singer sings about his tiredness when he comes home from work, but how the things that his lover does perk him up.

Release and reception
"A Hard Day's Night" was first released to the United States, coming out on 26 June 1964 on the album A Hard Day's Night, the soundtrack to the film, and released by United Artists. It was the first song to be released before single release (see below).

The United Kingdom first heard "A Hard Day's Night" when it was released there on 10 July 1964, both on the album A Hard Day's Night, and as a single, backed with "Things We Said Today" on the B-side. Both the album and single were released by Parlophone Records. The single began charting on 18 July 1964, a week later ousting the Rolling Stones' "It's All Over Now" from the top spot on the British charts on 25 July 1964, coincidentally the day when both the American and British albums too hit the peak of their respective charts. The single stayed on top for three weeks, and lasted another nine weeks in the charts afterwards.

The American single on 1 August started a two-week-long run at the top, setting a new record – nobody before had ever held the number one position on both the album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album Bridge over Troubled Water and its title track.

The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "She Loves You", "Can't Buy Me Love", "Love Me Do", "A Hard Day's Night", "I Feel Fine" and "Eight Days a Week". It was also the sixth of seven songs written by Lennon-McCartney to hit number 1 in 1964, an all-time record on the US charts for writing the most songs to hit number 1 in the same calendar year (see List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones).

The song's opening chord and closing arpeggios were highly influential on the Byrds. After watching the film A Hard Day's Night and seeing Harrison's choice of guitar, Roger McGuinn adopted the Rickenbacker as his and the Byrds' signature instrument. In this way, according to author Andrew Grant Jackson, "A Hard Day's Night" "birthed" the folk-rock sound that the Byrds popularised in 1965. That same year, "A Hard Day's Night" won the Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song at number 153 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2000, the 1964 recording of "A Hard Day's Night" on the United Artists label was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:
 * John Lennon – double-tracked vocals (verses), electric and acoustic rhythm guitars
 * Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocals (middle-eight), harmony vocal, bass
 * George Harrison – lead electric twelve-string guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums, bongos, cowbell
 * George Martin – piano, producer

In popular culture

 * "A Hard Day's Night" was used as wake-up music on Space Shuttle Missions STS-30, STS-61, and STS-69.
 * The song was played to conclude the Channel Four breakfast programme The Channel Four Daily in 1992.

Live renditions
The Beatles regularly played the song live throughout 1964 and 1965.

During his 2016 One on One tour, Paul McCartney played the song for the first time as a solo artist and for the first time by a Beatle in half a century. The Beatles played it for the last time on 31 August 1965 at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California.

Notable cover versions
Many artists have covered the song. Among the most notable is the single by Peter Sellers, a comedy version in which he recited the lyrics in the style of Laurence Olivier in the film Richard III. Sellers' version was a UK Top 20 hit in 1965. A version by Ramsey Lewis reached number 11 in Canada in February 1966.

title: A Hard Day's Night (song)


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Category talk:Plant families

This is an experiment in "slicing" - instead of making categories imitate ToL, this puts all families in Plantae in a single cat. Useful for assessing coverage, common vs Latin names, etc. Stan 15:22, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest moving this to Category:Flowering plant families to include only Angiosperm families, with conifers, ferns, etc., having their own separate categories - MPF 09:29, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Will each of those have sufficient members to support their own subcats? (I don't know, seems hard to get a straight story on the numbers of plant families in general). Also, I take it that the basic concept of a family category makes sense to you? I'm a little less enthused about this category than initially, because a category can't include monotypic families that are just redirs, so you can't quite use it to find a family whose name is so imperfectly remembered that Google-type searching doesn't return any matches. Stan 14:58, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi Stan - take a look over Category:Conifers and its subcategories and see what you think; I've got that categorised now to my satisfaction. There's a full list of flowering plant families at Wikipedia Tree of Life/Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group; there's plenty of them, though far from all have wiki articles yet - MPF 19:38, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I thought Bixa was in its own family. -- Bill Overal —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.129.128.7 (talk) 20:25, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category talk:Plant families


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Barry Dignam

Barry Dignam (born 31 March 1971) is an Irish filmmaker. Some of his films are Chicken, Dream Kitchen, Stages, Bounce and A Ferret Called Mickey.

Career
Barry Dignam studied drama at Trinity College, Dublin and Film at the National Film School of Ireland (IADT). He has made a number of internationally successful shorts including Chicken, Dream Kitchen and A Ferret Called Mickey. His films have been presented in official selection at over a hundred and fifty international film festivals and have won numerous awards. He has been nominated for a Palme d'Or at Cannes and a Berlin Bear. Dignam's work has been screened by top broadcasters including Film Four, PBS, Canal+ and have been released on DVD and theatrically in both Europe and the US.

Dignam lectures in screenwriting and direction at the National Film School at IADT Dún Laoghaire.

Personal life
Dignam and his partner, Hugh Walsh, are one of the first couples to enter into civil partnership in Ireland, and the first to do so after the mandatory three-month wait (six previous couples were granted exemptions on compassionate grounds).

title: Barry Dignam


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Talk:Power Line

Analysis of sourcing in the article as of April 16, 2021
When I added the notability template on April 6, I did so with the following edit summary, "Is this blog really notable? Article only cites two sources, and I'm having difficulty finding material ABOUT it." Since then has done a lot of work on the article, and added a lot of sources. Today XavierItzm removed the notability tag with the following edit summary, "Putting this one to rest. When your sources include The New York Times, The Boston Globe, CNN, NPR, Time, Politico and The Hill, among others, the goose is cooked." Now, before I added the notability tag I had seen articles in those sources quoting Powerline (or Power Line - sources spell it both ways), but not articles about Powerline, so I was curious what had been found.
 * - Not in depth coverage of Powerline. It quotes Powerline, and justifies quoting Powerline by describing it as "a widely-read conservative blog"; but it doesn't constitute significant coverage.
 * - Again, is not significant coverage of Powerline. Mentions it in passing while quoting it.
 * - Same situation as the first two.
 * - Same as the first three.
 * - Again, no significant coverage of Powerline.
 * - This one comes closer. But it's still essentially a quote and a brief (one sentence) description of the website rather  than significant coverage.
 * - This seems like an excellent source for this article. It is in-depth significant coverage in a reliable source.  So here's one.
 * https://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2007/02/016571.php - Not independent, so doesn't contribute to notability, but fine for establishing some general facts.
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20070304000738/http://newsbloggers.aol.com/category/power-line/ - See above; doesn't contribute to notability as not independent, but fine for establishing the fact that AOL included them.
 * https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0607/4483_Page2.html - We're back to failing significant coverage. It's mentioned on a list of blogs they should talk to.
 * - not significant coverage
 * - again, this is not significant coverage, even though they are quoted at length in the article, the article is not about them.
 * - This one is interesting. It is an interview with the bloggers about the impact the blog had on a specific story.  General consensus on Wikipedia (which I disagree with, btw, but that's neither here nor there) is that interviews with article subjects do not contribute to notability as they are not independent.
 * - Again, not independant.
 * - more coverage of that specific incident.

Now, each of these sources serve a purpose in the article as it stands and I'm not advocating for removing any of them, but the only one that really meets the " in that are ," requirement of General notability is the article in Time. Or, as I said in my original edit summary, "I can't find articles about Powerline". ~  ONUnicorn (Talk|Contribs) problem solving 17:13, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

Why are you blocking me? 2600:1700:7670:3850:DD30:166F:2E26:D060 (talk) 17:21, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Power Line


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New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio

New Burlington is a former town located in Chester Township in the northwestern corner of Clinton County, Ohio, off Ohio State Route 380. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place. It was acquired by the United States federal government when Caesar Creek was dammed and a reservoir created in the 1970s.

History
New Burlington was laid out in 1833, and named after Burlington, North Carolina, the native home of a share of the first settlers. A post office called New Burlington was established in 1837, and remained in operation until 1971. New Burlington was a "station" on the Underground Railroad.

title: New Burlington, Clinton County, Ohio


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Talk:List of Frasier episodes

Links
I don't really care to get involved in a revert war here, but there is a reason why not everything on any given page is made a link, particularly when 98% of them are red. Right now there are three links to existing articles, and one of them at least is losing its fight for survival on VfD. I don't think we need to encourage others to write more of these, certainly not until it's settled what the policy will be. Deleting these as links still makes it possible for a person to write these articles, but less likely for them to. Anyone who is going to let the lack of a dead link prevent them from writing such an article is highly unlikely to write one of quality. If someone writes an article on I Hate Frasier Crane, they can turn it into a link when they're done. But they shouldn't be surprised if it immediately ends up on VfD or merged with this list.

See discussion at Wikipedia talk: Deletion policy. -R. fiend 15:26, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC) - Very funny. The reason the links are red is because they will have pages eventually. I'm currently working my way through Season 2 and then I'll work my way through the rest. (It's just I'm watching Season 2 on DVD just now.) And don't let the red links annoy you, they can't hurt you. It may look unprofessional just now, but it'll get better over the next month. So hang tight little man.

Greggykins 13:08, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Names for episode articles
Since I've been writing a few episode summaries recently, I've also taken the liberty of converting many of the pages I've come across, so that they direct to a page clearly identified as being for 'Frasier'. That way, it makes it clearer that these links refer to the particular episode of Frasier being discussed, and any other topic which might happen to relate to this heading has it's own page. --Joseph Q Publique 10:31, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry if I'm temporarily de-linking some of the episodes which don't have articles - the copy of the list I uploaded a while back, when I started writing the thumbnails, didn't have the links, and I decided not to add them back in now for two reasons:
 * I'm too lazy (not really :-)
 * The real reason is that most of them haven't been turned into piped links to article names that include "(Frasier" (i.e. of the form Foo ), and i) I really am too lazy to fix all of those, plus to which ii) I'm not sure if we do want to rename all the episode pages names to be of the form "Foo (Frasier)".
 * So, I thought I would leave dealing with them up to someone else. I am being very careful to keep the links for all episodes which do have the piped link already there. Noel (talk) 16:55, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, one other thing: most of the pages for individual episodes of various series are disambiguated by naming them "Foo (Bar episode)"; see for instance:
 * List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes
 * List of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episodes
 * whereas most of the episode articles for this series seem to be named "Foo (Frasier)". I was going to fix the few that are named "Foo (Frasier episode)" to be the same as the rest of the ones for this series, but since that doesn't seem to be the Wikipedia style, I'm going to leave it for now. Someone else should check and see what policy is, if any. Noel (talk) 18:51, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Episode thumbnails
There is in fact a very good reason why I put the 2-line thumbnail descriptions (which I have tried very hard to make sure do not contain any spoilers) here, as opposed to simply writing stub episode pages. That way, if someone wants to find the name/season for a particular episode they remember the plot for, they can simply look down this list, as opposed to clicking on (eventually) close to 200 separate links. So please do not remove these short descriptions!. Noel (talk) 16:41, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In addition to the two seasons I just uploaded (4-5), I also have most of seasons 3 and 6 done, and will upload them shortly, as soon as I have added the last few episodes. I haven't yet started on 1-2, but plan to do them at some point, unless someone else does them first. Noel (talk) 16:57, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Major reformatting
Evening folks. It is my intention to reformat this article from a big list, to a more organized table. During this process, some information may be temporarily gone. Do not fear though, I will have the original article (as of tonight) stored on my user page, HERE --WBredefeld 04:59, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't have a problem with the info being reformatted into a more user-friendly form, but, please make sure that the thumbnail episode descriptions are available as a list somewhere; as I explained above, the whole concept is to have a list of them on one page so it's easy to scan down the list and find the episode one is looking for. Noel (talk) 20:36, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Since nothing has happened on this project in a month, I'm going to add the thumbnails back in. Feel free to move them out if/when you return to working on this project. Noel (talk) 20:24, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Hey. I've been searching for a constructive project for a small part of my free time, and this is as good as any. Over the next few weeks months, I will be adding several episode summaries of Fraiser episodes as well as revising some of the existing summaries. It looks like a few users have tried to do this in the past, but gave up? I'll be using The Good Son (Frasier) as my template for this project. Suggestions/comments are very welcome. --Fopkins 01:49, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I just wanted to say that I am working on taking the templates from the existing seasons and at least make a table for each season. Have to do that tedious work to make this article consistent. From there people need to start writing episode guides. Chick3magnet 06:13, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Added the table for Season 6. Would be great if somebody would do some of them too. They take a while, but they need to be done. Chick3magnet 03:31, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Just finished the table for Season 8. I don't know what's going on, but sometimes the links in the table will not link up with the episode guides that are already written. I try and make the corrections so the titles match up, but they still don't? What is up with that and what can I do? Chick3magnet 02:55, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Merger of episodes
First things first: The target of the merge proposal are the season articles of course, but I added it here for more visibility. The more appropriate name of the "merge" proposal is also actually "redirect" proposal, since there is often nothing to merge. Picking any random Frasier episode article will demonstrate that they consist of a plot summary (already part of the season articles), Episode Title Cards (no encyclopedic relevance), Memorable Quotations (should be removed, because this is wikipedia, not wikiquote), occasionally unsourced Trivia (both trivia and lack of sources is bad), and some articles have been notability-tagged since March 2008. I checked out some episodes on Google News/Books/Scholar, and while some websites come up, they seem to just mention the episode names in the form of episode guides. I am going to wait one or two weeks for someone to propose what else should be done with these articles, otherwise, I am just going to redirect those episode articles that don't have a claim of notability (e.g. Emmy wins and noms) or sufficient real-world information. – sgeureka t•c 14:28, 22 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Season 2 episode articles merged except An Affair to Forget and The Matchmaker (Frasier episode). – sgeureka t•c 15:30, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Season 3 episode articles merged except Moon Dance and The Show Where Diane Comes Back. – sgeureka t•c 19:42, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Season 4 episode articles merged. – sgeureka t•c 18:38, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Season 5 episode articles merged. – sgeureka t•c 18:38, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Keep doing what you're doing, Sgeureka. These Frasier articles are some of the most badly-written articles I have ever seen on Wikipedia. THE AMERICAN METROSEXUAL 16:56, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It's not wise to pursue this while the WP:FICT RfC still has so many feathers ruffled. The no-consensus "Fraiser's Curse" AfD was also too recent for a review. I never run out of wiki work elsewhere, but will return to the Frasier episodes eventually. – sgeureka t•c 21:01, 12 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Articles for deletion/Frasier's Curse (2nd nomination) closed as delete. I am going to merge the other episode articles (that don't have an objective claim of notability) over time. – sgeureka t•c 16:36, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Season 6 merged. – sgeureka t•c 15:21, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Season 7 merged. – sgeureka t•c 15:21, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * At least Out with Dad and Something Borrowed, Someone Blue were nominated and won a WGA award, as such are notable episodes, suggest restore. feydey (talk) 22:11, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I have proposed a bunch of Emmy-winning Frasier episodes for merger before and never got a reply (i.e. I will likely merge them soon, and Emmys are worth more than a WGA Award). Sure I can restore the two articles you mentioned (and I will if you request so). You can also just apply the WP:BRD cycle and revert my bold merger, although I will then propose the merger, wait a few months for replies that I will never get, and merge the episodes just the same, so I skipped following procedure per WP:IAR. – sgeureka t•c 22:23, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I wrote the suggestion to make You note that some of the episodes are actually notable, so the next redirects get more attention. Good work so far (except these two). feydey (talk) 22:27, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * My brain is starting to do funny things this late at night. I'll restore the two articles next thing in the morning and will open a merge discussion for all award-nominated/-winning eps from now on. (I had accidently missed the WGA award for the first ep, but I had merged the WGA note for the second ep). – sgeureka t•c 23:56, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Season 8, 9 and 10 merged. – sgeureka t•c 21:29, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Historical and cultural references
Keep my references. Many find them interesting, and they are very significant. I put a lot of time and effort into these articles. - Mdriver1981 (talk) 22:06, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * As long as you do not provide reliable sources (reviews from regarded critics, or producer commentary) for the historical and cultural references, the things you added are original research and can't be included on wikipedia. Significance is in the eye of the beholder, but Articles for deletion/Frasier's Curse (2nd nomination) has established that Frasier episodes do not have sufficient significance for inclusion in wikipedia, so the references have even less significance. Please also read WP:INTERESTING and WP:EFFORT. – sgeureka t•c 22:56, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I am not interested in your award ceremonies. If one wants clarification on my factual data, simply click on a keyword and the article will have references aplenty. - Mdriver1981 (talk) 06:12, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Merge list of directors?
List of Frasier directors is a derivative mess of the episode list. It consists of just names and amount of work by directors. I don't know why it was created in 2007, but it longer serves purpose. This type is also discussed in WP:village pump (policy)/Archive 104 --George Ho (talk) 18:11, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I think it is pretty plausible to merge its content since the discussion in Village Pump already points out that these lists lack quality and consist only of links or few data. Eduemoni↑talk↓  03:32, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I also put a merge tag into List of Frasier writers, the article consist of bunch of trivial data which is already presented in this article. Eduemoni↑talk↓  03:42, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

Comment - I'm not too experienced with TV-related articles .. I suppose there are quite a few traditions and precedents already established within WP for handling TV-related lists. On the face of it, the three Lists (episodes, directors, and writers) overlap with each other extensively ... so merging makes some sense. I'd keep REDIRECTS at the old lists. But I'd be curious to see what the pattern is with other notable TV shows: do they have 2 or 3 List articles? --Noleander (talk) 00:01, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Completely wrong colours in the season table at the top
It seems like some utter turnips may have written this page, as the colour beside each season in the table is wrong. And not just like one or two of them are wrong, but every single one. For the record, as copy/pasted from iMDB, the order of season colours for Frasier is blue, pink, green, purple, yellow/white, brown, yellow/orange, bright/neon green, orange, silver, and gold. Hell, five seasons in the Wikipedia list are different shades of blue! If I have the energy I will fix this myself, with a little bit of colour swatching from the show since every entry needs an RGB code, but this cannot be guaranteed as I'm very ill. And whether I'm up to the task of fixing this myself or not bears no relevance on the fact it badly needs fixing. On the other hand some seasons do use a gradient rather than solid colour so there will need to be a wee smidgen of good judgement above and beyond using the colour swatch tool to pick the correct colour from the title cards. But really, even a terrible effort at this would be streets ahead of the current nonsensical mess we have. 95.144.3.176 (talk) 14:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh dear, I just realised... some poor sap has made every colour, not just on this page but the individual season pages, the same colour as the predominant colour of the American DVD season box art. I'm guessing they just assumed that every DVD box set, which do come in a variety of colours, had the correct colour for every season rather than for none of the seasons. I feel a bit bad for them now, actually... they must have put so much work into this without ever verifying that the predominant DVD case colour of each season was actually each season's proper colour, and that's an entirely reasonable assumption to make, but sadly it's also entirely wrong. None of these DVD case colours match the proper colour of each season, only seen in the title credits. That DVD box art probably got done by one of the less talented, or just less motivated, interns. It's very sad that the DVD box art is so misleading, but ah well, it's not like we can go back in time and tell likely unpaid interns to actually care about their menial tasks. However, it does mean that Wikipedia needs a complete bloody overhaul to fix every single Frasier season colour, on a cornucopia of pages. Now I might've had the energy to tackle this list on this page later today but I highly doubt I'll also be able to run through each season's individual pages, which also all use the incorrect colour schemes. We got a real mess to clear up here, guys. Like a "John Candy gets gastric upset after eating an entire Tex-Mex tasting menu" mess... it's unpleasant to see, let alone clear up, but one of us is gonna hafta bite the bullet here. 95.144.3.176 (talk) 14:46, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Frasier episodes


text:
Chipolata

A chipolata is a type of fresh sausage, likely created in France. Sausages by that name appear in the 1903 edition of Escoffier's Le guide culinaire. Chipolatas are often prepared as a relatively thin and short sausage.

Chipolatas are typically made from coarse-ground pork seasoned with salt and pepper together with herbs and spices—according to the particular recipe—such as sage, thyme, pimento, or nutmeg. The word is French and probably derives from the Italian cipollata, which essentially means "made with onions" and according to some sources may have referred to an onion stew with sausages.

Chipolatas are common in the United Kingdom. They frequently appear as part of a Christmas dinner wrapped in streaky bacon as pigs in blankets.

A garniture à la chipolata consists of onions, chipolata sausages, chestnuts, salt pork, and sometimes carrots in a demiglace or Madeira sauce.

In Switzerland, the Italian spelling cipollata (plural: cipollate) is more prevalent. The sausage also usually contains veal and milk, in addition to pork. Cipollate are fried or grilled and often served to children. Cipollate taste and look like a miniature version of the St. Galler Bratwurst.

title: Chipolata


text:
Centre College

Centre College is a private liberal arts college in Danville, Kentucky. It is an undergraduate college with an enrollment of approximately 1,400 students. Centre was officially chartered by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1819. The college is a member of the Associated Colleges of the South and the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities.

History
The Kentucky General Assembly established Centre College on January 21, 1819. The college was named for its proximate location in the geographic "centre" of the Commonwealth, using early nineteenth century America's contemporaneous spelling of the word. Auspiciously, the legislature placed many of Kentucky's most prominent citizens in charge of Centre College's Board of Trustees, with Isaac Shelby, the Commonwealth's first governor, serving as chair. James G. Birney, at the time representing Danville in the Kentucky House of Representatives, was a member. Classes began in the fall of 1820 in Old Centre, the first building on campus and the oldest college administration building west of the Allegheny Mountains. Centre historically refused admission to African-American students, such as James M. Priest whose application to study theology in 1835 was rejected.

In its early years, Centre navigated financial hardships, disputes within and outside the Presbyterian Church, and six wars, including the occupation of Old Centre by both Confederate and Union troops during the Civil War. A Centre alumnus, John Todd Stuart, played a formative role in American history by encouraging Abraham Lincoln to study for the bar, providing his first set of law books, and serving as Lincoln's professional and political mentor. From 1830 to 1857, President John C. Young oversaw a vast enlargement of the faculty and a five-fold increase in the student body. Following the Civil War, Centre affiliated itself with several other educational institutions. From 1894 until 1912, J. Proctor Knott, a former Kentucky governor and U.S. congressman, operated a law school at Centre as its dean. The Centre College Board of Trustees controlled the Kentucky School for the Deaf, also in Danville, during its early years; consolidated the college with the Central University in Richmond, Kentucky in 1901; from the time of the merger with Central University in 1901 until 1918 Centre College went by the name Central University of Kentucky; and merged with Danville's Kentucky College for Women in 1930, although the women did not move onto Centre's campus until 1962. Central's colors were cardinal and blue.

In 1921, Centre upset Harvard University's undefeated football team 6–0, a feat that The New York Times later dubbed "Football's Upset of the Century". ESPN described Centre's victory as one of the biggest upsets in all sports during the twentieth century. "C6H0" remains a point of pride among students and alumni and is the answer to "What is the formula for a winning football team?" To this day, "C6HO" is painted in large white figures on the brick exterior of Centre's old post office.

During the 1960s the college's financial resources doubled. Eleven new buildings were added to the campus and enrollment increased from 450 to 800. In 1988, Centre set a national record when it achieved a 75.4% participation rate for alumni giving, a mark that remains unbroken to this day. From the latter twentieth century to the present, strong levels of alumni giving and participation—often the highest in the nation—fueled the college's growth. Today, enrollment is around 1,300 with nearly 150 faculty members. Milton C. Moreland, who took office in 2020, is the current president, Centre's 21st. In 2000, Centre became the smallest college ever to host a national election debate. Dick Cheney and Senator Joe Lieberman debated on October 5 at Centre's Norton Center for the Arts with CNN's Bernard Shaw acting as moderator. In 2012, Centre again hosted a vice presidential debate in the Norton Center for the Arts, which featured Vice President Joe Biden and Rep. Paul Ryan.

The physical campus has changed substantially during the 21st century. In 2005, the college completed The College Centre, a $22-million project to expand and renovate Suttcliffe Hall, the Crounse Academic Center and Grace Doherty Library, which was the largest construction project on campus since the Norton Center was built in 1973. Additionally, a new student residence, Pearl Hall, was completed in 2008; a new campus center opened in October 2009; and the construction of a new science wing in Young Hall was completed in the fall of 2010. In August 2011, Centre announced the construction of Brockman Residential Commons, a 125-bed facility offering apartment and townhouse living for upperclassmen. The residence facility was completed at the beginning of the 2012–13 school year. In 2021, the college completed renovations of the Austin E. Knowlton Center for Science and Mathematics in Olin Hall and the Centre Learning Commons in the Grace Doherty Library. Centre celebrated the opening of the new Gary Wright Baseball Field at Fishman Park in spring 2022.

Classes at Centre are held in spite of several federal holidays—including Presidents, Labor, Columbus, and Veterans Days—and rarely cancelled, which are points of pride among students, staff, and alumni. During the Confederate occupation of Old Centre in 1862, classes were held at Old Sayre library. However, the Battle of Perryville eventually forced the faculty to suspend classes for 13 days, the college's only cancellation during the Civil War. Classes were cancelled one day due to the Great Blizzard of 1978. In 1994 and 1998, when severe snow and ice storms shut down much of the Commonwealth, classes were delayed by half a day. In 2000, classes were officially cancelled prior to the Vice Presidential Debate and in the spring due to a hazardous chemical spill on the train tracks found at the end of Greek Row; the entire campus was evacuated. On March 7, 2006, classes were cut short to allow students and staff to attend a symposium honoring retiring dean, John Ward. Ironically, following a large snow storm in 1997, Ward told the college community, "Centre didn't cancel classes during parts of the Civil War; we're not cancelling them now." Yet classes were cancelled at Centre on March 3, 2014, due to weather conditions. On March 15, 2020, in response to COVID-19 developments, President John Roush announced that classes would be temporarily suspended to implement an early, extended two-week Spring Break, followed by online learning for the rest of the term.

2000 vice presidential debate
On Thursday, October 5, 2000, Centre College hosted the vice presidential debate, becoming the smallest college in the smallest town ever to serve as a host site for a general election debate. Dubbed "The Thrill in the Ville", the debate between Dick Cheney and Joe Lieberman took place in the college's Norton Center for the Arts. The event was a tremendous success, being heralded by former CBS news anchor Dan Rather as "the best vice presidential debate ever held." After the 2000 debate concluded, Janet Brown, executive director of the Commission on Presidential Debates, said that "Centre has set the standard by which future debates will be judged."

2012 vice presidential debate
Twelve years after hosting its first debate, Centre College again hosted a vice presidential debate on October 11, 2012. The debate between vice presidential incumbent Joe Biden and Congressman Paul Ryan, with moderator Martha Raddatz, was called "one of the most engaging, enlightening, and entertaining debates of recent memory, one marked by dramatic contrasts in priorities, ideology, and personal style." Of Centre College's performance as a host site, Janet Brown, executive director of the Commission on Presidential Debates, said, "They aced it in 2000 and this year was even better."

2018 student protest and sit-in
Over 200 Centre College students took part in a protest and sit-in at the campus administration building, Old Centre, on May 2, 2018. The students were protesting racial discrimination on campus. A group of black students drafted and presented a statement of intent and list of demands to the campus and school administration, demanding changes concerning the school's Department of Public Safety, Title IX office, and the creation of a Diversity and Inclusion office, among other things. Over 400 students signed a petition supporting the movement. The protesters were present all day and night in Old Centre from May 2 to 4 while student leaders negotiated with President John Roush, sleeping in the building and in tents outside; they said they refused to leave until their demands were met. The sit-in ended on May 4, with school administration agreeing to many of the student demands.

Campus
Centre's 152 acre campus includes 67 buildings, 14 of which are included on the National Register of Historic Places.

Old Centre
Completed in 1820, Old Centre is the college's first building, the oldest continuously operated academic building west of the Alleghenies, and the template for the Greek Revival style of the campus. Today it houses the offices of the president, vice president for academic affairs, and vice president for college relations, in addition to several classrooms and the college's Admissions Welcome Centre. At various times it has served as a library, dormitory, law school, faculty residence, and, during the Civil War, a hospital for both Confederate and Union soldiers. Old Centre is a Kentucky Landmark, listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and included in the Smithsonian Guide to Historic Places.

Old Carnegie
Built in 1913 with a $30,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie, Old Carnegie was the college library until 1966. It currently houses the Center for Career & Professional Development and the Center for Global Citizenship, as well as the special-occasion Evans-Lively dining room. Old Carnegie is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Norton Center for the Arts
Norton Center for the Arts has hosted performers such as violinist Itzhak Perlman, dancers Mikhail Baryshnikov and Twyla Tharp, the Boston Pops, the New York Philharmonic, Henry Mancini, jazz vocalists Pearl Bailey and Sarah Vaughan, the Orchestre de Paris with Daniel Barenboim, the Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Yo-Yo Ma, Beach Boys, Huey Lewis and the News, Willie Nelson, Travis Tritt, LeAnn Rimes, Lyle Lovett, Aretha Franklin, Smokey Robinson, crooner Tony Bennett, The Chieftains, Three Dog Night, David Copperfield, Dolly Parton, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Ben Folds, They Might Be Giants, Ana Gasteyer, Kate Flannery, and musicals such as Rent, Cats, Titanic, Annie Get Your Gun, Thoroughly Modern Millie, Hairspray, My Fair Lady and Ain't Misbehavin' featuring Ruben Studdard. In October 2000, the Norton Center hosted the vice presidential debate between Dick Cheney and Senator Joe Lieberman. In September 2009, Centre garnered national attention by hosting the Vienna Philharmonic, marking the only stop on the Philharmonic's American tour other than New York's Carnegie Hall. In October 2012, the Norton Center hosted the vice presidential debate between Joe Biden and Paul Ryan. Centre students can attend most of the Norton Center events at no extra cost.

The Norton Center for the Arts was built in 1973 and originally named the Regional Arts Center (RAC). The 85000 sqft complex was designed by architect William Wesley Peters of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. It was later renamed for Jane Morton Norton, a former trustee of Centre College. The complex was refurbished in 2009.

The College Centre
The College Centre is composed of two buildings, Crounse Hall and Sutcliffe Hall, both of which received multimillion-dollar expansions and renovations completed in the spring of 2005. Crounse Hall houses an enlarged library, theater, and additional classrooms; Sutcliffe Hall houses over 62000 sqft of athletic space, including several new gymnasiums and workout facilities.

The Old Bookstore (Stuart Hall)
The Old Bookstore was the first chapter house of any fraternity in Kentucky, housing the brothers of the Epsilon chapter of Beta Theta Pi. Before Centre obtained the property, the structure functioned as a funeral home and as a shoe store. The college later converted it to the Campus Bookstore. In 2005 the bookstore moved to its current downtown Danville location, leaving the building empty. In 2008, Centre rededicated the building as Stuart Hall, an upperclassmen residential facility, naming it in honor of John T. Stuart, of the class of 1826. The building now serves as the Office of Diversity and Inclusion.

Craik House
Built in 1853 and renovated in 1958, Craik House is the president's home. Originally a private residence, Henry Craik bought the home in 1937 with a bequest in honor of his Centre Class of 1890. Robert L. McLeod, the 14th president of Centre, was the first president of the college to occupy the residence. The Craik House is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Breckinridge Hall
Breckinridge Hall is a three-story residence hall that was originally built in 1892 as a dormitory for students of the Danville Theological Seminary. When the seminary consolidated with the Louisville Presbyterian Seminary in 1901, Centre took over Breckinridge as a residence hall for students.

Pearl Hall
Pearl Hall is the first LEED GOLD residential hall in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Pearl Hall was built with a gift from Centre trustee Robert Brockman, '63. The residence hall is named in memory of Brockman's mother and grandmother, both of whom were named Pearl. Construction of the three-floor facility located on Main Street began in May 2007 after commencement and was finished in time for students to move into in August 2008. Dedication of the building took place during homecoming in October 2008. It houses 146 students.

Roush Campus Center
The Campus Center, a LEED Silver Certified multi-purpose facility, houses the Cowan Dining Commons, the Everyday Cafe, the Student Life Office, several meeting rooms, and a gaming area. The two-story, 50,000 square foot (4,650 m2), $15 million facility replaced the original Cowan Dining Commons in Fall 2009. In 2021, the building was renamed to the Roush Campus Center in honor of President John Roush, who had served the college from 1998 to 2020.

Rankings and outcomes
The 2024 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranked Centre No. 51 among national liberal arts colleges. U.S. news also ranked the College No. 17 for Best Value and No. 25 for Study Abroad.

In its 2020 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked Centre No. 53 among national liberal arts colleges. U.S. News also ranked Centre College No. 16 for Best Undergraduate Teaching, No. 43 for Most Innovative Schools, No. 132 for Top Performers on Social Mobility, No. 26 for Study Abroad and No. 38 for Best Value Schools among all liberal arts colleges in 2019.

In 2019, Forbes magazine ranked Centre 209th in the nation among all colleges and universities and 41st among all colleges and universities in the South. According to College Scorecard, Centre graduates earn a median salary of $60,447 ten years after their entry into the institution. 75% of Centre graduates earn higher than a typical high school graduate of the corresponding area.

Consistent with its strong tradition of alumni giving, Centre was named in 2011 by U.S. News & World Report as the No. 7 most loved school based on a two-year average of annual alumni giving. U.S. News & World Report 2020 edition ranked Centre 26th in study abroad, For the class of 2013, No. 4 among all colleges and universities for the percentage of students who studied abroad at least once prior to graduation. In 2014, the Institute for International Education ranked Centre No. 1 for study abroad participation among baccalaureate institutions. In his book Colleges That Change Lives, Loren Pope says, "No university faculty compares with Centre's in the impact it has on the growth of young minds and personalities. Its faculty is earnestly committed to and excels at the art of teaching."

Academics
Centre offers a liberal arts education, requiring the completion of a general education curriculum and a major area of study. The college hosts active chapters of Phi Beta Kappa and Omicron Delta Kappa, and has produced over 70% of Kentucky's Rhodes Scholars in the last 50 years. Centre produces Fulbright, Goldwater, Rotary, and other major fellowship winners on a consistent basis, especially relative to the small size of its student body. From 2001 to 2011 the college produced 24 Fulbright winners, six Goldwater Scholars, 11 Rotary International Ambassadorial Scholars, three National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellows, an Udall Scholar, a Rhodes Scholar, and a Mitchell Scholar. Centre's consistent four-year graduation rate of more than 80 percent is in the top 50 nationally and the highest of any Kentucky college or university.

Admission to Centre is competitive. For the class of 2018, incoming first-years had a midrange ACT score of 26–31, with an average ACT score of 29. Fifty-four percent of incoming students ranked in the top 10 percent of their high school graduating class.

Classes operate on a 4-1-4 schedule. Students take four courses each during the fall and spring semesters and one course during CentreTerm, which is a three-week period of intensive study during January. CentreTerm offers students an opportunity to study abroad, pursue an internship, or take unique, atypical courses. For instance, "The Art of Walking", a course involving the exploration of Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Judgment" while hiking through the Central Kentucky landscape, has garnered national attention as a signature class at Centre.

Degrees offered
In addition to 29 majors and 38 minors, Centre offers double majors, which about 25% of graduates complete, self-designed majors, and dual-degree engineering programs with Columbia University, University of Kentucky, Vanderbilt University, and Washington University in St. Louis. Centre is one of only a few colleges to offer a glassblowing program through its art department.

The Centre Commitment
The Centre Commitment guarantees students who meet the college's academic and social expectations an internship or collaborative research experience, study abroad experience, and graduation in four years. If a student is unable to secure the components of the Centre Commitment within four consecutive years of enrollment, the college will provide up to an additional year of study tuition-free.

Study abroad
Approximately 85 percent of all students study abroad at least once before graduating, making international study a hallmark of a Centre education. For the class of 2013, Centre ranked No. 1 in the nation among all colleges and universities for participation in study abroad. As part of its effort to promote global citizenship, in 2010 Centre began providing passports free of charge for all entering students who do not already possess one.

The college maintains permanent residential programs operated by Centre faculty in England (London), France (Strasbourg, across the Rhine River from Germany), and Mexico (Mérida, located on the Yucatán Peninsula). Additionally, the college maintains well-utilized exchange programs in Bhutan (with Royal Thimphu College), China (with Tongji University), Japan (with Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Akita International University), Scotland (University of Glasgow), and Northern Ireland (with Queen's University Belfast). Students also study abroad during the fall term at the University of Reading and the spring term at the Rose Bruford College in England.

Supplementing the semester and yearlong programs, Centre offers a wide variety of study abroad options during the three-week Centre Term held in January. These options have included Bali, Barbados, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Greece, India, Israel, Japan, Peru, Morocco, New Zealand, Spain, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Student life
About 96 percent of Centre's students live on campus and participate in athletics, academic organizations, student government, and volunteer work. There are about 100 clubs, societies, teams and other formal and informal groups and more than 2,000 campus events each year. In 2016 the ethnic diversity of the student body was 3.3% Asian or Asian American, 4.6% Black or African American, 2.3% Hispanic or Latino, 3% Two or more races, and 80% White.

Greek life
Centre has an active Greek life, with the following chapters:

 * Beta Theta Pi (fraternity; chapter founded 1848)
 * Delta Kappa Epsilon (fraternity; chapter founded 1854)
 * Phi Delta Theta (fraternity; chapter founded 1850)
 * Phi Kappa Tau (fraternity; chapter founded 1914; inactive 1933–1948)
 * Sigma Alpha Epsilon (fraternity; chapter founded 1882)
 * Sigma Chi (fraternity; chapter founded 1876)
 * Alpha Delta Pi (sorority; chapter founded 2000)
 * Delta Delta Delta (sorority; chapter founded 1980)
 * Kappa Alpha Theta (sorority; chapter founded 1980)
 * Kappa Delta (sorority; chapter founded 2016)
 * Kappa Kappa Gamma (sorority; chapter founded 1980)

Academic and leadership honorary societies
Centre has a variety of academic and leadership honorary societies including:

 * Beta Beta Beta – biology
 * Gamma Sigma Alpha – Greek scholarship
 * Nu Rho Psi – neuroscience
 * Omicron Delta Epsilon – economics
 * Omicron Delta Kappa – leadership
 * Order of Omega – Greek leadership
 * Phi Alpha Theta – history
 * Phi Beta Kappa – overall scholarship
 * Phi Sigma Iota – languages
 * Pi Mu Epsilon – mathematics
 * Pi Sigma Alpha – government
 * Psi Chi – psychology
 * Rho Lambda - Panhellenic leadership and scholarship
 * Sigma Delta Pi – Spanish
 * Sigma Pi Sigma – physics

Student government
The Student Government Association of Centre College (SGA) represents Centre students as their voice on academic, extracurricular, and social issues. SGA consists of an Executive Council of officers and committee chairs, a Student Senate that handles academic issues, and a House of Representatives that oversees all clubs and organizations on campus. Each class elects representatives, who serve on committees that deal with specific aspects of campus and who approve all club funding, establishment of new student organizations, and other pieces of legislation that impact campus life. Centre also has a Student Judiciary that hears cases that are referred to it by the Dean's Office or brought voluntarily by students themselves. Students who have been accused of a violation of academic or social policy have a right to have their case heard by a jury of their peers.

Running the Flame
In 1969, Centre celebrated the college's sesquicentennial year by dedicating and installing, at the center of campus, the Flame—a large sculpture that symbolically represents the torch of knowledge that appears on Centre's official seal. A plaque at the base of the statue quotes Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe: "Where the light is brightest, the shadows are deepest." The statue quickly became an ode to the liberation of the body as well as the mind. By the early 1970s, students began spontaneously running naked to and from dorms and Greek houses while passing the Flame. "Running the Flame" is now enshrined as a tradition that some Centre students complete prior to graduation.

Kissing on the Seal
College tradition holds that two students will marry at some point following graduation if, at the stroke of midnight, they kiss over the brass college seal embedded in the walkway in front of Old Centre.

Dead Fred
A portrait of Fred M. Vinson (1909, 1911 Law), former Chief Justice of the United States, hangs in the hallway of the chapter house of the Kentucky Alpha-Delta chapter of Phi Delta Theta. Vinson was a member of the chapter and a three-sport athlete in baseball, basketball, and football while studying at Centre. Members of the chapter take the portrait, affectionately known as Dead Fred, to the sidelines of Centre football and basketball games and to other significant college events. The portrait has not missed a football home game since Vinson's death in 1953. When Centre hosted the 2000 and 2012 vice presidential debates, Dead Fred was granted a special seat overlooking the proceedings.

Lucky Lincoln
Students place pennies on the foot of Centre's Abraham Lincoln statue for good luck before exams or other important events. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Lincoln could be spotted wearing a mask.

Body spelling
When on trips away from campus, including studying abroad, groups of Centre students seek out photo opportunities in which they use their bodies to spell "CENTRE" in unique locations. In 2019, the University of Glasgow, one of Centre's overseas study partners, highlighted this tradition in the newsletter of its U.S. study program.

Athletics
The Centre athletic teams are called the Colonels. The college is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Southern Athletic Association (SAA) since the 2012–13 academic year. The Colonels previously competed in the D-III Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC) from 1962–63 to 2011–12; in the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC; now currently known as the River States Conference (RSC) since the 2016–17 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1916–17 to 1961–62; and in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) from 1910–11 to 1940–41.

Centre competes in 25 intercollegiate varsity sports: men's teams in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field. Intercollegiate women's teams include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and Esports. 40 percent of the student body participates in intercollegiate athletics. Centre offers fifteen intramural sports, in which 80 percent of the student body participates.

Football

Competing since 1880, the Centre Colonels football team, also historically known as the "Praying Colonels", ranked as the 12th winningest program in NCAA Division III history with a 509–374–37 all-time record as of 2008. On January 1, 1921, the Colonels defeated Texas Christian University 63–7 in the Fort Worth Classic, a postseason college football bowl game in Fort Worth, Texas played only once. On January 2, 1922, Centre College made the postseason trip to Texas again, this time taking on Texas A&M in the Dixie Classic, the forerunner of the Cotton Bowl. Even though the Colonels were outscored 22–14, they played their part in the birth of one of college football's greatest traditions, the 12th man.

At the beginning of the Roaring '20s, Harvard University, the nation's dominant football power, was riding a two-year undefeated streak whose last loss was to Brown in 1918. Then the Crimson invited Centre (enrollment at that time: 264) to Cambridge for what they thought would be a "warm-up" game, a light workout before facing Princeton the following week.

In the 1921 Centre vs. Harvard football game, the Colonels (under coach Charley Moran) shocked Harvard University and became the first school from outside the East to ever beat one of the Ivy League's "Big Three" of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Star player Bo McMillin rushed for the lone touchdown of the game early in the third quarter, and the Praying Colonels' defense held off the Crimson's powerful offense from there for a 6–0 victory. The Centre College official website claims the 1921 national championship, apparently on this basis. 29 years later, in 1950, the Associated Press chose the Centre win as the greatest sports upset of the first half of the 20th century.

On four consecutive Saturdays in 1924, the Colonels defeated Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia.

The Colonels have played home games at Farris Stadium since 1923.

Basketball
The Centre Colonels basketball team used to have a heated rivalry with Kentucky, and beat the Wildcats 87–17 in 1910.

Alumni
Centre alumni include two U.S. Vice Presidents, one Chief Justice of the United States, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 13 U.S. Senators, 43 U.S. Representatives, 10 moderators of the General Assemblies of the Presbyterian Church, and 11 governors. Referring to Centre, President Woodrow Wilson gave an annual speech to Princeton alumni in which he stated: "There is a little college down in Kentucky which in sixty years has graduated more men who have acquired prominence and fame than has Princeton in her 150 years."

title: Centre College


text:
Lévy's constant

In mathematics Lévy's constant (sometimes known as the Khinchin–Lévy constant) occurs in an expression for the asymptotic behaviour of the denominators of the convergents of continued fractions. In 1935, the Soviet mathematician Aleksandr Khinchin showed that the denominators qn of the convergents of the continued fraction expansions of almost all real numbers satisfy
 * $$\lim_{n \to \infty}{q_n}^{1/n}= e^{\beta}$$

Soon afterward, in 1936, the French mathematician Paul Lévy found the explicit expression for the constant, namely
 * $$e^{\beta} = e^{\pi^2/(12\ln2)} = 3.275822918721811159787681882\ldots$$

The term "Lévy's constant" is sometimes used to refer to $$\pi^2/(12\ln2)$$ (the logarithm of the above expression), which is approximately equal to 1.1865691104… The value derives from the asymptotic expectation of the logarithm of the ratio of successive denominators, using the Gauss-Kuzmin distribution. In particular, the ratio has the asymptotic density function

$$f(z)=\frac{1}{z(z+1)\ln(2)}$$

for $$z \geq 1$$ and zero otherwise. This gives Lévy's constant as

$$\beta=\int_1^\infty\frac{\ln z}{z(z+1)\ln 2}dz=\int_0^1\frac{\ln z^{-1}}{(z+1)\ln 2}dz=\frac{\pi^2}{12\ln 2}$$.

The base-10 logarithm of Lévy's constant, which is approximately 0.51532041…, is half of the reciprocal of the limit in Lochs' theorem.

Proof
The proof assumes basic properties of continued fractions.

Let $$T : x \mapsto 1/x \mod 1$$ be the Gauss map.

Lemma
$$|\ln x - \ln p_n(x)/q_n(x)| \leq 1/q_n(x) \leq 1/F_n$$where $F_n$ is the Fibonacci number.

Proof. Define the function $f(t) = \ln\frac{p_n + p_{n-1}t}{q_n + q_{n-1}t}$. The quantity to estimate is then $$|f(T^n x) - f(0)| $$.

By the mean value theorem, for any $t\in [0, 1]$ ,$$ |f(t)-f(0)| \leq \max_{t \in [0, 1]}|f'(t)| = \max_{t \in [0, 1]} \frac{1}{(p_n + tp_{n-1})(q_n + tq_{n-1})} = \frac{1}{p_nq_n} \leq \frac{1}{q_n} $$The denominator sequence $$q_{0}, q_1, q_2, \dots$$ satisfies a recurrence relation, and so it is at least as large as the Fibonacci sequence $$1, 1, 2, \dots$$.

Ergodic argument
Since $p_n(x) = q_{n-1}(Tx)$, and $p_1 = 1$ , we have$$-\ln q_n = \ln\frac{p_n(x)}{q_n(x)} + \ln\frac{p_{n-1}(Tx)}{q_{n-1}(Tx)} + \dots + \ln\frac{p_1(T^{n-1}x)}{q_1(T^{n-1} x)}$$By the lemma, $$ -\ln q_n = \ln x + \ln Tx + \dots + \ln T^{n-1}x + \delta $$

where $|\delta| \leq \sum_{k=1}^\infty 1/F_n$ is finite, and is called the reciprocal Fibonacci constant.

By the Birkhoff's ergodic theorem, the limit $\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{\ln q_n}{n}$ converges to$$ \int_0^1 ( -\ln t )\rho(t) dt = \frac{\pi^2}{12\ln 2} $$ almost surely, where $$\rho(t) = \frac{1}{(1+t) \ln 2}$$ is the Gauss distribution.

title: Lévy's constant


text:
Escape from Atlantis

Escape from Atlantis is a board game that portrays the sinking of Atlantis and the attempts by the population to escape the sinking island. It was originally released in the United States under the title of Survive! and first published in the English language by Parker Brothers in 1982. The game was invented by Julian Courtland-Smith. Early copies of Escape from Atlantis include the name of the then co-copyright owner, C. Courtland-Smith.

In 1986, Waddingtons launched their three-dimensional version Escape from Atlantis in the UK with revised rules. Waddingtons also sold a bilingual (English/French) version of Escape from Atlantis in Canada. The game was sublicensed in 1987 and sold worldwide in a number of different languages. A 1996 Hasbro version of the game was released in 1996 in Europe under the Waddington's brand. This version of the game revised the rules from the original version. World sales of Escape from Atlantis exceed 1.25 million units.

American publisher Stronghold Games reprinted a new version of the game under the title Survive: Escape from Atlantis! in February 2011. In June 2012, Stronghold Games launched another new edition, "Survive: Escape From Atlantis! - 30th Anniversary Edition". It included refreshed artwork and a slightly revised theme (Explorers finding and escaping from Atlantis). Simultaneously, French publisher, Asmodee, licensed the EU languages and launched "The Island", which is the same game as Stronghold's version, but with a rebranded name for EU trademark purposely only. In 2012 "The Island" (Survive: Escape from Atlantis) was a '2012 Juego del Ano Finalist'. In 2013, Stronghold Games launched a '5-6 Player Mini Expansion Kit' plus 'Dolphins & Dive Dice Expansion Kit' and 'The Giant Squid Expansion Kit' for "Survive: Escape from Atlantis! - 30th Anniversary Edition". All three expansion kits can also be played with Asmodee's "The Island".

Board
The centre of the game's board, representing the mountainous island of Atlantis itself, is covered with several tiers of molded hexagon tiles (37 in total) giving the game a partly three-dimensional appearance. The island is made up of four different "rings", with a mountain peak at the centre, a ring of mountains around it, a ring of forest around that, and finally a ring of sandy beach at the outer edge. Each of the tiles has space to hold a maximum of 3 Atlanteans.

The island is surrounded by open water, and in each of the four corners of the board are four coral islands.

As play progresses the land tiles are incrementally removed, simulating the ongoing sinking of the island. The objective of the game is for players to save their ten Atlanteans from the sinking island by transporting them to the safety of the coral islands.

Game pieces
Escape from Atlantis includes four Atlantean tribes, each with twelve villagers. These are represented as small wooden figures, coloured red, blue, green and yellow. Each player picks one tribe. Also included are boats and various sea animals: sharks, giant squid, sea serpents and dolphins. Some versions of Escape from Atlantis use dice. Waddington's version uses a special spinner device.

Game start
At the start of the game, the island tiles are shuffled, and the island of Atlantis is built at the centre of the game board. Each player sets his/her tribe up on the island, in places of his/her own choosing. The only limitation is that sandy beach tiles can start with only one villager per tile. Some of the boats are placed in the sea adjacent to the island of Atlantis. In a two-player game, there are two boats. In a three- or four-player game, there are four.

Game rounds
On his/her turn, each player does three things, in this order:

 * Moves his/her villagers,
 * Sinks one tile from the island of Atlantis,
 * Spins the spinner (or rolls the die) and moves the sea animals accordingly.

Movement phase
Movement is by the villagers walking on land, swimming (slowly) in the ocean, or being transported by boat or on the backs of helpful dolphins.

The player has a fixed number of three spaces of movement on each turn. This can be freely distributed among the villagers, for example by moving one villager three spaces, or moving three villagers one space each. When swimming, a villager may only move one space per turn, but there are no such restrictions for other methods of movement.

When travelling by boat, the player can also move a boat with villagers from other tribes on it, provided the player's tribe holds a non-minority position (in other words, no other tribe has more members in the same boat). This creates a tactical element by allowing players to transport other players' villagers.

Sinking phase
On each turn, an island tile is removed from the island. The removal starts from the sandy beach on the outer edge, and continues further inland as outer rings are exhausted. A tile with villagers on it may only be sunk if no empty tiles are present in the currently sinking ring.

A villager falling into the water does not drown. He floats at the surface, capable of swimming one space per turn, or three when riding on the back of a dolphin. Dolphins can only transport one villager at a time.

The villagers' journeys are endangered variously by sea serpents, giant squid, sharks, and by whirlpools caused by the sinking land itself, and aided by dolphins and boats. A symbol on the bottom of the removed tile tells which of these appears in the tile's place.

Whirlpools destroy all moving objects (but not land) from the same space and adjacent spaces. The whirlpool is then discarded.

Spinning phase
In the spinning phase, the Atlantean Swirler spinner shows which kind of sea creatures should be moved, and how many blocks: one, two, three or dive.

The player then freely selects one of the sea creatures in question from the board and moves it accordingly. He/she can decide its route for him/herself. This allows using sharks, octopus or sea monsters to attack other players, or dolphins to come to the rescue of the player's own tribesmen.

When a sea animal comes to contact with villagers on the sea, what happens depends on the animal:
 * Sharks kill villagers swimming in the water. They do not harm boats or their passengers.
 * Whales destroy boats. Any passengers in the boat survive, but are dropped in the water.
 * Sea Monsters both destroy boats and kill villagers.
 * Dolphins allow villagers to ride them, giving them a maximum of three blocks of movement instead of one. They do not protect villagers from sharks or sea monsters.

A diving sea creature can appear at any sea hexagon that does not have villagers or boats in it.

Winning the game
The game ends when all villagers either have safely arrived on the coral islands, or are dead, or if the volcano tile is flipped over.

The winner is the player who, at the end of game, has succeeded in saving the most of their own villagers.

Rule variations

In the original version, Survive!, the land pieces are randomly placed in the sinking island area at the start of the game. This results in the island sinking in a less-uniform fashion than the current Escape from Atlantis game. This, paired with other changes, provides significantly different gameplay.

The Survive! game board uses a slightly different board design. The most marked difference is that each corner island has two entrance hexes rather than one. Survive! also has a gameplay feature whereby some games end earlier than others. Under one of the rock tiles (i.e., the last tiles to sink), there is a graphic of an explosion which signifies that the volcanic island has erupted, ending the game and killing any villagers who have not yet escaped. Because the end of the game depended on when this tile is revealed, players were not able to rely on having a pre-determined number of turns remaining.

In terms of villagers, each of a player's 10 pieces have a hidden numeric digit from 1 to 6 located on the bottom. This value represents the point value earned for rescuing the given villager. Once placed on the board, players are no longer able to reference which villager token has which number, even if the piece leaves play. As a result, it can become difficult to remember where the most valuable villagers are located, and furthermore, the values of other players pieces are never known. Strategy dictates that the most valuable villagers are often the ones leaving the island first (on boats), so they are typically the most valuable to go after with sea monsters. At the end of a game, the player with the highest surviving point total wins.

Rather than a spinner device, a custom 6-sided die is used to control the sea animals. Also, whales replace the giant squid counters, and there are no dolphins.

Reviews

 * Jeux & Stratégie #60
 * Family Games: The 100 Best (as "Survive!")

title: Escape from Atlantis


text:
Adirondack (Mars)

Adirondack is the nickname for Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's first target rock. Scientists chose Adirondack to be Spirit's first target rock after considering another, called Sashimi, that would have been a shorter, straight-ahead drive. Spirit traversed the sandy martian terrain at Gusev Crater to arrive in front of this football-sized rock on January 18, 2004, just three days after it successfully rolled off the lander.

Scientists named the angular rock after the Adirondack mountain range in New York.

The rock was selected as Spirit's first target because its dust-free, flat surface was ideally suited for grinding. Clean surfaces also are better for examining a rock's top coating. Spirit also returned microscopic images and Mössbauer spectrometer readings of Adirondack taken the day before the rover developed computer and communication problems on January 22, 2004. Both are unprecedented investigations of any rock on another planet. The microscopic images indicate Adirondack is a hard, crystalline rock. The peaks large and small in Adirondack's electromagnetic spectrum reveal that the minerals in the rock include olivine, pyroxene and magnetite - a common composition in volcanic basalt rocks on Earth.

Adirondack turned out to be typical of the other rocks on the plains. Spirit rover's instruments determined that Adironack and other rocks of the plains contain the minerals pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, and magnetite. These rocks can be classified in different ways. The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts. The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites. Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites, meteorites which came from Mars. One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph; in this system, Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt, picrobasalt, and tephrite. The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts. Adirondack has been very slightly altered, probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds, as well as coatings or rinds. Small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes. Coatings on the rocks in the plains may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust. One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth.

title: Adirondack (Mars)


text: File:Satisfactionsample.ogg

title: File:Satisfactionsample.ogg


text:
Talk:Sealand (disambiguation)

The micro-nation
This page was created to show the many legitimate uses of the name "Sealand". The existing "Sealand" page presently contains an article only about the so-called "Principality of Sealand", while the entry article page called Principality of Sealand has been redirected to the Sealand page. The existing Sealand page should be redirected to Sealand (disambiguation) and the present contents of the Sealand page should be removed to where they belong on the Principality of Sealand page and the redirect then removed from that page. MPLX/MH 15:31, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * While I sympathise with the general point, don't argue too far. I doubt too many people call New Zealand "Sealand". jnestorius(talk) 20:03, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Send permission to OTRS
Please send the permission to OTRS. Thank you! (BTW: I will tag the images as "no permission", so you have 7 days) --ALE! (talk) 07:31, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

How?
It's a nearly a small chunk of UK that just decided to become a country.

It's smaller than most countries.

Requested move 23 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Sealand → Sealand (disambiguation) – Principality of Sealand is clearly the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Due to Wikipedia's naming pattern for micronations, this article should be redirected to Principality of Sealand and the contents of this page should be moved to Sealand (disambiguation). Seungri400 (talk) 19:42, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

For reference, here's a comparison of the top ten (the limit of the website) articles listed here compared, by pageviews, Principality of Sealand leads by far. https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&redirects=0&range=latest-20&pages=Principality_of_Sealand|Sealand,_Flintshire|MoD_Sealand|Zealand|Sealand_Helicopters|Sealand_national_football_team|Sealand_of_the_Pacific|SeaLand|Short_Sealand|Architecture_%26_Morality Seungri400 (talk) 19:27, 23 March 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support Per nom. I see the nation as the clear primary topic for numerous years. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 10:13, 24 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. WP:RECENTISM. The RAF station is also pretty long-term significant. No clear primary topic here. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:19, 29 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. Pageviews appear to be on the side of the nominator, and I wouldn't say an unreasonable level of WP:RECENTISM applies here, since the Principality has been around for decades and appears to have long-term notability, even if it has not lasted as long as the RAF station.  The Night Watch     (talk)   20:22, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Clear primary topic by usage. Célestin Denis (talk) 15:43, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per February 2023 WikiNav data. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 03:51, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sealand (disambiguation)


text:
User:Rogier

Hi welcome on my user page.

My interests
Architecture, Art, Computing, Cuisine, Culture, Design, Extreme sports, Rock climbing, Science, Travel, Politics

My article contributions
Harry Bertoia, Jacques Majorelle, Majorelle Garden, Tajine, Hassan II Mosque, Hans van Mierlo, Minister of State

My media contributions

title: User:Rogier


text:
Talk:Java Runtime Environment

Text at the top of the article says it needs to be merged with Java programming language, but didn't find any reasons for it on this talk page. Also didn't find any entry in the Duplicate articles page. Jay 15:34, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Java Runtime Environment is DIFFERENT from Java platform
Although Java Runtime Environment is a part of Java platform, Java Runtime Environment should not be merged with Java platform. The reason is, Java platform is a general thing, but Java Runtime Environment is a SPECIFIC component, just as Java Development Kit. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 158.182.1.38 (talk • contribs).

Java Runtime Environment is NOT "from Sun"
This article unfortunately not only is incorrect, but propagates the misconception that to run Java you need Sun Microsystems: ''<< "Java Runtime Environment, or JRE, is a software bundle from Sun Microsystems that allows a computer system to run a Java application." >> Sun in effect owns (*note1) the Java specification, but anyone(*note2) can write a Java Runtime implementation''. (Note1: ok, sure, there's the JCP, but in reality Sun owns the language.) (Note2: Ok, not anyone; the people writing the implementation have to promise not to break the spec (eg, like Microsoft tried to do) by licensing the spec from Sun -- but that's just the right to implement a virtual machine.) See List of Java virtual machines for a short(!) list. Also, of note, are "free" Java implementations (a free as-in-speech) Java implementations that are completely independent of any Sun source, eg, Apache Harmony. In short: no, the JRE is not a "bundle of software from Sun Microsystems". (Sorry if this sounds like a rant.) Michael (talk|contrib) 19:15, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * of course, the way sun restrict the spec, only runtimes based on Sun's implementation can get access to the test kit, which is their proof of compliance with the licensing requirements of Java. Without the tests you can't call yourself Java or avoid infringing various software patents. SteveLoughran 20:00, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Version number confusion
On the sun.com download page, the current version is "Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment 6". The java.com test page wants me to update to "version 6 update 2". My installed version is quite recent (few weeks) but has version number 1.5.0_11. My hunch is that 6 === 1.6, is that right?--87.162.24.126 10:46, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That would be my guess too, but Sun does not seem to outright acknowledge that 1.6 might be the same as 6, and which subversion of 6. FWIW I have just now downloaded what Sun calls the latest version on Vista Home Premium and the Java Control Panel reports version Standard Edition 6, version 1.6.0 (build 1.6.0_02-b06). When I use Netscape Navigator (version 9.0b3) to go to Sun's test page, the test page reports Version: 6 update 2. However, with Firefox 2.0.0.6 Sun's test page reports java.lang.NullPointerException, as others are finding. Maybe Sun or Firefox have not managed to get JRE 6 working with FF2+ under Vista yet? -84.223.117.102 22:51, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Replying to myself: I tracked down a possible cause for Java raising the exception in FF2 by reading the long standing bugzilla 83376, (since 2001) It seems Sun's Java plugin (even the latest one) under FF2 with useragent (UA) spoofing (still needed for some websites) fails because, in Sun's own words from 2001: "Java Plug-in depends on user-agent string for version information, no fix will be made." Nice and final. This means FF's UA must be default (not spoofed) at startup. If FF's UA is spoofed then Java raises exception next time FF starts. Awkward but at least I now have a workaround fix. Hope this helps anyone finding the same problem. Pity Sun won't fix it their end though. 84.223.117.102 23:47, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Removed the redirect
It was strange that the JRE term (the term is very commonly found) would redirect to Java virtual machine which is mostly used by people already knowing what Java is. Is seems better to have some explanation of what is the JRE, and provide the wiki-links there. Hervegirod (talk) 14:42, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Java Runtime Environment


text:
User:Kzzl/craptaculous

My new favorite word. Some have said it's not a word, and admittedly, craptacular appears on the internet much more often.

title: User:Kzzl/craptaculous


text:
User talk:Rogier

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Hi !! Rogier, your contributions about morocco are very nice, thanks, have you been there ? --Khalid hassani 16:57, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rogier


text:
User talk:Pavka~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Speedy deletion of Провал
A tag has been placed on Провал, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A2 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a foreign language article that was copied and pasted from another Wikimedia project, or was transwikied out to another project. Please see Translation to learn about requests for, and coordination of, translations from foreign-language Wikipedias into English.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the article or have a copy emailed to you. Orange Marlin Talk• Contributions 05:04, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pavka. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pavka~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:20, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:28, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pavka~enwiki


text:
Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee

The Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee was a coalition of organizations which coordinated events opposing the Vietnam War in the mid-1960s. It coordinated its constituent groups to stage anti-war parades, rallies, and "peace-ins" primarily in New York City. Named after Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, it was based on 17th Street near Union Square. At the start of 1968, it included about 150 groups. A rally and march it organized with the Spring Mobilization against the War in Vietnam in 1967 featured Martin Luther King Jr., Stokely Carmichael, Benjamin Spock, and Dave Dellinger in Central Park.

Leader Norma Becker was a member of the established War Resisters League. Chairman David Dellinger later became known as one of the Chicago Eight.


text:
User:Kzzl/craptacular

An apparent smashing together of crap and spectacular, which roughly means "spectacularly crappy" "very crappy" or as a noun, "a celebration of crap/crappiness"

see Fantabulous

title: User:Kzzl/craptacular


text:
Prebendary

A prebendary is a member of the Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church. When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the choir stalls, known as prebendal stalls.

History
At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, the canons and dignitaries of the cathedrals of England were supported by the produce and other profits from the cathedral estates. In the early 12th century, the endowed prebend was developed as an institution, in possession of which a cathedral official had a fixed and independent income. This made the cathedral canons independent of the bishop, and created posts that attracted the younger sons of the nobility. Part of the endowment was retained in a common fund, known in Latin as communia, which was used to provide bread and money to a canon in residence in addition to the income from his prebend.

Most prebends disappeared in 1547, when nearly all collegiate churches in England and Wales were dissolved by the Act for the Dissolution of Collegiate Churches and Chantries of that year, as part of the Reformation. The church of St Endellion, Cornwall, is one of the few still extant.

The office of prebendary is retained by certain Church of England dioceses (those of Lichfield, Lincoln, and London being significant examples) as an honorary title for senior parish priests, usually awarded in recognition of long and dedicated service to the diocese. These priests are entitled to be called "Prebendary" (usually shortened to Preb.) and have a role in the administration of the relevant cathedral. Prebendaries have a prebendal stall in certain cathedrals and collegiate churches.

The greater chapter of a cathedral includes both the residentiary canons (full-time senior cathedral clergy) and the prebendaries (and, in London, the Minor Canons). In the Church of England, when a diocesan bishop retires, moves to another diocese or dies, the monarch will summon the greater chapter to elect a successor. This election is ceremonial, as the monarch (following the advice of the prime minister) tells the members of the greater chapter whom they are to elect.

Wells Cathedral and Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin still call their canons "prebendaries". They form the chapter of the cathedral and sit in their prebendal stalls when in residence in the cathedral.

Prebend
The prebend is the form of benefice held by a prebendary; historically, the stipend attached to it was usually drawn from specific sources in the income of a cathedral's estates. In the 21st century, many remaining prebendaries hold an honorary position which does not carry an income with it.

title: Prebendary