text:
Eugenio Garza Sada

Eugenio Garza Sada (January 11, 1892 – September 17, 1973) was an industrialist in the city of Monterrey, Mexico best known for founding the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) school system in the country. Garza was born into a business family, with his father founding the Cuauhtémoc Brewery in Monterrey in 1890. After Garza graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he began to work at the brewery, working his way up in the company to eventually take over as director after his father died. Garza and his brother Roberto grew the company into a conglomerate and instituted various innovations including benefits and social services for employees. Garza's inspiration for founding ITESM came from his experience at MIT, as well as the desire to decrease Mexico's dependence on foreign expert help. He remained the head of ITESM's board until his death in 1973, as a result of a failed kidnapping attempt.

Life
Eugenio Garza Sada was born on January 11, 1892, in Monterrey, Mexico. He was the fourth of children of Isaac Garza Garza and Consuelo Sada Muguerza de Sada. Both parents came from highly influential business families. His paternal grandfather, Juan de la Garza Martinez, was mayor of Monterrey in the mid 19th century, building the Templo del Roble church in 1853. His father founded the Cuauhtémoc Brewery along with José Calderón Muguerza in 1890 with the help of foreign capital. His birth and early upbringing coincided with the industrialization that was taking place under the Porfirio Díaz regime at the end of the 19th century and very early 20th.

Garza's upbringing was religious and conservative, initially attending Marist schools. It also revolved around the brewery business, visiting his father at the plant often. He attended primary school at the Colegio de San Juan in Saltillo, Coahuila, two hours away from the family home. He attended middle school in Monterrey at the Colegio Hidalgo. Their religious background also led the family to a history of philanthropy, especially supporting hospices such as Melitón Villareal and León Ortigosa in Monterrey, which Eugenio continued later in his life. In 1909, Monterrey experience severe flooding. The Garza house, which survived, became a shelter for the homeless and the company helped with reconstruction efforts.

This disaster was followed shortly after by the Mexican Revolution, which required the family to leave Mexico in 1913 and seek asylum in the United States, living in Brownsville and St. Louis. He continued high school and graduated from Western Military Academy, a military academy in Alton, Illinois. He then went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, obtaining a bachelor's degree in civil engineering in 1916. Along with going to school, Eugenio worked as a store clerk and an usher in a theater. During the war, the family house survived but not the original brewery which was destroyed or left in disrepair. Although the family continued to regain control of their properties, Garza's father felt it was best that Eugenio and his younger brother Roberto continue their education in the United States, not only because of the advanced technology but also because there was more order there. This experience left an impression that would later lead to the formation of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education.

In 1917, he returned to Mexico with his brother Roberto and both began working to rebuild the Cuauhtémoc Brewery, which the family had recovered. However, despite being the son of one of the principal founders and a MIT graduate, he was relegated to an inferior position and had to work his way up.

In 1921, he married Consuelo Lagüera Zambrano. The couple had eight children. Garza's career was focused on the brewery, which he eventually directed and grew into a conglomerate called Grupo Valores Industriales, S.A. He is considered to be one of the most responsible for the growth of the state of Nuevo León in the 20th century. Most of what he founded still remains. However, he is best known as the founder of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, a private high school/university system in Mexico. He was described as modest, austere, frugal and of few words by various people, including his children. Although he was a millionaire, he rode in an antique car, had only three suits in his closet, all the same cut and color and generally wore cheaper shoes. He reinvested his money rather than spend it on lavish things. His hobbies were gardening and music.

Career at Cuauhtémoc Brewery
Garza's career was dedicated to the economic development of the city of Monterrey, starting from his family's Cuauhtémoc Brewery. After graduating college, he began to work at the company as an assistant in the sales department, having to work his way up. He and his brother introduced the use of carbonation to increase the head, the use of cardboard cases instead of wood and steel barrels instead of wood. The brothers also worked to diversify the company getting into the production of raw materials and packaging, changing the name to Grupo Monterrey. In World War II, the United States began to ration tin, a material that the company imported. In response, Grupo Monterrey began a new company called Hojalata y Lámina, S.A. to produce its own cans and bottles. After his father died, the family decided that Eugenio should take over directorship. The company continued to grow and diversify under Garza, changing name again to Grupo Valores Industriales, S.A. (VISA). At the time of his death in 1973, the enterprise consisted of Cuauhtémoc, Fábricas de Monterrey (founded 1920), Malta, S.A.(1929), Empaques de Cartón Titán (1936), Hojalata y Lámina, S.A. (HYLSA 1942), Grafo Regia, S.A. (1957), and Cevecería Cuauhtémoc Toluca (1969) created by Garza and his brother as well as companies bought by the group including Cevecería Central in 1929, Cervecería Oeste in 1933, Cevecería Tecate, Cevecería Humaya in 1954 and Cevecería Cruz Blanca (1965).

Along with technological and administrative innovations, Garza also implemented social ones. One of his innovations in business was to form an internal communications system, which at the time was a novelty. This included a publication called "El abanderado" and later "Trabajo y ahorro" which began in 1918 and published twice a month. He also wrote regular bulletins for workers at the factories he managed. He also developed the "Ideario Cuauhtémoc, a set of seventeen principles set for both the company and its employees, a predecessor to codes of ethics. Concepts in the ideario included "respect for others," "control of temperament" and "Not mock others." This document was not only distributed to employees but also posted prominently in production areas and offices.

Garza and his brother continued and expanded on policies of his father in regards to worker welfare, providing social service and other benefits as well as cutting the work day down from the normal twelve hours to nine. One reason behind this was the family's experience with the Mexican Revolution. Working for the welfare of their employees helped to foster loyalty to the company.

Two years after starting work with the company, the two brothers began the Sociedad Cuauhtémoc y Famosa, open to workers and managers of the enterprise. The organization offered health care services, courses to employees, scholarships for their children and a recreational center. In 1957, this organization created the Colonia Cuauhtémoc, a housing development for workers with subsidized mortgages offered by the company, which resulted in 334 homes over forty hectares. The inauguration of the project was attended by Mexican president Adolfo Ruiz Cortines. The project led to the creation of a program to help finance worker home construction which was reorganized in 1972 as the Patrimonio de Vivienda del Grupo Industrial. As part of the Sociedad Cuauhtémoc y Famosa, he established the radio station XET as well as Televisión Independiente de México. The latter eventually merged with another television company to form Televisa after Garza's death. However, these activities were criticized as a kind of "white syndicate" (sindicato blanco) aimed at controlling workers and containing unionism.

In business he believed that authority should be centralized and clearly defined. Garza maintained the Monterrey tradition of an industrial class in which families maintained control of industry by handing down key roles through the generations. He felt that honest work brought men to liberty and culture. For him it gave humans dignity. He felt that one of his social obligations as a businessman was to create as many jobs as possible. He is quoted as saying "I do not distribute riches: I distribute jobs. In this way, you will raise the standard of living of the people."

He was not politically involved, believing more in economic development for Mexico's problems than social or political ones. He rejected state intervention in the affairs of private companies. His conservative and authoritarian views put him at odds with many by the end of the 1960s, including students, especially after the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. His belief in keeping government out of business also put him at odds with Mexican president Luis Echeverría, but it was not public. Politically motivated businessmen allied with Echeverría were interested in a control over the Cadena García Valseca, which published thirty seven local newspapers in Mexico. Garza was against this move on economic and political grounds and offered the publishing group financing to stay solvent and resist takeovers by those sympathetic to the government. However, Garza died before the transaction took place.

Tec de Monterrey
Garza is considered to be one of Mexico's second generation of industrialists, mostly distinguished from their Porfirian era predecessors by having a formal education. Garza founded the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education with the aim of forming highly qualified administrators and technical workers in Mexico, decreasing Mexican businesses' dependency of foreign experts. His first project in this area was the creation of the Escuela Politécnica Cuauhtémoc, which provided elementary and high school education along with technical skills. The need for a university level institution seemed more urgent with the outbreak of World War II among countries that normally provided expertise in Mexico. Another issue was that the state and federal authorities refounded the University of Nuevo León, but there were political conflicts in its operation, which Garza wanted to avoid. Garza's experience at MIT was the basis for the organization of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, originally named Enseñanza e Investigación Superior, A.C. which he founded along with a group of Monterrey businessmen. It began in a house in the center of Monterrey in 1943, with 350 students and a number of professors. The federal government publicly declared that it would respect private educational initiatives, which was crucial for certification purposes and the organization's incorporation as a civil association.

He called the school "his ninth child." From that point on, he dedicated a significant amount of his time to the institution, being president of the board from 1943 until his death. Like he did for Cuauhtémoc, he created bulletins and other communications for the school as well as student newspapers. However, he did not permit political activism on the campus believing that the school should not be antagonistic to the government. However, this had the effect of alienating a good part of the student population and it also led to conflicts with the more liberal administrators. At the end of the 20th century, the school system had more than 80,000 students at the undergraduate and graduate levels.

Death
On the morning of September 17, 1973, Garza was on his way to work. At a red light in Monterrey, his car was blocked by another. Two young men got out and a struggle ensued. Garza's driver and assistant were killed, as was Garza as he reached for his pistol. Two of the men were also killed, identified as Javier Rodriguez Torres and Hilario Juarez Garcia. It was a failed kidnapping attempt organized by the guerrilla Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre.

Garza's funeral was attended by over 200,000 people, including the then President Luis Echeverría. He was buried at the Panteón del Carmen in Monterrey.

An investigation in 2011 by the Excélsior newspaper into government records at the time showed that the Echeverría administration was aware of a plot by the group to kidnap Garza for a year and a half before it occurred but did not take action.

Eugenio Garza Sada Award
The Eugenio Garza Sada Award was created in the memory of Garza to preserve his values and ideas. This award is financed by FEMSA, the holding company of the Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery, and by the Monterrey Institute of Technology.

title: Eugenio Garza Sada


text:
Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu

Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu (24 December 1638 – 9 March 1709) was an English courtier, diplomat, politician and peer.

Background
Ralph Montagu was the second son of Edward Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton (1616–1684), and Anne Winwood, daughter of the Secretary of State Ralph Winwood. The peerage of his father was one of several granted in the seventeenth century to different members of the Montagu family.

Sir Edward Montagu, Chief Justice of the King's Bench in the time of Henry VIII, was grandfather of the 1st Earl of Manchester, and of the 1st Baron Montagu of Boughton (1562–1644), who was imprisoned in the Tower by the Parliament on account of his loyalty to Charles I. The eldest son of the latter, Edward, who succeeded him as the 2nd Baron, took the side of the Parliament in the Civil War, and was one of the lords who conducted the king from Newark-on-Trent to Holmby House in January 1647, after he was handed over by the Scots, to whom he had initially surrendered, to the custody of Parliament. Sir Edward had two sons, Edward and Ralph.

Career
The elder son, Edward, was Master of the Horse to Queen Catherine, wife of Charles II, a post from which he is said to have been dismissed by the king for 'showing attention to the queen of too ardent a nature'. Catherine immediately appointed (in 1665) the younger brother, Ralph, to the vacant situation, and the latter soon acquired a reputation for gallantry at the court of Charles II. He took an active part in the negotiations in which Louis XIV purchased the neutrality or support of England in the war between France and the Netherlands. He was also appointed Master of the Great Wardrobe from 1671 to 1678 and from 1689 to his death.

Having quarrelled with Danby and the Duchess of Cleveland, who denounced him to the king, Montagu was elected member of Parliament for Northampton in 1678, with the intention of bringing about the fall of Danby; but, having produced letters seriously compromising the minister, the dissolution of Parliament placed him in such danger of arrest that he attempted to fly to France. Foiled in this design, he continued to intrigue against the government, supporting the movement for excluding the Duke of York from the succession and for recognizing the Duke of Monmouth as heir to the crown. After securing re-election to Parliament for Huntingdonshire in 1679 and again for Northampton in 1679 and 1681 his safety was then ensured by Parliamentary immunity. His elder brother having predeceased his father, Ralph became Baron Montagu of Boughton on the death of the latter in 1684.

Notwithstanding his former intrigues, Montagu gained the favour of King James II of England, on his accession to the throne; but this did not deter him from welcoming William of Orange, who created him Viscount Monthermer and Earl of Montagu later in 1689, on his accession to the English throne. Montagu was no less avaricious than unscrupulous. In 1673, he married Lady Elizabeth Wriothesley, the wealthy widow of Joceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland and daughter of Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, who brought him a large fortune; and after her death in 1690, he remarried the still more wealthy Lady Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, and the widow of Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle.

Ralph Montagu's position was further strengthened in 1705 by the marriage of his son and heir to Mary, daughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. In the same year he was created Duke of Montagu and Marquess of Monthermer. His London residence, Montagu House, Bloomsbury, was bought by the government in 1753 to hold the national collection of antiquities, and on its site was built the British Museum.

Children
Montagu and his first wife Elizabeth Wriothesley were parents to two children:

 * John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu (c. 1690 – 5 July 1749).
 * Anne Montagu, married Alexander Popham (grandson of Alexander Popham), and had a daughter, Elizabeth, (d. 20 March 1761), who married firstly Edward Montagu, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and secondly Francis Seymour, of Sherborne, Dorset.

Montagu and his second wife Elizabeth Monck had no known children. However, through this marriage the 1st Duke of Montagu acquired the Lordship of Bowland, one of northern England's most powerful feudal lordships which on his death passed to John, the son of his first marriage.

Royal Navy
The pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Montagu was named after him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu


text: Category:Stan Rogers albums

title: Category:Stan Rogers albums


text: User talk:81.76.12.231

title: User talk:81.76.12.231


text:
Scattering amplitude

In quantum physics, the scattering amplitude is the probability amplitude of the outgoing spherical wave relative to the incoming plane wave in a stationary-state scattering process. At large distances from the centrally symmetric scattering center, the plane wave is described by the wavefunction

\psi(\mathbf{r}) = e^{ikz} + f(\theta)\frac{e^{ikr}}{r} \;, $$ where $$\mathbf{r}\equiv(x,y,z)$$ is the position vector; $$r\equiv|\mathbf{r}|$$; $$e^{ikz}$$ is the incoming plane wave with the wavenumber $k$   along the $z$ axis; $$e^{ikr}/r$$ is the outgoing spherical wave; $θ$ is the scattering angle (angle between the incident and scattered direction); and $$f(\theta)$$ is the scattering amplitude. The dimension of the scattering amplitude is length. The scattering amplitude is a probability amplitude; the differential cross-section as a function of scattering angle is given as its modulus squared,

d\sigma = |f(\theta)|^2 \;d\Omega. $$

The asymptotic form of the wave function in arbitrary external field takes the form
 * $$\psi = e^{ikr\mathbf n\cdot\mathbf n'} + f(\mathbf n,\mathbf n') \frac{e^{ikr}}{r}$$

where $$\mathbf n$$ is the direction of incidient particles and $$\mathbf n'$$ is the direction of scattered particles.

Unitary condition
When conservation of number of particles holds true during scattering, it leads to a unitary condition for the scattering amplitude. In the general case, we have
 * $$f(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n}') -f^*(\mathbf{n}',\mathbf{n})= \frac{ik}{2\pi} \int f(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n})f^*(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n})\,d\Omega''$$

Optical theorem follows from here by setting $$\mathbf n=\mathbf n'.$$

In the centrally symmetric field, the unitary condition becomes
 * $$\mathrm{Im} f(\theta)=\frac{k}{4\pi}\int f(\gamma)f(\gamma')\,d\Omega''$$

where $$\gamma$$ and $$\gamma'$$ are the angles between $$\mathbf{n}$$ and $$\mathbf{n}'$$ and some direction $$\mathbf{n}''$$. This condition puts a constraint on the allowed form for $$f(\theta)$$, i.e., the real and imaginary part of the scattering amplitude are not independent in this case. For example, if $$|f(\theta)|$$ in $$f=|f|e^{2i\alpha}$$ is known (say, from the measurement of the cross section), then $$\alpha(\theta)$$ can be determined such that $$f(\theta)$$ is uniquely determined within the alternative $$f(\theta)\rightarrow -f^*(\theta)$$.

Partial wave expansion
In the partial wave expansion the scattering amplitude is represented as a sum over the partial waves,
 * $$f=\sum_{\ell=0}^\infty (2\ell+1) f_\ell P_\ell(\cos \theta)$$,

where $f_{ℓ}$ is the partial scattering amplitude and $P_{ℓ}$ are the Legendre polynomials. The partial amplitude can be expressed via the partial wave S-matrix element $S_{ℓ}$ ($$=e^{2i\delta_\ell}$$) and the scattering phase shift $δ_{ℓ}$ as
 * $$f_\ell = \frac{S_\ell-1}{2ik} = \frac{e^{2i\delta_\ell}-1}{2ik} = \frac{e^{i\delta_\ell} \sin\delta_\ell}{k} = \frac{1}{k\cot\delta_\ell-ik} \;.$$

Then the total cross section
 * $$\sigma = \int |f(\theta)|^2d\Omega $$,

can be expanded as
 * $$\sigma = \sum_{l=0}^\infty \sigma_l, \quad \text{where} \quad \sigma_l = 4\pi(2l+1)|f_l|^2=\frac{4\pi}{k^2}(2l+1)\sin^2\delta_l$$

is the partial cross section. The total cross section is also equal to $$\sigma=(4\pi/k)\,\mathrm{Im} f(0)$$ due to optical theorem.

For $$\theta\neq 0$$, we can write
 * $$f=\frac{1}{2ik}\sum_{\ell=0}^\infty (2\ell+1) e^{2i\delta_l} P_\ell(\cos \theta).$$

X-rays
The scattering length for X-rays is the Thomson scattering length or classical electron radius, $r$0.

Neutrons
The nuclear neutron scattering process involves the coherent neutron scattering length, often described by $b$.

Quantum mechanical formalism
A quantum mechanical approach is given by the S matrix formalism.

Measurement
The scattering amplitude can be determined by the scattering length in the low-energy regime.

title: Scattering amplitude


text:
The Planiverse

The Planiverse is a novel by A. K. Dewdney, written in 1984 about a two-dimensional world.

Plot
In the spirit of Edwin Abbott Abbott's Flatland, Dewdney and his computer science students simulate a two-dimensional world with a complex ecosystem. To their surprise, they find their artificial 2D universe has somehow accidentally become a means of communication with an actual 2D world: Arde. They make a sort of "telepathic" contact with "YNDRD", referred to by the students as Yendred, a highly philosophical Ardean, as he begins a journey across the western half, Punizla, of the single continent Ajem Kollosh to learn more about the spiritual beliefs of the people of the East, Vanizla. Yendred mistakes Dewdney's class for "spirits" and takes great interest in communicating with them. The students and narrator communicate with Yendred by typing on the keyboard; Yendred's answers appear on the computer's printout. The name Yendred (or "Yendwed", as pronounced by one of the students, who has a speech impediment) is simply "Dewdney" reversed.

Written as a travelogue, Yendred's journey through the West takes him through several cities. He visits the Punizlan Institute for Technology and Science, where Arde's technology is explored in great detail. For example, all houses are underground, so as not to be demolished by the periodic 2D rivers; nails are useless for attaching two objects, so tape and glue are used instead; most Ardean creatures cannot have deuterostomic digestive tracts since they would split into two; even games such as Go have one-dimensional Alak analogues. An appendix explains various other aspects of two-dimensional science and technology which could not fit into the main story.

The underlying allegory culminates in Yendred's arrival at the watershed of the continent and the planet's only building above ground, where he at last finds Drabk, an Ardean who professes "knowledge of the Beyond", and teaches Yendred to fly. Yendred finds that to keep contact with Earth is no longer of benefit, and contact with Arde is lost.

Development
In 1977, Dewdney was inspired by an allegory of a two-dimensional universe, and decided to expand upon the physics and chemistry of such a universe. He published a short monograph in 1979 called Two-Dimensional Science and Technology. This was reviewed by Martin Gardner in his July 1980 "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American, and shortly after this, all copies of the monograph were sold out. In 1981, following the success of the monograph, Dewdney published A Symposium on Two-Dimensional Science and Technology, which contained suggestions for how a two-dimensional universe would work from scientists and non-scientists on varied subjects. Dewdney wrote The Planiverse as a frame story in which to display the scientific and technical features from these previous works, as well as an allegory for his search for a reality deeper than that of scientific enquiry, and his subsequent conversion to Sufiism.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The Planiverse for White Dwarf #55, and stated that "This delightful book will be inspiring 2D game scenarios any second now."

Kirkus Reviews considered it "an ingenious intellectual exercise—amusing, edifying, sometimes tedious" At Tor.com, Jason Shiga found it to be a "tour de force followup" to Flatland, and found the appendix to be the "most impressive section" of the book.

title: The Planiverse


text:
Raita

Raita is a side dish in Indian cuisine made of dahi (yogurt, often referred to as curd) together with raw or cooked vegetables, fruit, or in the case of boondi raita, with fried droplets of batter made from besan (chickpea flour, generally labeled as gram flour).

The closest approximation in Western cuisine is a side dish or dip, or a cooked salad. It is often referred to as a condiment, but unlike common Western condiments such as pepper, mustard, and horseradish that make dishes more spicy, a dish of dahi or raita has a cooling effect to contrast with spicy curries and kebabs that are the main fare of some Asian cuisines. In Indian cuisine, some type of flatbread may be eaten together with raita, chutneys, and pickles.

The yogurt may be seasoned with coriander, roasted cumin seeds, mint, cayenne pepper, chaat masala and other herbs and spices.

Etymology
The word raita first appeared in print around the 19th century; it comes from the Hindi language. The word raita in Bengali and Hindi is a portmanteau of the Sanskrit word rajika or the derivative Hindi rai (pronounced "ra-ee") meaning black mustard seed, and tiktaka, meaning sharp or pungent.

In South India, especially Kerala and Tamil Nadu, traditional raita is called pachadi, Tayir pachadi.

In Eastern Nepal, the dish is known as dahi kakro (lit. 'yogurt cucumber'), whereas in western regions of Nepal it is known as raito.

Raita is also sometimes simply called dahi, or "sourmilk", after its main ingredient, particularly in South African Indian cuisine.

Preparation
Cumin (zīrā) and black mustard (rāī) are fried. This tempering is then mixed with minced, raw vegetables or fruits (such as cucumber, onion, carrot, pineapple, papaya) and yogurt.

Raw ginger and garlic paste, green chili paste, and sometimes mustard paste are used to enrich flavour.

A variety of raita of India varies from region to region, most notable raithas are boondi raitha—tiny balls of fried gram flour (chickpea flour), which may taste salty or tīkhā (spicy) and onion raita and vegetable raita. The mixture is served chilled. Raita may cool the palate when eating spicy Indian dishes.

Variants
Raitas can be prepared with three main base ingredients: vegetables, pulses and fruits. These are mixed with yogurt and flavoured with a variety of seasonings to make different types of raita.

Vegetable raitas

 * 1) Bathua ka raita, popular in Haryana in winters
 * 2) Cucumber raita
 * 3) Lauki (bottle gourd/calabash) raita, popular in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
 * 4) Beetroot raita
 * 5) Brinjal raita
 * 6) Carrot raita
 * 7) Chili salt raita, either with chopped fresh chilies or dried chili powder
 * 8) Horned melon raita
 * 9) Mint and peanut raita
 * 10) Onion coriander spring onion raita
 * 11) Onion tomato raita
 * 12) Potato raita
 * 13) Pumpkin raita
 * 14) Spinach raita
 * 15) Garlic mint raita

Fruit raitas

 * 1) Banana raita
 * 2) Mango raita
 * 3) Guava raita
 * 4) Grape raita
 * 5) Pineapple raita
 * 6) Pomegranate raita
 * 7) Pear raita

Pulse raitas
Made either from sprouted pulses, roasted pulses or other condiments made from pulse flour.
 * 1) Bhujia sev raita
 * 2) Boondi raita
 * 3) Sprouted green gram raita

As a side dish
Raita is served as a side dish to be eaten with main course dishes.

 * Biryani
 * Pulav (pilaf)
 * Seekh kabab
 * Paratha
 * Pav bhaji
 * Indian Thali

As a sauce

 * Grilled chicken
 * Salmon
 * Tacos

As a dressing

 * Salads
 * Pasta salad

title: Raita


text:
Samad Behrangi

Samad Behrangi (June 24, 1939 – August 31, 1968) was an Iranian teacher, social activist and critic, folklorist, translator, and short story writer of Iranian Azerbaijani descent. He is famous for his children's books, particularly The Little Black Fish. Influenced by predominantly leftist ideologies that were common among the intelligentsia of his era, which made him popular among the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, his books typically portrayed the lives of the children of the urban poor and encouraged the individual to change his/her circumstances by her own initiatives.

Early life
He was born on June 24, 1939, in the neighborhood of Charandab in the city of Tabriz, Imperial State of Iran. He was from a working-class family, his parents were Sara and Ezzat, and he had two brothers and three sisters. His father was seasonal worker and his income was never sufficient, his father eventually left Iran like millions of other workers on the move for better life conditions for the Caucasus and never returned.

He finished elementary school and three years of secondary school in Tabriz, before enrolling in a rural teacher training school. He spent two years at the Daneshsarayea-Keshavarzi and finishing the program in 1957. Thus, only receiving few years of education, at the age of 18, he became a teacher, and continued to be so for the rest of his life, in the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran.

Career
In the next eleven years, while teaching Persian in rural schools of Iranian Azerbaijan, he attained a B.A. degree in English from Tabriz University. He started publishing stories in 1960, his first being Adat (English: Habit). He carried on writing stories, along translating from English and Azerbaijani to Farsi, and vice versa. Later, he was dismissed from his high school teaching position, due to a claim that he was impolite, and assigned to an elementary school. Then, as his cultural works increased, he was accused and persecuted, and suspended from teaching. After a while his sentence was called off and he returned to schools. Later, he attended student protests.

Apart from children's stories, he wrote many pedagogical essays and collected and published several samples of oral Iranian Azerbaijani literature. His folklore studies have usually been done with the help of his colleague Behrooz Dehghani, who helped publish some of Behrangi's works after his early death. Behrangi also has a few Azeri translations from Persian poems by Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, and Mehdi Akhavan-Sales.

Publications
Apart from children's stories, he wrote many pedagogical essays and collected and published several samples of oral Azerbaijani literature. His folklore studies have usually been done with the help of his colleague Behrooz Dehghani, who helped publish some of Behrangi's works after his early death. Behrangi also has a few Azerbaijani language translations of Persian poems by Ahmad Shamlou, Forough Farrokhzad, and Mehdi Akhavan-Sales.

List of publications

 * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada
 * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada
 * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada
 * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada
 * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada
 * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada
 * The Complete Stories of Behrang, publishers, Persian Culture & Art Institute, Vancouver and Zagros Publications, Montreal, Canada

Death
Behrangi drowned on August 31, 1968, in the Aras river and his death was blamed on the Pahlavi government. It is believed that an army officer, Hamzeh Farahati, was seen with him when he drowned. Farahati in his book and in an interview with VOA has unequivocally denied the claims he and SAVAK murdered him. Ironically in his seminal work the Little Black Fish, the fishes drown a snail for not knowing his place.

He was buried in the Imamieh cemetery (or Emamiyyeh cemetery; Farsi:قبرستان امامیه) in the Imamieh neighborhood of Tabriz.

title: Samad Behrangi


text:
Patrick Lenihan

Patrick James Lenihan (4 September 1902 – 11 March 1970) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Longford–Westmeath constituency from 1965 to 1970.

He held the distinction of being the only parent to be elected to the Oireachtas when his child was already a member.

Early life
He was born 4 September 1902 in Ennistymon, County Clare, son of Patrick Lenihan, a teacher, and Hannah Lenihan (née McIherney). He was educated at Garbally College, Ballinasloe, and University College Galway, he graduated a year late because of his involvement with the IRA during the Irish War of Independence. Following graduation he taught at Christian Brothers' schools in Belfast for two years.

He was an Inspector of Taxes in Dundalk, County Louth, before being appointed by Seán Lemass to run the Gentex textiles company in Athlone. At its height it was the major employer in the Midlands. He also was involved for some years in the Hodson Bay Hotel on Lough Ree, and was instrumental in the establishment of the All-Ireland amateur drama festival. In the 1930s, he served on the executive committee of the Irish Social Credit Party, fellow members of which included Maud Gonne.

He also had some success as a hurler with Westmeath during the 1930s. He won a Leinster Junior Hurling Championship and an All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship in 1936. The following year he played in (to date) Westmeath's only Leinster Senior Hurling Championship final, in which they lost out to Kilkenny.

Politics
He was elected as a Fianna Fáil TD at his first attempt, for the Longford–Westmeath constituency at the 1965 general election. He beat the long-serving Fine Gael TD Seán Mac Eoin in the famous "long count", by thirteen votes. His son Brian Lenihan had been elected in the neighbouring constituency of Roscommon in 1961, at the previous election. It was the first, and to date only, occasion of a child preceding his parent into the Dáil. Patrick Lenihan was re-elected to the Dáil at the 1969 general election and died suddenly in 1970. His seat was taken at the subsequent by-election by Fine Gael's Patrick Cooney who subsequently went on to serve as a Minister.

Two of his children, Brian Lenihan Snr and Mary O'Rourke, served as Irish cabinet ministers. A third, Paddy, served as a member of Roscommon County Council; in the later stages of his career in the 1980s, he left Fianna Fáil to join Neil Blaney's Independent Fianna Fáil. Two of Patrick Lenihan's grandchildren, Brian Lenihan Jnr and Conor Lenihan, served as Minister for Finance and Minister of State respectively in the government of Brian Cowen. Conor Lenihan and Mary O'Rourke lost their seats at the 2011 general election. Brian Lenihan Jnr was re-elected but died in June 2011, ending the Lenihans' fifty years of continuous service in the Oireachtas.

Patrick Lenihan was the only member of his family to serve in the Dáil who was not appointed a Minister at some stage in his career.

title: Patrick Lenihan


text:
Talk:Samad Behrangi

A few Persian articles
Some Persian articles could be found at and. roozbeh 18:19, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

a suggestion
Hi Roozbeh. I think it's a good idea to add a bibliography section and also a separate page for Ulduz, Talkhoon and Azarbayijan Tales. Because I am a rookie here, I haven't done anything yet. Let me know if I can help this article or any other. Your guidance is highly appreciated. Cheers, MrMo 01:06, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Behrangi's death
After Sarkouhi's announcement, sticking to the old SAVAK conspiracy is rather off-color. I corrected the text. mrjahan If you want to write a portion of history don't change it to your liking. His death was within reasonable doubt of assassination. You cannot eliminate that fact. Others will check the facts and decide for themselves whether to believe he was ordered by Pahlavi regime to be killed or not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bull6645 (talk • contribs) 20:56, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

Behrangi wrote originally in Azeri language
The source says Behrangi wrote in Azeribaijani language, then translated them into Persian in order to make them available in Iran (at that time). It's a quite clear sentence. The source is reliable, its author is Professor Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota. See the link. Regards. E104421 (talk) 13:39, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Iranchamber, Death, Azeri
Dear E104421, iranchamber.com is not a reliable source, by the way, it dosn't read what you wrote. Azeri has never been banned in Iran, as for example Heydar Babaya Salam was published in 1954. Behrangi's death circumstance is not clear. There is no evidence that it can be attributed to Pahlavis.--Raayen (talk) 14:50, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * As i had already stated above its author is Professor Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota See the link which makes it reliable. See also A Brief Note on Samad Behrangi's Life by Iraj Bashiri. Regards. E104421 (talk) 11:01, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, let's leave reliability for now. The source doesn't say what you edited.--Raayen (talk) 17:38, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Iraj Bashiri states that "Behrangi's native tongue was Azeri Turkish and, personally, preferred writing in Azeri over Farsi. He was not, however, allowed to publish in Azeri; he, therefore, made his writings available by translating them into Persian." The link is already provided above. Please do not remove the sourced information. Regards. E104421 (talk) 13:53, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Copyright Infringement
E104421, actually your sources have the problem of Copyright Infringement: .--Raayen (talk) 14:26, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * See Copyrights Regards E104421 (talk) 01:48, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I meant one of the sources claims that the other source of yours has violated its copyright! . Both of the sources are against WP:SPS, and specially WP:BLP. And none are "established expert(s) on the topic of the article". Heydar Babaya Salam was published in 1954. How could Shahriar publish in Azeri, but Behrangi couldn't?! The sources have expressions such as " generally, is understood" and "commonly believed" about his death. These are in the category of rumours (WP:NOTGOSSIP) and conjectures (WP:SPECULATION). It is about the death of a person, we cannot just write that a bunch of people say somebody is the killer. --Raayen (talk) 04:21, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * That's what the sources say. See Verifiability. Regards. E104421 (talk) 02:17, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Both me and E104421 are pretty good candidates for violating 3rr on this article :)
 * Please consult the following quotes from wikipedia.

 * Verifiability:

"In general, the most reliable sources are peer-reviewed journals and books published in university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers."

 * WP:SPS:

"Anyone can create a website or pay to have a book published, then claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published books, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, blogs, forum postings, and similar sources are largely not acceptable."

 * BTW, everybody knows who killed Abraham Lincoln, because it has been proved. Booth threatened him. There were witnesses and reliable sources say he was the assassin. Here we have one witness who says Behrangi drowned, and Prof. Bashiri's website which says he was killed. The fact that he is a faculty doesn't change nothing. Both of the sources include questionable materials and invite inquiry because themselves use generally, is understood and commonly believed. Those are common believes of revolutionaries at the time who were trying hardly to defame Pahlavis in anyway they could.--Raayen (talk) 14:47, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I think you misunderstood my argument. See WP:Verifiability. I'll quote the relevant paragraphs here:

''The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth—that is, whether readers are able to check that material added to Wikipedia has already been published by a reliable source, not whether we think it is true. Editors should provide a reliable source for quotations and for any material that is challenged or likely to be challenged, or the material may be removed.''

''Verifiability is one of Wikipedia's core content policies. The others are No original research and Neutral point of view. Jointly, these policies determine the type and quality of material that is acceptable in Wikipedia articles. They should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should familiarize themselves with all three. To discuss the reliability of particular sources, see the reliable sources noticeboard.''

As i had already stated above the source is Professor Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota which makes it reliable. See also A Brief Note on Samad Behrangi's Life by Iraj Bashiri. Regards. E104421 (talk) 18:33, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * To compromise, i removed the for and against sentences. Regards. E104421 (talk) 18:45, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The key phrase is "already been published by a reliable source". Sources should be reliable not individuals who wrote something which cannot be proved in any way. Please present a reliable source published by Prof. Bashiri, not from his personal website, because it is against WP:SPS. I don't revert your edits anymore, because as I checked it seems to be against the rules.--Raayen (talk) 02:40, 4 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Raayen is correct, Mr. Bashiri's note does not seem to have been "already been published by a reliable source". Therefore, a page hosted on angelfire.com. could have been uploaded there by anyone, and can not be verified or used as a reliable source. --Kurdo777 (talk) 22:48, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:35, 8 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Samad-behrangi-bust-tandis (1) 01.jpg

title: Talk:Samad Behrangi


text:
Manghrotha

Mangrotha is a populated place in district Dera Ghazi Khan and in Tehsil Taunsa Sharif in Pakistan.

title: Manghrotha


text:
Oshawa Generals

The Oshawa Generals are a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League. They are based in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. The team is named for General Motors, an early sponsor which has its Canadian headquarters in Oshawa. In November 2016, the General Motors Centre changed its name to Tribute Communities Centre. Its 184 graduates to the National Hockey League are second in the OHL. The Generals have won the Memorial Cup five times - (1939, 1940, 1944, 1990, 2015), as well as a record thirteen Ontario Hockey League Championships, the J. Ross Robertson Cup - (1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1966, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1997, 2015)

The Generals have two distinct eras in their history. The original Generals operated from 1937 to 1953. The team went on a hiatus from 1953 to 1962 due to a fire at the Hambly Arena. The team was resurrected in 1962. Famous alumni of the Generals include Hockey Hall of Famers Bobby Orr, Ted Lindsay, Alex Delvecchio, Dave Andreychuk, and Eric Lindros.

Early years (1908–1937)
Prior to 1908, Oshawa belonged to the Midland Hockey League. It competed against other teams from Whitby, Bowmanville, Port Hope and Cobourg. The first Oshawa team in the Ontario Hockey Association junior division began play in the 1908–1909 season, known as the Oshawa Shamrocks. Ed Bradley, a prominent local businessman was responsible for organizing the team and bringing junior hockey to Oshawa and was the team's manager for the next 13 seasons.

Success came early to the team reaching the semifinals in 1909. In the 1920s, the team enjoyed many successful years, battling against Orillia and Owen Sound. In June 1928, Bradley's Arena burnt to the ground. The team relocated to Whitby until the new Oshawa Arena was built for 1930.

In the early 1930s, the team became known as the Oshawa Majors. The Majors won the OHA title in 1935 versus the Kitchener Greenshirts, and played the Northern Ontario champion Sudbury Cub Wolves. In a protest by Kitchener, the title was taken away from Oshawa while games were already underway with Sudbury.

In 1936, different sources name the team as the Majors, the Red Devils, and the Junior G-Men. This team coached by Bill Hancock and managed by Matt Leyden played the season against St. Michael's College, University of Toronto, Toronto Young Rangers, Toronto Marlboros, Toronto Native Sons and the Toronto Lions.

OHA dynasty (1937–1944)

In 1937, the Oshawa Generals were created and named after the sponsor, General Motors of Canada. The Generals put together an unequalled feat of seven consecutive OHA Championships, and winning three Memorial Cups in the same span.

The Generals grew a reputation for treating its players well and signed many young men who would go on to National Hockey League fame. Players were admitted free to theatres, dancing, wrestling, roller skating and other attractions at the arena. Sponsors gave full scholarships to school and weekly stipends. Through the whole dynasty, the team was managed by Matt Leyden, and its secretary was Neil Hezzlewood. Both men would be inducted in the Oshawa Sports Hall of fame.

From 1937 to 1944, Oshawa Generals graduated 20 players to become NHL alumni, and another player in David Bauer, who would be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builder's Category. NHL alumni from 1937 to 1944 include; Frank Bennett, Harvey Bennett, Les Colvin, Jim Conacher, Floyd Curry, Buck Davies, Bob Dawes, Jim Drummond, Frank Eddolls, Bill Ezinicki, Armand (Bep) Guidolin, Nick Knott, Ted Lindsay, Jud McAtee, Norm McAtee, Gus Mortson, Chuck Scherza, Ken Smith, Billy "The Kid" Taylor and Wally Wilson.

Fire (1953)
On September 14, 1953 Hambly's Arena burned down. The city lost their arena, and their OHA team. Donations poured in from many fellow OHA teams and local businessmen. Equipment and other items were disbursed to all the players attending the training camp to cover individual losses. The Generals, homeless so close to the start of the new season, were disbanded.

Salvaged from the disbanded team, General Manager Wren Blair made a Senior B team known as the Oshawa Truckmen, who played in Bowmanville for the 1953–1954 season. The year after, this team became the Whitby Dunlops. The Dunlops were Allan Cup Champions in 1957 & 1959, and World Champions in 1958.

Rebirth of the Generals (1962)
In 1960, Wren Blair began negotiations with Boston Bruins president Weston Adams to begin building the new Oshawa Generals. The agreement was made contingent on a new arena being built in Oshawa. The Oshawa Civic Auditorium would open in 1964.

In the meantime, the Oshawa Generals were reactivated for the 1962–1963 as a team playing in the Metro Junior A League. For this year, the team played its home games at Maple Leaf Gardens. Fundraising for a new arena was well under way at the same time.

The Generals wore red, white and blue jerseys until the 1965–66 season when they adopted the black, gold and white of their parent team, the Boston Bruins.

In 1963 the Metro Junior A league was disbanded, and Oshawa was readmitted in the OHA. Since the Toronto Marlboros used Maple Leaf Gardens as a home rink, the Generals team played out of nearby Bowmanville for one full season, and part of another.

The Bobby Orr years (1962–1966)

The greatest player ever to wear an Oshawa Generals uniform, Bobby Orr, became a legend in the NHL and to be inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Orr was discovered by Wren Blair as a 14-year-old while playing a game in Gananoque, Ontario. He was quickly signed to a contract and invited to training camp for the 1962–63 season. He would commute three hours from Parry Sound for all weekend games he played with the Generals that year. Even so, he was selected to the Metro Junior A League's second all-star team.

During the 1963–64 season (his first full season in Junior A hockey), Bobby Orr scored 29 goals to break the record for most goals by a defenceman, previously held by Jacques Laperriere. Orr was also selected as a first team all-star defenceman.

During the 1964–65 season, the Generals moved into their new home at the Oshawa Civic Auditorium. Orr broke his own record, scoring 34 goals that season.

In the 1965–66 season, Oshawa returned to the Memorial Cup after a 22-year absence. The Generals were coached that year by alumnus Armand "Bep" Guidolin, who played for Oshawa in the 1942 Memorial Cup, and subsequently made the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) as a 16-year-old. Team captain Bobby Orr scored 38 goals during the season.

The Generals defeated their bitter rivals, the St. Catharines Black Hawks, in the quarter-finals before eliminating the Montreal Junior Canadiens in the semi-finals, and winning the J. Ross Robertson Cup over the Kitchener Rangers.

The Generals then outscored the Northern Ontario Junior A champion North Bay Trappers by a combined score of 43–9 to win the series in four games, and then defeated Shawinigan Bruins in three games to be the Eastern Canadian representative for the Memorial Cup.

In the Memorial Cup series, Orr played injured through most games, but the team lost to the Edmonton Oil Kings in six games.

After the season ended, many players graduated from the team and moved on: Orr went to the Bruins, Blair became general manager of the NHL's Minnesota North Stars and head coach Guidolin returned to coaching in Thorold.

Ninth championship (1983)

After many dismal seasons through the late 1960s and 1970s, the Generals began to rebuild for a run at the Memorial Cup. In 1979, the Generals hired Head Coach Paul Theriault, who would lead the team to nine consecutive winning seasons, including two Memorial Cup appearances.

In 1983, the Generals returned to the Memorial Cup after a 17-year absence, defeating the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds for their ninth J. Ross Robertson Cup. The Memorial Cup that year was played in Portland, Oregon. The Generals lost in the finals to the host team, the Portland Winter Hawks, by a score of 8–3. That year's team captain, defenceman Joe Cirella, went on to play 16 years in the NHL.

Tragedy (1985)
During an early season practice, Bruce Melanson left the ice feeling very weak. Within a few minutes he collapsed, succumbing to a congenital heart disorder known as Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. He was 18 years old at the time. The Generals wore black arm bands for the remainder of the season in memoriam of their teammate they nicknamed "Moose." In his honour, his number 9 was never worn by another member of the Generals and was later retired in 2006 for the late Red Tilson. A memorial scholarship was also set up at his former high school in New Brunswick. The Generals now hand out an award to the most scholarly student, named the Bruce Melanson Scholactic Player of the Year Award. Melanson's hard-hitting and aggressive style led him to be selected by New York Islanders in the second round, 41st overall, in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft.

Hosting the Memorial Cup (1987)
In the 1986–87 season the Generals set a team record with 101 points for the season. The Generals played on home ice in the Memorial Cup, as the host city and as the OHL champions.

In 1987, the OHL organized a "super series" for the right to host the Memorial Cup tournament between the Leyden Division-winning Generals and the Emms Division-winning North Bay Centennials. The super series was played before the OHL playoffs commenced, and Oshawa defeated North Bay four games to three for the right to host the Memorial Cup. Coincidentally, Oshawa also won the OHL championship series defeating North Bay four games to three. Since Oshawa won both the super series and the OHL championship, only three teams participated in the Memorial Cup. Oshawa reached the finals against the Medicine Hat Tigers, but lost 6–2 in the championship game.

Eric Lindros and a fourth Memorial Cup (1989–1991)
Eric Lindros was drafted by the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, but refused to play for them, forcing the Greyhounds to trade him. After arriving in Oshawa, Lindros turned out to be the player the Generals needed to reach the Memorial Cup, in addition to the existing core of players captained by Iain Fraser.

After playing for the Canadian National Team, Lindros started his rookie year with the Generals in 1989–90. Lindros would go on to score 17 goals and 19 assists in only 25 games. The same year in the playoffs, he scored 18 goals and 18 assists in only 17 games.

Copps Coliseum hosted the 1990 Memorial Cup. The Generals played against the Kamloops Blazers, Laval Titan and the OHL runners-up, the Kitchener Rangers. The championship game on May 13, 1990, attracted 17,383 spectators who eventually witnessed the Generals defeat the Rangers 4–3 in double overtime on a goal scored by Bill Armstrong. This was the fourth Memorial Cup in Generals history.

In the subsequent off-season, Lindros was chosen first overall at the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques. Entering the 1990–91 season, the Generals were expected to repeat as OHL champions. In 57 regular season games, Lindros again led the team in points after scoring 71 goals and 78 assists. The Generals, however, lost the OHL final that year to Lindros' draft team, the Sault Ste. Marie.

Twelfth OHL Championship (1997)
The Generals set the benchmark for other OHL teams by winning their 12th J. Ross Robertson Cup in 1997.

The Generals upset the first place Ottawa 67's in the OHL final, 4–2. The sixth game ended just eight seconds into the first overtime on a goal from Marc Savard.

The Generals then participated in the 1997 Memorial Cup in Hull, Quebec, in which they finished third in the round robin and lost in the semifinal to the Lethbridge Hurricanes in overtime.

Future NHL players from Oshawa's 1997 roster included Marc Savard, John Tripp, Ian MacNeil, Kevin Colley, Dan Hinote, Jeff Ware, Bryan Allen, Jeff MacMillan and Tyrone Garner.

New ownership, new home (2004 to present)
In 2004, John Davies purchased the team from John Humphreys. This marked the beginning of a new era for the team, as the Humphreys family had owned the team since its resurrection in 1962.

In 2005, the Generals drafted 14-year-old John Tavares first overall in the OHL Priority Selection; he was previously granted Exceptional Player Status by the OHL, which allowing him to be drafted one year earlier than the norm. Following his selection, the Generals worked to build another championship team centered around Tavares. Other building blocks added to the team included Michael Del Zotto, Dale Mitchell, Cal Clutterbuck, Brett MacLean (then one of the youngest players in the OHL), goaltender Anthony Peters and eventually Calvin de Haan.

The new ownership also brought to an end the Generals era playing in the Civic Auditorium. Led by Oshawa Mayor John Gray, the Generals were able to call a new arena in downtown Oshawa their home. The team moved into the General Motors Centre on November 1, 2006, and played the inaugural game on November 3 against the Owen Sound Attack.

After topping scoring boards and points lists with the Generals for three and a half seasons, John Tavares and Michael Del Zotto were traded to the London Knights on January 8, 2009, and a new crop of young talent was brought onto the Generals team. Christian Thomas, Scott Valentine and Michael Zador, along with several draft picks, were part of the Tavares deal. Other additions included Tony DeHart and Lucas Lessio, a result of one of London's draft picks that was traded to Oshawa.

In July 2008, the Generals' executive team announced a change of ownership structure, with Rocco Tullio of Windsor, Ontario, agreeing to terms and conditions with John Davies to acquire his remaining shares of the Generals. In January 2010, Tullio welcomed two new partners as owners – former NHL star and Stanley Cup champion Adam Graves and former championship OHL coach and manager Peter DeBoer.

2015: Return to the Memorial Cup

For the first time since 1997, the Oshawa Generals made it back to the Memorial Cup in 2015. In the 2014–15 season, the Generals won their 13th J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Erie Otters. At the 2015 Memorial Cup, they won all three of their round robin games and clinched a spot in the tournament final. They defeated the Kelowna Rockets in the final after Anthony Cirelli scored the game-winning goal in overtime.

Championships
The Generals have won 13 J. Ross Robertson Cup championships, the most in OHL history. Oshawa also has won five Memorial Cup championships.

J. Ross Robertson Cup Ontario Hockey League Championship

George Richardson Memorial Trophy Eastern Canadian Championship

Memorial Cup Canadian Hockey League Championship

Coaches
The Generals have had several head coaches who have also coached at the NHL level as head and/or assistant coaches including Charlie Conacher, Armand "Bep" Guidolin, Paul Theriault, Bill LaForge, Bill Stewart, George Burnett, Brad Selwood, Randy Ladouceur and D. J. Smith.

Matt Leyden Trophy winners.
 * Coaches of the year;
 * 1971–72 Gus Bodnar
 * 1977–78 Bill White
 * 1986–87 Paul Theriault
 * 2013–14 D. J. Smith
 * 2023-24 Derek Laxdal

Players
The Oshawa Generals have graduated 184 young men onto the NHL, third behind the Toronto Marlboros and the Peterborough Petes for most graduated future NHLers from the OHL. Five Generals have gone on to become honoured in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Retired numbers

The Oshawa Generals retired number nine in honour of Red Tilson at a pregame Remembrance Day ceremony on November 12, 2006. Tilson was the league's leading scorer during the 1942–43 who died during combat in World War II. The Red Tilson Trophy for the OHL's most outstanding player is named in his honour. Eric Lindros' number 88 was retired on March 6, 2008. Bobby Orr's number 2 was officially retired on November 27, 2008, after having been out of circulation since Orr moved on to the NHL in 1966. John Tavares' number 91 was retired on September 28, 2014. Number 27 was retired on October 2, 2016, in honour of Marc Savard.
 * # 2 Bobby Orr (1963–1966)
 * # 9  Red Tilson (1941–1943)
 * # 9  Dave Andreychuk (1980–1983)
 * # 22  Tony Tanti (1980-1983)
 * # 27  Marc Savard (1993-1997)
 * # 88 Eric Lindros (1989–1992)
 * # 91 John Tavares (2005–2009)

Honoured numbers Bruce Melanson was last player to wear number nine. It was taken out of circulation after his death, then later retired for both Red Tilson and Dave Andreychuk.

 * # 9  Bruce Melanson (1983–1985) – died during season.

NHL alumni
List of Oshawa Generals alumni to play in the National Hockey League.

 * Bryan Allen
 * Mike Amodeo
 * Andy Andreoff
 * Dave Andreychuk
 * Jason Arnott
 * John Arundel
 * Chris Beckford-Tseu
 * Jan Benda
 * Frank Bennett
 * Harvey Bennett
 * Adam Berti
 * Nick Beverley
 * Don Biggs
 * Chuck Blair
 * Dusty Blair
 * Ivan Boldirev
 * Eric Boulton
 * Fred Brathwaite
 * Gerry Brown
 * Josh Brown
 * Ron Buchanan
 * Steve Cardwell
 * Wayne Cashman
 * Ray Ceresino
 * Todd Charlesworth
 * Lex Chisholm
 * Joe Cirella
 * Anthony Cirelli
 * Cal Clutterbuck
 * Kevin Colley
 * Les Colvin
 * Jim Conacher
 * Larry Courville
 * Mike Craig
 * Dale Craigwell
 * Bobby Crawford
 * Floyd Curry
 * Michael Dal Colle
 * Jeff Daniels
 * Buck Davies
 * Bob Dawes
 * Dean De Fazio
 * Dale DeGray
 * Calvin de Haan
 * Val Delory
 * Alex Delvecchio
 * Michael Del Zotto
 * Jim Drummond
 * Ben Eager
 * Frank Eddolls
 * Bill Ezinicki
 * George Ferguson
 * Lee Fogolin Jr.
 * Rick Foley
 * Mike Fountain
 * Iain Fraser
 * Bob Froese
 * Dick Gamble
 * Dave Gans
 * Paul Gardner
 * Tyrone Garner
 * Lee Giffin
 * Trevor Gillies
 * Bob Gladney
 * Dan Gratton
 * Gilles Gratton
 * Brent Grieve
 * Bep Guidolin
 * Jeff Hackett
 * Paul Harrison
 * Chris Hayes
 * Bill Heindl
 * Ike Hildebrand
 * Floyd Hillman
 * Dan Hinote
 * Larry Hopkins
 * Nathan Horton
 * Charlie Huddy
 * Jim Jackson
 * Lou Jankowski
 * Boone Jenner
 * Nicklas Jensen
 * Ross Johnstone
 * Tony Joseph
 * Claude Julien
 * Doug Keans
 * Bob Kelly
 * Rick Kessell
 * Derek King
 * Brian Kinsella
 * Nick Knott
 * Steve Konroyd
 * Joe Kowal
 * Pete Laframboise
 * Leo Lamoureux
 * Mitch Lamoureux
 * Rick Lanz
 * Scott Laughton
 * Mike Lenarduzzi
 * Lucas Lessio
 * Tobias Lindberg
 * Eric Lindros
 * Ted Lindsay
 * Bill Lochead
 * Ross Lowe
 * Charlie Luksa
 * Jack Lynch
 * Calum MacKay
 * Shawn MacKenzie
 * Brett MacLean
 * John MacLean
 * Jeff MacMillan
 * Ian MacNeil
 * Bud MacPherson
 * Greg Malone
 * Jud McAtee
 * Norm McAtee
 * Michael McCarron
 * Tom McCarthy
 * Bob McCulley
 * Brian McGrattan
 * Kirk McLean
 * Sean McMorrow
 * Chris McRae
 * Bryan McSheffrey
 * Roland Melanson
 * Julian Melchiori
 * Dakota Mermis
 * Rick Middleton
 * Kevin Miehm
 * Chris Minard
 * Dean Morton
 * Gus Mortson
 * Gord Murphy
 * Michal Neuvirth
 * Brandon Nolan
 * Lee Norwood
 * Hank Nowak
 * Fred O'Donnell
 * Terry O'Reilly
 * Danny O'Shea
 * Oskar Olausson
 * Bobby Orr
 * Jim Paek
 * Rob Pearson
 * Nathan Perrott
 * Andrew Peters
 * Steve Peters
 * Wayne Primeau
 * Dave Pulkkinen
 * Nelson Pyatt
 * Brad Ralph
 * Paul Ranger
 * Greg Redquest
 * Ed Reigle
 * Pat Ribble
 * Phil Samis
 * Marc Savard
 * Chuck Scherza
 * Norm Schmidt
 * Richard Scott
 * Travis Scott
 * Sean Shanahan
 * Peter Sidorkiewicz
 * Harry Sinden
 * Jarrod Skalde
 * Ken Smith
 * Sid Smith
 * Rick St. Croix
 * Greg Stefan
 * Bud Stefanski
 * John Stevens
 * Bob Stewart
 * Riley Stillman
 * Jack Studnicka
 * Barry Sullivan
 * Frank Sullivan
 * Peter Sullivan
 * Don Sylvestri
 * Dale Tallon
 * Tony Tanti
 * John Tavares
 * Billy Taylor
 * Christian Thomas
 * Philip Tomasino
 * Kirk Tomlinson
 * John Tripp
 * Pete Vipond
 * Jeff Ware
 * Barry Wilkins
 * Butch Williams
 * Sean Williams
 * Dunc Wilson
 * Wally Wilson
 * Stephane Yelle
 * Rod Zaine

Season-by-season results
The Oshawa Generals have won three Hamilton Spectator trophies for finishing first overall in the OHL regular season standings, and five Leyden trophies for finishing first overall in the eastern division OHL regular season standings. The Oshawa Generals have won 13 J. Ross Robertson Cups as the OHL/OHA playoff champions, and won five Memorial Cups as the CHL/CAHA champions.

Uniforms and logos
The current version of the Oshawa Generals uniforms has been in use since the 1989–90 season. The team has announced an updated logo to coincide with moving into a new arena. The new logo cresting will be triple layered as opposed to the single layer. Players' names and numbers with have double cresting.

The Oshawa Generals have also issued two throwback style jerseys in the recent past. During alumni week for the 2001–02 season, the Generals wore a jersey based on the 'Bruins" style worn in the 1965–66 season, when Bobby Orr skated for the club. For two seasons from 2004–05 to 2005–06 the Generals "red" jersey was replaced by a jersey based on the style worn during the 1939, 1940 and 1944 Memorial Cup winning seasons, featuring the square "GM" logo.

The Generals unveiled a new mascot during a pregame ceremony on November 16, 2007, who would be named "Deke" in a naming contest in Oshawa. The previous mascot, "General Shooter," had been retired at the end of the 2006–07 season.

Arenas
The Oshawa Generals have the dubious distinction of having their home arena destroyed by fire not once, but twice in the franchise history. In June 1928 the Bradley Arena was destroyed by fire. Then 25 years later, the Hambly Arena was also destroyed by fire.

From 1928 to 1930, the team played out of nearby Whitby until the Hambly Arena was constructed. When the Hambly Arena burned down in 1953, the Oshawa Generals were disbanded. When the team was resurrected in 1962, they played both at Maple Leaf Gardens and also in the Bowmanville Community Arena (now demolished) for two seasons until moving until the Civic Auditorium.

The early years
Before Oshawa joined the OHA in 1908, it was part of the Midland Hockey League. Its games were played out of the Oshawa Curling Club located by the Oshawa Creek in the vicinity of present-day Valleyview Gardens, Kinsmen Stadium and Children's Arena. Since the curling club controlled its use and thus when games could or could not be played, a new location was sought.

A new outdoor rink was built four blocks away, where the present day Oshawa Armouries stand at the corner of Simcoe St. and Richmond St. This would be the team's home until 1908.

Bradley Arena 1908–1928
The Bradley Arena, nicknamed "The Big Rink," opened up in 1908 on Duke St. in downtown Oshawa. Its namesake was Ed Bradley, a prominent local businessman who was responsible for organizing the team and bringing Junior Hockey to Oshawa.

The arena was packed to the rafters many nights when Oshawa played there for the 1920s League championships versus Orillia and Owen Sound. In June 1928, the predominantly wooden structure succumbed to an overnight fire.

Hambly Arena 1930–1953
The Oshawa Arena (later known as the Hambly Arena) opened in 1930 and was built in large part to the contributions of Colonel Robert Samuel McLaughlin. It was the first brick facade and steel support structure for hockey in Oshawa. Shortly after training camp in 1953, the arena would suffer the same demise as its predecessor and burned to the ground on September 15.

Civic Auditorium 1964–2006

The Oshawa Civic Auditorium opened in 1964, built on fundraising by citizens of Oshawa. The first scheduled OHA game was December 15, 1964 vs. the St. Catharines Black Hawks. The Generals prevailed by a score of 6 to 4 in front of 4,109 fans attending the game.

In 1987 the Civic Auditorium played host to the Memorial Cup. The Generals contested for the cup against the Medicine Hat Tigers and the Longueuil Chévaliers.

The last championship the Generals won was played at the Civic in May 1997. The Generals upset the 1st place Ottawa 67's in the OHL final, 4 games to 2. The sixth game ended 8 seconds into the first overtime on a goal from Marc Savard.

The Generals played the first five home games of the 2006–07 season in the Civic Auditorium before moving into their new arena. The final game played was October 29, 2006, against the Kingston Frontenacs, the Generals won 8–6.

Downtown arena 2006–present

On March 10, 2005, Oshawa City Council approved what was then known as the "Downtown Sports & Entertainment Facility Project" after many years of waiting for a new arena. Groundbreaking for the new facility at the corner of Athol and Mary Streets in downtown Oshawa took place on June 22, 2005. The building is operated by Global Spectrum Facility Management.

On October 5, 2006, the Oshawa Generals announced a naming rights deal which will see the arena named the General Motors Centre. The inaugural game was played November 3, 2006, against the Owen Sound Attack.

On May 15, 2015, the Generals won their 13th J. Ross Robertson Cup at the General Motors Centre, defeating the Erie Otters 4–1.

On November 1, 2016, the General Motors Centre was renamed to the Tribute Communities Centre.

title: Oshawa Generals


text:
USS Lynx (AK-100)

USS Lynx (AK-100) was a Crater-class cargo ship commissioned by the US Navy for service in World War II. Lynx was the third US Navy vessel to bear the name, but unlike previous ships this one was named after the constellation Lynx. She was responsible for delivering troops, goods and equipment to locations in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater.

Construction
Lynx was laid down 26 April 1943, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull No. 1657, as the Liberty ship SS Juan Bautista de Anza, by California Shipbuilding Corporation, Terminal Island, Los Angeles, California; launched 18 May 1943; sponsored by Mrs. E. E. McCarty; renamed Lynx 27 May 1943; and commissioned 26 July 1943.

1943
After fitting out, Lynx reported on 6 August 1943, to the Commandant, Twelfth Naval district, for assignment to the Naval Transportation Service (NTS), Lynx loaded cargo at San Francisco and departed for the western Pacific 28 August 1943, in Convoy PW 2294. Proceeding via Espiritu Santo, in the New Hebrides, the new cargo vessel touched at Auckland, New Zealand, 26 October, and Rarotonga, 2 November, then returned to Espiritu Santo en route back to the west coast of the United States.

Completing an overhaul at the Hurley Marine Works, Oakland, California, on 7 December 1943, Lynx shifted to berth no.3, Encinal Terminal, Alameda, California, later the same day, and began loading cargo. After completing that process on 15 December, the ship moved to Pier 54N at San Francisco, taking on board a deck cargo of a Landing Craft Tank (LCT), a Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM), and three Landing Craft Personnel (LCV(P)), vehicle and personnel landing craft, 15–17 December.

Lynx cleared San Francisco Bay on 17 December 1943, for towing tests in accordance with the movement orders from Commander Joseph J. Rochefort, the commanding officer of USS ABSD-2. Subsequently, the cargo ship carried out her assigned evolutions, 18–20 December, towing section A of USS ABD-20, escorted by the fleet tug USS Munsee (ATF-107) and salvage vessel USS Escape (ARS-6), dropping anchor in Berth 68, San Francisco Bay, 20 December. She remained there through Christmas of 1943.

Emergency surgery
On 27 December 1943, Lynx, with Section 13 of the advanced base sectional dock USS ABSD-1 in tow astern, sailed as flagship of Task Group (TG) 116.15.3, Commander Arthur S. Walton, in company with sister ships USS Lyra (AK-101), towing USS ARD-12, and USS Sculptor (AK-103), with USS YRD(H)-1 astern, and USS Albireo (AK-90), towing USS YRD(M)-1, escorted by the fleet tug USS Zuni (ATF-95), set course for the South Pacific. During the afternoon watch on 14 January 1944, Zuni left her position in the formation and came alongside, transferring Sea1c Hugh W. Morris, diagnosed with appendicitis, to Lynx, for medical treatment. Lieutenant Herman E. Wuestenfeld, MC-V(G), the cargo ship's medical officer, performed an appendectomy later that same day, 20:34-21:40.

Man overboard
Less than an hour before the end of the forenoon watch, 11:03, on 18 January 1944, Sea2c Maurice L. Bosshart, V-6, USNR, a passenger traveling in Lynx for further transportation to YRD(M)-1 for duty, fell overboard. Thirty seconds after Bosshart was reported over the side, Lynx ran up her “five” flag at the dip and dropped two life rings and a Franklin life buoy within 50 yds of him. Zuni left the formation at 11:04 to conduct a search, while Lynx signaled her tow to look for the man and put life rings in the water. Sailors on board section 13 of the advanced base sectional dock ABSD-1, however, reported that they had lost sight of him. The following day, 19 January, Lynx held a memorial service for Sea2c Bosshart at 09:30.

New Hebrides
On 22 January 1944, the submarine chasers USS PC-584 and USS PC-596 joined as additional escorts, and two days later the destroyer escort USS Spangler (DE-696) joined the convoy as escort commander. The assemblage of ships and yard craft crossed the 180th meridian on 25 January, losing 26 January, in the process. Shortly before the end of the first dog watch on 28 January, at 17:55, Lynx embarked Sergeant Claude E. Rudy, USMC, a passenger in the tug Zuni, who had been diagnosed with appendicitis. Ultimately, TG 116.15.3 reached its destination, Espiritu Santo, on 1 February, standing in to Pallikula Bay.

Delivering her tow upon arrival, Lynx shifted to Segond Channel, Espiritu Santo, 2 February 1944, and transferred Sgt. Rudy and Sea1c Morris, the two recovering appendicitis patients, back to Zuni, while the tug returned the cargo ship's Franklin life buoy that had been put in the water during the unsuccessful attempt to save Sea2c Bosshart. She also began discharging and unloading cargo over the next few days, 3–4 February. Lynx returned to Pallikula Bay on the morning of 5 February, then sailed for Efate, New Hebrides, later the same day, escorted by the district patrol vessel USS YP-416, arriving on 6 February. After discharging cargo at Vila Harbor, Efate, 6–7 February, Lynx shifted to Havannah Harbor, Efate, 8 February, where she completed the unloading process, 8–10 February. She set course for Espiritu Santo on 10 February, and anchored upon arrival the following day. After a wait, 11–15 February, for dock space, Lynx completed discharging cargo on 21 February, moving away from the pier where she had been moored to return to an anchorage, assisted in the evolution by USS Rail (ATO-139) and harbor tug USS YT-153.

Towing duty
Sailing on 23 February 1944, in company with Fort McHenry, Lynx set course to return to San Francisco, escorted by USS PC-598. With the little convoy dispersed on 24 February, the cargo vessel received instructions to divert her course south of the Fiji Islands the following day. She crossed the International Date Line on 28 February, and ultimately stood in to the naval anchorage at San Francisco on 17 March. She shifted to Pier 18 North the following day to discharge cargo, 18–19 March, then returned to the Encinal Terminal at Alameda, 21–28 March. She loaded cargo at Alameda and at Pier 50B, San Francisco, 29 March–1 April.

Underway on 1 April 1944, Lynx steamed to San Pedro, California, 3–4 April. Picking up her tow, the fuel oil barge USS YO-184, Lynx sailed for Pearl Harbor on 4 April. Relieved of her tow on 17 April, the cargo ship put into Pearl and moored at berth K-1, Naval Supply Depot, where she began discharging cargo. She shifted to berth V-2 off Pearl City on 19 April, to continue that work, completing it on 22 April, at which point she began to load cargo. Sailing for Hilo, Territory of Hawaii, on 25 April, her holds full, she arrived at her destination on the following day. Discharging cargo there until 28 April, she sailed that day to return to the west coast of the United States.

Lynx stood in to San Francisco Bay on 6 May 1944, and anchored. Underway two days later, she moored at Pier 25, San Francisco, on 8 May, where she began a period of minor repairs and alterations in the hands of the General Engineering Co. on 9 May. Shifting to the General Engineering & Drydock Company's yard at Alameda, on 16 May, she entered the floating dry dock USS YFD-19, where her bottom was scraped and painted and paravane gear installed, 16–19 May. Underway once more on 20 May, Lynx fueled at the Point Orient Fuel Dock that same day, then put into Port Chicago to load cargo at the Naval Magazine there 20–28 May. Shifting to Pier 92, San Francisco, on 28 May, she continued to receive minor repairs and alterations through the end of the month, such work being completed on 31 May, when she also completed loading her holds. She completed loading deck cargo, LCT-1096 and five re-arming boats, on 1 June, then proceeded to the Tiburon anchorage, San Francisco Bay, on 2 June.

Lieutenant Commander William N. Price reported on board Lynx on 3 June 1944, as Commander Task Unit 116.15.1, and the ship sailed that day as his flagship, towing Section 10 (“H”) of ABSD-2, in company with her old convoy-mate Sculptor—towing Section 3 (“I”) of ABSD-2; cargo ship USS Eridanus (AK-92) – towing Section 21 (“J”) of ABSD-2; and the tug Point Arguello towing Section 4 (“G”) of ABSD-2. The rescue tug USS ATR-25, with USS YF-591 in tow, rounded out Convoy PW 2411. Two days into the voyage, ATR-25 transferred her tow to Point Arguello, and assumed duty as retriever vessel. Later in the passage, on 23 June, Lt. Cmdr. Price detached ATR-25 to proceed to Pago Pago, Tutuila, Samoa, “to refuel and transact official business for Task Unit 116.15.1.” Her mission completed, the rescue tug rejoined the convoy on 27 June, then conducted a round trip to Pago Pago. She was detached “to proceed on duty assigned” on 28 June. Convoy PW-2411 continued on its voyage into July, skipping 3 July 1944, as the ships travelled east to west. The tug Race Point joined the assemblage on 11 July, as retriever, then left “in accordance with verbal instructions of [the] Convoy Commodore…” on 13 July, returning on 15 July, shortly before the convoy stood in to Seeadler Harbor, Manus.

Underway for New Guinea on 18 July 1944, Lynx proceeded with Sculptor, convoy commander, Eridanus, and the War Shipping Administration (WSA) troopship, Dutch registry, Kota Inten, escorted by HMAS Geelong (J201) and HMAS Glenelg (J236). The last-three named ships received orders to proceed independently on 19 July, while the three American cargo ships continued on, arriving at Milne Bay on 21 July. Fueling alongside USS Clyde (IX-144), 23 July, Lynx unloaded her deck cargo, LCT-1096 and the re-arming boats, on 26 July, then got underway for Queensland, Australia, later the same morning.

Lynx arrived at Brisbane on 31 July 1944, and immediately commenced unloading cargo. Bringing that task to completion on 4 August, and beginning the loading process, the cargo ship sailed for Sydney, New South Wales, on 8 August. Reaching port on 10 August, she discharged the materials brought from Brisbane at Darling Harbour, 10–14 August, Pyrmont, 14–21 August, and Glebe Island, 21 August, then loaded a cargo at the last-named Sydney location 21–25 August, completing that work an hour after the end of the mid watch that day. She sailed for Oahu on 26 August. Reaching Pearl Harbor on 10 September, Lynx moored alongside the freighter John Lind at berth X-10, and unloaded all cargo earmarked for Pearl the following day between 13:55 and 23:00. She then sailed for the west coast on 12 September.

Bringing another voyage to a close on 20 September 1944, when she dropped anchor in San Francisco Bay, Lynx unloaded cargo alongside Pier 18 North, 21–26 September, then steamed to the yard of the Cortola Company's, Marine Ways, Inc., Oakland, where she underwent repairs and alterations into the first week of October. Completing her availability at the Cortola yard on 6 October, Lynx steamed to Pier 48-B, San Francisco, where she loaded cargo until 14 October. Underway to calibrate her radio direction finder that afternoon, she anchored in San Francisco Bay when that task was done, pausing only until the morning of 16 October, when she sailed for Oahu, Lynx, convoy commander, taking departure with USS Lignite (IX-162) in tow and accompanied by USS YF-450.

Letting go her tow shortly before mid day on 28 October 1944, off the entrance to the Pearl Harbor entrance channel, releasing Lignite “into the care of pilot and tugs,” Lynx directed YF-450 to proceed independently, then moored at berth K-5 soon thereafter. She unloaded cargo at X-5 until 7 November, at which point she shifted berths to X-11, mooring alongside Durham Wright at 09:47, that ship's place taken by another freighter, Joel Palmer, at 18:12. The following afternoon, 8 November 1944, Lynx got underway for San Francisco, taking station in Convoy PS 160T with the convoy commander in the transport USS U. S. Grant (AP-29), the C1–B troopship Cape Cleare, Gulf Caribbean, Permanente, and Duala', escorted by the frigate USS Rockford (PF-48) and the minesweeper USS Ardent (AM-340).

Japanese submarine attack
PS-160T's voyage proceeded without incident until 12:32 on 13 November 1944, some 100 mi west-southwest of Los Angeles, Calif., Ardents sonar picked up a submarine contact. The minesweeper attacked, firing a 24-charge “hedgehog” pattern, and followed that up with a second pattern at 12:46. Rockford left her escort station to assist, and fired her first barrage of rockets from her “hedgehog” at 13"08. Two explosions followed, before an underwater detonation rocked the ship. While the ships in company took evasive action on signal from the convoy commodore in U. S. Grant, Ardent carried out two more attacks and the frigate dropped 13 depth charges. Wreckage recovered on the scene—deck planks, ground cork covered with diesel oil, a wooden slat from a vegetable crate with Japanese writing and advertisements on it, pieces of varnished mahogany inscribed in Japanese, and a piece of deck planking containing Japanese builders’ inscriptions—indicated a definite “kill” that the Navy ultimately awarded to Ardent and Rockford equally.

Postwar research revealed the sunken boat to be JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-12, Commander Kudo Kaneo, that had sailed from the Inland Sea on 4 October 1944, to disrupt American shipping between the west coast and the Hawaiian Islands. In sinking I-12, Ardent and Rockford avenged the atrocity I-12 had committed on 30 October, when, after sinking the freighter John A. Johnson with two torpedoes, the submarine had rammed and sunk the lifeboats and rafts and then employed machine guns and pistols on the 70 survivors. Among the ten men slain were five sailors of the merchantman's US Navy Armed Guard. There were no survivors from I-12s 114 officers and men.

End of 1944
Lynx relieved U. S. Grant as convoy commander, in accordance with orders from Commander, Western Sea Frontier, on 15 November 1944, and the following day the venerable transport and Gulf Caribbean proceeded independently. Putting into San Francisco two days later, 17 November, the ship unloaded cargo over ensuing days, completing the evolutions on 21 November, when she shifted from the familiar confines of Pier 18 North to the Naval Supply Depot, tying up at Berth B and beginning the loading process immediately thereafter on 21 November. Tugs shifted Lynxs berth to Berth C on the following day and she continued the loading there, a process she carried on into the first week of December. LCT-1355 was loaded on board as deck cargo on 2 December, and Lynx moved out to the naval anchorage the next day, where she secured a towing cable to USS YF-746. The ship then sailed for Oahu at 13:20.

Arriving off Pearl Harbor on 12 December 1944, Lynx cast YF-746 loose then proceeded to berth X-8, mooring alongside USS Manderson Victory (AK-230), that got underway from there on 14 December, permitting the unloading of the tank landing craft that Lynx had brought from the west coast. Shifting to berth X-22 on 16 December, then to B-12 three days before Christmas, Lynx loaded four motor torpedo boats (PT) from Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron 17 on 22 December: USS PT-225, USS PT-226, USS PT-229, and USS PT-232. After a brief period moored alongside the freighter Edwin M. Stanton at X-10, 23–25 December, Lynx then sailed for the Admiralty Islands on 27 December, two days after Christmas.

1945
Again losing a day, 3 January 1945, by virtue of the passage westward, Lynx stood in to Seeadler Harbor during the first dog watch on 11 January, anchoring in Berth 24. Once there she took on board a cargo of mail between 12:35 and 13:00 on 14 January, then sailed for Dutch New Guinea a little over five hours later. She discharged her cargo of mail at Humboldt Bay, 16:00-16:31 on 16 January, and remained anchored there until shifting berths on 25 January, prior to her sailing in convoy for the Philippines later that same day.

With the convoy commodore riding in Lynx and the vice-commodore in the auxiliary tug USS ATA-177, the assembly of ships proceeded on their voyage with USS Pratt (DE-363) and USS Rombach (DE-364) and USS PC-1134 carrying out anti-submarine patrolling on the starboard and port flanks, and ahead, respectively. One day out, Lynx took a crash boat in tow astern of USS YO-164, 26 January 1945, and on 27 January, the old tug (ex-minesweeper) USS Lark (ATO-168) reported boiler trouble beyond the scope of underway repair, so she was detached to proceed independently to Mios Woendi. Detached two hours into the mid watch on 28 January, PC-1134 proceeded ahead to rendezvous with additional ships slated to join the convoy off Biak. The submarine chaser returned, shepherding her new charges, that afternoon, and after towing assignments with the new arrivals had been taken-up, the convoy resumed its slow speed of advance, 5 kn, at 23:38, bound for the Philippine Islands.

Reaching San Pedro Bay, Leyte, half-way through the morning watch on 5 February 1945, the convoy dispersed shortly after its arrival, Lynx turning over YO-164 to the rescue tugs USS ATR-36 and USS ATR-86 before dropping anchor in berth 91. The following morning, 6 February, Lynx got underway and moored alongside the motor torpedo boat tender USS Cyrene (AGP-13) in berth 215 and discharged PT-226 and PT-229. Then, after spending the night at anchor in berth 214, again came alongside Cyrene at 08:30 on 7 February. The cargo ship discharged PT-232 and PT-225 at that time, then proceeded back to berth 214 and dropped anchor there.

Steaming thence to Guiuan Harbor, Samar, Lynx discharged cargo there, 11 February–9 March 1945, before returning to San Pedro Bay on 10 March. She got underway at 08:00 on 13 March, in accordance with orders from the Port Director at Tolosa Beach, Leyte, to rendezvous with Convoy IG 103, thence to proceed to Hollandia. Almost three hours into her voyage, however, Lynx received a dispatch from Commander Task Force 75, in accordance with which she reversed course and returned to San Pedro Bay, dropping anchor in berth 484, upon arrival.

Lynx shifted her anchorage within the confines of San Pedro Bay on 15 March 1945, and remained in berth 31 for almost a fortnight, accomplishing “urgent machinery repairs.” After fueling from the station tanker USS Gazelle (IX-116), 28 March, and taking on fresh water from the distilling ship USS Wildcat (AW-2), 29 March, she proceeded to Dulag, Leyte, on 31 March. Lynx soon began loading cargo, an evolution she continued into the second week of April, after which time she shifted berths, 6 April, and embarked the US Army’s 866th Anti-Aircraft Battery headquarters unit and its equipment, 7 April, for transportation to Okinawa. Lynx then sailed for the Western Carolines, escorted by the destroyer USS Coghlan (DD-606) in TU 75.2.19.

Dropping anchor at Ulithi on 13 April 1945, Lynx fueled from USS Signal (IX-142) the following morning, 14 April, then took on stores and accomplished minor repairs, 15–19 April, before getting underway in Ulithi-Okinawa Convoy UOK 2 on 20 April, the vice-commodore riding in the ship, and the commodore in USS Carina (AK-74), accompanied by refrigerated store ship USS Adria (AF-30), cargo ships USS Cetus (AK-77), USS De Grasse (AK-223) and USS Kenmore (AK-221), net-laying ship USS Winterberry (AN-56), flotilla flagships USS LC(FF)-532 and USS LC(FF)-536, the tank landing craft LCT-708, large support landing craft USS LCS(L)-23, degaussing vessel USS YDG-10 and five freighters, escorted by USS Ralph Talbot (DD-390), USS Oliver Mitchell (DE-417) and high speed transport USS Schley (APD-14), Captain Glenn R. Hartwig in tactical command, in USS Compton (DD-705).

Another submarine scare
A quarter of an hour into the second dog watch on 24 April 1945, Ralph Talbot left the convoy to investigate a submarine contact. Three hours into the mid watch on 25 April, the convoy received a Commander Task Force 51 secret dispatch “warning of submarine activity in our immediate vicinity.” Ordered to divert from their present course and “to proceed via new reference points” to their destination, UOK 2 did so. Ralph Talbot rejoined the assemblage at the start of the second dog watch later that day. The warning may have been related to the activities of the Japanese submarine RO-109, Lt. Nakagawa Hiroshi, which was sunk with all hands, 56 dead all told, by the high speed transport USS Horace A. Bass (APD-124), that was escorting another Okinawa-bound convoy, after three attacks during the second dog watch on 25 April.

Enemy plane threats
UOK 2 arrived off Okinawa at 11:25 on 26 April 1945. With the dissolution of the convoy, the ships proceeded independently, Lynx anchoring in berth 140. She soon began discharging cargo into lighters alongside, a task interrupted by a Flash Red at 02:20 on 27 April. The vessel went to general quarters and began making smoke, but although enemy planes were nearby, she sighted none. With the raid over in about a quarter of an hour, the ship resumed unloading. Later that day, however, at 20:40, a Flash Red sent Lynxs men back to general quarters for the second time that day. Ships in the vicinity, as well as shore defenses, shot down an aircraft identified as a Betty (twin-engine, land-based bomber), splashing it about 1000 yds on Lynxs port beam.

Lynx stayed at battle stations, with Japanese planes reported overhead and “suicide boats at large in the anchorage,” through the mid watch on 28 April 1945, her sailors noting “considerable rifle fire from nearby ships...presumed to be shots fired at possible suicide [assault demolition] boats.” With receipt of a Flash White at 04:16, the ship secured from general quarters and ceased making smoke, the continued discharging cargo into lighters alongside. Two more Flash Reds occurred during the day, 16:05–16:46 and beginning at 19:32, with a 3 in/50 caliber shell, identified afterwards by the fuse setting ring found on deck, exploding near Lynxs port beam at 21:40 “throwing shrapnel about the decks and causing a slight facial injury to one man.”

Again, Lynx remained at general quarters into another mid watch. Securing from battle stations at 02:25 on 29 April 1945, after receiving a Flash White, the ship stood to general quarters three more times that day, 04:29–05:10, 07:51–08:03 and 21:05–23:58, continuing the unloading process in between the first two alarums, 05:10-07:51. She received Flash Red alerts twice during the mid and morning watches on 30 April, 00:45–01:22, and 02:00–05:58, discharging cargo to lighters alongside as before after the latter. A third Flash Red occurred during the first watch, 22:12–23:20.

At month's end, Lt. Cmdr. Berrey reported that winds of “force 2 to 3 or greater, decidedly reduced the effectiveness of the smoke screen” laid in the anchorage. Lynxs smoke boat—a rebuilt LCV(P) “reclaimed from a boat pool scrap heap”—managed to cover large holes in the screen, but only “with difficulty.” He also noted that “attempts to guide the smoke boats on their patrol...were made by ringing the ship’s bell, and later by using a fog horn on the bow,” but similar measures by other ships in the area rendered both expedients “more or less unsatisfactory.” Additionally, “rifle fire from various ships in the harbor, during smoke screening, aimed at supposed Japanese suicide boats, frequently endangered our smoke boats.”

Lynx went to general quarters upon receipt of a Flash Red at the end the mid watch on 1 May 1945, and began making smoke. With a Flash White at 04:41, the ship secured her smoke-making, stood down from battle stations, and soon resumed the unloading process. Later that morning, she transferred 400 rounds of 40 mm ammunition to the Landing Ship Medium USS LSM-322, and that afternoon provided diesel fuel to the tank landing craft LCT-1237. Completing her unloading during the mid watch, 01:42, on 2 May, Lynx disembarked the soldiers of the 866th AA Battalion at 08:00.

Shifting her berth the following morning, 3 May 1945, Lynx provided 40-millimeter ammunition to the Landing Ship Medium (Rocket) USS LSM(R)-192 an hour before the end of the forenoon watch. Intensifying Japanese aerial activity midway through the second dog watch on 3 May, prompted a Flash Red at 19:05, with enemy planes active not only over the anchorage but over Yontan Airfield as well. The interlude lasted less than an hour, with a Flash White being sent at 20:01.

Suicide boat threats
The threat posed by the Japanese assault demolition boats proved very real. Early in the mid watch on 4 May 1945, one of the ships in Lynx's task unit, her sister ship Carina, was hit by a suicide boat. A Flash Red at 02:04 sent ships in the vicinity back to general quarters and making smoke, evolutions ended with a Flash White at 04:52. Underway at 07:41 to rendezvous with Ulithi-bound Convoy OKU 3, Lynx went to general quarters upon receipt of a Flash Red ten minutes into her voyage, 07:51, remaining at battle stations through her rendezvous with the convoy one hour later. Standing down from general quarters at 09:24, the cargo ship took departure from Okinawa at 09:35. Another Flash Red, however, came through within a quarter of an hour, with Lynx noting shipping under attack and antiaircraft fire shooting down several planes. OKU-3 escaped unscathed and proceeded on its voyage unmolested, reaching Ulithi at mid-day on 9 May.

Tow duty
After taking on fresh water from USS Abatan (AW-4) and fuel from tanker USS Chotauk (IX-188) on 11 May 1945, Lynx sailed for the west coast of the United States the following morning. The passage proved uneventful until 27 May, when the ship steamed past Oahu. “While proceeding on [the] routing prescribed in [the] basis sailing directions,” Lt. Cmdr. Berrey wrote later, “several radical course changes were made to give bombing target towing vessels a wide berth. Both vessels were operating well outside of the restricted zone, which is provided for such operations, at Kaneohe Bay, but both showed an utter disregard for the rules of the road and safety at sea, by apparent unnecessary re-crossing this vessel’s bow.”

Reaching San Francisco with no further incident on 4 June 1945, Lynx anchored upon arrival and remained there until 8 June, when she shifted to Moore's Dry Dock Company's Oakland yard. After undergoing repairs and alterations, 9–19 June, the ship then returned to the Encinal Terminal on 20 June, and began loading cargo the following day. Completing those evolutions on 28 June, she moved out into the naval anchorage later that same day.

Shifting to the Tiburon anchorage during the afternoon watch on 1 July 1945, Lynx secured a towing hawser to section 51 of USS ABSD-7, along with covered lighter USS YF-1013, at 11:06 the following morning, 2 July, and a little under seven hours later took departure from San Francisco in Convoy FE 3 (TU 06.12.15), with Capt. Lyell St.L. Pamperin, the convoy commodore, on board. The tug Hillsboro Inlet, towing open lighter USS YC-1142 and covered lighters USS YF-1012 and USS YF-1014, accompanied the cargo ship and her tows, with the salvage vessel USS Protector (ARS-14) in the role of retriever. Derangement to her anchor windlass prevented the tug Point Arena, with her tows, section 52 of ABSD-7 and YF-1012, from getting underway with the convoy as it put to sea, bound for the Marshall Islands.

Six days out, Protector left the convoy and guided Point Arena and her tows to join up with FE-3, 8 July 1945, and the voyage toward Eniwetok continued, the little assemblage crossing the International Date Line on 25 July. On the afternoon of 28 July, Lynx transferred Lt. Wuestenfeld, her medical officer, to Hillsboro Inlet to treat a sick sailor, but the remainder of the voyage proceeded uneventfully, FE-3 reaching Eniwetok on the morning of 2 August. Medium harbor tug USS YTM-471 relieved Lynx of YF-1013, while section 51 of ABSD-7 cut loose the towing cable and came to anchor.

Lynx fueled from USS YO-182 soon after her arrival on 2 August 1945, and after her departure had been delayed one day, sailed for Majuro Atoll, in the Marshalls, on the morning of 4 August. Reaching her destination three days later, she began discharging cargo alongside Rita Pier, Darrit Island, soon after her arrival, and continued the unloading process into 13 August, when she sailed for Kwajalein Atoll, also in the Marshalls, arriving the next day to begin discharging cargo into lighters tied up alongside off the island of Roi, until 19 August. Lynx continued the unloading process at Kwajalein, to which she had moved later on 19 August into 21 August. The following day, she loaded empty gasoline and fuel oil drums into her number two and four holds. She completed that process, as well as the discharge of all cargo, on 23 August. The following morning, 24 August, Lynx got underway to return to San Francisco.

Final return to San Francisco
Lynx dropped anchor in San Francisco Bay on 11 September 1945, then moved to Pier 18 before the day was out. Moving back out into the anchorage on 13 September, the cargo ship then proceeded to Hurley Marine Works four days later, to be docked on the marine railway there. Her overhaul proceeded over the ensuing days, the ship clearing dry dock on 27 September, to moor at Pier No. 3 at the Hurley facility, where she remained moored, undergoing the decommissioning process in the wake of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav) despatch of 26 September, that ordered the vessel's inactivation, through the end of October.

Decommissioning
Underway at the start of the forenoon watch on 1 November 1945, Lynx steamed to Suisun Bay, California, where she dropped anchor in anchorage 26, berth E-14, tying up alongside the freighter Charles M. McGroarty at 11:19. Representatives of the War Shipping Administration (WSA) then signed papers accepting the vessel from the Navy, and Lynx was decommissioned at 12:30. She entered the Reserve Fleet the same day, and her name was stricken from the Naval Register on 16 November 1945.

Fate
Resuming her original name, Juan Bautista de Anza, the ship remained in reserve until purchased by Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, for non-transportation use (NTU), on 3 October 1972, for $40,000.00. She was physically removed from the Reserve Fleet on 10 November 1972.

Awards
Lynx received one battle star for World War II service in the capture and occupation of Okinawa Gunto.

title: USS Lynx (AK-100)


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title: Category:Charles Mingus albums


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