text:
Talk:Nymphalis antiopa

Untitled
Which name suits better for the article, Camberwell Beauty or Mourning Cloak? I'd say Mourning Cloak, because it is more universal. The butterfly's name is literally 'mourning cloak' at least in German, Swedish and Finnish. The speakers of those languages would recognize easier what the article is about, if its name were Mourning Cloak. Only the British English name refers to Camberwell. -Hapsiainen 21:12, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 07:13, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Mourning Cloak → Nymphalis antiopa – In the British Isles, the name "Camberwell Beauty" is universally and exclusively used; in North America, "Mourning Cloak" is universally and exclusively used. The scientific name is the only plausible option according to the policy given at WP:TOL. --Stemonitis 10:36, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support as nominator. --Stemonitis 10:36, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per nom, with relevant redirects. David Kernow 00:56, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Thanks and Would Like To Learn More
I read this, "The resurrection of mourning cloaks in the spring had a strong meaning to many different groups." I would like to know some examples for different groups that were with "strong meaning" of the morning cloaks. Very interesting cliff hanger.

Thanks for adding,"By the way, none of the oaks may be native to North America". And... "They may have been introduced by many many different groups of Europeans, the rarest from areas lost to mining". It might be off topic, but it's great information for a studier like me. Off to read more about oaks now.

Seahappy (talk) 02:56, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

New additions and modifications
I am a student at Washington University in St. Louis working primarily on behavior of mourning cloak butterflies, specifically trying to provide more information on its mating systems and territoriality. I altered some of the page organization and referenced some of the prior material. In addition, I included behavior (including reproduction and development), as well as some more general information, distribution, and some experimentation. Thank you. Ichooxu (talk) 14:03, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

I reorganized the material presented, putting information from distribution, etymology, and predators earlier in the article than they were originally placed. This makes the article flow from basic and background information at first to more and dense information later on. --Vpandrangi (talk) 15:55, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

I edited a minor grammar issue and was wondering if the "scramble competition polygyny" term should be linked? The behavior section looks good. Predation could be a good area to expand upon, as well as perhaps experimentation since there is already some information on it. Wmhua (talk) 14:47, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

I edited the grammar of the behavior and reproduction sections of the article, rephrasing sentences and clarifying some words used. In addition, I added a very short part on a unique reproductive characteristic of the Nymphalis antiopa. kzyoung (talk) 17:28, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

I have changed up the organization and flow. In addition, I tried adding more citations to already-existing but not well-cited paragraphs. Finally, I worked to add more information about the Mourning Cloak to broaden the breadth of the article. Thanks!

Ichooxu (talk) 04:32, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

Hi, I am also a student at Washington University in St. Louis studying the behavior of several species of Lepidoptera. I think the information on the selfish behavior through siblicide was fascinating. I’m confused about the categories/organization of this article: what is the delineation between “Behavior” and “Ecology” (of which includes topics on diet, predation, defense mechanisms, and pollination)? Do these topics under ecology not also constitute behavior? I think this article could also include topics of parental investment (to follow mating systems), feeding behavior (not simply diet), and intraspecies interactions/male competition (their territorial behavior is alluded to in the mating section). Z.kelley (talk) 09:22, 13 September 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.254.109.43 (talk)

Hello, another Washington University student here! I also enjoyed reading about the siblicde behavior as this closely relates to what we are learning in class. I agree that this article could benefit from more information about behavior as well as some more information about the habitat of the species. I changed the sentence in the distribution paragraph from “They are commonly found in North America and northern Eurasia, as well as in Mexico.” to "They are commonly found throughout North America and northern Eurasia." as Mexico is in North America so the first sentence was a tad redundant. --Srosefuqua (talk) 02:47, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

I am also a Washington University student commenting on this article for class! Here is my review: This article contains several grammatical problems as well as flow issues. The division of the headings doesn’t really make sense, since it separates “Behavior” and “Ecology” into two different sections that could both be classified as types of behavior. I did think it was interesting that a section on etymology of the name was included as well as a section about interaction with people. Despite these unique categories, a lot of things don’t make sense. For instance, there is a section about migration that claims these butterflies do not migrate. The section that should have been included would be overwintering behavior, since this is what is actually talked about. Additionally, I would add a category about social behavior and a subsection about competitive behavior among siblings, because the article erroneously mentions siblicide under defense mechanisms. It is also concerning to me that it states how the butterflies are not pollinators and thus do not benefit humans, which seems to me a strange jump in reasoning.Mnoronha456 (talk) 04:35, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

I found it very interesting that this butterfly can live for up to a year because most of the other butterflies that I have read about last about a couple months. It was cool to know that that this butterfly is a state insect for Montana. Every category that was listed in the table of contents had a substantial amount of information listed. I think that there are some grammatical issues, but it does not take away from the overall cohesiveness of the article. I think that the way in which things were ordered went well. The lead section could use some more information. I felt that way because it seemed like I was receiving more trivia like information than information I could use to write a paper. I know that the article said that the butterfly can live in any type of habitat I just feel like a category on habitat would have still been useful. It is because I am sure there is a habitat that the butterfly cannot live in. There needs to be more information on migration or the lead section needs to be updated because it says that the butterfly Is found in further areas from its home during migration, but in the migration category it says that the butterfly does not participate in migration. I am a little confused by this information. This article has been rated as Start-class and has low- importance on the importance scale. I can see that the article has a lot of information but there are some categories that could be added to improve its standing. Wadekunle (talk) 04:52, 21 October 2017 (UTC)

Capitalization
What's your thinking for changing "Camberwell beauty" to "Camberwell Beauty"? Wikipedia's style is to use lower case for species common names except for proper nouns which are part of a name. That's in the Manual of Style at MOS:LIFE. Thanks, SchreiberBike | ⌨   00:28, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Maybe I need to research this further, but I thought that the use of the lower case was for the Latin name. I took a quick look at the Style page. The use of the lower case for the English name looks odd to me. See Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, UK Butterflies, Butterflies of North America  for usage by reputable sites. Rwood128 (talk) 12:08, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I've looked further into this. It would indeed seem that the lower case rule generally applies to plants and animals, both on Wikipedia and more generally. However, as the above examples indicate, this rule doesn't seem to be generally used for butterflies. Further research indicates that there has been heated debate around birds and capitalization (Audabon Magazine ). This has also apparently been vigorously debated earlier on Wikipedia. The American Audabon organization seems to prefer the use of a capital letter for all the words in a birds name . Perhaps what is needed is clearer WP guidelines, re the usage in English. But maybe Wikipedia should reflect – and respect – common usage, and not be hidebound? A simple compromise would be to indicate common usage in parenthesis. I leave this in your hands SchreiberBike | ⌨

 * Sorry I didn't read MOS:LIFE.carefully enough. I'll correct the changes that I made, though the differences here between Wikipedia and major authorities is disturbing and confusing. I don't wish to re-open the debate, however. Rwood128 (talk) 14:52, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

Name in "Germanic languages"
The list of the butterfly's names in Germanic languages includes Finnish, which isn't a Germanic language. The butterfly's name in Finnish is a calque from the Germanic languages, but Finnish should regardless be mentioned separately (with the detail that the Finnish name is a calque of the Germanic names?). I'm not sure what the exact wording should be, though. VHGW (talk) 09:35, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nymphalis antiopa


text:
USS Walrus (SS-437)

USS Walrus (SS-437), a World War II Tench-class submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the walrus, a gregarious, aquatic mammal found in Arctic waters, related to the seal and a prime source of leather, oil, ivory, and food. Like the second USS Walrus (SS-431), she was not completed.

Walrus's keel was laid down on 21 June 1945 by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut. Work on the submarine was suspended on 7 January 1946 when the contract for her construction was cancelled, although she was launched on 20 September 1946, sponsored by Miss Winifred P. Nagle.

Walrus's hull was assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, New London Group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet on 9 December 1952. Her name was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 9 June 1958 and she was sold incomplete for scrapping.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Walrus (SS-437)


text:
Coat of arms of Rybnik

The coat of arms of the city of Rybnik in Poland consists of a blue shield bearing a white pike rising diagonally between two floral patterns. The arms are an example of canting arms, since ryb means "fish". This coat was adopted by the Rybnik City Council on November 20, 2000.

A formal blazon in English is: Azure, a pike bendwise between two floral patterns of a water-nut, all argent.

title: Coat of arms of Rybnik


text:
Clear box (phreaking)

A clear box is an amplifier used by phreaks to use post-pay pay phones without paying. In some locations, especially rural areas in the United States and Canada, pay phones were configured for "post-pay" operation. In this mode, the handset microphone is muted until payment is made. The user of a post-pay pay phone would dial first, wait until the called party answered, and at that point the user would be prompted to insert the coins. Upon receiving the correct payment for the call, the pay phone would then connect the microphone and allow the caller to speak. An artifact of this scheme was that the called party usually heard the ACTS tones produced by the pay phone upon coin deposit.

The clear box circumvented the handset mute by providing the phreak with another microphone, whose output is amplified and fed into an induction coil. The induction coil is then placed on the pay phone's line or on its case near a sensitive circuit, introducing the caller's voice via induction and bypassing the muted handset.

Several text files on the subject of the clear box observe that some calls, such as to time and weather services and other information lines, do not require voice input from the caller. On post-pay phones, calls to such numbers were effectively free without the use of a clear box.

The clear box has become obsolete with the widespread conversion of post-pay phones to pre-pay operation.

title: Clear box (phreaking)


text:
Vierville-sur-Mer

Vierville-sur-Mer (, literally Vierville on Sea) is a commune in the Calvados department in Normandy region in northwestern France.

World War II
On 6 June 1944 (D-Day), the U.S. Army's 116th Infantry Regiment of the 29th Infantry Division, along with the 5th Ranger Battalion, and A, B, and C Companies of the 2nd Ranger Battalion landed on Dog Green, Dog White, Dog Red, and Easy Green sectors of Omaha Beach, below Vierville-sur-Mer, starting at 6.30 am.

title: Vierville-sur-Mer


text:
Talk:Vulcan salute

Ease of use
"raising the ring finger alone without assistance from the other hand is impossible for most people." I realize it is difficult for some people. But to say "most people" is a little rash. Maybe theres factual information on this somewhere? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.176.230.87 (talk) 23:10, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It's a weasel word. -andy 212.114.254.107 (talk) 14:23, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

I agree, the article wording is nonsense. It's trivial for large numbers of people to do the salute without significant practice. The stuff about shared tendons in particular is nonsense - yes the ring and little finger share a tendon and so it is harder to manipulate them independently but in the Vulcan salute these fingers remain together so the shared tendon is irrelevant! I've had a go at rewording this bit, no doubt an enthusiastic article watcher who is Vulcan-salute-challenged will revert it instantly... Mu2 (talk) 00:04, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Why do people claim that this is hard to do? I've been able to do it since I was old enough to know what it is, how difficult is it to seperate your fingers? MattUK (talk) 21:11, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

For me its actually hard to keep the pink and ring finger together. It is not an intuitive movement to do for most people. But it is possible, with some effort. And with some more effort, it would become as natural as the peace symbol is for most of us. - 88.159.237.128 (talk) 15:40, 2 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I actually find it much easier to do the Vulcan Salute than the peace symbol. - Spencer8ab (talk) 23:52, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

It's easy if you play the piano. Lateral independent movement of the fingers is essential for playing chords. -- megA (talk) 17:01, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

I'm certain that it is very difficult for the vast majority of people to do the Vulcan salute, and that this has to do with anatomy (something I'm thoroughly educated on). Those claiming that doing the Vulcan solute is easy are like contortionists or ambidextrous people suggesting that what they can do with their body or hands, respectively, should be easy for others to do. If there are WP:Reliable sources addressing the difficulty of doing the Vulcan solute, it should be covered in the article. Currently, it's not. Earlier this hour, I saw mention of the Vulcan salute (with regard to phones) on the news (HLN) and tried to do the Vulcan salute; I couldn't do it. Then I headed straight to this Wikipedia article to see if there is anything in it about the difficulty of using this salute. Flyer22 (talk) 16:42, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't have any special training (like piano), but I've always been able to do it easily on one hand, whereas on the other it's always been very difficult. I assumed it was genetic. Based on that assumption, I found: . Not a reliable source, but provides some insight. Perhaps other (better) sources can be found. --Fru1tbat (talk) 18:25, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for giving your perspective, which is interesting; I appreciate you weighing in on this. Flyer22 (talk) 18:29, 18 June 2014 (UTC)

Origin
I heard Leonard Nimoy speak at a corporate event in 2000 and he described how he based the salute on the Cohen blessing that he witnessed in synagogue as a child. --Cje 21:19, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * He also explains it in his autobiography, I Am Spock page 68, where he gives an account of his visit to the synagogue Rooster613 (talk) 16:31, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Vulcan Language Pronunciation
The Memory-Alpha article states the following: "In Vulcan, "Live long and prosper" is pronounced "Dup dor a'az Mubster". (Star Trek: The Motion Picture)" This is contradictory to the current Wikipedia article text: "(Dif-tor heh smusma in Vulcan language as spoken in Star Trek: The Motion Picture)." I'm inclined to agree with the M-A article's transliteration. Changing it now, please comment here if you change it back (and perhaps contribute to the M-A article as well) :) john factorial 19:55, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

According to many other places, it is : Tich tor ang tesmur —Preceding unsigned comment added by Drlf (talk • contribs) 20:33, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

ST:TMP Vulcan isn't exactly canon, since the actors spoke their lines in English and were later overdubbed with what could match their lip movements. -- megA (talk) 16:55, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Thumbs
The picture might be the inspiration for the Vulcan salute, but it should be pointed out that in the Vulcan salute, the thumb is extended.

 * That's correct. Can someone please change the picture? 86.154.59.213 17:30, 4 October 2007 (UTC).
 * Sorry, forgot to login. Above post actually posted by microchip08 17:36, 4 October 2007 (UTC).
 * I uploaded a photo demonstrating the salute. --Robert Daeley (talk) 01:34, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This criticism is correct for the Jewish version also -- the thumbs should be extended with tips touching. Beware of imitating old Jewish diagrams for kabbalistic subjects. Some artists purposely changed a detail in order to avoid giving away secrets to the uninitiated.  Ditto for carvings on gravestones, etc.  So yes, please re-do the picture!Rooster613 (talk) 16:21, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Deletion
This article does not need to be on an encyclopedia at all. Instead, it should be deleted, and a reference or trivia point to the "Vulcan Salute" should be made under a Hand Gestures article. --GnarlyLikeWhoa (talk) 18:38, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Stop being a deletionist. It's annoyiing.  Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia, and there is plenty of room, especially for something as recognisable and significant in some parts of our culture as this. Michael1115 (talk) 01:37, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Other Uses
What about when Marty uses it in Back to the Future? He does this when he dresses up as "Darth Vader" from "Planet Valkan." He threatens to melt George's brains with rock music.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.8.11.200 (talk) 13:43, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Nerdfighter Salute
Umm what? This is really noteworthy? May I suggest this section and the picture be candidate for deletion. 75.150.224.85 (talk) 14:07, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Hebrew translation
The article states "Shaddai" means "Almighty". That isn't the real hebrew interpretation. Shaddai is a hebrew Acronym "shin"-"daleth"-"yod" meaning "Shomer Daltoth Israel" translated as "Guard the doors of Israel" or "The guardian of the doors of Israel". It it's originally a name given to him as reminder of Passover (where he kept the houses - doors - of Israel from the plagues), and is used on the Mezuza (Jewish doorpost ornament and religious protection symbol).

So where did the interpretation as 'Almighty' came from? El Shaddai — Preceding unsigned comment added by MensIuguolo (talk • contribs) 17:37, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Your first ¶ is one of many theories. See the article El Shaddai. --Thnidu (talk) 10:01, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

Not from victory sign
I'm deleting this clause from § Description. It misrepresents both the origin of the salute and its form (confusing it with the original!).
 * which was a two-handed version of Winston Churchill's victory sign.

--Thnidu (talk) 17:02, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

 * My fault for not being clear. Nimoy was talking about a second greeting he also created, which (I believe) was never used on the show. I've restored and clarified the text. Ylee (talk) 19:33, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation and clarification. has since revised the explanation; see diff. --Thnidu (talk) 21:38, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Celia Lovsky - Peter Lorre - "The Raven" (1963)
This piece of trivia appears in the biography section of Celia Lovsky at IMDB. "Her Peter Lorre / Star Trek (1966) connection: She was instrumental in making Fritz Lang aware of Lorre's talent, leading eventually to his debut film M (1931). She was also the first person to execute the Vulcan greeting, in Star Trek: Amok Time (1967). In addition, in Roger Corman's  The Raven (1963), Lorre uses the Vulcan hand sign in his wizard fight with Boris Karloff. Perhaps she learned it from Lorre and demonstrated it to Leonard Nimoy." (Bold emphasis added.)

You can see the Vulcan Salute at the 28 second mark in this 3 minute youtube video clip of The Raven. Lorre was also Jewish and might have thought to use the "shin" hand signal from his own upbringing. Lorre died in 1964, three years before the Amok Time episode of Star Trek. It would have been difficult for him to comment on the Wizard - Vulcan Salute posthumously. Did he ever comment (maybe in an interview?) on why he made the hand signal in The Raven?

The IMDB trivia note claims that Celia Lovsky (as T'Pau) was the FIRST person to use the Vulcan Salute on Star Trek. Is that true? (I'm no expert.) Spock never used it prior to that episode?

If you think Peter Lorre's use of the "Vulcan Salute" in 1963 in The Raven should be mentioned in the Main Article, please add it there. AdderUser (talk) 06:38, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

 * But first you need to find a reliable source stating that. Unfortunately, IMDb comments don't count.  ANd your own impressions are original research.  SixFourThree (talk) 15:13, 24 August 2018 (UTC)SixFourThree

 * Thank you for your comment. I'm not very proficient with wikipedia contribution details. I notice that my ENTIRE comment about Peter Lorre using the proto-Vulcan Salute has been deleted. If ALL of the speculation is dropped, there is still a lot of factual evidence. I think that it would be fair and correct to show the FACTUAL screen shot from The Raven (1963) and provide the link to the film clip as an example of a Vulcan Salute hand gesture BEFORE Star Trek even existed. Nimoy and Lorre were both Jewish (fact). (Speculation: Did Lorre also know about the shin hand symbol?; do not include. And most of the other stuff is speculation, but interesting speculation.) If you can help to add a wikipedia-worthy reference to Peter Lorre's hand gesture in The Raven, I think it would be relevant. THANKS! — Preceding unsigned comment added by AdderUser (talk • contribs) 03:19, 28 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The whole comment was removed because the whole comment was your own original research. I know it seems complicated, but the rules are actually pretty simple. Our own observations aren't enough to warrant inclusion here.  You have a screen grab from a movie, but does that image actually reflect the actor's deliberate choice of a hand gesture?  Or is it happenstance, freezing an action midway through in a manner that suggests a connection where none exists?  We don't know.  This is why a reliable source stating that Lorre intended to use the Shefa Tal symbol.  Otherwise it's all "interesting speculation" to be sure, but interesting speculation doesn't belong in these articles.  SixFourThree (talk) 15:08, 4 September 2018 (UTC)SixFourThree
 * Totally agree with -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 15:20, 4 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments and explanations. If it helps, the film clip cited above shows that it is a deliberate hand gesture that is held for at least 9-10 seconds (0:25 to 0:35 in the clip). I hope someone can come up with a legitimate way to get Peter Lorre's proto-Vulcan Salute, with photo, into the main article. Is a built-in disclaimer allowed: "Although Lorre used a similar Shefa Tal proto-Vulcan Salute in The Raven, there is no record of it's origin, purpose, or meaning in that context." AdderUser (talk) 17:53, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't even think you could say "proto-Vulcan". It appears it's just another actor using a similar gesture with the same origin, but coincidental uses of the same gesture don't belong here. Nimoy says he got it from synagogue, not Peter Lorre. --Fru1tbat (talk) 18:13, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Besides, our own observations are not legitimate sources.  That's called "original research" and its not allowed.  You need to find a reliable source, a news article or something like that, where the similarity is discussed and the theory that Nimoy based it on Lorre is put forward. I know it seems strange, but those are the rules.  You don't need evidence for your assertions, you need a source.  SixFourThree (talk) 19:08, 13 September 2018 (UTC)SixFourThree
 * What about the possibility of adding a NEW section called "Other visible examples of the Shin / Shefa Tal / El Shaddai hand symbol" or "Other Observations of Similar Hand Signals" etc.? That would be "observations" (only) without necessarily making a claim about underlying theories of origination. Come to think of it, if you remove Nimoy's own comments about his religious background and experience influencing his choice of the shin, there would be no "Origins" section and the article would still stand as an article about the Vulcan Salute. So, I argue, "Similar Hand Signals" could just be a valid new section that others could add to if they find legitimate examples in their movie or art or other viewing (maybe a piece of ancient Aztec pottery has a Vulcan Salute on it?). As mentioned above, a fleeting, accidental, non-deliberate movie display would not be acceptable example. (E.g., imagine freeze-framing every frame of King Kong (1933) until you find one shot of KK's fingers spread like a shin: not a valid example.) The Background and Gallery sections have a lot of post-Star Trek mentions; I'm suggesting adding a distinct pre-Star Trek section. Your opinions on creating a new "Other" section (mostly for the purpose of getting the Peter Lorre info and picture in there as the first example)? Thank you. (What is the correct way to enter the Vulcan Salute emoji without the extra unidode number? I entered curly curly unichar pipe 1F596 close curly close curly and I can't figure out how to get the hand only without the U+1F596 part.) AdderUser (talk) 21:14, 25 September 2018 (UTC)
 * First of all, no "observations" of the kind you're recommending would be appropriate without reliable sources relating them to the subject. And then, if others have emulated the Shin gesture / priestly blessing, it belongs in those articles, both of which are linked in this one. On your other points: the origins section is about the origin of the subject of this article. The new information you're proposing is about possible uses of a common ancestor, which is not the subject of this article. As I said, they already have their own articles. Your example of the gesture on some ancient pottery would be completely inappropriate to include here. It's unrelated trivia. I'm curious - why do you feel including these things is important? --Fru1tbat (talk) 14:00, 26 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks, again, for your reply. I looked at the other articles and I don't see a place for The Raven (Lorre) photo. So I guess it's going to remain trivia on the Talk page and not the Main Article. Do you know how to enter plain text to code for the emoji WITHOUT getting the extra "U+1F596" part? Thanks! AdderUser (talk) 18:30, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't, unfortunately. The template you're using is for documenting unicode characters, not just reproducing them, and I'm unaware of a template that just does the latter. I was able to just copy and paste from your previous post here, though: 🖖 --Fru1tbat (talk) 16:24, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

Your Vulcan is so bad...even the ROMULANS are cringing!!!
Your Vulcan is so bad...even the ROMULANS are cringing!!! 69.146.21.16 (talk) 07:32, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vulcan salute


text: Category:Romanesque architecture by country


text: Category:Romanesque architecture

title: Category:Romanesque architecture


text:
Ponderosa Ranch

The Ponderosa Ranch was a theme park based on the television western Bonanza, which housed the land, timber and livestock-rich Cartwright family. The amusement park operated in Incline Village, Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, from 1968 until 2004. Portions of the last five seasons of the TV series and three television films were also filmed at that location.

TV origins of the fictional Ponderosa Ranch
The Ponderosa was the fictional setting for Bonanza. According to the 9th episode ("Mr. Henry Comstock") in the first season, it was a thousand-square mile (640,000 acre or 2,600 km2) ranch on the shores of Lake Tahoe, nestled high in the Sierra Nevada, with a large ranch house in the center of it. Ben Cartwright was said to have built the original, smaller homestead after moving from New Orleans with his pregnant third wife Marie and his two sons, Adam and Hoss. The grown Adam, an architect/engineer, designed the later sprawling ranch house as depicted on TV ("Bonanza, The Philip Diedesheimer Story", Oct. 31, 1959, NBC-TV; Bonanza: The Return, April 1993, NBC-TV). The fictional ranch was roughly a two-hour horse ride from Virginia City, Nevada. (Note: There are slight variations as to the origin of the Ponderosa Ranch, from the original Bonanza series, Lorne Greene's 1964 song "Saga of the Ponderosa", the 1988–95 TV movies, and the 2001 PAX prequel series Ponderosa). The ranch house was a single-level structure that had a facade second storey. Inside, a staircase seemingly led to the second-floor corridor, but it was a dead end. The bedroom scenes were filmed at Burbank Studios. David Dortort, the show's producer, said that the inspiration for the name was the large number of Ponderosa pines, which grow above 5,000 foot altitude, in the fictional ranch's location. A Latin derivation would be large (root of the English word ponderous). The exteriors for the television show were occasionally shot in Nevada, usually out of sequence. Crews were sometimes able to complete an entire season's work in just a few days.

The first Virginia City set used on the show from 1959–1970 was located on a back lot at Paramount. It was also used in episodes of Have Gun, Will Travel, Mannix and The Brady Bunch. In the 1970 Bonanza episode "The Night Virginia City Died", Deputy Clem Foster's pyromaniac fiancée leveled the town in a series of fires. This allowed for a switch to the less-expensive Warner Studios from September 1970 through January 1973. Very few of the original Bonanza episodes were shot at the theme park's Virginia City site, although the town was prominently featured in three Bonanza television movies. Because the movies showcased the next generation of Cartwrights, they began circa 1905. The Ponderosa park expanded beyond the buggy era to include an exhibit featuring antique cars. It was a fledgling endeavor as tourists wanted to see horses flanked by Cartwright saddles.

Origins of the theme park
The idea for the theme park came about in 1965. Bill and Joyce Anderson owned a small horse ranch, which was located in about the same area as the fictional Ponderosa on the burning map. According to the Andersons, tourists would regularly show up at their gates asking where the Ponderosa was. Smelling opportunity, the Andersons contacted NBC and Bonanza creator-producer David Dortort. They proposed turning their small ranch into a theme park. NBC, Dortort, and the cast saw the tie-in as a "bonanza" for everyone. All parties being of one accord, the cast agreed to promos being shot at the ranch site and the Virginia City set – including the nearby Silver Dollar Saloon –  for financial consideration. The ads stimulated revenue for the park.

The park opened to the public in 1968, complete with a scale replica of the Cartwright ranch house and barn similar to the ones seen on television. A replica of Virginia City was later added. The original plan was to open the set to tourists once filming had wrapped. However, shuttling cast and crew up to Incline Village on a weekly basis became cost-prohibitive. Thus, only 15 episodes of Bonanza were shot there. A majority of ranch-specific scenes were shot on a sound stage at Paramount Studios in Hollywood. Outdoor scenes were filmed on location at nearby Big Bear Lake, Red Rock Canyon, Mojave, or eastern Kern County, California. However, Michael Landon, Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker, and David Canary often made appearances at the ranch in costume to mingle with fans and sign autographs. Blocker died in 1972, and NBC canceled the series the following year. Canary, dressed in character as Candy, made his last visit there in 2002 for a PAX-TV special. Mitch Vogel (Jamie Cartwright) appeared at the ranch for the Travel Channel's "TV Road Trip" in 2002, in which he pitched a behind-the-scenes look at the Ponderosa Ranch and Incline Village. Copies of the "Ponderosa Map", autographed by three of the Cartwrights, became souvenirs at the ranch for decades afterward, along with tin cups bearing their likenesses. Episodes that were filmed entirely or in part at the ranch bear a title plate at the end of the credits. These episodes are from the tenth season through the end of the series (1968–73).

The Ponderosa experience
Parking for visitors was at the highway level; only official vehicles, such as the park's Conestoga wagons, were allowed at the top of the ridge, where the park was located. Depending on the time of day, a park visit could include breakfast. Lunch, including a "Hoss Burger", could also be purchased. Estimates are that more than three million of these were sold during the park's existence.

A visit to the park consisted of visitors riding up on the wagon, being "robbed" by "outlaws", and then disembarking at the main house. Adjacent to the house were the "graves" of Ben Cartwright's three wives, each of whom had given birth to one of the three (half) brothers. Graves of the Cartwrights and cook Hop Sing were later added, following the deaths of Dan Blocker (1972), Victor Sen Yung (1980), Lorne Greene (1987), and Michael Landon (1991). The house contained a less-than-realistic carved figure of Ben Cartwright sitting at his desk, and of Hop Sing working in the kitchen. The only parts of the house that actually existed were the living room, dining room, kitchen, and office. The stairs led nowhere, as the "bedrooms" were actually located on a sound stage in Hollywood. Thus, the tour of the house took very little time.

The main attraction was the ranch's version of Virginia City, which was miles from the real Virginia City but immediately adjacent to the rear of the house set (on the show, the ranch was about a two-hour ride on horseback from Virginia City). There were activities such as a haunted house, panning for gold, amusements based on old-time Wild West shows, as well as concessions and souvenirs.

Only the front of the ranch house was ever shown on television because a highway ran directly to the right of the house. In episodes shot in-studio, the home exterior has a backdrop of sky and trees. The ranch house was a single-story structure, although from the outside it appeared to have a second story. Little Joe's green corduroy jacket and Hoss's brown suede vest were displayed hanging on a rack.

When the ranch opened in 1967, Pernell Roberts (Adam Cartwright) had long since departed the series. Consequently, he was not featured in Ponderosa's promotional campaign until after the show's initial run. At that time most of the shows broadcast in syndication featured the Adam Cartwright character. His picture was in the group painting on the sign promoting the park at the entrance. When the park folded in autumn 2004 Pernell Roberts was still alive, so no Adam grave marker was added. Pernell Roberts died on January 24, 2010.

Near the main house were sculptures of the horses ridden by Lorne Greene, Dan Blocker and Michael Landon that visitors could have their pictures taken either on or alongside of. The park also had a church that could be reserved for weddings near the church where the grave markers are located. In 1999, a VHS tour was made available to patrons. In 2002, David Canary appeared at the ranch in Candy's wardrobe for a special produced by PAX TV.

Closure
The ranch and park remained a popular seasonal attraction for decades after the network run of Bonanza ended, having outlived most of the series' original cast. Business remained strong into the late 1990s. The land was purchased by billionaire software entrepreneur David Duffield in 2004. In September of that year he closed the Ponderosa "indefinitely". In 2020, it was sold for 38m $ by Engel & Völkers, Inc.

title: Ponderosa Ranch


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Lourdes, São Paulo

Lourdes is a municipality (município) in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 2,300 (2020 est.) in an area of 114 km². The elevation is 403 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Lourdes, São Paulo


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User:Solitude/Delta Works

The Delta Works are an elaborate flood defense system in the Netherlands, involving dikes, locks, dams, sluices and canals. Construction started with the Storm Surge Barrier Hollandse IJssel in 1954 right after the flood disaster of 1953, and was finished with the completion of the Maeslantkering in 1997. The Works offer flooding protection to an estimated 300.000 people in the Dutch provinces Zeeland, Zuid-Holland and Noord-Brabant, the entire project cost an estimated €5 billion, which comes down to €16.000 per head of the affected population. The most notable Delta Works dam, The Oosterscheldedam is sometimes referred to as the eighth wonder of the world, and has been declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

Flood Disaster 1953
On the night of 31 January, early morning 1 February 1953 the Netherlands was hit by a heavy northwestern storm, while at the same time a spring tide was active as well. The at the time inedequate dikes could not resist this combined force, several dikes burst, flooding large sections of land in the southern provinces of Zeeland, Zuid-Holland and Noord-Brabant. The flooding water killed more than 1,800 people and forced the evacuation of 70,000 more, also 10.000 animals drowned, and 4,500 buildings were destroyed.

Construction
The Delta Works were built over a period of almost fourty years. They are a system involving locks, sluices, channels, dams and other control methods to prevent flooding.

 * Storm Surge Barrier Hollandse IJssel (1958)
 * Zandkreekdam (1960) - in the Zandkreek strait (g)
 * Veerse Gatdam (1961) - closes the Veerse Meer (f)
 * Grevelingendam (1965) - in lake Grevelingen (n)
 * Volkerakdam (1969)
 * Haringvlietdam (1971)
 * Brouwersdam (1971) - in lake Grevelingen (n)
 * Markiezaatskade (1983)
 * Oosterscheldedam (1986)
 * Oesterdam (1987)
 * Philipsdam (1987)
 * Bathse spuisluis (1987)
 * Maeslantkering (1997)

Storm Surge Barrier Hollandse IJssel
The Storm Surge Barrier is located in the Hollandse IJssel, near Rotterdam and Krimpen aan de IJssel, total cost for this barrier was 18 million euros. The later construction of the Maeslantkering made the Storm Surge Barrier obsolete.

The Hollandse IJssel was, and still is, an important shipping trade route, and also serves as a fresh water supply for a large part of Zuid Holland. This is why the waterway was not closed off with a dam, but a specially designed flood barrier was used featuring two moveable sluices hanging between two concrete towers. In the default position the sluice gates are raised and ships can sail underneath, thereby passing the barrier. In the case of an emergency the gates are lowered, closing down the river entirely. The nearby lock can then be used by ships to pass the barrier.

Construction for the first part of the Delta Works was started merely a year after the disaster of 1953. In January 1954 dredging for the barrier initiated, and on 6 May 1958 the first floodgate was lowered for testing, later that year the Storm Surge Barrier was officially opened. The barrier was nicknamed Algerabrug, after former Chief of Traffic and Water management, J. Algera, who resigned shortly before completion of the barrier.

Zandkreekdam
The ‘three-island project’ proposed in 1953 called for two dams to link the island of Walcheren with Noord-Beveland and Zuid-Beveland. Construction on the shortest of these two dams, the Zandkreekdam, initiated soon after the completion of the Storm Surge Barrier in the Hollandse IJssel. The dam consists of two parts, the first part is a sluice, about 140m long and 20m wide. This sluice had to be completed first as the Zandkreekdam blocks an important shipping route, used by ships sailing to and from Vlissingen. The second part, the actual dam, is 690m long and was closed and completed using sinkable caissons in 1960. Completion of this dam was an historical event for the people of Noord Beveland, the Zandkreekdam was the first connection to the mainland, which broke their dependence on ferry transportation.

Veerse Gatdam
The Veerse Gatdam (gat = hole) closed the Veerse Gat, creating the Veerse Meer. The dam is 2.8 km in length, running from Walcheren to Noord-Beveland. As with the construction of the Zandkreekdam, sinkable caissons were used, quite inventive caissons in the case of the Veerse Gatdam. The caissons contained holes that allows the tide to flow freely through the caissons during construction, this allowed the dam to be built without the tide exuding a strong force during construction. The holes in the caissons were closed in the last phase of construction. Nowdays, the closed off Veerse Meer is a popular tourist attraction, especially for windsurfers.

Grevelingendam
The 6 km long Grevelingendam is a utility dam, it was not necessary for flood protection itself but was built to lessen the burden of the water on the construction of the Haringvlietdam, the Brouwersdam, and the Oosterschelde barrier by stopping the current. Construction of the dam connecting Schouwen-Duiveland and Goeree-Overvlakkee started in 1957, 4 years after the flood. The central sand bank in lake Grevelingen was raised with sand extracted from the bottom of the North sea, the southern gap was then closed using the familiar method of sinkable caissons.

The northern gap was closed using an inventive aerial_tramway, which could drop large rocks in the lake, creating the dam's structure. The railway spanned from the island Goeree-Overvlakkee to the central sand bank, supported by a concrete pillar positioned halfway. Ten cable cars were used, each having its own driver and engine, each carrying a large net which held the rocks. On average the cars travelled at 5 m/s and carried a load of 10.000 kg.

As with the Veerse Gatdam, the newly created lake turned into a attraction, popular with divers and kayakers.

Volkerakdam
The Volkerakdam closed off the Volkerak, a heavily travelled waterway between the North sea and the city of Antwerp in Belgium, part of the Schelde-Rijnkanaal. To allow ships to pass the damn even during construction, three locks were built first. In the next phase, a brige was built using 14 caissons, which can be lowered in case of an extreme storm tide. This bridge created a, nowadays well travelled, traffic route between Noord-Brabant and Rotterdam.

Haringvlietdam
The sixth large construction of the Delta Works, the Haringvlietdam closes of the Haringvliet, protecting Goeree-Overvlakkee, Voorne Putten and the Hoekse Waard agains flooding. The entire dam is 4.5 km long and has a lock to allow ships to pass and even a canal system to allow fish to swim in and out of the Haringvliet when all the sluices and locks are closed. Second only to the Oosterschelde barrier, this dam was the most timeconsuming project, construction started as early as 1957 and was finished in 1971. In the first phase more than 21.000 pilings were driven into the ground to support the entire structure.

The second phase started in 1961 with construction of the sluices. As the Haringvliet is the endpoint for the large rivers Rhine (originating in the Swiss Alps) and the Meuse (originating in France). It was therefore decided that the dam should not close of the Haringvliet and would have to be able to let through large volumes of water. A complex 1 km long construction with 17 sluices was built, capable of letting through 25.000 m³ water per second. During severe storms, all the sluice gates can be closed, closing of the entire Haringvliet. For the third phase, the technique using the cable railway was employed, used before on the Grevelingendam, the Haringvlietdam was completed in 1971.

Brouwersdam
The Brouwersdam was built to defend Goeree-Overvlakkee and Schouwen-Duiveland from floods, this positions the dam in lake Grevelingen (a good 30 m deep at this location), west of the Grevelingendam. Construction for the 6 km long dam was started in 1964, soon after completion of the Grevelingendam. Two large sand banks, the Middelplaat and the Kabbelaarsplaat, were located in the center of the dam's path. The two banks were close and were therefore made into one bigger bank, leaving a north and a south section of dam to be built.

Closing the deep southern gully (the Brouwershavense Gat) required another cable railway to be built which could deliver 600.000 tons of stones and rocks in 10 weeks. Technology for the cable railway had progressed, the new trolleys were equipped with gas turbines instead of diesel engines, giving the trolleys a maximum speed of 7.5 m/s. The northern section of the dam would be built in less deep water (De Kous), so caissons could be used, which have the distinct advantage of allowing the tide to flow freely during construction.

In 1978 a lock, the Brouwerssluis, was added to the Brouwersdam to allow ships to pass.

Maeslantkering
The Maeslantkering is the storm surge barrier in the Nieuwe Waterweg waterway near Hoek van Holland, Netherlands. It closes automatically when needed.

title: User:Solitude/Delta Works


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Lagoinha

Lagoinha is a municipality in the eastern part of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 4,889 (2020 est.) in an area of 255.47 km². The elevation is 913 m.

Economic activity centres upon agriculture, mainly dairy cattle and reforestry. Tourism has been growing in the region due to the abundance of water sources, falls, and natural hills, valley and forest environments.

Demographics
According to the 2000 IBGE Census, the population was 4,957, of which 2,877 or 58.04% are urban and 2,080 or (41.96%) are rural. The life expectancy for the city was 71.69 years. The fertility rate was at 2.31. The municipality has 2,585 males and 2,372 females. For every 100 males, there are 91.7 females. The literacy rate was 85.64%

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Lagoinha


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Ecological validity

In the behavioral sciences, ecological validity is often used to refer to the judgment of whether a given study's variables and conclusions (often collected in lab) are sufficiently relevant to its population (e.g. the "real world" context). Psychological studies are usually conducted in laboratories though the goal of these studies is to understand human behavior in the real-world. Ideally, an experiment would have generalizable results that predict behavior outside of the lab, thus having more ecological validity. Ecological validity can be considered a commentary on the relative strength of a study's implication(s) for policy, society, culture, etc.

This term was originally coined by Egon Brunswik and held a specific meaning. He regarded ecological validity as the utility of a perceptual cue to predict a property (basically how informative the cue is). For example, high school grades have moderate ecological validity for predicting college grades. Hammond argued that the now common use of the term to refer to generality of research results to the "real world" is inappropriate because it robs the original usage of its meaning.

Due to the evolving and broad definition of ecological validity, problematic usage of this term in modern scientific studies occurs because it is often not clearly defined. In fact, in many cases just being specific about what behavior/context you are testing makes addressing ecological validity unnecessary.

Comparing ecological validity to mundane realism and external validity
The term "ecological validity" is now widely used by researchers unfamiliar with the origins and technical meaning of the term to be broadly equivalent to mundane realism. Mundane realism references the extent to which the experimental situation is similar to situations people are likely to encounter outside the laboratory. For example, mock-jury research is designed to study how people might act if they were jurors during a trial, but many mock-jury studies simply provide written transcripts or summaries of trials while in a classroom or office settings. Such experiments do not approximate the actual look, feel, and procedure of a real courtroom trial, and therefore lack mundane realism.

The better-recognized concern is that of external validity: if the results from such a mock-jury study are reproduced in and generalized across trials where these stimulus materials, settings, and other background characteristics vary, then the measurement process may be deemed externally valid. External validity refers to the ability to generalize study findings in other contexts. Ecological validity, the ability to generalize study findings to the real world, is a subcategory of external validity.

Another example highlighting the differences between these terms is from an experiment that studied pointing —a trait originally attributed uniquely to humans—in captive chimpanzees. This study certainly had external validity because when testing if captive chimps will gesture towards food by pointing, the results were reproduced in different trials and under different conditions. Nevertheless, the ecological validity and mundane realism of this study came into question because researchers were attempting to do cognitive research while disrupting these animals’ natural environment.

Because the experimental conditions that are conducive to pointing (i.e. watching humans point) will never be experienced by chimpanzees outside the laboratory, this study is by definition lacking mundane realism. Furthermore, pointing doesn't emerge in wild chimpanzees; therefore, one could argue that because captive chimps were taken out of their natural environment, there is no point in studying a trait that wasn't adaptive through natural selection (holding no ecological validity). However, a counter-argument to this claim is that captive chimpanzees are under the ecological framework merely by existing. It is plausible that captivity is the context that leads to the development of this trait. Furthermore, if this trait can be taught to captive chimpanzees, it is certainly possible that if faced with particular circumstances, wild chimpanzees would also learn to point.

Thus, ecological validity is a sliding scale. Humans have dramatically changed the natural world to the extent that behavior traits that animals adapt in response to human intervention (such as pointing) could technically hold ecological validity. With this in mind, perhaps instead of attempting to broaden the definition of this term, a new term should be identified to define traits that have only emerged due to direct human interference.

title: Ecological validity


text:
Wikipedia:PS

The Wikipedia shortcut PS may refer to:

 * The Wikipedia policy on primary sources
 * The Wikipedia helper page Proposed splits
 * The list of "perennial sources"
 * A user essay on the practice of "policy shopping"
 * A script named "Prosesize"
 * PSEUDOSCIENCE
 * The searching tool PetScan

title: Wikipedia:PS


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Laranjal

Laranjal may refer to the following places in Brazil:

 * Laranjal, Minas Gerais
 * Laranjal, Paraná
 * Praia do Laranjal, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Laranjal Paulista, São Paulo

title: Laranjal


text:
Category:Provence

Articles relating to Provence, a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It largely corresponds with the modern administrative region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and includes the departments of Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, as well as parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse. The largest city of the region and its modern-day capital is Marseille.

title: Category:Provence


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Laranjal Paulista

Laranjal Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 28,785 (2020 est.) in an area of 384 km2. The elevation is 536 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Laranjal Paulista


text:
Recess (TV series)

Recess is an American animated television series created by Paul Germain and Joe Ansolabehere (credited on marketing materials and late-series title cards as "Paul and Joe") and produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, with animation done by Grimsaem, Anivision, Plus One Animation, Sunwoo Animation, and Toon City. The series focuses on six elementary school students and their interaction with other classmates and teachers. The title refers to the recess period during the daily schedule, in the North American tradition of educational schooling, when students are not in lessons and are outside in the schoolyard. During recess, the children form their own society, complete with government and a class structure, set against the backdrop of a regular school.

Recess premiered on September 13, 1997, on ABC, as part of Disney's One Saturday Morning block (later known as ABC Kids). The series ended on November 5, 2001, with 65 half-hour episodes and six seasons in total. The success and lasting appeal of the series saw it being syndicated to numerous channels, including ABC's sister channels Toon Disney, which later became Disney Channel, and Disney XD.

In 2001, Walt Disney Pictures released a theatrical film based on the series, Recess: School's Out. It was followed by a direct-to-video second film entitled Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street that same year. In 2003, two more direct-to-video films were released: Recess: All Growed Down and Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade. The characters made their final appearance in a crossover episode for Lilo & Stitch: The Series.

Overview
Recess portrays the lives of six fourth graders—cheeky and popular lovable rogue Theodore Jasper "T.J." Detweiler (Ross Malinger, Andrew Lawrence), jock Vince LaSalle (Rickey D'Shon Collins), tomboy Ashley Spinelli (Pamela Adlon), wise fool Mikey Blumberg (Jason Davis), nerdy child prodigy Gretchen Grundler (Ashley Johnson), and awkward new kid Gus Griswald (Courtland Mead)—as they go about their daily lives in a school environment at Third Street Elementary School. A major satirical point of the show is that the community of students at school is a microcosm of traditional human society complete with its own government, class system, and set of unwritten laws. They are ruled by a monarch, a sixth grader named King Bob, who has various enforcers to make sure his decrees are carried out. The society has a long list of rigid values and social norms that imposes a high expectation of conformity upon all the students.

Recess is illustrated to be a symbol of liberty—a time when children can express themselves and develop meaningful relationships. Most episodes involve one or more of the main six characters seeking a rational balance between individuality and social order. They are often defending their freedom against perceived threats by adults and school administration or social norms. The group's leader, T.J. Detweiler, tends to have the most complete vision of this struggle, though even he has times when he inadvertently leads the group too far toward an extreme of conformity or non-conformity, and needs to be drawn back to even ground by his friends.

This interpretation is confirmed by the Cold War motifs found throughout the show. For example, Miss Grotke's philosophical and activist attitudes (attributed to her belonging to the counterculture of the 1960s) are juxtaposed with the authoritarian and conservative views of her colleagues such as Miss Finster and Principal Prickly. The presence of government officials either confiscating objects for national security (Episode 37, "The Substitute") or removing persons for challenging authority (Episode 71, "The Spy Who Came in from the Playground"), serve as subtle reminders on the authority of the US government. Several references by the show's characters convey the fraught political realities of the Cold War period. In Episode 85, "Here Comes Mr. Perfect", Randall suggests blackmailing a student for being a supposed Communist, while in Episode 37, "The Substitute", Mr. E demands a student write an essay on why it's wrong to bully people, "unless it's in the geopolitical interests of the United States". Cold War themes are most seen in Episode 101, "The Secret Life of Grotke", where Miss Grotke is suspected by the Recess gang as an anti-American spy due to her mysterious after-school life, as well as Episode 118, "The Army Navy Game", where T.J. masquerades as a Soviet spy to bring Gus and Theresa's military fathers to reconcile.

The show's introductory music, art design and style often evoked the feel of prison escape movies such as The Great Escape, and the playground hierarchy and school administration were often depicted in ways that paid homage to common themes in such films.

Main characters

 * Theodore Jasper "T.J." Detweiler Jr. (voiced by Ross Malinger, Seasons 1–2; Andrew Lawrence, Seasons 2–6): T.J. is the main protagonist of the series, the leader of his five best friends, and usually spends time planning pranks against the teachers. Rarely seen without his red baseball hat, which he always wears backwards, he uses his catchphrase "whomps" as a child-friendly substitute swear word for something unpleasant as well as "tender" whenever something good happens. T.J. has excellent leadership skills, confidence in public speaking, a quick wit and the ability to talk his way out of any situation, as shown in "Good Ol' T.J.". Despite his precarious acts, T.J. is a hero, as he cares about the well-being of his fellow peers at school, often rallying them and convincing them to work together to stand up for their rights. His only sibling is an older sister (around 17 or 18) named Becky, who was seen in Recess: School's Out (voiced by Melissa Joan Hart) and Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade (voiced by Tara Strong), although T.J. mentions an older brother in "The Great Jungle Gym Standoff".
 * Vincent "Vince" Pierre LaSalle (voiced by Rickey D'Shon Collins): Vince is the most physically fit student at Third Street School. Along with his superior athletic ability, he comes across as a bit of a "Jock", but in the end he always knows to make the best choice to help others. His athletic/competitive skills are far superior, so much so that he seemingly excels at most, if not all, challenges, such as cooking, golf, and even improvised playground games. He has a rivalry with Erwin Lawson, a fifth grade jock bully. He has an older brother named Chad whom he thinks is the coolest boy he knows, even if his peers see him as a geek. His catchphrase is "Whompinbobyulah!" to exclaim surprise. Respected and brave, he is T.J.'s right-hand man.
 * Ashley Funicello Spinelli (voiced by Pamela Adlon): Usually going simply by her last name, Spinelli is a wrestling fan and the tomboy of the group. Although short in stature for her age, she maintains a powerful tough-girl image, often attempting to solve her problems via violence. During the gang's misadventures, Spinelli is the one who gets reluctant kids to talk, usually by threatening or intimidating them during interrogation. With her reputation, a lot of Spinelli's problems happen when she is shown to have a weakness, as she prefers to be unflappable and strong-willed. While she doesn't dislike her first name since she was named after her great aunt, the first woman to win the Iditarod Sled Race, she keeps it hidden to avoid being associated with "the Ashleys", the school's clique of snobby girls. She has a talent for art, though she claims she "only does it to blow off steam". Her fiery and fearless personality has gotten on the good side of Miss Finster multiple times as well as her bad side. It is revealed on Parent-Teacher Night, by Spinelli's mother, that Spinelli has a crush on T.J.
 * Gretchen Priscilla Grundler (voiced by Ashley Johnson): Gretchen is an academically gifted and an extremely intelligent student. A child prodigy, she has shown the ability for academic feats that other students in her grade find difficult. She is still a young kid at heart and her imagination sometimes overwhelms her, as she is quite naive despite her high IQ. She is assisted by an interactive, calculator-sized, hand-held computer-like machine called Galileo (voiced by Eric Idle), which she is very protective of. Though her friends don't share her passion for science, Gretchen considers the gang much more important than finding intellectual colleagues. She also has a unique talent with yo-yos. She was called "the doughy queen of beauty" by Frank "Tiny" Sedgwick in "Lord of the Nerds".
 * Michael "Mikey" Blumberg (voiced by Jason Davis; singing voiced by Robert Goulet): Mikey is an overweight, kind-hearted, and philosophical nine-year-old. He is good at playing goalie in soccer due to his towering height and body power. He writes poetry, performs ballet, and believes in notions of peace that the others often dismiss. Though known as a "sweet-souled giant", he is also an incredibly talented singer, possessing a baritone opera voice that contrasts starkly with his normal speaking voice.
 * Gustav Patton "Gus" Griswald (voiced by Courtland Mead): Gus is a new student at Third Street Elementary with a blonde crew cut; though absent in the first episode, he was introduced in the following episode as "The New Kid". Gus is usually oblivious to the rules of the playground and its traditions, as he comes from a military family and therefore has had to move around frequently (he has attended 12 schools in six years but according to the movie/episode All Grown Down, he briefly attended Third Street School for a few days in kindergarten, prior to his return for fourth grade). Although normally shy and meek, he has great leadership abilities similar to T.J.'s when faced with danger. He is exceptionally skilled in dodgeball, and was once feared at Jesse James Elementary School, a previous school of his, as "El Diablo"; however, as shown in "Dodgeball City", when he accidentally hit a little boy hard in the face, greatly traumatizing the kid, he stopped playing it in shame. In this same episode, he shows he doesn't care for marbles, either because of dodgeball or dislike. Gus is both brave and swallows his pride when he addresses certain situations. Even though everyone sees him as a pushover, he has repeatedly proven otherwise; for instance, he stood up to Gelman (The School Bully) in "Gus' Last Stand", and in "All Grown Down", it was revealed that during his brief tenure at Third Street as a kindergartner, he helped overthrow Randall's manipulation of Mikey (who believed he was being taunted), which was confirmed by Finster apparently bearing a grudge towards him at the end of the film.

School staff

 * Muriel Periwinkle Finster (voiced by April Winchell): Miss Finster is an elderly assistant teacher who monitors the students during lunch, recess, and in the halls. She is an assertive authoritarian feared by the students, and seeks to keep them in line and maintain order, with her assistant Randall Weems reporting to her on any wrongdoing. She was a Navy commodore in the 1950s, frequently reminiscing her time in Guam, and has worked at Third Street since the 1960s. Though she is often at odds with the students, Finster has been shown to genuinely care about their safety. In a few of the series' episodes and in the film Recess: School's Out, she is revealed as having been attractive and popular when she was young but eventually became a strict, grouchy and fussy figure as she grew older. She becomes the gang's fifth grade teacher in the film Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade. In the film Recess: All Growed Down it is revealed that she was the gang's kindergarten teacher and she was initially pleasant but became hot-tempered and intimidating after seeing her kindergarten students all messy and having fun during recess.
 * Principal Peter Prickly (voiced by Dabney Coleman): Principal Prickly is the principal of Third Street School. A former student at the school, he became a teacher out of a desire to help children and has been principal of Third Street since 1968. He is frequently angered by the children's antics, and ultimately seeks to become principal of a middle school. He has a strong rivalry with his older brother Paul, who is also a school principal. While frequently portrayed as a heartless authority figure, Prickly has been shown to have a more friendly, laid-back personality and ultimately tries to protect the student's welfare. He is also a secret fan of Señor Fusion, a comic book hero.
 * Miss Alordayne Grotke (voiced by Allyce Beasley) is the 4th grade teacher of the main cast. She is known for her mild-mannered, yet eccentric personality, basically being that of a hippie, including her vocabulary. She is well loved by her students, especially for her tendency to stick up for their rights and encourages them to express themselves. Her dialogue establishes her as an advocate for the environment and race/gender rights. She also moonlights as a magician.

School students

 * Randall J. Weems (voiced by Ryan O'Donohue) is a fourth grade student at the school. His hair cut and color (a reddish/brown perm curly style) resembles his father's. Well known as the playground snitch, informing Miss Finster of any playground misbehavior, he is consequently disliked on the playground but will ally with his classmates if the situation calls for it. In "All Grown Down" it is revealed he hatched a plan to get Mikey on his side by gossiping about the other kids to Mikey. Mikey assumes this is true and believes that the other kids are making fun of him. However, Gus destroys his plans before he could succeed in possibly becoming king in 6th grade.
 * Erwin Lawson (voiced by Erik von Detten) is a fifth grader. He is primarily a bully to the younger students and serves as a rival to Vince and T.J. at various sports and games. He is portrayed as unintelligent. In the episode "Nobody Doesn't Like TJ" Lawson can even admit that TJ's still a pretty alright guy.
 * King Robert "Bob" (voiced by Toran Caudell) is a sixth grader and the "King of the Playground". He enforces the unwritten rules of the playground established by other previous playground kings and acts as the primary authority of playground disputes. He was previously a renowned playground prankster, holding the title of "Prankster Prince" before becoming King. He has bequeathed the title to T.J. He is also incredibly respectful and reminiscent of previous playground kings, which can be seen in episodes such as "Pharaoh Bob" and "The Rules".
 * The Ashleys are a group of four girls (Ashley Armbruster (voiced by Anndi McAfee), Boulet (voiced by Francesca Marie Smith), Quinlan (voiced by Rachel Crane), and Tomassian (voiced by Camille Winbush)) who usually go by Ashley A, B, Q, and T respectively. The girls, while usually acting like the stereotypical popular girl clique, including being well-off and obsessing with fashion and beauty, often put down others either verbally or through a variety of underhanded schemes, resulting in them being seldom popular with anybody except during their occasional moments of kindness. They are even ostracized by many of their classmates (though they do maintain an air of superiority). They have a mutual despisement with Spinelli, due mainly to her first name being Ashley and her outright refusal to join their group as well as her frequent hostility towards them. Their catchphrase is saying "ooh, scandalous!" as well as constantly using the preposition like in unison. They each have a little brother named Tyler who are collectively known as "The Tylers", and a little sister named Brittany who are collectively known as "The Brittanys". The Ashleys are probably based on the titular characters from the 1988 film Heathers, though their fashion obsessions and mannerisms seem to be based on the main characters from the 1995 film Clueless.
 * Hustler Kid (voiced by Michael Shulman) is the playground's supplier of contraband goods and other hard to get merchandise for the right price. In "Hustler's Apprentice", he is revealed to be part of an association of hustlers from every school and his real name is revealed to be Francis.
 * Guru Kid (voiced by Klee Bragger and Ross Malinger in the series, and Ryan O'Donohue in Recess: School's Out) is the source of spiritual advice for the other students. He always sits in a meditative pose with his shirt wrapped around his head like a turban.
 * Swinger Girl (voiced by Francesca Marie Smith) is, as her name suggests, a girl who is always at the swing set and whose ultimate goal is to swing over the top of the swing set. She dresses like a WWII fighter pilot.
 * Upside Down Girl (voiced by Francesca Marie Smith) spends her time hanging upside down from the jungle gym.
 * Menlo (voiced by Blake McIver Ewing) is a student who works as an office aide to the school secretary Miss Lemon and is obsessed with organization. He was once good friends with T.J. before they drifted apart, but T.J. still attends Menlo's birthday parties in honor of that friendship.
 * Megan (voiced by Pamela Adlon in "The New Kid", Kath Soucie in "Call Me Guy", Anndi McAfee in "The Candidates", and Danielle Judovits in Recess: School's Out), a girl with brown hair in pigtails, and wears a red jacket (like T.J.) appears as a background character, though occasionally speaks. Not much is known about her, but she is seen hanging with several other background girls.
 * The Diggers (voiced by Ryan O'Donohue and Klee Bragger) are a pair of kids who spend their time at recess digging holes in the dirt and are dressed as miners. One is named Dave and the other is named Sam, and despite looking alike they aren't related.
 * Kristen Kurst (voiced by Mayim Bialik), "Kurst the Worst", is a gluttonous and messy fifth grade girl bully who often times can be found stealing food from the cafeteria. She once befriended Mikey over their shared love of desserts.
 * Cornchip Girl (voiced by Anndi McAfee, Francesca Marie Smith, Ashley Johnson, Elizabeth Daily, and Aria Curzon), whose real name is Theresa Laverne LaMaise, is a sweet and polite little girl known for throwing corn chips to mark the arrival of King Bob at events. Her father is in the Navy.
 * Butch (voiced by Kath Soucie) is a fifth grade boy who often times pops up to tell the kids about bad experiences, with T.J. almost always prompting Butch's stories with the words, "What're you talking about, Butch?". He wears a leather jacket and has a white streak in his hair.
 * Gelman (voiced by Justin Shenkarow) is the school bully, and picks on kids that are smaller than him (most notably Gus). Gelman is overweight, lazy and mean; he normally sports a black T-shirt, dark gray pants and light brown hair.
 * Singing Kid (voiced by Michael Shulman), real name Brandon, is the school's official singer.

Production
Recess first aired on ABC on August 31, 1997, as a "sneak preview", after which it transitioned to ABC's Disney's One Saturday Morning programming block, premiering on September 13, 1997. The series' success spawned three direct-to-video titles Recess Trilogy: Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street in 2001, Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade and Recess: All Growed Down in 2003; and one theatrical film, Recess: School's Out, which was released on February 16, 2001. The series ended on November 5, 2001; reruns continued to air on UPN until 2003 and ABC until 2004.

Disney Channel added Recess to their lineup on September 3, 2003. Fillmore!, The Legend of Tarzan, and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command were all pre-empted in favor of a 90-minute showing of the series. It temporarily ceased airing on September 2, 2005, but resumed on August 26, 2008 replacing The Buzz on Maggie, and continued until June 30, 2010.

Toon Disney aired the show from September 3, 2003 to February 12, 2009. When Toon Disney was converted to Disney XD, the series was carried over and aired from April 14, 2009 to October 27, 2011.

Crossover with Lilo & Stitch
Lilo & Stitch: The Series featured an episode titled "Lax" that featured the cast of Recess, when T.J. and the gang go on a school vacation to Hawaii. Notably, Recess was the only series that crossed over with Lilo & Stitch: The Series that was not a Disney Channel Original Series, and whose production had already ended before Lilo & Stitch: The Series first aired.

Disaster strikes when Dr. Hämsterviel and his henchman, Gantu, try to use an escaped alien experiment to make everyone relaxed while he takes over the world. Luckily, Gretchen saves the day, since she believes work is relaxing.

Recess: School's Out
Recess: School's Out is an animated film directed by Chuck Sheetz and is based on the television series where the characters must intercept a gang of anti-recess terrorists plotting to bring about a new ice age to eliminate the institution of summer vacation. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and was released theatrically nationwide on February 16, 2001.

Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street
Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street is a second direct-to-video animated film released by Walt Disney Pictures and Paul & Joe Productions, produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, Plus One Animation (Korea) Co., Ltd. and Grimsaem Animation, Korea Co., Ltd., released to VHS and DVD on November 6, 2001 by Walt Disney Home Video. The film is a direct-to-video compilation of four unrelated episodes: "Principal for a Day", "The Great Can Drive", "Weekend at Muriel's", and the series' Christmas special "Yes, Mikey, Santa Does Shave", told as flashbacks by the school faculty members while stuck in a snowstorm. The video includes the voice talents of Dick Clark, Robert Goulet and James Earl Jones as well as many of the series regulars.

Recess: All Growed Down
Recess: All Growed Down is a Disney direct-to-video animated film released on December 9, 2003. After being kidnapped by kindergarteners, the main characters recall stories about how they used to get along with each other. It is a compilation of the episodes "The Legend of Big Kid", "Wild Child", and "The Kindergarten Derby", plus a new story showing the main characters as kindergarteners.

Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade
Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade (also known as Recess: Taking the 5th Grade) is a 59-minute Disney direct-to-video animated film released on December 9, 2003. It is a compilation of "No More School", "Grade Five Club", and "A Recess Halloween", three new stories that involve the main characters in fifth grade. The film serves as the series finale and the sequel to Recess: School's Out.

Video-on-demand
Every episode of Recess is available on Disney+ in several countries, including the US and UK, along with most of the direct-to-video films.

Critical reception
Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz wrote favorably about Recess in their 2016 book TV (The Book), stating that the series is "Easily one of the smartest, most prankishly playful adult cartoons ever passed off as children's entertainment.... Recess is a highly ritualized bit of entertainment that strikes the same notes over and over again, but always in infinite variation and with a surprising eye for psychological grace notes, especially when characters you thought of as brusque and one-dimensional reveal their fears and dreams to one another."

Possible revival
In 2022, Joe Ansolabehere revealed that he and Paul Germain had been working on a potential revival stating, "We've come up with several different angles and we've tried different things. It's been four years that we've been working on it, but that's an example of how things have changed... things are slower."

title: Recess (TV series)


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Lavínia

Lavínia is a municipality (município) in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 12,285 (2020 est.) in an area of 538 km2. The elevation is 458 m. The main activities are related to the production of coffee.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Lavínia


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Lavrinhas

Lavrinhas is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is formed by the seat and district of Pinheiros (which includes the hamlet of Capela do Jacu). The municipality is crossed by many rivers, creeks and so on; the main ones are: Jacu River, Braço River and Paraíba do Sul River, this one presenting rapids. It is a historical town, where many events of the 1932 Revolution took place in and which attracts, to this day, many tourists, who’re taken by guides to the trenches, vestiges of the conflict. As for its economy, most of it is based on agriculture, cattle raising and tourism.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1944.

Location
Lavrinhas is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 7,361 (2021 est.) in an area of 167.07 km2. The elevation is 508 m. The state of Minas Gerais is bounded to the North.

The municipality contains part of the 292000 ha Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river.

Coat of arms
Its coat of arms has a red shield with the tag at the bottom reading Cave nam vigilio (Latin for "Watch yourself, for I'm watching") with two soldiers on each side and with three swords over three mountaintops coloured in orange.

Flag
Its flag colors are white on the left side and yellow on the right side with its coat of arms of the left. The line is not straight.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Lavrinhas


text: Category:Private schools

title: Category:Private schools


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Birchen Edge

Birchen Edge is a gritstone rock face in the Peak District, England, popular with walkers and novice climbers as most of the climbing routes are in the lower grade.

Walking
Birchen Edge provides an easy high-level walk with views over the nearby village of Baslow and part of the Chatsworth House estate. The edge is backed by a moorland plateau. Access is via a public footpath from the Robin Hood Inn on the A619 road, about 6+1/2 mi from Chesterfield. Nearby Gardom's Edge and Blackstone Edge may be incorporated into a circular walk. The Peak District Boundary Walk runs along the edge past Nelson's Monument.

Nelson's Monument
The monument consists of a 3-metre gritstone column with a 30 cm ball on top. It was erected in 1810 by a local businessman from Baslow called John Brightman, in honour of Lord Nelson and was restored in 1992 by the 1805 Club. Three nearby outcrops called the "Ship Rocks" have been carved with the names of three of Nelson's ships: Victory, Defiance and Royal Soverin (sic).

Climbing
There are generally good belays to be found at the tops although there are a couple of areas such as Stoker's Wall where it can be tricky. The starts can also be quite awkward where the crag is undercut. Classic routes include The Crow's Nest (climbing grade VS), Nelson's Slab (HVS), Sail Buttress (VS), Sail Chimney (S), Topsail (VS), Orpheus Wall (HVS), Peaches (E4), Trafalgar Crack (V Diff), Camperdown Crawl (VS) and Powder Monkey Parade (S – but do not underestimate it).

It was also the titular inspiration for the recently built Birchen Apartments at Sheffield University.

title: Birchen Edge


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Leme, São Paulo

Leme is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 104,346 (2020 est.) in an area of 403 km². At the 2000 census, it had 80,757 residents, 40,830 of whom are men and 39,927 women. 65,885 residents are 10 years old or older, and of these, 59,991, or 91.1%, are literate. Leme officially became a town on August 29, 1895 (and it celebrates its anniversary on August 29). The municipality is formed by the main district and also includes the rural neighborhoods Taquari, Taquari Ponte and Caju.

Geography
Leme has an area of about 403.1 square kilometers, located in the mid-east of São Paulo state, at about 190 kilometers (118 miles) of São Paulo. Placed in the Moji-Guaçu River's drainage basin, Leme has an annual average of about 22 °C (71.6 °F), a dry weather during winter and rainy during summer.

Its average altitude is 619 meters above sea level (2030.8 ft). The relief is lightly wavy in the urban area and in most of rural area, which makes the urban expansion and the agricultural cultivation easier, as well as the transport by bicycle (cheap and non-polluting). This kind of transport is very common in Leme.

Hydrography
Main streams of Leme:

 * Moji-Guaçu River
 * Capetinga River
 * do Roque Creek
 * do Meio Creek
 * Constantino Creek
 * Batinga Creek
 * Serelepe Creek

Economy
The agriculture in Leme has as major crops: sugar cane, maize, soybean, oranges and sorghum. In addition there are big granaries and storehouse for grains and coffee, and a sugarcane mill that produces sugar, ethanol fuel and bioenergy in the municipality. The animal husbandry activities are more focused on swine and cattle breeding, including the presence of some meat packing companies. The industrial sector is characterized by being very varied, with manufacturers at food, beverages, machines, ethanol fuel, agricultural inputs, chemical products, furnitures, precast barbecues, building and electrical materials areas, and others. Leme has industrial districts very close to Anhanguera Highway (SP-330), where most of the industries are located.

The commerce and services sector at Leme is increasing. Units of many national and some international chain stores are present in the municipality.

Education
Leme has a primary and secondary education system composed by public and private institutions, including a state technical school called ETEC "Salim Sedeh", providing technical courses of management, pharmacy, multimedia, systems development and others. Higher education institutes are also present in Leme. The city has a unit of Universidade Anhanguera and the Universidade Virtual do Estado de São Paulo.

Transportation

 * Public urban transportation composed by bus lines connecting downtown to urban and rural neighborhoods
 * Bus station "José Antunes Filho" (in Portuguese: Rodoviária de Leme), connecting Leme to other cities of the State of São Paulo and other Brazilian states.
 * Aerodrome "Yolanda Penteado"

Highways

 * Rodovia Anhangüera (SP-330): a highway that connects the city of São Paulo to many other cities of the State of São Paulo, going through Leme.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Main attractions and events

 * 12 Chapels Cycling Circuit (in Portuguese: Circuito das 12 Capelas)
 * Path of Faith (in Portuguese: Caminho da Fé)
 * City Park "Dr. Enni Jorge Draib" (City Lake)
 * Ecological Park "Mourão"
 * Water Memorial "Prefeito Ricardo Landgraf"
 * Manoel Leme Square (in Portuguese: Praça Manoel Leme) and the old Train Station of Leme
 * Historical Museum of Leme
 * São Manoel Sanctuary Diocese (in Portuguese: Santuário Diocesano de São Manoel)
 * Rui Barbosa Square (in Portuguese: Praça Rui Barbosa)
 * Bruno Lazzarini Stadium

Every year Leme hosts the "Festa do Peão de Leme", a large festival with Sertanejo music.

Sports
The Bruno Lazzarini Stadium is a football stadium that hosts the games of Lemense FC. Moreover, Leme has some others football pitches, courts, gymnasiums and recreational spaces used by the population.

Religion
Christianity is present in the city as follows:

Catholic Church
The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limeira.

Protestant Church
The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

title: Leme, São Paulo


text: User talk:68.232.143.13

title: User talk:68.232.143.13


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Nicholson Street

Nicholson Street is a street in inner Melbourne. It is named after William Nicholson, then member of the Legislative Council, and later Premier of Victoria from 1859 to 1860.

Geography
Nicholson Street runs north-south through inner northern Melbourne. At its southernmost end, it connects to Spring Street near Bourke Street. Between Victoria Parade and Alexandra Parade, it forms the boundary between Carlton and Fitzroy; between Alexandra Parade and Brunswick Road, it forms the boundary between Carlton North and Fitzroy North; north of Brunswick Road, its remaining length is in Brunswick East. Nicholson Street merges into Albion Street, Brunswick East, just north of its intersection with Blyth Street.

Nicholson Street, Brunswick East, is often confused with nearby Nicholson Street, Coburg, which also runs north to south. Nicholson Street, Coburg, is a continuation of Holmes Street, which is a continuation of Lygon Street; itself not to be confused with the much smaller Lygon Street in Coburg.

Route
Nicholson Street runs from Spring Street in the city, and heads in a north-northeasterly direction for approximately 5 km, before it runs through a series of 3 bends for 500m before merging into Albion Street in Brunswick East, to the north.

Tram route 96 runs along virtually the entire length of the street, entering from Spring Street at the city end and terminating at Blyth Street, just a few hundred metres short of the street's end.

History
Nicholson Street was built in 1854 to provide a road from Melbourne to the stone quarries of Brunswick East. It initially ended at Brunswick Road. Residents to the north of Brunswick Road had to travel west to Sydney Road in order to travel into Melbourne, adding several miles to the journey. These residents began a public campaign to have Nicholson Street extended to the north. Two land owners sold their land at inflated prices in order for the extension to go ahead, which happened in 1868.

The section of Nicholson Street between Spring Street and Victoria Parade was originally known as Evelyn Street.

In 2013, Public Transport Victoria proposed changed traffic conditions to much of the street by enforcing dedicated tram lanes along the length of Route 96, which would result in the removal of all on-street parking in favour of through traffic lanes and less delays for trams.

Landmarks

Several Melbourne landmarks are located on Nicholson Street, including Parliament House and the Princess Theatre at its southern terminus. Just to the north lie the Royal Exhibition Building and the Melbourne Museum, both in Carlton Gardens, and St Vincent's Hospital. Melbourne's oldest complete row of terraced house, known as Royal Terrace, is located at 50-68 in Fitzroy. Further north in Brunswick East, at the corner of Blyth Street, Melbourne alternative radio station 3RRR makes its home.

title: Nicholson Street


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Lençóis

Lençóis is a municipality in the state of Bahia in Brazil. The population is 11,499 (2020 est.) in an area of 1277 km². The town has a well-preserved colonial atmosphere and is the starting point for treks into Chapada Diamantina.

Transportation
The city is served by Horácio de Mattos Airport.

Climate
Lençóis has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw) with a hot, moderately rainy wet season and a warm drier season.

Notable people

 * Júlio Afrânio Peixoto (born December 17 1876 in Lençóis) physician, writer, politician, historian, university president, and pioneering eugenicist.

title: Lençóis


text: User talk:69.150.36.159

title: User talk:69.150.36.159


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UK Records

UK Records was a music label launched in 1972 by Jonathan King to distribute his own releases and those by some other artists. The abbreviation UK stands for "United King". The label was distributed at first by Decca Records and, after 1976, by PolyGram (which later bought out Decca in 1980).

When the label was established, its UK operations were first run by Chris Denning, then by former DJ Don Wardell and by John Peel's Dandelion Records chief, Clive Selwood. Its releases included UK singles chart hits for Terry Dactyl and the Dinosaurs (fronted by Jona Lewie), 10cc, and Shag, a pseudonym used by King himself. The label's only UK no.1 record was 10cc's "Rubber Bullets"; eight of the band's singles were released by the label. The UK label also released successful singles by the First Class, Carl Malcolm, Kevin Johnson, Roy C, Lobo, and by Jonathan King himself, as well as recording Freddie Garrity and the Kursaal Flyers among others. Successful albums included two by 10cc (10cc and Sheet Music), as well as the King-produced Original London Stage Soundtrack of The Rocky Horror Show.

The label was dissolved in the 1970s.

title: UK Records


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Lençóis Paulista

Lençóis Paulista is a municipality in the Central West region of the state of São Paulo. The population is 68,990 (2020 est.) in an area of 810 km². The elevation is 550 m.

It is home of the largest library in the interior of the State of São Paulo, an institution of higher learning, and a SENAI technical school.

History
The city was founded on April 28, 1858. It was originally named "Lençóis", but a 1940s' decree by then Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas determined that there could be no homonymous cities in Brazil, and since there was already an older city called Lençóis (in Bahia state), the city was renamed Lençóis Paulista. The original proposal was to rename it Ubirama, but the population wanted to keep the original name.

Geography
The territory is drained by waters of the Lençóis River, which is also the source responsible for the water supply of the city. The climate is subtropical, with maximum temperatures around 38 °C between November and February, and minimum temperatures around 4 °C between June and August.

The neighboring municipalities of Lençóis Paulista are Macatuba, Pederneiras and Agudos to the north; Borebi to the west; Avaré and Botucatu to the south; and Pratânia, Areiópolis and São Manuel to the east.

Economy
The economic foundation of the city is its industry, which highlights its production of sugar, alcohol, cellulose, oil, metal structures, renewable energy and food. Its main agricultural products are sugar cane, corn, beans, and wood. The city's commerce, which for many years was subordinate to the neighboring city of Bauru, today is passing through a period of expansion with the building of the Lençóis Paulista Shopping.

The municipality has a Commercial and Industrial Association, the ACILPA, which develops work in partnership with SEBRAE, SENAI and the municipal government. It has the second highest GDP of the Administrative Region of Bauru, and has become the central hub of a commercial micro-region that includes the municipalities of Macatuba, Areiópolis, Borebi and Pederneiras. The city has a mall and an annual industrial trade fair called the FACILPA.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Lençóis Paulista


text: User talk:207.166.54.92

title: User talk:207.166.54.92


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Gunbai

The gunbai (軍配) is a type of signal baton and Japanese war fan. Once held by military leaders (such as daimyō) and priests in the past, it is used in the modern day by umpires in sumo wrestling.

Description
Gunbai, from the Sino-Japanese roots meaning "military-apportioned [fan]", were a specialized form of fan used by samurai officers in Japan to communicate commands to their troops. Unlike regular fans, gunbai were solid, not folding, and usually made of wood, wood covered with metal, or solid metal.

It is also a key accessory of a gyōji (referee) in professional sumo. The main use is at the end of a bout, when the gyoji decides the victor and points the gunbai to either the east or west position (each wrestler is assigned to start from either the east or west position each tournament day). Reflecting this, the gyōji's decision itself is often informally referred to as a "gunbai". If this is called into question and the judges hold a consultation, a decision to uphold the gyōji's judgement is announced as gunbai-dōri (軍配通り), literally "according to the gunbai", while a decision to overturn it is gunbai-sashichigae (軍配差し違え), literally "gunbai mispointed." In modern times, all gyōji will take either the family name Kimura or Shikimori as their professional name, depending on the tradition of the stable that they join. There are exceptions to this naming convention, but they are rare. Additionally, there are different styles to how a gyōji will hold his gunbai depending on which family he is in. The Kimura family hold their gunbai with their palm and fingers faced up, while the Shikimori will hold theirs with their palm and fingers faced down.

Family Crest (Mon)
The Gunbai-Uchiwa, along with the Touchiwa (Karauchiwa), is also used as a Mon (family crest).

title: Gunbai