text:
Talk:Oor Wullie

Characters
Possibly rename 'Fat Bob' to 'Fat Boab' (anglified to Fat Bob)? Isn't this the name used in earlier Oor Wullie books?

 * I always thought it was Fat Bob and 'Help ma boab!' Icecradle 14:55, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Likewise. Although there are quite a few print references to "Fat Boab" (e.g. ), the handful of online examples of the strip I can find call him Bob, even prior to the anglified versions. Here's an example: (That's terrible! Fat Bob smoking at his age! I'm sure you wid never dae that! ... But Paw. I wis only tryin' ta stop Fat Bob smokin'!). Tearlach 16:11, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The most recent annual refers to him as Fat Bob a few times, as well as other names such as Obese Robert and Skinny Rab. No sign of Fat Boab I can see. Stx 19:36, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to follow up on this after the Happy Birthday Wullie special of last night; the publishers refer to him as Fat Bob a few times, but the commentors refer to him as Fat Boab, so I'd put it down to common misconception.Stx 09:20, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Oor_Wullie&action=edit#
 * Oops, gone in and changed things without paying attention. His name was certainly Boab in my childhood. However, I haven't read the strip in a loooong time, so perhaps he's been Anglicised a little, unlike his namesake Robert Charles Nesbitt. Preacherdoc 23:34, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It certainly was "Fat Bob" (though in a Dundee accent this sounds like "Fat Boab")

It was "fat boab" when I was growing up......and I remember when it changed to just "fat bob"...It was around the 80s sometime. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.2.240.95 (talk) 15:49, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Exile 18:38, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't remember it ever being Fat Boab. I've just opened up the earliest annual I have (the 1966 one) and in the stories I've quickly looked at he's always called Bob. Tallscreen (talk) 01:05, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

Auchenshoogle
Auchenshoogle is controversial... It's true that recent writers have been using that name but they used to keep the town anonymous. In actual fact they only ever mentioned town names when they had a visitor coming, like "Auntie Morag from Auchenfechel" or whatever.

In some stories we see Wullie or the Broons visiting Edinburgh or Glasgow, so we know that neither of those can be their home town.

Natives of Dundee would argue that Dundee is the actual setting - particularly since DC Thomson is a Dundonian company. There are clues, for example "Whinny Brae" (a big hilly street where the characters regularly race their carties) is a real hilly street in Dundee. The biggest clue I saw was in a quite recent Oor Wullie book, where the number 33 bus to Fintry appeared in a story. If 'Auchenshoogle' had a suburb called Fintry (like Dundee) which was served by the number 33 bus (like Dundee) it would be a pretty major coincidence :-) --Adambisset 00:23, 12 Oct 2004

 * Since the location of Oor Wullie is disputed, I've removed the reference to Auchenshoogle; put it back if you want. I was reading a 1971 annual yesterday, and found a reference to a town named 'Auchtogle' which is, according to Wullie, "three miles" away. I've certaintly found no reference to 'Auchenshoogle' - the town has always been anonymous to me - but that's probably because I consider the recent strips to be UTTER RUBBISH. D. D. Watkins forever! --AdamM 20:44, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Good call on both counts Adam. My Dundonian rantings are partisan of course, but actually giving away the name of the town away would be like giving away Maw and Paw Broons' first names. Did you know, though, that they actually gave away Soapy Soutar's real first name a few years back? Apparantly it's Francis! (I'll try and dig up the actual annual where they reveal it.) Adambisset 22:54, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Good god! What is wrong with these people? I bet Watkins is spinning in his grave. --AdamM 18:18, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Eurgh: revisionism. In the classic strips, mid-1960s, I also recall that Oor Wullie's town was unnamed. The other place was Auchentogle (see here). Tearlach 00:31, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yup, Auchentogle was nearby. I am sure that the town where Wullie and the Broons lived was unnamed on purpose. Where Auchenshoogle came from I know not. -- Derek Ross | Talk 05:58, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

I was under the impression that Auchenshoogle was entirely fictional, and whilst being loosly based around some Scottish cities, it wasn't meant to represent a particular Scottish city. Would I be wrong in thinking this? Is it not enough for us to say 'the fictional town of Auchenshoogle' ? And just for interest's sake, I believe they did expose Paw's name. In a dream that Paw has, a voice speaks to him. I remeber his middle name has been said as 'Ebenzer'. Again, though I will try to dig up that annual. Eps0n 10:21, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The poem at the start of April 25 2010's episode (a particularly fine episode) contains the couplet: "He may be wee, but he's nae fool/ the 'Shoogle champ at keepin' cool" which seems to imply that Wullie is a resident of Auchenshoogle, if we assume that 'Shoogle is an abbreviation of Auchenshoogle, and that only residents of the area would be eligible for the award "'Shoogle champ at keepin' cool". Mahrooq (talk) 09:20, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

More on locations
Ah... whoops - just breenged in there and made a couple of changes without being aware of this discussion! If you feel my Dundee/Glasgow judgement to be inaccurate, please edit, but hear me out (oot?) first:

a) I assume that the home of Broons/Wullie is a city, and in Scotland. b) As mentioned above, the Broons (and Wullie, I think) have been known to visit - or refer to relatives in - Edinburgh. c) It doesn't look anything like Aberdeen. d) ditto more recently declared cities Stirling and Inverness.

There's two possible clinchers for Dundee, and I could try and dig them out for hard reference if it helps clear up the issue: a Watkins strip in which the Broons visit the seaside, taking what looks like a longish walk out of town to 'Blotty Ferry' (sic), and another in which they drive to enjoy some highland games. The route they take (via a slightly renamed 'Devil's Elbow') would concur perfectly with an archetypal contemporary (early 1950s) trip to Braemar from Dundee.

However, my own personal feeling is that there is a deliberate injection of Glasgow into the depiction of the town, though somewhat more indefinably, and probably to avoid alienating a sizeable Glaswegain readership with little interest in Dundee folks.

The truth, of course, is a deliberate ambiguity on the part of Watkins' editors, though not as great as affects the bizarre blend of Tombstone, Arizona and Dundee that is 'Cactusville'.

I know of no reference to the town as 'Auchenshoogle' within the Watkins strips, and have to confess to ignorance of any episodes since his demise - I'd go so far as to suggest that these might be regarded as outside of the 'canon' considered in these discussions.

I can corroborate the aforesaid reference to 'Auchentogle', somewhere out of town.

I have also edited the explanation of Wee Eck's name - I feel I'm on pretty safe ground with this one.
 * Still, although I agree it's not canonical, I think Auchenshoogle ought to be mentioned, because they do use it now, and also because it has become a generic joke name for a Scottish small town. Legal discussions, for instance, use it (see, and.

 * Someone's having a bit of a laugh here: Gaelic Scotalnd - Trivia.

 * Wee Eck's name ... Of course! Can't imagine why I thought it was Eric. Tearlach 13:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough re. Auchenshoogle; glad to have been of some use on the 'Eck' derivation. I wonder if I've started some sort of consensus on the 'canon/non-canon' issue - this could be controversial, especially as far as DC Thompson are concerned... though praise be for the annual reprint albums of the last few years! ventilator

Isn't Auchenshuggle (?sp) a station on the Glasgow underground? I remember a song in my youth which went like "we shuggle, shuggle, shuggle down to Auchen-Auchen Schuggle"

in reply to the above - it is  in Glasgow and was the terminus of a tram route, hence the song.

Exile 18:39, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Also, never mind where it is set - where is the Butt and Ben that they went on holiday to?

 * See Auchenshuggle. Tearlach 17:56, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Just thought I'd add my thoughts. I have recently acquired 'The Broons and Oor Wullie; 70 years young (1936-2006)' book and the very first Broons comic in it (dated 9th August 1936) has a speech bubble that reads: "It looks like the Broons from Glesgow!" Which I took to mean Glasgow. If the Broons lives in the same place as Wullie, then it would appear that they originally were 'from' Glasgow. But I think that the place probably became anonymous as the comic progressed. -Icecradle 00:07, 26 December 2005(UTC)

 * Oor Wullie's and the Broons' home town has variously been called at least since the 1980s when I started reading the annuals Auchentogle, Auchentoogle, Drumtogle and Auchenshoogle. I have always believed that it was supossed to be a part of Glasgow although I agree the acccent that the charachters speak is more Dundonian. Penrithguy 20:47, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * My personal perception, having read quite a few strips, is that the Broons live in the inner city (given the abundance of terraced flats), and Wullie lives in either a medium-sized town or in the suburbs (given that there is always a farm or gamekeeper nearby for his country adventures). Given these contrasting environments the fact they're always seeing each other out and about is beyond me. AdamM 23:35, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I shall throw a late spanner into the works and mention that in the 2008 Oor Wullie annual, there's a story where Wullie and friends cycle to Loch Lomond, stated to be 21 miles away from where they started. They are also seen cycling past the Finnieston Crane and Armadillo on the way there which gives the game away a bit! 90.200.198.200 (talk) 17:16, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

'Stub' nature of the article
If the article was divided up into more subject areas, would it be less of a stub? because I have seen shorter pages which haven't been stubs.. Eps0n 10:16, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Musical
I seem to recall there was actually a stage musical of Oor Wullie with Pat Doyle (?) in the title role. Does anyone have anymore information? (Trevek (talk) 13:24, 20 November 2007 (UTC))

There was indeed a musical. Book and Lyrics were by Artistic Director of the Overground Theatre, Alan Bryce. The music was composed by Milton Reame-James, keyboard player for one of the seventies' more popular bands: Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel. Directed by Maria Riccio Bryce. It was originally produced at a fringe theatre in Kingston-upon-Thames...the now-defunct, but very successul in its day, Overground Theatre. Bryce worked at some length with the Editor of The Sunday Post, Bill Anderson and the youngest of the Thompson family, Christopher Thompson to create the orginal production at the Overground. This production, in 1977, was a considerable success, doing great business for the theatre and receiving very positive reviews...including raves in The Scotsman and The Guardian. The role of Wullie was played by an English actor, Ian Bartholomew. Ian was very strong in the role. But when talk began about a Scottish tour, it was clear that Ian's accent would never fly north of the border. The show went on the road under Overground Theatre management, with funding from DC Thompson's. This was a mistake. The Overgound was inexperienced in touring and the show was altogether too small...the Overground Theatre had only 120 seats...to succeed in the bigger theatres like His Majesty's in Aberdeen. Add to that, when the company went to Glasgow to audition Scottish actors, there was an outburst of apathy from the Scottish acting community. Although Pat Doyle did a good job in the lead role, and although he was supported by a couple of the stronger artists from Kingston, some other roles were weak. The result was an unhappy production which never equalled the success and joy that it had garnered in suburban London. Songs included "I Love The Way He Wears His Dungarees" (sung by Primrose), "Oor Wullie Your Wullie Abody's Wullie and "It's A Grand Life!" Milton, an Englishman, still works in the recording industry in London. Alan Bryce, an emigre Anglo-Scot, is Artistic Director of Centerstage Theatre in Seattle, where his latest play, FOR ALL THAT, a love story set during the 1st World War, will be produced in 201 5. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alan Bryce (talk • contribs) 07:13, 19 June 2014 (UTC) Pat Doyle who played the lead role studied at the RSAMD in Glasgow, and subsequently went on to become the eminent film composer now known as Patrick Doyle.

Yes, I saw it at His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen, in (I think, 1979). I won an aberdeen evening express competition at school. Being eleven or twelve at the time I recall little of it other than a number "oor wullie, your wullie, a'body's wullie" which may have been the finale. Part of the prize was going backstage, meeting the cast and sitting on Wullie's bucket!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.199.219.229 (talk) 22:42, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

There may have been previous incarnations but there definately was a musical which toured in 1990 (as I recall). It was produced by Jimmy Logan, the production week was in the Whitehall Theatre Dundee where it played a further week before touring to: The Maltings, Berwick; The Pavillion, Glasgow; The Theatre Royal, Dumfries, and Edinburgh (The Kings I think). There may have been other venues but I don't recall them. Company manager was Mike Hobman, DSM was John Duncan, production carpenter Jim Patterson and it starred Ashley Jensen and Lynn Ferguson amongst others (my apologies to them for not remembering their names). The set was minimalist and in keeping with cartoon but was very small, principally two periaktois one in each of the downstage corners with the lighting providing most of the changes. Despite all the talent on hand it was not a commercial success. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Byeline (talk • contribs) 16:17, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I have some articles about the Bryce musical, including coverage of the tour and a review. So I would propose adding an "adaptation" section for that and any others. hadn't heard about a newer version. Justinkrivers (talk) 14:13, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Ezzy
The article briefly mentions Ezzy, an early friend of Wullie who seems to have come and gone at lightning-quick speed. There's a drawing of him here. Obviously he was a very broadly-drawn Afro-Caribbean character, although he seems to talk with the same Scottish dialect as the other kids. I'm genuinely curious about him. This article at the Scotsman's website goes out of its way to point out The Broons' modern-day multicultural storylines - was Ezzy an early, well-intentioned stab at diversity, or a crude stereotype? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 17:23, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Jimmy
If memory serves me, didn't Wullie's cousin Jimmy appear in an episode? As I recall, Jimmy was the spitting image of Wullie except for the clothes. Wullie give Jimmy a spare pair of his dungarees to wear, and both boys get up to mischief playing pranks on people. Can anyone confirm this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.140.67.2 (talk) 06:30, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I seem to recall that episode too. Wasn't there a moment when they asked Wullie's ma if she could tell them apart. She succeeded by looking at their necks, remarking how Jimmy's neck was clean whereas Wullie's never was. I seem to remember there also being an English cousin who, when he asked why Wullie was wearing a skirt, was told the story of Wee Jock, who invented the kilt by wearing a bucket to protect himself against the gamekeeper's gun. (79.190.69.142 (talk) 08:21, 29 December 2009 (UTC))

"Jings, Oor Wullie is top Scot in book poll"
Nicholas Christian, Scotland on Sunday, 28 August 2011 --Mais oui! (talk) 11:06, 28 August 2011 (UTC)
 * "Comic strip character Oor Wullie is the most popular figure in the Scottish literary canon, according to a new study. Researchers from Edinburgh Napier University spent three years exploring the reading habits of Scots born on or before 1945. They found that the popularity of Oor Wullie, The Broons and other comics produced by Dundee's DC Thomson dwarfed offerings by authors such as Sir Walter Scott and Robert Burns. Director of the Scottish Centre for the Book Professor Alistair McCleery, who led the study, said: "Almost all the interviewees we spoke to said Oor Wullie and The Broons was a key part of their reading experience."

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title: Talk:Oor Wullie


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Anna Karenina (1985 film)

Anna Karenina is a 1985 American made-for-television romantic drama film based on the famous Leo Tolstoy 1877 novel Anna Karenina starring Jacqueline Bisset and Christopher Reeve and directed by Simon Langton. The film was broadcast on CBS on March 26, 1985.

Plot
Anna Karenina («Анна Каренина»; ) leaves her cold husband for the dashing Count Vronsky in 19th-century Russia. An unfortunate series of events leaves her hopelessly depressed.

Cast

 * Jacqueline Bisset as Anna Karenina
 * Christopher Reeve as Count Aleksei Vronsky
 * Paul Scofield as Aleksei Karenin
 * Ian Ogilvy as Stiva
 * Anna Massey as Betsy
 * Joanna David as Dolly
 * Judi Bowker as Kitty
 * Valerie Lush as Annushka
 * Judy Campbell as Countess Vronsky
 * Paul Geoffrey as Petritsky

Production notes
In his autobiography Still Me, actor Christopher Reeve claimed that while making this movie he learned how to ride a horse, then fell in love with them, which eventually led to his tragic riding accident 10 years later in 1995 when he fell from a horse and became paralyzed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anna Karenina (1985 film)


text:
Huddersfield Singers

The Huddersfield Singers is based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, and is a chamber choir of 30 to 40 members. The choir was formed in 1875 as the Huddersfield Glee & Madrigal Society and performs a wide variety of sacred and secular music from all periods of musical history, ranging from the medieval to the present day.

The Huddersfield Singers is renowned for its adventurous and interesting repertoire, and takes pride in performing works by less well-known composers alongside more mainstream pieces. The choir has occasionally commissioned new music, such as for its 125th anniversary concert in July 2000, for which Arthur Butterworth composed Haworth Moor. Other composers who have written music for the choir, or dedicated pieces to it, include Gustav Holst (Wassail Song, 1932) and John Gardner (Waltzsongs, 1996).

The choir's character and adventurous repertoire has been shaped primarily (in its modern Huddersfield Singers guise) by its longest-serving conductor, Philip Honnor, who was in charge from 1990 to 2012. Dr Jonathan Brigg took the role during 2013 and was succeeded from the start of the 2014–2015 season by Alexander Douglas. Since the beginning of the 2017–2018 season, the choir's conductor has been Daniel Gordon.

The choir is a registered charity (number 507768).

title: Huddersfield Singers


text:
Mary Astell

Mary Astell (12 November 1666 – 11 May 1731) was an English protofeminist writer, philosopher, and rhetorician who advocated for equal educational opportunities for women. Astell is primarily remembered as one of England's inaugural advocates for women's rights and some commentators consider her to have been "the first English feminist."

Astell's works, particularly A Serious Proposal to the Ladies and Some Reflections Upon Marriage, argue for the fundamental intellectual equality between men and women. Her philosophical writings are thought to have influenced subsequent generations of educated women, including the literary group known as the Bluestockings. Astell, who never married, formed the majority of her close personal relationships with women. During the early 1700s, she withdrew from public life and dedicated herself to planning and managing a charitable school for girls. Astell considered herself a self-reliant, modern female; one who was on a definite mission to rescue her sex from the oppression of males.

Despite Astell's contribution to the feminist cause, there is a notable tension in the broader body of scholarship when it comes to categorising her as the unequivocal "first English feminist." This discrepancy arises due to Astell's conflicting intellectual commitments. In addition to her belief in women's inherent intellectual potential and her thorough exploration of the perils of oppressive husbands, Mary Astell was a staunch High Tory, a conservative pamphleteer, and an advocate for the doctrine of passive obedience. Even during their initial publication, her strongest political views may have seemed outdated and out of touch with the prevailing beliefs of the time. Furthermore, her emphasis on religion's importance to female friendship and feminist thought has rankled contemporary critics of her work.

Early life
Few records of Mary Astell's life have survived. As biographer Ruth Perry explains: "as a woman she had little or no business in the world of commerce, politics, or law. She was born, she died; she owned a small house for some years; she kept a bank account; she helped to open a charity school in Chelsea: these facts the public listings can supply." Only four of her letters were saved and these because they had been written to important men of the period. Researching the biography, Perry uncovered more letters and manuscript fragments, but she notes that if Astell had not written to wealthy aristocrats who could afford to pass down entire estates, very little of her life would have survived.

Mary Astell was born in Newcastle upon Tyne on 12 November 1666, to Peter and Mary (Errington) Astell. Her parents had two other children, William, who died in infancy, and Peter, her younger brother. She was baptised in St John's Church in Newcastle. Her family was upper-middle class and lived in Newcastle throughout her early childhood. Her father was a coal merchant, a clerk within the Hostmen of Newcastle upon Tyne and a conservative royalist Anglican. Mary's mother's father was also a coal merchant and a member of the Hostmen guild. Due to her family's success within the coal business her family had grown to achieve relative affluence. At the time of Mary's birth, her family was not part of the gentry. Within the year of Mary's birth her family would be elevated in status after an ancestor's augmentation. Mary received no formal education, although she did receive an informal education from her uncle Ralph Astell; he was a Cambridge graduate and a former clergyman whose alcoholism had prompted his suspension from the Church of England. Though suspended from the Church, he was affiliated with the Cambridge-based philosophical school that based its teachings around philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, and Pythagoras. Her father died when she was 12 years old, leaving her without a dowry. With the remainder of the family finances invested in her brother's higher education, Mary and her mother moved to live with Mary's aunt.

After moving in with her aunt, little is known about Mary Astell's life until she was in her early twenties. It is possible that she continued to receive informal education from her uncle, but there is no concrete evidence. It is possible that Mary's lack of a dowry and her family's financial situation may have limited her opportunities for further education or advancement. It is not known if she had any close friends or if she was involved in any romantic relationships. It is unclear if she was involved in any political or social causes during this time, although her later writings suggest an interest in issues related to women's education and equality.

Career
After the death of her mother and aunt in 1688, Astell moved to Chelsea, London, where she became acquainted with a circle of literary and influential women, including Lady Mary Chudleigh, Elizabeth Thomas, Judith Drake, Elizabeth Elstob, and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. These helped develop and publish her work, as did William Sancroft, previously Archbishop of Canterbury. Believing himself bound by his previous oath to James II, he refused to swear allegiance to William III after the 1688 Glorious Revolution and became a Nonjuror. He provided financial support and an introduction to her future publisher; Astell later dedicated a collection of poetry to him.

During this time, it is believed that Astell may have spent some time at a convent in France, where she was exposed to ideas about women's education and independence. Upon her return to England, Astell became a valued member of the group of intellectual women known as the Bluestockings. The exact date of her entry into the circle is not known, but it is believed to have been in the early 1690s. The bluestockings gathered to discuss literature, science, and philosophy, and their discussions often centred on issues related to women's education and equality. Astell's participation in these conversations influenced her later work.

She was one of the first English women, following Bathsua Makin, to advocate the idea that women were just as rational as men, and just as deserving of education. First published anonymously and signed "By a Lover of her Sex" in 1694, her A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest presents a plan for an all-female college where women could pursue a life of the mind. In 1697 she published part 2 to her A Serious Proposal" Wherein a Method is offered for the Improvement of their Minds".

In 1700, Astell published Some Reflections upon Marriage. She critiques the philosophical underpinnings of the institution of marriage in 1700s England, warning women of the dangers of a hasty or ill-considered choice. The Duchess of Mazarin is used as an example of "the dangers of an ill Education and unequal Marriage". Astell argues that education will help women to make better matrimonial choices and meet the challenges of the married state: "She has need of a strong Reason, of a truly Christian and well-temper'd Spirit, of all the Assistance the best Education can give her, and ought to have some good assurance of her own Firmness and Vertue, who ventures on such a Trial".

Astell warns that disparity in intelligence, character, and fortune may lead to misery, and recommends that marriage be based on lasting friendship rather than short-lived attraction. A woman should look for "a good Understanding, a Vertuous Mind, and in all other respects let there be as much equality as may be." Astell expanded on this theme in response to critics in the third edition of Some Reflections upon Marriage.

She withdrew from public life in 1709 to become head of a charity school for girls in Chelsea, funded by two wealthy philanthropists, Lady Catherine Jones and Lady Elizabeth Hastings. Backed by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, Astell designed the school's curriculum and it is thought to be the first school in England with an all-women Board of Governors. When she was 60 years old, Astell went to live with Lady Catherine Jones, with whom she resided until her death in 1731.

Astell died in London a few months after a mastectomy to remove a cancerous right breast. In her last days, she refused to see any of her acquaintances and stayed in a room with her coffin, thinking only of God; she was buried in the churchyard of Chelsea Church in London.

Astell is remembered for her ability to debate with both men and women, and for her groundbreaking methods of negotiating the position of women in society by engaging in philosophical debate (Descartes was a particular influence) rather than basing her arguments in historical evidence as had been attempted. Descartes' theory of dualism, a separate mind and body, allowed Astell to promote the idea that women, as well as men, had the ability to reason, and subsequently, they should not be treated so poorly: "If all Men are born Free, why are all Women born Slaves?"

Books
Mary Astell's works were published anonymously. Her two best-known books, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest (1694) and A Serious Proposal, Part II (1697), outline her plan to establish a new type of institution for women to assist in providing women with both religious and secular education. She suggests extending women's career options beyond mother and nun. She felt uneducated women were concerned with beauty and vanity, and this lack of education was the root of their inferiority to men, not that they were naturally inferior. Astell wanted all women to have the same opportunity as men to spend eternity in heaven with God, and she believed that for this they needed to be educated and to understand their experiences. The 'nunnery' style education she proposed would enable women to live in a protected environment, without the influences of the external patriarchal society.

Her proposal was never adopted because critics said it seemed "too Catholic" for the English. Later her ideas about women were satirised in The Tatler by the writer Jonathan Swift. While the writer Daniel Defoe admired the first part of Astell's proposal, he believed that her recommendations were "impracticable." Patricia Springborg notes that Defoe's own recommendation for an academy for women as detailed in his An Essay Upon Projects did not significantly differ from Astell's original proposal. Despite this, she was still an intellectual force in London's educated classes.

A few years later, Astell published the second part of A Serious Proposal, detailing her own vision of women's education for courtly ladies. She broke away from the contemporary rhetorical style of the period where orators spoke before an audience for learning, and instead offered a conversational style of teaching "neighbours" the proper way of behaviour. She referred only to the Port-Royal Logic as a source of contemporary influence, though still relied upon classical rhetorical theories as she presented her own original ideas. In her presentation, she offered that rhetoric, as an art, does not require a male education to be master, and listed the means of which a woman could acquire the necessary skills from natural logic, which established Astell as a capable female rhetorician.

In the early 1690s Astell entered into correspondence with John Norris of Bemerton, after reading Norris's Practical Discourses, upon several Divine subjects. The letters illuminate Astell's thoughts on God and theology. Norris thought the letters worthy of publication and had them published with Astell's consent as Letters Concerning the Love of God (1695). Her name did not appear in the book, but her identity was soon discovered and her rhetorical style was much lauded by contemporaries.

Friendship
One of Astell's notable contributions to 18th-century ideas of female friendship rests on the political exigencies of forming alliances. Jacqueline Broad views Astell's bond of friendship as more Aristotelian where alliances are formed for the sake of virtuous reciprocity. However, Nancy Kendrick does not accept Broad's viewpoint. She feels Astell's "theory of friendship is determinedly anti-Aristotelian." Although Astell embraced the Aristotelian friendship of moral virtue, Kendrick claims that Astell treated "virtuous friends as those who love one another for who they essentially are" and not just for reciprocity's sake. Contrary to Aristotle, Astell contends that authentic virtuous friendship arose from the Divine Nature of God, thus becoming spiritual friendship. Furthermore, Astell, unlike Aristotle, saw this love in friendship extending toward one's enemies because Divine Love embraces all of mankind.

Education for women
Having never received a formal education, Astell believed that women should be educated in a spiritual environment, away from society with only other females. She felt the world was so corrupt because of being under male dominance that women should receive an education free of male influence. Although she suggested creating a school for women in her first proposal, she never saw its creation in her lifetime.

Astell argued that women should receive an education equal to men and should be able to refrain from marrying if they so desire. If they should marry, then they must be subjected to the will of their husbands.

Astell believed in the importance of educating women and argued for their intellectual development. In her works, particularly "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies," she advocated for the establishment of educational institutions specifically for women. Astell recognised that education was crucial for women to attain social and intellectual independence, allowing them to break free from the constraints imposed by patriarchal society. Astell challenged prevailing notions that women were intellectually inferior to men. She asserted that women possessed the same innate intellectual potential as men and argued for their right to access knowledge and learning opportunities. Astell emphasised the need for women to cultivate their minds and engage in intellectual pursuits, encouraging them to pursue subjects traditionally dominated by men, such as philosophy and theology.

Astell criticised the limited educational opportunities available to women in her time, which often focused on domestic skills and accomplishments. She advocated for a comprehensive education that would enable women to participate in society, engage in intellectual discourse, and contribute to the public sphere.

Marriage
Astell viewed herself as self-reliant and took pride advancing her mission to rescue her sex without the help of male authority, whom she felt kept women in a place of subjugation.

Astell's Some Reflections upon Marriage, goes into the experiences of women in early modern marriages, with a specific focus on the separation of Hortense Mancini from her abusive husband. Astell asserts that marriage’s current state is far from its original sanctity as a holy institution established by God due to the moral deficiencies of human beings, specifically men. She warns women against blindly submitting to their husbands' will and advocates for the education of women to fortify their virtue and reason.

Scholars have suggested that Astell's Reflections contain a veiled political subtext challenging the Whig theorists of her time to extend the same authority granted to husbands in the domestic sphere to sovereigns in the state. By questioning the acceptance of submission and obedience to authority in the home, but not in the state, Astell presents an ironic challenge to Whig opponents. As a result, Astell concluded that Whig theorists should practise passive obedience to their political leaders.

George Ballard, Astell's eighteenth-century biographer, stated that although she never married, she had been proposed to by an eminent clergyman but the marriage negotiations broke down, leaving Astell disappointed.

Religion and politics
Astell makes jabs at John Locke critiquing An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and The Reasonableness of Christianity, along with other works she regards as deist or Socinian. She attacks his scepticism of the scriptural truth and divinity of Jesus Christ, objecting strongly that Christ is merely an 'extraordinary person,' and that there is no difference between the Christian and Islamic belief in God. In sections 2 and 3 of The Christian Religion, Astell focused on "Duty to God" and "Duty to Our Neighbour," Astell presents all humans 'are brethren' and sinful pride leads us to treat others as 'creatures of a different species.' This thought rests alongside her beliefs in the essential nature of hierarchical distinctions, which she explains by stating that God's works 'do not necessarily possess the same degree of perfection.'

Some have questioned how Astell could be both a feminist and a High-Church Tory given her disapproval of Locke's political views and her opposition to Whig theories of liberty, resistance and tolerance. At first glance, her support for a political party that fights freedom of conscience and other perceived dangers to the Anglican church seems in opposition with her advocacy for women's freedom of judgment. Scholars have seen that Astell's feminism is not founded on liberal political objectives but rather on intellectual premises. This explains why, at the time, she did not demand complete political equality for women.

Having been exposed in her youth to civil unrest and riots in the streets of Newcastle is probably what helped develop her interest in politics. She had idealised King Charles I and viewed his successors, William and Mary, as "illegitimate" rulers to the throne of England. Her Tory politics and English patriotism led her to reflect that 'it is better some innocents should suffer than the majesty of government, and herein the divine authority should be violated."

According to Astell's Anglican political theology, all subjects are required to adhere to the notion of passive obedience, which mandates that they must willingly surrender to political authority. When they are unable to do so openly, they must submit to the punishment for it. Even if the crown had dictatorial authority, Astell argued that political subjects were never entitled to oppose the monarch. Locke criticised Astell's views on natural law and the right of resistance in his First Treatise, published in 1690.

Astell maintains that while Locke considers self-preservation to be a fundamental right, it only involves preserving the immortal soul. Therefore, humans are only allowed to act in ways that will ensure the safety of their souls from judgment, in accordance with natural law.

List of works

 * A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest. By a Lover of Her Sex. 1694, 1695, 1696 1697 (two printings), 1701, 1703
 * Some Reflections Upon Marriage, Occasioned by the Duke and Dutchess of Mazarine's Case; Which is Also Considered. London: Printed for John Nutt, near Stationers-Hall, 1700 1700, Also: 1703, 1706, 1730 (two editions)
 * A Fair Way with Dissenters and their Patrons. Not writ by Mr. L – - – - – y, or any other Furious Jacobite, whether Clergyman or Layman; but by a very Moderate Person and Dutiful Subject to the Queen. 1704
 * An Impartial Enquiry into the Causes of Rebellion and Civil War in this Kingdom: In an examination of Dr. Kennett’s sermon, 31 Jan. 1703/4. And Vindication of the Royal Martyr. 1704
 * The Character of the Wisest Men. Re-printed and published by the Author’s Friends. 1704
 * Moderation Truly Stated: or, a review of a late pamphlet, entitul’d Moderation a virtue, or the occasional conformist justify’d from the imputation of hypocricy. Wherein this justification is further consider’d, …. 1704
 * Letters concerning the love of God, between the author of the proposal to the ladies and Mr. John Norris: Wherein his late Discourse, shewing, That it ought to be intire and exclusive of all other Loves, is further Cleared and Justified. Published by J. Noris, M. A. Rector of Bemerton near Sarum. The second edition, corrected by the authors, with some few things added. 1705, 1730
 * The Christian religion, as profess’d by a daughter of the Church of England. 1705, 1717, 1730
 * Bart’lemy Fair: or an enquiry after with: in which due respect is had to a letter concerning enthusiasm, to my Lord ***. By Mr. Wotton. 1709
 * An enquiry after wit: wherein the trifling arguing and impious raillery of the late Earl of Shaftesbury, in his Letter concerning enthusiasm, and other profane writers, are fully answer’d and justly exposed. 1722
 * (Attributed) An essay in defence of the female sex. In which are incerted the characters of a pedant, a squire, a beau, a virtuoso, a poetaster, a city-critick, &c. In a letter to a lady. Written by a lady. 1696 (two editions), 1697
 * (Attributed) Six familiar essays upon marriage, crosses in love, sickness, death, loyalty, and friendship, written by a lady. 1696

Legacy
Astell had a significant personal library which was an unusual example of a late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century book collection owned by a woman who was herself a published author. Her books can be recognised by the inscription of her name on the tile page and her many annotations. Astell's ideas about women in education laid the foundation for later feminist movements, as they challenged social norms and paved the way for improved educational opportunities for women. Her work continues to inspire contemporary debates on gender equality and the importance of education in women's empowerment. Mary Astell's groundbreaking reflections on women's education continue to be a testament to her enduring legacy as a feminist philosopher and advocate for women's rights.

In 2021 a collection of 47 of Astell's books and pamphlets, many of which have her annotations, were identified in the Old Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge by Catherine Sutherland, the Deputy Librarian. These marginalia reveal, for the first time, the degree to which she was involved with the natural philosophy literature and discourse of her time. Other holdings are at the British Library and the Northamptonshire Record Office.

The Mary Astell Academy (formerly Linhope PRU) in Linhope Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, is named after her. There is also a Mary-Astell-Straße in Bremen, Germany.

title: Mary Astell


text:
User talk:Celinakat

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 00:26, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Tonkinese photo
Is this photo used with permission, or are you Linda Martino? Either way, please put copyright status on the image page. Thank you. Lachatdelarue [[User talk:Lachatdelarue|(talk)]] 23:43, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Melanistic Young Leopard.gif
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Image source problem with Image:Amur Leopard With Scraps of Food.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Amur Leopard With Scraps of Food.gif. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 09:56, 27 February 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. GeorgHH (talk) 09:56, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Celinakat


text:
Category:Viceroyalties

A viceroyalty is a colony control and government system which was used mainly (but not exclusively) by Spain while it ruled the New World portion of the Spanish Empire.

title: Category:Viceroyalties


text:
User talk:Shahsagar

Shahsagar username is no longer in use. Please come back later.

title: User talk:Shahsagar


text:
Kham

Kham is one of the three traditional Tibetan regions, the others being Domey also known as Amdo in the northeast, and Ü-Tsang in central Tibet. The official name of this Tibetan region/province is Dotoe. The original residents of Kham are called Khampas, and were governed locally by chieftains and monasteries. Kham covers a land area distributed in multiple province-level administrative divisions in present-day China, most of it in Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan, with smaller portions located within Qinghai and Yunnan.

Densely forested with grass plains, its convergence of six valleys and four rivers supported independent Kham polities of Tibetan warrior kingdoms together with Tibetan Buddhist monastic centers. The early trading route between Central Tibet and China traveled through Kham, and Kham is said to be the inspiration for Shangri-La in James Hilton's novel.

Settled as Tibet's eastern frontier in the 7th century, King Songtsen Gampo built temples along its eastern border. In 1939, an eastern area of Kham was officially established as Xikang Province of China.

Geography

Kham has a rugged terrain characterized by mountain ridges and gorges running from northwest to southeast, and collectively known as the Hengduan Mountains. Numerous rivers, including the Mekong, Yangtze, Yalong River, and the Salween River flow through Kham.

Under the modern administrative division of China, Kham includes a total of 50 contemporary counties, which have been incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan (16 counties), Yunnan (three counties), and Qinghai (6 counties) as well as the eastern portion of the Tibet Autonomous Region (25 counties).

Ethnic groups
The people of Kham, the Khampas, are reputed warriors renowned for their marksmanship and horsemanship. References state many Khampas in the Hor States include mention of their Mongolian heritage.

There are significant differences in traditions and beliefs—even physical appearance—between the peoples of Kham and Lhasa. Most of Kham's residents speak Khams Tibetan while at least one-third of the residents are speakers of Qiangic languages, a family of twelve distinct but interrelated languages that are not closely related to Khams Tibetan.

As a frontier region, Kham integrated and "Tibetanized" early Mongolian and Chinese populations. After Güshri Khan's invasion of Kham in 1639, Mongolian people and Amdo's tribal people resettled to the region.

The Khampas are known for their great height. Khampa males are on average 180cm.

7th - 10th centuries
The Pugyal Dynasty (or Yarlung) of the Tibetan Empire sent troops east from Lhasa to the reaches of the Tibetan Plateau, where they interacted with local cultures and languages to establish eastern Tibet, or Do Kham ('Do', the convergence of rivers and valleys; 'Kham', frontier). Kham was traditionally referred to as Chushi Gangdruk, i.e. 'The Four Rivers and Six Ranges' and 'The Four Great Valleys'. Responsible for introducing Buddhism to Tibet, King Songtsen Gampo (reign 629–649) built twelve 'border-taming' temples in Kham, and his 4th wife Wencheng Gongzhu is credited with commissioning Buddhist structures while traveling through Kham in 640–641, from her home in China to Central Tibet.

During the Imperial era, both Nyingma school and Bon monasteries were located, especially in Nyarong Valley, among pastoral and agricultural-based polities ruled by local chieftains, polities which included merchant as well as Mongol and Chinese populations. Notable Tibetan Buddhist art from this era, dating from 804 or 816, includes carved stone statues of Buddha Vairocana.

Following a power struggle in the mid-9th century, Tibet separated into independent kingdoms.

13th to 17th centuries
Kham was not controlled by a single king and remained a patchwork of kingdoms, tribes, and chiefdoms whose bases of authority were constantly shifting. A dual system of secular and Buddhist polities continued. In 1270, the Sakya school's lama Tonstul, a student of Sakya Pandita, established a monastery in Kham while both Kagyu and Sakya monasteries were located in the northern plains, including Gonjo and Lingtsang, which accompanied the earlier Nyingma and Bon monasteries of Kham.

In 1639, Güshri Khan, a supporter of the Dalai Lama, invaded with Mongolian troops and defeated the powerful King of Beri in Kham. In 1655, Ngawang Phuntsok, a student of the Dalai Lama, founded Gonsar Monastery, the first of the 13 Gelug monasteries in the Hor States, with the support of the kingdom of Degé. By 1677, many Gelug monasteries had been built when the 5th Dalai Lama finalized Kham's Sino-Tibetan border location between China and a Tibet then reunified in the Khoshut Khanate, resulting in Kham being ascribed to Tibet's authority.

The major independent polities included the Chakla, Degé, the Lingtsang, Nangchen and the Lhatok. Other important polities included Chamdo, Batang, Mili, and the Hor States.

18th century

In 1717, the Mongol Dzungar Khanate invaded Tibet and other Asian regions. The Qing Chinese army likewise invaded and defeated the Dzungars. This led to the redrawing of the Sino-Tibetan boundary of 1677, which had followed the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The frontier line changed in either 1725 or 1726 to follow the Dri River (Jinsha River, Upper Yangtze), while the Kham region on the eastern bank became Qing domain. There, hereditary chieftains were bestowed honorific titles of tusi, and obligated to fight alongside the Qing army in other Kham battles between chieftains.

Earlier in 1724, an area of Qinghai (Kokonor) was established within Do Kham. The eastern Kham Qing domain was later incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces.

19th century
In 1837, a minor chieftain Gompo Namgyal, of Nyarong in eastern Kham, began expanding his control regionally and launched offensives against the Hor States, Litang, Degé, the Chakla and Batang, becoming the paramount power in the region. China sent troops in against Namgyal which were defeated in 1849, and additional troops were not dispatched. Chinese military posts were present along the trading route, but "did not have any authority over the native chiefs". By 1862, Namgyal blocked trade routes from China to Central Tibet, and sent troops into China.

Local chieftains had appealed to both the Lhasa and the Qing Manchu governments for help against Namgyal. The Tibetan authorities sent an army in 1863, and defeated Namgyal then killed him at his Nyarong fort by 1865. Central Tibet reasserted its authority over the northern parts of Kham and established the Office of the Tibetan High Commissioner to govern. Tibet also reclaimed Nyarong, Degé and the Hor States north of Nyarong. China recalled their forces. It appears to have been accepted by the Manchu Tongzhi Emperor.

Then in 1896, the Qing Governor of Sichuan attempted to gain control of Nyarong valley during a military attack. After his defeat, the Qing agreed to the withdrawal of Chinese forces and the "territory was returned to the direct rule of Lhasa".

Early 20th century
From 1904 to 1911, China decided to reassert its control over the previously re-ceded section of Kham, and to push further into the region soon after the invasion of Tibet by the British army under Francis Younghusband in 1904. The British invasion alarmed the Qing rulers in China, and they sent Fengquan (鳳全) to Kham to initiate land reforms and reduce the numbers of monks. An anti-foreigner and anti-Qing uprising in Batang led to Fengquan's death, while Chinese fields were burned.

The Qing then undertook punitive campaigns in Kham under Manchu army commander Zhao Erfeng, also the Governor of Xining, where he earned the nickname of "the Butcher of Kham". In 1905 or 1908 Zhao began executing monks and destroying many monasteries in Kham and Amdo, implementing an early "sinicization" of the region: "He abolished the powers of the Tibetan local leaders and appointed Chinese magistrates in their places. He introduced new laws that limited the number of lamas and deprived monasteries of their temporal power and inaugurated schemes for having the land cultivated by Chinese immigrants.

Zhao's methods in eastern Tibet uncannily prefigured the Communist policies nearly half a century later. They were aimed at the extermination of the Tibetan clergy, the assimilation of territory and repopulation of the Tibetan plateaus with poor peasants from Sichuan. Like the later Chinese conquerors, Zhao's men looted and destroyed Tibetan monasteries, melted down religious images and tore up sacred texts to use to line the soles of their boots and, as the Communists were also to do later, Zhao Erfeng worked out a comprehensive scheme for the redevelopment of Tibet that covered military training reclamation work, secular education, trade and administration." After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao was stripped of his post and executed by the revolutionary commander Yin Changheng.

A year before the collapse of the Qing, the Beijing-appointed amban Zhong Ying invaded Lhasa with the Chinese army in February 1910 in order to gain control of Tibet and establish direct Chinese rule. The 13th Dalai Lama escaped to British India, and returned before China surrendered via a letter from the amban to the Dalai Lama in the summer of 1912. On 13 February 1913, the Dalai Lama declared Tibet an independent nation, and announced the end of the historic "priest-patron" relationship between Tibet and China. The amban and Chinese army were expelled, while other Chinese populations were given three years to depart.

By late 1913, Kham and Amdo remained largely occupied by China. Tibet proposed re-establishing the border between Tibet and China at the Dri River during the Simla Conference with Britain and China, while Britain countered with another proposal which was initialed but not ratified.

In 1917, the Tibetan army defeated China in battles at Chamdo, west of the Dri River, which were halted after Britain refused to sell Tibet additional armements.

Tibetan independence and Republic of China

The official position of the British Government was it would not intervene between China and Tibet and would only recognize the de facto government of China within Tibet at this time. In his history of Tibet, Bell wrote that "the Tibetans were abandoned to Chinese aggression, an aggression for which the British Military Expedition to Lhasa and subsequent retreat [and consequent power vacuum within Tibet] were primarily responsible".

In 1932, an agreement signed between Chinese warlord Liu Wenhui and Tibetan forces formalized the partition of Kham into two regions: Eastern Kham, which was administered by Chinese forces, and Western Kham, which was administered by Tibet. Eastern Kham subsequently became the actual area of control of China's Xikang province. The border between eastern and western Kham is the Upper Yangtze – Dri Chu in Tibetan and Jinsha Jiang respectively, in Chinese.

Tenpay Gyaltsan, a Khampa who was 5 years old, was selected as the fifth Jamyang Hutuktu in 1921.

The Kham Pandatsang family led the 1934 Khamba rebellion against the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Kuomintang reached out to the Khampas, whose relationship with the Dalai Lama's government in Lhasa were deteriorating badly. The Khampa revolutionary leader Pandatsang Rapga founded the Tibet Improvement Party to overthrow the Tibetan government and establish a Tibetan Republic as part of China. In addition to using the Khampa's against the Tibetan Government in Lhasa, the Chinese Kuomintang also used them against the Communists during the Chinese Civil War.

The Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists.

Kuomintang intelligence reported that some Tibetan tusi chiefs and the Khampa Su Yonghe controlled 80,000 troops in Sichuan, Qinghai, and Tibet. They hoped to use them against the Communist army.

The Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalists) also enlisted Khampas to join their military.

The Chinese Kuomintang also sought the Khampas help in defending Sichuan from Japan during World War 2, since the temporary capital was located there. A Khampa member of the Mongolian Tibetan Academy was Han Jiaxiang.

300 "Khampa bandits" were enlisted into the Kuomintang Consolatory Commission military in Sichuan, where they were part of the effort of the central government of China to penetrated and destabilize the local Han warlords such as Liu Wenhui. The Chinese government sought to exercise full control over frontier areas against the warlords. The Consoltary Commission forces were used to battle the Communist Red Army but were defeated when their religious leader was captured by Communist forces.

The Republic of China government also used Khampa traders to operate secret transports between different places.

Kesang Tsering was sent by the Chinese to Batang to take control of Xikang, where he formed a local government. He was spread there for the purpose of propagating the Three People's Principle to the Khampa.

People's Republic of China
In 1950, following the defeat of the Kuomintang rulers of China by communist forces in the Chinese Civil War, the People's Liberation Army invaded western Kham. Western Kham was then set up as a separate Qamdo Territory, then merged into Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965. Meanwhile, Xikang, comprising eastern Kham, was merged into Sichuan in 1955. The border between Sichuan and Tibet Autonomous Region has remained at the Yangtze River.

Notable people

 * Khandro Lhamo
 * Guru Tashi
 * Gombo Namgye
 * Tsewang Lhamo
 * Khenpo Yeshe Phuntsok

title: Kham


text:
Halloweentown

Halloweentown or Halloween Town may refer to:

 * Halloweentown series
 * Halloweentown (film), a Disney Channel Original Movie released in 1998
 * Halloweentown II: Kalabar's Revenge, the sequel released in 2001
 * Halloweentown High, the third film in the series released in 2004
 * Return to Halloweentown, the fourth and final film in the series released in 2006
 * Halloween Town, the main setting for the 1993 film Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas
 * Halloween Town, the band headed by musical artist Ryan Pardey

title: Halloweentown


text:
Donald Deacon

Donald MacKay Deacon (April 24, 1920 – September 16, 2003) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1975 who represented the riding of York Centre.

Background
Deacon was born and raised in a family of ten children in Toronto, Ontario and attended the University of Toronto Schools. In 1942, he volunteered to serve in the 3rd Medium Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery during World War II, rising to the rank of captain. Deacon, a Forward Observation Officer, travelled with front line infantry in order to direct artillery fire via radio transmission. In later years, he often commented at how accurately George G. Blackburn had captured the role of a FOO in his book The Guns of Normandy.

Deacon was mentioned in dispatches as his Battery of Nova Scotian gunners fought its way across France, Belgium, the Netherlands and into Germany. He was awarded the Military Cross for risking his life to save soldiers under fire when his radio failed. King George VI was to present Deacon with the Military Cross. After six months helping to re-build post-war life in Holland, instead of heading to England, Deacon chose to accept passage on the first ship home to Canada. His military service ended safely as he walked up to his parents' home on Christmas morning 1945.

Following the war, Deacon married Florence Campbell, sister of his best friend John Campbell. They moved to Deacon's family farm outside of Unionville, Ontario where they raised a family of six (Campbell, David, Martha, Douglas, Richard and Colin Deacon). He was one of the founders of Markham Stouffville Hospital and also served as president of the Canadian Club of Toronto. Deacon spent most of his working career in business in the financial sector, serving as chair of F.H. Deacon Hodgson Ltd.

Politics
Deacon was first elected to serve on the town council of Markham, Ontario as the deputy reeve. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in the 1967 provincial election, and re-elected in the 1971 election, serving the Toronto area riding of York Centre until he resigned from the legislature in March 1975.

In 1973, Deacon ran for the Ontario Liberal leadership when Robert Nixon indicated he was stepping aside. Nixon changed his mind, and was re-elected leader with Deacon finishing in third place behind Nixon and Norman Cafik. When Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau appointed his friend and political colleague Barney Danson as Canada's Minister of Defence in 1976, Deacon worked with Danson and Jacques Hébert to create Katimavik, a national service program designed to enable unemployed youth to help others and themselves at the same time.

Later life
Deacon moved to Prince Edward Island in 1981, where he was the founder and chair of Atlantic Canada's first venture capital fund, Atlantic Ventures Trust. He also continued his passion as an active volunteer, becoming president of the PEI Red Cross, chair of the Atlantic Provinces Economic Council, a board member of Mount Allison University (the alma mater of his maternal grandfather, The Hon. Henry Emmerson), a director of the SmartRisk Foundation and National Commissioner of Scouts Canada. Deacon was deeply honoured when his service to Scouts Canada was recognized with his being presented with the Silver Wolf Award by Queen Elizabeth II at a ceremony at Buckingham Palace.

Deacon's greatest passion grew from CN Railway's decision to close the Prince Edward Island Railway in July 1989. Florence and Donald loved going on walking and cycling vacations around the world, and had long felt that the closure would hold great tourism and community development potential. A standing-room only community meeting on August 3, 1989, led to the creation of Rail-to-Trails PEI with its mission being to do what was necessary to convert the soon to be abandoned rail lines into a provincial trail system. Deacon became the group's founding chairman.

On September 18, 1992, at a Canada 125 board meeting held in Summerside PEI, a resolution was passed to support the creation of the Trans Canada Trail as the legacy project for Canada's 125th anniversary. Deacon became an early and active member of the Trans Canada Trail board of directors, focusing much of his attention on the all-important fundraising efforts. To this end, Deacon's signature can be found on the certificates issued to Canadians who donated $35.00 to "buy a metre" of the Trail, one of the Trail's earliest fundraising efforts. Through the 1990s, corporations and wealthy families across the country could count on a visit from Deacon and others, encouraging them to "buy a kilometre" of the Trail. In 2000, then in their 80s, Florence and Donald proudly completed their Millennium Project: to bike 200 km on the Trail in each of Canada's provinces and territories (except Nunavut), making it as far north as Tuktoyaktuk.

In 1987, Deacon was invested as a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 2003, he was presented with the Order of Prince Edward Island and was promoted to Officer of the Order of Canada.

Exactly one week prior to his death in September 2003, Deacon was interviewed by Shelagh Rogers on CBC Radio's Sounds Like Canada. It was her first interview in a series about Order of Canada recipients. This moving conversation, which Rogers often replayed as one of her favorites, included Deacon recounting a defining moment with a close friend in the final hours of World War II. Deacon and his friend were sitting on top of their Scout cars, waiting as the infantry cleared out a machine gun nest along the road ahead. They asked one another how the horrible waste of life that they had just survived could be prevented in future. The two men agreed that all they could do was to go home, raise a family of caring individuals, contribute to the lives of others in their communities, and encourage everyone they met to travel the world so they could experience and gain respect for other cultures and people. Their conversation ended as they were given the all clear. His friend started his Scout car, proceeded down the road ahead of Deacon and was killed instantly as his vehicle passed over an anti-tank mine.

The war ended two days later. Deacon carried that conversation and commitment with him throughout his life.

Deacon died of leukemia at a hospital in Charlottetown in September 2003. He was 83.

title: Donald Deacon


text:
Switching Channels

Switching Channels is a 1988 American comedy film remake of the 1928 play The Front Page, the 1931 film of the same name, and the 1940 film His Girl Friday. It stars Kathleen Turner as Christy Colleran, Burt Reynolds as John L. Sullivan IV, Christopher Reeve as Blaine Bingham, Ned Beatty as Roy Ridnitz, Henry Gibson as Ike Roscoe, and George Newbern as Sigenthaler. The film was notorious for its harsh infighting between Reynolds and Turner during filming. The film was a box office failure and received mixed reviews from critics.

It is available on DVD in Regions 2 and 4. It is also available as a burn-on-demand DVD-R in Region 1.

Plot
John L. "Sully" Sullivan, IV, is the news director of Satellite News Network (SNN), a Chicago-based TV cable news station. Christy Colleran, his best reporter and ex-wife, goes on vacation, where she falls in love with Blaine Bingham, the owner of a sporting goods company. Christy returns to Chicago with Blaine and meets with Sully, who orders her to attend the execution of convicted murderer Ike Roscoe. Christy announces she is quitting the TV station and marrying Blaine the day after tomorrow in New York City. Not wanting to let Christy leave him, Sully orders his junior reporter Siegenthaler to buy up all available transportation tickets out of town.

During lunch with Christy and Blaine, Sully explains that Roscoe is in prison for killing his son's drug dealer, not realizing that the dealer was an undercover cop. The execution has become a political issue, related to the Democratic primary contest between the Governor and Roy Ridnitz, the State's District Attorney.

Blaine manages to purchase some train tickets to New York. Sully, who has discovered Blaine is afraid of heights, tells Siegenthaler to lure Blaine to a skyscraper. After getting on the glass elevator with Siegenthaler, Blaine has a crippling anxiety attack as the elevator rises and presses on the emergency stop button, trapping both of them there. After the interview with Roscoe, Christy rushes to the building and saves the two men.

The Governor is inundated with calls from citizens asking him to pardon Ike Roscoe. He decides to issue a pardon during the 11:00 pm news. Ridnitz orders the execution moved up to 10:00 pm and invites the media to televise it live. As Ike is strapped into the chair, a power surge occurs and he escapes.

Christy sees Ike escaping while riding in limousine with Blaine on her way out of town. She gets out and tells Blaine she will meet him at the train station. After catching up to Ike, Christy tells him to go to the second floor courthouse press room. Christy telephones Sully from the press room and tells him she found Ike. After she hangs up, Ike hides inside the press room photo copier as other reporters arrive. Ridnitz appears with armed police and announces that Ike was seen on the third floor. After a series of comic escapades, Christy stalls Ridnitz long enough for Ike's pardon to come through. Christy turns on a news camera and tricks Ridnitz into confessing that he wanted Ike executed in order to win the election. Sully hands the tape over to Siegenthaler and tells him to run the story.

Blaine graciously steps out of Christy's life, saying that her true loves are the news and Sully. Sully and Christy go to Hawaii for their second honeymoon.

Cast

 * Kathleen Turner as Christy Colleran
 * Burt Reynolds as John L. "Sully" Sullivan IV
 * Christopher Reeve as Blaine Bingham
 * Ned Beatty as Roy Ridnitz
 * Henry Gibson as Ike Roscoe
 * George Newbern as Siegenthaler
 * Arlene Mazerolle as Hotel Recepitionist

Filmed primarily in Canada with a Canadian director (Ted Kotcheff), Switching Channels features many popular Canadian character actors in supporting roles: Al Waxman as Berger, the station manager, Ken James as Warden Terwilliger, Barry Flatman and Anthony Sherwood as television reporters Zaks and Carvalho, Joe Silver as newswriter Mordsini, Tony Rosato, Jackie Richardson, Philip Akin, Laura Robinson, Fiona Reid and Jack Duffy. It also co-stars Charles Kimbrough as the hapless Governor.

Production
The male lead was meant to be played by Michael Caine but he was delayed filming Jaws: The Revenge. Burt Reynolds was cast instead. Reynolds recalled: "I wasn't doing anything other than sitting around mulling over the lint in my belly button... I've always been a great fan of Ted Kotcheff - I really liked North Dallas Forty - and I loved the period of films, the thirties and the forties, The Front Page comes out of. I hope Cary Grant, whom I knew and admired, won't be whirling in his grave over what we've done. But we're keeping it fast and talky: some scenes are eight pages of dialogue."

Turner-Reynolds Feuding
Kathleen Turner and Burt Reynolds had a very strained working relationship on set, and both have commented negatively on one another in years since.

In 2018, Kathleen Turner said the following of her experience working with Burt Reynolds on Switching Channels: "'Working with Burt Reynolds was terrible. The first day Burt came in he made me cry. He said something about not taking second place to a woman. His behavior was shocking. It never occurred to me that I wasn’t someone’s equal. I left the room sobbing. I called my husband and said, 'I don’t know what to do.' He said, 'You just do the job.' It got to be very hostile because the crew began taking sides. But as for the performance, I was able to put the negativity aside. I’m not convinced Burt was.'"

In March 2018, when he was asked by Andy Cohen who the most overrated actor of the 1970s and 1980s was, Reynolds cited Turner.

Critical response
Siskel & Ebert gave Switching Channels mixed results: Ebert was positive about the film and liked how the film did overall; however, Siskel expressed strong disappointment in the film and gave Switching Channels a thumbs down. Rotten Tomatoes currently lists Switching Channels with a 60% rating based on 15 reviews.

Reeve, who played against type as the hapless fiancé, later expressed regret in making the film, believing he "made a fool of himself" and that he had only taken the project as a distraction from depression following a divorce. He also reportedly had to act as "referee", as costars Turner and Reynolds feuded with each other during filming. According to his autobiography Still Me, one of the main reasons he took the role was because Michael Caine was originally lined up to play Sullivan, and he had enjoyed working with Caine six years earlier in Deathtrap, but after signing on found out that Caine had been booted out in favor of Reynolds. Another scene Reeve was in disfavor of was his character suffering acrophobia by showing fear when in a scenic glass elevator, a likely spoof of Reeve's best known role as Superman.

The film was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Burt Reynolds was nominated for Worst Actor and Christopher Reeve for Worst Supporting Actor. However, they respectively "lost" to Sylvester Stallone for Rambo III and Dan Aykroyd for Caddyshack II.

title: Switching Channels


text:
Potassium deficiency

Potassium deficiency has two different contexts:

 * For the medical condition in humans, see hypokalemia
 * Potassium deficiency (plants), the disorder in plants

title: Potassium deficiency


text:
USS Radford (DD-120)

The first USS Radford (DD–120) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I, later reclassified AG-22. She was named for William Radford.

History
Radford was launched on 5 April 1918 by Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company, Newport News, Virginia, sponsored by Ms. Mary Lovell Radford. The destroyer was commissioned on 30 September 1918 at Norfolk Navy Yard, Lieutenant Commander Arthur S. Carpender in command.

Assigned to the Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet, Radford departed Norfolk on 12 October on a shakedown cruise to Melville, Rhode Island. She returned to Hampton Roads on 21 October to join the escort force for the Newport News section of Troop Convoy 76 bound for New York City and European waters.

Radford subsequently operated on the U.S. east coast into 1919, sailing southward to Cuba on 14 January 1919. While based at Guantanamo Bay, she also cruised to Guacanayabo Bay and Santiago, Cuba, before returning north on 13 March. Radford operated from Hampton Roads with the Atlantic Fleet from March until July 1919.

Radford was reassigned to the Pacific Fleet in July 1919 and cleared Hampton Roads on 19 July for Balboa, Canal Zone, and San Diego. Upon her arrival at San Diego on 7 August, she joined the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet. Radford operated from Mare Island Navy Yard, San Diego, and San Pedro into 1922, taking part in training exercises and squadron maneuvers as a unit of Division 12, Squadron 10, Destroyer Flotilla 4. She called at Seattle, Tacoma, and Bellingham, Washington in September 1919, and at Portland, Oregon, in December 1920. Designated DD-120 in July 1920, Radford decommissioned on 9 June 1922 and remained in reserve at San Diego for almost 15 years.

Radford was reclassified AG-22 on 16 April 1932 following the decision to convert her to a mobile target vessel. Conversion work was never undertaken and Radford reverted to DD-120 on 27 June. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 19 May 1936, Radford was sunk on 5 August 1936 in accordance with the provisions of the London Treaty for the limitation and reduction of naval armament.

title: USS Radford (DD-120)


text:
Stefanie Sun

Stefanie Sun Yanzi (born Sng Ee Tze on 23 July 1978) is a Singaporean singer and songwriter. In 2000, she released her debut album, Yan Zi, which won her a Golden Melody Award for Best New Artist. In 2004, she released her eighth studio album, Stefanie, which won her another Golden Melody Award for Best Mandarin Female Singer. Having sold more than 30 million records, she achieved popularity in Greater China and among the Chinese-speaking world.

Early life and education
Sun was born in Singapore on 23 July 1978. She attended Nanyang Primary School, St. Margaret's Secondary School, Raffles Girls' School, Saint Andrew's Junior College, and Nanyang Technological University, where she obtained a bachelor's degree of Marketing in 2000.

Early years and 2000s
During university, Sun wrote her first song titled "Someone", which later appeared on her 2002 album, Start. She attended LWS School of Music, and her vocal talent was discovered by her mentor Paul Lee, who later introduced her to Samuel Chou, the chairman of Warner Music Taiwan at the time.

In 2002, Hong Kong-based Yazhou Zhoukan, published a 15-page article on the "Stefanie Sun phenomenon", citing the impact that her music had made on Asia.

Sun was selected to sing the English and Mandarin versions of the Singapore National Day Parade theme songs for 2002 – "We Will Get There" (一起走到) and 2003 – "One United People" (全心全意).

In 2006, National Parks Board of Singapore named an orchid, Dendrobium Stefanie Sun, after her. Sun also has a wax figure of herself at the Madame Tussauds Singapore wax museum which portrays her signature look during her 2014 Kepler World Tour. The wax figure took around four months to make, costing $300,000 Singapore dollars.

2010s
Stefanie Sun revealed that her proudest moments as a singer was when she sang the favourite song of Kwa Geok Choo, wife of Singapore's former prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, "Que Sera Sera", at the Business China Awards in 2011, not long after her demise. The song had moved Mr Lee, a person whom Sun had the highest respect for, to tears.

2020s
In early January 2020, she collaborated with Taiwanese band, Mayday, to release the new version of their 2000 hit "Tenderness".

On 27 May 2022, more than 240 million people watched Sun performed in a one hour virtual concert streamed on Douyin.

Personal life
In May 2011, Sun married Nadim van der Ros, who is a Eurasian Indonesian and the founder of Be An Idea, a part of The Good Bean Consultancy. They had secretly registered their marriage in March 2011. In October 2012, Sun gave birth to her son, followed by a daughter in July 2018.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Yan Zi (2000)
 * My Desired Happiness (2000)
 * Kite (2001)
 * Start (2002)
 * Leave (2002)
 * To Be Continued... (2003)
 * Stefanie (2004)
 * A Perfect Day (2005)
 * Against the Light (2007)
 * It's Time (2011)
 * Kepler (2014)
 * No. 13 – A Dancing Van Gogh (2017)

Concert tours

 * Start World Tour (2002–2004)
 * Stefanie Sun World Tour Concert (2005–2006)
 * The Answer is World Tour (2009–2010)

title: Stefanie Sun


text:
Superman (disambiguation)

Superman (also known as Clark Kent and Kal-El) is a DC comic book superhero.

Superman may also refer to:

The Superman franchise

 * Superman (franchise), a media franchise based on the comic book character

Comic books and strips

 * Superman (comic book), 1987–2006
 * Superman vol. 2, 1987–2006
 * Superman (Volume 3), 2011–2016
 * Superman (comic strip), a newspaper comic strip, 1939–1966

Fictional characters

 * Superman (1978 film series character)
 * Superman (DC Extended Universe)
 * Superman (Earth-One), the Silver Age incarnation of Superman
 * Superman (Earth-Two), an alternate version of the fictional superhero
 * Superman (Kal Kent), the Superman of the 853rd century
 * Superman (Kingdom Come), an alternate version of Superman
 * Superman (Hernan Guerra), an alternate version of Chris Kent
 * Clark Kent (Superman & Lois)
 * Superman (Jon Kent), the son and successor of Clark Kent

Film

 * Superman (1941 film), the first film in the 1940s animated series
 * Superman (serial), a 1948 film serial
 * Superman (1978 film), also called Superman: The Movie, starring Christopher Reeve
 * Superman (1980 film), an Indian Telugu-language film
 * Superman (1987 film), an Indian Hindi-language film
 * Superman (1997 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film
 * Superman (2025 film), first film in the DC Universe franchise

Television

 * Superman (1940s animated film series)
 * Superman (TV series), 1988
 * Superman: The Animated Series, 1996–2000

Gaming

 * Superman (1979 video game), for the Atari 2600
 * Superman (1987 video game), for the NES
 * Superman (1988 video game), an arcade game
 * Superman (1992 video game), for the Mega Drive/Genesis
 * Superman 64, or Superman: The New Superman Adventures, 1999, for the Nintendo 64

Other fictional characters

 * Bill the superman, a character in the short story ‘’The Manhood of Edward Robinson’’ by Agatha Christie, 1924
 * Bill Dunn or the Superman, a character from The Reign of the Superman by Jerry Siegel, 1933
 * Superman (Psychomech), a fictional race in the novel Psychomech

Albums

 * Superman (Arash album), 2014
 * Superman (Gary Chaw album), 2006
 * Superman (Barbra Streisand album), 1977
 * Superman, an album by Machi, 2005
 * Superman: The Best of the RCA Years, a 1979 album by Alison MacCallum

Songs

 * "Superman" (Black Lace song), 1981
 * "Superman" (Donna Fargo song), 1972
 * "Superman" (Eminem song), 2003
 * "Superman" (Keith Urban song), 2020
 * "Superman" (Lazlo Bane song), 2000, the original opening theme of Scrubs
 * "Superman" (Pepe Luis Soto song), released by Celi Bee and the Buzzy Bunch, 1977
 * "Superman" (Stereophonics song), 2005
 * "Superman" (The Clique song), 1969, covered by R.E.M. in 1986
 * "Superman", a song by Crystal Kay from the 2012 album Vivid
 * "Superman", a song by Gabriella Cilmi from the 2010 album Ten
 * "Superman", a song by the Game from the 2008 album LAX
 * "Superman", a song by Goldfinger from the 1997 album Hang-Ups, notable for its usage in the Tony Hawk's video game series
 * "Superman", a song by Hadise, 2011
 * "Superman", a song by Joe Brooks, 2010
 * "Superman", a song by Mat Zo discography, 2011
 * "Superman", a song by Offer Nissim featuring Maya Simantov, 2009
 * "Superman", a song by Rachel Platten from the 2016 album Wildfire
 * "Superman", a song by Skee-Lo from the 1995 album I Wish
 * "Superman", a song by Super Junior, 2011
 * "Superman", a song by Taylor Swift from the 2010 album Speak Now
 * "Superman", a song by Unwritten Law from the 1996 album Oz Factor
 * "Superman (It's Not Easy)", a song by Five for Fighting, 2001
 * "Superman (Meets The Man Of Steel)", a song by Chalk Circle from the 1996 album The Great Lake
 * "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman", by the Kinks, 1979
 * "O Superman", a 1981 song by Laurie Anderson
 * "Superman's Song", a 1991 song by the Crash Test Dummies

People with the nickname Superman

 * Gianluigi Buffon (born 1978), Italian football player
 * John Cena (born 1977), WWE professional wrestler
 * Sam Fuld (born 1981), American Major League Baseball player and General Manager
 * Dennis Hallman (born 1975), American MMA fighter
 * Dwight Howard (born 1985), American National Basketball Association player
 * Miguel Ángel López (born 1994), Colombian cyclist
 * Cam Newton (born 1989), American football player
 * Shaquille O'Neal (born 1972), American retired National Basketball Association player
 * Art Pennington (1923–2017), American retired Negro league baseball player
 * Armen Petrosyan (born 1990), Russian-Armenian MMA fighter
 * Sean Rosenthal (born 1980), American beach volleyball player

Roller coasters

 * Superman: Escape from Krypton, at Six Flags Magic Mountain
 * Superman – Ride of Steel, at Six Flags America
 * Superman: Ultimate Flight, at various Six Flags parks
 * Superman: Ultimate Flight (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)

Sport and racing

 * Superman, a type of cycling stunt
 * The superman as used by Mat Rempits
 * The superman, a cycling position created by Graeme Obree

Other uses

 * Superman (gene), a plant gene in Arabidopsis thaliana
 * Superman (ice cream flavor)

title: Superman (disambiguation)


text:
Venus and Mars (Wings album)

Venus and Mars is the fourth studio album by the British–American rock band Wings. Released in May 1975 as the follow-up to Band on the Run, Venus and Mars continued Wings' run of commercial success and provided a springboard for a year-long worldwide tour. The album was Paul McCartney's first post-Beatles album to be released worldwide by Capitol Records rather than Apple.

After recording Band on the Run as a three-piece with wife Linda McCartney and guitarist Denny Laine, McCartney recruited guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton to the band in 1974. Recording sessions for the album took place in London, New Orleans and Los Angeles in November 1974 and early 1975. During the sessions, personal tensions caused Britton to quit after six months, forcing the band to recruit American drummer Joe English to finish the album.

Preceded by the single "Listen to What the Man Said", Venus and Mars peaked at number 1 in the US, the UK and other countries around the world. It also received mostly favourable reviews from music critics but was ultimately considered inferior to its predecessor. The album was reissued with bonus tracks in 1987 on CD and in 1993 as part of The Paul McCartney Collection. It was remastered in 2014 and released as a deluxe edition with bonus tracks and unreleased material.

Background and recording
After recording Band on the Run (1973) as a three-piece with wife Linda and guitarist Denny Laine, McCartney added Jimmy McCulloch on lead guitar and Geoff Britton on drums to the Wings line-up in 1974. Having written several new songs for the next album, McCartney decided to record the album in New Orleans, and Wings headed there in January 1975.

Before leaving for New Orleans, the group recorded three songs at Abbey Road Studios in London in November 1974: "Letting Go", "Love In Song" and "Medicine Jar", all overdubbed later at Sea-Saint Studios in New Orleans alongside the recording of new material. Sea-Saint co-owner Allen Toussaint would play piano on the track "Rock Show".

As soon as the sessions began, the personality clash that had been evident between McCulloch and Britton during Wings' 1974 sessions in Nashville became more pronounced, and Britton – after a six-month tenure – quit Wings, having played on only three of the new songs. A replacement, American Joe English, was quickly auditioned and hired to finish the album.

The sessions proved to be productive, not only resulting in a finished album, but also several additional songs, including two future McCartney B-sides, "Lunch Box/Odd Sox" and "My Carnival". McCartney also decided to link the album's songs together much like the Beatles had on Abbey Road to give Venus and Mars a more continuous feel.

John Lennon, often in a nostalgic mood during his "lost weekend" period, had told his then-girlfriend May Pang that they would visit the McCartneys during the recording sessions for Venus and Mars, and considered writing with Paul again. Lennon's planned visit never happened, however, due to his subsequent reunion with Yoko Ono.

Wings' interpretation of the theme to Crossroads, a British soap opera, was sometimes used to end the television programme in place of the regular theme tune, usually when there was a cliffhanger ending with a hint of sadness involved.

Release
The album cover, which Paul summed up as "a package that would be nice to get, and also something recognizable" was photographed by Linda, depicting two billiard balls in a black background, which are yellow and red to fit the colours of the planets Venus and Mars. Interior photographs of Wings were shot in the Mojave desert to capture a group photograph in an outerworldly location. Hipgnosis did the art design, incorporating billiard balls and cues in the lettering and illustrations by George Hardie; in return, McCartney would later lend a 16-track tape recorder to Hipgnosis member Peter Christopherson's band Throbbing Gristle to record their 1979 album 20 Jazz Funk Greats.

Preceded by the US #1 single "Listen to What the Man Said", Venus and Mars was released two weeks later, on 30 May. It received generally favourable reviews and strong sales. The album reached number 1 in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries around the world and sold four million copies worldwide. The reaction, though mainly positive, was less so than what had greeted Band on the Run a year earlier.

Two additional singles, "Letting Go" and "Venus and Mars/Rock Show", were released. Although the latter almost reached the US top ten, it did not chart at all in the UK.

In September, Wings began what would be their year-long Wings Over the World tour in the UK, with concerts in Australia, Europe, the US and Canada to follow. Songs from Venus and Mars featured heavily in the concert setlist.

The album was first issued on compact disc by Columbia Records in 1984, although early pressings were pressed in Japan by CSR Compact Disc, which was etched in the inner ring. In 1993, Venus and Mars was remastered and reissued on CD as part of "The Paul McCartney Collection" series with "Zoo Gang" (a UK television theme that was the UK B-side of "Band on the Run" in 1974), "Lunch Box/Odd Sox" (B-side of "Coming Up" in 1980) and "My Carnival" ("Spies Like Us"' B-side in 1985) as bonus tracks. In 2007, the album was reissued in digital form on iTunes with the same bonus tracks, plus the extended "party mix" of "My Carnival"; however, this version has since been replaced by the 2014 reissue.

In 2014 the album was re-issued by Hear Music/Concord Music Group as part of the fifth set of releases, alongside Wings at the Speed of Sound, in the Paul McCartney Archive Collection. It was released in multiple formats. The reissue was accompanied by the Record Store Day exclusive edition of the "Letting Go" single.

The album was also originally released in 4-channel quadraphonic sound. In 1996 the quadraphonic version of the album was issued on compact disc in the DTS 5.1 Music Disc format.

Track listing
All songs written by Paul and Linda McCartney (listed as "McCartney"), except "Medicine Jar" written by Jimmy McCulloch and Colin Allen, and "Crossroads Theme" written by Tony Hatch.

Side one

 * 1) "Venus and Mars" – 1:16
 * 2) "Rock Show" – 5:35
 * 3) "Love in Song" – 3:04
 * 4) "You Gave Me the Answer" – 2:15
 * 5) "Magneto and Titanium Man" – 3:16
 * 6) "Letting Go" – 4:33

Side two

 * 1) "Venus and Mars (Reprise)" – 2:05
 * 2) "Spirits of Ancient Egypt" – 3:04
 * 3) "Medicine Jar" – 3:37
 * 4) "Call Me Back Again" – 4:57
 * 5) "Listen to What the Man Said" – 3:57
 * 6) "Treat Her Gently – Lonely Old People" – 4:21
 * 7) "Crossroads" – 1:00

Additional tracks on the 1993 CD reissue
 * 1) "Zoo Gang" – 2:01
 * 2) "Lunch Box/Odd Sox" – 3:55
 * 3) "My Carnival" – 3:59

Archive Collection Reissue

 * Standard Edition 2-CD; the original 13-track album on the first disc, plus 14 bonus tracks on a second disc.
 * Deluxe Edition 2-CD/1-DVD;
 * the original 13-track #1 album remastered at Abbey Road Studios in London;
 * a bonus audio disc with 14 tracks including the hit single "Junior's Farm" and rare and previously unreleased songs;
 * a 128-page numbered hardbound book featuring new interview with Paul McCartney, rare and previously unpublished photographs by Linda McCartney and Aubrey Powell (entitled "Nashville Diary 1975"), inserts of archive material (including a facsimile of Paul's original handwritten lyric "scroll"), expanded track-by-track annotation and full history of the album, a deck pass "Paul and Linda McCartney – Venus and Mars", a complete illustrated history of the making of Venus and Mars and a poster and a flyer "Wings in concert at Elstree";
 * a DVD featuring previously unreleased and exclusive content including the original TV commercial for the album (directed by Karel Reisz), footage of the band in New Orleans ("Recording My Carnival" and "Bon Voyageur") and rehearsing the songs from Venus and Mars at Elstree Studios ("Wings At Elstree");
 * an access to downloadable 24bit 96 kHz high-resolution audio versions of the remastered album and bonus audio tracks.
 * Remastered vinyl The albums will also be available on special gatefold vinyl editions (vinyl editions include a download card).
 * High Resolution Digital album will be made available as both standard and deluxe versions – including Mastered for iTunes and Hi-Res formats.

Disc 1 The original 13-track album.

Disc 2 – bonus tracks

All songs written by Paul and Linda McCartney except "Walking in the Park with Eloise" written by Jim McCartney and "Baby Face" written by Harry Akst and Benny Davis.

 * 1) "Junior's Farm" (non-album single) – 4:23
 * 2) "Sally G" (b-side to "Junior's Farm") – 3:40
 * 3) "Walking in the Park with Eloise" (non-album single) – 3:10
 * 4) "Bridge on the River Suite" (b-side to "Walking in the Park with Eloise") – 3:11
 * 5) "My Carnival" (b-side to "Spies Like Us") – 3:59
 * 6) "Going To New Orleans (My Carnival)" – 2:07
 * 7) "Hey Diddle" (Ernie Winfrey mix) – 3:51
 * 8) "Let's Love" – 2:05
 * 9) "Soily" (from One Hand Clapping) – 3:57
 * 10) "Baby Face" (from One Hand Clapping) – 1:43
 * 11) "Lunch Box/Odd Sox" (b-side to "Coming Up") – 3:55
 * 12) "4th of July" – 3:49
 * 13) "Rock Show" (old version) – 7:09
 * 14) "Letting Go" (single mix) – 3:36

Note: "Walking in the Park with Eloise" and "Bridge on the River Suite" are credited to the Country Hams.

Disc 3 – DVD
 * 1) "Recording My Carnival"
 * 2) "Bon Voyageur"
 * 3) "Wings at Elstree"
 * 4) "Venus and Mars TV Ad"

Additional download tracks available via paulmccartney.com
 * 1) "Letting Go" (extended version) – 5:39
 * 2) "Love My Baby" (from One Hand Clapping) – 1:16
 * 3) "Rock Show" (new version) – 6:31

Personnel

 * Paul McCartney – lead vocals, bass, guitars, keyboards, piano, percussion
 * Linda McCartney – keyboards, backing vocals, percussion
 * Denny Laine – lead vocal on “Spirits of Ancient Egypt”, vocals, guitars, keyboards, percussion
 * Jimmy McCulloch – guitars, lead vocal on “Medicine Jar”, vocals, percussion
 * Joe English – drums, percussion
 * Geoff Britton – drums on "Love in Song", "Letting Go" and "Medicine Jar"
 * Kenneth "Afro" Williams – congas on "Rock Show"
 * Allen Toussaint – piano on "Rock Show"
 * Dave Mason – guitar on "Listen to What the Man Said"
 * Tom Scott – soprano saxophone on "Listen to What the Man Said"

title: Venus and Mars (Wings album)


text: File:Eagles - Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975).jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight/Features

 * 1) ACOTW September 22 to October 2 2004: Cyclone Tracy
 * 2) * 11 contributors made 67 edits
 * 3) * The article increased from 69 words (551 bytes) to 2,222 words (13,718 bytes) - 32 times longer
 * 4) * Compare the difference to see what made this the first ACOTW to be featured.
 * 5) *Featured October 6 2004 with 10 votes of support and NO objections.


text:
Larry Condon

Joseph Lawrence (Larry) Condon (July 3, 1933 – January 11, 1991) was a Canadian politician.

Condon served one term in the House of Commons of Canada as a federal Liberal Member of Parliament (MP). He was elected in the 1974 election from the southwestern Ontario riding of Middlesex—London—Lambton.

In 1976, he attempted to enter provincial politics as a candidate for the Ontario Liberal Party leadership, but finished fifth with only 37 votes.

He lost his seat in the federal Parliament when he was defeated in the 1979 election with 15,335 votes to 18,770 votes for Progressive Conservative candidate Sid Fraleigh.

title: Larry Condon


text:
Ford MA

The Ford MA Concept concept car was a 2002 minimalist design exercise drawn by Jose Paris and championed by Ford's VP of design J. Mays. It was exhibited as an art object in museums as well as a traditional concept car in auto shows. It received an IDSA Silver Industrial Design Excellence Award in 2003.

The MA displayed many unusual automotive practices. It had the shape of a low slung two seat roadster with no top, but it was powered by an electric motor. The design was flexible enough, though, to accommodate a small internal combustion engine.

Very few of the parts were painted and there were none of the usual hydraulic fluids or industrial adhesives common in most cars, making it 96% recyclable.

It was designed to be assembled and disassembled easily with a minimal amount of equipment. There were no welds holding it together: Instead, its 500 or so pieces of bamboo, aluminum and carbon fibre were held together with 364 titanium bolts. The total weight was said to be 900 lb.

Some automotive columnists have presented the Ford MA as the forerunner to a small series kit car, much like the Lotus Seven. Others have called it an IKEA-mobile.

title: Ford MA