text:
Court of equity

A court of equity, also known as an equity court or chancery court, is a court authorized to apply principles of equity rather than principles of law to cases brought before it. These courts originated from petitions to the Lord Chancellor of England and primarily heard claims for relief other than damages, such as specific performance and extraordinary writs. Over time, most equity courts merged with courts of law, and the adoption of various Acts granted courts combined jurisdiction to administer common law and equity concurrently. Courts of equity are now recognized for complementing the common law by addressing its shortcomings and promoting justice.

In the early years of the United States, some states followed the English tradition of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others combined both types of jurisdiction in their courts, as the US Congress did for federal courts. United States bankruptcy courts serve as an example of a US federal court that operates as a court of equity. A few common law jurisdictions, such as the U.S. states of Delaware, Mississippi, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Tennessee, continue to preserve the distinctions between law and equity as well as between courts of law and courts of equity. In New Jersey, this distinction is upheld between the civil and general equity divisions of the New Jersey Superior Court.

History
The unique nature of courts of equity is a result of their historical evolution. This history has been crucial in shaping their application in case law, reflecting the values that have developed the equitable jurisdiction. The transformation of these courts demonstrates the evolution of equity's doctrines and remedies, changes in its dominant nature and traits, and the influence of social and political environments on its operation and underlying issues in jurisprudence.

Equity as a body of law
Equity is currently recognized as a distinct body of law, administered by various modern courts. The evolution of procedures within courts of equity has guided the application of equitable principles. Originating from the diverse rules of the early Courts of Chancery, today's courts can exercise equitable jurisdiction while maintaining their inherent discretionary abilities to address new forms of injustice. Equity is not an independent body of law; rather, it is synonymous with corrective justice and complements common law to counterbalance its inflexible rules.

Origin of the equity jurisdiction
The historical emergence of equity occurred during three significant periods: the medieval period (13th–15th centuries), the formative period (16th–17th centuries), and the period of systematization (17th–19th centuries). Throughout these periods, equity developed progressively from the Chancellor providing equitable relief based on personal conscience to an established and organized body of law governed by courts.

Medieval period
The Chancery Division was established in the 13th century by the King after the separation of the Supreme Court of Judicature. Under the Chancellor's authority, the "King's law" prevailed in local courts. The division did not handle actual cases but performed functions associated with the King's secretarial department. Although the Chancery Division did not function as a court, judicial activity was still present. Limited discretionary power was provided, determining the validity of writs issued in courts and permitting only those in consimili casu. These were enforced temporarily and could be overridden by the courts of law if deemed to conflict with the actual law of the land. As the administrative operations of the division expanded through its implicit control of the King's residual influence, the Chancellor became responsible for addressing "prayers" and "petitions", including letters of remedy, relief, and grants on behalf of the King. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Chancery developed into an independent and extensive bureaucracy. Its formalized role involved issuing writs regarding inheritance or property transfers, which served as the justice's authorization for initiating claims in the King's courts.

Formative period
In the 16th century, the modern system of equity and the Chancellor evolved into a body with recognized judicial features. Consequently, the jurisdiction within the courts experienced greater autonomy. This involved the Court of Chancery issuing decrees independently of the King's Council, the Chancellors becoming proficient in law, and a more systematized role in resolving petitions. As it developed into a substantive judicial court with increased power, other common law courts became wary and defensive towards their jurisdiction. The court was one of specific jurisdiction with distinct procedures compared to common law courts, such as the Court of Chancery issuing a common injunction rather than common law injunctive relief.

Period of systemisation
The systemisation of equity is often credited to Lord Eldon and the introduction of the Judicature Acts in 1873. He rationalized the rules and principles found in modern equity today, to provide enhanced consistency and certainty. As a result, equity existed in conjunction with the common law. Prior to this, the Courts of Chancery experienced shortcomings and a "period of decline and stagnation" during the early 18th century. Such defects included jurisdictional delays, administrative complications, costly proceedings and burdensome processes.

The High Court of Chancery
By the early 1500s, a vast proportion of the court's workload was attributed to cases concerning equity. W.S. Holdsworth believed that the principles of equity were developed by and through the Chancery, and recognised three factors that influenced the evolution of such jurisdiction: "antagonism to the rigidity of the common law; ideas about the function of conscience in determining equitable rules; and a procedure, distinct from that of common law, that allowed the chancellor to decide the most equitable course to take in each individual case."

A merged administration
The passing of the English Judicature Act 1873 established the new High Court of Justice and Court of Appeal division to substitute the old Chancery, Common Pleas, Queen's Bench and Exchequer Courts. Subsequently, changes in the court's administration included the ability for separate divisions to obtain coexisting jurisdiction in relation to common law and equitable principles. As Lord Watson stated, the main purpose of this Act was to provide parties to a litigation "all remedies to which they are entitled". This prevents the need to recourse to another court and reduces the unnecessary profusion of legal proceedings.

Relationship between common law and equity
Prior to the enactments of the Judicature Acts, equity courts occupied a discrete jurisdiction to the common law. It was prohibited to transfer an action, and if proceedings were initiated in the incorrect court, the entire case must be brought again from the beginning. The administrative inefficiency created by the operation of separate courts became excessively onerous, that it demanded a comprehensive overhaul of the system.

As a result of the post-judicature systems and Earl of Oxford's case (1615) allowing an overlapping of claims brought before the merged modern courts, equity would prevail over the common law (common injunctions will be upheld) in situations of conflict or discrepancy between the opposing principles.

Exclusive jurisdiction
Prior to the introduction of the Judicature systems, the enforcement of equitable claims could only occur in a Court of Chancery who held the power to grant relief, and not by the common law. Equating to new rights, exclusive jurisdiction provided relief against breaches of legal privileges which were not preserved by equity within the concurrent jurisdiction. Such intervention was sanctioned as it ensured irreversible injury was effectively compensated by damages, and it prevented the multiplicity of claims regarding the same issue. The body of law/court acts without right where it interferes with the other who has exclusive jurisdiction; allowing for the relevant sovereign to be curtailed. The nature of the exclusive jurisdiction was defined by Ashburner as:

"The claim of the plaintiff was one which before the Judicature Act would have given him no right whatever against the defendant in any court but the Court of Chancery, and the court of Chancery, in granting relief was said to exercise its exclusive jurisdiction."

Concurrent jurisdiction
Concurrent jurisdiction recognises situations where the facts in a pleading brought by a party produces both common law and equity actions, with the same relief issued at either. The requirement post-Judicature system allowed a claimant to attend only one court, rather than two, to enforce both the common law and equitable principles regarding the breach and remedy. Associated with new remedies, this jurisdiction empowers an applicant to pursue equitable relief where it can be established that the appropriate relief under common law is insufficient to do justice. There is no rivalry between the two jurisdictions; given that they can freely undertake proceedings as though the other didn't exist, and no grievances or restraints are made between them regarding the validity of their operations. The objective of this jurisdiction is to provide "a more perfect remedy or to apply a more perfect procedure than the other court could give or apply".

Auxiliary jurisdiction
Associated with new procedure, auxiliary jurisdiction recognises situations of equity assisting in proceedings through the enforcement of legal rights where it did not have concurrent jurisdiction over the matter. The Court of Chancery did not arbitrate where adequate relief was accessible at common law and the adjudication of the legality of the litigant's claim was left to the responsibility of common law courts. This meant that the common law was binding on equity. Auxiliary jurisdiction merely acted "as ancillary to the administration of justice in other courts". Related to pre-trial, the court of equity has the power to produce documents which common law courts could not as a tool for discovery procedures. The court is required to maintain the present state of affairs, without any direct relief, until the parties’ rights are dictated at common law. It also has the authority after settlement to aid in relief by deliberating a more effective remedy on the litigant, who previously attained common law relief.

Powers of courts of equity
The courts of equity in England are recognised for operating in personam, while the common law courts act in rem. This means that the court of equity's jurisdiction constitutes acts only against the conscience of a person or a number of persons, rather than a claim against an item of property. Yet, there are several exceptions to this.

Given that equity does not pertain definitive or formal rules, the courts are required to assess explicit conduct through its flexible nature and discretionary powers. The courts address fundamental principles of good faith, generosity, morality, honesty and integrity, while also evaluating the relative fairness between the parties. Provided the latitude of the Chancellor's discretion and scope of equitable remedies, it has allowed the courts to consider the interests of the public at large when providing or refusing relief to the plaintiff.

In contrast to the rulings in the King's or Common Bench where the judgements are binding upon the rights of a party, equitable decrees only bind the person to obedience. Although the Chancellor has the authority to compel a person to punishment until they obey, the decree can also serve as a defence to future cases (regarding the same claim) in the Court of Chancery to provide a satisfactory reason why the Chancellor should not consider it again.

Administration of justice
As equity is perceived in an ethical context, the courts often encapsulate this as fair, moral, ethical and just conduct. As Aristotle highlighted, equitable conduct can be said to be just as it promotes the improvement of the deficiencies of the universal concept. He concludes that equity's role within the courts "is to prevent the law from adhering too rigidly to its own rules and principles when those rules and principles produce injustice". Given that equitable principles are not absolute in nature, it is acceptable for the courts to depart from any rules when they conflict with justice. Unlike legal justice, equitable justice develops on an individualised and case-by-case basis within the courts for the purpose of enhancing just outcomes and to adequately judge the requirements of specific circumstances.

Protection of personal rights
As the jurisdiction of the equity courts evolved, it was no longer limited to the protection of prescribed rights and eventually took cognizance of cases not generally conforming with its jurisdiction – such as criminal cases. Given that defamation highly concerns personal rights, post-Judicature Act has allowed a court of equity to exercise its jurisdiction to prevent the publication of false declarations determined to cause harm to an individual's trade. A limitation to a court of equity's jurisdiction in this area is its inability to prohibit the publication of false or derogatory statements detrimental to a plaintiff's profession or title to property – whereby such assertions are not attendant to threats, coercion, intimidation, or any direct attack.

Australia
The judicature system has been implemented across Australia, with South Australia being the first to enact it in 1853. Corresponding Acts to the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (UK) include Supreme Court Act 1935 (SA) ss 17-28, Civil Proceedings Act 2011 (Qld) s 7, Supreme Court Act 1935 (WA) ss 24–25, Supreme Court Act 1986 (Vic) s 29, Supreme Court Civil Procedure Act 1932 (Tas) ss 10–11, Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) ss 57–62 and Law Reform (Law and Equity) Act 1972 (NSW).

Despite there being a single Supreme Court of New South Wales with complete jurisdiction within both common law and equity prior to the adoption of the Judicature Act in NSW, they remained being treated as separate courts.

India
Unlike most countries, the equity jurisdiction always operated and was administered in conjunction with the law in India, through the courts, and not in resistance to it. Following the British codification of the law in India, equitable principles were embedded in the judicial frameworks of the courts. The courts have relied on equity "as a source of law to devise a new principle in a situation where the statute or codified law had no answer to a given situation". The Supreme Court of India recognised this fusion of the law by further expanding the application of its equitable and remedial powers in the areas of environmental degradation, tort law, strict liability doctrines and human rights.

Scotland
As there is no separate court in Scotland which exclusively operates an equity jurisdiction, the country's legal system is classified as mixed. The Court of Session controls both jurisdictions, by differentiating between common law and equity throughout cases brought before it. This provides greater certainty to parties, given that the court has the power to provide relief in either equity or common law where the party is not entitled to one or the other. As the two jurisdictions became indistinguishable, "what in effect was a rule in equity became in practice considered as common law". Scottish lawyers have raised concern that this system would create unjust decisions where cases are approached in terms of combining equity and common law reasoning. Others followed Lord Kames's view of a dual approach, whereby equity in the court existed for the purpose of creating "new equitable rules which gradually hardened into common law by virtue of their usage across time".

United States
The period after the American Revolution saw the abolition of chancery courts (or their merger with courts of law) in American states such as Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia. This was the result of equity being disfavoured and rejected, until late in the 19th century federal judges revived the equitable injunction. The early amendments of the United States Constitution explicitly acknowledged common law and equity as being clear divisions of jurisprudence. However, Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure came into effect in 1938 to unite common law with equitable claims. Other states maintained their courts of equity, although many have more recently merged them with their courts of law. Only Delaware, Mississippi and Tennessee still have separate equity courts, such as the Delaware Court of Chancery.

title: Court of equity


text:
Traffic analysis zone

A traffic analysis zone or transportation analysis zone (TAZ) is the unit of geography most commonly used in conventional transportation planning models. The size of a zone varies, but for a typical metropolitan planning software, a zone of under 3,000 people is common. The spatial extent of zones typically varies in models, ranging from very large areas in the exurb to as small as city blocks or buildings in central business districts. There is no technical reason zones cannot be as small as single buildings, however additional zones add to the computational burden.

Zones are constructed by census block information. Typically these blocks are used in transportation models by providing socio-economic data. States differ in the socio-economic data that they attribute to the zones. Most often the critical information is the number of automobiles per household, household income, and employment within these zones. This information helps to further the understanding of trips that are produced and attracted within the zone. Again these zones can change or be altered as mentioned in the first paragraph. This is done typically to eliminate unneeded areas to limit the computational burden.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Traffic analysis zone


text:
Skylark (disambiguation)

Skylark is a genus of birds. It may also refer to particular species in that genus, such as the Eurasian skylark.

Aircraft

 * Cessna 175 Skylark, an American aircraft design
 * Dova DV-1 Skylark, a Czech ultralight aircraft
 * Skylark (rocket), a British sounding rocket first launched in 1957 from Woomera, Australia
 * Skylark (UAV), a miniature unmanned aerial vehicle developed by Elbit
 * a series of gliders produced in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s:
 * Slingsby Skylark
 * Slingsby T.41 Skylark 2
 * Slingsby Skylark 3
 * Slingsby Skylark 4
 * Robertson Skylark SRX-1 an STOL aircraft developed by Robertson Development Corp. in the mid-1950s.
 * Vortech Skylark, an American helicopter design

Books

 * Skylark (novel), the title of the sequel to Sarah, Plain and Tall by Patricia MacLachlan
 * Skylark, the title of the English translation of the novel Pacsirta by the Hungarian author Dezső Kosztolányi
 * Skylark (publisher), an imprint of Bantam Books
 * Skylark (series), a series of 4 novels by E. E. Smith, which features a spaceship called Skylark
 * To a Skylark, is a poem completed by Percy Bysshe Shelley in late June 1820

Film

 * Dave Skylark, host of Skylark Tonight in the 2014 action-comedy The Interview, who was portrayed by James Franco
 * Skylark (1934 film), a French comedy film starring Fernandel and Noël-Noël
 * Skylark (1941 film), an American comedy film starring 	Claudette Colbert and Ray Milland
 * Skylark (1993 film), starring Glenn Close and Christopher Walken, a sequel to Sarah, Plain and Tall
 * Sky Larks, a 1934 Walter Lantz film starring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

Music

 * Skylark (US musician), a professional bass player and singer associated with the American band The Doobie Brothers
 * Skylark (Canadian band), a Canadian pop music group best known for their 1973 hit song "Wildflower"
 * Skylark (Italian band), an Italian power metal band
 * "Skylark" (song), a 1942 jazz standard by Johnny Mercer (lyricist) and Hoagy Carmichael (composer)
 * Skylark (Paul Desmond album), 1973
 * Skylark (Shirley Scott album), 1991
 * Skylark (George Cables album), 1996

Vehicles

 * Buick Skylark, a model of American automobile (1953–1998)
 * Hupp Skylark, a model of American automobile (1939–40)

Other

 * Skylark Group, a North Indian poultry company
 * Skylark, a 1929 aviation comic strip by Elmer Woggon.
 * USS Skylark
 * Skylark (radio station), a community radio station in Devon
 * Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk, a series of short animated children's programmes
 * Skylark, the current name for the fictional comic book character originally known as Lady Lark
 * Team Skylark, a fictional all female French racing team on the animation series Immortal Grand Prix (or IGPX)
 * The unofficial name of the Edward E. Smith Memorial Award
 * Chip Skylark, a character in The Fairly OddParents
 * Starlark, a Python-based configuration language used for monorepos that was formerly known as Skylark

title: Skylark (disambiguation)


text:
Traffic zone

Traffic Zone may refer to:

 * Traffic analysis zone, a unit of geography most commonly used in conventional transportation planning models
 * Traffic Zone Center for Visual Art, a Minneapolis-based artist cooperative

title: Traffic zone


text:
Hansen (crater)

Hansen is a lunar impact crater that is located near the eastern limb of the Moon. It was named after Danish astronomer Peter Andreas Hansen. It lies to the northeast of the larger crater Condorcet, and to the south of the smaller Alhazen.

The outer wall of Hansen is sharp-edged, with a slight outward bulge to the southwest. The inner wall drops downward to a shelf of slumped material, then to a slightly bowl-shaped interior. There is a central peak formation at the midpoint of the interior.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hansen. All are in the east with the A being closer and the B being further.

title: Hansen (crater)


text:
Lassell (lunar crater)

Lassell  is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the eastern part of the Mare Nubium. It was named after British astronomer William Lassell. It lies to the west of the crater Alpetragius and southwest of Alphonsus.

Description
The interior of Lassell has been flooded and resurfaced by lava, leaving a nearly flat surface with a low remaining outer rim. The surface has a low albedo, giving the interior a dark appearance. The surviving outer wall is generally circular but with a somewhat polygonal shape.

To the east-northeast is a circular, bowl-shaped crater designated Lassell B. This formation has a higher albedo than its surroundings and so appears relatively bright, especially at high sun angles.

The tiny crater Lassell D is located to the west-northwest of Lassell, about halfway to the ruined crater Guericke. This craterlet is surrounded by a patch of high-albedo surface, and is an example of a prominent lunar bright patch. The light hue is thought to be an indication of recent formation, at least in lunar geological terms.

Lassell massif
To the west of Lassell, at coordinates 14.65°S, 350.96°E is a small highland area called the Lassell Massif, which has a reddish color relative to the surrounding mare.

The massif was created by series of eruptions of viscous silicic lavas starting 4.07$$ billion years ago. Its surface is suspected to be partially buried by ejecta from Copernicus crater. The southern domes Lassell G and Lassell K have most silica-rich composition and feature a caldera-like depressions on tops.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lassell.

title: Lassell (lunar crater)


text: User talk:69.212.110.189

title: User talk:69.212.110.189


text:
Pseudomonas putida

Pseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, saprophytic soil bacterium. It has a versatile metabolism and is amenable to genetic manipulation, making it a common organism used in research, bioremediation, and synthesis of chemicals and other compounds.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has listed P. putida strain KT2440 as Host-vector system safety level 1 certified (HV-1), indicating that it is safe to use without any extra precautions. Thus, use of P. putida in many research labs is preferable to some other Pseudomonas species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for example, which is an opportunistic pathogen.

History and phylogeny
Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. putida was taxonomically confirmed to be a Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) and placed, along with several other species, in the P. putida group, to which it lends its name. However, phylogenomic analysis of complete genomes from the entire Pseudomonas genus clearly showed that the genomes that were named as P. putida did not form a monophyletic clade, but were dispersed and formed a wider evolutionary group (the putida group) that included other species as well, such as P. alkylphenolia, P. alloputida, P. monteilii, P. cremoricolorata, P. fulva, P. parafulva, P. entomophila, P. mosselii, P. plecoglossicida and several genomic species (new species which are not validly defined).

A variety of P. putida, called multiplasmid hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas, is the first patented organism in the world. Because it is a living organism, the patent was disputed and brought before the United States Supreme Court in the historic court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, which the inventor, Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, won. It demonstrates a very diverse metabolism, including the ability to degrade organic solvents such as toluene. This ability has been put to use in bioremediation, or the use of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants.

Genomics
The protein count and GC content of the (63) genomes that belong to the P. putida wider evolutionary group (as defined by a phylogenomic analysis of 494 complete genomes from the entire Pseudomonas genus) ranges between 3748–6780 (average: 5197) and between 58.7–64.4% (average: 62.3%), respectively. The core proteome of the analyzed 63 genomes (of the P. putida group) comprised 1724 proteins, of which only 1 core protein was specific for this group, meaning that it was absent in all other analyzed Pseudomonads.

Bioremediation
The diverse metabolism of wild-type strains of P. putida may be exploited for bioremediation; for example, it has been shown in the laboratory to function as a soil inoculant to remedy naphthalene-contaminated soils.

Pseudomonas putida is capable of converting styrene oil into the biodegradable plastic PHA. This may be of use in the effective recycling of polystyrene foam, otherwise thought to be not biodegradable.

Biocontrol
Pseudomonas putida has demonstrated potential biocontrol properties, as an effective antagonist of plant pathogens such as Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici.

Oligonucleotide usage signatures of the P. alloputida KT2440 genome
Di- to pentanucleotide usage and the list of the most abundant octa- to tetradecanucleotides are useful measures of the bacterial genomic signature. The P. putida KT2440 chromosome is characterized by strand symmetry and intrastrand parity of complementary oligonucleotides. Each tetranucleotide occurs with similar frequency on the two strands. Tetranucleotide usage is biased by G+C content and physicochemical constraints such as base stacking energy, dinucleotide propeller twist angle, or trinucleotide bendability. The 105 regions with atypical oligonucleotide composition can be differentiated by their patterns of oligonucleotide usage into categories of horizontally acquired gene islands, multidomain genes or ancient regions such as genes for ribosomal proteins and RNAs. A species-specific extragenic palindromic sequence is the most common repeat in the genome that can be exploited for the typing of P. putida strains. In the coding sequence of P. putida, LLL is the most abundant tripeptide. Phylogenomic analysis reclassified the strain KT2440 in a new species Pseudomonas alloputida.

Organic synthesis
Pseudomonas putida's amenability to genetic manipulation has allowed it to be used in the synthesis of numerous organic pharmaceutical and agricultural compounds from various substrates.

CBB5 and caffeine consumption
Pseudomonas putida CBB5, a nonengineered, wild-type variety found in soil, can live on caffeine and has been observed to break caffeine down into carbon dioxide and ammonia.

title: Pseudomonas putida


text:
Vavasseur mounting

Vavasseur mountings were several mounting devices for artillery and machine guns. They were invented and patented by Josiah Vavasseur.

The mountings were used in Barton's Point Battery in Sheerness, on the Isle of Sheppey, in Kent, England.

Vavasseur pivot mountings were also used in naval artillery mounted on ships in the late 19th century.

title: Vavasseur mounting


text:
Ashdod-Yam

Ashdod-Yam or Azotus Paralios (lit. Ashdod/Azotus-on-the-sea" ) is an archaeological site on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. It is located in the southern part of the modern city of Ashdod, and about 5 kilometres northwest of the ancient site of Tel Ashdod, where ancient Ashdod stood in the time of the Philistines. Ashdod-Yam and its inland counterpart, Ashdod or Azotus Mesogaios, were for most of their history two closely connected but distinct entities. Much of the surrounding environ is covered by sand dunes and remains unexplored.

Names
The ancient Levantine settlement of Ashdod-Yam had several names. In Assyrian records, it is attested as "asdudi-immu", corresponding to the Hebrew "’ašdód-yamm". The first part of the name, "Ašdod", is believed to be derived from the Late Bronze Age Canaanite "’aṯdādu".

In the Hellenistic period, the name of the settlement became "Azotus Paralios", literally "Azotus-by-the-sea", in contrast to Azotus Mesogaias, literally "Inland Azotus". In the Islamic period, it became "Mahuz Azdud", literally "harbour of Azdud", a combining the ancient Aramaic word for harbour, mahuz, and "Azdud".

During the Crusades, as property of the lord of Ramla, Hugh, it was bequeathed to the knight Nicolas de Beroard and necame known as "Castellum Beroart". Its contemporary Arabic name is "Minat al-Qal'a", after the Umayyad-era fort that was built at the site and whose ruins remain partially intact to this day.

History
The two towns, Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam, have been connected throughout their history. Despite the antiquity of the place, the name Ashdod-yam was applied to the site and adjacent town in October 1955, by Israel's Government Naming Committee.

Late Bronze Age
During the Late Bronze Age the inland city of Ashdod used a port facility near the mouth of the Lakhish River, at Tel Mor, as its main exit to the sea, while a smaller port was probably located at Ashdod-Yam.

Iron Age
During the Iron Age the roles gradually reversed, and Ashdod-Yam, located south of Ashdod, overtook in importance the port at Tel Mor, located north of Ashdod. As one of the main five cities of the Philistine Pentapolis, Ashdod had great regional significance.

Ashdod-Yam is first mentioned in documents from the time of Sargon II of Assyria when in 713 BCE the Assyrian king speaks of having to depose a usurper who had taken over control of the city of Ashdod and had fortified three towns: Ashdod itself, Gath, and "Asdudimmu" (Ashdod-Yam).

Hellenistic through Byzantine period
When general Pompey restored to Ashdod its independence previously lost to the Hasmonean king John Hyrcanus, the city consisted of two twin towns, the regional center of Azotos Mesogeios or A. Hippenos (lit. "inland Ashdod" and "Ashdod of the horsemen" respectively), and Azotos Paralios (lit. "coastal Ashdod"; also written A. Paralus, Paralius) The town, under its Greek designation, appears in the Madaba Map of the 6th century.

This arrangement persisted throughout the Byzantine period, when the port town actually overshadowed in importance its former mother-city further inland: the bishops of Azotos present at the council of 325 and the council of Jerusalem in 536 seem to have resided in Azotos Paralios rather than in Azotos Mesogeios. Remains from Azotos Paralios of the Byzantine period, including a 1.500-year-old Greek dedication to a large church, were found over 2 km north of the inland Iron Age site. The inscription was discovered between two modern houses, about a mile from the coast. According to a medieval Christian Georgian calendar, a four-line Greek mosaic inscription dated back to "the 3rd indiction, year 292", which corresponds to the 6th century AD on the Gregorian calendar. The 6th-century Madaba Map shows both cities under their respective names. The prominence of Hellenised, then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century, when it came under Muslim rule. The city was represented at the Council of Chalcedon by Heraclius of Azotus.

A chancel screen from a synagogue from the 6th century CE testifies to the existence of a Jewish community at Ashdod-Yam during the Byzantine period.

In November 2017, archaeologists discovered a church, later fully excavated and called “Church of the Deaconesses.” An inscription was discovered between two modern houses, about a mile from the coast. According to a medieval Christian Georgian calendar, a four-line Greek mosaic inscription dated back to "the 3rd indiction, year 292", which corresponds to the 6th century AD on the Gregorian calendar. Archaeologists thought they could have found the remains of the Roman-Byzantine city of Ashdod-Yam. In 2021 excavations at the site of a Byzantine-era Christian basilica revealed "splendid" mosaics and tombs dug beneath the floors. The mosaics provide evidence of women serving as ministers and deacons of the church. The burials included mass-graves of bodies covered in lime, believed to have been used to inter victims of the Plague of Justinian.

Early Muslim, Crusader, and Mamluk periods

In the Umayyad period, the Caliph Abd al-Malik, the builder of the Dome of the Rock, constructed a fort at Azotus Paralios in the 7th century as part of a series of coastal defenses in Palestine. Measuring 35m by 55m, the fort was built over the razed insulae of the former Byzantine town, and was previously thought to been of later 10th or 11th century construction. It was only after subsequent archaeological work that it was determined to have been built by the Umayyads and only later remodelled by the Fatimids and Crusaders.

The medieval Arabic name of the port town was Mahuz Azdud, "harbour of Azdud", a very interesting combination between the by then already ancient Aramaic word for harbour, mahuz, and "Azdud", a return to a form much closer to the old Semitic name "Ashdod".

The fort of "Minat al-Qal'a" (lit. "the port with the castle" in Arabic) was probably built by the Umayyads and was reconstructed by the Fatimids and Crusaders. The initial purpose was to hold off the strong Byzantine navy and it constituted one link in a chain of Muslim coastal fortifications.

Documents from the Crusader period indicate that Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam belonged to the lordship of Ramla, and it appears probable that in 1169 the old Arab sea fort (Minat al-Qal'a) was given by Hugh, lord of Ramla, to his knight Nicolas de Beroard. From this period the fort is known as "Castellum Beroart".

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
The port stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed by the Muslims along with the other port cities, due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea. With the destruction of the port city, its inland counterpart regains its importance.

Excavation
The Iron Age site was excavated by Jacob Kaplan from 1965 to 1968 on behalf of the Tel Aviv-Yafo Museum of Antiquities. Finds at the site include sections of city fortification walls and a glacis. Pottery found at the site suggests that the fortifications were built in the second half of the 8th century BCE and that a second phase of occupation occurred during the 7th century BCE when the site was no longer fortified.

The medieval fort has been most recently worked on by Dov Nachlieli and his team.

title: Ashdod-Yam


text:
HMCS Vancouver

Several Canadian naval units have been named HMCS Vancouver. One was named for the explorer George Vancouver, the others after the city of Vancouver.

Named for George Vancouver;

 * HMCS Vancouver (F6A) (I) was a Thorneycroft S-class destroyer that served in the Royal Navy as HMS Toreador (1918) from 1919 until her transfer to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1928. The ship was decommissioned and scrapped in 1937.

Named for the city of Vancouver;

 * HMCS Vancouver (K225) (II) was a Flower-class corvette that was renamed HMCS Kitchener (K225) before her launch in November 1941.
 * HMCS Vancouver (K240) (III) was a Flower-class corvette that served in the Second World War. Vancouver served from its commission in March 1942 to the end of the war, when it was taken out of service in June 1945.
 * HMCS Vancouver (IV) was a survey ship launched in June 1965 and sold in 1982.
 * HMCS Vancouver (FFH 331) (V) is a Halifax-class frigate serving in the Canadian Forces since 1993.

Battle honours

 * Aleutians, 1942-43.
 * Atlantic, 1944–45
 * Arabian Sea

title: HMCS Vancouver


text:
Moissan (crater)

Moissan is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, within the west rim of the large crater Mendeleev, and due south of the similar-sized Bergman.

The crater name was adopted by the IAU in 1976, and refers to French chemist and Nobel laureate Henri Moissan.

title: Moissan (crater)


text:
User:William M. Connolley/Whats-wrong-with-wikipedia

Lots of people rant about whats wrong with wikipedia (probably... I wonder who they are?) so I thought I would as well. This page can also function as a sort of to-do list for me.

Science
Wiki isn't brilliant at removing junk science from articles. Most of the climate stuff is fairly clean because I watch it. But here are some examples from elsewhere:

 * Gravity - gets fairly poor at section "How curvatures of spacetime simulate gravitational force". I fought this for a bit then gave up - I really don't know GR well enough.

Hmmm... I really ought to have more examples than that if I am to complain. I'll add them as I remember.

Sometimes people get obsessed with a character and build her up too much. The obvious example is Nikola Tesla. I've hacked this down a bit but more is required I'm fairly sure. I rather suspect that some of the dodgy stuff in Albert Einstein - the over emphasis on Mileva - is part of this.

The science/philosophy interface can be a problem too... see the slow motion train crash that is scientific method. Or some of free will. But I don't have much time for philosophers so perhaps its just my bias showing.

Misc
The Michael Crichton article probably comes into the no-personal-research category... which is a problem, on occasion. One of my failures.


text: File:HMCS Vancouver crest.jpg

title: File:HMCS Vancouver crest.jpg


text:
Ohm (crater)

Ohm is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the south of the crater Comrie, and the satellite crater Comrie K is attached to Ohm's northeastern rim. To the northwest is the larger Shternberg, and to the southwest is Kamerlingh Onnes.

This crater is located at the origin of an extensive ray system that extends for several hundred kilometers across the surrounding lunar terrain. The exterior surface for about 20–30 km is relatively free of the ray material, but beyond that perimeter is a skirt of higher albedo, with streaks extending to the northwest, east-northeast, and southwards. The crater is part of the Copernican System.

The outer rim of Ohm is sharply defined, except at the southern end where the edge is somewhat irregular. The inner surface drops down to an interior blanket of slumped material that slopes down to the floor. The crater lacks a notable central peak.

title: Ohm (crater)


text:
Novosibirsk Report

The Novosibirsk Report, which many scholars consider one of the first signs of perestroika, was the name given in the West to a classified paper ("for internal use only") prepared under the direction of Tatyana Zaslavskaya of the Novosibirsk Institute of Economics which addressed the crisis in the agriculture of the Soviet Union. It was the theme of a closed conference in Novosibirsk in April 1983 and leaked to the Washington Post which published it in August.

Although expressed in terms of Marxist theory, this paper, an outline of a proposed research project to study the social mechanisms of economic development as exemplified in Siberian agriculture, was sharply critical of current conditions.

The conference was organized by the Sociology Department of the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Soviet Academy of Sciences to discuss the report prepared under the direction of Zaslavskaya that considered lagging of "production relations" (производственные отношения) with respect to "production forces" (производительные силы) in the country.

Mikhail Gorbachev discussed this report within the higher echelons of the Soviet Communist Party, and it is believed that this report was the basis of Gorbachev's criticism of "administrative methods" in the economic management at the 27th Party Congress, which initiated perestroika.

title: Novosibirsk Report


text:
User talk:Rcc105

Orphaned non-free image File:PAGC logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:PAGC logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:52, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Single Speed World Championship for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Single Speed World Championship is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Single Speed World Championship until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. bonadea contributions talk 14:43, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of ArcGIS Viewer for Flex

The article ArcGIS Viewer for Flex has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Lack of notability, lack of sources, ArcGIS article is a suitable replacement"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

''' This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. ''' Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

File:LeDroitParkMural.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:LeDroitParkMural.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 20:45, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of Brian Keich for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Brian Keich is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Brian Keich until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Thebiguglyalien ( talk ) 05:19, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of National Ultra Endurance Series for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article National Ultra Endurance Series, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.

The discussion will take place at Articles for deletion/National Ultra Endurance Series until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.

To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:01, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Detrick Feb 2016.png
Thanks for uploading File:Detrick Feb 2016.png. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en@wikimedia.org, stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add permission pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org.

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. Here is a list of your uploads. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described in section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Estopedist1 (talk) 09:17, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rcc105


text:
Asquith (disambiguation)

H. H. Asquith (1852–1928) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916.

Asquith may also refer to:
 * Earl of Oxford and Asquith, a peerage title given to H. H. Asquith

People

 * Persons of the Asquith family, descended from or related to Prime Minister Asquith:
 * Margot Asquith (1864–1945), author and second wife of the Prime Minister
 * Raymond Asquith (1878–1916), eldest son of the Prime Minister, died in World War I
 * Herbert Asquith (poet) (1881–1947), poet, the Prime Minister's second son
 * Arthur Asquith (1883–1939), brigadier-general, the Prime Minister's third son
 * Cynthia Asquith (1887–1960), author, the poet's wife
 * Violet Bonham Carter (1887–1969), politician and diarist, elder daughter of H.H. Asquith by his first wife
 * Cyril Asquith, Baron Asquith of Bishopstone (1890–1954), barrister, judge and law lord, fourth son of H.H. Asquith
 * Elizabeth Bibesco (1897–1945), writer, daughter of H.H. Asquith and Margot Asquith
 * Anthony Asquith (1902–1968), film director, youngest son of the Prime Minister
 * Julian Asquith, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith (1916–2011), colonial administrator
 * Raymond Asquith, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith (born 1952), former diplomat, elder son of the 2nd Earl
 * Clare Asquith, Countess of Oxford and Asquith (born 1951), independent scholar and author, wife of the 3rd Earl
 * Dominic Asquith (born 1957), diplomat, ambassador to Iraq, Egypt and Libya, younger son of the 2nd Earl

Other

 * Frederick Asquith (1870–1916), English cricketer
 * Ros Asquith, British cartoonist, children's author, illustrator and journalist.
 * William Asquith, English rugby league player

Place names

 * Askwith, North Yorkshire, England, formerly spelled Asquith
 * Asquith, New South Wales, suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Asquith Boys High School in Asquith, Sydney, Australia
 * Asquith Girls High School in Asquith, Sydney, Australia
 * Asquith, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Asquith Bluff, Antarctica

Automobiles

 * Asquith (1901 automobile)
 * Asquith (1981 automobile)

title: Asquith (disambiguation)


text:
Robertson (crater)

Robertson is an important lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the western limb. It lies just to the south of Berkner, a formation with a comparable size but more eroded features. Just to the east is Helberg, and to the southwest is Alter.

The inner wall of the crater rim has a wide, complex formation of multiple terraces. The rim is approximately circular, but with an irregular outline where various terraces have slumped away. The interior has a central peak at the midpoint, and this is joined to a rugged stretch of ground that connects with the northeastern rim. A band of light-hued ray material from Ohm covers the southern half of the crater floor and rim.

title: Robertson (crater)


text: User talk:82.38.106.90

title: User talk:82.38.106.90


text:
Zoospore

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion in aqueous or moist environments. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some protists, bacteria, and fungi to propagate themselves. Certain zoospores are infectious and transmittable, such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungal zoospore that causes high rates of mortality in amphibians.

General morphology
Zoospores are composed of a microtubular cytoskeleton base which extends from the base of the flagellum. The complexity and structure of this cytoskeleton is variable and is largely dependent on volume and size. One common feature of zoospores is their asymmetrical shape; a result of the ventral grove housing the flagella base. Certain zoospores progress through different phases, the first phase commonly referred to as 'the initial'. Others form cysts that vary tremendously in volume (14-4905 cubic micrometers) and shape, each with distinctive hair structures.

Flagella types
Zoospores may possess one or more distinct types of flagella - tinsel or "decorated", and whiplash, in various combinations.

 * Tinsellated (straminipilous ) flagella have lateral filaments known as mastigonemes perpendicular to their main axis, which allow for more surface area, and disturbance of the medium, giving them the property of a rudder, that is, used for steering.
 * Whiplash flagella are straight, to power the zoospore through its medium. Also, the "default" zoospore only has the propelling, whiplash flagella.

Both tinsel and whiplash flagella beat in a sinusoidal wave pattern, but when both are present, the tinsel beats in the opposite direction of the whiplash, to give two axes of control of motility.

Attachment to the base of the zoospore is variable between taxa and may help with identification of species.

Morphological types
In eukaryotes, the four main types of zoospore are illustrated in Fig. 1 at right:
 * 1) Posterior whiplash flagella are a characteristic of the Chytridiomycota, and a proposed uniting trait of the opisthokonts, a large clade of eukaryotes containing animals and fungi. Most of these have a single posterior flagellum (Fig. 1a), but the Neocallimastigales have up to 16 (Fig. 1b).
 * 2) Anisokonts are biflagellated zoospores with two whip types flagella of unequal length (Fig. 1c). These are found in some of the Myxomycota and Plasmodiophoromycota.
 * 3) Zoospores with a single anterior flagellum (Fig. 1d) of the tinsel type are characteristic of Hyphochytriomycetes.
 * 4) Heterokont are biflagellated zoospores (Fig. 1e, f) with both whiplash (smooth) and tinsel type (fine outgrowths called mastigonemes) flagella attached anteriorly or laterally. These zoospores are characteristic of the Oomycota and other heterokonts.

Zoosporangium
A zoosporangium is the asexual structure (sporangium) in which the zoospores develop in plants, fungi, or protists (such as the Oomycota). Developing sporangia of oomycetes go through a process of cleavage in which a protein kinase, in the case of Phytophthora infestans, induces the sporangial cytoplasm to split and release the various zoospores. Release of the spores can occur either inside of the zoosporangium (intrasporangial zoosporogenesis) or exteriorly (extrasporangial zoosporogenesis). Spores absorb water and travel through the cell membrane for excretion.

Infectivity
Different fungal zoospores may infect different taxa of organisms. Due to zoospores' aquatic lifestyle, fish and amphibians are ideal hosts. Some colonize exposed injuries in fish which may cause epidermal damage, leading to death in certain cases. Others may utilize species of frogs (such as Bufo marinus and Rana catesbieana) as carriers, allowing extended ranges of travel.

title: Zoospore


text:
User talk:Renamed user mmk6jbVJgS

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

 * Helpful links : Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies Reassigning old edits || What Wikipedia is not

 * Maintenance : Deleting articles || all maintenance tasks (see also open tasks, below)

Uploading images: please note the origins and copyright status of every image you upload.

To sign your comments, type four tildes like this: ''. This automatically adds your name and the current time.

I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave questions on my talk page. :)

Regards, +sj + 19:35, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Renamed user mmk6jbVJgS


text:
User talk:Grievre

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

 * Helpful links : Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies Reassigning old edits || What Wikipedia is not

 * Maintenance : Deleting articles || all maintenance tasks (see also open tasks, below)

Uploading images: please note the origins and copyright status of every image you upload.

To sign your comments, type four tildes like this: ''. This automatically adds your name and the current time.

I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave questions on my talk page. :)

Regards, +sj + 19:35, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grievre


text:
Saenger (crater)

Saenger is an ancient lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the eastern limb. It was named after Austrian rocketry scientist Eugen Sänger. To the west-northwest is the crater Erro, and due north lies Moiseev. To the northeast is Al-Khwarizmi.

The outer rim of Saenger has been eroded and reshaped by subsequent impacts, leaving the outer wall nearly destroyed to the north and south. The satellite crater Saenger D is adjacent to the interior of the northeastern rim. To the west, Saenger V lies across the northwestern rim, while the crater pair Saenger P and Q lie across and intrude into the southwestern rim. In contrast, the interior floor is relatively flat and featureless, with only tiny craterlets to mark the surface.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Saenger.

title: Saenger (crater)


text:
User talk:Mydaz

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Popularism
Can you cite any sources for Popularism? The association of the term with the meaning you give it doesn't seem common. Rl 15:23, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Lulivo.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Lulivo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 18:03, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mydaz


text:
Ben Wicks

Ben Wicks, (born Alfred Wicks; October 1, 1926 – September 10, 2000) was a British-born Canadian cartoonist, illustrator, journalist and author.

Biography
Wicks was a Cockney born into a poor, working-class family in London's East End near London Bridge. He learned to play the saxophone in the British Army and toured Europe in a band with author Leonard Bigg also from London. He immigrated to Canada in 1957 with his wife Doreen Wicks with just $25. He found work as a milkman in Calgary and then joined the Canadian Army as a musician and began studying cartooning from books. Wicks came across a list in a library of magazines willing to purchase cartoons and began trying his hand—his first major success was being published by the Saturday Evening Post.

In 1963, he travelled to Toronto to assess cartooning possibilities and met Toronto Telegram 'The Giants' daily illustrated feature cartoonist, Norman Drew, who advised him to move to Toronto. Wicks then moved to Toronto to work for the Toronto Telegram and his cartoon, The Outcasts, was soon syndicated in over 50 newspapers. His cartoons were simply drawn but were very topical and witty and became popular with readers and were picked up by the Toronto Star after the Telegram ceased operations in 1971. At its height, his daily cartoon, now called Wicks was carried by 84 Canadian and more than 100 American newspapers.

Wicks had a self-effacing but charming personality and became a popular guest on television and radio shows and had his own television show on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in the 1970s. He also created and illustrated the Katie and Orbie series of children's books written by his daughter Susan which in 1994 were turned into an animated series for Family in Canada and for PBS in the United States.

"I was the first person to employ Ben Wicks when he arrived in Calgary early in 1957. I was a partner in Fisher Trade Services Ltd., a company set up to supply the printing industry with camera-ready art and short run printing projects. An immigrant myself from Britain in 1952, I was trained at the old Luton School of Arts, now Barnfield College, and had just left my job as head of a small art and printing department at Motor Car Supply Company to form a partnership with Art Brown, of Graphic Arts Supply Ltd.

Ben had been canvassing all the suitable companies in Calgary, and came into my place one day accompanied by his wife Doreen. I explained we had just started operations and simply couldn't afford to take on staff. Ben promptly offered to work for nothing on a trial period and I was impressed by his persistence and determination, plus his obvious ability to get along with people. He showed me some samples of his work and I was frankly unimpressed, but there was something about him that appealed to me. I was in need of a short holiday as the stress of our start-up was beginning to tell so I decided to take him at his word. Ben was something of a disaster during his stay with me as he simply hadn't the experience and speed needed to cope with the world of commercial art, but we parted friends after a short time and stayed friends for many years. Ben was godfather to our son Michael John Fisher, and was a frequent house-guest during his early years in Canada.

Ben was a professional charmer in the best sense of that word. He was a hard worker and endured all the rejections and disappointments that go with trying to break into the cartoon business with good humour and a ready smile. His cockney accent was his schtick and as the years went by it seemed to grow more pronounced. He readily admitted he couldn't draw worth beans, and I had to agree with him. I have always been mildly amused by Ben's biographies and chided him that I was never included, and that certain periods of his life were always glossed over with vague references to odd jobs such as milkman and playing in an army band. You could never stay mad at Ben for any length of time. He charmed his way into many successful careers and earned every award given him. We were actually neighbours in the Toronto Don Valley Woods Townhouse development in the 1960s when I was beginning my writing career and we lost touch later, but I followed his career with interest. Ben Wicks was the classic example of a penniless immigrant making good. He did it with a mixture of some talent and a lot of hard work and natural charm. John Fisher, 2010"

Canada Games published a board game in collaboration with Ben called "Quick Picks With Ben Wicks" which is similar in game play to Pictionary.

He also opened a pub in Toronto's Cabbagetown district named The Ben Wicks. The Parliament Street pub was sold to new owners July 2013. However, a blue plaque commemorating Wicks has been installed on the railing and a wall-sized outdoor cartoon by Wicks has been retained.

Wicks was also known for his humanitarian work. He used his illustrations to publicize the plight of civilian sufferers of the Biafran War in Nigeria, and became a supporter of Oxfam. During the 1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia, he organized Cartoonists for Africa raising money and awareness. Wicks spent much time in his later decades promoting literacy among children.

In 1986, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada.

In 1997, he donated material to the Ryerson University archives.

Wicks died of cancer in 2000 at age 73.

In Wicks' memory, the annual "Ben Wicks Award" was given from 2001 to 2010 to young talented cartoonists by Regional Maple Leaf Communications.

In May 2007, Wicks was the subject of a court case, as his children tried to reclaim 2,408 vintage drawings left behind in a 1992 move. The family won the case and the court ordered the drawings to be returned to them.

Works

 * Ben Wicks' Canada, McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto, 1976, ISBN 0-7710-8983-X
 * Waiting for the All Clear, Bloomsbury, London, 1990, ISBN 0-7475-0667-1
 * No Time to Wave Goodbye, Stoddart, Toronto, 1988, ISBN 0-7737-2215-7
 * Katie and Orbie Save the Planet, 1991 (as illustrator), ISBN 1-5501-3322-5, ISBN 1-5501-3324-1, ISBN 1-5501-3326-8, ISBN 1-5501-3328-4
 * The Day They Took the Children, Stoddart, Toronto,1989, ISBN 0-7737-2333-1
 * DAWN OF THE PROMISED LAND, The Creation of Israel, Stoddart,1997, ISBN 0-7737-3050-8

title: Ben Wicks


text:
Talk:The Frugal Gourmet

so was this entry copied from http://www.jumptheshark.com/f/frugalgourmet.htm or the other way around?

Yes, it is suspicious that this article was created with the philly cheese steak paragraph fully formed and identical to jumptheshark, while the rest of the article was a stub. But you never know if the same person contributed to both sites, since jumptheshark is unsigned and undated. GUllman 01:32, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The questionable paragraph should be deleted and rewritten, with specifics (year at least, please) and from a good source (not "Jumptheshark.com"). In addition to the questionable copyright the paragraph lacks important details.  It says "some PBS channels dumped him" because of this incident — who is "some"?  WHYY (Philadelphia region) was still airing the show in mid-1998, when most others had dropped it due to the sexual harassment allegations against Smith.   Good luck finding sources online though, most copy or cite Jumptheshark/Wikipedia regarding this incident. --Mrwojo 19:44, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * P.S. — the Internet Archive confirms that Jumptheshark.com had that paragraph as early as February 2002. This article was created in January 2004. --Mrwojo 19:51, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Frugal Gourmet


text:
User talk:Jordgubbe

Welcome
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

 * Helpful links : Editing || Writing a great article || Naming || Style Manual || Policies Reassigning old edits || What Wikipedia is not

 * Maintenance : Deleting articles || all maintenance tasks (see also open tasks, below)

Uploading images: please note the origins and copyright status of every image you upload.

To sign your comments, type four tildes like this: ''. This automatically adds your name and the current time.

I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave questions on my talk page. :)

Regards, +sj + 19:36, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

iPod images
Thanks for your question on my user talk page! All images that I create and upload to Wikipedia are licensed with these terms: the photographer (Brian Kendig) is credited. So you're completely welcome to use them in your iPod articles. Thank you for asking! :) - Brian Kendig 21:29, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I had to modify the comment above because will redirect to a speedy deletion tag soon, and your talk page is not a speedy deletion candidate. Jesse Viviano 01:09, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Allhelgonakyrkan
You're right, that's the wrong church. I asked a Swedish friend about Allhelgonakyrkan, and they gave me the picture, but apparently they didn't really know what it was, and now he doesn't remember where it's from. Sorry, what a mess. We'll just have to take it down. --R OY  YO Я 17:12, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

If you want to address Swedish editors
Hello. If you want to address Swedish editors for whatever reason, you can do it at Swedish Wikipedians' notice board.

Best regards, --Fred-Chess 12:29, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jordgubbe


text: User talk:83.84.42.198

title: User talk:83.84.42.198


text:
Morley's trisector theorem

In plane geometry, Morley's trisector theorem states that in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle, called the first Morley triangle or simply the Morley triangle. The theorem was discovered in 1899 by Anglo-American mathematician Frank Morley. It has various generalizations; in particular, if all the trisectors are intersected, one obtains four other equilateral triangles.

Proofs
There are many proofs of Morley's theorem, some of which are very technical. Several early proofs were based on delicate trigonometric calculations. Recent proofs include an algebraic proof by extending the theorem to general fields other than characteristic three, and John Conway's elementary geometry proof. The latter starts with an equilateral triangle and shows that a triangle may be built around it which will be similar to any selected triangle. Morley's theorem does not hold in spherical and hyperbolic geometry.

One proof uses the trigonometric identity

which, by using of the sum of two angles identity, can be shown to be equal to

 * $$\sin(3\theta)=-4\sin^3\theta+3\sin\theta.$$

The last equation can be verified by applying the sum of two angles identity to the left side twice and eliminating the cosine.

Points $$D, E, F$$ are constructed on $$\overline{BC}$$ as shown. We have $$3\alpha+3\beta+3\gamma=180^\circ$$, the sum of any triangle's angles, so $$\alpha+\beta+\gamma=60^\circ.$$ Therefore, the angles of triangle $$XEF$$ are $$\alpha, (60^\circ+\beta),$$ and $$(60^\circ+\gamma).$$

From the figure

and

Also from the figure

 * $$\angle{AYC}=180^\circ-\alpha-\gamma=120^\circ+\beta$$

and

The law of sines applied to triangles $$AYC$$ and $$AZB$$ yields

and

Express the height of triangle $$ABC$$ in two ways

 * $$h=\overline{AB} \sin(3\beta)=\overline{AB}\cdot 4\sin\beta\sin(60^\circ+\beta)\sin(120^\circ+\beta)$$

and

 * $$h=\overline{AC} \sin(3\gamma)=\overline{AC}\cdot 4\sin\gamma\sin(60^\circ+\gamma)\sin(120^\circ+\gamma).$$

where equation (1) was used to replace $$\sin(3\beta)$$ and $$\sin(3\gamma)$$ in these two equations. Substituting equations (2) and (5) in the $$\beta$$ equation and equations (3) and (6) in the $$\gamma$$ equation gives

 * $$h=4\overline{AB}\sin\beta\cdot\frac{\overline{DX}}{\overline{XE}}\cdot\frac{\overline{AC}}{\overline{AY}}\sin\gamma$$

and

 * $$h=4\overline{AC}\sin\gamma\cdot\frac{\overline{DX}}{\overline{XF}}\cdot\frac{\overline{AB}}{\overline{AZ}}\sin\beta$$

Since the numerators are equal

 * $$\overline{XE}\cdot\overline{AY}=\overline{XF}\cdot\overline{AZ}$$

or

 * $$\frac{\overline{XE}}{\overline{XF}}=\frac{\overline{AZ}}{\overline{AY}}.$$

Since angle $$EXF$$ and angle $$ZAY$$ are equal and the sides forming these angles are in the same ratio, triangles $$XEF$$ and $$AZY$$ are similar.

Similar angles $$AYZ$$ and $$XFE$$ equal $$(60^\circ+\gamma)$$, and similar angles $$AZY$$ and $$XEF$$ equal $$(60^\circ+\beta).$$ Similar arguments yield the base angles of triangles $$BXZ$$ and $$CYX.$$

In particular angle $$BZX$$ is found to be $$(60^\circ+\alpha)$$ and from the figure we see that

 * $$\angle{AZY}+\angle{AZB}+\angle{BZX}+\angle{XZY}=360^\circ.$$

Substituting yields

 * $$(60^\circ+\beta)+(120^\circ+\gamma)+(60^\circ+\alpha)+\angle{XZY}=360^\circ$$

where equation (4) was used for angle $$AZB$$ and therefore

 * $$\angle{XZY}=60^\circ.$$

Similarly the other angles of triangle $$XYZ$$ are found to be $$60^\circ.$$

Side and area
The first Morley triangle has side lengths

$$ a^\prime=b^\prime=c^\prime=8R\,\sin\tfrac13A\,\sin\tfrac13B\,\sin\tfrac13C, $$

where R is the circumradius of the original triangle and A, B, and C are the angles of the original triangle. Since the area of an equilateral triangle is $$\tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}a'^2,$$ the area of Morley's triangle can be expressed as

$$ \text{Area} = 16 \sqrt{3}R^2\, \sin^2\!\tfrac13A\, \sin^2\!\tfrac13B\, \sin^2\!\tfrac13C. $$

Morley's triangles
Morley's theorem entails 18 equilateral triangles. The triangle described in the trisector theorem above, called the first Morley triangle, has vertices given in trilinear coordinates relative to a triangle ABC as follows:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc} A \text{-vertex} &=& 1 &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13 C &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13 B \\[5mu] B \text{-vertex} &=& 2 \cos\tfrac13 C &:& 1 &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13 A \\[5mu] C \text{-vertex} &=& 2 \cos\tfrac13 B &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13 A &:& 1 \end{array}$$

Another of Morley's equilateral triangles that is also a central triangle is called the second Morley triangle and is given by these vertices:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc} A \text{-vertex} &=& 1 &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(C - 2\pi) &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(B - 2\pi) \\[5mu] B \text{-vertex} &=& 2 \cos\tfrac13(C - 2\pi) &:& 1 &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(A - 2\pi) \\[5mu] C \text{-vertex} &=& 2 \cos\tfrac13(B - 2\pi) &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(A - 2\pi) &:& 1 \end{array}$$

The third of Morley's 18 equilateral triangles that is also a central triangle is called the third Morley triangle and is given by these vertices:

$$\begin{array}{ccccccc} A \text{-vertex} &=& 1 &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(C + 2\pi) &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(B + 2\pi) \\[5mu] B \text{-vertex} &=& 2 \cos\tfrac13(C + 2\pi) &:& 1 &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(A + 2\pi) \\[5mu] C \text{-vertex} &=& 2 \cos\tfrac13(B + 2\pi) &:& 2 \cos\tfrac13(A + 2\pi) &:& 1 \end{array}$$

The first, second, and third Morley triangles are pairwise homothetic. Another homothetic triangle is formed by the three points X on the circumcircle of triangle ABC at which the line XX−1 is tangent to the circumcircle, where X−1 denotes the isogonal conjugate of X. This equilateral triangle, called the circumtangential triangle, has these vertices:

$$\begin{array}{lllllll} A \text{-vertex} &=& \phantom{-}\csc\tfrac13(C - B) &:& \phantom{-}\csc\tfrac13(2C + B) &:& -\csc\tfrac13(C + 2B) \\[5mu] B \text{-vertex} &=& -\csc\tfrac13(A + 2C) &:& \phantom{-}\csc\tfrac13(A - C) &:& \phantom{-}\csc\tfrac13(2A + C) \\[5mu] C \text{-vertex} &=& \phantom{-}\csc\tfrac13(2B + A) &:& -\csc\tfrac13(B + 2A) &:& \phantom{-}\csc\tfrac13(B - A) \end{array}$$

A fifth equilateral triangle, also homothetic to the others, is obtained by rotating the circumtangential triangle $\pi$/6 about its center. Called the circumnormal triangle, its vertices are as follows:

$$\begin{array}{lllllll} A \text{-vertex} &=& \phantom{-}\sec\tfrac13(C - B) &:& -\sec\tfrac13(2C + B) &:& -\sec\tfrac13(C + 2B) \\[5mu] B \text{-vertex} &=& -\sec\tfrac13(A + 2C) &:& \phantom{-}\sec\tfrac13(A - C) &:& -\sec\tfrac13(2A + C) \\[5mu] C \text{-vertex} &=& -\sec\tfrac13(2B + A) &:& -\sec\tfrac13(B + 2A) &:& \phantom{-}\sec\tfrac13(B - A) \end{array}$$

An operation called "extraversion" can be used to obtain one of the 18 Morley triangles from another. Each triangle can be extraverted in three different ways; the 18 Morley triangles and 27 extravert pairs of triangles form the 18 vertices and 27 edges of the Pappus graph.

Related triangle centers
The Morley center, X(356), centroid of the first Morley triangle, is given in trilinear coordinates by

$$ \cos\tfrac13A + 2\cos\tfrac13B\,\cos\tfrac13C \,:\, \cos\tfrac13B + 2\cos\tfrac13C\,\cos\tfrac13A \,:\, \cos\tfrac13C + 2\cos\tfrac13A\,\cos\tfrac13B $$

1st Morley–Taylor–Marr center, X(357): The first Morley triangle is perspective to triangle $\triangle ABC$: the lines each connecting a vertex of the original triangle with the opposite vertex of the Morley triangle concur at the point

$$ \sec\tfrac13A \,:\, \sec\tfrac13B \,:\, \sec\tfrac13C $$

title: Morley's trisector theorem


text:
User:Net Sweeper

Contact
Email me

title: User:Net Sweeper


text:
User talk:Congyu

Division I-A to I-BS
I know the name sounds like spam, but BS = Bowl Subdivision. Cong Yu 15:51, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Sorry for the false correction...indeed it looked like the usual vandalism to me. Thanks for the update. 66.65.76.15 16:27, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

peyton edit
just wondering why the edit removing whom he is married to. i saw on the discussion page for fmccown you said ashley simpson, but the sentence he added was correct. manning is married to ashley thompson and has been since 2001. i had mentioned it on the talk page, and hoped it would be added in order to quell some of the constant "gay rumors" and gay edits added to his page. (likely by Pats fans, lol) Kmccusker2 06:53, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I thought it was vandalism. Cong Yu 16:31, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, do we have a good source for his marriage? Cong Yu 16:33, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, theres the occasional shots of her on TV, or http://espn.go.com/talent/danpatrick/s/2001/0822/1242493.html

an interview with outtakes from him http://www.nfl.com/features/2002/thanksgiving/mannings.html a recent article so yes, there are credible sources for his marriage.Kmccusker2 06:09, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

List of social networking websites
Hi. I have reverted your insertion of a sortable table due to long-standing concerns discussed in the talk page for the article. Please take a look at the discussions to assess consensus regarding false numbering e.g. 11,000 comes above 10,000,000, which is wrong. If you can format a sortable table which overcomes this major problem, don't hesitate to add it to the List format. Thanks. Ref (chew) (do) 10:00, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't seem to see the incorrect sorting problem you mentioned here? When you sort, the first click sorts entries from small to large; and the second click sorts entries from large to small (the desired order).  I think the benefits of viewing entries in sorted order is significant.  Cong Yu 19:11, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it sorts 9s to the top and 1s to the bottom, regardless of how many noughts follow the numeral. Clicking the sort arrows at the top merely turns the problem upside down i.e. sorts the 1s to the top and the 9s to the bottom, regardless of noughts. Have a look at the comments on the talk page, you will see that contributors, including me, all have the same problem. Ref (chew) (do) 21:40, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Further to the above, either my computer has changed, or the Wiki source coding has changed, but anyway the sortable table currently being employed at List of social networking websites is working as I had always hoped it would. Thanks and sorry for the fuss. Ref (chew) (do)

Image copyright problem with File:Jag-web.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Jag-web.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by STBotI. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 04:33, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Cite Unseen update
Hello! Thank you for using Cite Unseen. The script recently received a significant update, detailed below. If you have any feedback, requested features, or domains to add/remove, don't hesitate to bring it up on the script's talk page. Thank you! ~ Super  Hamster  Talk Contribs 23:23, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
 * You can now toggle which icons you do or don't want to see. See the configuration section for details. All icons are enabled by default except for the new Yes Check Circle.svg generally reliable icon (described below).
 * New categorizations/icons:
 * Font Awesome 5 solid bullhorn.svg Advocacy: Organizations that are engaged in advocacy (anything from political to civil rights to lobbying). Note that an advocacy group can be reliable; this indicator simply serves to note when a source's primary purpose is to advocate for certain positions or policies, which is important to keep in mind when consuming a source.
 * Hand-33988.svg Editable: Sites that are editable by the public, such as wikis (Wikipedia, Fandom) or some databases (IMDb, Discogs).
 * Book X red.svg Predatory journals: These sites charge publication fees to authors without checking articles for quality and legitimacy.
 * Perennial source categories: Cite Unseen will mark sources as Yes Check Circle.svg generally reliable, Achtung-orange.svg marginally reliable, Argentina - NO symbol.svg generally unreliable, Stop hand.svg deprecated, and X-circle.svg blacklisted. This is based on Wikipedia's perennial sources list, which reflects community consensus on frequently discussed sources. Sources that have multiple categorizations are marked as Question Circle.svg varied reliability. Note that Yes Check Circle.svg generally reliable icons are disabled by default to reduce clutter, but you can enable them through your custom config. A special thanks to, whose new Sourceror API provides the perennial sources list in a clean, structured format.
 * With the addition of the new categorizations, the Scale icon unbalanced.svg biased source icon has been removed. This category was very broad, and repetitive to the new advocacy and perennial sources categorizations that are more informative.

You are receiving this message as a user of Cite Unseen. If you no longer wish to receive very occasional updates, you may remove yourself from the mailing list.

title: User talk:Congyu


text:
Donald "Duck" Dunn

Donald "Duck" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Rufus Thomas, Carla Thomas, William Bell, Eddie Floyd, Johnnie Taylor, Albert King, Bill Withers, Elvis Presley, and many others. In 1992, he was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 2017, he was ranked 40th on Bass Player magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time".

Early life
Dunn was born in Memphis, Tennessee. His father nicknamed him "Duck" while watching Disney cartoons with him one day. Dunn grew up playing sports and riding his bike with another future professional musician, Steve Cropper.

1960s: First bands
After Cropper began playing guitar with their friend Charlie Freeman, Dunn decided to learn the bass guitar. Eventually, along with drummer Terry Johnson, the four became the Royal Spades. The Messick High School group added keyboardist Jerry Lee "Smoochy" Smith, singer Ronnie Angel (also known as Stoots), and a budding young horn section in baritone saxophone player Don Nix, tenor saxophone player Charles "Packy" Axton, and trumpeter (and future co-founder of the Memphis Horns) Wayne Jackson.

Cropper has noted how the self-taught Dunn started out playing along with records, filling in what he thought should be there. "That's why Duck Dunn's bass lines are very unique," Cropper said, "They're not locked into somebody's schoolbook somewhere". Axton's mother, Estelle, and her brother Jim Stewart owned Satellite Records and signed the band, who had a national hit with "Last Night" in 1961 under their new name, the "Mar-Keys".

Booker T. and the M.G.'s was founded by Cropper and Booker T. Jones in 1962, with the drummer Al Jackson, Jr. The original bassist, on early hits such as "Green Onions", was Lewie Steinberg; Dunn replaced him in 1965.

Late 1960s–1970s: Session musician
Stax became known for Jackson's drum sound, the sound of the Memphis Horns, and Dunn's grooves. The MG's and Dunn's bass lines on songs like Otis Redding's "Respect" and "I Can't Turn You Loose", Sam & Dave's "Hold On, I'm Comin'", and Albert King's "Born Under a Bad Sign" influenced musicians everywhere.

As an instrumental group, they continued to experiment with the album McLemore Avenue (their reworking of the Beatles' Abbey Road) and on their final album, Melting Pot (1971), which featured bass lines that to this day inspire hip-hop artists. In the 1970s, Jones and Cropper left Stax, but Dunn and Jackson stayed with the label. Dunn worked with Elvis Presley on his 1973 RCA Album Raised on Rock.

In 1971, when the rhythm guitarist Tom Fogerty left Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR), the remaining members discussed with Dunn the possibility of his joining the group, with their current bassist, Stu Cook, moving to guitar. Booker T. and the MG's had performed in concert and jammed in the studio with CCR in the past, and Dunn in particular had become friends with the band members. But CCR ultimately decided to remain a trio from then on.

1980s–2000s
Dunn went on to play for Muddy Waters, Freddie King, Jerry Lee Lewis, Eric Clapton, Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, and Rod Stewart. He was the featured bass player on the single "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around", by Stevie Nicks and Tom Petty, from Nicks's debut solo album Bella Donna (1981), and on other tracks by Petty between 1976 and 1981. He reunited with Cropper as a member of Levon Helm's RCO All Stars and also displayed his quirky Southern humor making two movies with Cropper, former Stax drummer Willie Hall, and Dan Aykroyd as a member of the Blues Brothers band. Dunn was the bassist in Eric Clapton's band for Clapton's appearance at Live Aid in 1985.

Dunn played himself in the 1980 feature The Blues Brothers, where he famously uttered the line, "We had a band powerful enough to turn goat piss into gasoline!" and was frequently shown smoking a pipe while playing. He appeared in the 1998 sequel Blues Brothers 2000, again as himself. Dunn & the MGs were the house band for Bob Dylan's concert celebrating Dylan's 30th anniversary in the music business at Madison Square Garden playing behind Dylan, George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Tom Petty, Stevie Wonder, Sinéad O'Connor, Eddie Vedder, and Neil Young, who recruited the MGs to tour with him and recorded with Dunn several times since.

In the 2000s, Dunn was in semi-retirement, but still performed occasionally with Booker T. & the MG's at clubs and music festivals.

In June 2004, Dunn, Cropper, and Jones served as the house band for Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival. The group backed such guitarists as Joe Walsh and David Hidalgo on the main stage at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas.

In 2008, Dunn worked with the Australian soul singer Guy Sebastian touring for The Memphis Album. Dunn and Cropper arrived in Australia on February 20, 2008, to be Sebastian's backing band for an 18-date concert tour, the Memphis Tour.

Dunn is credited with performing on a version of the standard "I Ain't Got Nobody" with Jones, Cropper and Michel Gondry in Gondry's 2008 film Be Kind Rewind.

Personal life
Dunn was married to his wife, June, until his death. They had two sons, Mike and Jeff, and a grandson, Michael.

Death
On the morning of May 13, 2012, Dunn died in his sleep at age 70 after finishing his fifth double show at the Blue Note nightclub in Tokyo with Cropper the night before. He had been in Japan as part of an ongoing tour with Cropper and Eddie Floyd.

Musical equipment
When Dunn was 16, he bought his first bass guitar, a Kay 162 electric bass. About a year later, he acquired his first Fender Precision Bass, with sunburst body, rosewood fingerboard, and gold anodized pickguard. He lost that bass when Otis Redding and members of the Bar-Kays were killed in a plane crash, and the bass was on loan to bassist James Alexander. Dunn's second Fender bass was a 1959 Fender Precision Bass, with sunburst body, one-piece maple neck and gold anodized pickguard; he owned it until his death. Throughout his life, Dunn believed this was a 1958 model, but after his death, his son Jeff had work done on it, and the neck was inscribed "4-59," putting the date definitively as 1959. During the 1960s, he used a nearly identical 1959 model, but it was outfitted with a rosewood fretboard. He was an avid user of thick La Bella flatwound strings, as was James Jamerson.

While filming The Blues Brothers, Dunn used a sunburst early '70s Fender Precision bass with a rosewood fretboard and a "tortoiseshell" pickguard. He also used a red 1966 Precision in some of the scenes, a bass stamped "Demo" on the back, which was later fitted with a late '60s Jazz Bass neck. It was a combination that was popular with other top-level players, including Carl Radle, and Billy Cox. This "Jazzision" became the basis for a Skyline Series signature bass made by the Chicago bass company Lakland nearly 20 years later.

In 1980, with the popular Blues Brothers Band touring regularly, Fender gave Dunn a new bass to try, the company's first active electronics equipped model, the Precision Bass Special. His bass (serial number E0xx009) was finished in his favorite color, Candy Apple Red, with a matching headstock, and featured a one-piece maple neck, and gold hardware. He played this bass briefly, before gifting it to a friend.

In the mid-1980s, after nearly three decades, Dunn switched from Fender instruments, and became an endorser for Mississippi-based Peavey. He played their "Dyna Bass" model – finished in his favorite red – on stage and in the studio for a number of years. Over the decades, he was given various basses by friends and admirers, which included models by Travis Bean, Rickenbacker, Gibson, custom builders, and others, but his everyday instrument was always his Precision.

In 1998, Dunn collaborated with Fender to produce a signature Precision Bass: a candy apple red model based on the late 1950s style, with a gold anodized pickguard, split coil humbucking pickup, maple neck, and vintage hardware for a limited production of 200 instruments. The Bass was offered only for a limited time. The Dunn family has serial numbers XXX001, XXX002, and XXX003 in their collection. #002 is currently on display at the Hard Rock Cafe in Orlando, Florida.

Fellow studio legend Bob Glaub introduced Dunn to the people at Lakland, and based on his "Jazzision" bass from the Blues Brothers movie, the company's Duck Dunn signature model was released (later available as the model 44-64 Custom). Dunn played his final shows on one of these basses, and that bass remains with his son Jeff, complete with sweat streaks from his final moments of playing. Some of Dunn's basses are displayed at Hard Rock Cafe locations, some are in museums (like the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland), and others are in the hands of private collectors.

Over the years, Dunn played through an Ampeg Portaflex, or "Fliptop", B-15 combo (so named for its head that flipped over to store in the cabinet), as well as a Kustom 200 stack, and a Fender rig. He is best known for his use of an Ampeg SVT head and the company's matching 8×10" cabinet through his endorsement deal with Ampeg.

Collaborations
With The Rance Allen Group
 * A Soulful Experience (Truth Records, 1975)

With Joan Baez
 * Gulf Winds (A&M Records, 1976)
 * Blowin' Away (Portrait Records, 1977)

With William Bell
 * The Soul of a Bell (Stax Records, 1967)
 * Bound to Happen (Stax Records, 1969)
 * Relating (Stax Records, 1974)

With David Blue
 * Cupid's Arrow (Asylum Records, 1976)

With Booker T. & the M.G.'s
 * And Now! (Stax Records, 1966)
 * In the Christmas Spirit (Stax Records, 1966)
 * Hip Hug-Her (Stax Records, 1967)
 * Doin' Our Thing (Stax Records, 1968)
 * Soul Limbo (Stax Records, 1968)
 * UpTight (Stax Records, 1969)
 * The Booker T. Set (Stax Records, 1969)
 * McLemore Avenue (Stax Records, 1970)
 * Melting Pot (Stax Records, 1971)
 * Universal Language (Asylum Records, 1977)
 * That's the Way It Should Be (Columbia Records, 1994)

With Shirley Brown
 * Woman to Woman (Truth Records, 1974)
 * Shirley Brown (Arista Records, 1977)

With Jimmy Buffett
 * Hot Water (MCA Records, 1988)

With Cate Brothers
 * In One Eye and Out the Order (Asylum Records, 1976)

With Eric Clapton
 * Money and Cigarettes (Warner Bros. Records, 1983)
 * Behind the Sun (Warner Bros. Records, 1985)

With Doug Clifford
 * Cosmo (Fantasy Records, 1972)

With Rita Coolidge
 * Rita Coolidge (A&M Records, 1971)

With Steve Cropper
 * Playin' My Thang (MCA Records, 1981)

With Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
 * Looking Forward (Reprise Records, 1999)

With Patti Dahlstrom
 * Livin' It Thru (20th Century Records, 1976)

With Joe Dassin
 * Blue Country (CBS, 1979)

With Delaney & Bonnie
 * Home (Stax Records, 1969)

With Bob Dylan
 * Shot of Love (Columbia Records, 1981)

With Tinsley Ellis
 * Fire It Up (Alligator Records, 1997)

With The Emotions
 * Sunshine (Stax Records, 1977)

With Eddie Floyd
 * Knock on Wood (Stax Records, 1967)
 * Soul Street (Stax Records, 1974)

With John Fogerty
 * Blue Moon Swamp (Warner Bros. Records, 1997)

With Peter Frampton
 * Where I Should Be (A&M Records, 1979)

With Alan Gerber
 * The Alan Gerber Album (Shelter Records, 1971)

With Richie Havens
 * The End of the Beginning (A&M Records, 1976)

With Levon Helm
 * Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars (ABC Records, 1977)

With Chris Hillman
 * Slippin' Away (Asylum Records, 1976)

With Albert King
 * Born Under a Bad Sign (Stax Records, 1967)
 * Years Gone By (Stax Records, 1969)
 * Blues for Elvis – King Does the King's Things (Stax Records, 1970)
 * Lovejoy (Stax Records, 1971)
 * The Blues Don't Change (Stax Records, 1974)

With Freddie King
 * Getting Ready (Shelter Records, 1971)
 * Texas Cannonball (Shelter Records, 1972)

With Al Kooper
 * White Chocolate (Sony Records, 2008)

With Stevie Nicks
 * Bella Donna (Atco Records, 1981)

With Harry Nilsson
 * Flash Harry (Mercury Records, 1980)

With Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
 * Damn the Torpedoes (MCA Records, 1979)
 * Hard Promises (Backstreet Records, 1981)

With Wilson Pickett
 * In the Midnight Hour (Atlantic Records, 1965)
 * The Exciting Wilson Pickett (Atlantic Records, 1966)

With David Porter
 * Victim of the Joke? An Opera (Enterprise Records, 1971)

With John Prine
 * Common Sense (Atlantic Records, 1975)

With Otis Redding
 * Pain in My Heart (Atco Records, 1964)
 * The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads (Atco Records, 1965)
 * Otis Blue: Otis Redding Sings Soul (Stax Records, 1965)
 * The Soul Album (Stax Records, 1966)
 * Complete & Unbelievable: The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul (Stax Records, 1966)
 * King & Queen (Stax Records, 1967)
 * The Dock of the Bay (Stax Records, 1968)

With Bruce Roberts
 * Bruce Roberts (Elektra Records, 1977)

With Leon Russell
 * Will O' the Wisp (Shelter Records, 1975)

With Leo Sayer
 * Here (Chrysalis Records, 1979)

With Guy Sebastian
 * The Memphis Album (Sony BMG, 2007)

With Paul Shaffer
 * Coast to Coast (Capitol Records, 1989)

With Mavis Staples
 * Mavis Staples (Volt Records, 1969)
 * Only for the Lonely (Volt Records, 1970)

With Rod Stewart
 * Atlantic Crossing (Warner Bros. Records, 1975)
 * A Night on the Town (Warner Bros. Records, 1976)

With Billy Swan
 * You're OK, I'm OK (A&M Records, 1978)

With Carla Thomas
 * Memphis Queen (Stax Records, 1969)
 * Love Means... (Stax Records, 1971)

With Mickey Thomas
 * As Long as You Love Me (MCA Records, 1977)

With The Manhattan Transfer
 * Pastiche (Atlantic Records, 1978)

With Muddy Waters
 * Fathers and Sons (Chess Records, 1969)

With Tony Joe White
 * Lake Placid Blues (Polydor Records, 1995)

With Jerry Lynn Williams
 * Gone (Warner Bros. Records, 1979)

With Bill Withers
 * Just as I Am (Sussex Records, 1971)

With Neil Young
 * Silver & Gold (Reprise Records, 2000)
 * Are You Passionate? (Reprise Records, 2002)

Awards
In 1992, Dunn was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Booker T. & the MG's.

In 2007 Dunn and members of Booker T. & the MG's (Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper and Lewie Steinberg), along with Barbara Jackson, the widow of Al Jackson, Jr., were given a Lifetime Achievement Grammy award for their contributions to popular music.

In 2017 Dunn was posthumously awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Bass Player Magazine for his contributions to "the art, craft, and profession of bass playing."

title: Donald "Duck" Dunn


text:
Category:Rutgers University

The following pages and subcategories relate to Rutgers University, also known as Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey and formerly known as Rutgers College (1825–1924) and Queen's College (1766–1825), established in 1766.

title: Category:Rutgers University