text:
Talk:Satanic forces

from VfD:

Offensive religious POV definition. I can't see how this could be expanded into an meaningful encyclopedia article. Delete. jni 16:28, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. One sentence "article". Controversial. Offensive. --Jill St. Crux 17:34, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. A wide, sweeping, offensive statement that is patently wrong. Average Earthman 18:28, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Satanism. No merge.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:16, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Why didn't I think of that? Agreed with Gwalla, redirect. - RedWordSmith 23:28, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Satanism. Nadavspi 02:17, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete . Strongly disagree with a redirect to Satanism, which has nothing whatsoever to do with what this article wants to be about. Redirecting to Satanism would make as much sense as redirecting "Running dogs of imperialism" to Dogs. --jpgordon {gab} 03:02, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Changing vote to Redirect to Satan. --jpgordon {gab} 04:46, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * How about a redirect to Satan?--Samuel J. Howard 03:16, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do not redirect to Satanism.  Redirecting to Satan seems reasonable. Gamaliel 03:22, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Satan. JamesMLane 12:16, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You know.... I hate to do this to everyone, but I can see a way to make this a real article.  It would take some doing, but it's quite possible.  i) Does Satan rule the earth? in which theologies and cosmologies is this so? through history. ii) For those cosmologies that hold that Satan has power over the earth, what is the nature of the struggle? those who say it is purely spiritual and individual. those who say it is collective and temporal.  iii) Ways in which the charge of "Satanic forces" has been used politically and culturally.  Yes, I can see it.  I can even do some of it.  Collaboration of the week, though, and not something I'd do by myself.  In the meantime, it could be a redirect to Satan until such a time as we can get a group of theology and history-minded folk together. Geogre 18:27, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * No objection from me, at least, for turning this into a real article, and no opinion on where it redirects to in the meantime. - RedWordSmith 20:35, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, redirect to Islam (unless usage of the term by other religious groups can be cited), incorporating NPOVed content. What various relgion regard as Satanic forces could make an interesting article. That the term is frequently used by moslem clergymen in particular is noteworthy fact. The is no reason to delete it. 80.255 17:42, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nine out of the first ten Google hits for "satanic forces" pastor look like their from a Christian perspective to me, although I didn't click through to check them all out. Certainly a good portion of them are. Strongly oppose redirect to Islam - RedWordSmith 19:20, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Also oppose redirect to Islam, unless someone can show Koranic references to "satanic forces". --jpgordon {gab} 19:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Soundbite. -- Necrothesp 11:49, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Firtly not all Muslims are out to get the heathens... they have normal lives to attend to. Secondly the article is quite POV and controversial. Firstly no redirect to Islam... I'd suggest a Delete but the article name is good it could be used to write about either Forces of Satan in fiction or any parts of Apocrypha... --Asmodai 17:56, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, redirect to Satan. Strongly oppose redirect to Islam: (1) as noted above, not all Muslims use this term and many non-Muslims also use it, and (2) no matter what the rationale, the redirect could easily be interpreted as extremely offensive (implicitly equating Islam with Satanic Forces). I like User:Geogre's idea, but it sounds like a lot of work, so I vote to delete now and recreate a "proper" Satanic Forces article if and when someone has time. Pnot 20:39, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't even think a redirect is necessary; there's not a single page linking to it.  Anyone interested in the topic would type "Satan" or "Satanism."  If the creator of the article thinks this single sentence is really important to include in the encyclopedia, they could insert the sentece into Islamic fundamentalism or somehting like that.  Fishal 01:25, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete / Redirect to Satan. Also oppose redirect to Islam, as that redirection would be non-neutral POV.  The term "satanic forces" has been used by Christian sects as well to refer to those behind such religions as Wicca.  Text also has POV issues as well.   --Feedle 19:25, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Satanic forces


text:
User talk:Mroach

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Please help me take good screenshots of TV programs!
Hi Mroach, can you please tell me how you took this screenshot: Image:CNN HD-American Morning 1080.png.

Thanks, Footyfan1000 (talk) 11:32, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

question
did you used to work retail in boston? --Ruffreggaefan111 (talk) 11:03, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mroach


text:
Ratcat

Ratcat are an Australian indie rock band from Sydney who formed in 1985. The band is fronted by mainstay vocalist and guitarist, Simon Day. Their combination of indie pop song writing and energetic punk-style guitar rock won them fans from both the indie and skate-punk communities. They found mainstream success with their extended play, Tingles (October 1990), album Blind Love (June 1991) and the single, "Don't Go Now" (April), which all reached No. 1 on the ARIA Charts during 1991. The band released two subsequent albums that did not match their earlier chart success. Ratcat ceased performing live regularly in the late 1990s; however, they continue to perform sporadically. During their career, much of Ratcat's albums and singles artwork was created by Simon Day.

1985–1990: Career beginnings and Waterfront Records
Ratcat were formed in 1985 in Sydney by Simon Day on lead guitar and lead vocals, Victor Levi on bass guitar and Trevor Wintle on drums. Both Day and Levi had been members of garage band, Danger Mouse. Ratcat "built-up a strong live following by playing the local haunts of the Sydney skate-punk scene alongside the likes of Massappeal, The Hellmenn, The Hard-ons and Happy Hate Me Nots."

The group signed to Waterfront Records, and released a self-titled extended play in December 1987, which "contained four of the band's self-penned stage favourites plus a cover of "I Think We're Alone Now"." It was followed by two singles, "I Think I Love You" (August 1988) and "Baby's Got a Gun" (December).

In July 1989, the band released its debut album, This Nightmare. By that time the line-up was Day, John McAteer on bass guitar and Andrew Polin on drums. According to Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane, the album "contained a treasure-trove of witty, effervescent Day-penned tracks like "Go Go", "True Lust", "Baby's Got a Gun" and "The Killing Joke", plus a cover of UK band The Darling Buds' "If I Said"." Another single, "Saying Goodbye" was released late in 1989 which was their final release on Waterfront. Amr Zaid replaced McAteer on bass guitar and backing vocals. Alister of Tharunka felt "Saying Goodbye" was "quite refreshing, both in the areas of its mixing and melody, despite decidedly average vocals."

1990–1998: Blind Love and rooArt records
In February 1990, Ratcat supported English group Buzzcocks and fellow Australian band Falling Joys, before signing with the rooArt label, distributed by PolyGram.

On 14 October 1990, the group released a six-track EP entitled, Tingles, which was produced by Nick Mainsbridge (Tall Tales and True, Martha's Vineyard). McFarlane noticed that "almost immediately the frisky "That Ain't Bad" scored mainstream radio support." That track, combined with their cartoon, tattoo-ish artwork (which featured heavily on their releases and in their videos), saw Tingles reach No. 1 on ARIA Alternative Singles Chart and, in May 1991, the EP was a number-one hit on the ARIA Singles Chart for two weeks. "That Ain't Bad", the lead track, was Day's "simple attempt to mix noisy guitars and the words 'I love you' together in a song without one contradicting the other." The Canberra Times reviewer opined that it "has had the airplay, but it is not the best track. "Don't Go in the Water", a dire little track, and "Getting Away (From This World)", with its hackneyed but fairly successful insertion of sound from the Challenger shuttle disaster, are both excellent tracks."

According to an Australian Musician Magazine staff writer, Ratcat were the first alternative band to go mainstream – they provided one of the Top 50 Most Significant Moments in Australian Pop/Rock History. The band's second album, Blind Love was released in May 1991, and its lead single "Don't Go Now" (April) both reached No. 1 on their respective ARIA charts. The song was co-written by Day and Robyn St. Clare (of the Hummingbirds). For recording, at Paradise Studios, Day, Polin and Zaid were joined by St. Clare and Margaret Urlich on backing vocals; they were produced by Mainsbridge, again. Zaid told Charles Miranda of The Canberra Times that their chart success was "really weird it happened so quickly it's sort of difficult for us to understand what has happened. And it does put pressure on us to come up with the goods. We have to look at what we've done [... but not] perform to any sort of dictated standard by what we've achieved."

The group supported fellow Australian group, INXS, on the latter's Australian tour in April and May 1991 and followed by headlining their own Invasion of the Dinosaur Killers Tour in June. Their next single, "Baby Baby", was released in July and reached No. 21. In September they started a four-month tour across the United Kingdom, continental Europe and the United States. Polin described how "We were playing to full houses a lot of the way around... Admittedly, in London about a third of the audiences were Australians but we had sold about 17,000 copies of our album over there."

Upon their return to Australia in December, they released an eight-track live album, Alive. Marc Scully replaced Zaid on bass guitar in mid-1992. Their third studio album, Insideout (November 1992) also produced by Mainsbridge, spawned three singles, "Candyman" (May 1992), "Holiday" (October 1992) and "The World (in a Wrapper)" (May 1993). It was recorded between March and May 1992 at Rhinoceros Studios, with Day providing vocals, guitar and bass guitar; and Polin on vocals, drums and percussion. McFarlane opined that these releases "were unable to repeat the spectacular success of their predecessors but kept Ratcat in the public eye."

In January 1995, the band released "Rain", which was produced by Tony Cohen, and EP The Smiler in August 1995, and started work on a new album, Easy Rider. The band sporadically played live shows over the next few years and Easy Rider was eventually released in July 1997.

Ratcat re-emerged in 1998 to play at the Homebake Festival with a new bass guitarist, Nic Dalton (ex-The Plunderers, Sneeze, The Lemonheads, among others). They also collaborated with John Paul Young – who supplied backing vocals – on a cover version of his earlier single, "I Hate the Music" (September 1998). It was included on the soundtrack for the feature film, Occasional Coarse Language (November 1998). The band officially disbanded in 1998.

2002–present: periodic performances
The group played a few shows in 2002, including a spot at the Big Day Out, and, in 2006, were a support act on the Psychedelic Furs Australian tour. They did a further gig at The Jack Daniel's music awards and played, in early June 2006, at the Come Together festival at Luna Park. In 2011, they played a show at The Factory in Marrickville, to mark the 20th anniversary of Blind Love. A 2010 TV ad for Bonds' brassieres featured a group of women dressed in the branded underwear performing a cover version of Ratcat's "That Ain't Bad" on a street float. An apparently shocked Day made a brief appearance as a passer by, wearing his once signature black and white striped T-shirt and black jeans, reminiscent of the look he sported in early Ratcat videos. He has also appeared with Sydney bands including the Art, and the Glimmer (formerly the Mansons). In 2011 Ratcat were confirmed for Sydney's Homebake festival, subtitled "The Classic Edition".

The band played as part of the A Day on the Green concert series in March 2016, with Hoodoo Gurus, Sunnyboys, Violent Femmes and Died Pretty.

In October 2023, Ratcat will release All Stripped Back, a re-recording of their greatest hits.

Members

 * Simon Day – vocals, guitar, bass guitar, main songwriter (1985–present)
 * Trevor Wintle – drums (1986–1987)
 * Andrew Polin – drums (1985–1986, 1987–2011)
 * Victor Levi – bass guitar (1985–1988)
 * Cathy Webb – bass guitar (1988)
 * John McAteer – bass guitar (1988–1989)
 * Amr Zaid – bass guitar, backing vocals (1989–1992)
 * Marc Scully – bass guitar (1992–1996)
 * Nic Dalton – bass guitar (1998–present)
 * Reuben Alexander - drums (?2014-present)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="4"|1992
 * rowspan="2"| Blind Love
 * Breakthrough Artist - Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4"|
 * Highest Selling Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| Nick Mainsbridge for Blind Love and "Don't Go Now"
 * Producer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Engineer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated
 * Engineer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Ratcat


text:
Talk:White Ruthenia

Origins of "Rus"
78.151.173.242 (talk) 11:09, 11 January 2009 (UTC)The belonging nowadays Belarus teritory to Kiev Rus doesn't mean that those lands were Ruthenian lands, like later Lithuanians ruled even Pskov doesn't mean that Pskov was the ancient land of Lithuania. In nowadays Belorussia lies the ancient lands of tribes of Balts Ostrogots and Lithuanians (who are half Osrogots and half Vesigots) even today call Belorussians Gudai or Gots. Belorussians never called themselves Ruthenians, like Ukrainians did.78.151.173.242 (talk) 11:09, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

"the equation of Rus’ and Russia is controversial today and does not have any historical basis. "

First of all, this statement is self-contradictory; the same proposition is described both as "controversial" (indicating dispute) and baseless (which indicates a resolution of the dispute). Following up the links, it would seem that the resolution is actually the opposite of what this sentence would indicate: that there is no doubt but that the "Rus" element in both "Russia" and "Belarus" come from the same word for an East Slavic people ancestral to both Russians and Belarusians.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

It has a historical basis and the equitation is right. The Russian people were one ethnicity before 1917. The Russian people had 3 groups: White-Russians, Little-Russians, Great-Russians. Rus and Russia is basically the same. Same example with The Netherlands and Belgium (Flemish part) where they speak also Dutch and use the official Dutch language. The Netherlands and Flanders have different Dutch dialects. Such we also see in Germany where you have Low, Middle, High Germans living. Also in Poland you have Greater-Poland and Little-Poland with its small cultural, linguistic differences. The only difference between those countries is that they didn't suffer under the policy of bolshevism. Where the middle and higher class was deprived of its right and the culture of the land, workers, peasants began the Soviet state policy. This is how the forced Belorussification started in process.

Do you know about the existence of Alexander Guagnini. He was a writer, soldier, chronicler and historian who served the Polish king himself. Gwagnin is known for publishing the Latin book Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio, quae Regnum Poloniae, Lituaniam, Samogitiam, Russiam, Masoviam, Prussiam, Pomeraniam... complectitur, usually translated as "A Description of Sarmatian Europe" (printed in Kraków, 1578), which contained descriptions of the countries of Eastern Europe (history, geography, religion, traditions, etc.).

There Moscovia was described as 'White-Rus' territory and he also described that a part of the Rus territories is divided and part of it is under the Polish power.

Ivan the great, Grand prince of Moscow who was also named Ruler of all Rus'. It is well known that his goal was to gather all the Russian lands from the yoke of Poland-Lithuania. Moscow Grand duchy was the last orthodox Christian nation standing and they wanted to free their christian Russian brothers who were persecuted under Polish catholicism.

Also the Lithuanian grand duchy had the full title of: Великое княжество Литовское, Русское, Жемойтское и иных. Velikoe knyagestvo Litovskoe, Russkoe, Zhemoitskoe i inih. Which means: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Samogitia.

Till this day the language in Russia is known as 'Russkii Yazik', you don't call it Ruthenian language do you? The White-Russian or Belarussian language is called 'Belorusskii yazik'.

Until 1917, in all academic forms the terms were used, White-Russia, Russia, Little-Russia. Also on the maps and in academic circles.

What you call Ruthenia is just your Western way of Latinizing the word Russia.

Naive etymology
I suggest to remove the naive speculative hypotheses about the name: Baltic sea, hair, clothes.... Opinions? Mikkalai 16:32, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

...Removed. Mikkalai 23:29, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * There are a number of speculative hypotheses, although no conclusive documentary evidence has been found for any of them. One such theory is based upon the accepted fact that the Belarusian people are the descendents of both Slavs and Balts. The root "balt-" means "white" in the languages and dialects of the Baltic languages. Hence "Baltic Sea" (Balta jura in Lithuanian) literally means "white sea". Thus "Balta Rusija" could have been the original source of the name "Belarus", rather than a later secondary derivative from "Russia".

 * Another theory suggests that the name may refer to the blond hair that many inhabitants of Belarus possess, much like Balts and Scandinavians. Still another theory is that Belarusians are named after the predominant colour of their traditional (uncolored linen) clothes.

 * I don't think that this is so naive. There are peoples (Miao) who are named according to color of their clothes. So, this at least is plausible. Nikola 13:22, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Some explanation of 'white' is necessary here. The Red Ruthenia page mentions that white means 'north' due to the faces of Svitovyd. I don't know if this is really likely but some attempt at explanation should be made. Malick78 (talk) 14:01, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Actually, White = Western
See: Cardinal points. bogdan | Talk 13:46, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

That is what I always understood. Likewise Golden Horde is Golden due to its geographic position. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.44.139.216 (talk) 19:11, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Contradiction in terms
The article states that "Many languages today continue to use this obsolete name when referring to Belarus". If the name is in use it cannot be obsolete. Did the author mean to write "In English this name is obsolete, however many other languages continue to use a literal translation of White Russia to refer to Belarus"?

White Russia still used
In English, he name "White Russia" is still used synonymously with Belarus (although less commonly). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 uses White Russia and the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (11th Ed 2004) describes the usage as "dated". I suggest that the article's second sentence would be improved by changing it to "In English the use of White Russia to refer to Belarus is dated, however many other languages continue to use a literal translation of White Russia to refer to Belarus."
 * I think this is appropriate. Rmhermen 13:18, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Did you actually check the links? Both of them say: see Belarus. How is it supposed to justify the article's name? If both are synonims, the most widely used (Belarus) should be used, not the one supplied as a variant of the main name. --Hillock65 (talk) 13:39, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

White Russia = Belarus in Belarussian
"Because of its association with perceived Russian and Soviet imperialism, some people in Belarus consider the name derogatory"

 * Bela= White
 * Rus = Russian

146.175.100.109 13:15, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Same applies to Polish and Ukranian

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Rus is equal to Russia. Russia is called 'Rossiya' in Russian but the language is called 'Russkiy'. The language isn't called 'Rossiskiy'. They also speak about 'Ruskiy narod' which means Russian people. The White-Russian language is called 'Belorusskiy'.
 * Rus is not equal to "Russia", let alone "Russian". 92.36.9.90 (talk) 09:04, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Therefore there isn't a difference. You don't call Russian language Ruthenian or Rus language don't you?

(talk) Vladislav Nikolaevitch

What to do with the article
This article is the fork of the Belarus article and should be merged there. The only difference between the two is that it uses an archaic name White Russia, not in use any more in respectable literature. The article should not be named thus. Moreover, we have Red Ruthenia, Black Ruthenia ... and all of a sudden White Russia? The article should be merged to History of Belarus or appropriate sections of Belarus article. Moreover this article is replete with original research and is without a single source to support any of the multiple erroneus statements in it. Are there any ideas as to what should be done with it? --Hillock65 (talk) 13:34, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Moreover the term White Russia, can mean also Belaya Rossiya or White Movement, so I agree with you that this term here should be but a disambig page, there is a Name of Ukraine article, and Name of Belarus would do to explain the equally not-straightforward name of that country. --Kuban Cossack 22:46, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Great. Let's see if there any other ideas before we move with the reorganization. --Hillock65 (talk) 00:08, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Upon coming to this page i was looking for information on the losing side of the 1917 Russian civil war, not the archaic name for the current nation of Belarus. i'm not an editor but should there be a disambiguation or some further information separating the two.--EEE-- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.113.190.67 (talk) 01:24, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I think all that has to be done here is to rename the article form White Russia to White Ruthenia (like Red Ruthenia, Black Ruthenia). The current name is so misleading Ales Hurko (talk) 06:43, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

It is misleading because it has no use of doing it. You don't call the language that Russian people speak (Russkiy) Ruthenian don't you? White-Russia is also the correct term.

white Russia is the only official name for Belarus in German
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weißrussland you can see it here--Venajaguardian (talk) 05:31, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

Map needed
Since this is an article about a geographical region, it needs a map. David Spector (talk) 00:53, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

Biased comment
"White Russia" is a sensitive issue in Belarus, and could be seen as inappropriate. Unlike it, the term White Ruthenia does not suffer from such ambiguity.

I tried to delete this because its a biased comment. The majority of Belarussians see no problem in be calling White Russia since it's a correct historical term. And it's still used in many languages. Such as Dutch, German, French, etc...Also many Belarussians acknowledge the historical ties and culture with the Russian.

(talk) Vladislav Nikolaevitch 18 June 2016
 * Do you have reliable sources to back this up? I've also noted that you've been adding original research and removing content on a personal dislike basis. I have no idea of where the sources for 'White Russia' applying to 'The Grand Duchy of Moscow' and 'Novgorod' come from given that you introduced a map depicting White-Russia, Novgorod and Russian lands as different entities to support your assertion. I've never encountered the positions you've tried to introduce in any language, so please stop tampering with the content of the article in order to shoehorn your personal opinions. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 03:16, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I had added a lot of maps from the 15th century where those territories, the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Novgorod were depicted as White-Russia by several European cartographers. But the user Argos keeps deleting them. The map “Territories of the Tsar of White Russia or Grand Duchy of Moscow year 1648” is literally translated from the French decription left on the map “estats du Czar ou grand duc de la Russie Blanche ou Moscovie” That isn't my position or opinion it's all in the sources before the 20th century that are mentioned. Also the text was very biased about whether Belarussians like to be associated with White Russia or not. Are there any statistics on this? (talk) Vladislav Nikolaevitch 19 June 2016  —Preceding undated comment added 09:53, 19 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The maps withous explanations coming from reliable sources are delete correctly. We are not in a position to correctly interpret the writings on very old maps. - üser:Altenmann >t 21:04, 19 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The issue is that the maps are WP:PRIMARY sources. Reliable secondary sources are needed to provide context for whether this was significant common usage over a period of time. It is not up to us to draw our own conclusions as to the significance or insignificance of any material. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 23:45, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you Iryna. There are many authors, encyclopedias throughout history with many works who can confirm the information on the maps and that the White-Russians were one people with the Great-Russians and Little-Russians.
 * "Russian dialects fall into two main divisions - Great (Velikorusskij), including White (Belorusskij) Russian, and Little Russian (Malorusskij). The latter is spoken in a belt reaching from Galicia and the Northern Carpathians (see Ruthenians) through Podolia and Volhynia and the governments of Kiev...." Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28. 1911. P. 913.

 * "The Russian population is composed of three large groups: Great Russians, or Veliko-Russ; Little Russians, or Malo-Russ; and White Russian, or Bélo-Russ." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 35. London. 1873.P 350.

 * "Subdivisions of Russians. Three different branches can be distinguished among the Russians from the dawn of their history: - The Great Russians, the Little Russians (Malorusses or Ukrainians), and the White Russians (the Byelorusses)." The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information". Volume 23. Cambridge. 1911. P. 884.

 * Alexander Guanini describes also in his book "Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio, quae Regnum Poloniae, Lituaniam, Samogitiam, Russiam, Masoviam, Prussiam, Pomeraniam... A Description of Sarmatian Europe" (printed in Kraków, 1578), which contained descriptions of the countries of Eastern Europe (history, geography, religion, traditions, etc.) that the Moscovian territory is also named as White-Russia or White-Rus.

 * There are many more works, books, maps who can confirm this information. --Vladislav Nikolaevitch (talk) 13:43, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 17 October 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Ixfd64 (talk) 19:41, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

White Russia → White Ruthenia – Consistency with other two contemporal territories Red Ruthenia and Black Ruthenia. Staszek Lem (talk) 17:31, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Support this is the un-ambiguous term for the historical region. I'm not sure whether White Russia should point there, point to Belarus, or become a DAB. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 18:13, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, DAB; it already has a DAB hatnote. Staszek Lem (talk) 19:31, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Should be treated as DAB. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 19:42, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per nom and per WP:PRECISION. The vast majority of Google Books hits for "White Russia" refer to Belorussia/Belarus (The Belorussian SSR was often referred to exclusively as White Russia in sources well into the 2nd half of the 20th century — see here); some refer also to a putative Russia of the White movement (e,g. "...the threat of an Entente-supported white Russia reasserting ancient claims to Finland."; "British public opinion towards White Russia appeared to have begun to alter at this time".)  The article here, however, is about the term and earlier understandings of it.  The title White Ruthenia is both accurate and unambiguous.  —  AjaxSmack  23:42, 17 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I just created a DAB page at White Russia (disambiguation). If this move is approved, it can be used or merged with White Russian. —  AjaxSmack  23:42, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Links to White Russia
Several articles link to the disambiguation page White Russia but may be intended for one particular meaning of the term. A group of us routinely tidy up such links, but we may have to ask for expert help in this case, as the differences between the meanings can be subtle. Any fixes you can make would be appreciated. Thanks, Certes (talk) 18:58, 25 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Now sorted out. Thank you – and a virtual White Russian (cocktail) – to everyone who helped.  You may be interested in a merge discussion at Talk:White Russian. Certes (talk) 18:24, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Article needs reconstruction...
...whole article needs reconstruction. "White Ruthenia" >> in latin "Ruthenia alba" was used for the Russian lands till old Muscovian Russian lands. --46.114.140.118 (talk) 10:30, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:White Ruthenia


text:
Logic family

In computer engineering, a logic family is one of two related concepts:
 * A logic family of monolithic digital integrated circuit devices is a group of electronic logic gates constructed using one of several different designs, usually with compatible logic levels and power supply characteristics within a family. Many logic families were produced as individual components, each containing one or a few related basic logical functions, which could be used as "building-blocks" to create systems or as so-called "glue" to interconnect more complex integrated circuits.
 * A logic family may also be a set of techniques used to implement logic within VLSI integrated circuits such as central processors, memories, or other complex functions. Some such logic families use static techniques to minimize design complexity. Other such logic families, such as domino logic, use clocked dynamic techniques to minimize size, power consumption and delay.

Before the widespread use of integrated circuits, various solid-state and vacuum-tube logic systems were used but these were never as standardized and interoperable as the integrated-circuit devices. The most common logic family in modern semiconductor devices is metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) logic, due to low power consumption, small transistor sizes, and high transistor density.

Technologies
The list of packaged building-block logic families can be divided into categories, listed here in roughly chronological order of introduction, along with their usual abbreviations:
 * Resistor–transistor logic (RTL)
 * Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL)
 * Direct-coupled unipolar transistor logic (DCUTL)
 * Resistor–capacitor–transistor logic (RCTL)
 * Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
 * Positive emitter-coupled logic (PECL)
 * Low-voltage PECL (LVPECL)
 * Complementary transistor micrologic (CTuL)
 * Diode–transistor logic (DTL)
 * Complemented transistor diode logic (CTDL)
 * High-threshold logic (HTL)
 * Transistor–transistor logic (TTL)
 * Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) logic
 * P-type MOS (PMOS) logic
 * N-type MOS (NMOS) logic
 * Depletion-load NMOS logic
 * High-density NMOS (HMOS)
 * Complementary MOS (CMOS) logic
 * Bipolar MOS (BiMOS) logic
 * Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS)
 * Integrated injection logic (I2L)
 * Gunning transceiver logic (GTL)

The families (RTL, DTL, and ECL) were derived from the logic circuits used in early computers, originally implemented using discrete components. One example is the Philips NORBIT family of logic building blocks.

The PMOS and I2L logic families were used for relatively short periods, mostly in special purpose custom large-scale integration circuits devices and are generally considered obsolete. For example, early digital clocks or electronic calculators may have used one or more PMOS devices to provide most of the logic for the finished product. The F14 CADC, Intel 4004, Intel 4040, and Intel 8008 microprocessors and their support chips were PMOS.

Of these families, only ECL, TTL, NMOS, CMOS, and BiCMOS are currently still in widespread use. ECL is used for very high-speed applications because of its price and power demands, while NMOS logic is mainly used in VLSI circuits applications such as CPUs and memory chips which fall outside of the scope of this article. Present-day "building block" logic gate ICs are based on the ECL, TTL, CMOS, and BiCMOS families.

Resistor–transistor logic (RTL)
Class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices.

The Atanasoff–Berry Computer used resistor-coupled vacuum tube logic circuits similar to RTL. Several early transistorized computers (e.g., IBM 1620, 1959) used RTL, where it was implemented using discrete components.

A family of simple resistor–transistor logic integrated circuits was developed at Fairchild Semiconductor for the Apollo Guidance Computer in 1962. Texas Instruments soon introduced its own family of RTL. A variant with integrated capacitors, RCTL, had increased speed, but lower immunity to noise than RTL. This was made by Texas Instruments as their "51XX" series.

Diode–transistor logic (DTL)
Class of digital circuits in which the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed by a diode network and the amplifying function is performed by a transistor.

Diode logic was used with vacuum tubes in the earliest electronic computers in the 1940s including ENIAC. Diode–transistor logic (DTL) was used in the IBM 608 which was the first all-transistorized computer. Early transistorized computers were implemented using discrete transistors, resistors, diodes and capacitors.

The first diode–transistor logic family of integrated circuits was introduced by Signetics in 1962. DTL was also made by Fairchild and Westinghouse. A family of diode logic and diode–transistor logic integrated circuits was developed by Texas Instruments for the D-37C Minuteman II Guidance Computer in 1962, but these devices were not available to the public.

A variant of DTL called "high-threshold logic" incorporated Zener diodes to create a large offset between logic 1 and logic 0 voltage levels. These devices usually ran off a 15 volt power supply and were found in industrial control, where the high differential was intended to minimize the effect of noise.

PMOS and NMOS logic
P-type MOS (PMOS) logic uses p-channel MOSFETs to implement logic gates and other digital circuits. N-type MOS (NMOS) logic uses n-channel MOSFETs to implement logic gates and other digital circuits.

For devices of equal current driving capability, n-channel MOSFETs can be made smaller than p-channel MOSFETs, due to p-channel charge carriers (holes) having lower mobility than do n-channel charge carriers (electrons), and producing only one type of MOSFET on a silicon substrate is cheaper and technically simpler. These were the driving principles in the design of NMOS logic which uses n-channel MOSFETs exclusively. However, neglecting leakage current, unlike CMOS logic, NMOS logic consumes power even when no switching is taking place.

Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng, after they invented the MOSFET, fabricated both pMOS and nMOS devices with a 20 μm process in 1960. Their original MOSFET devices had a gate length of 20μm and a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm. However, the nMOS devices were impractical, and only the pMOS type were practical working devices. A more practical NMOS process was developed several years later. NMOS was initially faster than CMOS, thus NMOS was more widely used for computers in the 1970s. With advances in technology, CMOS logic displaced NMOS logic in the mid-1980s to become the preferred process for digital chips.

Emitter-coupled logic (ECL)
ECL uses an overdriven bipolar junction transistor (BJT) differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current.

The ECL family, ECL is also known as current-mode logic (CML), was invented by IBM as current steering logic for use in the transistorized IBM 7030 Stretch computer, where it was implemented using discrete components.

The first ECL logic family to be available in integrated circuits was introduced by Motorola as MECL in 1962.

Transistor–transistor logic (TTL)
In TTL logic, bipolar junction transistors perform the logic and amplifying functions.

The first transistor–transistor logic family of integrated circuits was introduced by Sylvania as Sylvania Universal High–Level Logic (SUHL) in 1963. Texas Instruments introduced the 7400 series TTL family in 1964. Transistor–transistor logic uses bipolar transistors to form its integrated circuits. TTL has changed significantly over the years, with newer versions replacing the older types.

Since the transistors of a standard TTL gate are saturated switches, minority carrier storage time in each junction limits the switching speed of the device. Variations on the basic TTL design are intended to reduce these effects and improve speed, power consumption, or both.

The German physicist Walter H. Schottky formulated a theory predicting the Schottky effect, which led to the Schottky diode and later Schottky transistors. For the same power dissipation, Schottky transistors have a faster switching speed than conventional transistors because the Schottky diode prevents the transistor from saturating and storing charge; see Baker clamp. Gates built with Schottky transistors use more power than normal TTL and switch faster. With Low-power Schottky (LS), internal resistance values were increased to reduce power consumption and increase switching speed over the original version. The introduction of Advanced Low-power Schottky (ALS) further increased speed and reduced power consumption. A faster logic family called FAST (Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL) (Schottky) (F) was also introduced that was faster than normal Schottky TTL.

Complementary MOS (CMOS) logic
CMOS logic gates use complementary arrangements of enhancement-mode N-channel and P-channel field effect transistor. Since the initial devices used oxide-isolated metal gates, they were called CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor logic). In contrast to TTL, CMOS uses almost no power in the static state (that is, when inputs are not changing). A CMOS gate draws no current other than leakage when in a steady 1 or 0 state. When the gate switches states, current is drawn from the power supply to charge the capacitance at the output of the gate. This means that the current draw of CMOS devices increases with switching rate (controlled by clock speed, typically).

The first CMOS family of logic integrated circuits was introduced by RCA as CD4000 COS/MOS, the 4000 series, in 1968. Initially CMOS logic was slower than LS-TTL. However, because the logic thresholds of CMOS were proportional to the power supply voltage, CMOS devices were well-adapted to battery-operated systems with simple power supplies. CMOS gates can also tolerate much wider voltage ranges than TTL gates because the logic thresholds are (approximately) proportional to power supply voltage, and not the fixed levels required by bipolar circuits.

The required silicon area for implementing such digital CMOS functions has rapidly shrunk. VLSI technology incorporating millions of basic logic operations onto one chip, almost exclusively uses CMOS. The extremely small capacitance of the on-chip wiring caused an increase in performance by several orders of magnitude. On-chip clock rates as high as 4 GHz have become common, approximately 1000 times faster than the technology by 1970.

Lowering the power supply voltage
CMOS chips often work with a broader range of power supply voltages than other logic families. Early TTL ICs required a power supply voltage of 5V, but early CMOS could use 3 to 15V. Lowering the supply voltage reduces the charge stored on any capacitances and consequently reduces the energy required for a logic transition. Reduced energy implies less heat dissipation. The energy stored in a capacitance C and changing V volts is ½ CV2. By lowering the power supply from 5V to 3.3V, switching power was reduced by almost 60 percent (power dissipation is proportional to the square of the supply voltage). Many motherboards have a voltage regulator module to provide the even lower power supply voltages required by many CPUs.

HC logic
Because of the incompatibility of the CD4000 series of chips with the previous TTL family, a new standard emerged which combined the best of the TTL family with the advantages of the CD4000 family. It was known as the 74HC (which used anywhere from 3.3V to 5V power supplies (and used logic levels relative to the power supply)), and with devices that used 5V power supplies and TTL logic levels.

The CMOS–TTL logic level problem
Interconnecting any two logic families often required special techniques such as additional pull-up resistors, or purpose-built interface circuits, since the logic families may use different voltage levels to represent 1 and 0 states, and may have other interface requirements only met within the logic family.

TTL logic levels are different from those of CMOS – generally a TTL output does not rise high enough to be reliably recognized as a logic 1 by a CMOS input. This problem was solved by the invention of the 74HCT family of devices that uses CMOS technology but TTL input logic levels. These devices only work with a 5V power supply. They form a replacement for TTL, although HCT is slower than original TTL (HC logic has about the same speed as original TTL).

Other CMOS families
Other CMOS circuit families within integrated circuits include cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL) and pass transistor logic (PTL) of various sorts. These are generally used "on-chip" and are not delivered as building-block medium-scale or small-scale integrated circuits.

Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS) logic
One major improvement was to combine CMOS inputs and TTL drivers to form of a new type of logic devices called BiCMOS logic, of which the LVT and ALVT logic families are the most important. The BiCMOS family has many members, including ABT logic, ALB logic, ALVT logic, BCT logic and LVT logic.

Improved versions
With HC and HCT logic and LS-TTL logic competing in the market it became clear that further improvements were needed to create the ideal logic device that combined high speed, with low power dissipation and compatibility with older logic families. A whole range of newer families has emerged that use CMOS technology. A short list of the most important family designators of these newer devices includes:
 * LV logic (lower supply voltage)
 * LVT logic (lower supply voltage while retaining TTL logic levels)
 * ALVT logic (an 'advanced' version of LVT logic)

There are many others including AC/ACT logic, AHC/AHCT logic, ALVC logic, AUC logic, AVC logic, CBT logic, CBTLV logic, FCT logic and LVC logic (LVCMOS).

Integrated injection logic (IIL)
The integrated injection logic (IIL or I2L) uses bipolar transistors in a current-steering arrangement to implement logic functions. It was used in some integrated circuits, but it is now considered obsolete.

Monolithic integrated circuit logic families compared
The following logic families would either have been used to build up systems from functional blocks such as flip-flops, counters, and gates, or else would be used as "glue" logic to interconnect very-large scale integration devices such as memory and processors. Not shown are some early obscure logic families from the early 1960s such as DCTL (direct-coupled transistor logic), which did not become widely available.

Propagation delay is the time taken for a two-input NAND gate to produce a result after a change of state at its inputs. Toggle speed represents the fastest speed at which a J-K flip flop could operate. Power per gate is for an individual 2-input NAND gate; usually there would be more than one gate per IC package. Values are very typical and would vary slightly depending on application conditions, manufacturer, temperature, and particular type of logic circuit. Introduction year is when at least some of the devices of the family were available in volume for civilian uses. Some military applications pre-dated civilian use.

On-chip design styles
Several techniques and design styles are primarily used in designing large single-chip application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and CPUs, rather than generic logic families intended for use in multi-chip applications.

These design styles can typically be divided into two main categories, static techniques and clocked dynamic techniques. (See static versus dynamic logic for some discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of each category).

Static logic

 * Pulsed static CMOS
 * Differential cascode voltage switch (DCVS)
 * Cascode non-threshold logic (CNTL)
 * Pass-gate/transmission-gate logic: pass transistor logic (PTL)
 * Complementary pass-gate logic (CPL)
 * Push–pull logic
 * Output prediction logic (OPL)
 * Cascode voltage switch logic (CVSL)

Dynamic logic

 * four-phase logic
 * domino logic
 * Footless domino
 * NORA/zipper logic
 * Multiple-output domino
 * Compound domino
 * Dual-rail domino
 * Self-resetting domino
 * Sample-set differential logic
 * Limited-switch dynamic logic

title: Logic family


text:
Whirlywirld

Whirlywirld were an Australian post-punk band led by Ollie Olsen in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and the first of his musical collaborations with drummer John Murphy. They played in Melbourne and Sydney and were supporters of the Melbourne little band scene.

Biography
In 1976, as a guitarist, Ollie Olsen formed The Reals, who on occasion shared the bill at suburban dance halls with The Boys Next Door. The Reals would eventually evolve into The Negatives, but before that Olsen had become dissatisfied with the group, and left. Olsen went on to form The Young Charlatans. The Young Charlatans' four members would all go on to distinguish themselves in long music careers: they included Olsen, guitarist Rowland Howard (later of The Boys Next Door/The Birthday Party, as well as These Immortal Souls), drummer Jeffrey Wegener (Laughing Clowns) and bassist Janine Hall (later of The Saints). The group was short lived and after a brief, stormy existence, the band broke up. By then Olsen had met John Murphy, the drummer for another early Melbourne punk band, NEWS.

The pair formed Whirlywirld in 1978 with their stated priority, from the outset, to use synthesisers and other non-'rock' instruments, departing from a guitar-based format. Whirlywirld was completed by two keyboardists, credited with 'electronics', Andrew Duffield and Simon Smith (Olsen, by this point, had abandoned guitar in favour of 'electronics') together with guitarist Dean Richards. Whirlywirld only played live very infrequently but they did rehearse on a rigid schedule.

In June 1979, the band released a self-titled debut EP. Whirlywirld made their live debut at The Crystal Ballroom later that year, by which time Duffield left to join The Models and had been replaced by Philip Jackson.

Whirlywirld would go on to play only fourteen performances in their entire career. Gradually, the personnel within the band changed, in accordance with a change in direction, Richards, Jackson and Smith departed. Richards and Jackson went on to two popular local 'underground' bands in Melbourne, Equal Local and Hot Half Hour, In the 2000s Richards records and performs as Disturbed Earth. Arnie Hanna came in on guitar and Greg Sun on bass. During this period Murphy played an array of percussion devices, natural, electronic or otherwise and Olsen even played saxophone, clarinet, tape loops as well as keyboards. This incarnation of the band recorded at York St. Studios in December, 1979. Four of these tracks came out on a 12" EP, again titled Whirlywirld in February 1980.

After the band split, Olsen and Murphy went on to form firstly The Beast Apparel, and then Hugo Klang, which performed a handful of gigs in England, and recorded a single, "Beat Up The Old Shack", released in Australia on Prince Melon Records. Olsen and Murphy then went on to form Orchestra of Skin and Bone, before their musical partnership ended with Olsen going to form NO in the late 1980s.

Hanna and Murphy later played with Olsen and Michael Hutchence in the band Max Q.

A version of one of Whirlywirld's songs, "Win/Lose", was re-recorded by Olsen in 1986 for inclusion in the film Dogs in Space. Hutchence sang the early Whirlywirld song, "Rooms for the Memory" on the soundtrack, and the song became a hit on the mainstream Australian charts in 1987. The remixed version of "Win/Lose" was also released as a single by Olsen.

Members

 * Andrew Duffield - synthesiser (1978–1979)
 * Arne Hanna - guitar (1979–1980)
 * Philip Jackson - synthesiser (1978–1979)
 * John Murphy - drums (1978–1980)
 * Ian 'Ollie' Olsen - vocals, synthesiser, saxophone (1978–1980)
 * Dean Richards - guitar (1978–1979)
 * Simon Smith - synthesiser (1978–1979)
 * Greg Sun - bass guitar (1979–1980)

Albums/EPs

 * Whirlywirld - Missing Link (MLS-3) (June, 1979)
 * Whirlywirld - Missing Link (MLEP-4) (February 1980)
 * Whirlywirld - The Complete Studio Works - Missing Link (Missing Link 10) (1986) (Re-Issue) (2002)

Singles

 * "Sextronics"/"Eyebrows Still Shaved" - Missing Link (MLS-10) - (February 1980)

title: Whirlywirld


text:
Curtis Armstrong

Curtis Armstrong (born November 27, 1953) is an American actor and singer best known for playing the role of Booger in the Revenge of the Nerds films, Herbert Viola on the TV series Moonlighting, Miles Dalby in the film Risky Business, and record producer Ahmet Ertegun in the film Ray as well as for playing the role of Metatron on the TV series Supernatural.

He is also known for providing his voice for such characters as Schmuley "Snot" Lonstein on the animated TV series American Dad! and Maru in the animated film Planes: Fire & Rescue in addition to portraying the title character on the animated TV series Dan Vs., Mr. Moleguaco in The Emperor's New School, Ezekiel the Cockroach on Doom Patrol, and Robot Default on Robot and Monster.

From 2013 to 2015, he served as the co-host of the TBS reality television competition series King of the Nerds.

Personal life
Armstrong was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Norma E. Armstrong (née D'Amico), a teacher of Italian (Abruzzese) descent, and Robert Leroy Armstrong. During his childhood, he lived in Switzerland for a few years while his father worked there. His family returned to Michigan, and he graduated from Berkley High School in Berkley, Michigan

Armstrong attended Western Michigan University and later transferred to the Academy of Dramatic Art at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan, graduating in 1975.

Armstrong had a Catholic upbringing; he later converted to Judaism when he married Elaine Aronson. His daughter Lily Armstrong was born in 1996. Armstrong announced via social media that his father died on May 25, 2020.

Career
His first role came in the 1983 film Risky Business. However, he is best known for his role of Booger in Revenge of the Nerds, reprising the role in the sequels Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise, Revenge of the Nerds III: The Next Generation, and Revenge of the Nerds IV: Nerds in Love. Armstrong's typecasting in the role was mocked in The Simpsons episode "E-I-E-I-(Annoyed Grunt)". His other films include Better Off Dead, Big Bully, One Crazy Summer, Bad Medicine, National Lampoon's Van Wilder, Smokin' Aces, DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story, Jingle All the Way, Southland Tales, and Beer for My Horses. He also had a recurring role as Herbert Viola on the television series Moonlighting, and he played the part of Ahmet Ertegun in the biographical film Ray (2004).

Armstrong provided the voices for Mr. Moleguaco and Mr. Bugspit on the Disney Channel original series The Emperor's New School and The Buzz on Maggie. Armstrong was also in Akeelah and the Bee. He played "Farley", a fictional composite character based on members of Elvis Presley's real entourage in the 1997 cult-comedy film Elvis Meets Nixon. He also had a bit part as "Russ" on the short-lived TV show Reaper.

Armstrong was cast in the 2000 film Shanghai Noon as Wild West hawker Bulldog Drummond, but all three scenes in which his character appears were cut from the film during the editing phase. He voices "Snot" on the animated sitcom American Dad!, parodying his role from Revenge of the Nerds. He also had a role as Double Wide in the cartoon series Stroker and Hoop on Adult Swim. He appeared in the 2006 production of Akeelah and the Bee as Mr. Welch. He was on VH1's 100 Greatest Teen Stars despite being thirty when he played his first role. He played "Mecklen" in the 2007 film, Smokin' Aces.

In the feature film Ray, for preparation for his role as music executive Ahmet Ertegun, he had the top part of his head shaved to simulate male pattern baldness. In 1999, he played a seedy reporter in The Baby Menace, the first episode of season five of 3rd Rock From The Sun. He guest starred in episode 10 — "Much Too Much" — and had a much smaller part in episode 11 — "Owner of a Lonely Heart" — in season two of Grey's Anatomy. Armstrong played a deejay named Jerry Thunder on That '70s Show, episode 315, "Radio Daze." In 2006 Armstrong was in an episode of Boston Legal. In 2008, he guest starred on the iCarly episode "iStakeout" as a convenience store clerk who was suspected of making unauthorized copies of films. In 2009 he appeared in Ratko: The Dictator's Son, and Locker 13. He played fictional astronaut Chaz Dalton on an episode of the TV series My Name is Earl. From 2008–2013 he portrayed Dr Parker/Dr Dawson on The Game.

2009 found Armstrong playing a paranoid character in a mental institution on the House season six premiere, "Broken". Also in 2009 Armstrong appeared in American Pie Presents: The Book of Love, as a teacher obsessed with the principal of the school, and he also appeared as a bumbling bandit in the film Gold Retrievers.

In 2010, Armstrong made a guest appearance on the television show Glory Daze and began voicing the main character on the animated series Dan Vs. He also voices Robot in Robot and Monster. He also appeared on Spike TV's Blue Mountain State (S01E11). In 2011, he appeared on an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm, and has a recurring role as attorney Peter Goldman on season seven of The Closer. He reprises this role in season four of Major Crimes.

On October 27, 2011, he appeared as himself on the television show Rules of Engagement.

In May 2013, Armstrong had a recurring role as Dr. Foster in several episodes of New Girl.

He continued to play the angel Metatron in several episodes in the 9th, 10th and 11th seasons of Supernatural.

Armstrong and former Revenge of the Nerds co-star Robert Carradine host the TBS reality TV competition series King of the Nerds. The series, which pits contestants with expertise in a variety of geek interests to see who will be crowned with the eponymous title, premiered in January 2013.

In addition to his acting career, Armstrong's affinity for the music of Harry Nilsson has prompted him to become an enthusiast of Nilsson's work. He has written liner notes for CD reissues of Nilsson albums and has been instrumental in archival and bonus track preparation for these reissues. Additionally, Armstrong is a fan of Washington Irving, Laurel and Hardy, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. In 2006, he was inducted into the Baker Street Irregulars as "An Actor and a Rare One."

title: Curtis Armstrong


text:
Ollie Olsen

Ollie Olsen is an Australian multi-instrumentalist, composer and sound designer. He has performed, recorded and produced rock, electronic and experimental music since the mid-1970s. His post punk groups included Whirlywirld (1978–80), Orchestra of Skin and Bone (1984–86) and No (1987–89). Olsen joined with Michael Hutchence (of INXS) to form a short-term band, Max Q, which issued an album in 1989. He co-founded the alternative electronic music record label Psy-Harmonics with Andrew Till in 1993. In 2014 he formed Taipan Tiger Girls.

Biography
Ollie Jngbert Christian Olsen (born Ian Christopher Olsen) was born in 1958 in Melbourne. He grew up with a sibling in suburban Blackburn and when he was 11 years-old the family spent four months in Norway in mid-1969.

Olsen developed an interest in electronic music as a teenager in the mid-1970s, studying with Felix Werder. Olsen has issued a range of work from experimental to film and television soundtracks, pop and dance music, installation projects and has established record labels. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, he is "recognised as one of the key figures in the Australian post-punk electronic movement of the late 1970s. Ever the experimentalist, Olsen's eclectic career in avant rock has taken him from the Reals, one of the original Melbourne punk combos of the late 1970s, through to the acid-house/techno/trance outfit Third Eye. He was also the driving force behind the Psy-Harmonics label."

Melbourne in the 70s and 80s
In the late 1970s Olsen formed two punk, post-punk bands, as leader and vocalist, as well as being a key figure in the Melbourne little band scene. His punk bands included the Reals and the Young Charlatans. Aside from Olsen on guitar, the Reals' line-up was Peter Cave on drums, Gary Gray on lead vocals and Chris Walsh on bass guitar. At the end of 1977 he formed the Young Charlatans with Janine Hall on bass guitar, Rowland S. Howard on guitar (ex-Obsessions) and Jeffrey Wegener on drums (ex-Saints). Australian music journalist, Clinton Walker, described this band as having "inner-city 'supergroup' status from the outset and helped pioneer post-punk rock in Australia."

Howard had written his iconic song "Shivers" while with the Young Charlatans, it was later recorded and released by a group Howard joined soon afterwards, The Boys Next Door. Young Charlatans recorded the first (and second) version of 'Shivers' as part of their unreleased demos, which were made by Bruce Milne for a future single on his Au Go Go Records label.

The Young Charlatans broke up in May 1978 and Olsen, on lead vocals, synthesiser, clarinet and saxophone, formed Whirlywirld, with Andrew Duffield on synthesiser, John Murphy on drums (ex-the News), Dean Richards on guitar and Simon Smith on synthesiser. Their debut self-titled three-track extended play was released in June 1979 via Missing Link Records. Olsen wrote two tracks and co-wrote the third with Murphy. The group issued a second self-titled EP in February 1980. The first 500 copies also included a bonus single, "Sextronics", but Whirlywirld disbanded before it appeared.

Olsen and Murphy relocated to the United Kingdom in early 1980 on the recommendation of Iggy Pop. The Canberra Times' Jonathan Green reported that "The Ig was impressed with the band's first ep when out here last year." The duo formed the Beast Apparel, which later became Hugo Klang, and released a single, "Grand Life for Fools and Idiots", in 1982. Olsen returned to Australia in the following year and continued Hugo Klang with Alan Bamford, Tom Hoy and Laughton Ellery, before this group split up in 1983.

In 1984 Olsen on vocals and guitar, Marie Hoy on keyboards and vocals and Murphy as drummer formed "an avant-garde outfit", Orchestra of Skin and Bone. Marie Hoy had been an instigator of the Melbourne 'little bands' scene, as a member of Too Fat to Fit Through the Door and others. Other musicians associated with Orchestra of Skin and Bone included David Hoy on cello, Tom Hoy on saxophone, Lochie Kirkwood on vocals and saxophone, Dugald McKenzie on vocals and harmonica, James Rogers on trumpet and Peter Scully on guitar. They issued a self-titled album in 1986 and disbanded soon afterwards. The following year, Ollie formed No, with Olsen on keyboards, vocals, drum machine and sampler, Marie Hoy on keyboards, vocals, samples alongside Kevin McMahon on bass guitar and Michael Sheridan on guitar in 1987.

Dogs in Space to Max Q
Film director Richard Lowenstein asked Olsen to appear in and work as music director for his feature film, Dogs in Space (December 1986). Olsen supervised the reforming of acts from the late 1970s little band scene and produced music recordings for the soundtrack. He re-recorded material by Whirlywirld including two singles, "Win/Lose" (April 1987) as a solo effort, and "Rooms for the Memory" (February) by the film's star, Michael Hutchence (of INXS). The film also featured Marie Hoy singing "Shivers". In a 2009 interview, following the restoration of the original film for a DVD release, Lowenstein told Trevor Block:

But Whirlywirld were always the ones for me. I mean, their music is in the movie itself, over the end credits. And the great thing about Ollie [Olsen], and one of the reasons I asked him to do so much in the movie, is that his songs have always had a feel to them, a kind of mood that fitted in with what we were doing. You'd die to make a video for some of his songs, he uses so many great images, and the rhythms he uses are amazing as well.

In 1989 Olsen and Hutchence collaborated on a musical project, Max Q, co-producing a self-titled album combining electronic music with orchestra, bass, guitar and backing vocals. The Max Q band included Arne Hanna (guitar), Bill McDonald (bass), John Murphy (drums, percussion), Michael Sheridan (guitar) and Gus Till (keyboards). After recording Olsen and Hutchence travelled to New York City to mix the tracks with DJ, Todd Terry.

Max Q is featured in the 2019 film Mystify by Richard Lowenstein.

1990s onwards
Olsen returned to Australia and turned his attentions to trance music, co-founding Australian electronic music label, Psy-Harmonics, with Gus Till's brother, Andrew Till, and recording under the name Third Eye. From the 1990s onwards, he has worked increasingly in sound design and score for film and score for television.

Olsen has lectured on and taught electronic music at various universities and symposia, and has also performed with a wide variety of international artists.

As of 2006, Olsen was working on a number of recording projects – mostly electro-acoustic pieces – with artists from Australia, Japan and South Africa, for performance and release in 2006. Olsen's musical output that year consisted of the release of the album, I Am The Server (13 February 2006), through the Greek record label, Creative Space, and the release of an electro-acoustic album, entitled Simulated. I Am The Server was composed, recorded and engineered by Olsen, with additional music from Bill McDonald and Peter Luscombe; the album was mastered by Simon Pool at LGM studios and the album artwork was produced by Maro Kassoti. Simulated was composed, performed and engineered by Olsen, between 1999 and 2006, mastered by Simon Pool at LGM studios, in January 2006, and the album artwork was, again, produced by Maro Kassoti.

In January 2019, Olsen announced his retirement from music via Facebook. In May 2020, Olsen announces publicly online on making a return to music and the release of the Whirlywirld Complete Discography 1978-80 LP on HoZac Records due out in June, 2020.

In 2020 Olsen was diagnosed with multiple system atrophy (MSA). In January 2023 music journalist Jane Gazzo, singer Adalita and producer Nick Launay re-recorded Olsen's 1978 composition "Rooms for the Memory" – originally a top 20 solo single for Hutchence in 1986 and also used in the associated film Dogs in Space. Olsen's MSA was announced in June 2023 and the new rendition featuring Mick Harvey, Andrew Duffield and Mat Watson (Taipan Tiger Girls) is due for release in July with proceeds in support of his ongoing medical expenses. According to Greg Phillips of Australian Musician, Olsen's condition "continues to deteriorate as there is currently no known cure."

List of past bands
Credits:
 * The Reals (1977): guitar
 * The Young Charlatans (1977–78)
 * Whirlywirld (1978–80): lead vocals, synthesiser, saxophone
 * The Beast Apparel / Hugo Klang (1981–83)
 * Lion Feed
 * Orchestra of Skin and Bone (1984–86): vocals, guitar
 * NO (1987–89): keyboards, vocals, sampler
 * Max Q (1989–90)
 * Third Eye
 * The Visitors
 * Shaolin Wooden Men
 * Psyko Disko
 * Antediluvian Rocking Horse
 * I Am The Server
 * Primitive Ghost
 * Taipan Tiger Girls
 * Spectral Electron Chromas
 * Kitty Chrome
 * Vanish from this state of Whatever

Collaborations and projects

 * Nominated for Best Original Music Score for the movie Head On at the Australian Film Institute Awards (AFI Awards,1998)
 * "Regenerative Generative Generative" psychedelic (re)constructions (real-time interactive sound and image) and translations of sound into visual responses. The culmination of a series of interactive and generative compositions explored over the past two decades by Andrew Garton, Ollie Olsen and John Power. Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, Melbourne, 2000 This is Not Art Festival, Newcastle, NSW, 2000
 * "From Drift to Derive" Multi-screen video, 5.1 generative sound by Andrew Garton and Ollie Olsen Australian Centre for the Moving Image, Melbourne, 2003 Small Black Box, Institute for Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia, 2003
 * Composed score for "The Loved Ones" 2009
 * Composed score for "Birthday" 2009
 * Released debut album with Taipan Tiger Girls - 2015

Psy-Harmonics record label
In 1993 Olsen formed Psy-Harmonics, an independent record label, with Andrew Till, which specialised in electronic music.

title: Ollie Olsen


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title: Category:Chefs by nationality


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Alsta

Alsta (historically, Alsten or Alstein) is an island in the municipalities of Alstahaug and Leirfjord in Nordland county, Norway. The island is surrounded by the Vefsnfjorden to the east, the Leirfjorden to the north, and the Alstenfjorden to the south and west. The eastern part of the island is dominated by the Seven Sisters mountain range which has five mountains that are more than 1000 m tall, while the western part of the island is relatively flat and it is the location of the town of Sandnessjøen and the village of Søvika in the south.

The 30 km long island has an area of 152.6 km2, and its highest point is the mountain Botnkrona, which reaches 1072 m above sea level. In 2017, there were 6,969 residents on the island. The islands of Altra and Skålvær lie to the southwest, the islands of Tjøtta, Offersøya, Mindlandet, and Rødøya lie to the south, surrounding the entrance to the Vefsnfjorden.

The island is connected to the mainland by the Helgeland Bridge on Norwegian County Road 17, which connects the northern part of the island to the municipality of Leirfjord on the mainland. This same highway 17 continues across the island from north to south where it then connects by bridge to the nearby islands of Offersøya and Tjøtta.

The eastern part of the island is often called the "backside" of the island since it is on the other side of the mountains from the more populous side. This "backside" lies inside the municipality of Leirfjord and the Sundøy Bridge connects the Sundøy village area on the backside of the island to the mainland.

title: Alsta


text: User talk:207.70.138.35

title: User talk:207.70.138.35


text:
Talk:Taijiquan (pinyin article)

Romanization
We currently have two versions of the same article (T'ai Chi Ch'uan and Taijiquan (pinyin article)) in order to avoid problems between those who prefer pinyin and those who prefer Wade-Giles. They are cross-referenced, so it is easy enough for someone who wants to check the other version to switch back and forth. This helps to avoid the inelegant and confusing mixture of different romanization schemes in the same article, a problem endemic to articles relating to Chinese culture. I hope this helps. Fire Star 16:44, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

We should consolidate the article as it is too difficult to maintain two versions of the same article. WhisperToMe 03:13, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taijiquan (pinyin article)