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Talk:Tyranid

Untitled
This discussion page has been archived (1) as most of it is exceedingly old. Let's keep things neat and tidy, eh? Sojourner001 18:14, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

conventional equipment
The line The first Tyranids used conventional, non-biological equipment such as lasguns and flak armour is virtually a quote from Games Workshop: http://us.games-workshop.com/games/40k/tyranids/articles/genesis.htm I remember Rogue Trader did not include specialist weapons for (at that time) minor races. Hence Tyranids and Zoats had to be equipped with conventional equipment. --Air 12:49, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

board game incarnations
I notice that Ultra Marines did not actually feature any alien races, but was a simplified scout vs. scout game. Source: http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/8728 --Air 13:10, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Space Hulk definately included Genestealers and that was a boardgame SanchiTachi 18:49, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

!!!
What happened to the article? I come back and its a jumbled mess! Why do we have the "Tyranid Info" section? It's pointless, that small bit of information can be placed throughout the article. What the crap are all the bio-enhancements doing here?

I'm afraid to see the other articles. Colonel Marksman 00:07, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed, this article has filled up with garbage and cruft since I last saw it. I'd like some consent to revert to a very old edit of mine, which in my opinion was closer to what we're after than anything that's come after - which is largely nonsense and irrelevant trivia. Sojourner001 16:17, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The article is far cleaner than what it was, and now has points, issues, and the likes attributed. If you revert it, instead of improving different parts, then you not here to help, but only want to damage the article as a whole. Please keep that in mind. And before you start accusing things of fan craft, please follow the Ettiquette rules. Its not your place to judge the article as good or bad, or pass any such value judgments on things like that. There is very little "irrelevant trivia" included, and your lack of appropriately quoting such as example is proof of that. SanchiTachi 16:24, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Tyranid Strategy
As a suggestion, maybe there should be a section on tyranid strategies. Please vote. An idea would be to build the section here and openly edit it before it goes on into the article. I suggest that the section be subdivided into godzilla army strategy, swarm strategy, and a jack-of-all-trades army strategy. Things to include would be components required for each army and their roles which produce the maximum effect. Multitallented 03:45, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Yea, but don't title it "strategy." It should deal with the different tactics included in the book. It should be expanded to cover operating with genestealer based armies (I have the official subcodex for that), or with the different brood amounts. Also, whoever you are that wrote this area, please make a user name so we know what to address you as. Thanks. SanchiTachi 18:46, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

It has been brought to my attention that strategy guides are not content to be posted on wikipedia. Maybe a source could be quoted about tyranid strategy leading to a web page on tyranid strategy?Multitallented 16:40, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No. 'Strategy' isn't encyclopedic or particularly relevant, and should go. Sojourner001 16:21, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Before you make more claims without proof, the strategy section is cited and was included in the book in order to show what kind of creature/army the Tyranids were. Just like animal pages have eating habits and sex habits, an Army page should have the appropriately sourced strategy section. That is how Encyclopedias work. Even Napoleon has strategy talked about. SanchiTachi 16:29, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Actually I agree with Sojourner, Strategy isn't encylopedic. That should belong on a forum.Multitallented 15:56, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Have a source to demonstrate that the Strategy section as put forth is not encyclopedic? Because I followed the same way that other games follow in putting forth such things. Also, Brittanica does talk about Napoleon's use of cannons in battle and how the Roman Testudo works, so Encyclopedias do include strategy. SanchiTachi 16:08, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Here is some proof to what I say:
 * "Lobbying strategies and tactics" http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-257771/interest-group
 * "From late 1942 German strategy, every feature of which was determined by Hitler, was solely aimed at protecting the still very large area under German contro" http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-53582/World-War-II
 * "Strategy of contract bridge The object in contract bridge is to score as many points as possible and to permit the opponents to score as few points as possible. The strategy employed by the best players in pursuit of this object embraces a technique that in complexity approaches the technique of chess, as well as a scope for deductive analysis, psychology, alertness, and mental ascendancy over…"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-256390/bridge
 * As you can see, three such strategy sections from Brittanica, and there are many more. SanchiTachi 16:17, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I thought I had weighed in here... But it must have been at some other strategy discussion. My opinion though is in line with Sanchi's, if one can provide source material that supports the strategy, then it certainly should be included. --Falcorian (talk) 16:29, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

In this case, the Tyranid strategy is to take over a planet by overwhelming their foes. How they go about it battle is the tactic. In reality, we'd be posting "Tyranid Tactics" not strategy. Colonel Marksman 19:33, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I am against having this page for any of our articles. Reason: They don't exist anymore. All a strategy is is a playstyle, and Games Workshop removed them in newer Codexes. Besides, the Tyranid Codex (none of them) have listed tactics anyway. The Tyranids can be modified in too many different ways to have any specific "strategy" or "tactic". Oh yes, who knows the difference between strategy and tactics?
 * You do know that old Codexes are still verifiable and still need to have their information presented, right? Just remember that its not a good way to rationalize an edit solely on that point. Also, remember that random people will continue to put it back in, and such information is verifiable, which means that its allowed on wiki. SanchiTachi 19:45, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

A Godzilla list, for example. You can't source that. If you can't source it, don't post it. Articles should only have raw, proven facts only. With this, there's also no room for NPOV problems, because it is neutral. No opinions to balance or argue with. Colonel Marksman 19:56, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You're not understanding the point. There are not set or defined tactics for the Tyranids, or any race. All they are is play style. There's numberless play styles, and it would be impractical to try and name them all. Worse, you can't give a viable source for any of them. Most of it is all opinionated anyway.
 * I know. I created the original thing as a source to keep people from randomly throwing it back up. Also, the NPOV is how you word or introducing yourself. If you quote, your quote can have the point of view for the source. Minor difference, but yeah. I just wanted to warn you about the dangerous area of anonymous user battle you'll have to go through for the removing of the section. lol :) SanchiTachi 20:09, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Tyranid Building Modifications
I propose that a section be made specifically to introduce deviations in assembly of tyranid models, such as the carnifex. An example would be a picture of the assembled model and possible list of all biomorphs it represents. Please post suggestions here. Multitallented 03:45, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

As with the tyranid strategy section, the same thing could be done for mods on building.Multitallented 16:41, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Why not add any info on this that you can cite to the biomorphs section? One picture may work (or a few tiny pictures) for the whole thing, as they only need an idea of what is being talked about instead of examples for each. It is important to include such information to distinguish the Tyranids as an army in a game, as opposed to an in-universe alien page. SanchiTachi 16:33, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

The Changes
I went through, put more specific sourcing, and I revamped the different pages.

I organized, destroyed redunancies, and made so many changes that my head is spinning. I spent a long time trying to organize and kill anything that was too wordy, already there, etc.

I hope the page works and is a lot cleaner than before. Any reviews and spelling/grammar would be helpful. SanchiTachi 00:04, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Zoanthrope origin
I added the fact they're harvested from Eldar DNA, as that was included in the Tyranid Codex.

Kaenei 19:49, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Note, it was in the 3rd edition but not the 4th and was deemed "classified." That means that its an idea. Maybe we should create a biomorophs/weapons page and include possible origins of such creatures there and then note that those have been deemed Classified in order to make the knowledge in dispute. How does that sound? SanchiTachi 19:56, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The official origin of the DNA used in the creation of a Zoanthrope is unknown; I think that Eldar DNA is the most likely, since the Eldar's psykers are probably the best-known in the Warhammer 40K universe, and the Zoanthrope is limited almost entirely to its psychic abilities. Groundlord (talk) 17:46, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

A Proposal
I expanded the different pages to make a Warrior Genus page and worked the Genestealers to follow the same organization structure. I will work out a Gaunt Page and a page for the Titans. However, I think all four would be greatly served by an info box or a genetic chart. If someone wants to put together a hand drawn version of the 4th edition chart and then "emphasize" in the picture the specific group, then that would be great. SanchiTachi 02:35, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Squigs
The section on squigs has numerous basic grammar and spelling errors. I fixed several obvious things, but someone with more knowledge of the subject material should clean up the rest, especially the line "Although there ones diviced from squats and Eldar as well." I have no idea what the word "diviced" is supposed to be, or for that matter what a "squat" is. --erunaheru 03:42, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Derived? And a Squat is a space dwarf. :) SanchiTachi 03:44, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Another thing is the influences from ancient culture. Notably the use of Norn to refer to the Norn Queens. In ancient norse mythology the Norn Queens were similar to the weavers of greek culture or the spinners of Roman culture who dictated an individuals destiny.--Dominic Russell (talk) 23:24, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

My Review
1. Remove personal opinion please! Using adjectives like "awesome" falls under opinion, and doesn't belong in encyclopedic articles.

2. We need to reorganize the speces. Lictors aren't monstrous creatures, and Hive Tyrants are. The branching pages also seem... unworkable. Look, you have a list filled with creatures with one to two sentences long for each. Then you take that and place the list as its own stand-alone article. That just doesn't register to me. I understand lists exist, but lists exist because they are too long to keep on the main page. What we need to do is to first of all make a list of ALL the species (including those from Battlefleet Gothic) into one page. THEN pick the page apart and make needed branches. The Tyranids are too big for their tails on Wikipedia right now; they take up more articles than they need to. While I find it distasteful to have one article overflowing with details, I also find it distasteful to have articles with several unncessary branches. Both are hard and complicated to keep up with, edit, and search through for information.

3. We still need more pictures.

4. Despite these, I do agree the Tyranid article is in much better shape than before. The 'Tyranid Genetics' page is exactly the way I dreamed for the Tyranid's 'weapons and equipment' page. Only, we need to put in weapons. Colonel Marksman 20:02, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * A few responses. 1. Where the hell did that come from? lol, I don't know why it would be in there. 2. Lictors are elite choices, but yeah, the section should be renamed to larger tyranids or something else to separate those from the ones below. The Tyrants need to be with the other synapse creatures. However it can be worked out, thats probably the best. The branches that I put forth so far was Titans (which seemed obvious), the Genestealers (they had their own variant army) and the Warrior Genus (which is broken down in the 4th edition codex as such). I left out the Gaunts because I didn't have time to move them to its own page. It would group 5 or more individual notable units into each page. The Titans page doesn't have much information because I don't have my book to fill in the gaps. 3. Agreed. 4. The weapons section definately needs to be added so they can be linked to the appropriate mentions (I believe there are over 30 references to weapons in the various sections).

 * Some fat that can be trimmed can definately be found in the first part of the History, by 50 or so words. Also, the gaming section at the end with the variations in the editions can be trimmed by at least 50 words. That would help quite a bit. The introduction to the notable characters can be trimmed down and renamed to fit the new name for the "monstrous characters" section. SanchiTachi 20:18, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Update - I went ahead and trimmed some stuff. Do we need to have a mention of the Tyranid Model Range? I think such things could be moved onto individual pages (such for Tyrants, have Tyrant Guards as a catagory and then explain the difference of the models over time, not much of course). I do think we would need a mention of the Hive Fleet pieces (the Battlefleet Gothic Pieces) or we could trim down the hive fleets, move the bulk of the info to its own page, and then mention the types of ships provided in Gothic in addition. What do you think? SanchiTachi 20:31, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright! The article is looking awesome! A few more references, and a few more pics, and this could be a featured article... imo. Colonel Marksman 00:39, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Quick question: I'm making a Gaunts page in the same manner as warriors and Genestealers (Genestealers page needs a little help to flesh it out), but do you think I should make a "fleets" page, talk about some of the particular fleets and how they operated (trimming the article part just to the "history" of the fleet) and then move the ship pictures over (so we have a bridge to the alternative games, like Gothic)? If so, I can hunt down a different picture of the Hive Ship for this page. SanchiTachi 00:46, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

A Question/Favor to Ask
Does anyone know of the Black Library books that involve Tyranids? If so, could you put information here on them (a one paragraph synopsis of the book, reference details, etc), so we can put together a Black Library section? Or at least list the books at the bottom of the page. I know there are a few for Macragge. SanchiTachi 02:05, 22 May 2007 (UTC) The only couple that havent been mentioned I can think of off the top of my head is the short stories book Deathwing, in the Deathwing short story Ansell/William King where some DA's take on a 'Stealer cult, and also in the same book The Alien Beast Within by Ian Watson, where a Callidus assassin infiltrates a cult. Both are short stories but Deathwing is especially important and Alien Beast was a fairly good/quick read. Cant think of any others but I know there is one more. I'll check back in this weekend after I rummage through my boxes. ChonkE (talk) 10:44, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Malanthobe
The malanthobe isnt a bio-titan which means it should be in the tyranid section rather than the tyranid titan section. General Aion 05:46, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean the Malanthrope? Technically, its taller than a Carnifex, and its a special (and expensive) model from Forge World, and it had rules along side of the titans in the current rules for Epic (or at least the current tyranid rules that on the specialist games website for them). It just seemed more convienent to put them there instead of worrying about it too catagories too much (plus, I looked at the chart on the current Tyranids codex and any that were "speculated" for origins I just lumped them in with titans, as they all seemed to be "bigger" versions of what they were speculated to be from, I hope this helps). SanchiTachi 05:54, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Reaper-Fex
In a white dwarf based campainge somone made a big tyranid creature and it was called "the Reaper-Fex" should we add it or isnt ther enough fluff? It did say were it origated and how it attacked though. General Aion 05:48, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There are a lot of white dwarf campaigns and I believe the carnifex variants are covered on the Warrior Genus page. Only the really "special" models should be mentioned, which were the three unique versions of the warrior bases (ravener, carnifex and lictor). But yeah, the Warrior Genus page has a lot of extra information. SanchiTachi 05:54, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * But it had its own special rules- it was not a carnifex variant. It looked like a cross between a carnifex and a ravener. Hers a link to a picture of it: http://www.games-workshop.com.au/cs/laius/painting/thecreature/images/battle1.jpg General Aion 07:45, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * That is most definitely a Trygon. (sov)
 * Hmmm, well, the model was never sold, and conversion pieces aren't allowed (only "official" pieces are, i.e. models with approved rules and produced models). It can be mentioned in the gaming section, as a campaign was created with a conversion piece, and then link to the page discussing it (I would put a paragraph on the campaign), but isn't "canon" enough to go on the Carnifex page or as a special character. Special characters need to have an official special model and official special rules (and also have to be "usable" as the special character). SanchiTachi 16:14, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It had aproved special rules published in WD 310. General Aion 01:52, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That is a tyranid created specifically for a a narrative campain held in the Australian White dwarf running from issue 310 to 313. It was not approved by Games Workshop (though the rules were designed by thier employees) and not intended for general use.  It is also most definitely not a trygon.  For some background, it was called the 'Lauis Horror' (not Reaper-Fex) and was a creature developed by a hive ship frozen and buried on the quarantined world of Lauis Rift.  It had the ability to hide itself in the bodies of humans, killing them by bursting out.  The story involved an Adaptus Mechanicus expedition (note the men in photo of above link) landing on the world to search for crashed alien ships and unlocking the tyranids.    —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.183.79.186 (talk) 22:29, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Tyranid vessels
Do you think we should have a section or page for tyranid vessels from BFG? Or maybe we should put them as a species- there living anyway. General Aion 07:52, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Already have one, its the Hive Fleets page. SanchiTachi 16:12, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Tyranids Cover 3rd.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Tyranids Codexr.JPG
Image:Tyranids Codexr.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:47, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Space hulk cover.JPG
Image:Space hulk cover.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Hive Fleet Carcaradon
I just removed it from the "Other Hive Fleets" section. No such fleet exists as far as I'm aware, let alone one encountered by the Necrons on Kronus. Especially when you consider that there are no Tyranids in Dawn of War whatsoever.

Google however returns results for "Hive Fleet Carcharodon". Suspect this may have been a fan's edit to include their own hive fleet.

Can whoever's doing that not do it please. The whole point of this article is to show Tyranids as they appear in official publications, not to boost your own ego. If this however is an actual Hive Fleet, please cite and link source material to confirm it.

-The Great Unwashed 07:13, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

-gaunt or -gant?
Apologies if this is common knowledge, but it seems like some of the WH40K fiction is inconsistent in spelling Tyranid types, varying for example in Termagant/Hormagaunt while on the Tyranid page it is Termagaunt (and redirects to Termagant!) Is there actually a correct spelling convention? -MalkavianX 04:13, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

The termagant species is spelled termagant, despite it being a Gaunt. Don't know why, but in my codex, every mention is spelled termagant. ALl other species in the Gaunt genus end in gaunt, not gant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.204.111.219 (talk) 21:56, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

I don't think it really matters, since most people pronounce it as "Termagaunt" anyway. Groundlord (talk) 17:49, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

I think this is a legacy issue - if memory serves, in older versions (2nd edition) termagants and hormagaunts were described more like different genuses and later on they were 'merged', however the differences in spelling were stuck to due to familiarity. StormySan (talk) 23:48, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Merge from Tyrant Guard
The Tyrant Guard article seems to be a fork from this one that contains very little in the way of real world perspective or info. Pairadox 02:05, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I have to agree on this point, it ought to be folded into the main article. Makingupthenumbers (talk) 23:09, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Me too. (sov) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sovfalcon (talk • contribs) 06:59, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't really think any of the units in any article deserve their own article. Colonel Marksman (talk) 04:41, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Ymgarl Stealers
Does anyone here think something should be included in the Other Hive Fleets part about the Ymgarl genestealers? Since this would indicate other previous Tyranid encounters in the Milky Way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.250.237.134 (talk) 11:07, 26 October 2007 (UTC) It certainly gives them a nice early date of contact. It seems a fairly minor point though and not relevant or interesting enough to the main body to be included in my opinion. ChonkE (talk) 11:04, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Semi-synaptic. What is it?
Im confuzzled plz help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.118.31.146 (talk) 17:20, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

All I know is that Zoanthropes are semi-synaptic, so I think it means that they don't use the Instinctive Behavior rule if there isn't Synapse creature near them. KyuubiSeal (talk) 17:27, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

I think it means some of the species are synaptic, making the species as a whole, semi-synaptic. I think... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.204.111.219 (talk) 21:51, 6 January 2008 (UTC) lol, check your codex :) remember your biomorphs and remember their nickname. "Brain". ChonkE (talk) 11:00, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Semi-synaptic doesn't even exist in the game rules. Tyranids that aren't Synapse Creatures use the Instinctive Behaviour rules if they are outside Synapse range, unless they have a rule that lets them act normally (currently, only Genestealers and Biovores have this ability). "Semi-synaptic" is probably only a reference to the extent of a Tyranid's connection to the Hive Mind; "Synaptic" 'Nids are ones who have very strong connections (like the Hive Tyrant), while "Semi-Synaptic" are the ones that have a moderate connection (like the Zoanthrope; it's not extremely powerful, but strong enough to manipulate lesser 'Nids). For game purposes, the influence that a Synapse Creature has over lesser Tyranids is the same whether it's a Zoanthrope, a Warrior, a Broodlord, or a Hive Tyrant. Groundlord (talk) 05:35, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Wraith Fleet?
In the section talking about "other hive fleets" there is a paragraph about so-called Hive Fleet Wraith. No sources are cited for this, I personally have heard nothing of it, and to me, it sounds like someone just put in their own hive fleet background just so it could be in the Tyranid page. Im deleting it. If you want it on the page, give me sources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.100.136.156 (talk) 00:47, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
 * There are references elsewhere online to it being menioned in White Dwarf #98, however not owning an issue or having the ISBN I can't provide a conclusive citation. StormySan (talk) 00:20, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I've managed to talk to someone who has a copy of this issue and can find no reference to any hive fleets at all. If noone objects then I'll remove the reference as it would appear to be a player-created fleet. StormySan (talk) 00:40, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Left this over a week and no objections, section removed.StormySan (talk) 12:22, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Original concept
I heard that the original concept and design was that of mutated humanoid aliens with carapace and biological blades, and that the.. er, Zerg-like design was introduced only recently (that is not like few years, but like... not very long). Is it true? If it is, can anyone tell me when this.. er, Zerg-like design came into picture?
 * Starshade17 (talk) 15:38, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Naturally your question is rather relevant to my previous edit of the article that gave the release years for Alien, the Tyranids, and the Zerg. Although I can't really prove it (though I'm sure someone can), the info' on the internet seems to support the notion that tyranids were very much alike the way they are today early on.  Consider the following links:

 * A seller's page featuring vintage box art and sprues. In particular observe the "Zerg-like" Tyranid in the background lower left quadrant of the "Epic:  Hive War" box art.

 * [] "Hive War (1995), which featured the Tyranid"

 * What this all suggests to me is the Tyranids where Tyranids at least as early as 1995, which was three years before the release of Starcraft. 76.111.80.228 (talk) 02:56, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the links. They do look slightly humanoid, and considering the bipedal aspect, I think it's safe to assume that the Tyranids "evolved" form the original designs too. Oh, in case you mistake my meaning, I'm not saying that the design of Tyranids is a copycat of Zerg. But it seems possible that the Tyranids and the Zerg affected each other mutually. I know this might outrage the Warhammer fans, but I'm only saying that it's possible.
 * Thanks for the links again.
 * Starshade17 (talk) 12:04, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

If one compares the 2nd edition Tyranid models to 3rd edition releases (following Starcraft, in 2001), it is impossible not to notice that the Zerg are closer to the latter releases. Whatever the truth of the matter, it is easy to see that the Tyranids have been influenced by the Zerg since Starcraft's release. This being a matter of great contention among fans, I will not be attempting any edits regarding it, apart from keeping the matter open if necessary. NotARusski (talk) 02:43, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * So the Tyranid at the bottom left of the background of this image looks nothing like the Zerg to you? Keep in mind this rulebook predates Starcraft by a number of years. 76.111.80.228 (talk) 01:37, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually it does not look very much like the Zerg. The part "The Tyranids, in turn, inspired the Zerg species of Starcraft" Should be removed or changed, because it is definitely not a fact. It's possible, but unless someone has any real proof of it should removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.226.46.40 (talk) 19:39, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry. But, I didn't write that it looked "very much" like the Zerg, I asked doesn't it look like the Zerg at all?  My point being that, contrary to what Starshade wrote the Tyranids were more than merely "mutated humanoid aliens".  Rather they've been looking all insect-y with spines, and, most importantly of all, long saber-like talon mandible ... things.  (I'd call them horns, but I don't think horns are supposed to articulate.  I don't like calling them "mandibles" either because mandibles are supposed to be a part of mouth hardware.)

 * I've just been a little put out by some of the stuff folks have been writing here. Starshade wrote what he wrote.  And, I make a link to a page that includes a link to (what I wrote was "box art" but which instead was) a rulebook cover that clearly shows a Carnifex (an older style Carnifex, but still a Carnifex), and he either doesn't follow the link as far as I suggested, or completely ignores the Carnifex in favor of the looming old style Hive Tyrant in the foreground, writing that "They do look slightly humanoid".

 * Then NotARusski writes what he wrote. And, I'm like, well you know what? here NotARusski, check this link, in particular this and this.  Those are your Second Edition Tyranids that you wrote have changed so much.

 * Really I've been getting upset because I ended up feeling like people haven't actually paid what I wrote any mind.

 * I suppose I should at least ask NotARusski, what specific examples are you thinking of the Zerg influencing Tyranid development? I would like to know.

 * And, I don't know where it was written that, "The Tyranids, in turn, inspired the Zerg species of Starcraft". Personally, I believe that the odds are likely that it's true.  But, as you wrote there is nothing that validates that notion.

 * My only point has been that with the precedents, if one can be ripping off the other, the other can not have been ripping off the one. Starshade suggested that perhaps they're mutually ripping each other off.  As a writer I can not agree with that.  The two are similar enough that the conception of one could very well have been based on the other.  But my impression is that they are different enough that having the concept the creative talents of the unoriginal concept at least took off and ran with what they had.  I mean once you have a conceptual idea the rest is so much easier. 76.111.80.228 (talk) 04:05, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * My deepest apologies. I didn't notice the sentence after the link. Now that I see this.. Yes, that does look like what the Zergling looks like now. Is that the Carnifex in the early ages?

 * In the four months that passed after my edition, by the way, I was enlightened about this topic and have found enough to see that the Tyranids are indeed original concepts (except for the genetic engineering part). I understand your claim and frustration. Thank you for your comment, and again, apologies for my behavior. :Starshade17 (talk) 09:34, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * At what point did I say that the early Tyranids look nothing like the Zerg? Please point it out to me, as I cannot find it. I said that the Zerg more closely resemble the Tyranids released after Starcraft than the ones released before. And your links, which I have looked at, do nothing to dispute this whatsoever, as we are speaking of comparisons of comparisons. Observe here and here, on the same site you linked. I am unable to find examples of earlier Tyranids so close in appearance to the Zerg, your examples included. NotARusski (talk) 23:16, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Chovin's Edit
Chovin deleted the following text "(though the Zerg is presumably based upon the Tyranids, as Tyranids can be traced back as early as 1987, while the game Starcraft, which also includes elements of design comparable in the Terran races of both game universes, was not released until 1998; likewise although the movie Alien from 1979 certainly pre-dated the Tyranids, and provided inspiration for the Tyranids, the Tyranid concept is, arguably, a degree more developed as a race rather than just a scourge)" with the note "Only speculation". It annoys me slightly that he made no effort to discuss this edit on the discussion page. But, it's not like it isn't true, which is exactly why I sought to mitigate the speculation with words like "presumably" and "arguably", and also the use of parentheses, so people would not mistake the words as gospel.

I'd like to point out that my edit was from "though the Zerg was likely based upon the Tyranids" which was even more presumptive while putting on airs of uninformed certainty. Likewise I made sure to add the dates of release so the speculation was at least supportable in fact. For copyright law purposes those would be the essential details (if a copyright judge would have to rule one way or another which I don't think they would).

This is relevant to Tyranid public interest because it is a question on many people's minds. (Indeed it was on mine, which was what led me to look up the release dates in the first place.) There are many who heard of the Zerg long before they heard of Tyranids (if even they have yet heard of Tyranids). Many of these people just assume the Tyranids are a rip off of the Zerg, which even if the Zerg are not a rip off of the Tyranids the reverse certainly can not be true. 76.111.80.228 (talk) 04:07, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

I would like to point out that the Tyranids have evolved over time and took a very large step after the release of the Zerg. While it's possible the Zerg took ideas from the Tyranids it's certainly not impossible that the Tyranids evolved the way they did, creatively, because of the influence of the Zerg's popularity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.143.141.100 (talk) 09:03, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Starship Troopers' Bugs
The previous chapter I added to the discussion page made me also think as long as we're drawing comparisons the Bugs of Robert A. Heinlein's Starship Troopers (1959) certainly pre-dated the Tyranids by three decades. Although I don't believe the Arachnids (Bug (Starship Troopers)) of the book resemble the ones in the movie altogether very much. 76.111.80.228 (talk) 04:07, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Quite probable. (Please forgive and correct me if I am wrong.) Given its seniority, it wouldn't be strange to guess that the Tyranids were inspired by the Arachnids first. The Arachnids utilize no electronic technology and form a superorganism, and depend on quantity rather than quality, but do have some mega-warriors at their disposal. The exact description of Tyranids as well. I'd agree that the Tyranids were originally inspired by the Arachnids. (And both have names that end with -nids.) :Starshade17 (talk) 09:08, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Ah but as I mentioned the "Bugs" in the book are very different from the bugs in the movie, which does not pre-date the Tyranids. The bugs in the book have starships and beam weapons from what little is written of them.  The fighting that goes on in Heinleins book is, I understand, all or mostly against the "Bugs"' allies the "Skinnies".  So we really don't know that much about them.  My impression is that Heinlein created them as a truly alien race as a nemesis of the future human race, and that beyond that they were incidental to the story.

 * It is, to my understanding, still very possible the Tyranids are a largely original concept, which the Arachnids of the movie were based upon. 76.111.80.228 (talk) 22:51, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The Tyranids of 1986-1995/1997 were actually much more alike to the Arachnids in the book. Starship Troopers was certainly more likely to have been influenced by the Xenomorph in the Alien franchise. Around the time of the creation of the Starship Troopers movie and of Starcraft for that matter, there had already been video games and movies based upon legions of insect-like life forms that have a hive mind controlling them...it was pop culture.  And what I submit is that all of the franchises in question were influenced by popular culture at the time, and is why they all evolved in similar directions over that time.  Far too much credit is given too the popularity of the Tyranids during the time frame we're referring to, I find it very hard to believe that a movie director and producer were playing WH40k and got the idea to change their movie, don't you?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.143.141.100 (talk) 09:11, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually I would not say too much credit is given to the popularity of the Tyranids, largely because, to the dismay of the Tyranids' enthusiastic fans, the Tyranids as well as the rest of the W40k universe, was not; and is still not that popular. The upcoming Dawn of War II video game will probably popularise the Tyranids far more than all of the past couple decades.  Which in its way is kind of a shame, because, once again, I'm sure rabid video (but not tabletop) gamers, who are unaware that the Dawn of War series is just one product of the W40k franchise, will just assume that the Tyranids are a ripoff of the Zerg.  (And do know this is not GamesWorkshop's first foray into computer gaming, for example there's the excellent Final Liberation.)

 * And, I would like to know what other examples of insect-like hive-minded aliens you can think of. It would be interesting to go into the evolution of the concept in the popular consciousness, as a world-devouring boogeyman. 76.111.80.228 (talk) 22:59, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * As far as I'm aware, GW had a license deal with Blizzard who was making a 40k RTS. The zerg is basically the Tyranids with a different name due to GW pulling the plug, and Blizzard having a half finished game. The marines are space marines and the zerg is tyranids. Where they got the Protoss from I'm unsure about. There is a few sources on this around. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.154.84.2 (talk) 12:43, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Needs radical edits

 * 1) Our goal is not to reproduce the entire library of Tyranid sourcebooks in this page. I'd argue we don't need to list every unit type and hive fleet ever mentioned anywhere.
 * 2) There is a strong 'fanboy' tone in 80% of the article, where evident Tyranid players want to emphasise how terrifying and invulnerable their fictional soldiers are.

Look at the Space Marines (Warhammer 40,000) page. It is mostly restrained in tone, and doesn't list every Marine type in the books - that's a much better read. --Air (talk) 15:10, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

WP:GOCE
Page size for contest: File size: 115 kB Prose size (including all HTML code): 27 kB References (including all HTML code): 19 kB Prose size (text only): 21 kB (3492 words) "readable prose size" References (text only): 2229 B Images: 72 kB Buggie111 (talk) 01:18, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Wrong Picture
Someone managed to link a picture of the late Pope instead of the Tyranids 4th Edition Codex. Unfortunately, I don't know how to change it. If someone can link back the good picture... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.225.216.246 (talk) 23:31, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Reference books
It seems that the ISBN for several of the referances are wrong, and even contradictory. IE both the 2nd and 3rd edition codexes have the ISBN of the 4th edition codex. Wyvirn91 (talk) 23:42, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Inspiration?
I have heard they also drew on the Zerg from Starcraft, not just xenomorphs. However I can't find any good references for that.--Ollyoxenfree (talk) 21:31, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

 * If anything, it's the other way around.
 * Starcraft has been released in 1998, while Rogue Trader has been published since the 80's. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.98.199.50 (talk) 22:02, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

"Harridan"?
The Harridan disambiguation page had an entry coming to this article, but I can't find that word/name mentioned in here. Is something missing? I've removed the entry for now, but that makes it a page, subject to deletion. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  05:36, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tyranid


text:
Talk:20/20 (American TV program)

missing correspondent
last nights had jojo chang or whatever her name is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.18.177.233 (talk) 22:25, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Name meaning
Hi, I read on many (political) US forums these days 20/20, but since I'm not an American, and we don't have that show here in the Netherlands, I have no idea what it means. Hope somebody here can help me out... Thanks in advance, Bontenbal 15:09, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi. I'm not from the US either but I believe the title refers to the measurement of your eyesight - 20/20 refers to 'perfect vision'. I'm willing to stand corrected though! Trialex 09:45, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * What about the slash (solidus) in the title? WhiteDragon 04:56, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That's how vision is represented, with a slash. Look up vision for a complete description.--Red Titan 21:57, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Way late reply: "20/20" is almost universally understood in the eyesight context, including this show's use of it. I've never seen it used for any other meaning. 68.39.174.238 09:29, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

I've added a note to the top about the meaning if someone ends up here by accident. 68.39.174.238 09:56, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Okay, a simpler example of why it is called "20/20" is this: 20/20 is normal eyesight, things are not blurry, blurry being the keyword. In "20/20", they tell you I think 10 things that people say, and see if they are true, or if they are myths. It ties in with blurry because not too many people knew if the things they talk about are truth or a myth. An example is that reading in the dark is not bad for your eyes, even though I know I have heard it very often. Dogmanice 03:06, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

I was there and part of the process, and the name "20/20" referred to vision. In fact, the logo used on the premiere episode was an eyeglass frame, with two O shaped lens holders and earpieces in the shape of the number 2. That logo was used during pre-production and launch on studio meal tickets for staff, script books, and more.

Aliens
I remember in the late 80s or early 90s they devoted an episode to aliens and UFOs. I just think that's funny.

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:33, 13 March 2011 (UTC) Graeme Bartlett (talk) 21:33, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

20/20 → 20/20 (television show) —, and redirect 20/20 to Visual acuity in accordance with its usual meaning. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 12:47, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose; a modified hatnote would be sufficient here. Besides, there are several television shows with this title.  Powers T 13:50, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Support primary usage is about eyesight. Moving the dab page to primary would also be acceptable. 65.93.15.125 (talk) 23:33, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Though 20/20 (US television show) may be better, per Powers' comment on other TV shows. 65.93.15.125 (talk) 04:43, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Support - per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, if someone types in 20/20 into the search box, I'd wager they were looking for information about eyesight as opposed to a US TV show - 20/20 is a common global term for "perfect vision" whereas people outside the US may never even have heard of this show. Also, 20/20 vision already redirects to visual acuity, so I think 20/20 on its own should od the same. 91.125.182.19 (talk) 00:12, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Support but make 20/20 a disambiguation page : I can imagine it's an extremely common typo for Twenty20 (a highly-viewed article) as well. 86.6.193.43 (talk) 02:57, 4 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Just noticed there's already a dab at Twenty twenty so support and redirect 20/20 to Twenty twenty. 86.6.193.43 (talk) 03:08, 4 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Actually
If you look at the links, the overwhelming majority for 20/20 are indeed for the TV show. I think the above should be reversed at least for now so we can get the disam links fixed. --User:Woohookitty Disamming fool! 11:51, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

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Mineola swinger's club 2600:100C:B24A:4C3E:0:31:CFEE:D801 (talk) 01:57, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:20/20 (American TV program)


text:
Berzo San Fermo

Berzo San Fermo (Bergamasque: Bèrs San Fìrem) is a comune in the province of Bergamo, in Lombardy.

Bounding comuni

 * Grone
 * Adrara San Martino
 * Foresto Sparso
 * Entratico
 * Borgo di Terzo
 * Vigano San Martino

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows a tree, a cow and a blue star on a yellow background.

title: Berzo San Fermo


text:
Nightshade (Butler novel)

Nightshade is a 1989 science fiction novel by Jack Butler. The novel was Butler's first published foray into science fiction.

Plot
The story is set on Mars in the late 21st Century. It follows the exploits of the 400-year-old vampire John Shade, whose comfortable life in the Hellas crater on Mars is disrupted when he is forced to become part of a complex conspiracy to protect the Janglers, a sub-species of humans who have replaced parts of their brains with technology.

Shade eventually becomes the leader of a collection of loners, losers, drop-outs and rebels, holding them together through unwitting charisma and a sense of personal vengeance against the government of Mars.

As a vampire, Shade sometimes feels a lust for blood, though this only occurs once or twice a year - though the Need, as it is called, strikes several times during the course of the novel for reasons that are not fully explained. Shade also possesses increased strength and reflexes, a photographic memory, excellent mathematical knowledge, the ability to change his own shape and the power to "shift" into "high temporal", which tremendously enhances his speed. Shade has read Bram Stoker's Dracula and believes it to be "foolish in many details".

Shade's companions
Jennie Brady: A female Jangler who changes her surname to Jennie Dark in a play on "Jeanne D'Arc", or Joan of Arc, indicating her willingness to die for her cause. Jennie is ten years old by Martian standards, which in Earth terms puts her at nineteen or twenty years old. Shade falls in love with Jennie the moment he meets her. Aside from crude cosmetic surgery to reconstruct her face and part of her skull, she exactly resembles the woman Shade married nearly four hundred years ago while he was still human.

Mandrake: A Starbuck-class artificial intelligence with a dry sense of humour and a passionate love for existentialism. Mandrake is the secret seventh Starbuck AI to be built by Earth engineers for the colonisation of Mars; officially there were only six Starbucks who each went insane after Mars was created. This insanity is likely to be due to the Starbucks' deep, complicated personalities. If Mandrake is any example, they found their own existence hard to justify; they cannot grow old and die like humans, nor can they enter Heaven - should such a place exist. Mandrake has so far avoided the fate of insanity due to his close personal friendship with military strategist RJ Benjamin and, later, John Shade. Shade's relationship with Mandrake tends to be one of mutual antagonism with moments of deep trust.

Minor characters include Shade's colleague and romantic interest Pappy, the government strategist RJ Benjamin and a rich "nettie" called Sinclair.

The novel also features a character called "the No Poet", an unknown author of existentialist poetry. He (or she) claims to be nonexistent, an experimental computer program created as part of ongoing research into sentient artificial intelligence. Despite - or perhaps because of - this, the No Poet's work is highly regarded by humans, and his lonely, forsaken sense of self is shared by many in a dissatisfied future.

title: Nightshade (Butler novel)


text:
Talk:Yoda

Yoda Race
Yodas race is stated In the role play games "Star Wars the Role Playing Game" by West end games in 1988 User:Atree2220:37 25 april 2010 (UTC)

Fictional character writing
Another user recently made me aware that some of the ways I've been editing character pages may not be correct based on WP guidelines. I'm more than happy to listen to feedback and correct my mistakes. In the meantime, I would like to ask that nobody remove all of my many edits of this page in an attempt to fix certain mistakes. If you find major faults with the article, let's have a discussion and I will be happy to address all concerns and make changes. Thank you! Wafflewombat (talk) 23:55, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yoda


text:
Rock sliders

Rock sliders are an aftermarket accessory popular among four wheel drive vehicle owners who engage in more serious off-road driving.

Rock sliders are typically made of heavy-duty box section steel, although they can also be made from tubular steel as well. They run along each side of the vehicle, from just behind the front wheel to just before the rear wheel, just below the level of the door sills. They are welded or bolted (directly, L brackets and/or U brackets) on to the vehicle's frame, and their function is to protect the door sills and door bottoms from damage when crossing large obstacles (such as rocks - hence the name). There are a variety of materials, qualities and features.

Types
Even though they serve relatively the same purpose, rock sliders come in four different types:
 * Classic rock sliders – intended to protect the vehicle's side but can help to get in and out of the vehicle.
 * Side steps with rock slider support – the general purpose is to help people get in and out of the vehicle, but additionally, the steps protect the vehicle from off-roading hazards, such as rocks.
 * Power running boards – an electrically powered board that gets in out and hides away whenever the doors are opened/closed. Primarily serves as a modern and lightweight side step but additionally protects the vehicle from underneath.
 * Rock sliders with rock skins – a combination of classy side steps and rocks skins. Rocks skins are stripes of steel usually drilled into the vehicle's body to protect it from dents, scratches, and other off-roading damage.

title: Rock sliders


text:
Basilosaurus

Basilosaurus (meaning "king lizard") is a genus of large, predatory, prehistoric archaeocete whale from the late Eocene, approximately 41.3 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). First described in 1834, it was the first archaeocete and prehistoric whale known to science. Fossils attributed to the type species B. cetoides were discovered in the United States. They were originally thought to be of a giant reptile, hence the suffix "-saurus", Ancient Greek for "lizard". The animal was later found to be an early marine mammal, prompting attempts at renaming the creature, which failed as the rules of zoological nomenclature dictate using the original name given. Fossils were later found of the second species, B. isis, in 1904 in Egypt, Western Sahara, Morocco, Jordan, Tunisia, and Pakistan. Fossils have also been unearthed in the southeastern United States and Peru.

Basilosaurus is thought to have been common in the Tethys Ocean. It was one of the largest animals of the Paleogene. It was the top predator of its environment, preying on sharks, large fish and other marine mammals, namely the dolphin-like Dorudon, which seems to have been their predominant food source. Based on the localities where its fossils are discovered, Basilosaurus would have preferred to live in the shallows, specifically in the middle to outer neritic zones of the inland sea.

Basilosaurus was at one point a wastebasket taxon before the genus slowly started getting reevaluated, with many species of different Eocene cetacean being assigned to the genus in the past. However, most are invalid or have been reclassified under a new or different genus, leaving only 2 confirmed species. Basilosaurus may have been one of the first fully aquatic cetaceans, sometimes referred to as the Pelagiceti. Basilosaurus, unlike modern cetaceans, had various types of teeth–such as canines and molars–in its mouth (heterodonty), and it probably was able to chew its food, in contrast to modern cetaceans which swallow their food whole. Despite there being whales of a similar size and lifestyle to Basilosaurus, Basilosaurus was still the apex predator of the Eocene seas.

Etymology
The two species of Basilosaurus are B. cetoides, whose remains were discovered in the United States, and B. isis, which was discovered in Egypt. B. cetoides is the type species for the genus. The holotype of B. cetoides was found in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana. Vertebrae were sent to the American Philosophical Society by a Judge Henry Bry of Ouachita Parish, Louisiana and Judge John Creagh of Clarke County, Alabama. Both fossils ended up in the hands of the anatomist Richard Harlan, who requested more examples from Creagh. The first bones were unearthed when rain caused a hillside full of sea shells to slide. The bones were lying in a curved line "measuring upwards of four hundred feet in length, with intervals which were vacant." Many of these bones were used as andirons and destroyed; Bry saved the bones he could find, but was convinced more bones were still to be found on the location. Bry speculated that the bones must have belonged to a "sea monster" and supplied "a piece having the appearance of a tooth" to help determine which kind.

Harlan identified the tooth as a wedge-shaped shell and instead focused on "a vertebra of enormous dimensions" which he assumed belonged to the order "Enalio-Sauri of Conybeare", "found only in the sub-cretaceous series." He noted that some parts of the vertebra were similar to those of Plesiosaurus and skull was similar to Mosasaurus, but that they were completely different in proportions. Comparing his vertebra to those of large dinosaurs such as Megalosaurus and Iguanodon, Harlan concluded that his specimen was considerably larger—he estimated the animal to have been no less than 80 – long—and therefore suggested the name Basilosaurus, meaning "king lizard".

Harlan brought his assembled specimens (including fragments of jaw and teeth, humerus, and rib fragments) to the UK where he presented them to anatomist Richard Owen. Owen concluded that the molar teeth were two-rooted, a dental morphology unknown in fishes and reptiles, and more complex and varied than in any known reptile, and therefore that the specimen must be a mammal. Owen correctly associated the teeth with cetaceans, but he thought it was an herbivorous animal, similar to sirenians. Consequently, Owen proposed renaming the find Zeuglodon cetoides ("whale-like yoke teeth" in reference to the double-rooted teeth) and Harlan agreed.

Wadi El Hitan
Wādī al-Ḥītān (وادي الحيتان) is an Egyptian sandstone formation where many early-whale skeletons were discovered. German botanist Georg August Schweinfurth discovered the first archaeocete whale in Egypt (Zeuglodon osiris, now Saghacetus osiris) in 1879. He visited the Qasr el Sagha Formation in 1884 and 1886 and missed the now famous Wadi El Hitan by a few kilometers. German paleontologist Wilhelm Barnim Dames described the material, including the type specimen of Z. osiris, a well-preserved dentary.

Hugh Beadnell, head of the Geological Survey of Egypt 1896–1906, named and described Zeuglodon isis in based on a partial mandible and several vertebrae from Wadi El Hitan in Egypt. described a skull and some vertebrae of a smaller archaeocete and named it Prozeuglodon atrox, now known today as Dorudon atrox. discovered deciduous teeth in this skull and it was then believed to be a juvenile [Pro]zeuglodon isis for decades before more complete fossils of mature Dorudon were discovered.

In the 1980s, Elwyn L. Simons and Philip D. Gingerich started to excavate at Qasr el-Sagha and Wadi El Hitan with the hope of finding material that could match archaeocete fossils from Pakistan. Since then, over 500 archaeocete skeletons have been found at these two locations, of which most are B. isis or D. atrox, several of the latter carrying bite marks assumed to be from the former. A 1990 paper described additional fossils including foot bones and speculated that the reduced hind limbs were used as copulatory guides. One thing that was noted, was that whale fossils were so common, that when a mason company looked at their newest table counter, they realized that they had created a cross section of a 40 million year old basilosaurid fossil. This find was another thing that caught the eye of Gingerich.

In 2015, a complete skeleton, the first-ever such find for Basilosaurus, was uncovered in Wadi El Hitan, preserved with the remains of its prey, including a Dorudon and several species of fish. The whale's skeleton also shows signs of scavenging or predation by large sharks such as the otodontid Carcharocles sokolovi.

Wastebasket taxa
Many dubious species have been assigned to Basilosaurus in the past which have since been invalidated or were too incomplete to determine anything.

Nomina dubia
A nomen dubium is a scientific name that is of unknown or doubtful application. There are a few documented cases of this being applied to Basilosaurus in the past.
 * Zeuglodon wanklyni, was a supposed species of Basilosaurus, that described in 1876 based on a skull found in the Wanklyn's Barton Cliff in the United Kingdom. This single specimen, however, quickly disappeared and has since been declared a nomen nudum or referred to as Zygorhiza wanklyni.
 * Zeuglodon vredense or vredensis was named in the 19th century based on a single, isolated tooth without any kind of accompanying description, and therefore declared it a nomen nudum.
 * Zeuglodon puschi[i] was a species that was said to come from Poland, it was named by . noted that the species is based on an incomplete vertebra of indeterminable position and, therefore, that the species is invalid.
 * Zeuglodon brachyspondylus was described by Johannes Peter Müller based on some vertebrae from "Zeuglodon hydrarchus", better known as Dr. Albert Koch's "Hydrarchos"., synonymized it with Pontogeneus priscus, which a 2005 study declared a nomen dubium.

Reassigned species

 * Basilosaurus drazindai was named by a 1997 study based on a single lumbar vertebra. Originally, the species was thought to have lived in Pakistan and the UK. It was later declared a nomen dubium by Uhen (2013), but Gingerich and Zouhri (in press) reassigned it to the genus Eocetus. This species was at one point in time concluded to be the earliest record of the genus Basilosaurus, before its reclassification.
 * Zeuglodon elliotsmithii, Z. sensitivius, and Z. zitteli were synonymized and grouped under the genus Saghacetus by a 1992 study.
 * Zeuglodon paulsoni from Ukraine (then the Russian Empire) was named by . It was synonymized with Platyosphys but is now considered nomen dubium. Gingerich and Zouhri (in press), however, maintain Platyosphys as valid.
 * Basilosaurus caucasicus also known as Basilosaurus caucasicum or Zeuglodon caucasicum was a species described in the Russian Empire, it gets its name from the Caucasus of where it was found in the 1890s. The fossil was reassigned to the toothed whale Microzeuglodon caucasicum.
 * Basilosaurus harwoodi was discovered in the Murray River near Wellington in South Australia. This species classification was controversial; T. S. Hall (1911) placed Basilosaurus harwoodi (or Zeuglodon harwoodi) in the genus Metasqualodon.
 * In 1906, German naturalist Othenio Abel thought fossils from the Eocene of Alabama, previously described in 1900 as being a Basilosaurus hip bone by American zoologist Frederic Augustus Lucas, represented the shoulder of a large bird similar to Gastornis, and named it Alabamornis gigantea. Lucas later countered his conclusion in 1908 as he reassigned the fossil specimens to the original conclusion of a Basilosaurus hip bone.

Description

Basilosaurus is one of the largest animals known to exist between the K–Pg extinction event 66 million years ago (mya) and around 15 million years ago when modern cetaceans began to reach enormous sizes. B. cetoides measured 17 - 20 m long and weighed more than 5.8 MT, while B. isis measured 15 - 18 m long and weighed nearly 6.5 MT. Basilosaurus is distinguished from other genera of basilosaurids by its larger body size and its more elongated posterior thoracic, lumbar, and anterior caudal vertebrae. Basilosaurus does not have the vertically oriented metapophyses seen in its closest relative the basilosaurid known as Basiloterus. Basilosaurus is considered to be the largest of archeocete whales.

Cranium
The dental formula for B. isis is. The upper and lower molars and second to fourth premolars are double-rooted and high-crowned.

The head of Basilosaurus did not have room for a melon like modern toothed whales, and the brain was smaller in comparison, as well. They are not believed to have had the echolocation capabilities nor the social dynamics of extant cetaceans.

A 2011 study concluded that the skull of Basilosaurus is asymmetrical like in modern toothed whales, and not, as previously assumed, symmetrical like in baleen whales and artiodactyls (which are closely related to cetaceans). In modern toothed whales, this asymmetry is associated with high-frequency sound production and echolocation, neither of which is thought to have been present in Basilosaurus. This probably evolved to detect sound underwater, with a fatty sound-receiving pad in the mandible.

In the skull, the inner and middle ear are enclosed by a dense tympanic bulla. The synapomorphic cetacean air sinus system is partially present in basilosaurids, including the pterygoid, peribullary, maxillary, and frontal sinuses. The periotic bone, which surrounds the inner ear, is partially isolated. The mandibular canal is large and laterally flanked by a thin bony wall, the pan bone or acoustic fenestra. These features enabled basilosaurs to hear directionally in water.

The ear of basilosaurids is more derived than those in earlier archaeocetes, such as remingtonocetids and protocetids, in the acoustic isolation provided by the air-filled sinuses inserted between the ear and the skull. The basilosaurid ear did, however, have a large external auditory meatus, strongly reduced in modern cetaceans, but, though this was probably functional, it can have been of little use under water.

Hind limbs
A 16 m individual of B. isis had 35 cm hind limbs with fused tarsals and only three digits. The limited size of the limb and the absence of an articulation with the sacral vertebrae make a locomotory function unlikely. Analysis has shown that the reduced limbs could rapidly adduct between only two positions. Possible uses for the structure have been given, such as clasper-like body functions (compare to the function of pelvic spurs, the last vestiges of limbs in certain modern snakes). These limbs would have been used to guide the animals' long bodies during mating.

Spine and movement
A complete Basilosaurus skeleton was found in 2015, and several attempts have been made to reconstruct the vertebral column from partial skeletons. estimated a total of 58 vertebrae, based on two partial and nonoverlapping skeletons of B. cetoides from Alabama. More complete fossils uncovered in Egypt in the 1990s allowed a more accurate estimation: the vertebral column of B. isis has been reconstructed from three overlapping skeletons to a total of 70 vertebrae with a vertebral formula interpreted as seven cervical, 18 thoracic, 20 lumbar and sacral, and 25 caudal vertebrae. The vertebral formula of B. cetoides can be assumed to be the same. Basilosaurus has an anguilliform (eel-like) body shape because of the elongation of the centra of the thoracic through anterior caudal vertebrae. In life, these vertebrae were filled with marrow, and because of the enlarged size, this made them buoyant. Basilosaurus probably swam predominantly in two dimensions at the sea surface, in contrast to the smaller Dorudon, which was likely a diving, three-dimensional swimmer. The skeletal anatomy of the tail suggests that a small fluke was probably present, which would have aided only vertical motion.

Similarly sized thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae imply that it moved in an anguilliform fashion, but predominantly in the vertical plane. Paleontologist Philip D. Gingerich theorized that Basilosaurus may also have moved in a very odd, horizontal anguilliform fashion to some degree, something completely unknown in modern cetaceans. The vertebrae appear to have been hollow, and likely also fluid-filled. This would imply that Basilosaurus typically functioned in only two dimensions at the ocean surface, compared with the three-dimensional habits of most other cetaceans. Judging from the relatively weak axial musculature and the thick bones in the limbs, Basilosaurus is not believed to have been capable of sustained swimming or deep diving, or terrestrial locomotion. Basilosaurus did still have an elbow joint in its flipper like a seal.

Feeding
The cheek teeth of Basilosaurus retain a complex morphology and functional occlusion. Heavy wear on the teeth reveals that food was first chewed then swallowed. Scientists were able to estimate the bite force of Basilosaurus isis by analyzing the scarred skull bones of another species of prehistoric whale, Dorudon, and concluded that it could exert a maximum bite force of at least 16400 N and could possibly exceed 20000 N.

Analyses of the stomach contents of B. cetoides has shown that this species fed exclusively on fish and large sharks, while bite marks on the skulls of juvenile Dorudon have been matched with the dentition of B. isis, suggesting a dietary difference between the two species, similar to that found in different populations of modern killer whales. It was probably an active predator rather than a scavenger. The discovery of juvenile Dorudon at Wadi Al Hitan bearing distinctive bite marks on their skulls indicates that B. isis would have aimed for the skulls of its victims to kill its prey, and then subsequently torn its meals apart, based on the disarticulated remains of the Dorudon skeletons. The finding further cements theories that B. isis was an apex predator that may have hunted newborn and juvenile Dorudon at Wadi Al Hitan when mothers of the latter came to give birth. The stomach contents of an elderly male  B. isis not only includes Dorudon but the fish Pycnodus mokattamensis.

Paleoecology
Basilosaurus would have been the top predator of its environment. It lived in the warm tropical environment of the Eocene in areas abundant with sea grasses, such as Thalassodendron, Thalassia (also known as turtle grass) and Halodule. It would have coexisted with the dolphin-like Dorudon, the whales Cynthiacetus and Basiloterus, the primitive sirenian Protosiren, the early elephant Moeritherium,   the sea turtle Puppigerus and many sharks, such as Galeocerdo alabamensis, Physogaleus, Otodus, Squatina prima, Striatolamia, Carcharocles sokolovi and Isurus praecursor.

Extinction
Basilosaurus fossil record seems to end at about 35–33.9 mya. Basilosaurus extinction coincides with the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event which happened 33.9 mya, which also resulted in the extinction of almost all other archaeocetes. The event has been attributed to volcanic activity, meteor impacts, or a sudden change in climate (such as the environment getting cooler), the latter of which might have caused changes in the ocean by disrupting oceanic circulation, thus limiting the numbers of prey for predators like Basilosaurus to feed on. Basilosaurus went extinct leaving no descendants, along with the rest of the Archaeocetes. After their extinction, the new currents and deep ocean upwelling created a new environment that favored the evolutionary diversification of modern cetaceans (Neocetes) such as early toothed and baleen whales, from more advanced Archaeocetes that evolved the traits associated with Neocetes.

Classification
Below is the phylogenetic analysis on the placement of Basilosaurus. Two subfamilies exist in Basilosauridae: Basilosaurinae which includes Basilosaurus, and Dorudontinae. These groups have been declared invalid in the past. Dorudon remains were once thought to represent juvenile Basilosaurus.

In popular culture
The species B. cetoides is the state fossil of Alabama and Mississippi. During the early 19th century, B. cetoides fossils were so common (and sufficiently large) that they were regularly used as furniture in the American South.

Basilosaurus is featured in the BBC's Walking with... series in Walking with Beasts and Sea Monsters.

In the novel Moby-Dick by Herman Melville, Ishmael cites the Basilosaurus during his studies as a possible whale fossil.

title: Basilosaurus


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Bienno

Bienno (Camunian: Bién) is an Italian comune in Val Camonica, province of Brescia, Lombardy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Geography

The village is located in Val Grigna, on the northern side of the river Grigna. It is bordered by other towns such as: Bagolino, Berzo Inferiore, Bovegno, Breno, Cividate Camuno, Collio, Prestine.

History
In 1295 a dispute occurred with the neighbouring village Bovegno regarding some high pastures.

On 25 January 1350 the bishop of Brescia invested iure feuds for a tenth of the rights in the territories of the Municipality of Bienno (vicinia) and men of Bienno. This also happened back in 1295, 1336, and later in 1388, 1423 and 1486.

In 1391 the land of Bienno, which sided with the Ghibellines, was the site of extensive cattle raiding by the Guelph Camuni, led by Baroncino Nobili of Lozio.

The peace of Breno was signed on 31 December 1397 by the representative of the community of Bienno, Lanini Bertolino di Martino, who was a Ghibelline.

Between 1805 and 1815 the town of Bienno was united to Prestine and called "Bienno with Prestine."

Main sights
Bienno is part of the club of "The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy" creation of the Council of Tourism of the Association of Italian Municipalities (ANCI).

Religious architecture

 * The parish church, dedicated to Saints Faustino and Giovita, was rebuilt in the early years of 17th Century strictly in accordance with Counter-Reformation rules; a single nave with six side altars; impressive painting cycle mostly made by Giovanni Mauro della Rovere (also known as Il Fiamminghino); a beautiful wrought iron gate dating back to 1647; a 17th-century organ made by members of the Antegnati family and remodeled by Serassi.
 * The smallest church in the lower part of the old town, the Chiesa di Santa Maria Annunziata (once called Santa Maria degli Orti). In its single nave, it contains frescoes of great value produced during the 16th century by various artists, including Giovanni Pietro da Cemmo and Romanino. The frescoes also include, among various subjects, a danse macabre to the right of the altar.
 * Hermitage of St. Peter and Paul, built in the second half of the 20th century, but originated in the 11th or 12th century, when Cluny monks came to Valcamonica.
 * Church of San Defendente on a hill at the north entrance of Bienno dating back to the 15th century.
 * Church of St Peter ad Vincula (or San Peder Suc) of 16th century. It is built onto a Roman altar of Bacchus (hence the name St. Peter Succo) of which you can see the remains in the back of the building.
 * Hill of Christ the King: there stands a monument to Christ the King, a golden statue erected in 1931.
 * Chapel of the pools (Cappella delle piscine), dating back to the 15th century and reworked in the 17th century.

And also
when she left, after a fatal hunting accident caused by her husband, Count  Jean Charles Tristan de Montholon , son of Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon, suspected to have poisoned the Emperor Napoleon, in Saint Helena, and brother of  Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte de Montholon , whose father could be Napoleon and who lived 90 years,
 * The House of Panteghini, built in 1483.
 * The House of Bettoni dated of 1550.
 * The Simoni-Fè Palace, was given in 1932 to the municipality by the Countess Paolina Fè of Ostiani Montholon

with the exception of the usufruct of the lower floors, left to Liberata Fostinelli and Battista Panteghini and all their descendants  ad vitam eternam, to reward them from their loyalty.

This usufruct has been transferred to the municipality of Bienno by their children Battista Panteghini, son of Liberata, and Maria Bettoni, whose family was the owner of the Palazzo Bettoni in Bienno,  in 1988, because of the difficulties of maintenance and heating the palace, and their old age. It becomes the Public Library and a cultural center.

Traditions and folklore
The scütüm are in camunian dialect nicknames, sometimes personal, elsewhere showing the characteristic features of a community. The one which characterize the people of Bienno is Padèle.

On 28 June, the eve of feast of Saints Peter and Paul, the villagers put an egg white in a bottle which they leave in the open air until the next morning; albumin coagulated in filaments then evokes the masts and sails of a boat, it is the boat of Saint Peter.

Events
All buildings, museums and churches are open to the public every year, for a week, until midnight in August, during the village festival called Mostra Mercato former flour mill and forge are returned to service. This week welcomes thousands of visitors.

Film
Mostra mercato 2014

People

 * Geltrude Comensoli (Bienno, 1847 - Bergamo, 1903), religious.
 * Luigi Ercoli (Bienno, 1919 - Mauthausen, 1945), Italian partisan.
 * Battistino Bonali (Bienno, 1962 - Huascarán, 1993), alpinist.

title: Bienno


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William Wilkins (architect)

William Wilkins (31 August 1778 – 31 August 1839) was an English architect, classical scholar and archaeologist. He designed the National Gallery and University College London, and buildings for several Cambridge colleges.

Life
Wilkins was born in the parish of St Giles, Norwich, the son of William Wilkins (1751–1815), a successful builder who also managed the Norwich Theatre Circuit, a chain of theatres. His younger brother George Wilkins became Archdeacon of Nottingham.

He was educated at Norwich School and then won a scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He graduated as 6th wrangler in 1800. With the award of the Worts Travelling Bachelorship in 1801, worth £100 for three years, he was able to visit the classical antiquities Greece, Asia Minor, and Magna Græcia in Italy between 1801 and 1804. On his tour he was accompanied by the Italian landscape painter Agostino Aglio, whom Wilkins had commissioned as a draughtsman on the expedition. Aglio supplied the drawings for the aquatint plates of monuments illustrating Wilkins' volumes from the expedition, such as The Antiquities of Magna Graecia (1807).

Wilkins was a member of the Society of Dilettanti from 1817. He published researches into both Classical and Gothic architecture, becoming one of the leading figures in the English Greek Revival of the early 19th century.

His architectural career began in 1804 with his Greek-revival designs for the newly established Downing College, Cambridge. The commission came after earlier plans in a Palladian style by James Wyatt had been rejected as insufficiently classical. Wilkins arranged the college buildings around a single large courtyard. Construction began in 1807 and proceeded slowly, coming to a halt in 1821 with Wilkins' scheme still incomplete.

In 1806, Wilkins designed a college near Hertford for the East India Company. It became Haileybury College following the dissolution of the company. He built or added to Osberton House, near Worksop. These works were followed in 1808 by the Doric entrance to the Lower Assembly Rooms at Bath, and a villa at North Berwick for Sir H. D. Hamilton. At Grange Park, Northington, Hampshire, in 1809, Wilkins encased and remodelled an existing seventeenth-century house, giving it something of the form of a Greek temple, with a large Doric portico at one end.

In 1815, Wilkins inherited his father's chain of six theatres. He continued to manage them for the rest of his life, and rebuilt or remodelled several of them, occasionally also designing scenery.

In 1822–26, he collaborated with John Peter Gandy on the Clubhouse for the new United University Club, in Pall Mall, London. He was made an associate of the Royal Society in 1824 and given full membership in 1826. Wilkins was influential in the development of London's Trafalgar Square, which had been opened up as part of a scheme by John Nash. He campaigned to have the new building for the National Gallery sited on the north side of the square, initially suggesting that the existing building, William Kent's Great Mews should be converted for the purpose. The government accepted the idea, but opted for a wholly new building, and a Neoclassical design by Wilkins was accepted over alternative schemes by Nash and CR Cockerell. Wilkins also drew up plans for the laying out of the square itself. They were not put into effect, although the scheme eventually carried out by Charles Barry after Wilkins' death replicated many of his ideas. The appearance of the National Gallery (1832–38), which was originally shared with the Royal Academy, attracted adverse criticism from the beginning. John Summerson concluded in 1962 that although Wilkins' frontage has many virtues "considered critically as a façade commanding a great square, its weakness is apparent".

Wilkins carried out two other major London buildings in a severe Classical style both designed in 1827–28: University College on Gower Street, and St George's Hospital (now The Lanesborough hotel on Hyde Park Corner). His other Greek Revival works include the Theatre Royal Bury St Edmunds 1819, St. Paul's Church, George Street, Nottingham 1822 and the Yorkshire Museum (1830). He was responsible for two columns commemorating Admiral Nelson, one in Dublin and the Britannia Monument in Great Yarmouth. Both predate William Railton's design for Trafalgar Square.

He also produced buildings in the Gothic style, such as Dalmeny House for Lord Rosebery in 1814–17 and Tregothnan for Lord Falmouth in 1816. He used the style at several Cambridge colleges: in 1823 he won the competition to design a set of new buildings for King's College, Cambridge, comprising the hall, provost's lodge, library, and a stone screen towards Trumpington Street, and in the same year started work on the King's court of Trinity College, and new buildings, including the chapel, at Corpus Christi College.

In 1827, Wilkins was appointed architect to the East India Company, and the next year made alterations to its building in Leadenhall Street. He entered the competition to design the Duke of York's Column, and in 1836 that for the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament. After failing to win the latter he attacked the plans of his rivals and the decision of the committee in a pamphlet signed "Phil-archimedes".

He was appointed professor of architecture at the Royal Academy following the death of John Soane in 1837, but gave no lectures before he himself died at his house in Cambridge on 31 August 1839. He was buried in the crypt under the chapel of Corpus Christi College.

List of publications

 * Some Account of the Prior's Chapel at Ely in pages 105–12 Archaeologia XIV (1801)
 * Antiquities of Magna Graecia (1807).
 * Observations on the Porta Honoris of Caius College, Cambridge in Vetusta Monumenta, iv (1809)
 * The Civil Architecture of Vitruvius: Comprising those Books of the Author which Relate to the Public and Private Edifices off the Ancients (1813 and 1817).
 * Atheniensia, or Remarks of the Topography and Buildings in Athens (1816).
 * Remarks on the Architectural Inscription Brought from Athens, and now Preserved in the British Museum in pages 580–603, Memoirs relating to European & Asiatic Turkey edited by Robert Walpole (1817).
 * On the Sculptures of the Parthenon in Travels in Various Countries edited by Walpole (1820).
 * Report on the State of Sherborne Church (1828).
 * Prolusiones Architectonicae or Essays on Subjects Connected with Grecian and Roman Architecture (1837).
 * The Lydo-Phrygian Inscription in pages 155–60 of Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, III (1839).

List of architectural work

 * Downing College, Cambridge, designed (1805), west range built (1807–13), east range built (1818–22); the remainder of the design remained unexecuted.
 * East India College (now Haileybury College), Hertfordshire (1805–09).
 * Norwich Cathedral, restoration work with his father (1806).
 * Lower Assembly Rooms, Bath, Somerset, later the Bath Royal Literary Institution, (1808); demolished (1933).
 * Nelson's Pillar, Dublin, altered in execution by Francis Johnston.
 * The Grange, Northington, remodelling based on a Greek temple (1809).
 * Argyll House, Argyll Street, London, alterations to the interior (1809); demolished.
 * Pentillie Castle, Cornwall, addition of a new wing (1810).
 * Theatre, Colchester, Essex, renovations (1811); demolished.
 * Lensfield House, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, remodelled, including portico (1811); Wilkins' own house, demolished (1955) and now replaced by the Chemistry Department of Cambridge University.
 * Theatre Royal, Newmarket Road, Cambridge (1814), later remodelled.
 * Dalmeny House, West Lothian (1814–19).
 * Nelson Column, Great Yarmouth (1815–17).
 * Tregothnan, Cornwall (1815–18).
 * Theatre Royal, Great Yarmouth (1816); demolished.
 * The Perse School, Cambridge, remodelling of interiors (1816); demolished.
 * Former Freemason's Hall, Bath, Somerset (1817).
 * Keswick Hall, Norfolk, remodelling and additions (1817–19).
 * King's College Bridge, Cambridge (1818).
 * Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds (1818).
 * Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge, alterations to the interior including a new west gallery (1819).
 * Dunmore Park, Stirlingshire, (1820–2); now derelict/ ruinous.
 * New Norfolk Gaol and Shire House, Norwich, built as part of the Norwich Castle complex (1820–24); partly demolished.
 * St. Paul's Church, Nottingham (1821–22); demolished (1926).
 * New Court, Trinity College, Cambridge (1821–1827).
 * United University Club, Pall Mall East, London (1821–26); rebuilt 1902.
 * New Court, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (1821–27).
 * Entrance Screen with Gatehouse and South Range with Great Hall and Library. King's College, Cambridge (1823–28).
 * East India Company Military Seminary, Addiscombe, Surrey, added dining room, barracks and office block (1825–27); demolished 1861.
 * Theatre Royal, Norwich, reconstruction, including a Greek doric colonnade (1825–26); burnt down 1934.
 * Former St George's Hospital, (now The Lanesborough Hotel), Hyde Park Corner, London (1826–28).
 * County Gaol, Huntingdon (1826).
 * University College London (1826–1830), later completed to amended designs by 1869.
 * Yorkshire Philosophical Society Museum (now Yorkshire Museum) (1827–30).
 * Brooke Hall, Norfolk, additions (1827).
 * House, Kingsweston, Bristol, addition of a Doric portico (1828).
 * National Gallery, London (1831–1838); originally only one room deep, and also housing the Royal Academy; since much extended and remodelled.

title: William Wilkins (architect)