text:
Heart Mountain Relocation Center

The Heart Mountain War Relocation Center, named after nearby Heart Mountain and located midway between the northwest Wyoming towns of Cody and Powell, was one of ten concentration camps used for the internment of Japanese Americans evicted during World War II from their local communities (including their homes, businesses, and college residencies) in the West Coast Exclusion Zone by the executive order of President Franklin Roosevelt (after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, upon the recommendation of Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt).

This site was managed before the war by the federal Bureau of Reclamation as the would-be site of a major irrigation project. Construction of the camp's 650 military-style barracks and surrounding guard towers began in June 1942. The camp opened August 11, when the first Japanese Americans were shipped in by train from the internment program's "assembly centers" in Pomona, Santa Anita, and Portland. The camp would hold a total of 13,997 Japanese Americans over the next three years, with a peak population of 10,767, making it the third-largest "town" in Wyoming before its November 10, 1945, closure. Among the inmates, the notation "心嶺山" was sometimes applied.

Heart Mountain is perhaps best known for many of its younger residents challenging the controversial draft of Nisei males from camp in order to highlight the loss of their rights through the incarceration. The Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee, led by Frank Emi and several others, was particularly active in this resistance, encouraging internees to refuse U.S. military induction until they and their families were released from camp and their civil rights were restored. Heart Mountain had the highest rate of draft resistance of all ten camps, with 85 young men and seven Fair Play Committee leaders ultimately sentenced and imprisoned for Selective Service Act violations. (At the same time, 649 Japanese American men — volunteers and draftees — joined the American military from Heart Mountain. In 1944, internees dedicated an Honor Roll listing the names of these soldiers, located near the camp's main gate.)

In 1988 and 1992 the U.S. government passed laws both formally apologizing to Japanese Americans for the internment-era violations of their constitutional, state, and personal property rights, and, establishing a temporary fund to pay limited reparations ($20,000) to still-living former internees (or their children) who applied and qualified for them. The site of the Heart Mountain War Relocation Center is considered to be the best preserved of the ten incarceration centers constructed during World War II. The street grid and numerous foundations are still visible. Four of the original barracks survive in place. A number of others sold and moved after the war have been identified in surrounding counties and may one day be returned to their original locations. In early 2007, 124 acre of the center were listed as a National Historic Landmark. The Federal Bureau of Reclamation owns 74 acre within the landmark boundary and currently administers the site. The remaining 50 acre were purchased by the Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, a nonprofit organization established in 1996 to memorialize the center's internees and to interpret the site's historical significance.

The Foundation runs the Heart Mountain Interpretive Center, opened in 2011, located at 1539 Road 19, Powell. The museum includes photographs, artifacts, oral histories and interactive exhibits about the wartime relocation of Japanese Americans, anti-Asian prejudice in America and the factors leading to their enforced relocation and confinement.

Pre-war history
The land that would become the Heart Mountain War Relocation Center was originally part of the Shoshone Project, an irrigation project under the auspices of the Bureau of Reclamation. In 1897, 120,000 acre of land surrounding the Shoshone River in northwestern Wyoming was purchased by William "Buffalo Bill" Cody and Nate Salisbury, who in May 1899 acquired water rights to irrigate 60,000 acre surrounding Cody, Wyoming. After the project proved too costly for the original investors, the Wyoming State Board of Land Commissioners petitioned the federal government to take it over. The rights for the Cody-Salisbury tract were transferred to the Secretary of the Interior in 1904 and the Shoshone Project was approved later that year as one of the earliest Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) projects.

In 1937 during the Great Depression, the BOR used private contractors and Civilian Conservation Corps laborers to begin construction on the Shoshone Canyon Conduit and the Heart Mountain Canal, as one of a number of governmental infrastructure projects. The conduit, spanning 2.8 miles, was completed in September 1938. Construction on the unfinished canal stopped after the United States entered World War II.

Executive Order 9066
Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized military commanders to create zones from which "any or all persons may be excluded." The War Department had requested this and designated Western Washington and Oregon, southern Arizona, and all of California as Exclusion Zones on March 2, 1942. Four days later, the executive order informally extended to Alaska, covering the entire West Coast of the United States. It defined Japanese Americans, Italian Americans and German Americans as peoples to be excluded from these areas. Soon after the War Department initiated the removal of over 110,000 Japanese Americans from these areas, forcing them into temporary "assembly centers" run by the Wartime Civil Control Administration. Typically, these centers were hastily converted large public spaces, such as fairgrounds and horse racing tracks, while construction on Heart Mountain and the other more permanent "relocation centers" were completed.

Building Heart Mountain
On May 23, 1942, the War Department announced that one of the camps for displaced Japanese Americans would be located in Wyoming, and several communities, hoping to capitalize on internee labor for irrigation and land development projects, vied for the site. Heart Mountain was chosen because it was remote yet convenient, isolated from the nearest towns but close to fresh water and adjacent to a railroad spur and depot where Japanese Americans, as well as food and supplies, could be off-loaded.

On June 1, 1942, the Bureau of Reclamation transferred 46,000 acre of the Heart Mountain Irrigation Project and several CCC buildings to the War Relocation Authority, the branch of the Western Defense Command responsible for administration of the incarceration program. More than 2,000 laborers, including men employed by the Harza Engineering Company of Chicago and the Hamilton Bridge Company of Kansas City, began work on June 8, under the direction of the Army Corps of Engineers. The workers enclosed 740 acre of arid buffalo grass and sagebrush with a high barbed wire fence and nine guard towers. Within this perimeter, 650 military-style barracks were laid out in a street grid, with administrative, hospital, educational, and utility facilities, and 468 residential dormitories to house the internees.

All of the buildings were electrified, which was at the time a rarity in Wyoming, but due to time constraints and a largely unskilled workforce, the majority of these "buildings" were poorly constructed. Army higher-ups gave the site's chief engineer only sixty days to complete the project, and newspaper ads recruiting laborers promised jobs "if you can drive a nail" while workers boasted that it took them only 58 minutes to build an apartment barracks. Thousands of acres of surrounding land were designated for agricultural purposes, as the center was expected for the most part to be self-sufficient.

Life in camp
The first inmates arrived in Heart Mountain on August 12, 1942: 6,448 from Los Angeles County; 2,572 from Santa Clara County; 678 from San Francisco; and 843 from Yakima County in Washington. After being assigned a barracks based on the size of their families, they began making small improvements on their new "apartments," hanging bed sheets to create extra "rooms," and stuffing newspaper and rags into cracks in the shoddily constructed walls and floors to keep out dust and cold. Some inmates went so far as to order tools from Sears & Roebuck catalogs in order to make repairs. Each barracks unit contained one light, a wood-burning stove, and an army cot and two blankets for each member of the family. Bathrooms and laundry facilities were located in shared utility halls, and meals were served in communal mess halls, both assigned by block. Armed military police manned the nine guard towers surrounding the camp.

Leadership positions in Heart Mountain were occupied by European-American administrators, although Nisei block managers and Issei councilmen were elected by the inmate population and participated, in a limited capacity, in administration of the camp. Employment opportunities were available in the hospital, camp schools and mess halls, as well as the garment factory, cabinet shop, sawmill and silk screen shop run by camp officials, although most inmates received a rather paltry salary of $12–$19 a month, due to the WRA's decision that the Japanese could not earn more than an army private regardless of job. (Caucasian nurses in the Heart Mountain hospital, for example, were paid $150/month compared to the $19/month given Japanese-American doctors) Additionally, some inmates worked on the unfinished Heart Mountain Canal for the Bureau of Reclamation, or did agricultural work outside the camp. Children of inmates began school in barrack classrooms in October 1942. Books, school supplies, and furniture were limited. Despite the poor condition of the facilities, attending school offered a sense of normalcy to camp children. In May 1943, the camp high school had been constructed, and the elementary school restructured. The high school, which educated 1,500 students in its first year, featured regular classrooms, a gymnasium and library. Its sports team, including its football team, The Heart Mountain Eagles, eventually competed against other local high school teams.

Other sporting events, movie theaters, religious services, crafting groups, and social clubs kept inmates entertained and provided a distraction from the dullness of camp life. Knitting, sewing, and woodcarving were popular not only for entertainment, but because they allowed inmates to improve their dilapidated living conditions. Among children, Girl and Boy Scout programs flourished, as many Nisei had been members before internment. Heart Mountain's thirteen scout troops and two Cub Scout packs were the most of any of the ten camps. Scouts participated in normal scouting activities such as hiking, craft making, and swimming.

Draft resistance
In early 1943, camp officials began to administer a "Leave Clearance Form," better known as the loyalty questionnaire because of two controversial questions that tried to distinguish loyal and disloyal Japanese Americans. Question 27 asked whether men would be willing to serve in the armed forces, while Question 28 asked inmates to forswear all allegiance to the Emperor of Japan. Many, confused by the questionnaire's wording, fearing it was a trick and any answer would be misconstrued, or, offended by the questions' implications, answered "no" to one or both questions, or gave a qualified response like, "I will serve when I am free." Soon after, Kiyoshi Okamoto organized the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee to protest the infringement of Nisei citizen rights, and Frank Emi, Paul Nakadate and others began posting fliers around camp encouraging others not to respond to the questions.

When draft orders began arriving in Heart Mountain, Emi, Okamoto and the other leaders of the Fair Play Committee held public meetings to discuss the unconstitutionality of the incarceration and encourage other inmates to refuse military service until their freedom was restored. On March 25, 1944, twelve Heart Mountain resisters who had not reported for their draft physicals were arrested by U.S. Marshals. Emi and two other Committee members who had not received draft notices (due to their age or domestic status) tried to walk out of camp to highlight their status as prisoners of the government.

In July 1944, in the largest mass trial in Wyoming history, sixty-three Heart Mountain inmates were prosecuted after refusing to show up for their induction and convicted of felony draft evasion. A total of 300 draft resisters from eight WRA camps, including an additional 22 from Heart Mountain sentenced in a subsequent trial, were arrested for this charge, and most served time in federal prison. The seven older leaders of the Fair Play Committee were convicted of conspiracy to violate the Selective Service Act and sentenced to four years in federal prison. While the Poston concentration camp in Arizona had the highest number of resisters of any camp, at 106, Heart Mountain's 85 resisters from a much smaller population gave it the highest overall rate of draft resistance.

Although Heart Mountain is remembered primarily for its organized resistance to the draft, approximately 650 Nisei joined the U.S. Army from this camp, either volunteering or accepting their conscription into the legendary 100th Infantry Battalion, the famed 442nd RCT and MIS. Fifteen of these young men were killed in action and fifty-two wounded. Joe Hayashi and James K. Okubo posthumously received the Medal of Honor for valor in battle, making Heart Mountain the only one of the ten WRA camps to have more than one Medal of Honor recipient. In late 1944, camp inmates erected an Honor Roll in front of the administration building listing the names of these soldiers. This wooden tribute stood for five decades, until the Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation removed the deteriorating display for preservation. An accurate reproduction, completed in 2003, now stands in place of the original. The original Honor Roll is being conserved and restored.

The end of the war
By the time Roosevelt rescinded Executive Order 9066 in December 1944 and announced that Japanese Americans could begin returning to the West Coast the following month, many had already left camp, most for outside work or to attend college in the Midwest or East Coast. Beginning in January 1945, internees began to leave Heart Mountain for the West Coast, provided by administrators with $25 and a one-way train ticket to the location they had been picked up from three years earlier. However, even with the earlier group of resettlers, only 2,000 had left by June 1945, and the 7,000 still remaining within Heart Mountain for the most part represented those who were too young or too old to easily relocate. Many Japanese Americans, barred from owning their pre-war homes and farms by discriminatory legislation, had nothing to return to on the West Coast, but they were prohibited from homesteading in Wyoming by an alien land law passed by the state legislature in 1943 (a law that remained in place until 2001). Another Wyoming law excluding them from voting further discouraged Japanese Americans from staying in Wyoming. The last trainload of former inmates left Heart Mountain on November 10, 1945.

Preservation and remembrance
After Heart Mountain closed, most of the land, barracks and agricultural equipment were sold to farmers and former servicemen, who established homesteads on and around the camp site. The Heart Mountain Irrigation Project continued after the war, and much of the camp's surrounding acreage was tilled for irrigation agriculture. Remnants of the hospital complex (including foundations and 3 buildings), a Heart Mountain High School storage shed, a root cellar, the Honor Roll World War II Memorial and a portion of a remodeled barrack are the only buildings still standing today.

The Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, established in 1996, has worked to preserve and memorialize the site and events, educate the general public about the Japanese American incarceration, and support research about the incarceration so that future generations can understand the lessons of the Japanese American incarceration experience. The Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation is overseen by a 16-member Board of Directors and is led by the Chair, Shirley Ann Higuchi, a descendant of former internees. The board also includes former internees, scholars, and other professionals working on the local and national level. The Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation gained National Historic Landmark status for the site in 2007 and on August 20, 2011, opened the Heart Mountain Interpretive Center. The Center features a permanent exhibit that provides an overview of the history of the wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans and the background of anti-Asian prejudice in America that led to it. Along with additional rotating exhibits, these photographs, artifacts and oral histories explore the incarceration experience, constitutional and civil rights issues, and the broader issues of race and social justice in America. Visitors can also participate in a walking tour of the site and its remaining structures. Former U.S. Secretary of Transportation Norman Y. Mineta and retired U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson, who met as Boy Scouts on opposite sides of the barbed wire fence surrounding the Heart Mountain compound, act as Honorary Advisors to the Foundation.

The Foundation hosts an annual pilgrimage at Heart Mountain, the first of which coincided with the Interpretive Center's 2011 opening.

Terminology
Since the end of World War II, there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Heart Mountain and the other camps in which Japanese Americans were incarcerated by the United States Government during the war. Heart Mountain has been referred to as a "War Relocation Center," "relocation camp," "relocation center," "internment camp," "incarceration camp," and "concentration camp," and the controversy over which term is the most accurate and appropriate continues to the present day. Scholars and activists have criticized "internment camp" for being a minimizing, misleading euphemism, as Japanese Americans were not there for protection, performed forced labor, and could not leave.

Notable internees

 * Hideo Date (1907–2005), a painter.
 * Kathryn Doi (born 1942), Associate Justice of the California Second District Court of Appeals.
 * Frank S. Emi (1916–2010), Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee leader and civil rights activist.
 * Sadamitsu "S. Neil" Fujita (1921–2010), graphic designer who served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team.
 * Evelyn Nakano Glenn (born 1940), a professor of Gender & Women Studies and of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley and founding director of the Center for Race and Gender (CRG). Also interned at Gila River.
 * Mary Matsuda Gruenewald (1925–2021), memoirist. Also interned at Tule Lake.
 * Joe Hayashi (1920–1945), 442nd RCT volunteer posthumously awarded Medal of Honor.
 * Bill Hosokawa (1915–2007), author and journalist, editor of the camp newspaper "Heart Mountain Sentinel."
 * Momoko Iko (1940–2020), an American playwright.
 * Estelle Ishigo (née Peck) (1899–1990), an American artist married to a Nisei.
 * George Igawa, leader of the George Igawa Orchestra, a jazz big band formed by musicians interned within the camp, which played for dances around the region.
 * George Ishiyama (1914–2003), businessman and former president of Alaska Pulp Corporation. Also interned at Topaz.
 * Hikaru Iwasaki (1923–2016), an American photographer.
 * Lincoln Kanai (1908—1982), social worker and civil rights activist who brought a legal challenge to the eviction of Japanese Americans from the West Coast.
 * Gyomay Kubose (1905–2000), a Buddhist teacher.
 * Kiyoshi Kuromiya (1943–2000), an author and civil and social justice advocate.
 * Yosh Kuromiya (1923–2018), Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee member who resisted the draft on constitutional grounds and promoted understanding of the Nisei draft resisters in film and public forums.
 * Robert Kuwahara (1901–1964), animator.
 * Bill Manbo (1908–1992), an amateur photographer.
 * Sam Mihara (born 1933), an American author and history educator.
 * Norman Mineta (1931–2022), United States Secretary of Transportation under George W. Bush and United States Secretary of Commerce under Bill Clinton.
 * Lane Nakano (1925–2005), American soldier turned actor.
 * Fusataro Nakaya (1886–1952), medical doctor (1916 graduate of University of Illinois Medical College), member of California Medical Association, Vice President of Los Angeles Japanese Association.
 * Shigeki Oka (1878–1959), Issei newspaper publisher who was recruited by the British Armed Forces in World War II.
 * Benji Okubo (1904–1975), an American painter, teacher, and landscape designer.
 * James K. Okubo (1920–1967), 442nd RCT veteran posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Also interned at Tule Lake.
 * Mary Oyama (1907–1994), a journalist and community organizer.
 * Albert Saijo (1926–2011), poet.
 * Doris Ota Saito (born 1933), illustrator.
 * Nyogen Senzaki (1876–1958), Rinzai Zen monk who was one of the 20th century's leading proponents of Zen Buddhism in the United States.
 * Louise Suski (1905–2003), first woman editor-in-chief and English-section editor-in-chief at Rafu Shimpo.
 * Teiko Tomita (1896–1990), a tanka poet. Also interned at Tule Lake.
 * Otto Yamaoka (1904–1967), an American actor and businessman who worked in Hollywood during the 1930s.

title: Heart Mountain Relocation Center


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Yo soy Betty, la fea

Yo soy Betty, la fea (English: I am Betty, the Ugly one), often referred to simply as Betty, la fea, is a Colombian telenovela created by Fernando Gaitán. It aired from 25 October 1999 to 8 May 2001 on RCN. Ana María Orozco stars as the titular character, alongside Jorge Enrique Abello, Natalia Ramírez, Lorna Cepeda, Luis Mesa and Julián Arango.

Yo soy Betty, la fea is one of the world's most acclaimed and popular television shows and is considered the most famous Latin American telenovela in history. It is the first telenovela to have been remade worldwide and has been regarded as bringing the telenovela to new levels of success. The story's appeal to global audiences has been credited to it being centered around the life of an unattractive character rather than that of a typical attractive character.

Plot
Taking place mainly in Bogotá, Colombia, Yo soy Betty, la fea is essentially a Cinderella comedy about the rise of poor, ugly 'Betty' Beatriz Pinzón Solano and the fall of rich, handsome Armando Mendoza. Armando is a very incompetent playboy with a scheme to turn a huge profit as the new president of Eco Moda, a famous clothing manufacturing company, alongside the new vice-president Mario Calderon. However, his scheme is doomed for his faulty mathematics. Betty, his secretary (and economics wizard), is in love with him despite his engagement to Marcela Valencia. She helps Armando deceive the board of directors as he loses money and brings the company to ruin. The story has three movements: 1) Armando's foolish destruction of Eco Moda, 2) Betty's flight from the disgrace and her temporary new job in Cartagena where she undergoes an emotional and physical transformation, and 3) Betty's return to Eco Moda, where she is installed as new president.

Main

 * Ana María Orozco as Beatriz "Betty" Aurora Pinzón Solano; A rather uncouth woman but very skilled in economics with a good CV. Later becomes a CEO assistant and economist. She is the pride of her parents. She is in love with Armando Mendoza.
 * Jorge Enrique Abello as Armando Mendoza Sáenz; Eco Moda's CEO. A somewhat irresponsible playboy with only basic knowledge in industrial engineering who presents a risky and ambitious proposal with which he wins the presidency of Eco Moda. When he manages it, it brings the company to the brink of bankruptcy, thus Betty steps in to help.
 * Natalia Ramírez as Marcela Valencia; Armando's fiancée and Eco Moda's stockholder and retail manager. Despite her dislike of Betty, she is not actually a bad person, but a woman full of pride, classism and lacks dignity, and she loves Armando. She later willingly gives up on him as she discovers he actually loves Betty.
 * Lorna Cepeda as Patricia Fernández; Marcela's best friend and secretary. A divorced woman, refined and superficial, as well as materialist, she is looking for a rich husband. Armando hates her because she is a dumb blonde and knows that Marcela wants her as Armando's secretary to watch over his infidelities.
 * Luis Mesa as Daniel Valencia; Marcela's brother. Male chauvinist and arrogant, shareholder of Eco Moda. He rivals and dislikes Armando and unlike him, he is realistic and the only one worried about his company. He has an affair with Patricia.
 * Julián Arango as Hugo Lombardi; Eco Moda's fashion designer. Openly gay and arrogant, who despises ugliness. He dislikes almost everyone at Eco Moda and especially hates Eco Moda's secretaries, whom he nicknames 'The Ugly Cartel', with the exception of Inesita who is perhaps the only person he actually cares for. Interesting, Arango was in real life married to Ana María Orozco.
 * Ricardo Vélez as Mario Calderón; Armando's best friend and Eco Moda's commercial vice president. A staunch playboy, inveterate enemy of commitments and fatherhood, he is strangely enough a rather neutral figure.
 * Mario Duarte as Nicolás Mora Cifuentes; Betty's best friend and economist. Like Betty, he is unattractive and highly intelligent. He is in love with Patricia and boasts of his position as president of Terramoda. Patricia softens to him but only because of his newfound wealth.
 * Kepa Amuchastegui as Roberto Mendoza; Armando's father, founder of the company. Kind hearted and intelligent.
 * Talú Quintero as Margarita Sáenz de Mendoza; Armando's mother.
 * Adriana Franco as Julia Solano Galindo de Pinzón; Betty's mother. Loves her daughter dearly.
 * Jorge Herrera as Hermes Pinzón Galarza; Betty's father and accountant.
 * Pilar Uribe as María Beatriz Valencia; Marcela's and Daniel's sister. Carefree woman who loves opulence.
 * Julio César Herrera as Freddy Stewart Contreras; messenger, infatuated with Aura Maria and also in love of Jenny. Flamboyant but not gay, he is a very happy man.
 * Dora Cadavid as Inés "Inesita" Ramírez de Muriel; seamstress, member of the cartel. Kind and wise, she is the elderly assistant to Hugo Lombardi who loves her like a mother. She is the voice of reason and is as sane as Betty in the cartel.
 * Estefanía Gómez as Aura María Fuentes Rico; receptionist, member of the cartel. Single mother looking for a husband and stepfather for her son. Beautiful and voluptuous, she is usually promiscuous but with a big heart.
 * Paula Peña as Sofía López de Rodríguez; secretary, member of the cartel. Divorced woman who constantly fights with her ex-husband Efraín over their children's pension. She has a feud with Jenny, the current romantic partner of her ex-husband. Formerly Gustavo Olarte's secretary and after his dismissal, she temporarily becomes Betty's secretary.
 * Luces Velásquez as Bertha Muñoz de González; Gutiérrez' secretary, somewhat gluttonous, member of the cartel. She is married with children and deeply loves her husband. She occasionally imitates Patricia's way of dressing.
 * Marcela Posada as Sandra Patiño; Calderón's secretary, member of the cartel. Known for her height. She is usually aggressive with whoever is the enemy of the cartel.
 * María Eugenía Arboleda as Mariana Valdés; Marcela's secretary, member of the cartel. Known for reading tarot, she is very optimistic and a lover of rumba.
 * Celmira Luzardo as Catalina Ángel; Betty's "fairy godmother" and public relationist. A dignified, loquacious, eloquent and recognized woman.
 * Alberto León Jaramillo as Saúl Gutiérrez; Eco Moda's Director of Human Resources. Pedantic and smug man who also despises ugliness and is known for his "Spanglish". He usually sides with whoever is in charge.
 * Marta Isabel Bolaños as Jenny García; Efraín's younger girlfriend. Attractive but quite dimwitted and materialistic, she rivals Sofía for Efraín's money. She calls Efraín "pupuchurro".
 * David Ramírez as Wilson Sastoque Mejía; Eco Moda's security guard and friend to Betty and her friends.
 * Raúl Santa as Efraín Rodríguez Merchán "El Cheque"; Sofia's ex-husband and Jenny's boyfriend.
 * Patrick Delmas as Michel Doinel; Betty's handsome friend and suitor. He is in love with Betty, to whom he offers a stable relationship without caring that she is virtually ugly.
 * Diego Cadavid as Román; a street rat.

Recurring

 * Alberto Valdiri as "Gordito" González, Bertha's husband.
 * Angeline Moncayo as Karina Larson. Formerly a model and Armando's ex-mistress.
 * Carlos Serrato as Gustavo Olarte, Eco Moda's ex-financial vice president. Daniel's right hand.
 * César Mora as Antonio Sánchez, Betty's lawyer.
 * Claudia Becerra as Mónica Agudelo.
 * Diego Vivanco as Rolando "el Chesito su mercé", Hugo's boyfriend. Is bisexual.
 * Germán Tóvar as José Ambrosio Rosales; lawyer, Antonio's colleague.
 * Hugo Perez as Rafael Muriel, Inesita's ex-husband.
 * Iván Piñeros as Jimmy Fuentes (Aura María's son).
 * Lorena McAllister as Diana Medina.
 * Luis Enrique Roldán as Juan Manuel Santamaría, penalist Eco Moda's lawyer.
 * Miguel Ángel Báes as a 2nd systems engineer.
 * Paulo Sánchez Neira as Miguel Ortíz, Eco Moda's ex-systems engineer at the service of Olarte.
 * Rubén Óliver as Miguel Robles, corrupt president of Rag Tela.
 * Sebastián Sánchez as Miguel. (2001)
 * Scarlet Ortiz as Alejandra Zingg.
 * Yesenia Valencia as Susi.
 * Verónica Ocampo as Claudia Bosch, an attractive model obsessed with Armando since both had an affair.
 * Vilma Vera as Maruja Bravo de Gutiérrez, Saul Gutiérrez's wife.

Special guest stars

 * Adriana Arboleda as herself
 * Anasol as herself
 * Andrea Serna as herself
 * Andrés Pastrana Arango as himself
 * Armando Manzanero as himself
 * Bettina Spitz as herself
 * Catalina Acosta as herself
 * Catalina Maya as herself
 * Cecilia Bolocco as herself
 * Charlie Zaa as himself
 * Claudia Elena Vásquez as herself
 * Fanny Kertzmann (head of DIAN) as herself
 * Franco De Vita as himself
 * Gino Molinari as himself
 * Gisela Valcárcel as herself
 * Gloria Calzada as herself
 * Karoll Márquez as himself
 * Kike Santander as himself
 * Laura Flores as herself
 * Lina Marulanda as herself
 * Olga Tañón as herself
 * Patricia Velásquez as herself
 * Paula Andrea Betancourt as herself
 * Ricardo Montaner as himself
 * Santiago Cruz as himself
 * Silvia Tcherassi as herself
 * Taís Araújo as herself
 * Valeria Mazza as herself

Production
One year after being released as a private channel, RCN had disastrous results against Caracol TV, so Carlos Ardila Lulle took direct control of the channel. The usual director and writer Fernando Gaitán was used, who prepared the telenovela, which would be low-budget; since it was shot in the industrial zone of Bogotá near the RCN studios where some scenes were also shot. The Pinzón Solano residence was filmed in a house in the Teusaquillo neighborhood of Bogotá.

Natalia Ramírez originally cast for the lead role, but she lost to Ana María Orozco, but because of Ramírez's career she was given the role of Marcela Valencia.

Awards
In 2001, Yo soy Betty, la fea won the New York Latin ACE Award for the Best Scenic Program (Mejor programa escénico) and International Female Personality of the Year (Figura internacional femenina del año) to Ana María Orozco, and, also in 2002, the TP de Oro for Best Soap Opera (Mejor telenovela), and the INTE Award for Best Soap Opera and Actress of the Year (Actriz del año) to Ana María Orozco.

Syndication
In the United States, the telenovela aired on Telemundo in 2000, and on TeleFutura nine years later. During its run on Telefutura, Yo Soy Betty, La Fea delivered impressive ratings for the network, attracting over one million viewers, more than half a million of which were adults aged 18–49. In addition, the premiere episode doubled and in some cases nearly tripled its prior audience among all key demographics.

Ecomoda
The success of Yo soy Betty, la fea led to its first sequel titled Ecomoda. It premiered first on Univision on 2 December 2001, concluding on 2 June 2002. Some scenes from the first episode were filmed in Buenos Aires, and some scenes for the opening sequence were filmed in Miami, Florida. In Colombia, the series premiered on 21 May 2002.

Betty Toons
Betty Toons is an animated television series that features Betty as a child with her friends. It aired on RCN Televisión between 2002 and 2003. In the U.S., Betty Toons previously aired Saturday mornings on most affiliates of Telefutura (now UniMás), as part of the Toonturama block from 2006 to 2008.

Betty, la fea: la historia continúa
In July 2023, it was announced that Amazon Prime Video had ordered a second sequel series. The series, titled Betty, la fea: la historia continúa is set to premiere on 19 July 2024.

El amor no es como lo pintan
(Love is not as it looks) (2000, Azteca Uno, Mexico): Vanessa Acosta as Alicia "Licha" Ramírez Campos. El amor no es como lo pintan concluded in 2001.

Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin
(There is No One Like Jassi) (2003, SET, India): Mona Singh as Jasmeet Walia. The Indian version is not so much about beauty and ugliness, as about a simple middle-class girl with strong family values being catapulted into the amoral world of high fashion upper society, although Jassi was made to appear ugly by having on thick rimmed glasses, braces and an unsightly hairstyle. Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin concluded in 2006.

Sensiz Olmuyor
Turkey's Sensiz Olmuyor (It Doesn't Happen Without You) tells the story of Gönül and Arda on two separate TV networks, with each channel showing thirteen episodes. When the weekly series debuted on Show TV in January 2005, Özlem Conker played Gönül (which means 'heart' in Turkish), the intelligent swan in ugly duckling clothing, and pop star Emre Altuğ appeared as her boss and love interest, Arda. The show did not go on hiatus when it was moved from Show TV to rival network Kanal D, but there was one big change: Yeliz Şar took over the role of Gönül, but the rest of the original cast remained intact.

Verliebt in Berlin
In February 2005, the German TV network, SAT 1, began airing a version called Verliebt in Berlin (The title is a word-play and can mean either In Love in Berlin or In Love with Berlin), starring local soap opera star Alexandra Neldel as Lisa Plenske and Swiss actor Mathis Künzler as David. The show had 5 million viewers daily and was extended beyond its initial 250-episode run in early 2006.

A few weeks later it was announced that the show would be renewed for a second season, but without Neldel and Künzler. The focus shifted onto a male lead character named Bruno Plenske (Lisa's half-brother, played by Tim Sander). Without Alexandra Neldel, however, the show lost much of its original appeal and dwindling ratings led to its cancellation in 2007. Verliebt in Berlin has also been broadcast in dubbed versions in Hungary (as Lisa csak egy van) and France (as Le destin de Lisa). Although Verliebt in Berlin continued with new featured characters and original storylines, it is still credited as "based on Yo Soy Betty La Fea".

Ne Rodis' Krasivoy
(Be Not Born Beautiful, from the Russian phrase, "be not born beautiful, but be born happy", "Ne Rodis' Krasivoy, Rodis' Shchastlivoy")

In 2005, STS broadcasting in Russia created a version of the show called Ne Rodis' Krasivoy starring Nelly Uvarova in the title role of Katya. This version was also broadcast throughout the former Soviet Union.

La Fea Más Bella
(The Most Beautiful Ugly Woman) (2006–2007, Televisa, Mexico): Angélica Vale as Leticia Padilla Solis.

The Mexican Televisa television network, produced its version La Fea Más Bella ("The Prettiest Ugly"), which debuted on 23 January 2006 and ended on 25 February 2007. In the United States, the series aired on Univision, and in the Philippines it was broadcast on ABC 5, where it debuted on 24 April 2006 and concluded on 25 June 2007. It was also aired in Lebanon on the Lebanese MTV network from 2009 to 2010. In both these versions, the protagonist's nickname is "Lety", which is also the name of the show in Lebanon.

Lotte
(2006, Talpa, Netherlands): Nyncke Beekhuyzen as Lotte Pronk. In 2006, the Dutch TV network Talpa began airing Lotte, starring Nyncke Beekhuyzen as the main character and Lars Oostveen as Vico Maesland.

Yo soy Bea
Despite the original Colombian production already being in Spanish, Telecinco launched an adaptation in Spain called Yo soy Bea in July 2006. The Spanish version title (which translates to "I am Bea") is a pun, with "Bea" sounding like both fea ("ugly") and bella ("beautiful"), and being the short version of the protagonist name, Beatriz. Ruth Núñez played Beatriz "Bea" Pérez Pinzón and Alejandro Tous was Álvaro Aguilar, the company boss.

The Spanish adaptation screens weekdays at 6:00 pm and pulls in an average of more than four million viewers (more than +35% share of the audience). The series' record is a 42,1% of share. It has become Spain's top-rated daytime programme. Ruth Núñez, known to Spanish viewers for her portrayal of a Yugoslav student in teen soap, Compañeros, plays the heroine.

In this version, Beatriz Pérez Pinzón (Núñez) is an unattractive 26-year-old economist whose looks are not important to her. She is intelligent and kind, and one day, after having cared for her widower father for two years, she decides to look for a job. Although she is very well educated, she gets only a secretary job at the magazine "Bulevar 21". She becomes the secretary of Álvaro Aguilar (Alejandro Tous), the company boss. In the company, Bea will be against Cayetana (Mónica Estarreado), Álvaro's fiancée, and her friend Bárbara (Norma Ruiz), who is also Álvaro's secretary. The Spanish Version won a TP de Oro to "La mejor telenovela" in 2007.

Ugly Betty
The American production was broadcast on ABC in the United States from 28 September 2006 to 14 April 2010. This production also aired internationally on Citytv and Radio-Canada (as Chère Betty) in Canada, Channel 4 in the United Kingdom; 2007, RTÉ Two in Ireland, TV2 in New Zealand, Seven Network/7Two in Australia, TVB Pearl in Hong Kong, Nova Television in Bulgaria, 8TV in Malaysia, Studio 23 in the Philippines and STAR World in Asia (Southeast Asia, India, Philippines and Middle East feeds).

In 2004, actress Salma Hayek's production company, Ventanarosa, in a joint venture with Reveille Productions and ABC Television Studio bought the rights to Yo soy Betty, la fea, converting it to an English-language seriocomedy series. ABC would acquire the series under the title Ugly Betty, and initially slated the program for broadcasting in summer of 2006 as a daily series, but its success led to ABC slating it as a weekly series. The hour-long program aired Fridays at 9:00 pm (Eastern time); the first episode was broadcast 28 September 2006. Actress America Ferrera portrayed the title character Betty Suarez – an unattractive, but efficient editorial assistant at a fashion magazine. The show has received a Golden Globe and Peabody Award.

Maria, i Aschimi
Mega Channel in Greece is airing its own version titled Maria, i Aschimi (Μαρία, Η Άσχημη – Maria, The Ugly One) starring Aggeliki Daliani and Anthimos Ananiadis. Maria exudes intelligence, humor, and kindness, but what she is missing is conventional beauty. She considers her appearance to be an obstacle in her search for employment, despite her collection of degrees, which are displayed proudly by her parents, Kaiti and Irakles. Having no luck in her job search, Maria decides to try for a job for which she is overqualified, secretary to Alexis Mantas, the director of a noted fashion house called Ecomoda. Alexis is the most coveted bachelor in Athens, but he has recently gotten engaged to Markella, who tries to get him to choose her best friend, Lilian, to be his secretary and to keep an eye on him. Lilian does not have Maria's natural intelligence or fine education, but she has a beautiful appearance, which makes her a better superficial fit at the fashion house.

This adaptation was originally supposed to start airing on 1 November 2006, but within two weeks of that date the show was removed from Mega Channel's schedule. Finally, it began on 1 January 2007 at 21:00 and although it was scheduled to move at 18:15 two weeks later, due to its high ratings (± 45% according to Agb Hellas and more than 2 million viewers) finally remained in the prime-time slot of the channel.

Sara
The Flemish adaptation is called Sara, starring Veerle Baetens as Sara De Roose. The show was first broadcast on 25 September 2007 by VTM, a Flemish commercial TV-station. Sara was broadcast daily (except weekends) at 6:25 pm. On Sunday, VTM aired 'the week of Sara' at 9:25 pm, containing all the episodes of that week. Sara had a weekly audience between 650,000 and 750,000 viewers. The show ended in June 2008.

Sara works for 'Presence', where she falls in love with her boss Simon Van Wyck (Gert Winckelmans). Actors such as like Veerle Baetens, Sandrine André, Kürt Rogiers, Gert Winckelmans and Bieke Ilegems appeared on the show.

On 13 February 2008, the nominees of the Flemish TV-stars were announced. 'Sara' was nominated for 3 awards. Veerle Baetens, who plays Sara, and Sandrine Andre, who plays Britt, were both nominated in the category Best Actor or Actress. The show was nominated in the category Best Fiction programme. Veerle Baetens won in her category and also won the award as 'Most popular TV personality'. The show won the award for 'Most Popular TV Programme'.

Ne daj se, Nina
A version of Yo soy Betty, la fea made by Croatian RTL Televizija and Serbian Fox Televizija begins production in October 2007. The working title of the show is "Ne daj se, Nina" ( "Don't give up, Nina"). After a long audition, newcomer Lana Gojak has been cast in the role of Nina (Betty). Other reported cast members include established actors such as Robert Kurbaša, Edvin Livarić, Bojana Ordinačev, Petar Ćiritović, Andrija Milošević, Kristina Krepela and Sloboda Mićalović.

Ošklivka Katka
(Ugly Kate) (2008, TV Prima, Czech Republic): Kateřina Janečková as Kateřina Bertoldová. The series debuted on 3 March 2008 and it airs Mondays and Wednesdays at prime time.

Cô gái xấu xí
The Vietnamese version of Yo soy Betty, fea premiered on 11 February 2008. The series stars Ngọc Hiệp as Huyền Diệu and Chi Bảo as An Đông, the new president of SB Brands Trading J.S.C.. A number of real-life models co-starred in prominent roles, such as Nguyễn Bình Minh (who plays Tiến Mạnh), who competed in the 2002/03 Manhunt International competition and finished in the top ten; Phi Thanh Vân (as Phương Trinh), who worked as a top model and has freely admitted that she owes her beauty to the wonders of plastic surgery; Lý Anh Tuấn (Đăng Dương); and Trịnh Kim Chi (Huyền Thư). This adaptation is one of the most faithful remakes of the Colombian original so far, with episodes being recreated practically scene for scene, with only minor adjustments to account for cultural differences.

I Love Betty La Fea
Filipina actress Bea Alonzo was chosen to play the title role of Betty Pengson and actor John Lloyd Cruz to play Armando Solis in the Philippine adaptation of the famous Colombian telenovela. The series started airing on 8 September 2008 on ABS-CBN network in primetime. Former beauty queen and actress Ruffa Gutierrez, plays the role of Daniela, the female version of Daniel from the original series. In this version, they are working for an advertising agency. This is the only version where Betty refused to have a makeover. She accepted herself in the end.

Chou Nü Wu Di
This soap opera, Ugly Wudi (literally "The Ugly Without Rival" for the name Wudi means Non-Rival, unconquerable, unbeatable or matchless), is a co-production of Mexico's Televisa, China's Hunan Satellite TV, the independent producer Nesound, and the Colombian network RCN Televisión. The program began broadcasting on 28 September 2008 and will be divided into five seasons of 80 half-hour chapters. The show has received some criticism via 3,300 comments on Baidu and newspaper articles stating the actress who plays Wudi is not ugly enough, despite gaining weight and exhibiting glasses, braces and tan skin which is considered unattractive in China. Some even suggested that the name of the show be changed to Pretty Wudi.

Despite criticisms, the debut episode was watched by 73 million viewers. The show is sponsored by Unilever's Dove brand, which is woven into the plot as Wudi works on a Dove advertising campaign. The show has also been used as a way to launch Dove's Campaign for Real Beauty in China.

Four seasons of Chounu Wudi have been aired in China. The 4th season started on 20 February 2010. It was named as the final season of Chounu Wudi.

BrzydUla
Poland's adaptation of the Betty story, BrzydUla (play on words: Brzydula means ugly girl but Ula is a reference to main character's name), premiered on 6 October 2008 on the TVN network. This version stars Julia Kamińska as Ula Cieplak and Marek Włodarczyk as her father, Józef. Ula works for Marek Dobrzański (played by Filip Bobek) at a prestigious Warsaw fashion house called Dom Mody Febo & Dobrzański.

Bela, a Feia
After months of speculation, the Brazilian TV network Record officially announced on 22 May 2009 that Mexican-Brazilian actress Giselle Itié would portray Bela, the protagonist of the Brazilian version of Yo soy Betty, la Fea. The extensive cast included Ana Roberta Gualda, André Mattos, André Segatti, Angela Leal, Aracy Cardoso, Bemvindo Sequeira, Bia Montez, Bruno Ferrari, Bárbara Borges, Carla Regina, Cláudio Gabriel, Daniel Erthal, Denise Del Vecchio, Esther Góes, Gabriela Moreira, Henri Pagnocelli, Ildi Silva, Iran Malfitano, Jonas Bloch, João Camargo, Laila Zaid, Luiza Thomé, Marcela Barrozo, Natália Guimarães, Pérola Faria, Raul Gazolla, Simone Spoladore, Sérgio Hondjakoff, Sérgio Menezes, Sílvia Pfeifer, and Thierry Figueira, with guest appearances by Babi Xavier, Gracyanne Barbosa, Rogério Fróes, Sérgio Mallandro, and Viviane Araújo. The series was produced by Record in partnership with Mexico's Televisa, which produced La Fea más bella. The story was adapted by scribe Gisele Joras and the series was directed by Edson Spinello. The novela premiered on 4 August 2009, and ended on 2 June 2010.

Gogona Gareubnidan
Georgia's version of the Betty story began on 24 May 2010, about one month after the U.S.A.'s Ugly Betty ended. The first episode was a pretty faithful remake of the pilot episode for Ugly Betty, with only minor changes, making this the first series to be adapted directly from the American Ugly Betty and not the Colombian Yo soy Betty, la fea. The series stars Tina Makharadze as Tamuna and takes place in Tbilisi, the Georgian capital (Tamuna lives in the outskirts, hence the show's title, which translates as "Girl from the Suburbs"). The first season consisted of 10 episodes and concluded on 26 July 2010. The second ran from 8 October 2010 through 31 December 2010, and consisted of 13 episodes. The second season diverged even farther from the story lines of Ugly Betty than the first season had, but many details within various episodes were directly or loosely based on details from second, third, and fourth season episodes of Ugly Betty. The third season began on 11 February 2011 without the show's leading man, Tornike Gogrichiani, who played Tamuna's boss, Nika Kekelidze. Gogrichiani was absent from the season's first four episodes and it was rumored online that he may be leaving the series altogether.

ยัยเป็ดขี้เหร่ (Ugly Betty Thailand)
A story of Pet (Thai: เป็ด; meaning 'Duck') (Pratchayanan "Babymind" Suwanmani), a young girl who looks ugly but is very capable. She works as a secretary for Danai (Wasin "Ko" Atsawanaruenat), who is a young playboy and the son of CEO of POSH Inc., a high-end cosmetics company and Ngamkhae (Nicole Theriault). Danai is the new CEO but things are not as they seem, because Danai has competition from the managing director Alisa "Alice" Phalakon (Sonia Couling) and the Phalakon family who holds shares of his company, Pet also has problems resulting from Danai's previous secretary, a young and beautiful woman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yo soy Betty, la fea


text:
Robert Raynolds McMath

Robert Raynolds McMath (May 11, 1891 – January 2, 1962) was an American solar astronomer.

McMath was a bridge engineer, businessman, and astronomer. His father, Francis C. McMath, had made a fortune as a bridge builder. They both had a keen interest in amateur astronomy. So in 1922, the McMaths, along with Judge Henry S. Hulbert founded the McMath–Hulbert Observatory in Lake Angelus, Michigan. It was deeded to the University of Michigan in 1931, McMath served as the director of the McMath–Hulbert Observatory until 1961.

In 1932, McMath extended the functionality of the spectroheliograph so that it could record motion pictures of the Sun. This machine is known as a spectroheliokinematograph; with it, he took astonishing moving pictures of solar storms, showing features on the Sun's surface that lasted from seconds to days.

In 1933, he and his father received the Franklin Institute's John Price Wetherill Medal. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1942. In 1958, he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.

McMath was an adviser to the National Science Foundation in its early years and he chaired the panel that advised NSF on the need for a national observatory. A site on Kitt Peak, Arizona was finally chosen for the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO). McMath, along with the eminent astronomer Keith Pierce, built a new, larger solar telescope on Kitt Peak called the McMath–Pierce solar telescope. McMath served as the first president of Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) from 1957 to 1958, and thereafter as chairman of the AURA board.

title: Robert Raynolds McMath


text:
Liam Clancy

Liam Clancy (Liam Mac Fhlannchadha; 2 September 1935 – 4 December 2009) was an Irish folk singer from Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. He was the youngest member of the influential folk group the Clancy Brothers, regarded as Ireland's first pop stars. They achieved global sales of millions and appeared in sold-out concerts at such prominent venues as Carnegie Hall and the Royal Albert Hall.

Liam was generally considered to be the group's most powerful vocalist. Bob Dylan regarded him as the greatest ballad singer ever. In 1976, as part of the duo Makem and Clancy, he had a number one hit in Ireland with the anti-war song "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" (written by Scots-Australian Eric Bogle). Upon his death The Irish Times said his legacy was secured.

Early life
He was born at Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary, Ireland on 2 September 1935, the ninth and youngest surviving child (two died in childhood) of Robert Joseph Clancy and Joanna McGrath. As a child, he was known as William or Willie, named after his mother's hero Willie Doyle. He later acquired the nickname 'Liam' from Cyril Cusack as 'William' was "too English". The Clancys were a republican family with Liam's uncle Peter McGrath serving under Dan Breen in a flying column during the Irish War of Independence. He displayed an artistic disposition at an early age, while growing up in Carrick-on-Suir. The first song he learned was "The Croppy Boy". He received a Christian Brothers education before taking a job as an insurance man in Dublin. Whilst there he also took night classes at the National College of Art and Design.

Still in his teens, Liam explored writing and painting, though he was particularly drawn to the theatre. In his early performing days, he began to call himself Liam. Before he was twenty years old, Liam had founded the local dramatic society now called "Brewery Lane Theatre and Arts Centre", and had produced, directed, set-directed, and starred in John Millington Synge's The Playboy of the Western World. Liam also performed at the renowned Gaiety Theatre in Dublin. He encountered Diane Hamilton Guggenheim when she came to his hometown to visit his mother, and set off on a tour of Ireland alongside her. During her 1955 trip to Keady, Clancy encountered Tommy Makem for the first time. He later moved to New York City and referred to Greenwich Village as "the island for people escaped from repressed backgrounds".

Clancy Brothers
Liam Clancy began singing with his brothers, Paddy and Tom Clancy, at fund-raising events for the Cherry Lane Theatre and the Guthrie benefits. The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem began recording on Paddy Clancy's Tradition Records label in the late 1950s. Liam Clancy played guitar in addition to singing and also recorded several solo albums. They recorded their seminal The Rising of the Moon album in 1959, giving live performances in the American cities Boston, Chicago and New York. A record-breaking sixteen-minute-long performance on American TV's The Ed Sullivan Show on 17 March 1961 launched the group into stardom. They were supposed to only play two songs but the main act cancelled at short notice. There were international tours, which included performances at Carnegie Hall (a sell-out in 1962) and the Royal Albert Hall. Their trademark attire was Aran geansaí—these were sent across the water by Mrs. Clancy for her sons to wear against the unforgiving American climate. The quartet recorded numerous albums for Columbia Records and enjoyed great success during the 1960s folk revival. Liam was a close friend of Bob Dylan when they both were going out with two sisters in New York. He performed live for United States President John F. Kennedy.

In 1964, thirty per cent of all albums sold in Ireland were Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem records. Although better known for their full-length albums, the Clancy Brothers' single, "The Leaving of Liverpool" (from the album, The First Hurrah!), which featured Liam in the lead, reached the number six spot on the Irish charts in 1964. Liam played the guitar in almost all the recordings of the Clancy Brothers, and he took lead vocals in many songs, including "The Wild Rover", "The Shoals of Herring", "Port Lairge", "The Juice of the Barley", "The Patriot Game", "The Gallant Forty Twa", "The Jolly Tinker", "The Nightingale", "Peggy Gordon", "Old Maid in the Garrett", and "The Parting Glass", which closed every Clancy Brothers concert.

Liam Clancy was the last surviving member of the original Clancy Brothers. Tom Clancy died on 7 November 1990, Patrick Clancy died on 11 November 1998, and Tommy Makem died on 1 August 2007. Bobby Clancy, who had joined the group in 1969, died on 6 September 2002. Liam said of his status as the last of the brothers: "There was always a pecking order, especially when you're working with family. But they all died off, and I got to the top of the pecking order, with nobody looking over my shoulder. There's a great sense of freedom about that".

Solo career
After The Clancy Brothers split up, Liam had a solo career in Canada, where he made several television performances on the CBC's national television variety program, The Irish Rovers Show from Vancouver, British Columbia. He had a hit with "The Dutchman" at this time, and he presented his own television show in Calgary, also appearing on the CBC concert series Summer Evening in 1976. In 1975, he was booked to play a festival in Cleveland, Ohio, US, where Tommy Makem was also playing. The two played a set together and formed the group Makem and Clancy, performing in numerous concerts and recording several albums together until 1988. The original Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem line-up also got back together in the 1980s for a reunion tour and album. After the death of Tom Clancy in 1990, Liam sang with Paddy and Bobby Clancy and nephew Robbie O'Connell as part of The Clancy Brothers and Robbie O'Connell. He also performed alongside his Fayreweather Band and the Phil Coulter Orchestra. With Coulter, Clancy had a top four hit single in 1989, "Home from the Sea".

In later life, Liam maintained a solo career accompanied by musicians Paul Grant and Kevin Evans, whilst also engaging in other pursuits. He lived in Ring, County Waterford at this stage. His home in Waterford was designed by the celebrity architect Duncan Stewart and featured solar panels which were innovative at the time. He subsequently converted his large garage into a recording studio.

He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Limerick in 2001.

In 2001, Liam Clancy published a memoir titled The Mountain of the Women. He also was in No Direction Home, the 2005 Bob Dylan documentary directed by Martin Scorsese.

In 2006, Clancy was profiled in a two-hour documentary titled The Legend of Liam Clancy, produced by Anna Rodgers and John Murray with Crossing the Line Films, and screened on the Irish channel RTÉ. In February 2007, this documentary won the award for best series at the Irish Film and Television Awards in Dublin. In 2008 Liam performed in a filmed concert titled Liam Clancy and Friends: Live at The Bitter End which featured the last filmed performance of his friend Odetta, as well as songs from Tom Paxton, Shane MacGowan, Gemma Hayes, Eric Bibb, and Fionn Regan as well as members of Danú.

The same director Alan Gilsenan went on to direct a full-length biography of Liam Clancy, The Yellow Bittern: The Life and Times of Liam Clancy. This was released at the 2009 Dublin Film Festival and went on to have a theatrical and DVD release in Ireland the UK. The film includes appearances by Pete Seeger, Jean Ritchie, Bob Dylan, Odetta, and many others as well as much unseen archive such as The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem at Newport Festival. The Irish Times praised the film and director Gilsenan who it said had "tracked down an impressive number of secondary sources, and his use of other performers' music is often inspired".

His final album The Wheels of Life was released in 2009. It included duets with Mary Black and Gemma Hayes as well as songs by Tom Paxton and Donovan.

Liam was an ardent proponent of political views and often outspoken on matters of social injustice until his death. He criticised both Gulf Wars and the grim, harsh economic climate which gripped Ireland during his last months.

Clancy told The Irish Times in September 2009 that he was on his "last legs". He had already given his final performance, at the National Concert Hall the previous May, during which he recited the Dylan Thomas poem "And death shall have no dominion". He was unable to perform a full-length show on the closing night of a two-night sold-out run but put in a 40-minute appearance nonetheless. His manager described it as "...a very profound moment. He expressed his fear of dying, but he did it with great dignity".

Death
Liam Clancy died from pulmonary fibrosis on 4 December 2009, in Bon Secours Hospital in Cork, Ireland. His brother Bobby died of the same disease seven years previously. He was buried in the new cemetery in An Rinn, County Waterford, where he spent the last years of his life, owning a successful recording studio. He was survived by his wife, Kim, and their four children: Eben, Siobhán, Fiona and Donal, as well as three previous children: Sean, Andrew and Anya.

His son Eben was in the process of coming over from the United Kingdom and he had a last telephone chat with his son Donal who was in the middle of a tour of California. The other three sat beside him as he died. Liam had intended to give another interview at the time but succumbed to the disease.

The leader of Fine Gael, Enda Kenny, mourned the loss of a "brilliant musician". Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism Martin Cullen said, "Liam Clancy was a nationally and internationally renowned folk singer and was an example of an absolutely dedicated artistic craftsman. This generous and life-giving person enriched all of our lives with memorable songs and was part of the fabric of Ireland's proud traditional music culture". Alan Gilsenan described the death as the "end of an era".

Radio disc jockeys in New York paid tribute to the man who, according to the New York Daily News, "played a major role in defining how Americans heard Irish popular music over the last half century", with one DJ saying The Clancy Brothers had "broke down a wall that was long overdue". Christy Moore, on a prescheduled appearance on The Late Late Show aired live on the night of Liam's death, said, "I would have been listening to Radio Luxembourg and rock 'n' roll as a young fellow and then I got to hear of the Clancy brothers, when I was 16 I came to Dublin to hear them in a concert. It was about 1962, I think it was the Olympia, it was the most exciting concert I had ever attended. It was Irish, it was rock 'n' roll, it was funky and it was even sexy".

Clancy's mid-day funeral at St. Mary's Church, Dungarvan, on 7 December was attended by hundreds of mourners, including both the Aides de Camp of the Taoiseach and President of Ireland, Minister Cullen and various musicians and artists. He was later buried in An Rinn.

Solo recordings
*re-released with bonus tracks as 'Irish Troubadour' on Vanguard CD *on Shanachie CD as "The Dutchman"
 * 1965 – Liam Clancy – Vanguard LP/CD
 * 1974 – Farewell to Tarwathie – Plainsong LP
 * 2005 – Favourites
 * 2007 – Yes Those Were The Days: The Essential Liam Clancy  Dolphin Records
 * 2008 – The Wheels of Life, Dolphin Records

Guest recordings

 * 1955 – The Lark in the Morning – Tradition LP/Rykodisc CD
 * 1956 – The Countess Cathleen – Tradition LP
 * 1989 – Phil Coulter: Words and Music – Shanachie CD
 * 1992 – Phil Coulter: A Touch of Tranquility – Shanachie CD
 * 1994 – Joanie Madden: Whistle on the Wind – Green Linnet CD
 * 1999 – Cherish the Ladies: At Home – RCA CD
 * 2000 – The Girls Won't Leave the Boys Alone – Windham Hill CD
 * 2002 – Danú: All Things Considered – Shanachie CD

Clancy Brothers & Tommy Makem
Tradition Records Columbia Records
 * The Rising of the Moon (or Irish Songs of Rebellion) (1956, 1959 second version)
 * Come Fill Your Glass with Us (or Irish Songs of Drinking and Blackguarding) (1959)
 * The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem (self-titled) – (1961)
 * A Spontaneous Performance Recording (1961)
 * Hearty and Hellish! A Live Nightclub Performance (1962)
 * The Boys Won't Leave the Girls Alone (1962; plus several subsequent re-releases, including on Shanachie Records)
 * In Person at Carnegie Hall (1963) – also on Columbia CD
 * The First Hurrah! (1964)
 * Recorded Live in Ireland (1965)
 * Isn't It Grand Boys (1966)
 * Freedom's Sons (1966)
 * In Concert (1967) – also on Columbia CD
 * The Irish Uprising (1967)
 * Home, Boys, Home (1968)
 * Sing of the Sea (1968)
 * The Bold Fenian Men (1969)
 * Reunion (1984) – Released on Blackbird LP/Shanachie CD
 * Luck of the Irish – Columbia/Sony compilation. Contains 1 new song (Wars of Germany) and 3 new performances of previously released songs: (Home Boys Home, The Old Orange Flute and They're Moving Father's Grave To Build A Sewer) (1992)
 * The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (Bob Dylan) (1992)
 * Irish Drinking Songs (1993) – contains unreleased material from the Carnegie Hall album
 * Ain't It Grand: A Collection of Unissued Gems (1995) – unreleased material from the 1960s era

The Clancy Brothers (Liam, Tom, Pat, Bobby)
Audio Fidelity Records
 * Christmas – Columbia LP/CD (1969)
 * Flowers in the Valley – Columbia LP (1970)
 * Welcome to Our House (1970)

Lou Killen, Paddy, Liam, Tom Clancy
Audio Fidelity Records Vanguard Records ''*This was reissued as 'Best of the Vanguard Years' with bonus material from the 1982 Live! album with Bobby Clancy and Robbie O'Connell.''
 * Show Me The Way (1972)
 * Save the Land! (1972)
 * Live on St. Patrick's Day (1973)
 * The Clancy Brothers' Greatest Hits (1973) – Vanguard LP/CD

Liam Clancy and Tommy Makem
Blackbird and Shanachie Records
 * Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy (1976)
 * The Makem & Clancy Concert (1977)
 * Two for the Early Dew (1978)
 * The Makem and Clancy Collection (1980) – contains previously released material and singles
 * Live at the National Concert Hall (1983)
 * We've Come A Long Way (1986)

Bob Dylan

 * The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (Pat, Liam & Bobby Clancy sing "When The Ship Comes In" with Tommy Makem and Robbie O'Connell)

The Clancy Brothers (Tom, Pat, Bobby) and Robbie O'Connell

 * Mini CD (3 inch disc)

The Clancy Brothers (Liam, Pat, Bobby) and Robbie O'Connell

 * Older But No Wiser – Vanguard (1995)

Clancy, Evans, and Doherty

 * 1996 – Shine on Brighter – Popular CD

Clancy, O'Connell & Clancy
Helvic Records
 * Clancy, O'Connell & Clancy – (1997)
 * The Wild And Wasteful Ocean – (1998)

Filmography
*originally released in 1992 as "In Close Up: Volumes 1 and 2" from a concert recorded in 1989
 * 1984 – The Story of the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem – Shanachie
 * 1984 – Reunion Concert: Belfast – Shanachie
 * circa 1985 – Pete Seeger's Rainbow Quest (1965) – Central Sun / Shanachie (reissue)
 * 1997 – Farewell to Ireland – Pinnacle Vision
 * 2007 – Yes...Those Were the Days: Liam Clancy – Live at the Olympia, Dublin – unknown distributor
 * 2007 – The Best of 'Hootenanny' – Shout!
 * 2009 – The Yellow Bittern: The life and times of Liam Clancy

title: Liam Clancy


text:
Talk:Happy Tree Friends

Another spin-off
Wasn't there an anime spin-off series based on Happy Tree Friends in Japan? Were the writers aware of this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.96.206.227 (talk) 03:44, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't know. Was/wasn't there?  Are you asking if the writers of the spin-off series were aware that they were working on a spin-off series, or are you asking if the writers of this article were aware that a spin-off series existed?  Can you provide any reliable sources to document any of the things you are either hinting at or asserting?  Cyphoidbomb (talk) 06:28, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Did Happy Tree Friends premiere in Mike & Spike's Sick & Twisted film festival for first times in late 2001/early 2002? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.137.27.93 (talk) 14:05, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Anonymous editor
An anonymous, probably well-meaning editor with a dynamic IP address from somewhere in the city of London has on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Tree_Friends&diff=612785477&oldid=612537209 at] [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Tree_Friends&diff=614118975&oldid=613207259 least] [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Tree_Friends&diff=615825796&oldid=615696299 four] [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Tree_Friends&diff=616793806&oldid=616712602 occasions] edited this page, adding countries where the cartoon can be seen (including Spain, the Philippines, and various others). Please stop. Infobox television includes a program's country of origin – that is, where it is produced. It does not, however, include every place where the program appears. Furthermore, the infobox should not include flags or internal links to articles about the country of origin. Please do not add such information again. Cnilep (talk) 00:48, 14 July 2014 (UTC) Happy Tree Friends first official episode may have launched in a film festival (for the first time) a week after its Internet debut (the turn of the millennium 1999/2000), then shown in several ones later on, and got its first award in 2003. It did not officially exist in 1999, only on the Internet. Some people, from other websites, claim the series (the first episode "Spin Fun Knowing Ya") was officially released in 2000, they actually mean that the first episode came into the film festival for the first time at the turn of the millennium. It became unexpected success just before 2000, shown in a film festival for the first in the start of 2000. However, development of that episode, "House Warming" and the pilot episode, plus drawing the first characters from Lumpy to Flippy already began in 1997 or 1998. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.137.27.93 (talk) 11:02, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

YouTube Copyright School
Moved to Talk:List_of_Happy_Tree_Friends_episodes Ndm13 (talk) 15:26, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130418172859/http://blip.tv/beettv/mondo-media-gaining-revenue-from-international-licensing-3340777 to http://blip.tv/beettv/mondo-media-gaining-revenue-from-international-licensing-3340777

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I don't think the Common Sense Media age rating reference in the introduction is necessary
I don't see articles use Common Sense Media for age rating, or refer to age rating in general. I originally edited it out on my own, but someone else didn't agree with my reason. Let's talk it out here. PrincessPandaWiki (talk) 22:06, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

 * To expand, Wikipedia generally does not list age ratings within an article unless it is noted by the media. Common Sense Media rated Happy Tree Friends with the old rating system, giving it a "Not for kids" rating. After the rating system was overhauled, any work with "not for kids rating" was given the automatic rating of 18+. 23:29, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

Giving up having blood and gore in Happy Tree Friends
I'm so sick and tired of blood and gore in Happy Tree Friends. It scars me, and I can't handle it. When will Mondo Media learn to make Happy Tree Friends give up having blood and gore? It's bad for my mental health. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C1:8904:EA50:454:E99:CFC:1F73 (talk) 19:37, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Nah, all Happy Tree Friends episodes have blood and gore. Brennan1234567890 (talk) 22:09, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

Character list
Why has someone merged the character list to the main article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:1C1:8904:EA50:888F:4BE:AD39:523C (talk) 22:42, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

More Pictures
I think the article should have more pictures so that viewers can have a better understanding of the show Zjholder 16:18, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

Sockpuppetry
As many people watching this article are already aware, there is a lot of sockpuppet vandalism going on. I just reverted an edit by a long term abuser who tried to claim that this is a Filipino series. This edit went unnoticed by the recent changes patrollers. Now that the page has been semi-protected, I think a closer look at all of the recent contributions is necessary. I'll do what I can. Scorpions13256 (talk) 14:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
 * 100% chance of sockpuppetry. the parody wiki Uncyclopedia has also been hit with IPs using similar edit summaries and edits. -GoatLordServant(Talk-Contribs) 14:19, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

On Mr. Pickels
Does Mr. Pickels have a voice actor? Minkai (talk to me) (see where I screwed up) 16:57, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 April 2022
Generic tree friends are purple, not black. 208.38.246.112 (talk) 15:54, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 20:12, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 March 2023
155.137.27.93 (talk) 22:22, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

Spin Fun Knowing Ya, could be released first in Spike & Mike Festival of Animation earliest the turn of the millennium, during the transition from 1999 to 2000 at midnight. Because some people claim that is from the year 2000, which could simply mean the millennial theatrical celebration of that episode. I don't know.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 00:54, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Did Happy Tree Friends have its first premiere in Mike & Spike's sick and twisted film festival for first time in late 2001? 155.137.27.93 (talk) 13:56, 17 March 2023 (UTC)
 * So Happy Tree Friends originated as only web series in about couple of years (late 1999-2001, then began release theatrically in late 2001 and early 2002). Right? 155.137.27.93 (talk) 10:11, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

Errors
So We Can't Edit This Page because it's Semi-Protected, but This Has Some Unfixed Errors

1; Happy Tree Friends does NOT Parody Peanuts nor Tiny toon adventures

2; Lumpy's Deaths Do NOT involve animals (it's only sometimes)up

Guys, this is serious.
It seemed like to me, that Happy Tree Friends is coming back soon. I mean, I'm not 100% sure if I'm correct, but we'll see. Stephenfisher2001 (talk) 13:40, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Happy Tree Friends The Movie
A Green Bear with soldier uniform with gold eyes A episode named double whammy On My Own Business with cuteness overloaded This morning I will send to Krazy my little friend request from my side and over again Flaky is running by the larva again? You can beat him up from my side 1. Saving Flaky 2. Swin in the river flows Yeah that's fine BUDDHIST MONKEY AND FLIPPY SAVING SNEAKY AND MOUSE KABOOM FROM KAPOW Let's go heroes of might and magic Flaky saves flippy in the jungle cruise abracadabra back to normal soon THE end 2A0C:5A80:D20A:EF00:45D7:86FA:B09A:A0E4 (talk) 10:22, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

Too Much Scream Time: Season 6 or irregular episode
I've noticed that Too Much Scream Time episode, released on 27th Sep 2023, has been put into a single Season 6 episode. Mondo definitely doesn't keep track of any official seasons, so I am wondering why put a lone episode into a Season 6 instead of it being an irregular episode like False Alarm. Krle00 (talk) 19:41, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Cro-Marmot
should Cro-Marmot be moved to minor characters? he's not really seen much on the show Luke0821 (talk) 19:11, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Happy Tree Friends


text:
Pinhalzinho, São Paulo

Pinhalzinho is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 15,388 (2020 est.) in an area of 155 km2. The elevation is 910 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pinhalzinho, São Paulo


text:
User talk:Geoffn

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 22:05, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geoffn


text:
Piquerobi, São Paulo

Piquerobi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,699 (2020 est.) in an area of 483 km². The elevation is 440 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

Geography
The municipality contains part of the 7720 ha Rio do Peixe State Park, created in 2002.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Piquerobi, São Paulo


text:
Piquete

Piquete is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte. The population is 13,575 (2020 est.) in an area of 176.00 km2. The elevation is 645 m.

The municipality contains part of the 292000 ha Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Piquete


text:
Category:Human sciences

Human science is a term applied to the investigation of human life and activities by a rational, systematic and verifiable methodology that acknowledges the validity of both data derived by impartial observation of sensory experience (objective phenomena) and data derived by means of impartial observation of psychological experience (subjective phenomena). It includes but is not necessarily limited to fields of study commonly included within the social sciences and humanities, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, history, philosophy, and economics.

Its use of an empirical methodology that encompasses psychological experience contrasts to the purely positivistic approach typical of the natural sciences (which exclude all methods not based solely on external sensory observations). Thus the term is often used to distinguish not only the content of a field of study from those of the natural sciences, but also its methodology.

 * Human science is a typically Interdisciplinary field and as such are the combination of those sciences and disciplines that relate to typically human activity.
 * Human science encompasses social sciences and humanities, and art.
 * Usually Human science is usually understood to have extensions towards those applied sciences that pre-suppose a high degree of human interaction, like economics, architecture, etc...
 * Human science is usually not seen as a separate academic discipline, although:
 * Sometimes Human science are considered, more or less loosely, as a synonym to humanities;
 * In other contexts Human science is treated as a subdivision of e.g. philosophy or literature.

However, the present category considers primarily the interdisciplinary aspect of Human science, as e.g. in socio-cultural anthropology

title: Category:Human sciences


text:
Piracaia

Piracaia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 27,462 (2020 est.) in an area of 386 km². The elevation is 792 m. The municipality was established in 1859 as Santo Antônio da Cachoeira, and its name was changed to Piracaia on 20 August 1906.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when Telecomunicações de São Paulo took over.

title: Piracaia


text:
User:Richard Donkin

I've been using Wikis for a while, and doing anonymous edits on Wikipedia for a while. My main homepage is http://donkin.org/ - I'm also a developer of TWiki with a particular interest in Internationalization (I18N).

Richard Donkin

title: User:Richard Donkin


text:
User talk:DBZPokeman

Hi DBZPokeman - please tag your Pokemon-related images with. For more info, see Uploading images. Thanks. Andre ( talk )A| 22:11, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Just put the tag into your image descriptions. Andre ( talk )A| 23:02, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

Any chance you can write some content in these Pokemon articles instead of just creating empty articles that contain nothing but taxoboxes? RickK 22:52, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Wigglytuff.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Wigglytuff.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 10:48, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:DBZPokeman


text:
User talk:Richard Donkin

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 22:11, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Richard Donkin


text:
Category talk:Legal ethics

comment
I am hoping someone could explain to me the purpose behind this category. I have been doing some work in cleaning up the law categories as they are, for the most part, inarguably messy. Most legal topics are relatively well-defined and easy enough to sort, however this category is very foreign to me. As I understand from the description it is a "branch of ethics determining certain fields of law right or wrong" which to my interpretation means that it's a category of ethics regarding the "just-ness" law. While the area of human rights seems appropriate enough I do not see how criminal law and intellectual property are included. They are both classic areas of law that do have ethical components and issues to them, however so do all areas of law to a varying degree. Perhaps the category is best used to classify more philosophical topics rather than regular legal ones since Legal ethics is more of a ethics oriented field than a legal field. If no one can provide clairifcation I would be inclined to remove the categories of Criminal law and IP law from this one. Any thoughts? Cheers! Dostal 22:12, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Legal ethics


text:
Piraju

Piraju is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 29,970 (2021 est.) in an area of 504.5 km². The elevation is 646 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language, meaning "yellow fish".

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Piraju


text:
Pirajuí

Pirajuí is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 25,719 (2020 est.) in an area of 823 km².

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pirajuí


text:
File:Form pad1900USpatent751215.png

Summary
See also more readable version at Google patents:

title: File:Form pad1900USpatent751215.png


text:
User:Ryanmcdaniel

Hello! My name, unsurprisingly, is Ryan McDaniel. (Hmm, creative username, you think?) My brother is Robert McDaniel (user NetherlandishYankee).

Interests on Wikipedia
I first joined Wikipedia anonymously in 2003, and have had my account since mid-2004. Among other things that drew me to Wikipedia are:
 * Engineering
 * History, particularly European history/medieval history, late Roman history and military history

Created Pages
36 articles created, not counting Talk spaces:
 * Engineering: Eberhardt Rechtin, Dean Wooldridge
 * Military: Program Executive Officer
 * History: Margaret Peverel, William Peverel, Tarr Steps, Prehistoric sites in England, Category:Prehistoric sites in England, Category:Ancient trackways in Britain (which is now Category:Ancient trackways in England), Herefordshire Beacon, The Rumps, Chang Qu, Origin of the Basques, Christian Topography, Cadell ap Rhodri, Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, Rhodri ap Hyfaidd, Rhain of Dyfed and Brycheiniog, Cloten of Dyfed and Brycheiniog, Gens Ulpia, Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica, John Ernest Luther, Coffee press, Domenico Morosini, Ager Gallicus
 * Other: Sampford Peverell, Withypool, Parson Drove, River Barle, Exebridge, Gwalchmai, Anglesey, Anacusis, Domenico Morosini

7 articles translated:
 * History: Marcus Terentius Varro (partial; from Spanish), Treaties between Rome and Carthage (from Italian), Draft (hull) (partial; from Spanish), St Mark's Campanile (partial; from Italian), Domenico Morosini (from Italian), Gilded bronzes from Cartoceto di Pergola (partial; from Italian), Ager Gallicus (partial; from Italian)

Contributions
I've made 1595 total edits on 744 distinct articles as of July 12, 2007. Not counting User and Talk spaces, it's 1347 edits on 651 articles.

The ones I'm really proud of are:
 * History: Burgundians, Medicine in Ancient Greece, Origin of the Basques, Roman client kingdoms in Britain, Treaties between Rome and Carthage, William Peverel, Category:Prehistoric sites in England, St Mark's Campanile, Domenico Morosini, Gilded bronzes from Cartoceto di Pergola
 * Other: Dragon, List of tombs and mausoleums, Parson Drove

Other articles to which I've made major/significant edits—copyediting, wikification, content addition, etc.—include:
 * Technical: Clapper bridge, Draft (hull), Eberhardt Rechtin, Equirectangular projection, Dean Wooldridge, Isometric illusion, John Dalton, Lunar Surface Access Module, Orrery, Pulsar, Riemann integral, Rotation-powered pulsar, Spin pumping, Statistical Mechanics, Titius-Bode law, Triangular number, Wagner's Law, Zeller's congruence, Zero Defects
 * History: 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Akhenaten, Arnold J. Toynbee, Basque people, Bosnian pyramids, Causewayed enclosure, Chang Qu, Christopher Columbus, Circular ditches, Confucius, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, Eli Whitney, John Lemprière, Merton Thesis, Names of China, Nicholas II of Russia, Otto von Bismarck, Prepared-core technique, Rossignols
 * Antiquity
 * Greek History: Medicine in Ancient Greece
 * Roman/Post-Roman History: Antoninus Pius, Ara Pacis, Christian Topography, Cosmas Indicopleustes, Decline of the Roman Empire, Lapis Niger, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman Forum, Saint Andrew, Saint Patrick, Sub-Roman Britain
 * Medieval (esp. UK) History: Château de Rochechouart, Dante Alighieri, Lorenzo de' Medici, Medici, Medievalist, Middle Ages, Morosini, Sebastian of Portugal
 * English History: Cathach of St. Columba, Hengistbury Head, Hereward the Wake, Lady Jane Grey, List of monarchs of Kent and related pages, Melor, Roger Bacon, The Rumps, Tarr Steps, Thomas Becket, Warwick Castle, West Port murders, Witenagemot, Yelland, Category:Prehistoric sites in England and related pages, Category:Ancient trackways in England and related pages
 * Welsh History: Cloten of Dyfed and Brycheiniog, Hywel Dda, List of rulers of Wales and related pages, Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, Rhain of Dyfed and Brycheiniog, Rhodri the Great
 * Military History: 129th Rescue Wing, Battle of Camlann, Battle of Thermopylae, Dolwyddelan Castle, Hundred Years' War, Mulberry harbour, Tantallon Castle
 * Other: Abdomen, Acre, André Bloch, Artistery, Backpack, Bertrand paradox (economics), Bias disorder, Bonny Portmore, Boat, Cadet Airman, Caradog, Cat-eye syndrome, Christmas carol, Christmas cracker, Clothing, Coffee press, Common raven, Crispin, Dvorkin, Epithet, Ficus, Fiscal conservatism, The Fountain (film), Gwalchmai and related pages, Haka in popular culture, The Historian, Ides, If-by-whiskey, James Newton Howard, John Ogden, Kurt Vonnegut, Lady in the Water, Language observatory, Le Mans 1955 disaster, List of California Institute of Technology people, List of idioms in the English language, List of indices of freedom, Little green men, Memento Mori, PEO, Philadelphia Experiment, Robinson Crusoe, Ronald Reagan, Rowena, Scullery, Slaughterhouse Five, The Soldier (poem), Spanish Arch, Voltaire, Woad, The Woad Ode, ==
 * Geography: Amalfi, Belgrave Square, Carneddau, Chew Valley Lake, Dinas Emrys, Exebridge, Haast Pass, Haast River, Hamoaze, Orvieto, River Barle, River Exe, Sampford Peverell, Santikhiri, Schuylkill River, Seisyllwg, Thingwall, Tidworth, Two Moors Way, Valley, Withypool, Zaragoza
 * Harry Potter: Azkaban, Blood purity (Harry Potter), Canonical spells in the world of Harry Potter and related pages, The Burrow, The House of Gaunt, Magic (Harry Potter), Mundungus Fletcher, Non-canonical spells in the world of Harry Potter and related pages, Order of the Phoenix, Patronus Charm, The Riddle House, Template:Weasleyfamilytree
 * Military: F-86 Sabre, Mikoyan MiG-29, Program Executive Officer
 * Images: Image:Bode's law comparison.png, Image:Warwick interior.jpg

Views on Wikipedia
Immediatism/Eventualism: I try to strike a balance between immediatism and eventualism: I believe that Wikipedia has some truly amazing potential, and am happy to work toward that goal. On the other hand, I think that at any point in time, the content of an article should be as polished and professional as possible. Thus, copyediting and wikification are big points with me. Sources should be cited. But if it's not perfect, please fix it, don't just remove it!

Inclusionism/Exclusionism: This also means that I am an inclusionist, preferring to keep and improve articles and information rather than delete them out of hand. My standard for "notable" is maybe a little low, leaning closer to "useful" or "informative". On the other hand, this doesn't mean I'm in favor of keeping everything, and unsubstantiated rumors, irrelevant facts, and truly unnotable articles detract from the purpose of the encyclopedia. Listcruft is particularly annoying.

Editor Overlaps
Users I seem to run across over and over again in the articles I edit:
 * User:Neddyseagoon
 * User:Gaius Cornelius

Credentials
I've been employed as a program manager for modeling & simulation software for the the US Air Force, as well as a systems engineer and a test and evaluation engineer on an Air Force satellite communications program. I also have several years experience in spacecraft concept design working for Caltech and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Education

 * Certified Systems Engineer, 2006, AFIT
 * B.S., Caltech, 2003, Aeronautical Engineering
 * B.S., Caltech, 2003, History

Background
I've lived in the United States for nineteen years, Spain for five and a half, Germany for two and a half, and Italy for a year. I currently live in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Hobbies & Interests

 * Computer programming
 * Carpentry
 * Blacksmithing
 * Reading
 * Historical non-fiction
 * Fantasy literature such as The Lord of the Rings, The Chronicles of Narnia, or Harry Potter
 * Science fiction, notably Dune or anything by Isaac Asimov or Arthur C. Clarke
 * British detective fiction, e.g. Sherlock Holmes, Lord Peter Wimsey, and Brother Cadfael

Perspective
Provided in the interest of maintaining a neutral point-of-view (or at least helping others figure out where I'm coming from).
 * Philosophically, I'm a pseudo-Objectivist who believes strongly in integrity and personal responsibility.
 * Politically, I'm roughly fiscally conservative and socially liberal. I don't support either party, and in fact don't believe there should be parties.
 * Religiously, I'm technically agnostic, i.e. I hold the existence of anything supernatural to be prima facie unprovable. However, I'm essentially an atheist as I personally think there is no god, or anything else unexplainable by science or philosophy.

Other Random Facts

 * I'm married
 * I spend way too much time reading
 * I'm a former Eagle Scout

title: User:Ryanmcdaniel


text:
Pirangi

Pirangi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 11,471 (2020 est.) in an area of 216 km2. The elevation is 538 m above sea level.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Pirangi