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Jamay

The municipality and town of Jamay is located in the eastern portion of Jalisco, Mexico, at coordinates 20.29°N, -102.71°W, at a height of 1530 meters above sea level. The municipality extends from 20° 25' to  20° 13' N, and from 102° 38' to 102° 44' W.

It covers 174.49 km2, representing 0.14% of the total surface area of the state. The municipality of Jamay adjoins to the north with the municipalities of Ocotlán and La Barca; to the east with the municipality of La Barca; to the south with the municipality of La Barca, the state of Michoacán and the municipality of Ocotlán; to the west with the municipality of Ocotlán and Lake Chapala.

The municipality has 17 towns, including Jamay (the municipal seat), San Miguel de la Paz, San Agustín, Maltaraña and Los Capulines.

Jamay is famous for a monument located in the center of the main square in memory of Pope Pius IX. Jamay is one of the fastest-growing municipalities in Jalisco, hosting pageants every independence day in September and major sporting events.

title: Jamay


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Talk:J. Arthur Rank

Untitled
I discovered two sites on Wikipedia and at least three sites on similar reference systems on the Internet which all had more or less the same text word for word regarding J. Arthur Rank. What has now been posted by me is a total rewrite of the entry that was there and it incorporates a lot of new research that I have not been able to find together in any one place. The format is new, the text is new and the research is original but well founded in documentation. This should remove all doubts that others have expressed about similar listings concerning the Rank entries regarding potential copyright infringement. This material is now new and original to Wikipedia and it does not exist anywhere else. MPLX/MH 19:34, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Where were doubts expressed? This page seemed to have evolved naturally. Indeed I made some of the earlier contributions. Mintguy (T) 08:51, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * In doing research into the family of Lady Yule and into the founding of Pinewood Studios, it became obvious that for some reason several web sites on the Internet had almost word for word text about J. Arthur Rank. Copying without attribution has been going on and I could not decipher which was the original. In any event these texts were muddled and no attempt was being made to do original research and put together a basic article. Since writing my original comments which also appeared on related sites in connection with this topic, others like yourself have come forward to claim that the Wiki was the original and that other web sites on the Internet (who try to mimic Wiki) have merely lifted the Wiki text and reproduced it. I hope that this answers your question. MPLX/MH 15:44, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Cockney Legacy Section
Thanks for this article ! But, does anyone find this section completely outrageous ? It's not referenced so I have added the right templates (as well as for the whole article). Maybe it's true, I don't know, but it won't be encyclopaedic until referenced. DJ Barney 02:08, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It is true - there are several references to it in popular culture, including the Morrisey album, Rank, and a scene in the Austin Powers' Goldmember film specifically discusses the slang. In fact a simple Google search comes up with many references to the slang.  I will be reinstating the mention.--Zoso Jade (talk) 19:32, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

As of today there's no mention of Cockney Legacy and I have no idea what that means. Ileanadu (talk) 15:14, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

It seems strange that the business seem to be so successful and then declines without any explanation. It also seems curious that it is started by Joseph Rank who was a Methodist and ends up selling every useful activity and becomes a business devoted to gambling! 89.195.138.51 (talk) 10:41, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

the phrase j.arthur lives today in london english/neo-cockney for some geezer jerking off i.e. rank rhymes with wank - original wanksta!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.81.170 (talk) 03:16, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Popular Culture Section
I'd like to remove the Popular Culture section. The info about gong parodies would be better off at gongman or Rank Organisation and the rest of it is unsourced. Opinions? Rojomoke (talk) 16:41, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Done Rojomoke (talk) 18:32, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

I have no idea what the gong references are about, but when you search the internet "gong" is frequently listed along with his name. Also, the only mention of "gong" in the article is in the title of the book cited in the Reference section:
 * J.Arthur Rank: The Man Behind the Gong

Why isn't there any reference at all to gongs in the article?Ileanadu (talk) 15:26, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

 * His name was mentioned in the British show New Tricks, Season 6, Episode 4 in relation to the Director who is a person of interest in the case they are investigating. That's why I looked him up Ileanadu (talk) 15:12, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

Baronage
It says in the article that this title became extinct upon his death. Is that because he had no sons? That might not be clear to us Yanks & others and maybe should be briefly mentioned. If he was the first and only Baron Rank, then why bother calling him the "1st Baron Rank" in the title? Ileanadu (talk) 15:08, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:J. Arthur Rank


text:
Scare quotes

Scare quotes (also called shudder quotes, sneer quotes, and quibble marks) are quotation marks that writers place around a word or phrase to signal that they are using it in an ironic, referential, or otherwise non-standard sense. Scare quotes may indicate that the author is using someone else's term, similar to preceding a phrase with the expression "so-called"; they may imply skepticism or disagreement, belief that the words are misused, or that the writer intends a meaning opposite to the words enclosed in quotes. Whether quotation marks are considered scare quotes depends on context because scare quotes are not visually different from actual quotations. The use of scare quotes is sometimes discouraged in formal or academic writing.

History
Elizabeth Anscombe coined the term scare quotes as it refers to punctuation marks in 1956 in an essay titled "Aristotle and the Sea Battle", published in Mind. The use of a graphic symbol on an expression to indicate irony or dubiousness goes back much further: Authors of ancient Greece used a mark called a diple periestigmene for that purpose. Beginning in the 1990s, the use of scare quotes suddenly became very widespread. Postmodernist authors in particular have theorized about bracketing punctuation, including scare quotes, and have found reasons for their frequent use in their writings. In 2014, Slate declared hashtags to be "the new scare quotes" in the sense that both are used for "announcing distance". Just like scare quotes, hashtags such as #firstworldproblems or #YOLO signal that the phrase is not one's own.

Usage
Writers use scare quotes for a variety of reasons. They can imply doubt or ambiguity in words or ideas within the marks, or even outright contempt. They can indicate that a writer is purposely misusing a word or phrase or that the writer is unpersuaded by the text in quotes, and they can help the writer deny responsibility for the quote. Megan Garber in The Atlantic writes: "to put terms like 'identity politics' or 'rape culture' or, yes, 'alt-right' in scare quotes is ... to make, in that placement, a political declaration." In general, the punctuation expresses distance between the writer and the quote.

For example: The scare quotes could indicate that the word is not one the writer would normally use, or that the writer thinks there is something dubious about the word groupies or its application to these people. The exact meaning of the scare quotes is not clear without further context.

The term scare quotes may be confusing because of the word scare. An author may use scare quotes not to convey alarm, but to signal a semantic quibble. Scare quotes may suggest or create a problematization with the words set in quotes.

Criticism
Some experts encourage writers to avoid scare quotes because they can distance the writer and confuse the reader.

Editor Greil Marcus, in a talk at Case Western Reserve University, described scare quotes as "the enemy", adding that they "kill narrative, they kill story-telling . . . They are a writer's assault on his or her own words." Scare quotes have been described as ubiquitous, and the use of them as expressing distrust in truth, reality, facts, reason and objectivity. Political commentator Jonathan Chait wrote in The New Republic, "The scare quote is the perfect device for making an insinuation without proving it, or even necessarily making clear what you're insinuating."In 1982, philosopher David Stove examined the trend of using scare quotes in philosophy as a means of neutralizing or suspending words that imply cognitive achievement, such as knowledge or discovery.

Scare quotes can be replaced by writing text to make the insinuation explicit.

In speech
In spoken conversation, a stand-in for scare quotes is a hand gesture known as air quotes or finger quotes, which mimics quotation marks. A speaker may alternatively say "quote" before and "unquote" after quoted words, or say "quote unquote" before or after the quoted words, or pause before and emphasize the parts in quotes. These spoken methods are also used for literal and conventional quotes.

title: Scare quotes


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Talk:Przemyśl

one
maybe move Przemysl%2C_Poland to Przemysl Fqsik 19:35, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Nyah, the disambig should be there I think. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 19:24, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

The quip about the town’s web site is hardly NPOV, making a highly inflammatory deduction from rather innocuous language. It should be removed. 212.17.66.70 23:03, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

In 2006?
I find this text in the article: "In 2006, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship." Voivodeships were changed in 1999. Is there something unique here that happened in 2006?  Randall Bart    Talk   01:49, 11 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I just noticed this as well. It was written in this edit from 2 November 2008 and there seems no reason why this was any different to the rest of Poland. Przemyśl Voivodeship ceased to exist in 1999. SeveroTC 06:51, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Q re Zbig
Z. Brzezinksi was born in Warsaw according to his page, why is he a notable person here I wonder? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnpdeever (talk • contribs) 21:18, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Inflammatory anti-Russian/Russophobe text. history rewriting
"After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, the border between the two invaders ran through the middle of the city". Obviously no one claimed that Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union if that were the case Britain would have declared war on the USSR, but it declared war only on Germany. Soviet forces entered territories of the Russian Empire after the state of Poland ceased to exist and there was no Polish government in Warsaw. This was internationally acknowledged at the time and no major (or as far as I know minor) state lodged any protest. While I understand that the Wikipedia is an ideological project run by CIA and different ethnic / national interest groups, this example of history re-writing and re-labeling goes too far.

Second comment pertains to the stubborn insistence to call Ruthenian inhabitants Ukrainians, there is no document in Austria or later in Austria-Hungary, not a strip of paper that would call those people Ukrainian. This is an attempt to attach a newfangled artificial identity onto people in the past, probably more bizarre than referring to the Celtic inhabitants of Gaul as the "French". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.196.81.181 (talk) 09:50, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Thus spake the Russian nationalist anon.Faustian (talk) 14:10, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreeing with the first Anon. Faustian has a history of anachronistically referring to Ruthenians as Ukrainians.  Unlike other Ruthenians who were forced into the the Ukrainian endonym, the Lemkos in this region did not suffer that fate.  They have remained Carpo-Rusyn Ruthenians, not Ukrainians.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.49.150.66 (talk) 22:22, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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White Croats
are you aware of NPOV? We have countless reliable sources by historians, archaeologists and others who relate Przemyśl land with White Croats. There exist an on-going scholarship dispute about it. Mentioning only Lendians we're inserting a POV.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 12:09, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Miki Filigranski, the current longstanding statement had a reference source attached to it, so it's POV-ish to remove it, replace it with much different statement, and say that this new statement is neutral, especially that it's not in English and clearly presents a partisan view of Ukrainian/Russian scholars, which is not shared universally. Also, in recent month several discussions on topics related to Poland yielded a conclusion that sources used on English Wikipedia should be in English in order to avoid these kind of situations. --E-960 (talk) 12:30, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, Ukrainian sources go against contemporary historical statements like those of Nestor the Chronicler, who said that in 981 the gród was taken from the Lyakhs. If not for that statement we would not even know that Przemyśl was even taken by Vladimir, because archeology would not yield the name of the settlement and the exact year it was attacked. So, Ukrainian/Russia historians use the chronicle to argue that Przemyśl became part of Rus, however when it comes to the statement who it was taken from they argue against the chronicle. Very selective I would say, and this inconsistency was also raised by Polish historians. --E-960 (talk) 12:43, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * This is starting to be WP:DISRUPTIVE, WP:OWN pushing of nationalistic dichtonomies which don't have anything to do with editing policies. You're evaluing reliability and neutrality of a source and author by nationality and language, with a twist that Polish view isn't partisan although the article is part of both Polish and Ukrainian projects. I am not intersted in your WP:OR on the topic or Ukrainian/Russian viewpoint. Please link to these discussions to see whether their conclusion was approved to completely overweight WP:NOENG. If do, doesn't matter as we have reliable sources in English. --Miki Filigranski (talk) 12:59, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Please stop Casting aspersions. It is problematic when you replace a longstanding statement back-up by a reference source, and this new statement say "belonging to the White Croats or less likely Lendians". The original statement backed up by a reference source said it just belonged to the Lendians. So, that's clearly a POV push. Also, based on historical statements (primary sources) and other historians (secondary sources) it's probably the other way around if anything. --E-960 (talk) 13:11, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * As an experienced editor am friendly advising you because it's not possible to have a constructive discussion and neutral editing, without WP:POINT, with such approach. A "longstanding statement" in this case is WP:SILENCE, there was no POV push and again your personal viewpoint is OR nobody cares about. According to NPOV, the median solution is "belonging to the Lendians or White Croats". Do you have any valid objection to be reinstated?--Miki Filigranski (talk) 13:28, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I need to review the sources you cited and throw them in Google Translate to see what they actually say. Also, I would prefer we use English language sources. Also, I need to look myself for other references. --E-960 (talk) 13:48, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, you have 24h for review.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 20:00, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

Ok, you have 24h to figure out what WP:SYNTHESIS is. "Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any source." --E-960 (talk) 21:26, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * How it was a synthesis? --Miki Filigranski (talk) 21:37, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * First off, stop rushing people and perhaps provide a source in the English language. In the non-English source, I see the reference that the Croats were mentioned three times in Nestor's Prime Chronicle without giving a location. Also, I'm quite aware of the fact that Ukrainian nationalists (for the record, not accusing anyone here of being one) are using this claim that White Croats lived in Przemyśl (contrary to written historical accounts) in order to make territorial claims in Poland. So, I note with additional level of scrutiny the effort to include this claim here, and the lack of English language sources. So, it will take more than 24 hours to review. At the moment, I hold that this should not be included, as it is a fringe view, especially that it is supposedly based on archeology. Btw, on a side-note, an obvious point to any western academic, that studying archeological cultures will not yield ethnicity, when not connected to a written source, and here the written account is being challenged/disputed, and this is not the article to address controversies. --E-960 (talk) 06:14, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Basically, you WP:OWN the article. It's not based, only, on archaeology. Your personal amateur opinion and WP:OR have no weight. Stop naming scientists as nationalists, and take a little concern that Polish "nationalists" are using the same primary source in order to make territorial claims in Ukraine. Can you please explain how it was a synthesis? Seeing how you're constantly active and much time waste on commenting, you have less than 24 hours for reading and revert to the intermediate solution. Paul R. Magocsi, Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide; A History of Ukraine; With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns; Stephen Rapawy, The Culmination of Conflict: The Ukrainian-Polish Civil War and the Expulsion of Ukrainians After the Second World War; The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine "Peremyshl" etc. --Miki Filigranski (talk) 07:11, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * First off, what's with you setting 24 timelines? That's not how BOLD, revert, discuss cycle works, boss. So, stop with the obnoxious behavior. Second, your claim about "science", the problem is that some (not all) Ukrainian academics are trying to determine thorough archeology alone ethnicity, which is by definition impossible. The argument is so un-scientific, because it's like saying that Spain was inhabited by Germans because we found buried BMWs and VWs in Spain, and the the written documents saying that Spaniards lived there are wrong. That's pretty much is the Ukrainian POV with Cherven Cities (and only Ukrainian academics think its legitimate no one else), and in the past, as with Soviets and now some Ukrainian right-wingers its an excuse to justify border changes. Using that same stupid logic, you could discredit the existence of Alexander the Great, Confucius and many other historical claims. That's why its not a universally accepted view, and this is not the article to discuss controversies at length. --E-960 (talk) 11:59, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

Miki Filigranski, you are misrepresenting sources, as none of them say outright that White Croats inhabited Przemyśl. In fact, one source seems to back up my earlier statement about using archeology alone: "A problem that links archeological "prehistory" with the historical era of Galician development is that of the Croats or White Croats, who are know to have inhabited the upper Dniester and Buh region sometime between the fifth and tenth centuries AD. Insufficient written documentary evidence and differing view regarding the available archeological and linguistic data have produced and extensive though controversial literature about White Croats and Galicia." So, the source does not say White Croats lived in Przemysl, in effect the source is saying the claims are rather weak and the evidence insufficient, to make a positive statement.--E-960 (talk) 12:17, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * None of the book sources you cited say outright that White Croats inhabited Przemyśl, and the encyclopediaofukraine.com can be considered a bias source, as it makes the claim, which other academic sources say is problematic as it carries insufficient evidence. This article is not a place to discuss controversies just basic general facts. --E-960 (talk) 12:24, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I am not misrepresenting anything, you're lying that none of them outright say White Croats inhabited Przemyśl, other academic sources say both Lendians and White Croats location is problematic as doesn't carry sufficient evidence, as for bias in sources, seems you never read Neutral point of view and WP:BIASED. Hence your argument is invalid and you're disruptively WP:BADFAITHNEG. We are not discussing controversies in the artcle, but stating general facts - that the place was inhabited by Lendians or White Croats. That's what literature says, like it or not.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 12:45, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * No, you see, saying White Croats lived in Przemyśl is different (and not the same) as what one of the sources says for example: The controversy centers on several problems: (1) the origins of the group... (2) the territorial extent of their rule... (3) the migration southward... (4) their relationship to Moravia, wheather or not they were annexed in the 9th century by the Gerter Moravian state, which then established centers like Przemyśl. The source acknowledges the controversy, however it does not endorse and does not repeat the view that White Croats lived in Przemyśl. So, again what you are doing is WP:SYNTHESIS, please understand the difference. --E-960 (talk) 13:58, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * You are totally missing the meaning, context and what's said in other sources of the same historian. You are throwing around SYNTH claim without understanding what you're reviewing and synthesis mean. You need to understand that you don't understand anything, are disrupting editing and discussion with nonsense.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 14:13, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Pls take note, quote: "Do not combine material from multiple sources to reach or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any source." Also, the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine can be considered as bias and holding a disputed, controversial view (acknowledged and addressed as such, by other sources), so this general article is not the place for highly controversial view, which other sources deem as such (and they themselves do not make the claim), just some basic universal facts, that can be discussed in detail on the White Croats article. --E-960 (talk) 14:17, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * What you are trying to add is disputed claim, not a fact (that's the difference). --E-960 (talk) 14:32, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * You dare to say "none of them says outright that White Croats inhabited Przemyśl"? The first source you cited directly implies it was inhabited by the White Croats, which context went all over your head. Am citing others as well as evidence:
 * By the ninth century, there were estimated 400 horody ... Among the more important... Przemyśl, for the White Croats
 * In the northeast, the Greater Moravian sphere reached as far as Cracow and near Przemyśl along the San River; that is, lands inhabited by remnants of the White Croats on the northern slopes of the Carpathians ... The Rus' principality of Galicia north of the Carpathians included the old White Croat settlement of Przemyśl on the San River...
 * He attacked his brother-in-law's dominion and seized Silesia, Cracow, and White Croat territory on the Bug (Buh) and San (Sian) rivers, territories that included the Cherven cities and Przemyśl.
 * Excavations conducted in 1958–60 on Zamkova Hill support the hypothesis that as early as the 9th century Peremyshl was a capital of White Croatians and Slavonic-rite bishops (see Peremyshl eparchy): the uncovered foundations of a round chapel and a palace were built of cut stone according to the Galician-Volhynian practice, not of brick (according to the Cracow practice)
 * Everyone can remove the mention of Lendians because that's a disputed and controversial claim as well as not a fact. Doesn't seem both of us have the same understanding of what's a historical fact. Sorry, but we must follow WP:NPOV and sub-sections dealing with viewpoints. This is a significant viewpoint which can be found even in English language works published by top Universities including Harvard. Trying to find anything possible to discredit reliable sources and remove their viewpoint simply because they aren't according to you pro-Polish is unconstructive and disruptive. This amount of original research and personal points of view, anti-Ukrainian sentiment seeing and referring to Ukrainian scientists and academics as mere unscientific nationalists, with right-wingers association fallacy is frightening and unbearable to read and participate in the discussion, especially considering the atrocities and same Russian propaganda the Ukrainian people are facing at the moment. --Miki Filigranski (talk) 22:25, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * As for your BRD call, what you're doing is exactly WP:BRD-NOT.--Miki Filigranski (talk) 22:54, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Miki Filigranski, these appear to be statements from translated Ukrainian sources, which as I noted before are biased and the claims put forth disputed. That's why the English language sources you cited earlier acknowledged the controversy, but did not support and did not repeat those claims. Even now, one of the statements says hypothesis. Hypothesis is not the same as a fact and this is not an article to discuss theories, you can do that on the White Croats article. --E-960 (talk) 05:03, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, on a side-note, I can't help but notice how disputed in academia some of the statements you just listed are "excavations conducted in 1958–60 on Zamkova Hill support the hypothesis that as early as the 9th century Peremyshl was a capital of White Croatians". Those excavations were done by a Polish team (in 1958–60), who did not say those were White Croat structures (because no written text was found to support that claim), and the round chapel and palace, were built probably in the 11th century (in the feudal period, which followed the tribal era) in the same style as other palatial complexes found across Poland during the Piast dynasty, in places such as Kraków, Legnica, Gniezno and which are based on the German palatium complex design (no such structure are found further east then Przemyśl, or on Rus' lands. Thus, Polish scholars attributed the structure to Bolesław I the Brave, and this was based on evidence form other parts of Poland, where such structures appear, and when they started to appear. Yet, the Ukrainian claim disregards these FACTS and says that this must have been a tribal capital of White Croats, even though Nestor the Chronicler in his Prime Chronicle confirm that Lendians/Lyakhs (Polish tribe) lived in Przemyśl. That's the difference between fact and hypothesis, you are trying to add disputed theories to this article, and this is not the place for it, you can do that at length on the Whit Croats article and discuss the controversy there. The only facts are that Nestor the Chronicler said Przemyśl was inhabited by Lyakhs (not White Croats) and the archeological structures of similar kind are found in other parts of Piast Poland, not Kievien Rus'. --E-960 (talk) 05:52, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I can also, find a lot of sources in Polish (but I stick to English language publications first), which are highly critical of the methods used by Ukrainian academics and basically level charges against them form inventing various claims and disregarding written historical accounts, which don't fit their narrative, and yes, this in order to bolster Ukrainian claims to Polish land. So, I find you statement: "considering the atrocities and same Russian propaganda the Ukrainian people are facing at the moment" distasteful given that Ukrainian right-wing nationalists make similar propaganda claims against Poland and Polish territories (as Russia does against Ukraine) and whitewash the atrocities of Volynia Massacres against Poles done by UPA." I say this because this is a legitimate issue in Poland, which is discussed in public and academia, and I've read articles which cited Polish academics raise concern that Ukrainian claims are not based on facts, but highly speculative opinions, which in turn are based on questionable interpretations of archeological findings alone, while disregarding written historical accounts. --E-960 (talk) 06:10, 20 June 2022 (UTC)
 * In short, this general high level summary city article and it is not the place to discuss highly speculative and disputed academic hypothesis, the White Croats article is the place for that (noticed you are not doing that there). --E-960 (talk) 06:17, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
I'm assuming a link between Přemyslid dynasty and this city, but unclear which way round. Looking at Přemysl Oráč and mysl there's probably some link with the mind. Could do with someone with deeper knowledge on the subject to clarify this. Skuld (talk) 15:51, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Przemyśl


text:
Sclereid

Sclereids are a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants. The presence of numerous sclereids form the cores of apples and produce the gritty texture of guavas.

Although sclereids are variable in shape, the cells are generally isodiametric, prosenchymatic, forked, or elaborately branched. They can be grouped into bundles, can form complete tubes located at the periphery, or can occur as single cells or small groups of cells within parenchyma tissues. An isolated sclereid cell is known as an idioblast. Sclereids are typically found in the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.

The term "sclereid" was introduced by Alexander Tschirch in 1885.

Origin
Sclereids are created through belated sclerosis of parenchyma cells or can arise from sclereid primordia that are individualized early in development. Sclerification typically involves thickening of the cell wall, increasing rigidity. In the phloem, when tissue ceases to function in conduction cells may begin sclerification. In vascular tissue, sclereids will develop from cambial and procambial cells.

Stem sclereids
In the vascular region of the stem of Hoya carnosa, a column of sclereids can be found, and in the pith of stems of Hoya and Podocarpus groups of sclereids can be found. These are sclereids with thick cell walls and numerous pits, resembling adjacent parenchyma cells. This resemblance suggests that these sclereids are originally parenchyma cells, but are so sclerified that they are now sclereid cells rather than parenchyma cells. These sclereids are an example of brachysclereids, or stone cells.

Leaf sclereids

Leaves contain a variety of types of sclereids. In the mesophyll, two distinct sclereid structures are found. Sclereids in a diffuse pattern are dispersed throughout the leaf tissue, and sclereids in a terminal pattern are concentrated about the tips of leaf veins. Sclereid formations in leaves include the branched sclereids of Trochodendron, the columnar sclereids of Hakea, and the hair-like trichosclereids that branch into air chambers within the leaves of the water lily and yellow pond lily. Sclereids can also form part of or the entire epidermis of foliar structures such as the clove scales of Allium sativum.

Especially interesting are the sclereids in olive leaves. They are typically 1 mm in length and are thus named fiberlike sclereids. These sclereids permeate the mesophyll as a dense mat. During sclerification these fiberlike sclereid cells can increase by several hundred times their original size, compared to other parenchyma cells that only increase by two or three times.

Fruit sclereids
Sclereids in fruits vary in form and use. In pears, sclereids from concentric clusters that grow about earlier formed sclereids. These pear sclereids, as well as sclereids within quince fruit, often form bordered pits when the cell wall increases in thickness during sclerification. In apples, layers of elongated sclereids form the endocarp that encloses the seeds.

Seed sclereids
The hardening of seed coats during ripening often occurs through sclerification, when the secondary cell walls are thickened in the epidermis and below the epidermis. Leguminous seeds are examples of such sclerification. Larger sclereids form columns in the epidermis of pea, bean, and soybean seeds, and bone-shaped osteosclereids occur beneath the epidermis. In the seed coats of coconuts, sclereids possess numerous bordered pits. These larger macrosclereids found in seed coats are of protodermal origin.

title: Sclereid


text:
Syracuse Herald-Journal

The Syracuse Herald-Journal (1925–2001) was an evening newspaper in Syracuse, New York, United States, with roots going back to 1839 when it was named the Western State Journal. The final issue — volume 124, number 37,500 — was published on September 29, 2001. The newspaper's name came from the merger of the Syracuse Herald and the Syracuse Journal.

History
Publisher William Randolph Hearst, who had purchased the Syracuse, New York, newspaper the Syracuse Telegram, closed that newspaper on November 24, 1925, with issue No. 925. At that time, the Syracuse Telegram and the Sunday edition, the Syracuse American a.k.a. the Syracuse Sunday American, merged with The Journal, an old Syracuse institution that was established on July 4, 1844. In the days of extremely partisan newspapers, it held the reputation as one of the strongest Republican publications in New York state.

The merger was accomplished after Hearst acquired a controlling interest in The Journal for nearly $1,000,000. in November 1925. The transaction was carried out, and Hearst "sold" the publication for $1,000,000 to Syracuse Newspapers, Inc., a new corporation and publisher of the consolidated paper. After the merger was completed, Hearst was a director of the company and still played a major role in the decision-making.

Before the merger, there were three evening newspapers in Syracuse and "the public was somewhat oversupplied." The merger left two papers in the market: The Herald and the consolidated Journal-Telegram. Like its predecessors, the new publication was delivered in the evening, and the Sunday American was published on Sunday mornings. It was decided that the Journal operating plant and facilities would be used as the office and publishing plant for the combined effort. The Hearst Building at the corner of Genesee and State streets was sold and 100 Hearst employees lost their jobs. The papers were combined as a single Herald-Journal title and bought by S. I. Newhouse in 1939; in 1944, he bought a rival publication, The Post-Standard. Newhouse's company, Advance Publications, discontinued the Herald-Journal and Herald-American in 2001.

title: Syracuse Herald-Journal


text:
Liu Xinwu

Liu Xinwu (born June 1942) is a Chinese author, and one of the earliest proponents of the post-Maoist wave of Chinese literature.

Biography
Born in the province of Sichuan, his family moved to Beijing, a city that figures prominently in his work, in 1950. Liu spent most of his life in Beijing, except for a brief period during the Cultural Revolution, when he was sent to work in rural China.

His short story, "Class counsellor" (also translated as "The Class Teacher"; ) published in 1977 was one of the earliest examples of prose condemning the excesses of the Chinese government during the Cultural Revolution. His work has sometimes been referred to as scar literature, though this assessment is disputed.

Liu filled editorial positions in a number of prominent government-sponsored publications throughout most of the 1980s. In 1987, however, he was removed as editor of the publication People's Literature after a story published failed to meet government approval. He left all his government positions after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 because of continual harassment from the government for his pro-demonstrator stance. Since then, he has devoted himself entirely to his writing.

Liu's work, which includes novels, short stories, and children's literature, focuses on the common people of Beijing and people who live on the margins of society.

Redology
Since the early 1990s Liu has also been engaging in Redology, also known as studies of the famous 18th-century Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Liu takes on the controversial stance that in studying this famous Qing novel, the researcher's point of departure should be the figure of Qin Keqing, thus authoring the branch of Qin studies within redology. In 2006 Liu gave a talk at Columbia University introducing this concept. Liu has also published on The Dream with the famous redologist Zhou Ruchang.

Translations

 * Black Walls and Other Stories (ed. by Don J. Cohn, ISBN 962-7255-06-8)
 * Chinese short stories of the twentieth century: an anthology in English (ed. by Zhihua Fang, ISBN 0-8153-0532-X) Includes "The Class Teacher".
 * Prize-winning Stories from China, 1978-1979 (by Liu Xinwu, Wang Meng, and others). HC (ISBN 0-253-34620-7) PB (ISBN 0-253-20292-2) (Includes "The Teacher") Available to borrow at archive.org
 * The Wedding Party (translated by Jeremy Tiang). HC (ISBN 1542031206) PB (ISBN 1542044790)
 * The Wounded: new stories of the Cultural Revolution, 77-78 (ed, Hsin-hua Lu, Geremie Barmé, Bennett Lee). HC (ISBN 962-04-0007-0) PB (ISBN 962-04-0008-9) Includes "Class counsellor".

title: Liu Xinwu


text:
List of Maccabi sports clubs and organisations

Maccabi (sometimes spelled Macabi, Makabi or Makkabi) may refer to:

 * The Maccabi World Union, Maccabiah Games or any one of the following sport organizations around the world:

 * Makabi Warszawa, founded in 1915 in Warsaw, Poland


text:
Cologne, Lombardy

Cologne (Brescian: Culogne) is a town and commune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. Cologne is located in Franciacorta at the foot of Monte Orfano. Neighbouring communes are Coccaglio, Erbusco, Palazzolo sull'Oglio and Chiari.

title: Cologne, Lombardy


text:
Wold Newton

Wold Newton may refer to:

 * Wold Newton, East Riding of Yorkshire, village in the Yorkshire Wolds, England
 * Wold Newton, Lincolnshire, village in the Lincolnshire Wolds, England
 * Wold Newton family, fictional creation of Philip José Farmer

title: Wold Newton


text: Template:Rugby League in Oceania

title: Template:Rugby League in Oceania


text:
Talk:Wold Newton

Many people familiar with the WN Family think that Farmer invented the meteorite, (and possibly the village) hence this page. Paul Tracy

title: Talk:Wold Newton


text: Talk:Ashburton Grove

title: Talk:Ashburton Grove


text:
Senate of Puerto Rico

The Senate of Puerto Rico (Senado de Puerto Rico) is the upper house of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, the territorial legislature of Puerto Rico. The Senate, together with the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico, control the legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico.

The structure and responsibilities of the Senate are defined in Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico which vests all legislative power in the Legislative Assembly. Every bill must be passed by both, the Senate and the House, and signed by the Governor of Puerto Rico in order to become law.

The Senate has exclusive power to try and to decide impeachments. The constitution also establishes that all secretaries appointed by the governor to the different executive departments, as well as all judges and the Comptroller, require the advice and consent of the Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court can not assume office until after confirmation by the Senate.

The Senate has 27 members. Sixteen are elected from senatorial districts, with two senators per district, while an additional 11 are elected at-large.

The Senate has been meeting since 1917, after the enactment of the Jones–Shafroth Act established the body formally. The current session is the 27th Senate of Puerto Rico which has a majority from the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico; giving the party control over the Senate without political opposition including constitutional amendments.

The Senate, along with its members and staff, are housed in the eastern half of the Capitol of Puerto Rico. These buildings are usually the Rafael Martínez Nadal Senate Annex Building, the Luis Muñoz Marín Office Building, the Antonio R. Barceló Building, the Luis A. Ferré Building, the Ramón Mellado Parsons Office Building and the Baltasar Corrada del Rio Office Building.

History
The Senate of Puerto Rico was established in 1917, after the signing of the Jones-Shafroth Act. Signed on March 2, 1917, the act made Puerto Ricans into U.S. citizens and empowered them to have a popularly elected Senate. This came to amend and improve the Foraker Act, signed in 1900, which granted limited administrative and executive powers to Puerto Ricans.

From 1900 to 1917, Puerto Ricans made several attempts to convince the United States into amending the Foraker Act, so they could elect their own Senate. In February 1914, Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Rivera presented legislation in Congress insisting in the creation of a Puerto Rican Senate with more powers. Finally, in January 1916, Representative William Jones presented the Jones Act for Puerto Rico and other territories. It was signed by Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917.

On August 13, 1917, the first Senate of Puerto Rico was sworn in. Antonio R. Barceló was chosen as its first President, with Eduardo Georgetti as his Pro tempore. Also, José Muñoz Rivera and Manuel Palacios Salazar were selected as Secretary and Sergeant at Arms respectively. In this first instance, the Senate was composed of 19 members, 14 of which were chosen from each of the seven senatorial districts, and five elected at-large.

Functions
The Senate, along with the House of Representatives, are in charge of the legislative power of the Government of Puerto Rico.

The Senate has exclusive power to try and to decide impeachment cases, and in meeting for such purposes, the Senators act in the name of the people of Puerto Rico. The Constitution also establishes that all Secretaries appointed by the Governor to the different executive departments, as well as all judges, require the advice and consent of the Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court can not assume office until after confirmation by the Senate.

Commissions

 * Agriculture
 * Banking, Consumer Affairs, and Public Corporations
 * Civil Legal
 * Commerce and Cooperativism
 * Criminal Justice
 * Government
 * Economic Development and Planning
 * Education and Family Matters
 * Federal Relations and Informatics
 * Health
 * Internal Affairs
 * Labor, Veterans' Affairs, and Human Resources

 * Mountain
 * Municipal Matters
 * Natural and Environmental Resources
 * Public Safety and Judiciary Matters
 * Recreation and Sports
 * Rules and Calendar
 * Social Welfare
 * Tourism and Culture
 * Treasury
 * Urbanism and Infrastructure
 * Western Development
 * Women's Affairs

Qualifications
Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico states that no person can be a member of the Senate unless the candidate:
 * is capable of reading and writing in either Spanish or English;
 * is a citizen of the United States and Puerto Rico;
 * has resided in Puerto Rico for at least two years immediately prior to the date of his election or appointment;
 * is over thirty years of age.

Elections

Elections to the Senate are held every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, along with the elections for governor, resident commissioner, the House, the mayors, and the municipal assemblies. The last election was held on November 8, 2016, where the members of the 26th Senate of Puerto Rico were elected. The next election is scheduled for November 3, 2020 where the members of the 27th Senate of Puerto Rico will be elected. Members of the Senate are elected for a four-year term. Tony Fas Alzamora is the most senior and longest-serving senator, having served for nine consecutive terms since 1981 for a total of years.

Only American citizens (including Puerto Ricans) that meet all the following requirements may vote for senators:

 * must legally reside in Puerto Rico,
 * must be at least 18 years old by the date of the election,
 * must have been qualified by the Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections before the election or on the very same day of the election after he presents himself to his nearest place of voting and shows proper documentation, and
 * must have not been declared mentally incapacitated by court.

Citizens cast their votes in colleges (colegios) which are simply usually the nearest public school to where the voter declared as residence. Votes are required by law to be cast in secret, unless the citizen has a physical impairment that does not allow him to. Those citizens unable to travel to colleges due to medical impairments may vote at their place of residence (homes, elder homes, etc.) or wherever they are convalescing (hospitals, clinics, etc.). In both of these extraordinary cases, officials from the Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections will provide aid so that the citizens can cast their vote—either by using verbal or non-verbal communication—with members from the different political parties required to observe the process in order to ensure accuracy, fairness, transparency, order, and legitimacy.

Ballots are redacted in both Spanish and English, regardless of whether English is an official language or not.

To elect the members of the Senate, Puerto Rico is divided into eight senatorial districts, each based on a similar number of inhabitants:

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district I—San Juan

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district II—Bayamón

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district III—Arecibo

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district IV—Mayagüez–Aguadilla

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district V—Ponce

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district VI—Guayama

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district VII—Humacao

• Puerto Rico Senatorial district VIII—Carolina

These districts are in turn divided into one or more precincts: electoral divisions which are in turn divided into the aforementioned colleges. For each district, citizens may vote only for the district in which they have declared their residence, and only for two candidates per district by plurality-at-large. The two candidates with the highest votes in the respective district serve as senators for that specific district. District senators are expected to give priority to matters related to the district they represent but are not required to do so by law.

In addition, citizens are allowed to vote for one candidate at-large of their preference by single non-transferable vote. The eleven at-large candidates with the most votes serve as senators at-large alongside the district senators with the same powers and rights. Senators at-large are expected to serve any individual or group but are not required to do so by law; they also serve as a mechanism for citizens who do not wish to channel their affairs through their district senator for whatever reason.

Term
Senators serve terms of four years each. A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a "senator-elect"; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a "senator-designate". The Puerto Rico Constitution does not provide for term limits and, in fact, one current senator is completing his ninth four-year term as a senator and his tenth as a legislator.

Salary and benefits
The annual salary for full-time work of each senator is US$73,775 annually, except for the President of the Senate which receives $110,663, and the President pro tempore, the Majority and Minority Leaders, the Majority and Minority Whips, and the presidents of the Commission on Government and the Commission on Treasury which receive $84,841 each.

Senators are allowed to generate additional income from outside their legislative employment subject to restrictions, and only the senators which do not receive an annual salary are entitled to additional benefits such as per diem or car allowance. Costs associated to traveling outside of Puerto Rico is reimbursed. Cost-of-living adjustments have been frozen since 2005. All senators qualify for the same retirement and health benefits as of all other employees of the government of Puerto Rico.

In addition, all senators are provided with office space, secretarial services, advisors, support personnel, office supplies, and stationery. Hiring of personnel working directly for each senator is at the discretion of each senator. Rather than providing these resources and services directly, senators are instead assigned a budget from which they retrieve funds to pay for these. Senators that preside commissions are assigned larger budgets than those who don't; creating a difference between the budgets assigned to senators from the party holding a majority in the Senate versus the ones in minority as majority senators tend to be the ones that preside commissions.

Majority and minority parties
The "Majority party" is the political party that has a majority of seats. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party.

Whenever the elected members of the minority constitute less than nine members, the Constitution provides for the certification of additional "add-on" minority Senators, who will serve in an at-large capacity. Such was the case after the 2004 elections, when four defeated Popular Democratic Party (PPD) Senate candidates, one at-large, and three district candidates, were added on as at-large Senators, joining the five PPD Senators who had achieved election in their own right. This constitutional guarantee of a minimum legislative minority representation is unique to Puerto Rico among all legislatures under the American flag, incorporating an element of proportionality usually found only in proportional representation bodies.

Officers
The Senate is served by several officers with and without voting powers, which are elected from within and outside its ranks. Of these, only the president was established by the Constitution; all other officers were established by internal rules adopted by the Senate. Only the president and president pro tempore have voting powers as all are elected from within. Non-voting officers are elected from outside Senate ranks and simply assist in internal procedures and clerical tasks, and in the observance of internal rules, laws, and the Constitution. Typical non-voting officers include the secretary, the sergeant-at-arms, and other officers appointed by the different commissions as part of their own internal affairs.

President of the Senate
The president is the highest-ranking officer and the presiding officer of the Senate. The post was created by Article III of the Constitution of Puerto Rico which establishes that, "The Senate shall elect a President [...] from among [its] members." The president is substituted by the president pro tempore in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the speaker.

The current president is José Luis Dalmau, senator at-large from the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico.

• 1917–1929: Antonio R. Barceló

• 1929–1933: Luis Sánchez Morales

• 1933–1941: Rafael Martínez Nadal

• 1941–1949: Luis Muñoz Marín

• 1949–1969: Samuel R. Quiñones

• 1969–1973: Rafael Hernández Colón

• 1973–1977: Juan J. Cancel Ríos

• 1977–1981: Luis A. Ferré

• 1981–1993: Miguel Hernández Agosto

• 1993–1997: Roberto Rexach Benítez

• 1997–2001: Charlie Rodríguez

• 2001–2005: Antonio Fas Alzamora

• 2005–2009: Kenneth McClintock

• 2009–2013: Thomas Rivera Schatz

• 2013–2017: Eduardo Bhatia

• 2017–2021: Thomas Rivera Schatz

• 2021–Present: José Luis Dalmau

President pro tempore
The president pro tempore is the second highest-ranking officer of the Senate and substitutes the president of the House in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the speaker pro tempore.

The current president pro tempore is Marially González Huertas, senator for District V Ponce from the Popular Democratic Party.

• 1917–1921: Eduardo Georgetti

• 1921–1924: Juan Hernández López

• 1926–1929: Luis Sánchez Morales

• 1929–1933: Celestino Iriarte Miró

• 1933–1940: Bolívar Pagán

• 1940–1941: Luis Padrón Rivera

• 1941–1944: Francisco M. Susoni Abreu

• 1945–1949: Samuel R. Quiñones

• 1949–1969: Luis Negrón López

• 1969–1973: Juan Cancel Ríos

• 1973–1977: Miguel Hernández Agosto

• 1977–1981: Manuel Ramos Barroso

• 1981–1988: Sergio Peña Clos

• 1989–1993: Miguel Deynes Soto

• 1993–1995: Nicolás Nogueras

• 1995–1997: Luisa Lebrón de Rivera

• 1997–2000: Aníbal Marrero Pérez

• 2000–2001: Luz Arce Ferrer

• 2001–2005: Velda González de Modestti

• 2005–2009: Orlando Parga Figueroa

• 2009–2013: Margarita Nolasco Santiago

• 2013–2017: José Luis Dalmau

• 2017–2020: Larry Seilhamer

• 2020-2021: Henry Neumann

• 2021-Present: Marially González Huertas

Party leaders
Each party elects floor leaders denominated "majority leader" or "minority leader", accordingly, as well as a "majority whip" or a "minority whip". Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The current leaders are Majority Leader Javier Aponte Dalmau, Majority Whip Gretchen Hau; Minority Leader Thomas Rivera Schatz, Minority Whip Carmelo Ríos Santiago; Minority Leader María de Lourdes Santiago; Minority Leader Ana Irma Rivera Lassén; Minority Leader Joan Rodríguez Vevé; and Minority Leader Vargas Vidot (independent candidate).

Non-member officers
The Senate is served by two elected officials who are not members.

The Senate's chief legislative officer is the secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks.

The other official is the sergeant-at-arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate floor and other premises.

These officers are elected by the Senate, usually during its inaugural session, immediately after the election of the body's president. The current secretary is Yamil Rivera Vélez while the current sergeant-at-arms is Javier Torres.

Current composition
The current session is the 27th Senate of Puerto Rico, the upper house of the 19th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which will meet from January 2, 2021, to January 1, 2025. All members were elected in the general elections of 2020 with a plurality or relative majority coming from the Popular Democratic Party. The other major party, the New Progressive Party resulted with the second largest number of seats. For the first time ever, five different political parties were represented, including the two major parties, in addition to one independent candidate. The Puerto Rican Independence Party elected its traditional member At-large and the two emergent parties, Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana and Proyecto Dignidad, also elected their At-large nominees.

• District I San Juan: Juan Oscar Morales

• District I San Juan: Nitza Morán

• District II Bayamón: Carmelo Ríos

• District II Bayamón: Migdalia Padilla

• District III Arecibo: Elizabeth Rosa Vélez

• District III Arecibo: Rubén Soto Rivera

• District IV Mayagüez–Aguadilla: Ada García Montes

• District IV Mayagüez–Aguadilla: Migdalia González

• District V Ponce: Marially González Huertas

• District V Ponce: Ramón Ruiz

• District VI Guayama: Héctor Santiago Torres

• District VI Guayama: Albert Torres Berríos

• District VII Humacao: Rosamar Trujillo Plumey

• District VII Humacao: Wanda Soto Tolentino

• District VIII Carolina: Javier Aponte Dalmau

• District VIII Carolina: Marissa Jiménez

• At-large: María de Lourdes Santiago

• At-large: Joanne Rodríguez Veve

• At-large: William Villafañe

• At-large: Thomas Rivera Schatz

• At-large: Juan Zaragoza Gómez

• At-large: José Luis Dalmau

• At-large: José Antonio Vargas Vidot

• At-large: Ana Irma Rivera Lassén

• At-large: Rafael Bernabe

• At-large: Gregorio Matías Rosario

• At-large: Keren Riquelme

Other organizations
The Office of Legislative Services was headed in early 2009 by Kevin Rivera, while Eliezer Velázquez currently serves as Superintendent of the Capitol, the first to serve during two four-year terms.

The Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly also receives support services from the Council of State Governments (CSG), CSG's Eastern Regional Conference, the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) and the National Hispanic Caucus of State Legislators (NHCSL).

title: Senate of Puerto Rico


text:
Comezzano-Cizzago

Comezzano-Cizzago (Brescian: Comesà Sisàch) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy.

title: Comezzano-Cizzago


text:
Daniel Garrison Brinton

Daniel Garrison Brinton (May 13, 1837 – July 31, 1899) was an American archaeologist, ethnologist, historian, and surgeon.

Biography
Brinton was born in Thornbury Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Yale University in 1858, Brinton studied at Jefferson Medical College for two years and spent the next year traveling in Europe. He continued his studies at Paris and Heidelberg. From 1862 to 1865, during the American Civil War, he was a surgeon in the Union army, acting during 1864–1865 as surgeon-in-charge of the U.S. Army general hospital at Quincy, Illinois. Brinton was sun-stroked at Missionary Ridge (Third Battle of Chattanooga) and was never again able to travel in very hot weathers. This handicap affected his career as an ethnologist.

After the war, Brinton practiced medicine in West Chester, Pennsylvania for several years; was the editor of a weekly periodical, the Medical and Surgical Reporter, in Philadelphia from 1874 to 1887; became professor of ethnology and archaeology in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia in 1884; and was professor of American linguistics and archaeology in the University of Pennsylvania from 1886 until his death.

He was a member of numerous learned societies in the United States and in Europe and was president at different times of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, of the American Folklore Society, the American Philosophical Society, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

At his presidential address to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in August 1895, Brinton advocated theories of scientific racism that were pervasive at that time. As Charles A. Lofgren notes in his book, The Plessy Case, although Brinton "accepted the 'psychical unity' throughout the human species," he claimed "all races were 'not equally endowed,' which disqualified [some of] them from the atmosphere of modern enlightenment." He asserted some have "...an inborn tendency, constitutionally recreant to the codes of civilization, and therefore technically criminal." Further, he said the characteristics of "races, nations, tribes...supply the only sure foundations for legislation, not a priori notions of the rights of man."

Brinton was an anarchist during his last several years of life. In April 1896, he addressed the Ethical Fellowship of Philadelphia with a lecture on "What the Anarchists Want," to a friendly audience. In October 1897, Brinton had dinner with Peter Kropotkin after the famous anarchist's only speaking engagement at Philadelphia. Kropotkin had refused invitations from all of the city's elites.

On the occasion of his memorial meeting on October 6, 1900, the keynote speaker Albert H. Smyth stated: "In Europe and America, he sought the society of anarchists and mingled sometimes with the malcontents of the world that he might appreciate their grievances, and weigh their propositions for reform and change."

Works
From 1868 to 1899, Brinton wrote many books, and a large number of pamphlets, brochures, addresses and magazine articles. His works include: In addition, he edited and published a Library of American Aboriginal Literature (8 vols. 1882–1890), a valuable contribution to the science of anthropology in America. Of the eight volumes; six were edited by Brinton himself, one by Horatio Hale and one by Albert Samuel Gatschet. His 1885 work is notable for its role in the Walam Olum controversy.
 * American Hero-Myths: A Study in the Native Religions of the Western Continent.
 * Library of Aboriginal American Literature. No. VIII
 * Aboriginal American authors and their productions
 * Notes on the Floridian Peninsula (1859)
 * The Myths of the New World (1868), an attempt to analyze and correlate, scientifically, the mythology of the American Indians
 * A Guide-Book of Florida and the South (1869)
 * The Religious Sentiment: its Sources and Aim: A Contribution to the Science and Philosophy of Religion (1876)
 * American Hero Myths (1882)
 * The Annals of the Cakchiquels (1885)
 * (Exposé of the hoax grammar of the so-called Taensa language.)
 * Ancient nahuatl poetry 1890
 * Essays of an Americanist (1890)
 * Races and Peoples: lectures on the science of ethnography (1890);
 * The American Race (1891)
 * The Pursuit of Happiness (1893)
 * Nagualism, A Study in Native American Folk-lore and History (1894)
 * A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics, Publications of the University of Pennsylvania. Series in philology, literature and archaeology, vol. 3, no. 2 (1895) (also available at https://archive.org/details/b24873779)
 * Religions of Primitive People (1897)
 * A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics, Publications of the University of Pennsylvania. Series in philology, literature and archaeology, vol. 3, no. 2 (1895) (also available at https://archive.org/details/b24873779)
 * Religions of Primitive People (1897)

title: Daniel Garrison Brinton


text:
Talk:Gilbertese language

Untitled
Please: do not make confusion : I-Kiribati is the people and kiribati (or more exactly te taetae ni kiribati) the name of the Gilbertese language. --Enzino 19:42, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Poll
Move this article to Kiribati language? --Revolución hablar ver 03:11, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Move Ethnologue calls it Kiribati . Also, the vast majority of the people in Kiribati call it Kiribati, not Gilbertese and regard it as a relic of colonialism. --Revolución hablar ver 03:11, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't move. Ethnologue is not the Bible. kiribati is the local name (the complete is te taetae ni kiribati) but Gilbertese is the historical name. You find it in Stevenson. And it's not a relic of colonialism, because Gilberts=Kiribati (Gilbertese rendition of Gilberts is Kiribati). Gilbertese is as English as French (and not français), German (and not Deutsch) or Japanese (and not Nihongo). Please respect English language and history.
 * Don't move. Practically for the same reasons as the one before me. "Gilbertese" is indeed the most common name for the language, although the people themselves might call their language differently. --N-true 14:14, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No vote. But the comment is correct that Kiribati is simply the local pronunciation of the English name Gilberts. The requested move is a little like asking that Japanese language be moved to Zyapaniizu rangezi, which is how the Japanese commonly pronounce the English phrase. (I presume that [t] and [s] are allophones in Gilbertese as they are in several other languages of the Pacific, and that Bingham recognized this in his orthography.) kwami 11:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Move, urgently Because:
 * 1) All other pages relating to Kiribati use Kiribati making this page an anomaly.
 * 2) It is true that the etymology of the word Kiribati derives from Gilbert but it is not true as Kwamikagami suggests that it is simply the local translation, it is the actual, international use.  Regardless of its etymological roots, Kiribati is the word actually used and is so far removed from the original that only etymologists would know.
 * 3) It is the actual UN-gazetted English name, which is why, at the Olympics, or the Commonwealth games the team comes in under the, English, name Kiribati.
 * 4) If we don't move this page we create a long series of problems with many other pages that use Kiribati, for example, Foreign relations of Kiribati cannot be Foreign relations with the Gilbert Islands, because there is no such political entity to have relations with.  Many other clashes here, try  or China–Kiribati relations, many, many more.
 * 5) Gilbert Islands and Kiribati cover different geographical areas!  The formal name, Kiribati, and the geographical area was created at independence.
 * 6) Ethnologue, and anybody who has lived or worked in the South Pacific, would be quite right in saying that the use of Gilbert harks back to British rule, the name was changed at independence and it is considered a little rude to use the archaic term, which also refers to a different set of islands.    E x nihil  (talk) 13:19, 1 August 2014 (UTC)

Deleted comment
I deleted the comment
 * Bingham had only a typewriter with a broken "S" so it does not occur in the language and "ti" is used for that sound instead.

This sounds like an urban myth (well, without the urban part, maybe!). If s had been missing, Bingham would simply have written it in by hand. Later in the article, it says that Bingham wrote Jesus as Iesu, and it was only later respelled Ietu to get rid of the s, which contradicts the broken-typewriter tale. kwami 11:52, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

More simple: no typewriter in the luggage of Bingham, and of course, some S like in Iesu proves it...Enzino 19:54, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

s in the language
does kiribati lack an s sound altogether? or is it just that the letter s isn't used and ti is used in place of it? if that's the case, does anyone know the reason why?

There is an [s] in Gilbertese, of course. It's just written "t" (ti is [si] and tu sometimes [su], sometimes [tu])…Enzino 20:16, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Who was Gilbert?
--Greasysteve13 06:08, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Captain Thomas Gilbert of Captain Gilbert, which sailed through in 1788. --Henrygb 16:23, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

i-Kiribati
This is the name of the people. The alternate name for the language is "Kiribati", not "i-Kiribati". The article should be consistent throughout. --Cromwellt|talk|contribs 16:49, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

This "no letter 's'" business
Can someone with a little expertise shed some light on this? Why would the written language lack an 's', when the language is written with the Roman alphabet? Was there some curious motivation for writing "ti" instead of 's'? It would be nice to know... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.155.189.71 (talk) 23:55, 8 February 2007 (UTC).
 * I'm assuming that when the consonant /t/ is followed by the vowel /i/, it changes its sound to [s]. This is called an "allophone" in linguistics. languagegeek (talk) 05:27, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Hold on, if they had no written language before, then why would the sound of "t" change? Surely it just means that "tee" is not a valid syllable / phoneme in their language, like in Japanese, not that the sound changes per se?? (Though you could say that the "t" sound in Japanese does change when followed by "i" as the writing system indicates)

 * Try this: ''The Kiribati language first appeared in writing in the mid 19th century. Rev. Hiram Bingham, Jr. of the Protestant mission based in Hawaii arrived in the Gilberts in 1857, devised a way of writing Kiribati using the Latin alphabet and used it to produce a translation of the Bible. Other missionaries devised different spelling systems.
 * In the mid-1970s the Kiribati Language Board was established to standardise the orthography and grammar of the Kiribati language, to compose and update a dictionary and to work towards development of a Kiribati literature.''
 * Kiribati alphabet and pronunciation
 * A a	B b	E e	I i	K k	M m	N n	Ng ng	O o	R r	T t	U u	W w
 * ah	bee	eh	ee	kee	mm	nn	ngg	oh	ree	see	oo	wee
 * [ a ]	[ b ]	[ e ]	[ i ]	[ k ]	[ m ]	[ n ]	[ ŋ ]	[ o ]	[ r ]	[ s ]	[ u ]	[ w ]
 * Sample text in Kiribati
 * I a butiiko ma kawiiremweko riki n taetae ao tai kaboonganai taeka aika a kaangaanga b'a I aonga ni waetata n rabakau.
 * Translation
 * Please speak slowly, and don't use difficult words, so that I can learn more quickly.'' E x nihil (talk) 13:33, 1 August 2014 (UTC)

Written Kiribati
A correction is needed in this section where it states: "...published the best English-Kiribati Dictionary: Dictionnaire Gilbertin-Français". Was this intended to be a sarcastic comment or was it just a slip? I don't know, but obviously this was a French-Kiribati dictionary and thus could not be termed the best English-Kiribati dictionary. Perhaps the best Western language Kiribati dictionary? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.56.160.208 (talk) 02:10, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Gilbertese language template
If you are a native speaker of Gilbertese then you can add this template onto your userpage:

--Amazonien (talk) 05:22, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Hiram Bingham II's work on Gilbertese
Hiram Bingham II

Te Baibara : ae ana taeka te atua ae kanoana te o tetemanti ma te nu tetemanti ae kaetaki man taetae nako ake e moa ni koreaki iai

https://archive.org/details/tebaibaraaeanata00bing

Te Euankerio are koreaki iroun Ioane, ae kaetaki man taetae n erene

https://archive.org/details/teeuankerioareko00bing

https://archive.org/details/teeuankerioareko02bing

Rajmaan (talk) 15:00, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

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"Ikiribati" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address a potential problem with the redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikiribati&redirect=no Ikiribati] and it has been listed for discussion. Readers of this page are welcome to participate at until a consensus is reached. —Lights and freedom (talk ~ contribs) 00:03, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gilbertese language


text: Category:Lieutenant Governors of New Brunswick


text:
Inge Krokann

Inge Krokann (19 August 1893  – 27 September 1962) was a Norwegian writer. His most famous work is  I Dovre Sno  (1929), an epic story of the Loe family during the Middle Ages. Because his writing was full of local expressions and is so strongly tied to the use of the Oppdal dialect and idiosyncratic Nynorsk,  his works are largely inaccessible and difficult to translate.

Biography
Ingebrikt Krokann was born at Oppdal in Trøndelag, Norway. He was the son of Trond Jonsson Krokann (1858-1936) and Dørdi Olsdatter Lo (1859-1933). In 1915 he took his final exam at Volda lærarskule. He worked as a teacher first at the children's school in Rennebu. During the winter of 1917–18, he got a leave to go to Askov Folk High School in Denmark, and then he took a college course in Volda. From 1920 to 1923 he taught at Skogn Folkhøgskule. He developed tuberculosis and never fully recovered. He taught at the Nordic folk college in Fredriksberg in Denmark during 1937–1938. Krokann received several travel grants and traveled to many countries in Europe and Africa.

He was married in 1921 with Gunvor Widebæk Lund (1899-1991). He died at Gausdal in Oppland, Norway.

His work was characterized by:
 * Vivid descriptions of the relationships between man and nature in the harsh environment around his birthplace of Oppdal;
 * Effective and innovative use of the Oppdal dialect  and nynorsk in his writing;
 * A strong sense of history in his writing, tying together the pagan and Christian eras in Norwegian history.

Awards

 * Gyldendal's Endowment for 1942
 * Melsom-prisen 1942 (together with Ragnvald Vaage)
 * Dobloug Prize 1954

title: Inge Krokann


text:
Concesio

Concesio (Brescian: Consés; locally Conhè) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy in Trompia valley. It is located 8.2 km north of Brescia and 6.8 km south of Sarezzo. Concesio is located in the lower Val Trompia, at the foot of Monte Spina. The comune is bounded by other communes of Brescia, Bovezzo, Lumezzane, Villa Carcina, Gussago and Collebeato.

It is the birthplace of Giovanni Battista Montini, who was Pope (1963–78) under the name of Paul VI.

Notable people

 * Giovanni Battista Montini (1897), became Pope Paul VI
 * Mario Balotelli (1990), footballer

title: Concesio


text: Category:Doom metal musical groups

title: Category:Doom metal musical groups


text:
Gerry Phillips

Gerry Phillips (born September 11, 1940) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario who represented the eastern Toronto riding of Scarborough—Agincourt from 1987 to 2011. He served as a cabinet minister in the governments of David Peterson and Dalton McGuinty.

Background
Phillips was educated at the University of Western Ontario's School of Business, and worked as a managing consultant before entering public life. He worked in the marketing department of Procter & Gamble, and joined the Canadian Marketing Associates organization in 1970 (becoming its President in 1977). Phillips founded the Sales Development Group in 1979 and the Retail Resource Group in 1982, and also served on the Board of Governors of the Scarborough General Hospital during this period. He served as a school trustee for eleven years on the Scarborough Board of Education and the Metropolitan Toronto School Board eventually becoming chair of both organizations.

Politics
He ran for the Ontario legislature as a Liberal in the provincial election of 1975, but lost to Progressive Conservative Tom Wells in Scarborough North by about 3,000 votes.

Peterson government
Phillips tried again in the provincial election of 1987 in the riding of Scarborough—Agincourt this time defeating his nearest opponent, David Kho of the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) by over 12,000 votes. The Liberals won a landslide majority in this election under David Peterson. On September 29, 1987, Phillips was appointed Minister of Citizenship, with responsibility for race relations, multiculturalism and the Ontario Human Rights Commission. In August 1989, he was transferred to the Ministry of Labour.

In opposition
The Liberals were defeated by the NDP in the provincial election of 1990, although Phillips was re-elected without difficulty in his own riding. Tory Keith MacNab finished second. In opposition, he held critic portfolios in Health, Finance and Native Affairs. In 1992, he supported Lyn McLeod's successful campaign to become party leader.

The 1995 provincial election was won by the Progressive Conservatives, and Phillips only narrowly won re-election in Agincourt, defeating Keith MacNab by about 2,000 votes. Many suspected that Phillips would run for the party's leadership when Lyn McLeod resigned in 1996, but he declined and supported Gerard Kennedy, who lost to Dalton McGuinty on the final ballot. Phillips was appointed as the party's Deputy Leader in 1998.

He was re-elected in 1999 by nearly 3,000 votes defeating Tory MPP Jim Brown whose own nearby riding of Scarborough West was abolished in the lead-up to the election. The Progressive Conservatives won re-election across the province, and Phillips remained in opposition serving in critic roles such as Native Affairs. Phillips helped lead the fight for a public inquiry into the 1995 shooting death of protester Dudley George by members of the Ontario Provincial Police.

McGuinty government
The Liberal Party won a majority in the 2003 election, and Phillips was re-elected with 61% support in his riding. Phillips was appointed as Chair of the Management Board. After a cabinet shuffle on June 29, 2005, Phillips's portfolio was restructured as the Minister of Government Services. The new Ministry took on most of the core services of the former Management Board Secretariat, Consumer and Business Services, and a large part of the Cabinet Office.

He was re-elected in the 2007 election, and was appointed Minister of Energy. In a cabinet shuffle on June 20, 2008, the Energy portfolio was given to George Smitherman. Phillips was appointed minister without portfolio and chair of cabinet.

Phillips was appointed Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure on November 9, 2009 after Smitherman resigned to enter municipal politics. On January 18, 2010, he was appointed as minister without portfolio and chair of cabinet, and also became Minister responsible for Seniors. In September 2010, the responsibility for seniors was transferred to Sophia Aggelonitis.

In 2011, he announced he would not run for re-election in the 2011 provincial election.

Electoral record
1995 Ontario general election:

 * (x)Gerry Phillips (L) 13,472
 * Keith MacNab (PC) 11,337
 * Christine Fei (NDP) 4,112
 * Daphne Quance (NLP) 313

1990 Ontario general election:

 * (x)Gerry Phillips (L) 13,347
 * Keith MacNab (PC) 8,640
 * Ayoub Ali (NDP) 6,763
 * Bill Galster (Lbt) 1,368

1987 Ontario general election:

 * Gerry Phillips (L) 19,101
 * David Kho (NDP) 7,021
 * Adrienne Johnson (PC) 6,284
 * Barry Coyne (Lbt) 794

title: Gerry Phillips


text:
What Are Little Girls Made Of?

"What Are Little Girls Made Of?" is the seventh episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series, Star Trek. Written by Robert Bloch and directed by James Goldstone, it first aired on October 20, 1966.

In the episode, Nurse Chapel searches for her long lost fiancé and uncovers his secret plan to create sophisticated androids for galactic conquest.

The first episode of the series to be repeated on NBC, the title of the episode is taken from the fourth line of the 19th-century nursery rhyme, "What Are Little Boys Made Of?"

Plot
The USS Enterprise, under the command of Captain Kirk, travels to the icy planet Exo-III to search for the exobiologist Dr. Roger Korby. Korby was the fiancé of Dr. McCoy's temporary assistant, Nurse Christine Chapel, who signed on to the Enterprise to search for Korby.

At Korby's request, Kirk and Chapel beam down alone to a cavern entrance, but Korby is not there to meet them. Finding this suspicious, Kirk has two security officers beamed down from the Enterprise. One is instructed to stay at the entrance and keep a lookout, and the other accompanies Kirk and Chapel. The three begin to descend into a system of caves. When passing over a deep chasm, the security officer disappears. Shortly after, they meet Korby's aide Dr. Brown. Chapel recognizes him but is surprised the man does not remember her. Brown assures them that the security officer fell by accident, and the three continue on. Kirk contacts the remaining security officer and tells him to contact the Enterprise for reinforcements, but a strange creature kills the officer before he gets the chance. Meanwhile, Kirk, Chapel and Brown find Korby, who tells them that the caves were left by an extinct race. Korby shows Kirk and Chapel machinery that creates androids. With the help of Ruk, a still-functioning android from the time of the original inhabitants, Korby has created more androids, one being a beautiful woman he calls "Andrea". Brown is also an android. It is also revealed that Ruk had killed the security officers.

Korby creates an android duplicate of Kirk as Chapel looks on. As Kirk's personality is imprinted on the android, the real Kirk imagines himself insulting Spock as a "half-breed". Korby has the duplicate Kirk beamed aboard the Enterprise with orders to identify a planet suitable for creating more androids. When Spock questions the Kirk-android's orders, it repeats the insult Kirk had used. Spock, realizing that this is not Kirk, forms a security team to follow the Kirk-android back down to Exo-III. Andrea encounters the Kirk-android when it returns to the planet, and thinking it is the real Kirk, destroys him when he refuses to kiss her.

The real Kirk convinces Ruk that Korby is a threat to his existence. Ruk begins to recall the clash between the "Old Ones" and the androids that led to his civilization's demise centuries ago. Korby enters, and Ruk confronts him, but Korby destroys Ruk with a phaser. Shortly afterward, in a struggle with Kirk, the skin of Korby's hand is torn, revealing that he too is an android.

It is now revealed that Korby, dying of frostbite, had transferred his mind to an android body. He begs Chapel to believe that he is still the same man, but Chapel is repelled by what he has done to himself. Andrea, realizing she loves Korby, kisses him, and in despair, Korby fires Andrea's weapon between the embracing pair, destroying them both.

Spock arrives with the security force, but finds that the crisis has passed. When Spock inquires about Dr. Korby's whereabouts, Kirk replies, "Dr. Korby ... was never here." Chapel decides to stay on with the Enterprise and finish out her tour of duty. Spock tells Kirk about his dismay of using the term "half-breed" to warn that something was wrong. The captain says he will remember this should he find himself in a "similar situation."

Production
The episode was written by Robert Bloch, but received rewrites during shooting by Gene Roddenberry. The director of the second pilot "Where No Man Has Gone Before", James Goldstone, was hired to direct this episode, but due to problems with the script, shooting went two days over schedule and Goldstone was not re-hired.

Sherry Jackson, who plays the android woman Andrea, said that they had a censor on set to make sure that her costume fully covered her breasts and that side cleavage was not visible. She also said of William Shatner, "I must say when he kissed me on screen, he really kissed me!" and that Shatner's chest had to be shaved for his nude scenes in the android machine because Gene Roddenberry felt that Captain Kirk would not be hairy.

Reference to the works of H. P. Lovecraft was briefly made in Bloch's script, with its mention of "the Old Ones" and the look of the trapezoidal doors in the caverns.

Reception
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" rating, noting that the "repetitive plotting" took away any real sense of threat and that without Spock or McCoy to play off, Kirk's character is less interesting.

title: What Are Little Girls Made Of?


text:
Corte de' Cortesi con Cignone

Corte de' Cortesi con Cignone (Cremunés: Curt dé Cortées cont Signòon) is a comune in the province of Cremona, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

The town has a parish church, San Giacomo e Filippo.

title: Corte de' Cortesi con Cignone


text:
User:NeoJustin

I randomly come to this website to make small changes, fix vandalism, vote on articles for deletion and on rare occasions create articles. :-)

title: User:NeoJustin


text:
Corte de' Frati

Corte de' Frati (Cremunés: Curt de Fràat) is a municipality (comune) in the province of Cremona, in the Lombardy Italian region.

History
The main history of Corte de' Frati is related to the establishment of the Court of Alfiano. In fact, the original name of the municipality was Court of Alfiano, a name referring to a patrician family who owned these lands.

10th century
After the extinction of the Carolingian and the Saxon dynasty, the 10th century was the era of castles and fortress, and the population had to face wars provoked by the Counts. From 950 to 1000, the Bresciani and Cremonesi Counts fought among the lands of the river Oglio, near Bordolano and Canneto, because the Bresciani imposed taxes on the Cremonesi's lands. During this period, the castle of Corte De' Frati was born, but now it does not exist anymore.

On 1004, Henry II conquered Brescia and the Court of Alfiano belonged to the Santa Giulia Monastery in Brescia.

13th century
During the 13th century, a bridge was built by the Cremonesi people near Grumone, a frazione of the nowadays Corte de' Frati, in order not to pay the toll bridge enforced by the Bresciani on the bridge of Pontevico. This new project gave life to a war between the two dynasties: in 1213 the Bresciani ordered to the Cremonesi that the bridge was to be destroyed because it was built on the Brescian territory. The bridge, however, was not destroyed until 1228, when Alfiano was assaulted by an armed conflict between Bresciani and Cremonesi, during which the majority of warriors died and those who survived were imprisoned. Afterwards, the two dynasties did not resume their hostilities for a long time because in 1237 the territory was occupied by Frederick II, who used the contested bridge to move easily around Cremonese territory.

In the first half of the 13th century, under the pontificate of Pope Innocent III, the Italian religious order of Humiliati was born and in 1246 they held the Saint Abbondio Church in Cremona. The Humiliati also took possession of Alfiano, whose name was transformed into Corte de' Frati.

14th century
During the 14th century, the raids by the Bresciani on the territory started again, and the Cremonesi 's raids were mostly done in Pontevico. The city of Cremona strengthened the cities near the Oglio river to avoid new conflicts.

In 1324, Louis IV reconfirmed to the Cremonesi all the privileges and rights previously granted by their predecessors. This event led to new hostilities and disagreements with the Bresciani. Facing a rivalry that was never going to end, the archbishop of Milan Giovanni Visconti issued a law stating that the toll fee of Pontevico's bridge was unmodifiable.

15th century
The beginning of the 15th century faced a new armed conflict between the lord of Brescia Pandolfo Malatesta, and the lord of Cremona Cabrino Fondulo. Pandolfo came to the Cremonese territory with an army and took possession of Robecco, Alfiano, Corte de' Frati and other villages near the Oglio river. In 1413 a peace treaty was signed and the Cremonesi reclaimed their lands. At the end of the century, however, the Republic of Venice conquered Brescia and Cremona.

17th century
After the suppression of the Humiliati at the beginning of the 17th century, in 1614 the pope Paul V ordered the establishment of the Perpetual Vicar. In this period the world was facing the bubonic plague, and in 1630 Corte de' Frati registered 253 deaths, which was a high number considering that the inhabitants were only 1,000. Facing a high number of deaths, the parish decided to build a new cemetery, because the bodies used to be buried near to the church.

In 1648, a trench called "Trincerone" was built by the Marquis Caracena, governor of Milan, to avoid the siege of Cremona by the French. It started from Cremona and ended in Grumone, and it was 10 miles long. In the same year, however, the Cremonesi managed to free the city from the French siege.

The municipality of Pontevico persisted with the toll bridge, and this inevitably led people coming from the Cremonese territory to use the river from Alfiano to avoid the tax fee. In April 1671 the city of Brescia issued a proclamation suspending the use of the river as a way to avoid the Pontevico's bridge.

In 1683 the present-day church of Corte de' Frati was built above the old castle's foundation.

18th century
At the beginning of the 18th century, the municipality was hit by a very high mortality rate of bovine animals. Meanwhile, the lands of Grumone, Corte de' Frati and Robecco were continuously damaged by the raids. From 1777 to 1780 there was a high rate of famine, and the century ended again with an epizootic.

19th century
The 19th century started with the French conquering Cremona and its territories, and they also took refuge on Corte de' Frati for three months. In 1802 an earthquake hit the municipality and the church was damaged. During these period, thanks to Napoleon, the streets were fixed and a postal service was activated. Corte de' Frati, Alfiano, and Aspice relied on the municipality of Robecco.

In 1816 there was a high rate of drought that led to famine, and the following year the petechial typhus was spreading through the peasants. This disease was probably caused by the previously mentioned famine, and the deaths were almost 150. In 1867 a cholera outbreak was registered once again. In the same year, the rail line Cremona-Brescia was built, and the river Oglio lost his main function of trade exchange.

Economy
The local economy is mostly based on agriculture and industrial activities. The territory is well known for its dairy farms and for its metal industry. Food is related to the city of Cremona, including salted meat, Grana Padano and different types of local fruits and vegetables coming from the local farms.

Transport
Corte de' Frati is linked both to the city of Cremona and to the city of Brescia, thanks to the bus service offered in the area.

title: Corte de' Frati