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Talk:Perfluorocarbon

Untitled
"PFC is 6000 times more effective than carbon-dioxide"

 * "effective"? at what?  is this some dual-meaning chemistry term?

 * should mention that it can be used as artificial blood and can be breathed if saturated with oxygen. - Omegatron 14:44, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

6000 times?
I think they mean 6000 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. Link to Kyoto Protocol I guess.

Needs clarification.

Definition of Perfluorocarbon
Perfluorocarbons can refer to both short-chained fluorocarbons (C3F8, for example) and longer chain ones such as PTFE. In general, under the rubric of PFC, the fluoroindustry recognizes three distinct chemical families in addition to the short-chain fluorocarbons: polyfluorinated small molecules (surfactants, for example), polyfluorinated polymer sidechains with hydrocarbon backbones, and the classic per- or polyfluoropolymers.

The manufacturing processes of the longer chain ones have been plagued by PFOA and PFOA precursor impurities and potential breakdown products (such as the 8:2 FTOH molecule erroneously pictured as a perfluorocarbon in the article) which have only recently and partially been addressed see DuPont's Echelon products, for example. These longer chains impurities are not "non-toxic" as is stated in the article EPA stewardship program, but have been associated with cancer and developmental toxicities.

Fixing this with full info and citations will require several edits. I can't get started on this this week, but could address over the coming weeks.

Kristan 14:51, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

A perfluorocarbon contains carbon and fluorine only. A perfluorocarbon derivative may contain other atoms. The entry cutrrently says: "PFCs are made up of atoms of carbon, fluorine, and/or sulfur." which suggests a compound containing carbon and sulfur is a perfluorocarbon, which is clearly nonsense. And the image to the right is of a molecule containing hydrogen and oxygen.

I recommend a section on properties before Medicine, mentioning high gas solubility, low solubility with everything else, inert, biocompatible, high density. Then section on manufacture (perhaps with the history, connecting to Manhatten project). Later sections on applications can then build on that.

In the industrial section, mention the biggest source of CF4 in the atmosphere is aluminium production.

I will have a go at this myself if no one objects. F2Andy (talk) 12:13, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

usage in ransom cases
needs references 213.199.128.147 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 14:51, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

usage in doping
i read somewhere it was used as a doping agent (in the 80s). can someone delineate, what that did/how it "helped" increase performance? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.129.163.77 (talk) 19:42, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Definition of Perfluorocarbon
I think the definition of perfluorocarbons, and thus the page, should encompass not just fluoroalkanes, but also fluoroalkenes, and fluoroalkynes. This means that the whole article needs to be worked over. Right now it just focuses on fluoroalkanes, but what about perfluoroisobutylene??? Very toxic compound. Worth mentioning. Thanks. -Shootbamboo (talk) 17:19, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

There is a problem here that "perfluorocarbon" means different things to different people, and I an not sure there is a definitive answer. My take is that if hydrocarbons are compounds with only hydrogen and carbon (see http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=define%3Ahydrocarbon&btnG=Search), then logically a fluorocarbon should contain only fluorine and carbon, however, it is rarely used in such a restrictive manner. Thus, the "per" prefix is used to indicate that each hydrogen (in the corresponding hydrocarbon) has been replaced by fluorine (see here http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_734.htm).

Therefore, I would agree with shootbamboo; yes, I agree this page needs to discuss perfluoroalkenes and alkynes, or better still, rename this page to perfluoroalkanes, and have a new page for perfluorocarbons, with links to perfluoroalkanes page and a new perfluoroalenes page (and perhaps a perfluoroalkynes page, or just one perhaps unsaturated perfluorocarbons page). Chemicals, perfluoroalkanes are quite unlike perfluoroalkenes, and it does not make much sense lumping them together on one page.F2Andy (talk) 13:43, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality and Factual Accuracy
This page mentions that perfluorocarbons are made of only carbon and fluorine, and then goes on to talk about how wonderful and non-toxic they are. Unfortunately, for the dignity of this article, perfluoroisobutylene is very toxic. This article is written in such a fashion that perfluorocarbons are the safest things ever, and conveniently omits facts on other toxic perfluorocarbons. -Shootbamboo (talk) 23:27, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You are right; maybe the author was only thinking about perfluoroalkanes. --Itub (talk) 14:25, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

New article on medical applications?
per the consensus on violations of NPOV, I want to say that while some of this article has good content, it is dominant towards describing medical applications, along the lines of this webpage."Perfluorocarbon Emulsions" i think the intent of authors were probably chemists that overvalued the applications of perfluorocarbons to defend against editors who might be motivated by the global warming potential of perfluorocarbons. this "overvaluing of applications" (IMHO) led to a fundamentally flawed article (IMHO). i think the more chemistry based content like the fowler process should be at the fluorocarbon page. i might add it there, and seek to rename this page Medical Applications of Perfluorocarbons. -Shootbamboo (talk) 21:27, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I reckon you could possibly fork of an article on that topic, but we need to keep the main article, and it is not yet so big it needs to be split. Just add in your extra content. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 04:03, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * i am raising issue with the name of the title itself. -Shootbamboo (talk) 04:24, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think the article is non-neutral; it is just incomplete and should be expanded. The previous authors presumably wrote only about the perfluorocarbons that they knew are actually useful, which is why the toxic perfluoroalkenes were neglected. But I don't see it as a conspiracy of the chemical industry. As for the global warming potential, it is already there, and in my opinion it is sometimes blown out of proportion. Yes, some perfluorocarbons absorb 10,000 times more IR light than CO2. But CO2 is found in the atmosphere in concentrations that are what, millions of times larger than the perfluorocarbons? Sure, let's avoid dumping them into the atmosphere when possible, but let's focus more on the CO2 which is already there in much more significant amounts. --Itub (talk) 10:32, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Title dispute
What is the definition of a perfluorocarbon? -Shootbamboo (talk) 00:00, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Health and Safety
I have removed this section, but want to explain why. Here is the original text:

"There is skepticism on the safety of PFC's regarding health. Some reports and studies testify of the links of PFC's in the human body and infertility."

This is referenced to here: www.naturalnews.com/025544.html

From the cited article: "They took blood samples when the women were between four and 14 weeks into their pregnancies to check for concentrations of two kinds of PFCs -- perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)."

So the article is not talking about perfluorocarbons at all, but other fluorochemicals. The two chemicals in the report already have Wiki entries (and the word "perfluorocarbon" appears on neither page): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorooctanoate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorooctane_sulfonate —Preceding unsigned comment added by F2Andy (talk • contribs) 13:48, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Wrong reference
I don't know how to change the references, but in ref 28 there is a mistake, it is not "Aslam M, Khalil K" as two different persons but Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil. Khalil being the familly name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Akry39 (talk • contribs) 14:42, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Really? Follow the link to PubMed, and they have them listed as two separate people, and you can click on either to see a separate lists of articles by either person.

Treatment of decompression sickness section
This edit added small section (Treatment of decompression sickness) with a dense load of sources to the article. The url's to the articles correspond to an organization affiliated with the person who added them, and the journals sound very specialized. -Shootbamboo (talk) 22:23, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perfluorocarbon


text:
English Apocalypse manuscripts

Illustrated Apocalypse manuscripts are manuscripts that contain the text of Revelation or a commentary on Revelation and also illustrations. Most of these Apocalypses were written between 1250 and 1400. The English Apocalypses are part of a larger group of Apocalypses called: the Anglo-Norman Apocalypses.

Paul Meyer and Léopold Delisle, in their book L'Apocalypse en français au XIIIe siècle (Paris MS fr. 403), 2 vols., Paris, 1901, were the first scholars to try to list, describe and categorize the Apocalypse manuscripts.

M. R. James also wrote about illustrated Apocalypse manuscripts in his book The Apocalypse in Art, London, 1931.

Since M. R. James' work, there have been a number of more recent studies by R. Freyhan, George Henderson, Peter Klein, Suzanne Lewis, Nigel Morgan and Lucy Sandler.

These manuscripts can be divided by the language and form of the Apocalypse text. Many manuscripts have a Latin text, others have an Anglo-Norman prose text and others have a French verse text combined with a Latin text. Two manuscripts do not have a separate text, but incorporate excerpts from the text into the illustrations.

The illustrations can be divided into several iconographic groups.

This is a not exhaustive list of known English Apocalypse manuscripts of the 13th and 14th centuries.

 * Berlin, Kupferstichkabinet Blatt Inv. No. 1247
 * Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale MS II.282 Gulbenkian apocalypse
 * Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 20 : origin unknown (England or Northern France)Corpus Christi MS 20
 * Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 394 Corpus Christi MS 394
 * Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum MS Add. 317
 * Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum MS McClean 123 (Nuneaton Book)
 * Cambridge, Magdelene College MS F.4.5 (Crowland Apocalypse)
 * Cambridge, Magdelene College MS Pepys 1803 (Pepys Apocalypse): origin unknown (England or Northern France)
 * Cambridge, Trinity College MS B.10.2
 * Cambridge, Trinity College MS B.10.6 : origin unknown (England or Northern France)
 * Cambridge, Trinity College MS R.16.2 (Trinity Apocalypse) : origin unknown (England or Northern France)Trinity Apocalypse
 * Cambridge, University Library MS Gg 1.1
 * Copenhagen, Kongelige Bibliothek MS Thott 89.4
 * Dublin, Trinity College MS 64 (Dublin Apocalypse)
 * Eton College Library MS 177 (Eton Apocalypse)
 * Lisbon, Gulbenkian Museum MS L.A.139 (Gulbenkian Apocalypse)
 * London, British Library Add MS 18633 Add MS 18633
 * London, British Library Add MS 35166 Add MS 35166
 * London, British Library Add MS 38842 Add MS 38842
 * London, British Library Add MS 42555 Abingdon Apocalypse
 * London, British Library Royal MS 15 D II The Welles Apocalypse
 * London, British Library Royal MS 19 B XV Queen Mary Apocalypse
 * London, British Library Royal MS 2 D XIII Royal MS 2 D XIII
 * London, Lambeth Palace Library MS 209 Lambeth Apocalypse
 * London, Lambeth Palace Library MS 434
 * London, Lambeth Palace Library MS 75
 * Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum MS Ludwig III.1 Getty (Dyson Perrins) Apocalypse
 * Metz, Bibliothèque Municipale MS Salis 38 (no longer extant) (Metz Apocalypse)
 * Moscow, State Lenin Library MS NH.1678
 * New York, Morgan Library 7 Museum MS M.524 (Morgan Apocalypse)
 * New York, Public Library MS Spencer 57 (Spencer Apocalypse)
 * Norwich, Central Library MS 287 (Norwich Apocalypse)
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Ashmole 753
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Auct D.4.14
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Auct D.4.17 (Bodleian Apocalypse)
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 401
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Canonici Bibl.62 (Canonici Apocalypse)
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Douce 180 Douce Apocalypse
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Selden Supra 38 (Selden Apocalypse)
 * Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Tanner 184 (Tanner Apocalypse)
 * Oxford, Lincoln College MS lat.16
 * Oxford, New College MS D.65 (New College Apocalypse)
 * Oxford, University College MS 100
 * Paris, Bibliothèque de Arsenal MS 5214
 * Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France MS fr.403 (Paris Apocalypse)
 * Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France MS fr.9574
 * Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France MS lat.10474
 * Toulouse, Bibliothèque Municipale MS 815 Toulouse Apocalypse
 * Yorkshire Apocalypse, private collection (Yorkshire Apocalypse)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: English Apocalypse manuscripts


text:
Shinsekai

Shinsekai (新世界) is an old neighbourhood located next to south Osaka City's downtown "Minami" area. The neighbourhood was created in 1912 with New York (specifically, Coney Island) as a model for its southern half and Paris for its northern half. At this location, a Luna Park amusement park operated from 1912 until it closed in 1923. The centrepiece of the neighbourhood was Tsutenkaku Tower (the "tower reaching to heaven").

As a result of minimal redevelopment after World War II, the area has become one of Japan's poorest.

History and reputation
Despite its negative image and commonly held reputation as Osaka's most dangerous area, Shinsekai boasts a colourful history and unique identity. At the beginning of the 20th century the neighbourhood flourished as a local tourist attraction showcasing the city's modern image. After World War II, the area served to entertain the laborers who were rebuilding Osaka. Shinsekai's status as a dangerous area owes much to criminal activity that flourished in the decades before the 1990s.

Whether the stigma surrounding Shinsekai is deserved is open to debate. Many Osakans claim to be afraid to set foot in the area. The travel guide Lonely Planet Japan, warns visitors to "keep their wits about them" as Shinsekai may be the "closest thing in Japan to a dangerous neighbourhood". Although in the 15th edition of this travel guide, published in 2017, this is not mentioned anymore.

Continuing the area's chequered fortunes of recent years, in place of rampant criminality, Osaka's large permanent settlement of homeless has taken root in the areas around Shinsekai. Homeless men, often elderly, from all over Japan come to Osaka to escape the stigma of hometown societal shame and wander the streets around the area. The neighbourhood is also home to a large presence of prostitutes and a concentration of Osaka's cross-dressing community.

Attractions
Though its elements of seediness and destitution are often highlighted, Shinsekai is also home to a large number of legitimate business outlets. It is the scene of low-cost restaurants, cheap clothing stores, cinemas, shogi and mahjong clubs, and pachinko parlours.

Shinsekai has several fugu (blowfish) restaurants, but the neighbourhood's real culinary forte is kushi-katsu. The neighbourhood abounds with kushi-katsu restaurants offering various kinds of meat, fish, and vegetables all breaded and deep fried on small sticks for around ¥150 each.

Shinsekai lies west of Tennoji Zoo, Tennoji Park, and the Osaka Municipal Museum of Art. To the south is Spa World and the now-closed Festival Gate, a compact amusement park built to rejuvenate Osaka's most run-down area. Instead of trying to blend the park into Shinsekai, its construction resulted in virtually barricading it from the surrounding neighbourhood. It remained open for nearly seven years but in February 2004 a joint-venture behind the operation went into bankruptcy, effectively shutting down the complex for the most part. As an amusement space, it was no match for nearby Universal Studios Japan, which opened in 2002. In early 2008, the city began calling for tenders from prospective buyers although, by this point, a crepe shop adjoining Spa World was the only business still operating in the empty complex.

The top of Tsutenkaku Tower provides a panoramic and unobstructed view of Osaka. The original Tsutenkaku Tower, completed in 1912 and 64 m tall, was designed to resemble both the Eiffel Tower (at the top) and the Arc de Triomphe (at the base), and was one end of a tramway connecting the neighborhood with the Luna Park grounds. It was damaged by fire in 1943 and disassembled, then replaced in 1956 with the current structure, which is 103 m tall and designed by Tachū Naitō (also known for the design of Tokyo Tower).

Access

 * JR West Osaka Loop Line, Shin-Imamiya Station, East Exit (10-minute walk)
 * Nankai Railway Nankai Line, Shin-Imamiya Station, East Exit (10-minute walk)
 * Nankai Railway Koya Line, Shin-Imamiya Station, East Exit (10-minute walk)
 * Osaka Municipal Subway Sakaisuji Line (brown line), Ebisucho Station, Exit 3 (3-minute walk)
 * Osaka Municipal Subway Midosuji Line (red line), Dobutsuen-mae Station, Exit 5 (10-minute walk)
 * Hankai Tramway Hankai Line, Ebisucho Station (3-minute walk)

title: Shinsekai


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Juniperus chinensis

Juniperus chinensis, the Chinese juniper, is a species of plant in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to China, Myanmar, Japan, Korea and the Russian Far East. Growing 1-20 m tall, it is a very variable coniferous evergreen tree or shrub.

A variety of Juniperus chinensis referred to as "Shimpaku" is one of the top species used in the Japanese art of bonsai, Among the multiple cultivars of Shimpaku found in Japan, the most desirable due to its tight, fine foliage and excellent growing habits, is the "Itoigawa" variety.

Growth
The leaves grow in two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 5–10 mm long, and adult scale-leaves 1.5–3 mm long. Mature trees usually continue to bear some juvenile foliage as well as adult, particularly on shaded shoots low in the crown. This species is often dioecious (either male or female plants), but some individual plants produce both sexes of flowers. The blue-black berry-like cones grow to 7–12 mm in diameter, have a whitish waxy bloom, and contain 2–4 seeds; they mature in about 18 months. The male cones, 2–4 mm long, shed their pollen in early spring.

Cultivation and uses
This popular ornamental tree or shrub for gardens, parks, and in tough coastal conditions of hot sun and sandy fast-draining soils, has more than 100 named cultivars selected for various characteristics, such as yellow foliage (e.g. cvs. 'Aurea', 'Tremonia'), permanently juvenile foliage (e.g. cv. 'Shoosmith'), columnar crown shape (cv. 'Columnaris'), abundant cones (e.g. cv. 'Kaizuka'), etc. First popular in the United States in the Los Angeles gardens in Mediterranean style homes, and now commonly found along both the West and East Coast in beach and coastal areas.

The Chinese juniper is widely used in bonsai, both as individual plants, such as the 250-year-old "Omiya tree" in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens in the UK, and in groups, such as the well-known Goshin on display at the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum at the US National Arboretum. The cultivar 'Shimpaku' is a very important bonsai subject.

AGM cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

 * 'Aurea' (golden Chinese juniper)
 * 'Blaauw'
 * 'Grey Owl'
 * 'Kaizuka'
 * 'Plumosa Aurea'
 * 'Pyramidalis'

Juniperus × pfitzeriana
The hybrid between Juniperus chinensis and Juniperus sabina, known as Juniperus × pfitzeriana (Pfitzer juniper, synonym J. × media), is also very common as a cultivated plant. This hybrid grows only as a shrub, never a tree, making it suitable for smaller gardens:
 * 'Old Gold'
 * 'Sulphur Spray'

title: Juniperus chinensis


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Missan

Missan may refer to:

 * Maysan Governorate, Iraq
 * Missan, Sindh, Pakistan
 * Missan Oil Company, a state-owned oil and gas company in the Maysan Governorate, Iraq

title: Missan


text:
Rebel (novel)

Rebel is a 1969 novel by Ghanaian writer Bediako Asare about the conflict between tradition and modernity in Africa. The novel was published as part of the influential Heinemann African Writers Series.

Plot
Set on an imaginary island off the African coast, it tells the story of the remote village of Pachanga, still unknown to the rest of the island, and the inhabitants who still live a traditional lifestyle, untouched by modern innovations. According to Asare, their existence is far from idyllic. They are governed by a Mzee Matata, a fetish priest, who refuses to allow any innovations to undermine his authority, but after many years of cultivating the same land and fishing the same stream, the soil is overworked, the fish are being rapidly depleted, and the villagers are facing starvation.

Only one villager, Ngurumo, dares to challenge the fetish priest by suggesting that the villagers relocate to a fertile valley on the other side of the jungle. Mzee Matata rejects this idea, arguing that the villagers are suffering because they have displeased the gods. He regards Ngurumo as a threat, and attempts to have him killed during a hunting expedition. When this fails, Ngurumo realizes how dangerous it is for him to remain in the village, and together with his wife Seitu, he sneaks away at night and builds a new life for himself in the valley.

To Mzee Matata, Mgurumo's disappearance and the possibility that he is living well while the rest of the people suffer is a serious challenge to his authority, especially as the people are starving. At a meeting of the entire village, he explains to them that the gods are angry with Pachanga because of Ngurumo and because the villagers have abandoned the ancient practice of human sacrifice. That night, he sends a group of hunters led by Fundi to the valley to bring back Ngurumo and Seitu so that they can be sacrificed and the village spared.

Ngurumo and Seitu are brought back to the village and prepared for sacrifice. As Mzee Matata raises his knife to plunge it into Seitu's belly, there is suddenly a loud pop, and he falls dead to the ground. He was shot by Shabani, a government surveyor, who happened upon the valley by chance just as the ceremony was about to take place. Shabani startles the villagers with his magic stick (his rifle) which can kill a powerful fetish priest at a distance and the many other wonders he shows them. He befriends Ngurumo and begins to prepare him for a new leadership role for the villagers. He is, however, insistent that the choice be made democratically, and that Ngurumo be elected. His chief rival is Fundi, who inherits the role of fetish priest from Mzee Matata.

Ngurumo wins the election and takes a group of men to the valley to build a new villager. Upon their return, they discover that Fundi has attempted a coup: Shabani was killed by a python in a trap set for him by Fundi, and Seitu has been kidnapped and will only be released, according to Fundi, if Ngurumo hands his authority to him. Ngurumo leads another group of men to rescue Seitu just as she is about to be killed, then returns to the village and challenges Fundi to a fight to the death. After winning the struggle, he leads the people to the new village, and plans on sending an expedition across the mountains to the modern people that Shabani described.

Analysis
The plot of Rebel is not sophisticated, and in many instances is reminiscent of colonial works by Rudyard Kipling or H. Rider Haggard, depicting the cruelty of a "primitive" society not yet rescued by the forces of civilization (though in this case, civilization is brought by an African, rather than a white imperialist). In this sense, Asare's book is unusual in African literature in the importance it places on Western civilization and ideas and its disparaging attitude toward traditional African customs. It often tends to preach, particularly when Shabani explains to Ngurumo the benefits of democracy.

It is important as a reflection of Asare's and other African intellectuals' views on how to liberate their countries from colonialism—in fact, the book never mentions where Pachanga is located, and it could be a metaphor for any country in Africa during the post-colonial period. Through this book, Asare seems to say that the best possible future for entire continent lies, not in attempting to revive the ancient tribal past, but in looking to modern ideas and democratic principles, even if this means the complete rejection of long-established traditions.

title: Rebel (novel)


text:
Talk:Integral transform

Radon transform
Should we add the Radon transform to the list of transforms? If not, why?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon_transform

Discrete analog?
what is the discrete analog of the integral transform? the summation transform? - Omegatron 14:55, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * in a way Fourier series is a discrete analogy, in that it maps to a discrete span of functions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.233.144.116 (talk) 23:12, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Transform vs. Transformation
(Disclaimer: I am not a native english speaker, so the following remark might be false.) One can find the word "integral transform" as well as "integral transformation" in the literature. I tried to figure out the appropriate meanings with the following result: These words should be used as in "The Laplace transformation L associates to a function f its Laplace transform Lf". If this is correct, the page should be adjusted. Th. Bliem. --134.95.214.156 08:57, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Section on Orthogonality
I find the section on orthogonality to be useless or incorrect. It speaks of basis functions, which are undefined and not obviously related at all to general integral transforms. It refers to the kronecker delta, when I think it means dirac; but it would still be wrong because it should be delta(y-5)*delta(x-3) - not any scaling. If people agree, we should just get rid of it.

 * I agree, it is worded incorrectly, I have updated it. Jackminardi (talk) 09:53, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I never knew that the basis functions of integral transforms had to be orthogonal, can you give a reference? How are the basis functions of the Laplace transform orthogonal? Classwarz (talk) 10:28, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Helpful for a layperson
I found the exposition here extremely clear, and the links very helpful. It gave me context I needed for digital signal processing without overwhelming me with the mathematics.

Dana Good 71.112.107.85 16:18, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Overcomplicated wording
I don't pretend to be an expert on this subject, but in "A symmetric kernel is one that is unchanged when the two variables are permuted." couldn't 'permuted' be changed to 'swapped', or something else implying that their order doesn't matter? Using the word permuted seems a little excessive when there's only two possible permutations. I may be misinterpreting this, of course (in which case the sentence should probably be clarified!) --Jonnty (talk)  07:09, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Wavelet transform
I have added the wavelet transform to the list, nevertheless I am not a real expert and am not entirly sure this is mathematically a intergral transfomr, nevertheless would appriciate input from someone with better knowledge. I ' have added it because I think it had to be added to be more complete. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.175.108.218 (talk) 13:21, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Wrong redirection
The link Integral operator redirects to this entry, but integral transforms are only very particular integral operators: integral operators are simply maps between function spaces defined by means of a integral of one or more dimension. An ideal entry about integral operators should describe the ideas of Vito Volterra, Ivar Fredholm and necessarily describe also nonlinear operators (note the irony of this last redirected link :D ). --Daniele.tampieri (talk) 19:50, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Rubik's Cube Analogy
This stuff is pretty abstract, but there is a simple, very visual analogy to so-called setup moves on Rubik's cube. For example, there is a simple algorithm for switching two sets of two cublets in the Rubik's cube, but it only works if the cublets are in the right place. So you use a setup move that moves the cublets to the (relative) positions, execute the algorithm, and "undo" the setup moves to get the desired result. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.143.45.154 (talk) 01:17, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The analogy you give is more in the realm of group theory (see Rubik's Cube group). Setup moves are simply group elements (i.e. moves) that can be expressed in the form $A B A−1$. To me, it seems a bit misleading to compare setup moves to integral transforms, though, since the idea behind an integral transform is that you move into a different mathematical space (e.g. in the case of the Laplace transform, you move from the space of real functions to the space of complex functions) where finding the solution is easier. In the case of setup moves, we don't move into a distinct space, find the solution in that space, and then move the solution back to the original space; rather, we are simply taking advantage of the fact that the particular effect that we want to induce in the cube is more easily done by moving into a certain cube state (performing the $A$ move), then we induce the state (perform $B$), and then we move back to the original state (perform $A−1$). They are more akin to commutators in this regard (which are of the form $A B A−1 B−1$). Perhaps more succinctly, integral transforms are a form of homomorphism; setup moves could be seen as an endomorphism, but this is not a particularly useful observation, in my opinion. —JivanP (talk) 23:29, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

T(f(u))
Should it not be $$ T(f)(u) = \int \limits_{t_1}^{t_2} K(t, u)\, f(t)\, dt $$ instead of $$ T(f(u)) = \int \limits_{t_1}^{t_2} K(t, u)\, f(t)\, dt $$ ?

The transform takes the function f, which is a function of t, and transforms it to T(f), which is a function of u. So it should be T(f)(u). Right?

The way it is at the moment, it looks like you get f, evaluate it at u, and then take T of the the result. Which is wrong for several reasons. --AndreRD (talk) 07:50, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

Functions instead of equations?
The page repeatedly talks about an integral transform acting on equations, but this seems wrong to me. Don't integral transforms act on functions, not equations?

NoahSD (talk) 04:21, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

Domain of f and K
What would be a typical domain of f? Does it have to be a one-dimensional function if K is symmetric, since K seems to depend on one time variable and "space" variable u in the domain of f. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.94.177.30 (talk) 05:22, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

 * See Green's functions for an example of an application of integral transforms to multivariate functions; in particular, they are useful as the kernel of an integral transform for finding solutions to partial differential equations in the space–time domain with given boundary conditions. For a problem only in the space domain (not in the time domain), we could have the Green's function $G = G(x, ξ)$, where $x$ is the 3D coordinate being integrated over, and $ξ$ is the 3D coordinate in which the solution to the differential equation (i.e. the function which results from the integral transform) is given. In general, if the function $f$ which has $n$ parameters is being transformed by the kernel $K$ into a function $g$ which has $m$ parameters, then $K$ requires $m + n$ parameters, since $n$ of these will be integrated over to yield $g$. —JivanP (talk) 17:37, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

 * To respond to your question about the notion of a symmetric kernel: the term is only formally defined in this article when the kernel has two arguments/parameters. Whilst I am not sure how the term is used in the literature with regard to multivariate functions, I would assume that, in particular, it is used when $f$ and $g$ each have the same arity, and the kernel is unchanged when the parameters being integrated over are interchanged with the other parameters. To go back to our example with the Green's function $G(x, ξ)$, I assume one would say $G$ is symmetric iff $G(x, ξ) = G(ξ, x)$ for all $x$ and $ξ$. However, it is conceivable that one would use the term symmetric in a different manner, and ultimately one should refer to the author's definition. —JivanP (talk) 17:43, 14 June 2019 (UTC)

History
It seems that this was invented by Euler before Fourier, so I understand from several sources.

So, I think this needs to be updated on this page. Pls. confirm

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00348586 Nelagnelag (talk) 12:06, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The very page you link to states: "It would, however, be reading too much into that earlier work [by Euler] to see it as contributing to the theory of the integral transform." In particular, the discovery that periodic functions, such as those used as initial conditions for the wave equation and heat equation, can be represented as a sum of sine waves is generally attributed to Euler (e.g. see page 5 of this PDF; page 189 as it appears in the document itself). This discovery contributed to the devising of the Fourier series, but came a few decades before the Fourier transform and Laplace transform were devised, which in turn paved the way for the more general theory of integral transforms. One can certainly say that Euler's earlier work served as the spark for integral transform theory, but it was hardly a major contribution to integral transform theory as a whole, and especially not to our modern eyes, where the theory is now much broader than it was at the end of the 18th century. For more info on the contributions made by Euler, d'Alembert, and the Bernoulli family in this regard, please see Fourier series. See Laplace transform for more of Euler's influence. —JivanP (talk) 23:07, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

Path integral formulation wrong?
Looking at the path integral formulation:

 * $$\psi(x,t) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \psi(x',t') K(x,t; x', t') dx'.$$

This seems wrong, since there seems to be a t' that is not integrated away. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffsink (talk • contribs) 21:33, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

Feynman Integral?
The section on the path integral links to a StackExchange page, which in turn only links back to Wikipedia. Surely this does not count as an acceptable source by Wiki's standards, right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.93.184.39 (talk) 21:13, 11 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Integral transform


text:
Naval flight officer

A naval flight officer (NFO) is a commissioned officer in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps who specializes in airborne weapons and sensor systems. NFOs are not pilots (naval aviators), but they may perform many "co-pilot" or "mission specialist" functions, depending on the type of aircraft. Until 1966, their duties were performed by both commissioned officer and senior enlisted naval aviation observers (NAO).

In 1966, enlisted personnel were removed from naval aviation observer duties but continued to serve in enlisted aircrew roles, while NAO officers received the newly established NFO designation, and the NFO insignia was introduced. NFOs in the US Navy begin their careers as unrestricted line officers (URL), eligible for command at sea and ashore in the various naval aviation aircraft type/model/series (T/M/S) communities and, at a senior level, in command of carrier air wings and aircraft carriers afloat and functional air wings, naval air stations and other activities ashore. They are also eligible for promotion to senior flag rank positions, including command of aircraft carrier strike groups, expeditionary strike groups, joint task forces, numbered fleets, naval component commands and unified combatant commands.

A small number of US Navy NFOs have later opted for a lateral transfer to the restricted line (RL) as aeronautical engineering duty officers (AEDO), while continuing to retain their NFO designation and active flight status. Such officers are typically graduates of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School and/or the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School with advanced academic degrees in aerospace engineering or similar disciplines. AEDO/NFOs are eligible to command test and evaluation squadrons, naval air test centers, naval air warfare centers, and hold major program management responsibilities within the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR).

Similarly, Marine Corps NFOs are also considered eligible for command at sea and ashore within Marine aviation, and are also eligible to hold senior general officer positions, such as command of Marine aircraft wings, Marine air-ground task forces (MAGTFs), joint task forces, Marine expeditionary forces, Marine Corps component commands and unified combatant commands.

The counterpart to the NFO in the United States Air Force is the combat systems officer (CSO), encompassing the previous roles of navigator, weapon systems officer and electronic warfare officer. Although NFOs in the Navy's E-2 Hawkeye aircraft perform functions similar to the USAF air battle manager in the E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft, their NFO training track is more closely aligned with that of USAF combat systems officers.

The United States Coast Guard had a short-lived NFO community in the 1980s and 1990s when it operated E-2C Hawkeye aircraft on loan from the Navy. Following a fatal mishap with one of these aircraft at the former Naval Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, the Coast Guard returned the remaining E-2Cs to the Navy and disestablished its NFO program.

Overview
Training for student NFOs (SNFOs) starts out the same as for student naval aviators (SNAs), with the same academic requirements and nearly identical physical requirements. The only real distinction in physical requirements is that SNFOs may have less than 20/40 uncorrected distance vision. Both SNAs and SNFOs go through the same naval introductory flight evaluation before splitting off into different primary training tracks.

The SNFO program has continued to evolve since the 1960s. Today, SNFOs train under the Undergraduate Military Flight Officer (UMFO) program at Training Air Wing 6 at NAS Pensacola, alongside foreign students from various NATO, Allied and Coalition navies and air forces. All Student NFOs begin primary training at Training Squadron TEN (VT-10), flying the T-6A Texan II trainer, eventually moving on to advanced training at Training Squadron 4 (VT-4) or Training Squadron 86 (VT-86). Upon graduation from their respective advanced squadron, students receive their "wings of gold" and are designated as naval flight officers. After winging, students conduct follow-on training at their respective fleet replacement squadron (FRS).

Naval Introductory Flight Evaluation
All SNFOs and SNAs start their aviation training with naval introductory flight evaluation (NIFE). NIFE consists of several phases: academics, ground school, flight training, and physiology. The academics portion spans three weeks and covers aerodynamics, engines, FAA rules and regulations, navigation, and weather. Academics phase is followed by one week of ground school. Every student then enrolls in one of two civilian flight schools located near NAS Pensacola. Students complete approximately 9 hours of flight training in a single engine aircraft. NIFE flights can be waived based on proficiency for students entering training with a private pilot license. After the flight phase, students will complete training in aerospace physiology, egress, and water & land survival.

Primary
After completing NIFE, all SNFOs report to VT-10 under Training Air Wing 6 to begin primary training. All training in VT-10 is done in the Beechcraft T-6A Texan II and consists of four phases (all phases consist of ground school, simulator events, and flight events):
 * Familiarization phase (aircraft systems, emergency procedures, basic communication, take-off/landing, ELPs, spins, precision aerobatics, course rules)
 * Instrument phase (instrument flight procedures, flight planning, voice communication)
 * Operational navigation phase (visual flight procedures, tactical route construction, precision aerobatics)
 * Formation phase (ground school and flights used to introduce formation flying, tactical maneuvers, parade sequence, etc.)

After graduating from Primary, SNFOs will select between multi crew aviation or strike aviation. Students selected for land-based platforms (e.g., P-3 Orion, P-8 Poseidon, EP-3 Aries II, E-6 Mercury) will continue on to the advanced maritime command and control curriculum at VT-4. Those that select strike aviation will continue to Intermediate training and remain at VT-10.

Primary 2
Primary 2 training is also done through VT-10. It is a much shorter syllabus and consists of two phases:
 * Instrument phase (simulators and flights flown at a faster airspeed and used to bolster instrument procedures)
 * Formation

After graduating from Intermediate, SNFOs will select:
 * E-2C/D Hawkeye
 * Strike jet aircraft

E-2C/D Hawkeye selectees will continue on to the advanced maritime command and control curriculum at VT-4, while jet selectees will continue to intermediate training and remain at VT-10.

Intermediate
SNFOs destined for carrier-based strike fighter and electronic attack aircraft remain in VT-10 and continue to fly in the T-6A Texan II. Training consists of four phases:
 * Single ship instrument phase (building upon instrument procedures in primary 1 and 2, VFR pattern, GPS navigation)
 * Section instrument phase (instrument flying in formation)
 * Tactical formation phase (rendezvous, tactical formation, tail-chase)
 * Section visual navigation phase (visual navigation flying in formation)

Advanced maritime command and control
After primary, students who have selected E-2s or land-based maritime aviation (P-3, P-8, EP-3, E-6) check into VT-4 for advanced maritime command and control (MC2) training. The MC2 program was developed to allow SNFOs to receive advanced platform-specific training while still at NAS Pensacola, and to receive their wings before progressing to their respective fleet replacement squadron (FRS) for training in their ultimate operational combat aircraft. All MC2 training is conducted in the Multi-Crew Simulator (MCS), a new simulator system that allows students to train independently, as a single-ship crew, or as a multi-ship mission. MC2 training has two phases: Core and Strand.

Core
SNFOs begin MC2 training in the "core" syllabus. These classes include a combination of SNFOs who are E-2C/D selectees and land-based maritime selectees. Training in this phase builds upon the instrument training from Primary and includes:
 * Operational flight planning, instruments, and navigation (international flight rules and TACAN navigation)
 * Communications and navigation systems (comm systems and INS, GPS, and RADAR theory and navigation)
 * Sensor and link operations (RADAR, IFF, and IR theory and data link employment)
 * Fleet operations

Upon completion of core training, SNFOs who progressed to MC2 training from Primary 1 (land-based maritime selectees) will select their fleet platform. Their choices are: E-6B Mercury, P-3C Orion, EP-3E Aries II, and P-8A Poseidon. When platform selection is complete, all SNFOs remain at VT-4 for "strand" training.

Advanced MC2
Advanced MC2 training is platform-specific training in VT-4 via the MCS, allowing SNFOs destined for the carrier-based E-2 community or the land-based P-8 or E-6 communities to begin learning their responsibilities on their fleet aircraft. The development of this program relieves the associated fleet replacement squadrons from teaching SNFOs the basics of naval aviation and to focus more on advanced fleet tactics, thus providing the fleet with mission-capable NFOs. Upon completion of advanced stage training, students receive their "wings of gold" and are designated as naval flight officers.

SNFOs progress through one or two of four strands, depending on what platform they select.

The E-2 strand consists of:
 * Airborne early warning (E-2 capabilities and mission overview)
 * Air intercept control (airborne battlefield command and control, tactics, and strike techniques)

The common navigation strand consists of:
 * Publications and charts
 * Overwater navigation and communication procedures
 * Navigation logs

The MPR strand consists of:
 * Surface search and littoral surveillance (community overview, target identification, sensor employment)
 * Electronic warfare and acoustic operations (EW introduction, sonar theory)
 * Maritime patrol and reconnaissance (coordinated operations)

The E-6 strand consists of:
 * Communications and operations (community overview, operations, strategic command structure)

Advanced strike
SNFOs report to VT-86 and fly the T-45C Goshawk. Training consists of five phases:
 * Contact phase (T-45 systems, emergency procedures, carrier operations, night operations, communications)
 * Strike phase (air-to-ground radar, low level flying, mission planning, fuel awareness)
 * Close air support phase (CAS procedures and communications)
 * Basic fighter maneuver phase (BFM practice)
 * All weather intercepts phase (air-to-air radar, air intercepts, GPS)

After graduating from advanced strike training, Navy SNFOs will select:
 * EA-18G Growler
 * F/A-18F Super Hornet

Marine SNFOs will select:
 * F/A-18D Hornet

Comparison with naval aviators
Naval flight officers operate some of the advanced systems on board most multi-crew naval aircraft, and some may also act as the overall tactical mission commanders of single or multiple aircraft assets during a given mission. NFOs are not trained to pilot the aircraft, although they do train in some dual-control aircraft and are given the opportunity to practice "hands on controls" basic airmanship techniques. Some current and recently retired naval aircraft with side-by-side seating are also authorized to operate under dual-piloted weather minimums with one pilot and one NFO. However, in the unlikely event that the pilot of a single piloted naval aircraft becomes incapacitated, the crew would likely eject or bail out, if possible, as NFOs are not qualified to land the aircraft, especially in the carrier-based shipboard environment.

NFOs serve as weapon systems officers (WSOs), electronic warfare officers (EWO), electronic countermeasures officers (ECMO), tactical coordinators (TACCO), bombardiers, and navigators. They can serve as aircraft mission commanders, although in accordance with the OPNAVINST 3710 series of instructions, the pilot in command, regardless of rank, is always responsible for the safe piloting of the aircraft.

Many NFOs achieve flight/section lead, division lead, package lead, mission lead and mission commander qualification, even when the pilot of the aircraft does not have that designation. Often, a senior NFO is paired with a junior pilot (and vice versa). NFO astronauts have also flown aboard the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station as mission specialists and wear NFO-astronaut wings.

Like their naval aviator counterparts, NFOs in both the Navy and Marine Corps have commanded aviation squadrons, carrier air wings, shore-based functional air wings and air groups, Marine aircraft groups, air facilities, air stations, aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, carrier strike groups, expeditionary strike groups, Marine aircraft wings, Marine expeditionary forces, numbered fleets, and component commands of unified combatant commands. Three NFOs have reached four-star rank, one as a Marine Corps general having served as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the other two as Navy admirals, one having served as Vice Chief of Naval Operations before commanding U.S. Fleet Forces Command & U.S. Atlantic Fleet, U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) and U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM), and the other having commanded U.S. Pacific Command, having previously commanded U.S. Pacific Fleet. Another former NFO who retrained and qualified as a Naval Aviator also achieved four-star rank as a Marine Corps general, commanded U.S. Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) and later served as Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (VCJCS).

In some quarters, NFO careers may be viewed more restrictive than their Naval Aviator (e.g., pilot) counterparts. For example, NFOs only serve aboard multi-crew naval aircraft and as certain multi-crew aircraft are retired from the active inventory, NFOs can become displaced, as happened with the withdrawal of the A-3 and EA-3, A-5 and RA-5, A-6, EA-6A, EA-6B, F-4 and RF-4, F-14 and S-3 and ES-3 from active service. In addition, as avionics have become more advanced, the need for some multi-crew aircraft using one or more NFOs has been reduced.

However, the majority of NFOs (as well as Naval Aviators) from aircraft being retired have historically been afforded the opportunity to transition to another aircraft platform, such as F-4 and F-14 transitions to the F/A-18D and F/A-18F, A-6 transitions to the F-14, EA-6B, S-3 and F/A-18C, S-3 transitions to the P-3/P-8, E-2 and F/A-18F, EA-6B transitions to the EA-18G, and P-3 transitions to the P-8. Although it is true that Naval Aviators can also transition their piloting expertise into civilian careers as commercial airline pilots and that NFOs are not able to similarly translate their skills into this career field unless augmented by associated FAA pilot certificates, the military aviation career opportunities of NFOs remain on par with their Naval Aviator counterparts, as do their post-military career prospects in the civilian sector in defense, aviation & aerospace, as well as other career pursuits beyond that of commercial airline pilot.

Notable NFOs
Vice Admiral Walter E. "Ted" Carter Jr. became the 62nd superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy on July 23, 2014. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1981, was designated a Naval Flight Officer in 1982, and graduated from the U.S. Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) in 1985. Carter's career as an aviator includes extensive time at sea, deploying around the globe in the F-4 Phantom II and the F-14 Tomcat. He has landed on 19 different aircraft carriers, to include all 10 of the Nimitz class carriers. Carter flew 125 combat missions in support of joint operations in Bosnia, Kosovo, Kuwait, Iraq and Afghanistan. He accumulated 6,150 flight hours in F-4, F-14, and F/A-18 aircraft during his career and safely completed 2,016 carrier-arrested landings, the record among all active and retired U.S. Naval Aviation designators.

As a captain, Rear Admiral Richard Dunleavy was the first NFO to command an aircraft carrier, the USS Coral Sea (CV-43) (CV 43). He previously flew the A-3 Skywarrior, A-5 Vigilante, RA-5C Vigilante and A-6 Intruder. Later in his career, he was promoted to rear admiral and vice admiral, and was the first NFO to hold the since disestablished position of Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air Warfare (OP-05). He retired in 1993 as a Rear Admiral.

Rear Admiral Stanley W. Bryant was the first NFO selected for the Navy's Nuclear Power Program as a Commander in 1986. As a Captain, he became the first NFO to command a nuclear aircraft carrier when he took command of USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) (CVN 71) in July 1992. In his first posting following promotion to Flag rank, he became the first NFO and first carrier aviator to command the Iceland Defense Force in Keflavik, Iceland in 1994. He was the first NFO appointed to the position of Deputy Commander (then DCINC), U.S. Naval Forces Europe and retired from that position in 2001.

Commander William P. Driscoll was the first NFO to become a flying ace, having achieved five aerial kills of VPAF fighter aircraft during the Vietnam War. Driscoll received the service's second-highest decoration, the Navy Cross, for his role in a 1972 dogfight with North Vietnamese MiGs. Driscoll separated from active duty in 1982 but remained in the United States Naval Reserve, flying the F-4 Phantom II and later the F-14 Tomcat in a Naval Air Reserve fighter squadron at NAS Miramar, eventually retiring in 2003 with the rank of Commander (O-5).

Admiral William Fallon, an NFO who flew in the RA-5C Vigilante and the A-6 Intruder, was the first NFO to achieve four-star rank. As a three-star vice admiral, he was the first NFO to command a numbered fleet, the U.S. 2nd Fleet. He later served in four separate four-star assignments, to include command of two unified combatant commands. This included service as the 31st Vice Chief of Naval Operations from October 2000 to August 2003; the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command and U.S. Atlantic Fleet from October 2003 to February 2005; Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) from February 2005 until March 2007; and Commander, U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) from March 2007 until his retirement in March 2008.

Captain Dale Gardner was the first NFO to qualify and fly as a NASA Mission Specialist astronaut aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-8. He previously flew the F-14 Tomcat. He retired in 1990.

Rear Admiral Benjamin Thurman Hacker was the first NFO flag officer, having been selected in 1980. He previously flew the P-2 Neptune and P-3 Orion. He retired in 1988.

Admiral Harry B. Harris Jr., was the last Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) prior to its re-designation as U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM). He was the first NFO from the land-based maritime patrol aviation community to command a numbered fleet, the U.S. 6th Fleet, and later commanded the U.S. Pacific Fleet. He is also the first member of the Navy's land-based maritime patrol aviation community, pilot or NFO, to promote to four-star rank. He previously flew the P-3C Orion and retired in 2018.

Vice Admiral David C. Nichols was the deputy coalition air forces component commander (deputy CFACC) during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. He was the first NFO to command the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, the second NFO to command a numbered fleet, the U.S. 5th Fleet, and was later deputy commander of U.S. Central Command. He previously flew the A-6 Intruder and retired in 2007.

General William L. Nyland, USMC was the first Marine Corps NFO to achieve four-star rank as Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps. As a lieutenant general, he was also the first NFO to serve as deputy commandant for aviation. He previously flew the F-4 Phantom II and the F/A-18 Hornet. He retired in 2005.

Lieutenant General Terry G. Robling, USMC was the first Marine Corps NFO to command United States Marine Corps Forces, Pacific following an assignment as the deputy commandant for aviation. He previously flew the F-4 Phantom II and the F/A-18 Hornet. He retired in 2014.

Vice Admiral Nora W. Tyson was the Commander, United States Third Fleet from 2015 to 2017, and previously Deputy Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command. She was the first female NFO to command a warship, the amphibious assault ship USS Bataan (LHD-5) (LHD 5), and the first female naval officer to command an aircraft carrier strike group, Carrier Strike Group Two, aboard the USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) (CVN 77). She previously flew the land-based EC-130Q Hercules and the E-6 Mercury TACAMO aircraft. She was the first woman to command a U.S. Navy fleet, the U.S. 3rd Fleet. She retired in 2017.

Colonel John C. Church Sr., USMC was the first NFO to command a Marine F-4 squadron. He commanded VMFA-115, the Silver Eagles, from 1983 to 1984. As a Captain, Colonel Church, "the Silver Fox", had previously served with VMFA-115 during the Vietnam War, during which time he and his pilot, Captain James "Rebel" Denton, were shot down and subsequently rescued. Colonel Church amassed more than 500 missions in the F-4. He retired in 1990.

Fleet
Eligible fleet platforms for NFOs are as of August 2022 are as follows:
 * E-2C/D Hawkeye
 * F/A-18F Super Hornet
 * EA-18G Growler
 * EP-3E Aries II
 * P-8A Poseidon
 * E-6B Mercury
 * MQ-4C Triton (unmanned aircraft, remotely piloted)

In the EA-18G Growler, NFOs are designated as electronic warfare officers (EWOs) and may also be mission commanders.

In the E-2C Hawkeye and E-2D Advanced Hawkeye, NFOs are initially as designated radar officers (RO), then upgrade to air control officers (ACO) and finally to combat information center officers (CICO) and CICO/mission commanders (CICO/MC).

In the E-6B Mercury, NFOs are initially designated as airborne communications officers (ACOs), then upgrade to combat systems officers (CSOs), and finally to mission commanders (CSO/MC).

In the EP-3E Aries, NFOs are initially designated as navigators (NAV) and eventually upgrade to electronic warfare officer/signals evaluator (EWO SEVAL) and EWO/SEVAL/mission commander (SEVAL/MC).

In the F/A-18D Hornet, the NFO position is known as the weapon systems officer (WSO) and may also be mission commander qualified. Flown only within the U.S. Marine Corps, the last Marine Corps officers to be assigned to the F/A-18D as WSOs received their NFO wings in 2022. The F/A-18D will be eventually replaced in Marine Corps service with the single-seat, STOVL, F-35B Lightning II.

In the F/A-18F Super Hornet, the NFO position is known as the weapon systems officer (WSO) and may also be mission commander qualified.

In the P-8A Poseidon, the NFO is initially designated as a co-tactical coordinator (COTAC) and upgrades to tactical coordinator (TACCO) and then TACCO/mission commander (TACCO/MC).

A single USN or USMC NFO is assigned to the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels, as "Blue Angel #8", the Events Coordinator. This is an operational flying billet for this officer and he or she previously flew the twin-seat F/A-18D "Blue Angel 7" aircraft (which had replaced the F/A-18B previously used), and now flies the twin-seat F/A-18F "Blue Angel 7" aircraft with the team's advance pilot/narrator. They function as the advance liaison (ADVON) at all air show sites and the events coordinator provides backup support to the narrator during all aerial demonstrations.

NFOs have also served as instructors in the twin-seat F-5F Tiger II at the Navy Fighter Weapons School (now part of the Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center (NAWDC)) and as instructors in twin-seat F/A-18Bs and F/A-18Fs in USN and USMC F/A-18 fleet replacement squadrons and the Navy Fighter Weapons School (NFWS, also known as TOPGUN). They have also flown a number of USAF and NATO/Allied aircraft via the U.S. Navy's Personnel Exchange Program (PEP), to include, but not limited to, the USAF F-4 Phantom II, F-15E Strike Eagle and E-3 Sentry, the Royal Air Force Buccaneer S.2, Tornado GR1/GR1B/GR4/GR4A and Nimrod MR.2, and the Royal Canadian Air Force CP-140 Aurora.

In all, the specific roles filled by an NFO can vary greatly depending on the type of aircraft and squadron to which an NFO is assigned.

Past aircraft
NFOs also flew in these retired aircraft, including as mission commander:
 * EA-1F (formerly AD-5Q) Skyraider serving as electronic warfare officer/electronic countermeasures operator.
 * A-3 (formerly A3D-1, A3D-2, A3D-2P, A3D-2Q and A3D-2T) Skywarrior (e.g., A-3B, EA-3B, ERA-3B, EKA-3B, TA-3B and VA-3B) serving as bombardier/navigator, navigator, electronic countermeasures/electronic warfare officer, and EWO signals evaluator.
 * A-4 Skyhawk as students in the TA-4J, as TOPGUN adversary instructors in the TA-4F and TA-4J, as forward air controllers in the OA-4M (USMC only), and as electronic warfare officers in the EA-4F.
 * A-5A (formerly A3J-1), A-5B (formerly A3J-2) and RA-5C (formerly A3J-3P) Vigilante serving as bombardier/navigator in the A-5A and A-5B and reconnaissance/attack navigator in the RA-5C.
 * A-6 Intruder (e.g., A-6A, A-6B, A-6C, KA-6D, A-6E) serving as bombardier/navigator (USN + USMC).
 * EA-6A Prowler serving as electronic countermeasures officer (USN + USMC).
 * EA-6B Prowler serving as electronic countermeasures officer (USN + USMC).
 * EA-7L Corsair II as electronic countermeasures officer.
 * C-130F Hercules serving as navigator.
 * EC-130Q Hercules "TACAMO" aircraft serving as navigator and airborne communications officer.
 * LC-130 Hercules serving as navigator.
 * E-1B (formerly WF-2) Tracer serving as radar intercept controllers.
 * EC-121 (formerly WV-2 and WV-3) Warning Star as navigator and electronic warfare officer.
 * EF-10 (formerly F3D-2Q) Skynight as electronic warfare officer (USMC only).
 * F-4 (formerly F4H-1) Phantom II (e.g., F-4B, F-4J, F-4N, F-4S, EF-4B, EF-4J) serving as radar intercept officer (USN + USMC)
 * EF-4B and EF-4J Phantom II serving as electronic warfare officer.
 * RF-4B (formerly F4H-1P) Phantom II serving as reconnaissance systems officer (USMC only).
 * F-14 Tomcat (e.g., F-14A, F-14B, F-14D) serving as radar intercept officer
 * OV-10 Bronco (OV-10A, OV-10D, OV-10D+, OV-10G) serving as aerial observer and forward air controller (USMC only).
 * SP-2E/H (formerly P2V-5 and P2V-7) Neptune (e.g., SP-2E, SP-2H, EP-2E, OP-2E, AP-2H, LP-2H) serving as tactical coordinator and navigator.
 * SP-5B (formerly P5M) Marlin serving as tactical coordinator and navigator.
 * RP-3A and RP-3D Orion serving as ocean project coordinator and navigator.
 * S-3 Viking (S-3A and S-3B) serving as tactical coordinator (TACCO) and co-pilot/tactical coordinator (COTAC).
 * ES-3A Shadow serving as electronic warfare officer and co-pilot/electronic warfare officer.
 * WP-3A Orion serving as navigator.
 * RP-3A and RP-3D Orion serving as navigator and ocean projects coordinator.
 * EP-3J Orion serving as navigator and electronic warfare officer.
 * P-3A, P-3B and P-3B TACNAVMOD Orion, and P-3C Orion serving as navigator/communicator and tactical coordinator.

NFOs have also served as instructors/mission commanders in since retired training aircraft such as the UC-45 Expeditor, T-29 Flying Classroom, several variants of the T-39 Sabreliner, the TC-4C Academe, T-47A Citation II and the USAF T-43A Bobcat.

Popular culture

 * One of the key characters in the popular film Top Gun is LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw, played by Anthony Edwards, an F-14 radar intercept officer (RIO) teamed with his pilot, LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, played by Tom Cruise. Several others were LTJG Ron "Slider" Kerner, RIO to LT Tom "Iceman" Kazansky; LT Sam "Merlin" Neills, LT Bill "Cougar" Cortell's RIO; and LTJG Leonard "Wolfman" Wolfe, LT Rick "Hollywood" Neven's RIO. LTJG Marcus "Sundown" Williams (played by Clarence Gilyard Jr.) is the RIO of LTJG Charles "Chipper" Piper (played by Adrian Pasdar) and served as Maverick's RIO right after the latter went back to operational flight status following the accident that led to Goose's death.
 * In the film Flight of the Intruder, Willem Dafoe played LCDR Virgil "Tiger" Cole, who served as an A-6 B/N (bombardier/navigator) with his pilot, LT Jake "Cool Hand" Grafton, played by Brad Johnson.
 * In the film Behind Enemy Lines, Owen Wilson played LT Chris Burnett, a weapon systems officer in an F/A-18F Super Hornet.
 * In the film Top Gun: Maverick, several actors portray F/A-18F weapon systems officers, to include Lewis Pullman as LT Robert "Bob" Floyd, Danny Ramirez as LT Mickey "Fanboy" Garcia, Jake Picking at LT Brigham "Harvard" Lennox, and Kara Wang as LT Callie "Halo" Bassett. During the film, numerous flashbacks and references are also made to the deceased F-14 radar intercept officer, LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw, as played by Anthony Edwards in the 1986 Top Gun film as the RIO and close friend of then-LT, now CAPT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell as played by Tom Cruise, and as the late father of F/A-18E pilot LT Bradley "Rooster" Bradshaw as played by Miles Teller.

title: Naval flight officer


text:
Ignacij Klemenčič

Ignacij Klemenčič (6 February 1853, in Kamni Potok – 5 September 1901, in Trebnje) was a Carniolan (Slovenian) physicist.

title: Ignacij Klemenčič


text:
Ghana national football team

The Ghana national football team represents Ghana in men's international football. The team is named the Black Stars after the Black Star of Africa in the flag of Ghana. It is governed by the Ghana Football Association, the governing body for football in Ghana. Prior to 1957, it played as the Gold Coast.

Ghana qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 2006. The team has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times (1963, 1965, 1978, and 1982), while finishing as runners-up five times (1968, 1970, 1992, 2010, and 2015). They have also qualified for the CHAN four times, finishing as runners-up twice (2009 and 2014).

History
On 19 August 1962 at the Accra Sports Stadium, hosted Real Madrid, who were at the time Spanish champions, former European champions and intercontinental champions and drew 3–3.

Charles Kumi Gyamfi became coach in 1961, and they won successive African Cup of Nations titles, in 1963 and 1965. The Black Stars achieved their record win, 13–2 away to Kenya, after the second of these. They reached the final of the tournament in 1968 and 1970, losing 1–0 on both occasions, to DR Congo in 1968 and Sudan in 1970. Their domination of the tournament earned them the nickname "the Black Stars of Africa" in the 1960s.

Fortunes changed for the Black Stars however, after they failed to qualify for 3 successive African Cup of Nations in the 1970s. In the early 1980s however, with emerging talents such as Abedi Pele, the Black Stars beat Libya in the 1982 African Cup of Nations final hosted by Libya to win their fourth and to date, last continental title. Fortunes changed again however, as in the 1984 tournament, they were knocked out in the group stages, and did not qualify for the 1986, 1988 and 1990 tournaments. In 1992 however, the Black Stars would come runners-up to the Ivory Coast in a penalty shootout after a goalless draw, which saw every player on the pitch take a penalty, in which they were beaten 11-10. The Black Stars were at a disadvantage however, as African Footballer of the Year winner and the tournament's best player, Abedi Pele, had been suspended for the final.

Tensions among the squad led to the parliamentary and executive to intervene and settle issues between star players Abedi Pele and Tony Yeboah. In the 1990s, this may have played some part in the failure of the team to build on the successes of the national underage teams. However, the generation of Black Stars players who went to the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship final became the "core" of the team at the 2002 African Cup of Nations, going undefeated for a year in 2005 and qualifying for the final tournament of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The Black Stars started by succumbing to a 2–0 defeat to eventual champions Italy, and wins over Czech Republic (2–0) and United States (2–1). This saw them advance through to the second round, where they lost 3–0 to Brazil.

Under head coach Milovan Rajevac, the Black Stars went on to secure a 100% win record in their qualification campaign, winning their group and becoming the first African team to qualify for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In the final tournament, they were placed in Group D with Germany, Serbia and Australia, advancing to the round of 16 where they played the United States, winning 2–1 in extra time to become only the third African nation to reach the World Cup quarter-finals. They then lost to Uruguay in a penalty shootout in the quarter-finals, after Uruguayan forward Luis Suárez blocked a header with his hand in the penalty box in extra time and was sent off. Asamoah Gyan missed the penalty given for the handball, with the score remaining at 1-1. Ghana went on to lose the penalty shootout 4-2, not making it to the semi-finals which would have been the first time an African country qualified for the semi-finals of a World Cup.

In 2013, it became the only team in Africa to reach 4 consecutive semi-finals of the CAF Africa Cup of Nations twice, the first time since between 1963 and 1970.

The Black Stars were sufficiently ranked by FIFA to start their qualifying for the 2014 World Cup in the second round. They won their group, and in the following round qualified for the 2014 World Cup finals in November 2013, after beating Egypt 7–3 on aggregate in a 2-legged play-off. They were drawn in Group G for the finals, where they faced Germany, Portugal, and the United States. They exited in the group stages recording 1 draw and 2 losses. However, they were the only team to not lose to Germany in the tournament, and the only team to hold onto a lead against the Germans at any point, drawing 2-2 (and leading 2-1) with the eventual winners.

In the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, they reached the final, to be denied the title on penalties against Ivory Coast. While their 2017 Africa Cup of Nations campaign ended in a 4th place finish - the third one in 4 consecutive editions of the tournament - in the qualifiers for the 2018 World Cup, they finished behind Egypt and Uganda in their final group. At the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, they were eliminated by Tunisia in the Round of 16. In 2021, Manager Rajevac was brought back, but the Black Stars ended up failing to win a match at the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations where they lost 2–3 to debutants the Comoros after an André Ayew red card to finish bottom of their group. Thus, they failed to progress beyond the group stage for the first time since 2006. They drew 0–0 in a match against Nigeria and drew 1–1 in Nigeria to qualify for the 2022 FIFA World Cup on away goals. During the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Ghana lost their first match against Portugal (3–2). They earned their first and only victory in their second match against South Korea 3–2 after an insane thriller. In a "must win match to qualify" against Uruguay, the opponent that kicked out Ghana 12 years ago, Ghana instead lost 2–0 and thus finished bottom; however, despite failing to avenge the loss, South Korea's 2–1 win over Portugal ensured Ghana to have a consolation prize by also sending out Uruguay from the competition on the virtue of goals scored.

Kits and crest

Adopted following the independence of Ghana in 1957, the black star has been included in the Black Stars' kits. The Black Stars' kits were sponsored by Puma SE from 2005, with the deal ending in 2014.

Between 1990 and 2006 the Ghana national team used the kit in the colours of the national flag of Ghana, with gold, green and red used, as in the team's crest and also known as the Pan-African colours. The gold with green and red kit concept and design was used in the 60s and 70s, and designed with gold and green vertical stripes and red shoulders. An all black second kit was introduced in 2008 and in 2015, Black Stars' gold-red-green coloured kit and all black coloured kit is to be reassigned to the position of 1st and 2nd kits following the induction of a brown with blue and gold coloured Black Stars 3rd kit in 2012.

The team's kit for the 2014 FIFA World Cup was ranked as the best kit of the tournament by BuzzFeed.

Grounds
The training facilities and training grounds are located at Agyeman Badu Stadium, Berekum Sports Stadium in Brong-Ahafo, the Tema Sports Stadium in Tema and the multi-functional Lizzy Sports Complex in Legon.

Organization and finance
The Black Stars had no official head because of "corrupt" practices  by the then president, Kwesi Nyantakyi and vice-president George Afriyie, with Frank Davis as director of football, and Edward Bawa as treasurer. The Ghana Football Association (GFA) signed a CN¥92.2 million (US$15 million) deal with Ghanaian state-run oil and gas exploration corporation, Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC), to sponsor the Black Stars and the renewable contract saw the oil and gas exploration corporation become the global headline sponsor of the Black Stars, with a yearly Black Stars player salary wage bill, following the gold mining corporations Ashanti Goldfields Corporation and Goldfields Ghana Limited (GGL), which had been sponsoring the Black Stars since 2005.

On 28 August 2013, Ghana Football Association (GFA) launched a TV channel and named GFA TV. The channel has the exclusive rights to broadcast all the Black Stars' matches. In November 2013, the Black Stars signed a 2013–2015 CN¥30.6 million (US$5 million) and an additional classified multi-million private bank sponsorship deal with the Ghanaian state-run private banking institution UniBank.

Supporters
The Black Stars maintain an average stadium match attendance of 60,000+ and a match attendance high of 80,000+, such as in the case of its 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter-final against Uruguay which was attended by 84,017 spectators. Ghana's match against England on 29 March 2011 had the largest away following for any association football national team since the re-opening of Wembley Stadium in 2007. The match was watched by 700 million people around the world.

Following the team's appearances at the 2006 and 2010 World Cup tournaments, they were greeted by some hundred avid fans dancing and singing at Kotoka International Airport in Accra.

Rivalries
A rivalry is with the Super Eagles, the Nigeria national team. The "Battle of Supremacy on the Gulf of Guinea" is between two of the "most successful teams on the African continent". The proximity of the two countries to each other, a dispute between the different association football competitions and wider diplomatic competition for influence across West Africa add to this rivalry. The match between these two countries is called the Jollof derby.

Other rivalries include the rivalry with Egypt and international rivalries with USA as well as Uruguay.

Media and arts
Match schedules are broadcast in English as in the case of inter-continental matches and in Akan nationally by Adom TV, PeaceFM, AdomFM and HappyFM. During the scheduled qualification for the 2014 World Cup national broadcaster GTV, a sub-division of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC), broadcast to the Ghanaian public home qualifiers with away qualifiers broadcast by the satellite television broadcasting corporation Viasat 1. The friendly match against Turkey in August 2013 was televised by Viasat 1 and the qualifiers for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2018 Inter-Continental Championships are scheduled for public broadcast by the corporations GFA TV, GBC and Viasat 1.

Products including books, documentary films, Azonto dances and songs have been made in the name of the team. These may be intended with commercial motives and are focused on previous and future World Cups or Africa Cup of Nations tournaments.

 * Books: books have been published on the team's history and participation in tournaments. These include Ghana, The Rediscovered Soccer Might: Watch Out World!, about the history and performance of the Black Stars and association football national teams that the Black Stars have played against, and The Black Stars of Ghana by Alan Whelan; about Black Stars commencing their progress through the final rounds of the 2010 World Cup and into the quarter-finals.
 * Documentary films: In 2010 Miracle Films Ghana Limited showcased a vintage documentary film picture, Kwame Nkrumah & Ghana's Black Stars, about Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah "Africa's man of the 2nd millennium" and "Pan-African pioneer", who invested energy into making Ghana's association football national team – the Black Stars – a force in African soccer.
 * Nickname: The Black Star Line, a shipping industry line incorporated by the founder of the Back-to-Africa movement, civil rights movement leader Marcus Garvey and the organiser of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) from 1919 to 1922, gives the Ghana team its nicknames, the Black Stars of West Africa and the Black Stars of Africa.
 * Dances: upon the Black Stars scoring against opposition teams, dance forms of the Ghanaian Azonto were performed by Black Stars players in their goal celebrations in match victories at the 2010 World Cup and in 2013, an elite dance version of the Ghanaian Azonto named; "(Mmonko)" (shrimp), was established and showcased at the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations by the Black Stars players. Black Stars goal celebrations in match victories at the 2014 World Cup and upon scoring against opposition teams, are to establish and showcase Alkayida.
 * Songs: On occasions of past World Cups or African Championships, a number of musicians with music producers created hiplife football songs which were composed in the Akan language – the 2006 World Cup song, "Tuntum Nsorom Ye Ko Yen Anim", (Black Stars, We are moving forward) musical composed by the Musicians Union of Ghana, is to motivate the Black Stars to perform creditably in its quest for the capturing of the World Cup trophy. Black Stars' captain and top-goalscorer Asamoah Gyan recorded and released a Hiplife song with 'Castro The Destroyer', where he features under the alias 'Baby Jet'. The song is entitled "African Girls" and is sung in the Akan language and was launched onto the Ghanaian screens, continental West Africa screens and onto the Sub-Saharan Africa screens. The music video shows the "Asamoah Gyan Dance" goal celebration which he demonstrated at the 2010 World Cup. The song "African Girls" won an award at the Ghana Music Awards in 2011. The 2010 World Cup song, "Ghana Black Stars (Official Song 2010 World Cup)" composed by Ghanaian hiplife music group "Kings and Queens Entertainment" approved by the Ghana Football Association (GFA) as GFA has indicated that the Black Stars are a protected brand.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

History
Since 1957 it has had 32 different head coaches and 3 caretakers. C. K. Gyamfi led the Black Stars to 3 Africa Cup of Nations titles – in 1963, 1965 and 1982 – making Gyamfi the "joint most successful coach" in the competition's history. Fred Osam Duodu led the Black Stars to their 1978 Africa Cup of Nations title; Ratomir Dujković, Milovan Rajevac, and James Kwesi Appiah have led the Black Stars to World Cup qualification. 2 Serbian managers guided Ghana to the 2 first World Cup debuts. The team is being headed by Chris Hughton who is the head coach and supported by George Boateng and Mas-Ud Didi Dramani as assistant coaches  of the senior national team, the Black Stars since February 2023. Otto Addo is the head coach of the Black Stars now, since 15 March 2024.

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Mali and Central African Republic on 6 and 10 June 2024.

Caps and goals correct as of 10 June 2024, after the match against Central African Republic.

Recent call-ups
The following have also been called up in the last twelve months.

 * Notes
 * CNC Cancelled match.
 * WD Withdrew.
 * INJ Withdrew because of injury.
 * PRE Preliminary squad.
 * RET Retired from international soccer.
 * SUS Suspended from the team.

Local team
The football association of Ghana (GFA) administers national teams at different levels, including 1 for the local national team. The team is restricted to players who only play in the local league, thus the Ghana Premier League. It is nicknamed Local Black Stars.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Ghana.

Captains

 * Awuley Quaye (1978)
 * Kuuku Dadzie (1980–1982)
 * Emmanuel Quarshie (1982–1984)
 * Isaac Paha (1984)
 * James Kwesi Appiah (1984–1992)
 * Abedi Pele (1992–1998)
 * Charles Akonnor (1999–2001)
 * Stephen Appiah (2002–2010)
 * John Mensah (2010–2012)
 * Asamoah Gyan (2012–2019)
 * André Ayew (2019–)

FIFA World Cup
Ghana have qualified for 4 FIFA World Cup tournaments; 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2022. In 2006, it was the only African side to advance to the second round of the World Cup in Germany, and was the 6th nation in a row from Africa to progress beyond the group stages of the World Cup. It had the youngest team in the 2006 edition with an average age of 23 years and 352 days, and were praised for their improving performance. FIFA ranked it 13th out of the 32 countries who competed in the tournament.

In the 2010 World Cup, it progressed beyond the group stages of the World Cup in South Africa, and reached the quarter-finals where it was eliminated by Uruguay. It was defeated on penalty shootout after Luis Suárez hand-balled on the goal line into extra time, preventing a possible winning goal. Of the 32 countries that participated in the 2010 edition, FIFA ranked it 7th.

After beating Egypt 7–3 on aggregate in November 2013, it qualified for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. It was drawn in Group G with Germany, United States and Portugal. For the first time, it fell in the group stage, tying Germany 2–2 and losing to the United States and Portugal by 2–1.

Africa Cup of Nations
The Black Stars of Ghana have won the Africa Cup of Nations four times: in 1963, 1965, 1978, and 1982, bettered only by Cameroon and Egypt. As the first winner of three AFCON tournaments, Ghana obtained the right to permanently hold the trophy in 1978.

 * *Draws include matches decided by penalty shoot-out.

West African Nations Cup and WAFU Nations Cup
West African Nations Cup [SCSA Zone III]

West African Football Union Nations Cup

Olympic Games

 * Note: The Gold Coast team established in 1950; country known as Gold Coast then renamed Ghana in 1957, not competing in international tournaments and not being part of neither FIFA nor CAF until 1958, and therefore recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Other

 * Nkrumah Cup
 * Winners: 1959, 1960, 1963

 * Ugandan Independence Tournament
 * Winners: 1962

 * Pestabola Merdeka
 * Runners up: 1982

 * Samuel K. Doe Cup 1986
 * Runners up: 1986

 * Black Stars Tournament 1993 (Libreville, Gabon)
 * Third: 1993

 * Great Artificial River Championship 1999 (Libya)
 * Runners up: 1999

 * LG Cup
 * Third: 2003

title: Ghana national football team


text:
Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly

The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Комитет членов Учредительного собрания) was an anti-Bolshevik government that operated in Samara, Russia, during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the Czechoslovak Legion had occupied the city.

Nomenclature
In Russian, the committee was called Комитет членов Учредительного собрания, transliterated as Komitet chlenov uchreditelnogo sobraniya. The initial consonants of the first and third words gave Комуч, transliterated as Komuch, as the shorthand name for the committee.

History
Komuch proclaimed itself the highest authority in Russia, temporarily acting on behalf of the Russian Constituent Assembly in the territory occupied by the interventionists and the White Movement until the convocation of a new Assembly. Initially, Komuch consisted of five Socialist-Revolutionaries – Vladimir Vol'skii (chairman), Ivan Brushvit, Prokopiy Klimushkin, Boris Fortunatov and Ivan Nesterov – former members of the Constituent Assembly that had been dissolved by the Bolsheviks. Two other members, N. Shmelev and V. Abramov, are named in a declaration issued by Komuch that reinstated freedoms and set forth fundamental principles. Its executive body was the "Council of Department Heads" led by Yevgeny Rogovsky.

The Committee grew in size as members, mainly Socialist-Revolutionaries, of the former Constituent Assembly travelled to Samara. By the end of September 1918, it numbered 96 members.

On 8 June 1918, after the Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion, Brushvit convinced the legion to occupy Samara. According to William Henry Chamberlin, "A committee of five members of the dissolved Constituent Assembly, all Socialist Revolutionaries, Brushvit, Fortunatov, Klimushkin, Volsky and Nesterov, thereupon assumed civil and military power in Samara City and Province."

Having seized power with the help of the Czech Legion, Komuch announced the "reinstatement" of various democratic freedoms. An eight-hour working day was established and plant and factory committees (fabzavkomy, from "fabrichno-zavodskiye komitety") and trade unions were permitted, as were conferences and congresses of workers and peasants. Soviet decrees were abrogated and all industry and financial establishments returned to their former owners, along with the freedom to pursue private enterprise. City dumas, zemstva and other municipal institutions were also reinstated.

Paying lip service to the socialization of land, Komuch provided landowners with an opportunity to recover their confiscated lands from peasants and harvest the winter crops of 1917. Expeditions were sent to the rural areas of Russia to protect landowners, kulaks and their property and, later, to mobilize the People's Army of Komuch (the "People's Army").

From June to August 1918, Komuch's influence spread from Samara into the provinces of Simbirsk, Kazan, Ufa and Saratov. In September, however, the People's Army suffered a number of defeats by the Soviet Red Army and withdrew from much of the territory.

Komuch participated with the Provisional Siberian Government in the State Conference held in Ufa held between 8 and 23 September 1918. Some of the 170 delegates present also represented other smaller regions. While the conference was in progress, Komuch suffered two significant defeats, losing control of Kazan on 10 September and of Simbirsk two days later. The conference, meanwhile, established the short-lived Provisional All-Russian Government.

After Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak's coup, the provisional government and other institutions were dissolved by General Vladimir Kappel in November 1918.


text: User talk:130.89.168.155

title: User talk:130.89.168.155


text:
Gunner Badge

The Aerial Gunner Badge was a military aeronautical badge of the United States Army Air Forces and was issued during the Second World War. The badge was first created and authorized on April 29, 1943 to recognize both the training and hazardous duty of aerial gunners, who manned defensive machineguns on board such aircraft as the B-17, B-24, B-25, B-26 and B-29 bombers. The Aerial Gunner Badge appeared as a standard observer badge, upon which was centered a winged bullet. It was primarily awarded to USAAF enlisted aircrewmen, but a small number of commissioned officers also qualified and were awarded this insignia, to include film actor Clark Gable.

The Aerial Gunner Badge was issued until 1953, in the newly created United States Air Force (1947). The Aerial Gunner Badge was declared obsolete and phased out in favor of the Aircrew Badge.

Those having received the Aerial Gunner Badge were permitted to wear the original badge until 1955, at which time the badge was no longer authorized for display on an Air Force uniform.

Prior to the establishment of the Aerial Gunner Badge, these airman could compete in an aerial gunnery competition to earn the Distinguished Aerial Gunner Badge. This lasted from 1926–1932. Beyond this, there was no badge displayed on the uniform to denote one as an aerial gunner.

title: Gunner Badge


text:
Talk:Council of Ireland

Connection
Hmm - it reads as though the 1970s body was effectively an attempt to implement the original 1920s plan, rather than two bodies that just happens to share the same name, as the start of the second half implies. Does anyone with a greater knowledge feel we should structure the article as such? Timrollpickering 15:08, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I've refocussed this page on the 1920s body. The 1970s proposal is separate. Maybe a DAB page is called for. jnestorius(talk) 15:22, 21 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Council of Ireland


text:
MySpell

MySpell is a spell checker that was formerly included with OOo Writer of the free OpenOffice.org office suite.

Since version 2.0.2, OpenOffice.org has replaced MySpell with Hunspell.

Background
MySpell was started by Kevin Hendricks in an attempt to integrate various open-source spelling checkers into the OpenOffice.org build. With a little prodding from Kevin Atkinson, the author of Pspell and Aspell, a new spelling checker (MySpell) was written in C++ that supported affix compression, based on Ispell.

Locale (language) files
Every locale (language for a specific territory) can have files for spelling, hyphenation and a thesaurus. These files will be all found together in one folder. The spell checking is done using the .aff file for the locale together with the .dic file. The .dic file is a list of words along with a group of letters which refer to the affixes found in the .aff file. This saves space because instead of having to include all forms of a word, like jump (jumping, jumps, jumped), the .dic file will include the word once and the references to the affixes in the .aff file allow the construction of all the other forms.

It is not enough to copy the files for a locale into the folder. As there are multiple locales, automatic loading of all dictionaries would cause a considerable overhead. Hence, only those locales listed in dictionary.lst are accessible. Dictionary.lst can be edited with a simple text editor, but front ends provide a more user-friendly way of adding new locales.

MySpell with other programs
MySpell is currently used by other programs: Aspell and Vim 7 can now use a dictionary created for MySpell.
 * AbiWord
 * Aegisub 2.0 can use a dictionary created for MySpell by adding AFF and DIC files to the Dictionary folder.
 * STAR Transit (translation tool) NXT, a CAT suite from the Swiss firm STAR AG, can optionally use MySpell dictionaries for spell-checking.

title: MySpell


text:
Rallye des Pharaons

The Rallye des Pharaons (French for "Pharaohs Rally") was a rally-raid event that took place in Egypt between 1982 and 2015. Cairo was both the starting and finishing point at the foot of the pyramids of Giza, and the rally covered roughly around 3100 km. It was similar in format to the Dakar Rally in that it took place in desert conditions and cars, trucks, and motorcycles were all permitted to compete.

History
The first Pharaohs Rally was held in 1982 from an idea of Jean-Claude Morellet. In 1998 the organization was taken over by JVD, a company managed by Jacky Ickx, Vincenzo Lancia and Daniele Cotto, and the name was changed to Pharaons International Cross Country Rally.

The competition is valid for the FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship since 2000 and for the FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup since 2005.

Tragedy struck on September 29, 2004, when three-time Dakar Rally winner Richard Sainct was killed when his motorcycle ran off the course. KTM, who Sainct rode for, pulled all other factory racers from the rest of the rally in respect for Sainct.

2015 marked the last year that the event was run due to difficulties in receiving support from the FIA and the Egyptian government. Rally des Pharaons restarted in 1998 after it wasn't held for 1 year in 1997 under the name of Rally of Egypt with joint organisation of Siag Travel with JVD and has stayed with this name in 1998-1999-2001-2002, and then JVD changed the name to Rally des Pharaons crosscountry.

title: Rallye des Pharaons


text:
Ratri

Ratri (रात्रि ) also referred to as Nisha, is a Vedic goddess in Hinduism. She is the personification of the night. The majority of references to Ratri are found in Rigveda and she is described as the sister of Ushas, the personification of dawn. Together with Ushas, she is referred to as a powerful mother and strengthener of vital power. She represents cyclic rhythmic patterns of the cosmos. Her physical appearance isn't explicitly mentioned, but she is described as a beautiful maiden.

One hymn in the Rigveda and five hymns in the Atharvaveda are dedicated to her. In later Tantric texts she occupies an important position. She is associated with Ushas, Indra, Rta, Satya in Rigveda, whereas in Atharvaveda she is associated with Surya. The Brahmanas and the Sutra literature often mention Ratri.

title: Ratri


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Flight officer

The title flight officer was a military rank used by the United States Army Air Forces during World War II, and also an air force rank in several Commonwealth countries, where it was used for female officers and was equivalent to the rank of flight lieutenant. The term flight officer is sometimes used today to describe job title positions as aircrew members.

Aircrew function
A flight officer is a member of the aircrew of an aircraft who is responsible for specific functions. The flight officer may function as the navigator, responsible for planning the journey, advising the pilot while en route, and ensuring that hazards or obstacles are avoided. The flight officer may also be responsible for operating aircraft mission/weapon systems, including mission planning, mission timing, threat reactions, aircraft communications, and hazard avoidance. In the United States Navy and Marine Corps and formerly United States Coast Guard, officer aircrew members responsible for operating airborne weapon and sensor systems are called naval flight officers. The title of flight officer is also used for police officers who serve as pilots in law enforcement aviation units.

United States Army

Flight officer was a United States Army Air Forces rank used during World War II, from 1942 to 1945; the rank being created on 10 September 1942. On 5 November 1942 military glider pilots were commissioned as flight officers after the completion of their training. The new rank insignia was nicknamed "the blue pickle."

The rank is equivalent to Warrant Officer Junior Grade (WOJG) which is today's Warrant Officer (NATO grade: W-1). Enlisted and aviation cadet trainees who successfully passed air qualification training were appointed as Flight Officers and served as rated pilots, navigators, flight engineers, bombardiers and glider pilots. At the end of World War II, the Army Air Forces discontinued the use of the rank of flight officer. By then, all of the service's flight officers had either been promoted to commissioned officer ranks during the course of the war or discharged.

In the late 1940s, following the creation of the separate United States Air Force in 1947, the United States Army required more pilots. However, congressionally-imposed commissioned officer strength levels prevented pilot expansion. The Army requested authority to establish the flight officer/warrant officer program. This proposal was rejected because the Army already had three groups of personnel – enlisted, warrant officer, and commissioned officer. As a fallback position, the United States Department of the Army decided that the grade of flight officer was in reality a warrant officer grade with a restriction to the warrant officer junior grade rank (WOJG).

The Warrant Officer Flight Program began in 1949 and the first warrant officer Army Aviators graduated from it in 1951. The program was suspended in 1959 but reestablished in 1963, and as of January 2022 it has been in continuous operation ever since. Most of the warrant officers were initially trained to fly helicopters; the Army had begun a helicopter pilot training course for officers in 1948. Flight warrant officer candidates had to be between the ages of 18 and 28 when they began training, though they could begin training at age 17 if they were about to have their 18th birthday.

From 1947 until creation of the United States Army Aviation Branch in 1983, Army commissioned officers rated as "Army Aviators" remained commissioned in their Army "basic branch," which included "armor," "Corps of Engineers," "infantry," "field artillery," "Medical Service Corps," "Military Intelligence Corps," and "Transportation Corps," and continued to wear that branch's insignia while assigned to aviation units, generally alternating between aviation assignments and "basic branch" assignments in successive tours of duty. Army Aviation warrant officers rated as Army Aviators wore the generic "Army Warrant Officer Branch" insignia (except for certain warrant officers assigned to "air cavalry" units, who like commissioned officers assigned to "cavalry" units, were authorized to wear "cavalry" insignia, while assigned to cavalry units), but were administratively managed by the Army "Warrant Officer Aviation Branch" in the Army Personnel Center, and, as today, continued to serve in successive aviation assignment tours.

Army Aviators, both commissioned and warrant officers, piloted Army aircraft (both rotary-wing and fixed-wing) and performed missions including: artillery spotting, tactical observation, scouting, and reconnaissance, and casualty evacuation roles, as well as battlefield troop lift, cargo transport, armed/attack helicopter, electronic surveillance, and communications/electronic warfare missions. Under the provisions of the Key West Agreement of 1948, the Pace-Finletter MOU 1952, and the Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966, the Army agreed with the Air Force that the Air Force would (1) provide all fixed-wing close air support for the Army, (2) permit the Army unlimited use of helicopters, (3) limit the Army's weight limit on fixed-wing aircraft, (4) provide most Army fixed-wing tactical airlift support, and (5) relinquish claims to most types of tactical helicopters.

Civil Air Patrol
The rank of flight officer was re-instituted by the United States Air Force's civilian auxiliary, the Civil Air Patrol (CAP), in the mid-1980s, replacing the former ranks of warrant officer and chief warrant officer, new entrants for which had been eliminated by the Air Force in 1959 and discontinued with the retirement of the last Air Force chief warrant officer in the United States Air Force Reserve in 1992. CAP officers between the ages of 18 and 20 are eligible for promotion to the ranks of flight officer, technical flight officer and senior flight officer. Requirements for promotion to each grade generally are the same as for promotion to CAP second lieutenant, first lieutenant, and captain, respectively, and those flight officers who choose to enter the commissioned ranks are promoted to these respective ranks when they reach the age of 21.

Commonwealth countries
Flight officer was established as a rank equivalent to flight lieutenant in the women's air services of several Commonwealth countries. The rank was used by the United Kingdom′s Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) and its successor, the Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF), until 1968, and by Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (PMRAFNS) until 1980. It was also used in the Women's Royal Australian Air Force before it was absorbed into the Royal Australian Air Force in 1977.

title: Flight officer