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Kazimierz Michałowski

Kazimierz Józef Marian Michałowski (14 December 1901, in Tarnopol – 1 January 1981, in Warsaw) was a Polish archaeologist and Egyptologist, art historian, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, professor ordinarius of the University of Warsaw as well as the founder of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. He coined the term "Nubiology" to refer to the study of ancient Nubia.

Early life and the beginning of scientific career
Kazimierz Michałowski graduated from a gymnasium in Tarnopol and then studied classical archaeology and art history at the Philosophy Department of the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów; he also attended philosophy lectures by Professor Kazimierz Twardowski. He broadened his knowledge at universities in Berlin, Heidelberg, Paris, Rome and Athens. As a young scientist he took part in excavations managed by École Française d`Athènes in Delphi, Thasos and Delos. In 1926 he defended his doctoral thesis devoted to Niobids in Greek art, which he prepared at the University of Lwów under the scientific supervision of Edmund Bulanda and which was published a year later in French. In 1931 he won his habilitation based on a dissertation about Hellenistic and Roman portraits from Delos, published next year in Paris. Immediately after habilitation he was delegated to the University of Warsaw, where in 1931 he established a Department of Classical Archaeology, in 1953 transformed into Mediterranean Archaeology Department, which he headed until his retirement in 1972.

In 1936 on his initiative Polish archaeologists from the University of Warsaw started archaeological works in Edfu in Egypt.

World War II
During the war he was imprisoned in the German prisoner-of-war camp Oflag II-C Woldenburg, where he was sent as a reserve officer and a soldier of the September campaign. In the camp, Michałowski organised educational activities for prisoners, conducted seminars and gave lectures on Egyptology and archaeology. In 1978 he reported that no one who had studied Egyptology in the prisoner of war camp had taken it up post-war as a discipline.

Activity after World War II
After World War II Michałowski took active part in the reconstruction of Polish culture and science. Since 1939 he had been a deputy director of the National Museum in Warsaw, initially responsible for organisation of the Gallery of Ancient Art opened to the public in 1949, and next for the Faras Gallery, which was opened in 1972. He organised numerous exhibitions displaying historical objects obtained during excavations he headed. In 1945-1947 he was a Dean of the Department of Humanities of the University of Warsaw and later a pro-rector of this same university (1947 – 1948). We was a visiting professor in Alexandria (1957-1958) and Aberdeen (1971). In 1956 he established the Research Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, which he headed. In 1960 he organised an opening of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw with quarters in Cairo, which he headed until his death. He regarded the opening of this facility as his greatest achievement.

He was a member of several national and foreign academies, scientific associations and institutes: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, British Academy, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig; Presidium of the Committee of Ancient Culture Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee of Oriental Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Archaeological Institute of America, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Institut d'Egypte, Polish Archaeological Association (chairperson 1953 – 1957 and honorary member), Society for Nubian Studies (chairperson since 1972), Association Internationale des Égyptologues (deputy chairperson of the Honorary Committee since 1976), Association Internationale d'Epigraphie Latine (sdeputy chairperson), Warsaw Scientific Society (secretary general 1949–1952), Association Internationale d'Archéologie Classique, Société Archéologique Grecque, Association of Art Historians; member of École Française d'Athènes. He chaired Comité International des Experts pour le Sauvetage des Temples d'Abou Simbel UNESCO (1961-1970), Comité International pour les Musées d'Archéologie et d'Histoire ICOM (1965-1971) He was an expert of UNESCO pour les Musées et Fouilles Archéologiques d'Algérie (1966) as well as a member of Comité des Experts de l'UNESCO pour Mohendjo-Daro (1969). He was awarded an Honoris Causa Doctorate at the universities of Strasbourg (1965), Cambridge (1971), Uppsala (1977).

Popularising activity
Kazimierz Michałowski was an active promoter of Mediterranean archaeology. He translated and published W.H. Boulton's The Romance of Archaeology (1958) as well as publicising the results of excavation works in Edfu. He wrote for "Stolica", touching on subjects pertaining to ancient artefacts in the holdings of the National Museum in Warsaw. He gave numerous lectures and conducted seminars devoted to antiquity, whose social effect consisted of an impressive increase of interest in this discipline. 5000 students attended his public lecture on the art of ancient Egypt in the National Museum in Warsaw in 1957.

Personal life
The grandfather of Kazimierz Michałowski was Emil Michałowski, a representative to the Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and a director of the Teacher's University in Tarnopol as well as the mayor of this town. After World War II Michałowski married Krystyna Baniewicz, a daughter of Tadeusz Baniewicz, one of the founders of Podkowa Leśna. Krystyna Michałowska became engaged in her husband's activity – in later years the Baniewicz's villa in Podkowa Leśna was the seat of the Research Centre for Mediterranean Archeology Polish Academy of Science. Professor Michałowski's grave is located in a nearby cemetery in Brwinów.

Excavations
Professor Michałowski conducted excavations in Egypt since the 1930s, and from 1959 on behalf of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archeology of the University of Warsaw, of which he was the founder and first director.

Edfu
According to Professor Michałowski "not only in the view of the scientific world but also in a broader opinion of a civilised society, the current cultural level of a given country is judged based on whether it has its own excavations in Egypt". On his initiative in 1936 archaeological works were started in Edfu and lasted till 1939. The expedition was accompanied by archaeologists from the University of Warsaw and the French Institute for Eastern Archaeology. These were the first excavations with participation of Polish archaeologists in the Mediterranean area. The works were performed on the pharaohs’ necropolis as well as in the ancient city of the Greek-Roman and Byzantian period. The number and artistic quality of historical monuments obtained during the first campaign (1936) enabled the organisation of an exhibition in the Gallery of Ancient Art in the National Museum in Warsaw, which was opened already in June 1937.

Myrmekion
Polish archaeologists’ participation in the excavations in Edfu turned the interest of the world of science to the Polish scholars and provided an opportunity for commencement of further excavations abroad. Michałowski started collaboration with Soviet archaeologists in Crimea. In July 1956 a group of Polish archaeologists started exploration works in Myrmekion, an ancient Greek colony, which continued till 1958. The works were not performed jointly as in the case of the Polish-French expedition in Edfu. The researchers worked in two separate teams, exploring two sections. The Polish group was headed by Professor Michałowski while the Soviet one – by Professor W.F. Gajdukiewicz from the Leningrad State University. A wine press with complete equipment from the Hellenistic period was discovered as well as fragments of residential buildings. All moveable historical objects discovered by the Polish expedition were transferred to Warsaw upon the consent of the Soviet archaeological office.

Tell Atrib
Professor Michałowski wanted to continue the works in Egypt after World War II. He was able to resume the exploration of Edfu but the French were banned from excavating in Egypt. Professor Michałowski decided that since the French archaeologists had not returned to Edfu without their Polish colleagues during World War II, he would also not go back there without them. Tell Atrib – Athribis, a capital city of the 10th nome of the Lower Egypt, today known as Benha – became a new excavation site. The works were performed from 1957 to 1969. The remains of an ancient water supply system of the Roman city were discovered, as well as remains of sacred buildings of the Late Period, foundations of Ahmose temple, a deposit, furnaces for limestone and Roman baths.

Palmyra
On 4 May 1959 a group of Polish archaeologists headed by Professor Michałowski started excavation works in Palmyra. The works of Polish archaeologists focused on two sections. The first one was the so-called camp of Diocletian in the western part of the city, where the exploration covered the area between the Praetorian Gate and the Tetrapylon, on the square in front of the so-called Temple of the Standards and inside the temple itself. The city walls were also investigated and a fragment of the Praetorian Road was excavated. On the second section, in the so-called Valley of Tombs, i.e. Palmyrene necropolis, tombs of Zabda, Alaine and Julius Aurelius Hermes were discovered. The excavations enabled determination of the urban development of the city as well as the dating of the revealed buildings based on the epigraphic material they contained. A discovery of a treasure consisting of jewelry and 27 golden solidus coins dating back to the times of Phocas, Heraclius and Constans was a sensational success. So great was the value and significance of the discovered material that since 1966 an annual paper titled "Studia Palmyreńskie" has been published in Warsaw and is still published today. Polish archaeologists became experts in the exploration of ancient Palmyra.

Alexandria
Excavations on Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria began in 1960. Polish archaeologists comprised the first foreign mission which managed to obtain a permit for exploration of Alexandria. Groups of Italian, English and German scientists worked for the Greek-Roman Museum in Alexandria or they represented it. It is difficult to work on this area since in the 1740s Muhammad Ali mandated that a city be constructed here. The relics of the past remain hidden under a modern development. Monumental Roman baths with numerous swimming pools and cisterns as well as a Roman villa were discovered there. Polish archaeologists revealed also the first theatre to have been discovered in Egypt. This discovery was so sensational that Professor Michałowski received additional funds from the municipal authorities, enabling continuation of works. The ancient theatre was fully revealed and reconstructed. Today it is one of the greatest attractions in Alexandria and is used to stage performances. This is how an ancient building was successfully preserved in a contemporary development. Polish archaeologists explored also two Arabic necropolises on the area of Kom el-Dikka.

Deir el-Bahari
The works were started in 1961 on the request of the Egyptian minister of culture who was determined to reconstruct the temple of Queen Hatshepsut. In 1968 engineers from the State Studios for Conservation of Cultural Property joined archaeologists to perform construction-restoration works in this temple. When working on this commission Professor Michałowski discovered a previously unknown funerary temple of Thutmose III (already during the first campaign). In consequence most of exploration works were moved to this site. The temple was unique due to its location and layout which differed from other sacral buildings of the New Kingdom period. The works are continued to this day.

Faras
Faras, ancient Pachoras, was a capital city of the Northern Nubian kingdom. In 1961–1964 rescue excavations were performed there, headed by Professor Michałowski. The exploration was part of a larger project, named the Nubian Campaign, managed under the auspices of UNESCO, whose objective was to salvage historical artefacts from flooding by the Nile in connection to the Aswan High Dam development. Ruins of a medieval cathedral church of the bishops of Pachoras were discovered along with religious paintings dating back to the 7th – 13th century. A set of the so-called "frescos from Faras" (actually they are not frescos but paintings executed with tempera paint on dry plaster) comprising more than 150 paintings became one of the greatest and most interesting discoveries of the Nubian Campaign. 67 paintings and fragments of stone decoration from the cathedral as well as other churches and buildings in Faras, epitaphs of local bishops and chaplains and local, artisanal products including pottery are stored in the Faras Gallery in Honour of Professor Kazimierz Michałowski in the National Museum in Warsaw. Remaining historical objects discovered in Faras are contained within the holdings of the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum.

Dongola
Professor Michałowski started excavations in Old Dongola in 1964. Since 1966 the works were headed by Stefan Jakobielski. Kings of the joined Nubian kingdoms resided in the Dongola from the 8th to the early 13th century. A central nave of the church with columns preserved in situ was discovered already in the first weeks of the works. Scientific writing refers to this discovery as the "church of the columns". Grave inscriptions found in the church suggested it dated back to the 2nd half of the 8th century. Column capitals revealed in the sacral buildings are stylistically similar to those discovered in the Faras cathedral. Additionally, older foundations of a sacral building were discovered under the "church of the columns". The second building based on the cruciform plan was also explored as well as a mosque which turned out to be erected on a former royal palace and not (as previously assumed) on a Christian temple. Polish archaeologists discovered also a baptistery. Since 1966 a Polish expedition was performing parallel prehistoric excavations in the vicinity the village of Gaddar.

Abu Simbel
Professor Michałowski did not excavate in Abu Simbel but along with a team of Polish archaeologists he took part in the salvaging of rock temples of Pharaoh Ramesses II, which were at risk of being flooded with the waters of Lake Nasser. The project involved also archaeologists from other countries such as Italy and France. One of the ideas for salvaging the temples was to move them to a place of safety. Another idea was the leave them in place. UNESCO established a special commission to deal with this issue. The commission consisted of the Director-General of UNESCO, the chairperson of the advisory board and three expert – archaeologists. Professor Michałowski was one of them. They supported a Swedish-Egyptian idea consisting in cutting the temples into large, 30-tonne blocks in order to reconstruct them in a new location. Professor Michałowski was appointed a chairperson of the 7-people international expert committee supervising the relocation of Pharaoh Ramesses II's temples. The works lasted 10 years and were crowned with success.

Nea Paphos
In June 1965 a Polish archaeological expedition headed by Professor Michałowski started excavation works in Nea Paphos in Cyprus. New Paphos was founded at the end of the 4th century BC as a port intended for Greek pilgrims arriving to pay tribute to Aphrodite. Already the first days of works in the south-west part of Paphos led to a discovery of marble sculptures of Asclepius and Artemis worshipped in the city. Coins presenting Alexander the Great were discovered, which confirmed the city foundation date. City development of the Hellinistic period was revealed with well-preserved paintings in the so-called first Pompeian style as well as a proconsul's palace with private baths. A mosaic presenting Theseus wrestling Minotaur in a labyrinth was discovered in this building. Ariadne and a woman symbolising Crete are watching the fight. This mosaic is regarded as the most beautiful decoration of this type in the Mediterranean area. Polish excavations proved that Nea Paphos was a political centre of the island. The works initiated by Professor Michałowski are continued by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw in honour of Professor Kazimierz Michałowski.

Distinctions, rewards and recognition
In 1947 Michałowski was awarded the Commander's Cross and the Order of Polonia Restituta for his "merits and contribution into the protection of the Polish cultural masterpieces". On 21 July 1977 he received the 1st Class Order of the Builders of People's Poland. He was also a winner of the 1st and 2nd Degree State Award. In addition he also received the following distinctions: 1st Class Order of the Banner of Work, 5th Class Virtuti Military Cross (for the 1939 campaign), Gold Cross of Merit. He was also awarded in Egypt and Syria as well as in France (Officer's Cross and Commander's Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour), Italy (Commander's Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy), Greece (Commander's Cross of the Order of the Phoenix), Belgium (Grand Officer's Cross of the Order of Leopold).

His name was given to the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw and the Faras Gallery in the National Museum in Warsaw. In 2001 Polish Post issued 200 thousand copies of a postcard dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Professor Michałowski's birthday. The postcard presented a nave of the Faras Cathedral and the portrait of Professor Michałowski himself. The bust of Professor Michałowski is exhibited in the gardens of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo and numerous souvenirs related to Professor are stored in the holdings of the Museum of Warsaw University. The Professor's name was also given to streets in Częstochowa, Malbork and Słupsk.

In 2015 Public Middle School in Podkowa Leśna was named after Professor Michałowski.

Books

 * Fouilles franco-polonaises. Tell Edfou (1938)
 * Sztuka starożytna (1955)
 * Kanon w architekturze egipskiej (1955)
 * Fouilles polonaises, kilka tomów (od 1960)
 * Nie tylko piramidy. Sztuka dawnego Egiptu (1966)
 * Faras. Centre artistique de la Nubie chretienne (1966)
 * Art of Ancient Egypt (1969)
 * Arte y civilizacion de Egipto (1969)
 * Karnak (1969)
 * Luksor (1971)
 * Aleksandria (1972)
 * Piramidy i mastaby (1972)
 * Teby (1974) (wspólne z A.Dziewanowskim)
 * Od Edfu do Faras. Polskie odkrycia archeologii śródziemnomorskiej (1974)
 * Egypte (1978)
 * Delfy (1979)
 * Wybór prac Opera Minora (1990)

Articles

 * "Les Niobides dans l'art plastique grec de la seconde moitié du Vème siecle", Eos, vol. XXX 1927, pp. 175–193.
 * "Ein Niobekopf aus den Sammlungen des Fürsten Radziwiłł in Nieborów", AA 1927, pp. 58–70.
 * "Zum Sarkophag aus S. Constanza", RM, XLIII, 1928, pp. 132–146.
 * "Virgile et les beaux arts", Eos, XXXIII, 1930, pp. 43–58.
 * "Un portrait égyptien d'Auguste au Musée du Caire", Bull. de l'Inst.Français au Caire 1935, pp. 73–88.
 * "La fin de l'art grec", BCH, 1946, pp. 385–392.
 * "Les expositions itinérantes dans les musées de Pologne", Museum, vol. III no. 4, 1950, pp. 275–282.
 * "Rapport sur la prospection du terrain dans la région de la mosquée de Nabi Daniel en 1958", Bull. de la Fac. de Droit – Université d'Alexandrie, vol. XIII, 1958, pp. 37–43.
 * "Kalos Limen", EAA IV, Roma 1961, pp. 304–305.
 * "Les fouilles archéologiques et l'art antique au Musée National de Varsovie", Bull. Mus. Nat. de Varsovie, III 1962, pp. 62–63.
 * "Peintures chrétiennes du VIIe s. à Faras", ibid., pp. 3–8.
 * "Palmira", EAA vol. V, Roma 1963, pp. 900–908.
 * "La Nubie chrétienne", Africana Bulletin 3, 1965, pp. 9–26.
 * "Archéologie méditerranéenne en Pologne aprés la seconde guerre mondiale", Études et Travaux, vol. I, 1966, pp. 5–22.
 * "Algérie — la modernisation des musées en Algérie", Le Courrier de l'Unesco, Mai 1966, pp. 1–45, annexe, pp. 34–45.
 * "Les deux Asclepios de Nea Paphos", RA, 1968 no. 2, pp. 355–358.
 * "Polish Excavations in Old Dongola 1964", Kush, vol. XIV 1969, pp. 289–299.
 * "Open Problems of Nubian Art and Culture in the Light of the Discoveries at Faras", in Kunst und Geschichte Nubiens in christlicher Zeit, Recklinghausen 1970, pp. 11–20.
 * "Classification générale des peintures murales de Faras", in Mélanges Devambez (RA 1972 z.2) pp. 375–380.
 * "Tell Atrib", EAA VIII Supplemento, Roma 1973, pp. 799–800.
 * "Ancient Egyptian Visual Arts", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. XV (1974), pp. 248–258.
 * "Nouvelles recherches sur la topographie de Palmyre", in Mélanges d'histoire ancienne et d'archéologie offerts à Paul Collart (Cahiers d'Archéologie Romande 5), 1975, pp. 305–306.
 * "Les fouilles archéologiques polonaises en Afrique", Africana Bulletin, vol. 25, 1976 (1978), pp. 13–26.
 * "Études sur les tendances actuelles dans la pratique de fouilles archéologiques. Suggestions et idées générales pour l'établissement des 'musées-sites'", Rocznik MNW, vol. XXIV 1980, pp. 345–355.

title: Kazimierz Michałowski


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Dragon's mouth

Arethusa bulbosa, commonly called dragon's mouth orchid, is the only species in the orchid genus Arethusa. The genus is named after a naiad of Greek mythology. This monotypic genus is abbreviated Aret in trade journals.

This terrestrial and rare orchid occurs in Eastern North America from Manitoba east to Newfoundland and St. Pierre & Miquelon south to Virginia, with isolated populations in northern Saskatchewan and in the Carolinas. It occurs in bogs, swamps and other wet lowlands. It grows to a height of 15 cm. It forms a large, single, pink terminal flower, with a showy lip and white and yellow fringed crests.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dragon's mouth


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William J. Watson

William John Watson FRSE LLD (1865 – 9 March 1948) was a toponymist, one of the greatest Scottish scholars of the 20th century, and was the first scholar to place the study of Scottish place names on a firm linguistic basis.

Life
Watson was a native Gaelic-speaker, born in Milntown of New Tarbat (now known as Milton), Easter Ross. He was the son of Hugh Watson, a blacksmith. He received his initial education from his uncle, James Watson. William became well grounded in Gaelic studies and the Classics. He went to study at the University of Aberdeen and the University of Oxford.

Initially a school teacher in Glasgow, he was appointed Rector of the Royal Academy, Inverness in 1894 and he then obtained the prestigious post as Rector of the Royal High School, Edinburgh, in 1909. It was while teaching in Inverness that he began to contribute to the Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness and the Celtic Review.

In Edinburgh he lived at 17 Merchiston Avenue.

In 1910 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Walter Biggar Blaikie, Sir William Leslie Mackenzie, John Horne and Ben Peach.

He took the chair of Celtic at the University of Edinburgh in 1914, despite holding no prior university position. He remained in this prestigious position until making way for his son James Carmichael Watson in 1935 (but retaining a role in the university until 1938).

William died on 9 March 1948, aged 83.

Family
He married Ella Carmichael (1880–1928), daughter of Alexander Carmichael.

His son, James Carmichael Watson, was born in 1910. He was declared "missing in action" in 1942, when HMS Jaguar was sunk off the coast of Egypt. Presumed drowned, he is memorialised on the Plymouth Naval Memorial.

Publications
He is known for his The Celtic Place-names of Scotland (1926), based on 30 years of work. Watson's work, eight decades later, is still the primary scholarly reference guide on the subject. The book is based on extensive notes taken by Watson, which are unpublished and held by the University of Edinburgh. Watson's great work was recently republished by Birlinn (2004).
 * Place-Names of Ross and Cromarty (Inverness, 1904)
 * Prints of the Past around Inverness (Inverness, 1909; 2nd revised edition Inverness, 1925)
 * Rosg Gàidhlig (Inverness, 1915; 2nd edition Glasgow, 1929)
 * Bàrdachd Gàidhlig (Inverness, 1915)
 * The Picts: their original position in Scotland (Inverness, 1921)
 * The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1926)
 * Scottish Verse in the Book of the Dean of Lismore (Edinburgh, 1937)
 * Scottish Verse in the Book of the Dean of Lismore (Edinburgh, 1937)

title: William J. Watson


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Solovetsky Islands

The Solovetsky Islands (Соловецкие острова), or Solovki (Соловки), are an archipelago located in the Onega Bay of the White Sea, Russia. As an administrative division, the islands are incorporated as Solovetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. Within the framework of municipal divisions, they are incorporated as Solovetskoye Rural Settlement within  Primorsky Municipal District. The administrative center of both divisions is the settlement of Solovetsky, located on Bolshoy Solovetsky Island. Almost all of the population of the islands lives in Solovetsky. As of the 2010 Census, the district had a population of 861 inhabitants.

The Solovetsky Monastery (founded in 1436), in 1923 became the site of the first Gulag establishment, the Solovki prison camp.

Geography
The archipelago has a total area of 347 km2 and consists of six islands:

 * Bolshoy Solovetsky Island, 246 km2
 * Anzersky Island (Anzer), 47 km2
 * Bolshaya Muksalma, 17 km2
 * Malaya Muksalma 0.57 km2
 * Bolshoy Zayatsky Island, 1.25 km2
 * Maly Zayatsky, 1.02 km2

The islands separate the Onega Bay from the main volume of the White Sea. The closest mainland is the Onega Peninsula.

The shores of the islands are very indented. They are formed of granites and gneiss. The relief of the islands is hilly (the highest point is 107 m). Most of the Solovetsky Islands are covered with Scots Pine and Norway Spruce forests, which are partially swampy. There are numerous lakes, which were joined by monks so as to form a network of canals.

One interesting feature of these islands is stone labyrinths and other stone settings, especially the Stone labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky Island. Such labyrinths were typical for Northern Europe, but most have perished and now Solovetsky Islands have some of the best remaining examples.

Monastery
Historically the islands have been the setting of the famous Russian Orthodox Solovetsky Monastery complex. It was founded in the second quarter of the 15th century by two monks from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. By the end of the 16th century, the abbey had emerged as one of the wealthiest landowners and most influential religious centres in Russia.

The existing stronghold and its major churches were erected in stone during the early reign of Ivan the Terrible at the behest of St. Philip of Moscow. At the onset of the Schism of the Russian Church, the monks staunchly stuck to the faith of their fathers and expelled the tsar's representatives from the Solovki, precipitating the eight-year-long siege of the islands by the forces of Tsar Alexis.

Throughout the imperial period of Russian history, the monastery was renowned as a strong fortress which repelled foreign attacks during the Livonian War (16th century), Time of Troubles (17th century), the Crimean War (19th century), and the Russian Civil War (20th century).

In 1974, the Solovetsky Islands were designated a historical and architectural museum and a natural reserve of the Soviet Union. In 1992, they were inscribed on the World Heritage List "as an outstanding example of a monastic settlement in the inhospitable environment of northern Europe which admirably illustrates the faith, tenacity, and enterprise of later medieval religious communities". Today, the Solovki are seen as one of the major tourist magnets in the orbit of the Russian North.

Labor camp

After the October Revolution, the islands attained notoriety as the site of the first Soviet prison camp (gulag). The camp was inaugurated in 1921, while Vladimir Lenin was still at the helm of Soviet Russia. It was closed in 1939, on the eve of World War II. By the beginning of the war, there was a naval cadet training camp for the Soviet Northern Fleet.

Transportation
The islands are served by the Solovki Airport. There is regular air service to Arkhangelsk, as well as ferry lines (summertime only) to Arkhangelsk, Kem, and Belomorsk.

title: Solovetsky Islands


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Annie (singer)

Anne Lilia Berge Strand (born 21 November 1977), known professionally as Annie, is a Norwegian singer, songwriter, record producer and DJ. She began her recording career in 1999 with the underground hit single "The Greatest Hit" and gained international acclaim, particularly from music bloggers, for her debut album Anniemal (2004).

After completing secondary school, Annie started DJing in Bergen, where she met house producer and soon-to-be boyfriend Tore Kroknes. In 1999, Annie and Kroknes released the single "The Greatest Hit", which sold out in two days and became popular in Norwegian and British nightclubs. Before Annie and Kroknes could release an album, Kroknes died from a congenital heart defect in 2001. Annie went on to sign a record deal with Britain's 679 Recordings in 2003, releasing her debut album Anniemal in 2004, for which she received widespread critical acclaim and several Norwegian music awards. She released her second studio album, Don't Stop, on the Smalltown Supersound label in 2009. Annie lives in Berlin.

Annie has been described as "a pop singer with credibility, an indie artist with one eye on the dancefloor" and as "the Norwegian Kylie". Annie describes her music as "pop with strange edges".

Early life
Annie was born in Trondheim, Norway, and was raised in the coastal town of Kristiansand. Annie's father, a church organist, died of cancer when Annie was 7. After a series of moves, Annie and her mother, a teacher of English and religion, moved to Norway's second largest city Bergen when Annie was 13. By this time, Annie sang in choirs.

At age 16, Annie and a group of friends formed Suitcase, an indie rock band. Suitcase only performed once, before a panel of judges for a music competition where they did not reach the finals. A few years after Suitcase's inception, Annie left the band because "the other members wanted to make trip hop."

Annie attended secondary school until around 1997, when she began to DJ around Bergen, getting acquainted with members of the Bergen music scene. During this time she met producer Mikal Tellé, owner of the Bergen-based Tellé record label, and Norwegian house producer Tore Andreas Kroknes, known professionally as DJ Erot.

1999–2002: "Greatest Hit"
Annie and Kroknes became romantically involved, and began to collaborate musically. Annie's talent for writing melodies and vocals worked well with Kroknes's production skills. Annie launched her solo singing career in 1999 with the single "Greatest Hit". The song was recorded after Annie played Madonna's song "Everybody" for Kroknes, who was experiencing a creative block at the time. Kroknes sampled the song, and Annie started to sing a melody to it. They recorded and released the song under the Tellé label. The song saw a limited release of 500 7-inch singles, which sold out in two days. "Greatest Hit" became an underground club hit in Norway and the United Kingdom, and Annie received offers for record contracts. Annie reflects that she and Kroknes had recorded the song "for fun", but with the success of the single, Annie says, "I realized that I could actually make a living out of this."

Annie and Kroknes made plans to release an album and began recording "I Will Get On" in 2000. However, Kroknes, who was born with a degenerative heart condition, fell ill near the end of 2000 and was hospitalized repeatedly. In April 2001, Kroknes died of complications from his heart condition at the age of 23. Annie told Clubbing Magazine:

"After that, I was so depressed I just wasn't able to do anything. I stayed at home, away from everyone, completely in my own world. I wanted to make the album with Tore—that was the plan. After he died I just didn't think I had the heart. But then I thought, 'Right, you're really depressed now but you have to make this album. Tore would be quite pissed off if you just stopped doing anything.'"

After a hiatus from music, Annie returned to DJing and songwriting in late 2001, running a club night called Pop Till You Drop at the Agora nightclub in Bergen with DJ friend Fröken Blytt. Among the music acts booked for Pop Till You Drop were Peaches, DJ Adam Mac, and Finnish DJ Timo Kaukolampi of Op:l Bastards. Annie later DJed at Kaukolampi's own nightclub in Helsinki and lent her vocals to some Op:l Bastards tracks.

2003–2005: Anniemal
Annie was signed to British label 679 Recordings in March 2003. Annie recorded the track "Kiss Me" with Kaukolampi, and was approached by Richard X to record vocals for the track "Just Friends" on Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1, released in August 2003. In return, he and Hannah Robinson co-wrote "Chewing Gum" and "Me Plus One" for Annie. Annie and Richard X continued to work together, releasing the single "Chewing Gum" in Annie's name in September 2004. The track was named single of the week by NME soon after its release, and charted in the UK at number 25.

Later that year, Annie released her debut CD Anniemal, collaborating with Timo Kaukolampi, Richard X, and fellow Norwegians Röyksopp. The album featured "The Greatest Hit", "Chewing Gum", and the album's second single "Heartbeat". The song, produced by Röyksopp, was voted number one on Pitchfork's Top 50 Singles of 2004 list, before the song was officially released. "Chewing Gum" held the number-eleven spot on that same list. "Heartbeat" was remixed by Canadian electronic duo MSTRKRFT in 2005.

In 2005, Annie won several awards for her work, including Best Pop Album and Best Newcomer at the Norwegian Alarm Awards. "Chewing Gum" had also been nominated for Song of the Year. In addition, Annie won the Best Newcomer award at the prestigious Spellemannprisen. Annie's 5 February performance at the Alarm Awards was one of the first live performances of her solo career.

Annie toured around the world in 2005 to promote Anniemal, including a brief stint opening for Saint Etienne, to whom she had sent a demo tape while still in Suitcase in 1996. Annie performed at sold out club venues in the United States in 2005, and returned to the US later that year.

In 2005, Annie released a DJ mix album as part of !K7's DJ-Kicks series. Around this time, she began a record label called Totally, with Timo Kaukolampi, and planned to release a 12-inch single with Datarock. She also provided vocals for the Teddybears track "Yours to Keep" as well as the Ercola track "Follow Me", and re-recorded her songs "Chewing Gum" and "Heartbeat" in Simlish for The Sims 2: Nightlife Danish and Norwegian versions.

2006–2010: Don't Stop
In January 2007, Annie signed an international deal with Island Records, owned by Universal Music Group. She had planned to release her second album, Don't Stop, in September 2008, preceded by the Richard X-produced single "I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me", after she finished touring on the Popjustice Wonky Pop Tour. In November 2008, Annie announced that due to internal problems within the label, she had decided to part ways with Island Records; in interviews following the eventual release of Don't Stop, Annie explained that her original A&R agent at the label, Nick Gatfield, left to join EMI UK, and Annie left the label because her new agent was not enthusiastic about her work. Although this left her second album's future uncertain, she retained legal control over the songs she recorded during her contracted period with the label. Verdens Gang suggested that the split with the label was precipitated by the poor chart performance of "I Know UR Girlfriend Hates Me", which charted at number 54 in the UK. Don't Stop leaked in its original incarnation in 2008.

After her departure from Island Records, Annie released a new single, "Anthonio", via producer Richard X's Pleasure Masters label in May 2009. The song tells the story of a holiday affair between Annie and the title character; Annie described the song as "the ultimate summer track".

In August 2009, Pitchfork announced that Don't Stop would be released via independent label Smalltown Supersound and Annie's own label Totally Records. It came out in the UK on 19 October 2009 and in the US on 17 November. Don't Stop includes collaborations with former collaborators Richard X and Timo Kaukolampi, as well as British producers Xenomania and Paul Epworth. The album's release was preceded by two digital singles: "Songs Remind Me of You", a Richard X production, and "My Love Is Better", which was produced by Xenomania and features guitar from Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand. The latter initially featured backing vocals by British pop group Girls Aloud, but their record label intervened.

Annie co-wrote Mini Viva's debut single "Left My Heart in Tokyo", released in September 2009 and produced by Xenomania.

2010–2020: The A&R EP / Endless Vacation EP
In October 2010, Xenomania's News Blog reported that Annie was back in the studio recording her follow-up to 2009's "Don't Stop". Annie started recording in August 2010 with Brian Higgins at Xenomania's studios in Kent, England. During 2010, she also contributed vocals to the song "Crazy for You" by New York electro duo Designer Drugs (who remixed her track "Anthonio") for their debut album Hardcore/Softcore, released in February 2011 and to "Alien Summer" by French producer The Toxic Avenger, for their album Angst released on 18 May 2011. By the second half of 2011, Annie began working on The Night Within Us!, an EP that was slated for an early 2012 release. The Skatebård-produced title track and soon-to-be single "The Night Within", is the theme song for an homonymous short film by Hildegunn Waerness and part of an interdisciplinary project by Norwegian artist Bjarne Melgaard. The installation and set of paintings, exhibited on the Guido W. Baudach gallery in Berlin from 26 November 2011 to 25 February 2012, are based on the lyrics and theme of the song, which "deal with love and loss", and capture "the existential need for human tenderness, trust and partnership on one hand, and the painful realisation of lies, deceit and abandonment", all of which have been somewhat present on Melgaard's work. A video has been done for the song, based almost entirely on the exhibition.

Annie released the single "Tubestops and Lonely Hearts" on 26 April 2013. The track is a "song for the dance floor", and is "inspired by the rave scene in Bergen".

The A&R EP was released on 29 July 2013, and features the single "Back Together".

On 7 February 2014, Annie released "Russian Kiss", a song with Bjarne Melgaard and Richard X, which condemns Russia's anti-gay laws.

On 20 and 21 August 2014, Annie was a guest member of the jury on Idol Norway.

On 16 October 2015, Annie released an EP entitled Endless Vacation.

2020–present: Dark Hearts and Neon Nights
On 19 June 2020, Annie announced her third studio album and first new LP in 11 years, Dark Hearts. Describing the ambiance of the album, Annie said the LP is "the soundtrack to a film that doesn't exist." The first single from the album, "American Cars", was released on the same day. Dark Hearts, produced by Stefan Storm of the Swedish synth-pop duo the Sound of Arrows, was self-released through Annie's Anniemelody label on 16 October 2020. The second single from the album, "The Bomb", was released on 17 July 2020.

In July 2021, Annie announced the release of the EP Neon Nights featuring the already released titled track and a cover of the Jesus and Mary Chain's song "Just Like Honey".

In 2023, Annie worked with Alan Braxe to release a joint single, “Never Coming Back", which was included on the 2023 reissue of his compilation album, The Upper Cuts. Notably, Braxe and Annie last collaborated on a 2005 remix of “Heartbeat”, with the resulting remix appearing on the UK CD Single #1 and US CD maxi single, alongside other formats.

Personal life
Annie lives in Berlin, where she moved after being evicted from the apartment in Bergen she was living in because it was going to be turned into a hotel. She owned a cat named Joey, whom she named after both Joey Ramone and Joey McIntyre of New Kids on the Block. Joey died on 29 January 2010. Annie is an avid reader and follows global politics. She is friends with musician Peaches. Her musical influences include Madonna, Saint Etienne, the Pet Shop Boys, and Kate Bush. She has a green belt in karate.

Discography

 * Anniemal (2004)
 * Don't Stop (2009)
 * Dark Hearts (2020)

title: Annie (singer)


text:
Cuba national football team

The Cuba national football team (Selección de fútbol de Cuba) represents Cuba in men's international football, and is controlled by the Football Association of Cuba. Nicknamed Leones del Caribe (Lions of Caribbean), the team represents all three FIFA, Caribbean Football Union and Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF).

They were the first Caribbean team to get to the World Cup Quarter finals – they did so in 1938. There, in the round of 16, they defeated Romania in a replay, 2–1, after drawing against them 3–3. They were then eliminated in the quarter-finals by Sweden, 8–0. Cuba has not returned to the World Cup since.

Cuba finished second in the North American Nations Cup in 1947, which they hosted the tournament, second also in Caribbean Cup in 1996, 1999, and 2005, but won in 2012.

Early history
Cuba played its first international football match on 16 March 1930 at that year's Central American and Caribbean Games. They beat Jamaica (then a British colony) 3–1 in Havana. Four days later, they beat Honduras 7–0. Cuba were managed by José Tapia, who remained in charge until after Cuba's 1938 World Cup campaign.

Cuba's first World Cup qualification campaign was for the 1934 World Cup in Italy. All of the CONCACAF entrants were placed in Group 11. The winner of a best-of-three tournament between the two weakest nations, Cuba and Haiti would produce a winner to play 1930 qualifiers Mexico in another round of best-of-three. The winner of that would play 1930 semi-finalists the United States of America for a place in the finals. All of the matches between Cuba and Haiti in the first round were staged at Parc Leconte in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on 28, 1 and 4 January–February 1934. Cuba won the first match 3–1 with Mario Lopez opening from a penalty and Hector Socorro scoring the second. The second match was a 1–1 draw with Lopez equalising in the 85th minute. In the final match, Cuba won 6–0 with two Lopez goals, one from Hector Socorro and one from his brother Francisco.

The second round against Mexico consisted of three matches at Parque Necaxa in Mexico City. Its first match, on 4 March 1934, saw Mexico go 3–0 up with a hat-trick by Dionisio Mejia, his goals scored in the 12th, 14th and 16th minutes. Mario Lopez scored twice for Cuba with one in each half, but Mexico won 3–2. A week later, Mejia scored another hat-trick as Mexico won 5–0, and seven days later, Mexico won 4–1 after Lopez opened the scoring in the 15th minute. Mexico did not qualify, their 4–2 play-off defeat to the United States was held in Rome during the finals, as the two teams had forgotten to stage it earlier.

1938–2000
The decision to stage the 1938 World Cup in France was poorly received in the Americas, who had hoped for it to return to South America after the 1934 World Cup in Italy. All nations in South America except Brazil withdrew, and all CONCACAF nations except Cuba, thus the two qualified by default.

The tournament was held as a straight knock-out tournament of 16 nations. Cuba were drawn to play their first-ever World Cup finals match against Romania (who were making their third finals appearance) at Stade du T.O.E.C. in Toulouse, on 5 June 1938. Silviu Bindea put Romania ahead after 35 minutes and Hector Socorro equalised nine minutes later. With three minutes remaining, Tomás Fernández gave Cuba the lead, but within a minute Iuliu Baratky forced extra time with a Romanian equaliser. Romania went 3–2 up in extra-time by Ștefan Dobay's goal on 105 minutes, but Juan Tuñas equalised for Cuba with three minutes of extra-time remaining.

The replay was held at the same stadium, on 9 June. This was at the same time as Switzerland's 4–2 replay win over Germany. Dobay put Romania 1–0 up at half-time with a 35th-minute goal, but in the second half Cuba equalised through Socorro in the 51st minute. Six minutes later, Carlos Oliviera scored the winning goal and it ended 2–1. In the quarter-final, Cuba lost 8–0 to Sweden at Stade du Fort Carre in Antibes, on 12 June. Sweden's Tore Keller and Gustav Wetterström each scored hat-tricks.

The NAFC Championship 1949 served as CONCACAF's qualification group for the 1950 World Cup in Brazil. Cuba, the United States of America and Mexico played each other twice in a tournament held in Mexico City in September 1949. The top two would qualify. Cuba came third and did not qualify, their only point was gained from their second match, a 1–1 draw against the United States on 14 September. Cuba did not compete in World Cup qualification again until 1966, already under Castro's regime. They returned to participation in qualification for 1978, but the 1982 qualifiers represented a significant breakthrough- Cuba reached the final round of qualifying, and were only two points short of reaching the 1982 World Cup. In recent years, Cuban football has seen an improvement in results.

2000–present
They reached the quarter-finals of the 2003 Gold Cup (where they were beaten by the United States) by defeating Canada 2–0 in the Group stage. During the 2006 World Cup qualifiers, Cuba faced Costa Rica and were only eliminated on away goals. They held Costa Rica to a draw in Havana 2–2 and later battled it out for a 1–1 draw in Costa Rica.

During the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, Cuba faced Antigua and Barbuda and the match ended in a 3–3 draw. Later in Pedro Marreo, Cuba won 4–1 to advance to the semi-final round of the CONCACAF World Cup qualifiers. Cuba was with the United States, Trinidad and Tobago and Guatemala. Cuba finished in the fourth place with only one victory against Guatemala 2–1 with a goal scored by Aliannis Urgellés. They finished in third place in the 2010 Caribbean Cup to take a place in the 2011 Gold Cup. In 2012, Cuba won the Caribbean Cup for the first time.

For the 2014 World Cup, the Cuban team qualified directly to the Third round as one of the six highest ranked teams and were placed in Group C with Honduras, Panama, and Canada. Although the Cuban team had several close games, they ended their qualification process with one draw and five defeats (losing home and away to Canada and Honduras and drawing to Panama in Havana in their final game after losing in Panama City). Their only goal of the qualifying campaign came from Alberto Gomes against Panama in the final game of the group stage.

Defection and economic migration by Cuban athletes
As well as Cuban athletes in other sports, a number of football players have made the move to the United States in recent years. During the 2002 Gold Cup in Los Angeles, two Cuban players Rey Ángel Martínez and Alberto Delgado chose to remain in the United States. Striker Maykel Galindo did so during the 2005 Gold Cup. Two more, Osvaldo Alonso and Lester More did so during the 2007 Gold Cup.

In 2008, defections occurred during two separate tournaments held in the United States. In March, seven players from the U-23 national football, including Yeniel Bermúdez, Yordany Álvarez and Yendry Díaz defected during the 2008 CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying tournament while the team was based in Tampa, FL. In October, two days before the country's World Cup Qualifier versus the US, Reynier Alcántara and Pedro Faife walked away from the team's hotel near Washington, D.C..

During the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup, Yosniel Mesa defected while the team was in Charlotte, North Carolina. During the 2015 Gold Cup, forward Keiler García defected to the United States before the team's first match against Mexico in Chicago. In September 2019, five players (Yordan Santa Cruz, Andy Baquero, David Urgelles, Orlendis Benítez and Alejandro Portal) defected to Canada during the 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League before and after a match against Canada.

During the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup, four players (Roberney Caballero, Denilson Milanés, Neisser Sandó and Jassael Herrera) defected while the team was preparing to travel from Miami to Houston for their last two group stage matches. Another player, Sandy Sánchez, also defected after the last group stage game against Canada, with a member of the medical staff reportedly following suit.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * 🇨🇺 José Tapia (1930–1934)
 * 🇺🇸 Gavin Newton (1934–1935)
 * 🇨🇺 José Tapia (1935–1938)
 * 🇨🇺 Marcelino Minsal (1947–1949)
 * František Churda (1963–1964)
 * 🇭🇺 Karoly Kósa (1966)
 * 🇭🇺 László Mohácsi (1967)
 * 🇰🇵 Kim Yong-ha (1970–1971)
 * 🇨🇺 Sergio Padrón (1976)
 * 🇭🇺 Tibor Ivanics (1980–1981)
 * 🇨🇺 Roberto Hernández (1985–1988)
 * 🇮🇹 Giovanni Campari (1990–1996)
 * 🇨🇺 William Bennett (1996–2000)
 * 🇵🇪 Miguel Company (2000–2004)
 * 🇨🇺 Luis Armelio Garcia (2004–2005)
 * 🇨🇺 Raúl González (2006–2007)
 * 🇩🇪 Reinhold Fanz (2008)
 * 🇨🇺 Raúl González (2008–2012)
 * 🇨🇺 Chandler González (2012)
 * 🇨🇺 Walter Benítez (2012–2015)
 * 🇨🇺 Raúl González (2015–2016)
 * 🇨🇺 Julio Valero (2016)
 * 🇨🇺 Raúl Mederos (2016–2019)
 * 🇨🇺 Pablo Elier Sánchez (2019–2023)
 * 🇨🇺 Yunielys Castillo (2023–present)

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Honduras and Cayman Islands on 6 and 11 June 2024.

Caps and goals correct as of 20 November 2023, after the match against Russia.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Cuba squad within the last twelve months.

INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. PRE Preliminary squad. RET Player retired from the national team. SUS Player is serving suspension. WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Cuba

Honours
Major competitions

 * FIFA World Cup
 * Quarter-finals (1): 1938

Minor competitions

 * Pan American Games
 * Runners-up (1): 1979 San Juan
 * Third place (2): 1971 Cali, 1991 Havana
 * Central American and Caribbean Games
 * Winners (1): 1930 Havana
 * North American Nations Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1947
 * CFU Championship/Caribbean Cup
 * Winners (1): 2012
 * Runners-up (3): 1996, 1999, 2005
 * Third place (3): 1995, 2007, 2010

title: Cuba national football team


text: User talk:81.136.227.72

title: User talk:81.136.227.72


text: Category:Polish Egyptologists

title: Category:Polish Egyptologists


text:
Ruslan Aushev

Ruslan Sultanovich Aushev (born 29 October 1954) is a Russian Ingush former politician. He was the President of Ingushetia from March 1993 to December 2001. He was reportedly the youngest officer in the Soviet Army to reach the rank of lieutenant general. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 7 May 1982 for his actions in Afghanistan. Aushev has emerged as Ingushetia's most popular politician, having kept peace and stability during the First Chechen War.

Early life
Aushev was born on 29 October 1954 to an Ingush family living in Kazakhstan, who were deported from the Russian SFSR in 1944. Very little is known about Aushev's early life.

Military service
Aushev entered the Soviet military in 1971 and graduated from the Ordzhonikidze Higher Combined-Arms Command School in 1975, after which he served in the North Caucasus Military District, where he rose to the position of chief of staff of a motorized rifle battalion before he was deployed to Afghanistan in 1980. There he commanded a motorized rifle battalion of the 180th Motorized Rifle Regiment as part of a limited contingent of Soviet troops in the country. After successfully leading his battalion through a dangerous engagement with rebels who tried to ambush them, he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin on 7 May 1982. After his first deployment to Afghanistan he attended the M. V. Frunze Military Academy which he graduated from 1985 before he returned to Afghanistan as a Major. On 16 October 1986 he suffered serious injuries in the Salang Pass, but eventually returned to service. From 1989 to 1991 he studied at the Military Academy of the General Staff and graduated with honors. He was promoted to the rank of Major General in 1991 and to the rank of Lieutenant General in 1997.

Political career
Later he ascended to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, where he remained for two years while serving on the Military Affairs Committee. In November 1992 Aushev was appointed to lead the provisional administration in Ingushetia, a position he resigned two months later to run in the Ingushetian presidential elections. Being the sole candidate, he won the presidency on 28 February 1993 with 99.99% of the vote, and he was re-elected five years later.

During the First Chechen War as many as 200,000 refugees from Chechnya and neighboring North Ossetia strained Ingushetia's already weak economy and on several occasions, Aushev protested incursions by Russian soldiers, and even threatened to sue the Russian Ministry of Defence for damages inflicted. President Aushev said that his people could not forget how the same Russian armored columns "and the same Defense Minister" (Pavel Grachev) assisted in the destruction of Ingush settlements and the expulsion of Ingush population during the 1992 ethnic conflict in North Ossetia.

He resigned in December 2001 and on 23 May 2002, Murat Zyazikov was elected president of Ingushetia under controversial circumstances. Since then the republic has become more violent.

Then Aushev was elected to the Federation Council of Russia, the upper house of the Russian Parliament in December 1993, a position he resigned from is April 2003. Aushev served as a negotiator on the second day of the Beslan school hostage crisis, convincing the hostage-takers to release 26 nursing women and their infants.

On 30 September 2008, Aushev commented, in his interview to Echo of Moscow radio station, on the increasingly tense situation in Ingushetia, accusing the current authorities of excessive use of force in the republic, leading to the radicalization of the society and threatening to plunge Ingushetia into civil war. The opposition news website Ingushetia.org reported that the Ingush president Murat Zyazikov ordered the republic's television and radio broadcasting center to block Echo of Moscow's signal for the duration of Aushev's appearance.

Personal life
Aushev is married to Aza Ausheva, and has two sons, Ali and Umar, and two daughters, Leila and Lema. Ruslan also had a brother who is unidentified (classified).

Honours and awards

 * Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Order of Lenin
 * Two Orders of the Red Star
 * Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR 3rd class
 * Medal "For Distinction in Military Service" 1st class
 * Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 * Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 * Medals "For Impeccable Service" 2nd and 3rd classes

title: Ruslan Aushev


text:
J/psi meson

The J/psi (J/psi) meson is a subatomic particle, a flavor-neutral meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. Mesons formed by a bound state of a charm quark and a charm anti-quark are generally known as "charmonium" or psions. The J/Psi is the most common form of charmonium, due to its spin of 1 and its low rest mass. The J/Psi has a rest mass of $5.521 kg$, just above that of the charmed eta ($3.097 GeV/c2$), and a mean lifetime of $92.9 keV$. This lifetime was about a thousand times longer than expected.

Its discovery was made independently by two research groups, one at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, headed by Burton Richter, and one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, headed by Samuel Ting of MIT. They discovered that they had found the same particle, and both announced their discoveries on 11 November 1974. The importance of this discovery is highlighted by the fact that the subsequent, rapid changes in high-energy physics at the time have become collectively known as the "November Revolution". Richter and Ting were awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Background to discovery
The background to the discovery of the J/Psi was both theoretical and experimental. In the 1960s, the first quark models of elementary particle physics were proposed, which said that protons, neutrons, and all other baryons, and also all mesons, are made from fractionally charged particles, the "quarks", which come in six types or "flavors", called up, down, top, bottom, strange and charm. Despite the ability of quark models to bring order to the "elementary particle zoo", they were considered something like mathematical fiction at the time, a simple artifact of deeper physical reasons.

Starting in 1969, deep inelastic scattering experiments at SLAC revealed surprising experimental evidence for particles inside of protons. Whether these were quarks or something else was not known at first. Many experiments were needed to fully identify the properties of the sub-protonic components. To a first approximation, they indeed were a match for the previously described quarks.

On the theoretical front, gauge theories with broken symmetry became the first fully viable contenders for explaining the weak interaction after Gerardus 't Hooft discovered in 1971 how to calculate with them beyond tree level. The first experimental evidence for these electroweak unification theories was the discovery of the weak neutral current in 1973. Gauge theories with quarks became a viable contender for the strong interaction in 1973, when the concept of asymptotic freedom was identified.

However, a naive mixture of electroweak theory and the quark model led to calculations about known decay modes that contradicted observation: In particular, it predicted Z boson-mediated flavor-changing decays of a strange quark into a down quark, which were not observed. A 1970 idea of Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and Luciano Maiani, known as the GIM mechanism, showed that the flavor-changing decays would be strongly suppressed if there were a fourth quark (now called the charm quark) that was a complementary counterpart to the strange quark. By summer 1974 this work had led to theoretical predictions of what a charm + anticharm meson would be like.

The predictions were ignored. The work of Richter and Ting was done mostly to explore new energy regimes, not to test the theoretical predictions.

The group at Brookhaven, were the first to discern a peak at 3.1 GeV in plots of production rates, first recognizing the ψ meson – that Ting named the "J" meson (after himself – his last-name written in Chinese is 丁 – or maybe not after himself ).

Decay modes
Hadronic decay modes of J/Psi are strongly suppressed because of the OZI rule. This effect strongly increases the lifetime of the particle and thereby gives it its very narrow decay width of just $3.097 GeV/c2$. Because of this strong suppression, electromagnetic decays begin to compete with hadronic decays. This is why the J/Psi has a significant branching fraction to leptons.

The primary decay modes are:

[[J/psi]] melting
In a hot QCD medium, when the temperature is raised well beyond the Hagedorn temperature, the J/Psi and its excitations are expected to melt. This is one of the predicted signals of the formation of the quark–gluon plasma. Heavy-ion experiments at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron and at BNL's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider have studied this phenomenon without a conclusive outcome as of 2009. This is due to the requirement that the disappearance of J/Psi mesons is evaluated with respect to the baseline provided by the total production of all charm quark-containing subatomic particles, and because it is widely expected that some J/Psi are produced and/or destroyed at time of QGP hadronization. Thus, there is uncertainty in the prevailing conditions at the initial collisions.

In fact, instead of suppression, enhanced production of J/Psi is expected in heavy ion experiments at LHC where the quark-combinant production mechanism should be dominant given the large abundance of charm quarks in the QGP. Aside of J/Psi, charmed B mesons (charmed B), offer a signature that indicates that quarks move freely and bind at-will when combining to form hadrons.

Name
Because of the nearly simultaneous discovery, the J/Psi is the only particle to have a two-letter name. Richter named it "SP", after the SPEAR accelerator used at SLAC; however, none of his coworkers liked that name. After consulting with Greek-born Leo Resvanis to see which Greek letters were still available, and rejecting "iota" because its name implies insignificance, Richter chose "psi" – a name which, as Gerson Goldhaber pointed out, contains the original name "SP", but in reverse order. Coincidentally, later spark chamber pictures often resembled the psi shape. Ting assigned the name "J" to it, which is one letter away from "K", the name of the already-known strange meson; another reason is that "j" is the symbol for electromagnetic current. Possibly by coincidence, "J" strongly resembles the Chinese character for Ting's name (丁 Dīng). J is also the first letter of Ting's eldest daughter's name, Jeanne.

Much of the scientific community considered it unjust to give one of the two discoverers priority, so most subsequent publications have referred to the particle as the "J/Psi".

The first excited state of the J/Psi was called the ψ′; it is now called the ψ(2S), indicating its quantum state. The next excited state was called the ψ″; it is now called ψ(3770), indicating mass in $2.984 GeV/c2$. Other vector charm–anticharm states are denoted similarly with ψ and the quantum state (if known) or the mass. The "J" is not used, since Richter's group alone first found excited states.

The name charmonium is used for the J/Psi and other charm–anticharm bound states. This is by analogy with positronium, which also consists of a particle and its antiparticle (an electron and positron in the case of positronium).

title: J/psi meson


text:
James B. Castle High School

James Bicknell Castle High School, more commonly James B. Castle High School or simply Castle High School, is a public high school located in Kāneohe CDP, City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii.

The school serves grades 9 through 12 and has an enrollment of around 1150 students. The school is part of the Windward Oahu Subdistrict of the Hawaii Department of Education.

School Administration
Current Principal:
 * Bernadette Tyrell, 2016–Present

Past Principals:
 * Sheena Alaiasa, 2014-2015
 * Meredith Maeda, 1999-2014
 * Barbara Teruya, 1995-1999
 * Robert Ginlack, 1987-1994
 * Richard Hadama, 1981-1987
 * Herbert Uesugi, 1980-1981
 * Harold E. Chong, 1975-1980
 * Claudio R. Suyat, 1967-1975
 * Howard Nakashima, 1960-1967
 * Clarence N. Watson, 1952-1960
 * Clinton Kanahele, 1951-1952

History
In 1927, the Reverend Benjamin Parker School (originally called Kāneʻohe School) opened in Kāneʻohe, Oʻahu. It started as an elementary and intermediate school, grades 1-8.

Over the years, it expanded in size and grades taught; in 1937 it became an elementary and high school, grades 1-12. In 1940, Benjamin Parker School was a founding member of the Rural O‘ahu Interscholastic Association (ROIA – with Kahuku, Leilehua, Waialua and Waipahu.)

Parker began bursting at the seams … “Congestion and inadequate accommodations at Benjamin Parker School in Kaneohe, was disclosed Thursday in a letter to the Mayor and board of supervisors by Joseph T Ferreira, of the department of public instruction, who has asked for the installation of three Quonset huts to relieve the conditions.”

Castle High School was founded in 1951. Ground was broken in 1949 for a new windward school. On “January 2, 1951, Principal Clinton Kanahele and his 700 students of Benjamin Parker Elementary and High School made their move to the new Benjamin Parker Annex on Kāne‘ohe Bay Drive.”

“During the first year of operation, approximately 750-students enrolled in grades 7-12. A library, an office and four more classrooms were under construction.” (Star Bulletin)

“At the start of the 1951-1952 school year, the name changed to James B Castle High and Intermediate School. In June, 1952, 108-seniors made up the first graduating class of the James B Castle Intermediate and High School. (In 1965, Castle became a high school servicing grades 9-12. Grades 7-8 were then served at King Intermediate School.)

When Castle High and Intermediate started, the old Parker School reverted to an elementary school, serving grades K – 6.

Castle High School is on land donated by the Castle family and is named after Hawai‘i-born James Bicknell Castle, son of American Protestant Missionary Samuel Northrop Castle (also founder of Castle and Cooke.)

The Community
James B. Castle High School is located in Kaneohe, on the Windward side of the island of Oahu. Established in 1951, it is considered a commuter community with 94.7 percent of the adult population working outside the area. Once considered rural, it is now a densely populated residential area (population of 50,000) with a mix of condominiums, single-family dwellings, acre estates, five small public housing complexes, commercial businesses, and some light industry. Based on the 2019 census report, the median family income was $108,761. 5.1% of the community is considered poor. There are eight elementary schools and one intermediate school that feed into Castle High School.

The School
James B. Castle High School is a comprehensive four-year public high school, grades 9-12, with a current enrollment of approx. 1201 students and 85 teaching faculty for the 2015-2016 school year including a senior class of 287 students. Currently, 42% of the school population qualify for the federally assisted free or reduced lunch program. Castle High started Smaller Learning Communities (SLC) in 2012 to provide a personalized learning environment of a small, focused learning community. Teachers and students integrate academic and occupation-related classes as a way to enhance real-world relevance and maintain high academic standards. All students will belong to one of the four SLCs of which approximately, 30% of our graduating seniors go on to a four-year college & approx. 50% attend a community college. Additionally, 6% go to business or trade school, 2% enroll in a military service, and the remaining 12% find employment. The needs of exceptional students are supported by Special Education and 504 programming. Castle High was accredited in 2011 by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges for a period of 6 years, and adopted School-Community-Council in place of School/Community Based Management (SCBM).

In 1977 The Castle High Marching Band became the first high school in the United States to play the half-time show at the annual East–West Shrine Game.

The high school also has an internationally recognized performing arts program, Castle Performing Arts Center, or "CPAC" has produced multiple shows which have been the Hawaii premiere of those shows and participated in the 2009 Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland. The theatre is named after Ronald E. Bright, former director at Castle and founder of CPAC.

Alma Mater
By: Hung Fat Choy

Hail, Alma Mater,

Beneath the Pali lands.

Where Mauna nigh keeps vigil,

Our Castle High School stands.

Thy colors wave forever,

Maroon, White, and Gold

As loyal sons and daughters,

Thy name we shall uphold.

Ne’er failing, though years go by,

We'll honor thee, CASTLE HIGH.

Graduation Requirements
24 credits 4 Credits in English 4 Credits in Social Studies 3 Credits in Math 3 Credits in Science 1 Credit in PE 1/2 Credit in Health 1/2 Credit in Personal Transition Plan 2 Credits in World Lang. or Fine Arts or Career & Tech. 6 Electives 24 Total

Athletics
Castle Athletics participates in the Oahu Interscholastic Association.

Baseball | Basketball (boys and girls) | Bowling | Cheerleading | Cross country | Football | Golf | Judo (boys and girls) | Paddling | Riflery | Soccer (boys and girls) | Softball | Soft tennis | Swimming | Tennis (boys and girls) | Track and field (boys and girls) | Volleyball (boys and girls) | Water polo (girls)| Wrestling (boys and girls) |

OIA Championships
Baseball

 * 1996, 1968

Basketball

 * Boys- 2009 (Division 2), 1970
 * Girls- 2019 (Division 2)

Bowling

 * Boys- 2022,1991, 1990

Football

 * 2002, 1945 (Ben Parker)

Cross Country

 * Girls- 2001, 1983

Golf

 * Mixed- 1980

Judo

 * Boys- 1999, 1982

Paddling

 * Boys- 2005, 2001
 * Girls- 2015, 2007, 2003, 2002, 2001
 * Mixed- 2006, 2005, 2004, 2002

Soccer

 * Boys- 2023 (Division 2), 1991, 1980
 * Girls- 1989, 1985, 1983, 1982, 1981, 1980

Softball

 * 1998, 1991, 1980

Swimming and Diving

 * Girls- 1998

Track and Field

 * Boys- 1997

Volleyball

 * Boys- 2015 (Division 2), 2011 (Division 2), 1988
 * Girls- 1989, 1977, 1976

Wrestling

 * Girls- 2001

Notable alumni
Listed alphabetically by last name:

 * Kimee Balmilero, actor

 * Bryan Clay, Olympian decathlete. Olympic Gold and Silver medalist
 * Aloha Wong Dalire, kumu hula and hula dancer, first Merrie Monarch Festival's Miss Aloha Hula winner (1971)
 * Alika DeRego, volleyball player: U.S.A Open National Championship, Gold & Silver medalist
 * Carlos Diaz, former professional baseball player (Atlanta Braves, New York Mets, Los Angeles Dodgers)
 * Lisa Kitagawa, member of the Hawaii House of Representatives
 * Jill Tokuda, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Hawaii's 2nd Congressional District
 * Dean Wilson, professional golfer
 * Marjorie Ziegler, naturalist, environmental activist and writer

title: James B. Castle High School


text:
Responsible fatherhood

The responsible fatherhood movement encourages fathers to be involved in their children's lives and advocates for societal support of such involvement.

In the United States
Along with changes in family formation in the latter part of the 20th century, the issue of healthy, responsible fatherhood also began to gain attention. In 1974, Dr. James A. Levine published ''Who Will Raise the Children? New Options for Fathers (and Mothers).'' In this report, "Levine suggested that the long-term goal of equal opportunity for women in American society would never be achieved without serious and meaningful recognition of the significance, interest, and responsibility of fathers in children's lives. Levine called for changes in major social institutions, changes in how families raise boys and girls, and changes in the mutual expectations of men and women as they form families."

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, a national responsible fatherhood movement began to take form in the United States. "Within this 'movement,' one may discern a range of groups with competing masculinities and contesting claims and grievances....[T]he Fatherhood Responsibility Movement seeks to overcome barriers of income, race and politics."

As the responsible fatherhood movement has matured, educational and social service programs have grown to meet the needs of fathers across the country. For example, in 1981, the Ford Foundation infused the first large-scale U.S. funding for responsible fatherhood programming through The Fatherhood Project, initially at Bank Street College of Education in New York and expanding across the nation at various other sites. In 1985, the National Urban League began its Male Responsibility Project, focusing on fatherhood among teen parents. By 1988 the U.S. federal Family Support Act included a provision that allowed states to use Welfare-to-Work funds, intended to help single mothers on welfare, to increase contact between noncustodial fathers and their children. In 1991, the nation's first fathers' resource center was launched in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The number of services and supports for fathers continues to expand.

In the first years of the 21st century, there was a growing awareness about the importance of healthy father-child relationships. "Among these benefits are higher levels of school performance and increases in healthy behaviors... For example, children raised with significant positive father involvement display greater empathy, higher self-esteem, increased curiosity, higher verbal skills, and higher scores of cognitive competence." Increasingly, the responsible fatherhood movement has defined itself by focusing on the development of healthy father-child relationships. A separate branch of the men's movement has been that related to Fathers' rights movement. In contrast, the responsible fatherhood movement embraces healthy motherhood and seeks to encourage stronger supports for mothers and fathers to grow as healthy parents.

Responsible fatherhood in the United States is traditionally defined by financial provision, declaring legal paternity, and active participating in caregiving tasks Recent research suggests that low-income fathers may define responsible fatherhood with a different set of criteria that places more emphasis on time, play, and keeping an eye on the child's well-being, similar to a Big Brother or a social worker.

title: Responsible fatherhood


text:
2004 AFL season

The 2004 AFL season was the 108th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Australia, which was known as the Victorian Football League until 1989. The season featured sixteen clubs, ran from 26 March until 25 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs.

The premiership was won by the Port Adelaide Football Club for the first time, after it defeated the by 40 points in the 2004 AFL Grand Final.

AFL Draft
See 2004 AFL Draft.

Wizard Home Loans Cup
The Wizard Home Loans Cup final saw St Kilda defeat Geelong 1.14.5 (98) to 1.10.7 (76) in front of a crowd of 50,533.

Match attendance
Total match attendance for all games was 5,915,407. Attendance at the grand final was 77,671. The largest non-finals attendance was 60,898 people for the Collingwood v Carlton game in round 22.

Attendances during the season were affected by the ongoing reconstruction of the Ponsford, Olympic and Melbourne Cricket Club stands at the MCG to be ready for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

Awards

 * The Brownlow Medal was awarded to Chris Judd of West Coast.
 * The Leigh Matthews Trophy was awarded to Nick Riewoldt of St Kilda.
 * The Coleman Medal was awarded to Fraser Gehrig of St Kilda.
 * The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Byron Pickett of Port Adelaide.
 * The AFL Rising Star award was awarded to Jared Rivers of Melbourne.
 * The Wooden Spoon was "awarded" to Richmond for coming last.

Notable events

 * won its first ten matches of the season, which was at that time the longest winning streak in its history. This record stood until 2009, when the Saints won 19 games in a row.
 * A five-minute brawl broke out between rivals Hawthorn and Essendon in the round 11 match, after which one Bomber (Justin Murphy) and four Hawks players received suspensions totalling 16 matches, and a combined total of $70,700 of fines were handed out. 27 charges were brought before the AFL Tribunal, the most ever from a single game. The game is widely known as the "Line in the Sand" match as the brawls were sparked in the third quarter after Hawthorn players were urged at a half-time address by club legend Dermott Brereton to metaphorically draw such a line; Brereton thought the young Hawks were being physically intimidated by the more experienced Bombers.
 * In round 13, defeated the  for the first time since the merged club was established in 1997. The win broke a 10-game winning streak for Brisbane against Geelong.
 * After the round 13 win over the, coach Gary Ayres was told by the board of directors that his contract would not be renewed for the next season, but would be allowed to coach the rest of 2004. Ayres subsequently resigned on the same day, without shaking hands or a word with the media. He was replaced by Neil Craig at first on a temporary basis, but then got the job permanently for 2005 and onwards.
 * During the round 19 match between and the, Sydney head trainer Wally Jackson suffered a fatal heart attack during the last quarter. Most of the Sydney players were upset and distracted as Jackson was given CPR on the interchange bench; and despite Sydney having led the Kangaroos by 40 points at three-quarter time, they faded to lose by six points.
 * With its round 22 win over Adelaide, clinched its third consecutive minor premiership, a feat achieved by only two other clubs in the previous 50 seasons ( 1955-60;  1999-2001). This would later prove crucial in relation to home ground advantage at the preliminary final stage.
 * Despite earning a home preliminary final by beating St Kilda two weeks earlier, the Brisbane Lions were forced to play Geelong in Melbourne at the MCG, due to an agreement between the AFL and the MCG to play at least one match per week at the ground in finals. This contractual stipulation was removed following renegotiation the following season.
 * Essendon’s victory over Melbourne in the first week of the finals remains, as of 2023, its most recent finals victory. If Essendon make the finals in 2024, the first week of the finals will mark 20 years to the week since the team’s last finals win.

title: 2004 AFL season


text:
CRRT

The abbreviation CRRT may refer to

 * Cristopher Reuel Tolkien
 * Carrier Route mail sorting system for the United States Postal Service
 * Continuous renal replacement therapy
 * Chemical-Biological-Radiological Rapid Response Team
 * Commuter Rail Real Time data from the MBTA, providing train locations and arrival predictions for the MBTA Commuter Rail system
 * Cyber Rapid Response Team - EU countries (Lithuania, Estonia, Croatia, Poland, the Netherlands and Romania) cooperation in cyber area

title: CRRT


text:
St. Olaf (disambiguation)

St. Olaf or St. Olave or St. Olav may refer to:

People

 * King Olaf II of Norway (995–1030)

Institutions

 * St. Olaf College, a private, liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota
 * St. Olaf Choir, the a cappella choir of St. Olaf College

Places

 * St Olave Silver Street, London
 * St Olave District (Metropolis), London
 * St. Olaf, Iowa, city, United States
 * St. Olaf Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States
 * St. Olaf's church, Tallinn, 12th-century church in Tallinn, Estonia, the world's tallest building from 1549 to 1625
 * Olavinlinna (St. Olaf's Castle), 15th-century castle in Savonlinna, Finland
 * St. Olaf Kirke, a historical Lutheran church located near Cranfills Gap, Texas, United States
 * St. Olaf, Minnesota, a fictional town often referred to on the television series The Golden Girls

title: St. Olaf (disambiguation)


text: Category:Edgar Allan Poe

title: Category:Edgar Allan Poe


text:
Talk:Bijective numeration

Bijective 0-9
Considering the Excel example, place value still seems important. Typical decimal symbols could still be used (0-9) and succeed in bijection, (based on what I'm seeing used in the article so) counting 0,1...9,00,01...09,10...19; or 1...9,0,11..19,10,21... This would be useful to add to the article to show the difference between bijective 0-9, 1 thru 0, and decimal 0-9. Phil.andy.graves (talk) 19:36, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

Talk:Decimal without a zero
I can't find any reference to this peculiar concept on the Web, nor does it make any sense; there really is a zero-equivalent as defined in this article -- it just is indicated with an "X" and functions a bit differently. I think perhaps this is gubbish? --Jpgordon 15:54, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well if you think ten is a zero-equivalent but functions a bit differently, then I suppose you are correct. Perhaps you haven't looked hard enough. Try "A Logical Alternative to the Existing Positional Number System" Volume 1 (Dec 1995) of SouthWest Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics http://www.maths.soton.ac.uk/EMIS/journals/SWJPAM/vol1-95.html  or try to decipher http://digilander.libero.it/ultimus2001/introd.htm --Henrygb 02:06, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Now I see the point (from the SWJPAM article). I wonder if anyone has followed his suggestion and gone back and looked at seemingly incorrect archeological arithmetic? --jpgordon 06:28, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'd like to merge this into bijective numeration, since decimal without a zero is just the case k=10 of the bijective base-k system described there. Does anyone object? 4pq1injbok 03:30, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

I have a question. Couldn't you solve the problem of there being an infinite way of expressing 2 when you expand the system to decimal fractions by making the base symbol associate to the left when on the left of the decimal place and associate to the right when on the right of the decimal place? This would make 1.A equal to 1.01. Then, you have .001, which, in the way described, would be, I think, -1.9A1. This simplifies it to .A9. The only problem I see with this is that .A9 x A becomes .A, which adds further confusion to a confusing system. --Some Random Guy 22:08, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * If I'm understanding you, you're wanting to overcome the fact that bijective base-k numeration does not "naturally" extend to numerals with digits to the right of the radix point. That is, if we define the notation in the natural way,

 * . d1 d2 d3 ... =  d1 / k1 + d2 / k2 + d3 / k3 + ...  (finite or infinite series)

 * then the system is not only not bijective, but there are infinitely-many representations of many real numbers; e.g. 1 = .A = .9A = .99A = ..., etc. Then, too, some reals have no such representation at all; e.g. .001, although .001 = 1.001 - 1 = .9A1 - 1 (not -1.9A1 as you wrote).

 * But the scheme you're proposing is still not bijective (e.g. still 1 = .A). Another problem is that your scheme — as I understand it — cannot represent most reals (e.g. irrationals), because it involves reversing the order of the digits to the right of the radix point and interpreting the result as an integer; e.g., you put .A9 == .001 because (9A)bijective decimal = (100)ordinary decimal. But if the number has infinitely-many digits in its representation, there is then no integer whose digits can be reversed as the scheme requires. --r.e.s. 19:14, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It's worth noting that while many real numbers can't be represented in base-A, many real numbers can't be represented in base-10 either. The square root of two, for example.  Many other real numbers need dots above the recurring numbers to show their value in addition to the Arabic numerals.
 * I don't see why ".A" necessarily needs to represent "1". In Roman Numerals, what does "X.X" (with the "." representing a decimal point) mean? Nothing at all, unless you define what it means to have a digit to the right of the decimal point in Roman Numerals.  SomeRandomGuy above discussed a definition of base-A where A associates to the right when on the right of the decimal point, not the left.  This would make .A equal to 0.01, and the system still appears to be bijective.  Any infinite length string in base-10 would still be an infinite length string in base-A, and you would use an ellipsis or dots above recurring decimals in the same way.  I don't see why you'd have to reverse the base-10 representation to make the base-A representation.  Kaid100 (talk) 20:29, 27 November 2011 (UTC)

Isn't "ordinary" numeration bijective too?
The terminology "bijective base-k" seems rather misleading, since it suggests that "normal" base-k numeration is not bijective. Our familiar decimal counting system provides a bijection between positive integers and finite-length strings, while "bijective base-10" provides a different bijection. So why do we call it "bijective base-10"? The introduction to this article implies that k-adic numeration is a particularly notable example of bijective numeration, when in fact it seems a comparatively obscure one. Mtford (talk) 21:28, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking at the definition again, I notice that ordinary decimal numeration is not bijective if we allow strings beginning with zero (since 1 = 01 = 001, etc.). But it's still bijective over a subset of the possible strings. Intuitively I would say that the difference between "base-10" and "bijective base-10" lies in the definition of the set of strings used to represent numbers, rather than in the property of bijection. Mtford (talk) 22:52, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, the important point is that for bijective numeration there is — as the article states — "a bijection between the set of non-negative integers and the set of finite strings over a finite set of digits". "Bijective numeration" is the standard term in the literature for this kind of system, even though it is slightly misleading in just the way you mention. r.e.s. (talk) 02:33, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the opening paragraph should explain why ordinary numeration (for want of a better term) does not fit the definition, in this case? We should perhaps also mention more explicitly there are only 90 decimal integers of length 2, 900 of length 3, etc, as compared to 100 and 1000 respectively in 10-adic numeration. Mtford (talk) 16:46, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think your suggestion is a good one, so I gave it a shot. r.e.s. (talk) 19:11, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

APPLICATIONS OF NUMERATION

The removal of zero may provide a mathematical structure that is useful when making physical measurements. If zero is removed then the arithmetical operations associated with it are removed. In particular the limit as an increment approaches zero is removed. A limit still exists;however,the limit refers to the smallest number that can be measured by the corresponding laboratory instrument. 71.227.168.240 (talk) 02:14, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Link removed
I removed the external link:

 * Giovanni Fraterno (Italian)

since it points to a site containing crackpot mathematics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.53.165.206 (talk) 19:20, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Number of digits in a bijective base-k numeral
The article has a "citation needed" tag attached to the following statement:

 * if k > 1, the number of digits in the bijective base-k numeral representing a nonnegative integer n is $\lfloor \log_k (n+1) +\log_k(k - 1) \rfloor$

A proof of this statement is given at http://math.stackexchange.com/a/608884/16397. Is this an adequate source for removing the "citation needed" tag? — r.e.s. (talk) 14:14, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

The definition seems to produce infinite strings.
Where the definition defines the production of a bijective base-k numeral from an integer m it does not define n and seems to produce infinitely long strings. For example, if k is ten then decimal 123 is represented by digit string " ...999A123 ".
 * a0 = 3, q0 = 12
 * a1 = 2, q1 = 1
 * a2 = 1, q2 = 0
 * a3 = A, q3 = −1
 * a4 = 9, q4 = −1
 * a5 = 9, q5 = −1

Since the definition produces a composite string by concatenating shorter strings, it seems that the definitions of a0, a1, a2,... should be definitions of strings, not numbers. These strings will never be "0" because 0 is not in the digit set {1, 2, ..., k}, but they could be the empty string. Beyond some threshold (in my example starting at a3) the string ai should be defined as the empty string so that its concatenation has no effect. Either that or the definition should say how big n is and so where to stop the construction.

The meaning of qi is apparently "the digits to the left of column i". The problem occurs when no digits to the left remain and qi becomes −1 instead of 0. One way to solve this is to let f(x) = max( ceiling(x)−1, 0) so that qi never drops below zero.

That produces, in my example, the string " ...0000123 ", which is impossible since 0 is not a valid digit. To finish the cleanup we could append text as follows: "The digit-string representing the integer m > 0 is anan−1...a1a0 where, as long as ai is in the digit set {1, 2,..., k}, ..."

IOLJeff (talk) 16:40, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

 * It does specify what n is, in the following line, although perhaps it could be made clearer:
 * $$q_n = f \left( \frac {q_{n-1}} k \right) = 0$$
 * This is to say, n is the first value such that qn = 0. In your working, stop at q2 = 0; hence n = 2. -- Perey (talk) 13:24, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

Thanks, Perey. I wrongly interpreted the line beginning "an = " as a generalization of the previous lines, i.e., as "a i =... for i > 0 ". Because of that I believe I overlooked the "− 0k" in that line, assuming a qnk there instead.—IOLJeff (talk) 14:27, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

Why "Non-negative" and not "Positive"?
The article says a bijective system can represent all non-negative integers. But isn't zero non-negative? I don't see how you could represent zero in this system. Nupanick (talk) 18:42, 14 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you missed the first bullet point of the definition section: "The integer zero is represented by the empty string." —David Eppstein (talk) 19:08, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

→ But what is “represented by the empty string” supposed to mean? (If we want to say ′zero times x equals zero′, do we write 'x ='?) (2A02:A445:EB91:1:BD4B:B06C:FB4C:24DD (talk) 08:36, 8 May 2019 (UTC))
 * It means a string that has zero characters. You know, like "". —David Eppstein (talk) 15:57, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

Unary
It might be worth noting under the examples that the lowest possible base for a bijective numeration system is 1, and that this is the unary numeral system — essentially equivalent to tally marks. 2603:6010:E301:5600:FD08:6942:B377:8E24 (talk) 14:18, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Alternate alphabetic lists
Are there any other alphabetic lists aside from the typical one? I’ve seen one that goes A, B, C,… …X, Y, Z, AA, BB, CC,… …XX, YY, ZZ, AAA, BBB, CCC,… 2601:C6:D200:E9B0:B063:CA5:E922:6C9C (talk) 18:56, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bijective numeration


text:
CJRT-FM

CJRT-FM (91.1 MHz) is a Canadian public radio station and charitable arts organization in Toronto, Ontario, known as JAZZ.FM91. The studios are on Pardee Avenue in the Liberty Village neighbourhood of Toronto. The station describes itself as Canada's only 24-hour all-jazz radio station, with evening and weekend specialty shows devoted to jazz-influenced R&B, blues, big band and Latin jazz. It has a professional staff of on-air hosts, with more than 90 volunteers assisting. It is listener-supported and holds periodic on-air fundraisers, seeking donations to support the station.

CJRT-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 40,000 watts. Its transmitter is atop the CN Tower.

The station is simulcast on Bell Satellite TV channel 960, Rogers NextBox channel 933, and Shaw Direct channel 869.

JAZZ.FM91 is a registered charity that provides youth programs, workshops, internships and scholarships in partnership with educational institutions and other arts organizations.

Origins
In 1949, Ryerson Institute of Technology (now Toronto Metropolitan University) received CBC approval to operate an educational FM station in Toronto (88.3 MHz - 3,000 watts).

On April 6, 1964, the licensee name was changed to The board of governors of Ryerson Polytechnical Institute (as it was then known), and CJRT-FM became a professionally staffed radio service, with the broadcast schedule increased from 7am to midnight seven days a week. There was still some student training but that ended a few years later. Future Station Manager Cam Finley joined the station in December. It played classical, jazz, and folk music, with educational and public affairs programming, children's shows, and comedy from the BBC.

Independence
In 1973, Ryerson, announced its intention to surrender the broadcast licence of CJRT-FM due to financial restraints. By now the station had achieved somewhat of a profile and the story reached the press. After a large public outcry, a year later in 1974, Ontario Premier Bill Davis announced that the provincial legislature would pass legislation to create an independent corporation to run the station and buy the license. On November 29, CJRT-FM INC. was incorporated by Ontario Letters Patent and CJRT-FM was transferred from Ryerson Polytechnical Institute to the new non-profit corporation. The station received money from the Ontario government and from companies and listeners through fundraising. Cam Finley was appointed acting manager in 1973, general manager in 1974 and president and GM in 1979. John Valentyn launched a weekly blues program. Bud Riley joined CJRT as news and public affairs director.

In co-operation with Ryerson and York University's Atkinson College, CJRT offered several on-air Open College courses from 1971 to 2003. In 2003, the service was transferred to Ryerson's G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education, which offers distance education through the internet, print, and recorded media rather than on radio. In its last years, Open College broadcasts aired Sunday mornings from 6am to 8am.

Following Ryerson's loss of ownership of CJRT in 1974, CKLN-FM was licensed as Ryerson's campus radio station from 1983 to 2011 followed by CJRU since 2016.

In 1975, Glen Woodcock began hosting The Big Band Show, which is still running more than 45 years later.

New format
In January 2001, the station quietly switched to an all-jazz format and rebranded as JAZZ.FM91. In 2004 Ross Porter, whose weeknight jazz programs on CBC Radio had made him a national name, and who later helped CanWest launch COOL-TV and Cool.FM radio, was hired to replace Chuck Camroux in July, as president and CEO

Two years later, after nearly 14 years occupying Ryerson property at 150 Mutual Street, CJRT moved to its current street-front facilities at 4 Pardee Ave. in the Liberty Village neighbourhood of Toronto. By this point, the station had added several more on-air personalities including Terry McElligott, Ralph Benmergui, Heather Bambrick, Bill King, Jaymz Bee, Walter Venafro, Reiner Schwarz, Amanda Martinez, many remain with the station to this day.

Leadership change
Then-president and CEO Ross Porter stepped down as CEO in June of 2018, following an investigation into allegations of workplace misconduct and creating a toxic work environment. Charles Cutts, former president and CEO of the Corporation of Massey Hall and Roy Thomson Hall, was appointed interim CEO.

A short time later, the station cut four hosts - Jaymz Bee, Mark Wigmore, Walter Venafro and David Basskin. David Wall, director of community outreach and education, and two other employees were also affected. There was also a shake up at the boardroom level. Chair Renah Persofsky was replaced by David McGown.In December of 2018 long time Midday host Terry McElligott resigned his position at the station.

The turmoil resulted in the departure of a number of on-air staff and a decline in donations to the station. At the end of 2018 a group of JAZZ.FM91 donors formed a group called “Save JAZZFM” and launched a campaign to hold an extraordinary meeting of the charity’s membership. Following a Ontario Court ruling granting access to the membership contact information to the Save JAZZFM under the leadership of Brian Hemming. A sufficient proportion of the membership signed a petition requiring the board of directors to call the extraordinary meeting to overturn the station's board of directors. A general meeting of the membership held on February 15, 2019, succeeded in removing the board by a vote of 446 to 435, electing a new board composed of the dissident group.

Lorie Russell, vice president and managing director of JAZZ.FM91 announced in September 2020 that she would be leaving the station in mid-December. Former JAZZ.FM Director of Sales and Marketing Dana Wigle returned to the station as general manager.,  Under new management, JAZZ.FM91 won several broadcasting awards          and expanded its digital presence with the addition of podcasts, specialty channels and virtual concerts.

Awards and honors

 * Silver award, The Sound of Jazz, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2018
 * Silver award, Music to Listen to Jazz By with Ross Porter, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2018
 * Gold award, The Journey to Jazz and Human Rights, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2020
 * Winner, Campus or Community Station of the Year, Canadian Radio Awards, 2021
 * Winner, Sound of Success Award, Canadian Radio Awards, 2021
 * Finalist, Music Director of the Year, Canadian Radio Awards, 2021
 * Finalist, Black History Month Vignettes, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2021
 * Finalist, The View From L.A., New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2021
 * Winner, Best Radio Station, NOW Readers' Choice Poll, 2021
 * Finalist, Best Radio Personality, NOW Readers' Choice Poll, 2021
 * Gold award, Best Jazz Format, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2022
 * Finalist, Black History Month Vignettes, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2022
 * Finalist, Caribbean Christmas Mixtape, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2022
 * Finalist, In the Land of the Misty Giant, New York Festivals Radio Awards, 2022

title: CJRT-FM


text:
Antoni Józef Śmieszek

Antoni Józef Śmieszek (1881–1943) was a Polish Egyptologist and linguist.

Śmieszek studied linguistics and classical philology at the University of Kraków in 1901 and later at the Universities of Munich, Berlin and London. Śmieszek wrote on Egyptian religion and linguistics in Polish periodicals and general collective works. A chair of Egyptology was created for him at Poznań, 1921–1923 and later at Warsaw, 1934–1939.

title: Antoni Józef Śmieszek