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Lucy Mack Smith

Lucy Mack Smith (July 8, 1775 – May 14, 1856) was the mother of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. She is noted for writing the memoir, Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith, the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations and was an important leader of the movement during Joseph's life.

Background and early life
Lucy Mack was born on July 8, 1775, in Gilsum, New Hampshire, during an era of political, economic, and social change. The second half of the eighteenth century had seen a slowly evolving shift of responsibilities within the American family. Even though the American Revolutionary War would accelerate that shift, the initial impetus came from the changing economic scene. According to women's historian Linda Kerber, the growing market economy and "industrial technology reshaped the contours of domestic labor" (7). This shift toward commercialism pushed the father's work farther away from the home, with the result that the mother now took over the father's former role of final responsibility for the children's education and for their moral and religious training (Bloch, 113). Magazines and educational publications heralded mothers as "the chief transmitters of religious and moral values" (Bloch, 101).

Mack was proud of her father's involvement in the Revolutionary War. Even though Solomon Mack was not committed to any religious belief system, he appreciated the diligence of his wife in attending to the spiritual and educational needs of their children. "All the flowery eloquence of the pulpit," he said, could not match the influence of his wife on their children (chap. 1). Mack's mother, Lydia Gates Mack, was an example of the kind of "moral mother" increasingly celebrated during the last decades of the eighteenth century. Mack's older brother, Jason, became a "seeker" and eventually formed his own religious community; her two older sisters each had a visionary confirmation that their sins were forgiven and that God called them to "witness" to others of the need for repentance. Such gestures of piety were expected in the highly charged revivalist climate of the day. As historians have noted, clergymen "encouraged people to induce 'visions'" (Buel, 11). Mack's father, after a period of acute suffering in body and mind, underwent his own religious conversion in 1810.

In rural areas of northern New England, the proliferation of evangelical religious sects and the pre-Victorian emphasis on the family as a moral force were especially significant forces in Mack's life. Migrants to this area had taken with them the revolutionary spirit of political independence. They had also encouraged the breakdown of the old order of religious domination. "The grip of colonial religious culture was broken and a new American style of religious diversity came into being." Such a setting became fertile ground for religious experimentation and the birth of uniquely American religious sects, some of which "undertook to redefine social and economic order through the model of the extended family." Without stable institutional structures, the family thus became the "crucible" for forming "primary identity, socialization, and cultural norms for rural life" (Marini, 7, 56, 31). Mack was a product of this environment.

Marriage and children
Lucy Mack married Joseph Smith Sr., in January 1796, bringing a wedding gift of $1,000 from her brother, Stephen Mack, and his business partner, John Mudget. Lucy Smith assumed the responsibility for the moral and religious guidance of her children as well as for their secular education. As a result, she emerges as a major influence in preparing them for their involvement in the founding of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

After six years of marriage, Smith became very ill, was diagnosed with "confirmed consumption," the disease from which her sisters Lovisa and Lovina had died, and was given up by the doctors (Smith, chap. 11). Smith did not feel prepared for death and judgment: "I knew not the ways of Christ, besides there appeared to be a dark and lonesome chasm between myself and the Saviour, which I dared not attempt to pass." By making a gigantic effort, she perceived "a faint glimmer of light." She spent the night pleading with the Lord to spare her life so she could bring up her children (Alvin and Hyrum) and "be a comfort" to her husband. She vowed that, if her life was spared, she would serve God with all her heart, whereupon she heard a voice advising her, "Seek and ye shall find; knock and it shall be opened unto you. Let your heart be comforted; ye believe in God, believe also in me." From that point on, Smith began a long search for a religion that would teach her the way of salvation. In so doing, she was following the precepts of her culture. During this post-revolutionary period, religious speakers constantly emphasized the "cultivation" of female piety so that women might more ably fulfill their role as a "moral mother" (Bloch, 118).

Smith continued to educate her children in secular as well as spiritual matters. Dr. John Stafford of Palmyra, New York interviewed in 1880, remembered that Smith "had a great deal of faith that their children were going to do something great" and also recalled that Smith taught her ten children from the Bible. (Although Smith gave birth to eleven children, their first died shortly after childbirth in 1797.) Stafford did not comment on the spiritual precepts they thus garnered but rather on the children's educational achievements. Joseph Jr. had been "quite illiterate," he said, but "after they began to have school at their house, he improved greatly" (Vogel 2:122). Smith's ambitions for, and faith in, her children's abilities were not unusual for a mother of that time. Linda Kerber tells how the republican mother was to "encourage in her sons civic interest and participation. She was to educate her children and guide them in the paths of morality and virtue" (283). Nancy Woloch, notes that ministers, after "discarding predestination as an axiom, now suggested that mothers, not God, were responsible for their children's souls" (121). Smith took such responsibilities seriously in her own family. William Smith later affirmed that his mother was a very pious woman and much interested in the welfare of her children, both here and hereafter: "She prevailed on us to attend the meetings [the Methodist revival being preached by George Lane], and almost the whole family became interested in the matter and seekers after truth. ... My mother continued her importunities and exertions to interest us in the importance of seeking for the salvation of our immortal souls, until almost all of the family became either converted or seriously inclined" (Vogel 1:494–95).

Smith's piety and principles were major moral influence in her children's lives, but she was also concerned about her husband's spiritual well-being. New England ministers declared that a wife's conversion could also help her perform "her great task of bringing men back to God" (Welter, 162). Various publications of the early nineteenth century pointed out:"Religion or piety was the core of women's virtue, the source of her strength. Religion belonged to woman by divine right, a gift of God and nature. This 'peculiar susceptibility' to religion was given her for a reason: 'the vestal flame of piety, lighted tip by Heaven in the breast of woman' would throw its beams into the naughty world of men (Welter, 152)."

According to Nancy Woloch, "Female converts outnumbered male converts three to two in the Second Great Awakening in New England. ... By 1814, for instance, women outnumbered men in the churches and religious societies in rural Utica, and they could be relied upon to urge the conversion of family members" (121).

Smith took the initiative in trying to involve her family in seeking the "true church." In light of Joseph Sr.'s indifference, she sought consolation in prayer that the gospel would be brought to her husband and was reassured by a dream that her husband would be given "the pure and undefiled Gospel of the Son of God" (56). About this time, Joseph Sr. began having dreams with symbolic content that were interpreted as being related to his ambivalence about religious faith. These dreams continued after the family's move to Palmyra, New York, until he had had seven in all; Lucy remembered five well enough to quote in detail.

Book of Mormon
Smith's efforts to find the true religion continued in Palmyra. She went from sect to sect; sometime after 1824, she and three of her children—Hyrum, Samuel, and Sophronia—joined Western Presbyterian Church, the only church with a meetinghouse in Palmyra. Although Smith longed for her family to be united in their religious faith, she could not persuade her husband nor her son Joseph to join them.

In 1827, when Joseph obtained the golden plates which told of the history of the early inhabitants of the American continent, Smith stopped going to Presbyterian meetings. She said, "We were now confirmed in the opinion that God was about to bring to light something upon which we could stay our minds, or that he would give us a more perfect knowledge of the plan of salvation and the redemption of the human family. This caused us greatly to rejoice, the sweetest union and happiness pervaded our house, and tranquility reigned in our midst" (Smith, chap. 19). Much of Smith's attention during this period was directed towards the hope that her family would be the instrument in bringing salvation to the whole human family. When Joseph went on to establish what he taught was the restoration of the original Christian church, it was the means of making his mother's dream of a family united in religious harmony come true. Joseph's project of "restoration" was thought of by his mother as a Smith family enterprise: as Jan Shipps has pointed out, Lucy Smith employs the pronouns "we", "ours", and "us" rather than simply referring to Joseph's particular role (Mormonism, 107).

Church leadership
Smith took on the role as a mother figure to converts who were baptized into the Church of Christ. In Kirtland, Ohio, Smith shared her home with newly arrived immigrants, sometimes sleeping on the floor herself when the house was full. She participated in missionary work and at one time stood up to a Presbyterian minister in defense of her faith.

When Joseph made his father the church's first patriarch in December 1833, he emphasized the familial nature of the early Mormon movement. Likening his father to Adam, Joseph said, "So shall it be with my father; he shall be called a prince over his posterity, holding the keys of the patriarchal priesthood over the kingdom of God on earth, even the Church of the Latter Day Saints" (qtd. in Bates and Smith, 34). In this calling, "Father Smith" was to give patriarchal blessings to the Latter Day Saints; when he attended the blessing meetings, he insisted that his wife accompany him (chap. 44). On at least one occasion, Lucy Smith added her blessing or confirmed what had already been received (Crosby).

During the Missouri period when Joseph Jr. and Hyrum were imprisoned in Liberty Jail, Lucy Smith was a leader in her family and church. In Nauvoo, Illinois, Smith became isolated in caring for her dying husband and her role in the church therefore diminished. Her husband's dying blessing on her was to reaffirm her role and status: "Mother, do you not know that you are the mother of as great a family as ever lived upon the earth. ... They are raised up to do the Lord's work" (chap. 52).

Family deaths
Smith's eldest child, Alvin, died November 19, 1823. Her next two sons Joseph and Hyrum were killed on June 27, 1844, in Carthage, Illinois. When Smith saw the bodies of her martyred sons, she cried "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken this family?" (chap. 54). About one month later, her son Samuel died after a month of illness brought on by exposure and other events incident to the murders of Joseph and Hyrum. Of this time, Smith recalls, "I was left desolate in my distress. I had reared six sons to manhood, and of them all, one only remained, and he too far distant to speak one consoling word to me in this trying hour" (chap. 54). William, the surviving son, was on a mission in New York when his brothers died.

Succession crisis
After the death of Joseph and Hyrum, a crisis of leadership gripped the church. Hyrum had been Joseph's chosen successor, and it was unclear who should lead when both were killed. While Smith initially supported the leadership claims of James Strang, ultimately a majority of Latter Day Saints sided with the leadership of Brigham Young and the other members of the Quorum of the Twelve.

James Strang published a statement allegedly signed by Smith, her son William, and her three daughters, certifying that "the Smith family do believe in the appointment of J. J. Strang" as Joseph's successor. However, Smith later addressed church members at the October 1844 general conference and stated that she hoped all her children would accompany the Latter Day Saints to the west, and if they did, she too would go. Young said: "We have extended the helping hand to Mother Smith. She has the best carriage in the city, and, while she lives, shall ride in it when and where she pleases" (Millennial Star, vol. 7, p. 23).

At this time, Smith became a symbol of continuity, assuming greater importance at that time because of the strained relationship between Young and one of Joseph's widows, Emma. Hosea Stout noted in his diary on February 23, 1845, that Smith spoke at a church meeting. She spoke "with the most feeling and heartbroken manner" of "the trials and troubles she had passed through in establishing the Church of Christ and the persecutions and afflictions which her sons & husband had passed through" (1:23). Smith also asked permission to speak at the October 1845 general conference in Nauvoo. After she had recited the sufferings of her family on behalf of the church, she asked if they considered her a mother in Israel. Young formally conferred this title on Smith by saying: "All who consider Mother Smith as a mother in Israel, signify by saying 'yes.' One universal 'yes' rang throughout" (History of the Church 7:470-71).

Smith did not comment about the difficulties she encountered with church leaders during the transitional period—troubles which, without doubt, were exacerbated by her son William's refusal to be subservient to Young—but they are suggested in the few letters and second-hand accounts that have survived (Quaife, 246–48). Whether Smith again shifted her support from Young to Strang in the year following the October 1845 conference is a matter of debate. What is certain is that she never attempted the journey to Utah Territory: she remained in Nauvoo with her daughters, her daughter-in-law, Emma, and Emma and Joseph's sons (Joseph III, David Hyrum, Alexander Hale, and Frederick G. W.) until her death in May 1856.

Ancestry and descendants
Smith was a third cousin of Oliver Cowdery, who was a golden plates witness, a Book of Mormon scribe, and the original Second Elder and Assistant President of the Church.

title: Lucy Mack Smith


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Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Virreinato del Río de la Plata or Virreinato de las Provincias del Río de la Plata) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of one of the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. The name "Provincias del Río de la Plata" was formally adopted in 1810 during the Cortes of Cádiz to designate the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.

The Viceroyalty was established in 1776 from several former Viceroyalty of Perú dependencies that mainly extended over the Río de la Plata Basin, roughly the present-day territories of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, extending inland from the Atlantic Coast. The colony of Spanish Guinea (present-day Equatorial Guinea) also depended administratively on the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata. Buenos Aires, located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata estuary flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the Portuguese outpost of Colonia del Sacramento, was chosen as the capital. Usually considered one of the late Bourbon Reforms, the organization of this viceroyalty was motivated on both commercial grounds (Buenos Aires was by then a major spot for illegal trade), as well as on security concerns brought about by the growing interest of competing foreign powers in the area. The Spanish Crown wanted to protect its territory against Great Britain and the Kingdom of Portugal.

But these Enlightenment reforms proved counterproductive, or perhaps too late, to quell the colonies' demands. The entire history of this Viceroyalty was marked by growing domestic unrest and political instability. Between 1780 and 1782, the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II inspired a violent Aymara-led revolt across the Upper Peru highlands, demonstrating the great resentment against colonial authorities by both the mestizo and indigenous populations. Twenty-five years later, the Criollos, native-born people of Spanish descent, successfully defended against two successive British attempts to conquer Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This enhanced their sense of autonomy and power at a time when Spanish troops were unable to help.

In 1809, the Criollo elite revolted against colonial authorities at La Paz and Chuquisaca, establishing revolutionary governments or juntas. Although short-lived, retroversion of the sovereignty to the people provided a theoretical basis for the legitimacy of the locally based governments (temporarily in the absence of a legitimate king in Spain). These events proved decisive at the 1810 May Revolution events deposing Viceroy Cisneros at Buenos Aires.

The name "Provincias del Río de la Plata" was formally adopted in 1810 during the Cortes of Cádiz to designate the Viceroyalty based on popular sovereignty. The revolution in Buenos Aires spread across the Spanish Provincias del Río de la Plata, against the resistance of Paraguay (which declared itself an independent nation in 1811) and the Upper Peru (which remained controlled by royalist troops from Lima, and was eventually re-incorporated into the Viceroyalty of Peru). Meanwhile, the Governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío, appointed as a new Viceroy by the Spanish Government in 1811, declared the Buenos Aires Junta seditious. However, after being defeated at Las Piedras, he retained control only of Colonia del Sacramento and Montevideo. He departed by ship to Spain on 18 November and resigned in January 1812. In 1814, the revolutionary patriots entered Montevideo, following a two-year-long siege. The Viceroyalty was disestablished in 1825 as Spanish political entity with the fall of Upper Peru and the death of the last Viceroy Pedro Antonio Olañeta.

Origin and creation
In 1680, Manuel Lobo, Portuguese governor of Rio de Janeiro, created the Department of Colonia and founded Colónia do Sacramento. The fort was located on the coast of present-day Uruguay and developed as the department's capital. Lobo's chief objective was to secure the Portuguese expansion of Brazil beyond the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which had defined areas of influence in the Americas between the Iberian nations. From 1580 to 1640, Spain had controlled Portugal and thus all of its territories in America. In 1681 José de Garro quickly attacked and seized the new fort for Spain. On 7 May 1681, under the Provisional Treaty of Lisbon, it was ceded to Portugal.

The Viceroyalty of Peru was requiring all commerce to go through the port of Lima, on the Pacific Ocean. This policy failed to develop the potential of Buenos Aires as an Atlantic port, adding months to the transport of goods and commodities in each direction. It resulted in encouraging widespread contraband activities in the eastern region, especially in Asunción, Buenos Aires and Montevideo.

Under these conditions, Viceroy Manuel de Amat y Junyent issued a decree for the former governor of the Río de la Plata, Pedro Antonio de Cevallos, to found the new viceroyalty in August 1776. The ruling was resisted by the elite of Lima, but it was enforced. The cabildo of the Captaincy General of Chile requested from the king to be excluded from the new viceroyalty, which was accepted. The Cuyo region, with its main city Mendoza, was split from the Captaincy General of Chile. Leaders in Santiago resented this action as the Cuyo region had been originally settled by Spanish colonists from Chile.

The Portuguese prime minister, Marquis of Pombal, encouraged the occupation of territory which had already been awarded to the Spanish in the Treaty of Paris (1763), following the British defeat of France in the Seven Years' War. King Charles III quickly reacted to the advantageous conditions: France was bound to be an ally as a guarantor of the treaty, and Great Britain, due to its own colonial problems with revolution in the Thirteen Colonies in North America, maintained neutrality on the issues between Portugal and Spain.

Pedro de Cevallos conquered Colonia del Sacramento and the Santa Catarina islands after a siege of three days, gaining the First Treaty of San Ildefonso. With it, the Portuguese retired from the Río de la Plata and left the Banda Oriental for Spain. In exchange Spain ceded them the area of Rio Grande do Sul, which they developed as Brazil. Cevallos ended his military actions at this point and started working with government, but he was soon replaced by Juan José Vertiz y Salcedo. The viceroyalty was tasked with promoting local production of linen and hemp as export commodity crops, to supply the Spanish cloth industries that the Bourbons sought to favor.

The early viceroyalty
The conditions imposed by Spain on local commerce were high, but Charles III sought to lighten the burden. He allowed commerce through Buenos Aires on Spanish flag ships that were manned with Spanish naval officers. The ports of Buenos Aires and Montevideo were included in a list of Spanish ports allowed to trade with each other, certain Spanish American products were imported tax-free to Spain, and all the cities with ports were to be assigned Consulates or Tribunals of Commerce. This was not free trade, but a predecessor to what would develop.

In the decade of 1778–1788, the commerce between Spain and Spanish America increased by nearly 700%. Buenos Aires was given a customs office in 1778, and Montevideo in 1789. Spanish policy still was directed at restricting Argentina commerce; the Empire banned the export of silver from Buenos Aires and tried to direct exports out of Potosí.

The system of corregimientos to mark the subdivisions of the territory was ended in 1782, and replaced with Intendencias by Charles III. The new system was intended to re-enforce the royal authority and promote centralization. Buenos Aires had the main intendencia, and the other cities provincial ones. In 1778 Cevallos reinstated the Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires, by creating a new one; he maintained the Real Audiencia at Cochabamba. The Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires was authorized that year, but legal difficulties prevented its being established until 1794.

In 1766, Spain acquired the French colony on the Falkland Islands, called Port St. Louis; after assuming effective control in 1767, it placed the islands under a governor subordinate to the Buenos Aires colonial administration. The expulsion of the British settlement in 1770 brought the two countries to the brink of war but a peace treaty allowed the British to return from 1771 until 1776, with neither side relinquishing sovereignty.

Decline
By the nineteenth century, Buenos Aires was becoming more self-sufficient, producing about 600,000 head of cattle annually (of which about one quarter was consumed locally). The area was rapidly developing. But wars with Great Britain meant a great setback for the region's economy, as maritime communications were practically paralyzed. The Upper Peru region started to show resistance to continued support of the administration and defense of the Río de la Plata estuary; it provided the main support but its silver production at Potosí was declining. In the first years of the viceroyalty, around 75% of the expenses were covered with revenues from the north. The Alto Plata (mostly present-day Paraguay) also had problems with the Buenos Aires administration, particularly because of its keeping a monopoly on exports. The Napoleonic Wars on the Continent preoccupied the Spanish government and, after its defeat, Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. By 1805, Spain had to help France because of their 1795 alliance, and lost its navy to the British in the Battle of Trafalgar. The Spanish prime minister had warned the viceroyalty of the likelihood of a British invasion, saying it could not provide support to the city of Buenos Aires.

On 27 June 1806, a British force of around 1,500 men under Col. William Carr Beresford successfully invaded Buenos Aires. Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte had escaped to Córdoba. The British forces were thrown back by the criollos in December 1806, a militia force from Montevideo under the leadership of Santiago de Liniers. In February 1807, British reinforcements of about 8,000 men under Gen. Sir Samuel Auchmuty captured Montevideo after a fierce fight. In May Lt. Gen. John Whitelock arrived to take overall command and attacked Buenos Aires on 5 July 1807. After losing more than half his force, who were killed or captured, Whitelock signed a cease-fire and departed for Great Britain.

The criollo bourgeoisie aspirations in the face of lack of support from Spain and the defeat of a world power by local forces added to their confidence and fueled their movement toward independence. As of 1814, Argentina had been self-governed for about four years, and Paraguay had already declared its independence. The viceroyalty was effectively dissolved locally when the rebel troops entered Montevideo after a two-year-long siege. The war remained in Upper Peru until 1825.

Government
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776 by Charles III of Spain. Although it functioned as a Spanish colony, Río de la Plata was technically a personal possession of the King of Spain. This allowed both European Spain and its overseas territories to have their own laws and regulations.

Dependencies

 * Intendency (Intendencia) of Buenos Aires: cities of Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Santa Fe, Colonia and Carmen de Patagones.
 * Government (Gobernación) of Montevideo: city of Montevideo.
 * Government of Misiones: cities of San Ignacio, Yapeyú and Candelaria.
 * Intendency of Paraguay: city of Asunción
 * Intendency of Córdoba: cities of Rio Cuarto, Córdoba, La Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza and San Luis
 * Intendency of Salta: cities of Catamarca, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy
 * Government of Chiquitos
 * Intendency of Potosí: cities of Potosí and Oruro.
 * Intendency of La Paz: city of La Paz.
 * Intendency of Cochabamba: cities of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
 * Intendency of Charcas: city of Charcas (modern Sucre).
 * Government of Moxos

List of viceroys
The king of Spain appointed viceroys to govern the Spanish viceroyalties in his name. In the beginning their terms had no fixed duration and could last for life. Later he established fixed terms of three to five years. Because of the distances between Spain and South America, and with sailing as the chief means of transport, there were long delays between the designation of a viceroy and the viceroy's effectively taking power. In addition, regular communication between the Crown and the viceroyalty was equally delayed. The viceroyalties had to operate with considerable independence and self-reliance.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata


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Wikipedia:U.S. cities without articles

The Rambot used data from the US Census Bureau to create articles on thousands of towns, cities and villages in the United States. However, for a variety of reasons there are locations which are perceived as being towns but were not considered as such by the Census Bureau. This page intends to list links to towns in the U.S. which do not have articles.

In many cases, the proper action will be making a redirect because the link is broken due to a spelling variant or other issue. In other cases, the link refers to an unincorporated municipality which deserves an article. Some links may also refer to a town which no longer exists, having been annexed by a larger city; in this case, an article or redirect may or may not be required. Rambot apparently did not make articles for cities in American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands or the Northern Mariana Islands. Military bases are sometimes counted and/or named in non-intuitive ways, which could account for some of these links. Some of these "cities" could also be more accurately described as neighborhoods within a larger city, in which case a redirect may or may not be more appropriate than a stand-alone article.

Most of these towns are linked to by at least one other article. This may help provide important context to decide what to do with the links. To find out which articles link to the town, click on the link below to find the edit window, then click on "what links here".

Hawaii
These are both Hawaiian home lands:
 * Papakōlea, Hawaii
 * Puukapu, Hawaii

title: Wikipedia:U.S. cities without articles


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Tomorrow Woman

Tomorrow Woman is a fictional character, an android in stories published in DC Comics. She debuted in JLA #5 (May 1997), and was created by Grant Morrison and Howard Porter. Within the DC Comics canon, she is created by the mad scientist super-villains Professor Ivo and T.O. Morrow. Given human-like physical characteristics and false memories of a human life, Tomorrow Woman believes herself to be a new superhero born with psionic abilities due to a "four-lobed brain". Her true purpose is to infiltrate and then kill the Justice League. In her first appearance, she says she exclusively has telekinetic abilities, but a later flashback issue of JLA: Tomorrow Woman (1998) reveals that she also has telepathic abilities.

In the weekly comic book series Trinity, a different version of Tomorrow Woman appeared, a woman named Clara Kendall from a parallel Earth.

Fictional character biography
The immortal Professor Ivo, creator of the android villain Amazo, and T. O. Morrow, creator of the android villain-turned-hero Red Tornado, decide to join forces and create a new android together that will destroy the newly reformed Justice League of America. Hearing the JLA is holding a new membership drive soon, the two scientists decide to create an agent who will infiltrate the team as a new member and then eventually destroy them with a lethal electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapon designed to shut down brain activity. While Ivo gives their creation artificial skin, musculature and organs, giving it temperature, pulse, and other human characteristics, Morrow creates the artificial mind, programming a personality capable of learning and adapting, implanting false memories of a human life. The android, Tomorrow Woman, believes she is a human born with mutant abilities due to having a "four-lobed brain", a possible preview of how humanity may evolve in thousands of years (a similar explanation was given to explain the mutant abilities of DC hero Captain Comet). To make their victory more enjoyable, Ivo and Morrow program Tomorrow Woman to act and think as a noble hero, only activating the EMP weapon after she feels she has firmly gained the trust of the entire team.

At the membership drive, Tomorrow Woman is the last to arrive and impresses the Justice League with her formidable telekinetic powers as well as her kind, earnest, and altruistic nature. After passing their tests and fooling their equipment, as well as the telepathy of Martian Manhunter and the heightened senses of Superman, she is accepted into the team. For the next few weeks, Tomorrow Woman primarily helps the Justice League against a strange menace called IF, which turns out to be a weapon from the future. The League realizes an electromagnetic pulse can deactivate IF and prevent it from causing more destruction. Tomorrow Woman's programming to kill the League activates, but she resists it, telling Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner) that she believes something inside her is bad but that she will choose to act as a hero. She then sacrifices herself, using the EMP weapon to destroy IF and herself. While Ivo is furious at this development, Morrow reveals he deliberately made Tomorrow Woman's brain advanced enough to develop her own personality and ethics, and so her act of free will is an example of his genius and proof that he is better at creating artificial life than Ivo is. Realizing Tomorrow Woman's true nature, the League tracks down and captures Ivo and Morrow. Later, Superman oversees Tomorrow Woman's burial, stating that she was a living woman and not simply a robot.

Despite dying in the same issue in which she debuted, Tomorrow Woman gained some popularity with fans and so her short time with the League was expanded on in the one-shot issue JLA: Tomorrow Woman (1998). This flashback story depicts Tomorrow Woman having telepathy as well as telekinesis and being aware of her true programming earlier. She is initially cynical in her attitude towards the team and finds their trust of her laughable. Her views change after she is emotionally affected by her experiences in saving children and then experiencing compassion rather than judgment from the League when she acts rashly or negatively. Initially asking to be allowed to kill the team sooner rather than continue to experience these new and confusing emotions, she later determines that if the time comes to attack the team she will find a way to save them instead and prove she is greater than her programming.

Tomorrow Woman made a third appearance in the Hourman series. The third Hourman, an android with time manipulation powers that last for an hour, is exploring the nature of artificial life. He decides to revive Tomorrow Woman. They discuss his moral quandary but then Tomorrow Woman insists on using her last 50 minutes of borrowed time to help whoever she can. While acting heroically and saving lives, she teaches Hourman the value and lasting effects of heroic action, and the two feel a bond. When the hour ends, Tomorrow Woman vanishes and Hourman mourns her.

Trinity
In the 52-issue weekly miniseries Trinity, time and space are disrupted, creating unstable alternate timelines. Issues #21–24 depict an Earth of an alternate timeline defended by the Justice Society International (JSA), an alternate version of DC's usual Justice Society team. Just as the Justice League includes Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman as a "trinity" of heroes, the JSI has its own trinity: Black Adam, Green Arrow, and a hero called Tomorrow Woman who resembles the android who served in the JLA in the original timeline. This hero, who is also telepathic and telekinetic, initially has no cover identity but then her unstable reality shifts and she becomes a version of Tomorrow Woman who is also secretly GBS TV news reporter Clara Kendall. Later on, Clara discovers she is actually an android. After helping to restore reality and nearly sacrificing herself in the process, her timeline is restored as a reward. In the stabilized version of her timeline, Clara discovers she is a biological human rather than an android.

Powers and abilities
Tomorrow Woman is an artificial life-form, an android with artificial skin and organs who possesses telepathic and telekinetic powers. She is programmed with false memories of a cover identity and so seems to initially believe that her powers are due to her being born a mutant with an advanced "four-lobed brain".

Her telepathy allows her to read minds and project her thoughts. Her telepathy is focused enough to be able to forcibly free people from being mind-controlled by others without harming them in the process. She sometimes has trouble filtering out heightened emotions of people around her or even people she can perceive on television. Her telepathic defenses were strong and subtle enough that even when she became aware of her lethal programming, she was able to hide her true purpose from Martian Manhunter and Aquaman during a telepathic link. Her telekinetic blasts can stun a person without damaging them or increase in power so as to shatter steel and concrete. She can fly through telekinetic manipulation. The android Tomorrow Woman's secret weapon was an electromagnetic pulse device that could disrupt human brain activity, killing anyone within its blast radius.

title: Tomorrow Woman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michelle templer

Michelle templer
This is right on the edge of speedy, but I wanted to give it a chance to expand on the slim prospect that it is encyclopedic. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 04:38, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * The lack of punctuation seems to hint that this is just another vandal bot entry. This has become pandemic.  There is one idiot at one computer who seems to be logged on 24/7 and just keeps carpet-bombing this site with his ridiculous substubs via proxies all over the world.  This is just nuts. - Lucky 6.9 04:47, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedied. —Stormie 06:08, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur that this was a valid speedy. jni 08:29, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
User talk:InsaneNinja

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Blaze Ya Dead Homie
Please tell us on the Talk page that your friend has given you permission to release this to GFDL and understands that it will be edited. Unless and until you do so, this is a copyright violation and will be reverted. RickK 06:09, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:InsaneNinja


text:
Talk:Robert Blake (actor)

Cat question
While Blake is of Italian descent, he was born in the US and has only made one obscure movie in Italy. Does he really qualify to be in the category of Italian actors and actresses? MK 04:45, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

it is mentioned here that he has been cast as a "latino" character, my question is: Why isn't understood that people of Italian descent are "Latins" too, that is what the word Latino means. (Herbert Monterosso) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.54.127.2 (talk) 06:34, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

Broken link
I'm moving the following link which is broken here in case it goes back online or a mirror is found. --Calm 17:06, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * CSI Expectation demanded by jurors

One would think that due to the fact that he is of Italian descent, he is an Italian actorrandazzo562-28-06

 * Er, at most that makes him an Italian-American actor. Italian descent doesn't make one an Italian anything; Italian nationality does.  By the same logic, Frank Sinatra is not called an Italian actor (he was of Italian descent but was born, raised, and spent most of his life in the US.)75.70.123.215 (talk) 05:23, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

About him and her sister
Blake is not considered Italian. He's considered an ItalianAmerican actor. About her sister, the name should be Giovanna. Jake 01:00, 29 Sept 2006 (UTC)

Eating Disorder Question
The page shows a link to people with eating disorders. What is his disorder? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Al95521 (talk • contribs)
 * that categorization was added by an anonymous user from 68.97.43.157 on November 8, 2006. That user appears to be tagging a lot of users with that category. I can't find any independent evidence that Robert Blake has an eating disorder. Unless someone can produce some within a few days, let's remove that categorization. --Amoore 17:48, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * After looking further into it, it appears that his attorney once claimed that Blake had an eating disorder. It was probably part of building a defense case or something, so it's hard to say if it's true or not, or if Blake would say the same thing now. I'll leave it there, though I wouldn't really argue on either side of this one. -- Amoore 15:57, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Bonny vs. Bonnie
I don't know which is the correct spelling for the first name of Blake’s late wife, but the CBS article cited in the story spells it as Bonny in its headline. Please do not revert or change the citation of the headline. — Bellhalla 13:00, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

courthouse shooting
Why is there no information on William Strier and his attempt to kill an attorney outside the courthouse during Blake's trial? The (rather amazing) video of that incident has been making the rounds in the independent crime video shows lately, most notably Court TV's "Video Justice." —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 166.102.104.5 (talk) 06:02, 21 April 2007 (UTC).

What is Blake doing these days???
What is Blake doing these days? I thought I read somewhere that he was living in single quarters on some ranch and working as a ranch hand. I was suprised not to see any mention in this bio of what he is doing. My guess???: it was probably put in this bio but some busybody took it out. I don't have the time to go read through all the busybody deletions to see what he is doing. Does anybody know what he is doing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.129.127.155 (talk) 18:11, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Bakley's daughter
Does Bakley's daughter live with Blake? There seems to be very little information out there. Does anyone know about contact arrangements between the child and the two sides of her family? Because she has three siblings from her mother's side, but since they went to civil court and gained a verdict of guilty against the little one's father to do with their mother's murder, I'm wondering what the situation is there. Some information on this would certainly have a place in the Bakley and Blake articles if it could be backed up. Sky83 (talk) 13:08, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Article: Robert Blake's Daughter Wins Custody [highbeam.com] has the lead to a 26 July 2002 AP story which states "Robert Blake's daughter won custody Thursday of the 2-year-old girl the actor fathered with the woman he is accused of killing. Superior Court Commissioner H. Ronald Hauptman granted Delinah Blake permanent custody of her half-sister, Rose. She won temporary custody in May."  This would seem appropriate for this article, although a more recent reference, indicating any more recent changes, would be desirable as well. 58.147.52.66 (talk) 04:09, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Picture
Is it possible to get a Wikipedia-friendly image of Blake as an adult here? The current image is of him as a child, which is ridiculous since Blake is better known for his work as an adult. Rebochan (talk) 22:40, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

WWII movies
Didn't Robert Blake appear in a WWII movie where he was on a Pacific Island, and there was an aerial assault by the Japanese? I was certain I had seen him in one of those, unless it was a look-alike pretending to be him.

Has there ever been a Robert Blake look-alike in any movies, like there have been for Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis? 216.99.198.122 (talk) 08:22, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Blake's mother
Is Robert Blake mother, Elizabeth Cafone is still living and 99 year old? Or just missing the date of her death? Is someone have any information about that, or his mother will celebrate hers 100 birthday? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 14:33, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Is anybody read this???? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 16:18, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * This article is about Blake, not his mother. If she were notable in her own right, she could have an article. Frank  |  talk  16:40, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

I just write about this, because there is the name of his family members (father, mother, brother, sister) and all of them have a birth and death date, except his mother, who only have birth date. I just interesting about is his mother is still alive, or just missing the date of her death? Because someone who born in 1910 can be alive, but that is not usually. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 01:27, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Is she living or not? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 01:17, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Nobody knows it??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 08:34, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Cease asking this question!! We are not allowed to tell you for legal reasons... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.159.111.98 (talk) 03:44, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

WTF are you talking about, "legal reasons"? Full of shit loser. Just say you don't know.

So, nobody knows that her mother is alive or died. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.85.54.197 (talk) 12:29, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Did his mother died in 2020? Really? No evidence about it on the Google. Can anyone put a source or something to prove it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4C4E:1385:6400:C39:6220:4032:E694 (talk) 10:02, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Missing Movie Credit
Robert Blake also played the little Mexican boy selling lottery tickets in the Humphtey Bogart Movie "Treasure of the Sierra Madre". He was not listed in the credits. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nino Hero (talk • contribs) 23:09, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

"Combative" interview??
Seriously? He swears for thirty seconds and we call his jovial personality "COMBATIVE" for the whole interview???

Early Life Omission
FYI, in the first paragraph of "Early Life", it says: "In 1936, the three children began performing, billed as "The Three Little Hillbillies."[3]" However, there is no mention anywhere else of his siblings, nor is it even clear who the three children are, which makes this sentence rather incomplete. Can someone please fill it in?180.254.87.47 (talk) 03:30, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

Civil convictions after criminal aquittals
This sounds like what happened with OJ as well. Is there an article on Wikipedia keeping track of cases like these? 184.145.18.50 (talk) 04:24, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

Schitt's Creek
Should we mention the recent reference to him on "Moira's Nudes" (just debuted tonight, 1 March 2016 at 9pm EST) when pictures of Moira with Simpson and Blake are both mentioned under "the top 11 pictures of Moira Rose with future murder suspects" when they look her up on Google. 184.145.18.50 (talk) 04:26, 2 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/entertainment/16805298.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070710071038/http://www.courttv.com/trials/blake/docs/thirdparty.pdf to http://www.courttv.com/trials/blake/docs/thirdparty.pdf

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Appearances on Carson
There's no mention of his many appearances on Johnny Carson, where some of his comments seem rather ironic in hindsight. Pay particular attention to the show from May 15, 1974. 144.178.0.144 (talk) 20:29, 7 May 2018 (UTC) Darwin

Army Service
It should be mentioned he was drafted in 1950 for Korean war service. It has no mention how long he served and when he was discharged. He is at least a Korean era Veteran. And may be a Korean war Veteran.

1973 film Electra Glide in Blue
This film was left out of Robert Blake’s timeline. 206.255.209.139 (talk) 02:36, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Drafted in 1950?
The article gives Mr. Blake's birthday as September 18, 1933, but says that he was drafted into the Army in 1950. This surely cannot be accurate: the minimum age for the draft at that time was 18 - an age that he did not attain until September, 1951. It also says that he left the Army when he was 21 years old. The length of active service required by the draft in 1950 was 21 months, changing to 24 months in 1951. For Blake to have been discharged aged 21, he would probably have been drafted, aged 19, in 1952 or 1953. 188.30.198.177 (talk) 12:01, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Blake (actor)


text:
Talk:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

Untitled
I know it's really argentina/buenos aires-centric but is where I studied haha, I'd love to see bolivia, paraguay and uruguay's POV added. --SpiceMan 04:45, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Title
What's up with the title of this page? The "River Plate"? Doesn't plata mean silver? - mako 05:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The name of the river is River Plate. -Mariano 10:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Doh, I feel silly for not looking it up myself now. Also, thanks for correcting May Revolution; my Spanish sense has really deteriorated. - mako 03:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding the late edits that proposed the name Viceroyalty of the River of Silver, the name of the river is River Plate, and its not something we came out with in the Wikipedia. See for instance the Britannica Encyclopedia. Mariano (t/c) 07:14, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Per Talk:Río de la Plata, the article has been moved. Tom e rtalk  06:00, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, the name of the viceroyalty was Virreinato del Río de la Plata, not of the "River Plate"...note also that without including wikipedia mirrors, "Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata" gets almost twice as many google hits as "Viceroyalty of the River Plate", and many of the "River Plate" ones are in parentheses after the "Río de la Plata" name. In any case, for consistency's sake, if the outcome of the discussion at Talk:Río de la Plata ends up favoring "River Plate", I'll support moving this article back to "Viceroyalty of the River Plate", even if I shudder at the sound of it.  Tom e rtalk  09:42, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

coat of arms
The viceroyalty didn't have any representative coat of arms. File:Escudo del rey de España abreviado antes de 1868 con toisón.svg was the personal coat of arms of the king, it was not the coat of the country, it was not the coat of its territories. File:Lesser Royal Coat of Arms of Spain (1700-c.1843) Variant without the Arms of Granada.svg is a less frequent version of the same coat. --Enric Naval (talk) 13:35, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata


text:
Paul Gordan

Paul Albert Gordan (27 April 1837 – 21 December 1912) was a Jewish-German mathematician, a student of Carl Jacobi at the University of Königsberg before obtaining his PhD at the University of Breslau (1862), and a professor at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg.

He was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), and died in Erlangen, Germany.

He was known as "the king of invariant theory". His most famous result is that the ring of invariants of binary forms of fixed degree is finitely generated. Clebsch–Gordan coefficients are named after him and Alfred Clebsch. Gordan also served as the thesis advisor for Emmy Noether.

A famous quote attributed to Gordan about David Hilbert's proof of Hilbert's basis theorem, a result which vastly generalized his result on invariants, is "This is not mathematics; this is theology." The proof in question was the (non-constructive) existence of a finite basis for invariants. It is not clear if Gordan really said this since the earliest reference to it is 25 years after the events and after his death. Nor is it clear whether the quote was intended as criticism, or praise, or a subtle joke. Gordan himself encouraged Hilbert and used Hilbert's results and methods, and the widespread story that he opposed Hilbert's work on invariant theory is a myth (though he did correctly point out in a referee's report that some of the reasoning in Hilbert's paper was incomplete).

title: Paul Gordan


text:
User talk:Wiking (usurped)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Us-½dollar-jfk-1964 320.jpg)
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Request for usurpation
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Thank you for your time. Vicky Ng (talk) 20:16, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wiking (usurped)


text:
Tuscarora War

The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina from September 10, 1711, until February 11, 1715, between the Tuscarora people and their allies on one side and European American settlers, the Yamasee, and other allies on the other. This was considered the bloodiest colonial war in North Carolina. The Tuscarora signed a treaty with colonial officials in 1718 and settled on a reserved tract of land in Bertie County, North Carolina. The war incited further conflict on the part of the Tuscarora and led to changes in the slave trade of North and South Carolina.

The first successful English settlement of North Carolina had begun in 1653. The Tuscarora lived in peace with the settlers for more than 50 years, while nearly every other colony in America was involved in some conflict with Native Americans. After the early 18th century war, most of the Tuscarora migrated north to New York. They joined the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, all Iroquoian-speaking peoples, as the sixth nation.

History
The Tuscarora are an Iroquoian people who are believed to have migrated from the Great Lakes area into the Piedmont centuries before European colonization. The other Iroqoian-speaking peoples were based largely in what became New York and Pennsylvania.

Tensions
As the English settled Carolina, the Tuscarora benefited from trade with the colonists. By acquiring weapons and metal goods from the English, they were able to develop commercial dominance over other tribes in the region. These benefits were experienced to a greater degree by Northern Tuscarora than their Southern counterparts, who became cut off from the prosperous Northern Tuscarora by increasing numbers of European settlers. Over time colonists continued to push into territory held by the Tuscarora.

As the settlers moved closer to the Tuscarora and the two began interacting more frequently, conflict arose over competition for resources, shared hunting grounds and cultural differences. The Tuscarora held John Lawson accountable for his role in the settlers' expansion into their territory. Lawson's writings emphasized the potential that the lands held for European settlement, and he was resented for his perceived role in the founding of New Bern, a settlement that encroached on Tuscarora territory. Settlers found eastern North Carolina to be swampy and difficult to farm, so they pushed westward, attracted by the more fertile uplands. As settlement expanded, their demand for workers increased demand for the Indian slave trade in the region. These factors all led to tension between the Tuscarora and the growing population of Anglo colonists.

Outbreak of War
There were two groups of Tuscarora in North Carolina in the early 18th century, a northern group led by Chief Tom Blount and a southern group was led by Chief Hancock. Blount occupied the area around Bertie County on the Roanoke River; Hancock was closer to New Bern, occupying the area south of the Pamlico River. Blount became close friends with the influential Blount family of the Bertie region, but Hancock's people had suffered raids and kidnappings by slave traders.

Hancock's tribe began to attack the settlers, but Blount's tribe did not become involved in the war at this point. Some historians including Richard White and Rebecca Seaman have suggested that the war grew out of misunderstandings between the colonists and the Tuscaroras. The Southern Tuscaroras led by Hancock allied with the Bear River tribe, Coree, Cothechney, Machapunga, Mattamuskeet, Neuse, Pamlico, Senequa, and Weetock to attack the settlers in a wide range within a short time period. They attacked homesteads along the Roanoke, Neuse, and Trent rivers and in the city of Bath beginning on September 22, 1711, and killed hundreds of settlers, including several key colonial political figures, such as John Lawson of Bath, while driving off others. The Baron of Bernberg was a prisoner of the Tuscarora during the raids, and he recounted stories of women impaled on stakes, more than 80 infants slaughtered, and more than 130 settlers killed in the New Bern settlement.

Barnwell's expedition
In 1711, the North Carolina colony had been weakened by Cary's Rebellion, and Governor Edward Hyde asked South Carolina for assistance. South Carolina sent Colonel John Barnwell with a force of 30 white officers and about 500 Native Americans from South Carolina, including Yamasee, Wateree, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, and Apalachee. Barnwell's expedition traveled over 300 miles and arrived in January 1712. There the force was supplemented by 50 local militiamen and attacked the Tuscarora, who retreated to Fort Neoheroka in Greene County. The Tuscarora negotiated a truce and released their prisoners.

Barnwell's expedition did not win the war. Barnwell left for South Carolina, displeasing the North Carolina settlers who wished for a total victory over the Tuscarora. The South Carolinians were unhappy that there was no payment for their help. Additionally, some South Carolina officers retained Tuscarora to sell as slaves, which incited the Tuscarora into a new wave of attacks. These attacks came amid a yellow fever outbreak that weakened the North Carolina colony; the combined pressure caused many settlers to flee. Governor Thomas Pollack requested the aid of South Carolina.

Chief Blount and the Moore Expedition
South Carolina dispatched Colonel James Moore with a force of 33 colonists and nearly 1,000 Native Americans, which arrived in December 1712. The settlers offered Blount control of the entire Tuscarora tribe if he assisted them in defeating Hancock. Blount captured Hancock, and the settlers executed him in 1712.

In 1713, the Southern Tuscarora lost their Fort Neoheroka in Greene County. Neoheroka was one of several Tuscarora forts of that time. Others include Torhunta, Innennits, and Catechna. These forts were all destroyed during the Tuscarora War by North Carolina colonists. An archaeological analysis of Fort Neoheroka indicates that the Tuscarora were adapting to modern methods of warfare in North America, specifically the advent of firearms, explosives and artillery. Ultimately, it was not the defensive limitations of the Tuscarora that cost them at Fort Neoheroka, which was in fact "...equal to, if not superior to, comparable Euro-American frontier fortifications of the same era." However, the Tuscarora's arsenal lacked a large supply of the sophisticated artillery and explosives employed by their opponents. About 950 people were killed or captured and sold into slavery in the Caribbean or New England by Colonel Moore and his South Carolina troops.

Aftermath
Following the decisive defeat, many Tuscarora began a migration to New York. There they joined the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and were accepted as the Sixth Nation in 1722. Some Tuscarora bands remained in North Carolina with Blount for decades, with the last leaving for New York in 1802.

Further conflict
The Tuscarora War did not ensure lasting peace in the region. On Good Friday, April 15, 1715, a group of Native Americans attacked South Carolina. Among them were Apalachees, Savannahs, Lower Creeks, Cherokees, and Yamasees, as well as others. These were all allies of Colonels Barnwell and Moore during the Tuscarora War. This attack began what is known as the Yamasee War. The Yamasee and other tribes in South Carolina learned from the Tuscarora War that colonial settlers were heavily invested in the slave trade of Native Americans. Furthermore, the Tuscarora War had drastically cut down the number of Native Americans in the area who could be enslaved. With this in mind, the tribes of South Carolina decided on a preemptive attack. As one historian put it, "[b]etter to stand together as Indians, hit the colony now before it became any stronger, kill the traders, destroy the plantations, burn Charles Town, and put an end to the slave buyers." During the Yamasee War, Col. Maurice Moore, the brother of Colonel James Moore, led a regiment in the battle against the Yamasee. Among his regiment were some seventy Tuscarora warriors who were keen to fight against the Yamasee, a tribe who had fought against them during the Tuscarora War. Following the Yamasee War, these Tuscarora were asked by South Carolina officials to remain in South Carolina as their allies and to protect the colony from Spain and its Native American allies. As part of the arrangement, South Carolina would return to the Tuscarora one slave taken during the Tuscarora War for each Tuscarora killed in the line of duty and for each enemy Native American they captured. During this time, the Tuscarora came to be so well respected by the South Carolina government that they were given land in the colony. The Yamasee War and other conflicts between the remaining Tuscarora and other Native American groups in the region are examples of how the Tuscarora War destabilized relationships among southern Native Americans.

Effect on slavery
The Tuscarora War and the Yamasee War were turning points in the Carolinas' slave trade. By 1717, South Carolina began to regulate its slave trade. Additionally, after two wars between colonists and Native Americans, the number of Native Americans available to be enslaved had fallen considerably. The most valuable role of Native Americans also shifted during this time from slave to ally because of the ongoing power struggle between the French and English to control North America. Because colonists sought to ally themselves with Native Americans, the enslavement of Black Americans began to proliferate.

Legacy
Nearly 300 years after the Tuscarora were defeated at Fort Neoheroka, the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 2009. A monument was constructed and commemorated there in March 2013. The ceremony was attended by Tuscarora descendants, some from New York and others from North Carolina.

title: Tuscarora War


text:
User talk:Youngmehra

This may become some kind of information about user 'youngmehra' of wikipedia.

as of now, I have contributed to the IIM Calcutta page.

title: User talk:Youngmehra


text:
Talk:Player versus player

pvp as a negative
this was totally wrong so I changed it to reflect what the actual situation was. not all players but newer/casual players and developers looking to draw in larger crowds, when Pvp/pking stopped being the norm alot of MMORPG players just stopped playing them because PvE is just plain boring. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.20.80.248 (talk) 20:20, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Added a City of Heroes / City of Villains section
As the title sais, I have tried to add in a little bit of information on how the pvp works in the city of heroes and city of villains games.Please check it for grammer as english is not my native language. -Yoeri

Huge Changes
I deleted and edited many of the examples on that section of the article, shortening the section and improving the quality of writing within the section. I also cleaned up the rest of the article, removing bias and poor writing where I could. I deleted the PvM/PvE section of the article, as it did not really belong. There is a lot of bias in this article now, and it should stay clean of it. The use of examples of MMORPGs and other games should be specifically to shine further light on PvP. Also, someone with more know than I should write a section describing, at least briefly, PVP in non-MMORPGs. -Donathin

Merged player killer article
I merged the narrow player killer article with this one. Here's the original player killer text:

A player killer, or PK / PKer for short, is a player in an online computer role-playing game (such as a MUD or MMORPG) who kills other player characters. The term is also used to refer to a player-kill and the act of player-killing.

Player killing is often motivated by the inherent difficulty or excitement in hunting 'live' prey (as opposed to non-player mobs), the in-game rewards gained, or the satisfaction felt from causing another player grief. Players have mixed feelings over player killers. In some instances, player killing is accepted as an enjoyable part of the game. In some games player versus player combat is actively encouraged, and there are even games devoted entirely to PK.

PKers are not always desirable though. In this case, player killing is considered a form of griefing. Many games respond to this by restricting or eliminating player versus player combat. There is no "perfect" solution to this issue; PK flag systems are one approach, where users who wish to take part in player-killing may both be attacked and attack other such players. It is also common to restrict player killing to other players of similar level. Disallowing PK entirely is opposed by many who feel it reduces the internal consistency of a game's world (for example, "if mobs can be killed, why can't players?").

Complaints over PKers in the MMORPG Ultima Online probably influenced the developers of EverQuest to disallow nonconsensual player versus player combat by default. Other games with player killers include Diablo and Diablo II.

Player killers who kill their own allies and teammates are often referred to as team killers.

Players who hunt PKs and defend innocent players are sometimes referred to as player-killer killers (PKKs), or anti PKs.

PvE/PvM
What's the reasoning behind having PvM/PvE redirect here? As the article says, PvE is the "antithesis" of PvP, so I don't think it makes much sense. Can we move it? --RayaruB 18:35, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

no. Zzzzz 21:32, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

"Gay"
Someone needs to rephrase that whole part there, or it should go. It sonds very stilted and bizarre. --24.107.17.100 22:03, 28 January 2006 (UTC) yes queer

Obsolete Link
This link: leads to a site that has not updated since 2004, and contains almost entirely broken/disfunctional links. Just a passerby noting that it's pretty much dead.
 * Player Vs Player Screenshots & Stories Site

Guild Wars
I added a Guild Wars article outline its pvp system along with the other outlines from ther games.--68.192.188.142 23:31, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

You didn't do it right. The other Guild Wars games aren't cheaper, nor do they simply add more PvP; they also add PvE. 68.11.254.152 05:19, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Shadowbane
I made a Wiki account just to let you know that this article needs to note shadowbane as the premier pvp game on the face of the earth.

Very Biased/Limited Article
This whole PvP article honestly made me laugh. It is so funny to hear anyone claim that the term "Player vs. Player" is limited to, created by, or even mainly applying to, MMORPGs. I am a hardcore gamer that has played many MMORPGs, however, the term "PvP" was common long before the first MMORPG. Please try doing some honest research before posting your opinions, rather than just saying what the terms means to you.

Which game was the first to have a Player vs. Player setting? PvP dates back all the way to Atari, from what I can recall.

-People have being building competitive Roleplaying games for a long time, games like Paranoia (1984) have encouraged PvP for a long time. I cannot say where the term first emerged, but I have tried to add a section on tabletop roleplay section to match the LARP one. Raisedonadiet (talk) 18:18, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

This article slights all first-person shooters, and other games, that have a much larger PvP focus than MMORPGs. Even the some of the oldest first-person shooters had two settings: single-player (or PvE) and multi-player (also called, PvP).

Player-killing is also not an MMORPG only term. Didn't any of you WoW addicts play Starcraft years ago? That's a real time strategy game, not a MMORPG. PKing was a common problem in Starcraft. Players would drop their alliance, and kill the players they were supposed to be helping. Starcraft also had a PvP system, and ladder system. Again, let's do a little research, find a few outside links, and write something educated, rather than sounding like my Neopets friends that seem to think they invented the word "n00b".

--- Note to author: Your own information seems to be fairly un-researched. The term "player-killer" dates back to text-based MUDs and browser-based games like Hunt the Wumpus, which are far older text-based MMORPGs than present day graphical-based ones, or PvP games like Starcraft. ---Donathin

 * Poor research aside, his point stands. PvP didn't start with the MMO movement.  It didn't even start with MUDs.  It's been around since the first two player game.

--- His point does not stand. The concept of PvP has evolved from the days of Atari. Of course everyone knows that PvP was available back then because every console had 2 controllers. PvP today is a much more rich and sophisticated concept - it applies to player killing in a role playing universe. FPSes don't have much role playing and hence are not part of this concept. Its easy to kill players in FPSes. It's much harder to do so consistently in mmorpgs.

-- This is nonsense. PvP is not a synonim for multiplayer. It originated with MUDs and continued with MMOs which are basicly graphical MUDs with a more useable interface. To use the term in a game where the only goal is to fight someone else is meaningless, that's why the term only appeared when a game had both types of gameplay, to describe the activity, the players doing it, the zones and rules for it, etc... I've never seen someone talk about PvP in Starcraft or Counterstrike, because the only thing to do in those games in a multiplayer game is fight the other guy. Also the first MUDs are quite a bit older then multiplayer FPSs and RTSs.--Helixdq 00:15, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You might a well say that tennis or pool are PvP, as that it has existed since multiplayer computer games. The term only has need in rpg's and the like where emotional investment in character is high. Raisedonadiet (talk)

 * Even old pong machines had a player vs player and player vs machine switch. I had an old motorized one that used a light moved on a track by gears to play. The machine mode though always cheated since it never missed. PaleAqua 03:40, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Lacks a historical perspect and is too inclusive
I think the article needs to be broken down into game genres, FPS, MUD's, RPG's and MMORPG's, etc. and looked at in the context of how PvP started in each genre and refine a single definition to each.

From an MMORPG point of view, I would not call Guild Wars, World of Warcraft or Dark Age of Camelot as PvP games from a straight definition of the term. Games like Ultima Online and Asheron's Call defined what PvP should refer to when it comes to the MMORPG genre. i.e. anything team based (teams determined by the games developer) defeats the entire purpose of an MMORPG and falls more in line with an RPG that just 'happens' to be on-line. Interpersonal relationships and resulting actions (both good and bad) form probabily more then 50% of what defines PvP in the MMORPG genre in my opinion.

-- I do not think you are entirely correct. Ultima Online and Asherons were popular formats but now are obsolete mmorpgs. PvP isn't just about griefing anymore. Today it has evolved into a much richer environment of real tiem chess against human opponents. The new shards in Ultima could offer the same richness but not in their original format. Team pvp nowadays is like a modern sports tournament and deserves to be mentioned as such in a PvP article.

-- I get really discouraged when people refer to 'obsolete' game PvP implementions being solely about griefing. Yes, griefing can and did happen. But once you joined a decent guild and earned your reputation and following, it was much more enjoyable then the premade team PvP that goes on in todays MMORPG's. You call it richer, and I would say its extremely dumbed down.. I mean really dumbed down. Comparing it to chess is something I find laughable. You end up fighting who the developers tell you to fight, what you have to fight over and who you have to fight with and what the rewards will be.. it seems extremely spoon fed if you ask me. I just want a developer to have the guts to put community resposibilty back in the hands of players and then problems like gold farming, power leveling and such will pretty much go away.. it seems kinda childish to put all that responsibility on the game developers. The entire origin of MMORPG's centered around a virtual world where the players would have an impact.. sadly those days seem to be gone due to the immaturity of this instant gratification based generation of players. -- [unknown]

 * Breaking it down might be a good idea, although you probably only need two catagories: RPG and everything else. In an RPG, "going online" is assumed to be co-op mode unless you specify "PvP", which is players fighting each other and is the exception.  Even MMORPGs that advertise themselves as a PvP game (such as Lineage II) still have a great deal of PvE content and that's still what most players spend most of their time doing.  The point is that "PvP" as a label really only exists in the RPG world and points out an exception case for that genre.  You could apply the "PvP" to anything from Pong to Quake to basketball but I'd challenge you to go find a source that does.  In those games, PvP is implied when more than 1 player is involved and does not need to be specified. --TheCynic (talk) 02:18, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Team-killing Redirect
'Team-killing' redirects to this page. Without getting into the debate above about who invented what term and so on, 'team-killing' is heard almost entirely in FPS games, in which the term PvP is almost never used. Team-killing is distinct from PvP, being defined more like: 'the deliberate or accidental killing of an ally'. I don't feel that this article describes TKing at all, and I don't think that TKing belongs in an article about PvP, so I'm removing the redirect and putting in a stub. PvP is used to distinguish from PvE etc in MMO context. In FPS, the terminology used includes deathmatch, team deathmatch, co-op, etc. The concepts are related but not overlapping. 121.45.48.125 (talk) 10:54, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

I agree with that decision. "PvP" may technically stand for "players vs players" but its practical usage is to describe combat between player-characters in an RPG environment. "Team killing" refers to the particularly rude or careless killing of your own teammates in a team vs team game and almost always refers to an FPS. You could have "team killing" in a team-based PvP MMORPG but I can't think of a single example. Games like WOW and DAOC are team-based PvP but team-killing in the FPS sense isn't possible in those games. Games like UO don't have official teams, so team-killing wouldn't apply there either. --TheCynic (talk) 16:34, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Unsourced
There is only one properly sourced paragraph in this article. Does anyone object if I delete the rest? If so, please provide reliable sources for it. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 23:21, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * On August 4, 2005, the Chinese government announced a ban on all "violent" MMORPG play for minors (under 18). Chinese officials defined "violent" as any game that involves player vs. player combat.  This new policy is part of a crackdown on pornographic, violent, gambling and superstitious content on the internet and mobile phone networks in an effort to create a so-called "healthy online environment".China bans MMORPG play for minors
 * It would be more productive to try to find sources for the rest of the info, and only delete what you can't find any for. There is a lot of contentious stuff in there, though, so WP:Be bold in deleting where need be. Haipa Doragon • (contributions) 01:10, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * This isn't a topic with which I'm familiar (I've played a few of these games, that's about it). I have no idea where we would find reliable sources talking about it. It appears to me that none were consulted in the writing of this article, and that it's all taken from the personal experience of editors. Ideally, editors start with sources rather than try and find sources for what they've already written. As we all know, unsourced material may be removed at any time. OTOH, unsourced material that isn't deleted rarely gets sourced since there is little impetus for editors to go out and find them. I found this article because it's had a undefined tag on it since April 2007. Only a couple of articles have had POV disputes for that long. Clearly, this article has problems and no editors are spending time fixing them. At some point it's better to start from scratch. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 19:48, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the article as it stands is a really wonky: It's defined as "competitive interaction.. between two or more live participants" which really ought to make the article's scope "any multiplayer game that is not Cooperative gameplay." But the article only pays minimal attention to anything that isn't an MMORPG. It's claimed as having origins in 1988 MUDs, but really it should go as far back as Spacewar! I think a complete rewrite is needed to get the article back on track, and if per-genre considerations are desired (for example, the current article is really "PvP in MMORPGs"), those can come later. Nifboy (talk) 00:05, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Whatever it requires, please fix it. Be bold. Isn't that the PvP way? ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 10:58, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

I gank lowbie trash and corpse camp them till they QQ and shit in thier pants. So I was wondering if I can add some of my screenshots as valuable documentary 'data' on the subject. Zul poooons ! ~ 195.229.241.171 (talk)  —Preceding undated comment was added at 10:47, 20 October 2008 (UTC).
 * No, my friend, I hardly think that a article requiring neutrality and rewrites is an ideal forum for such data. Raisedonadiet (talk) 22:53, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok for the sake of 'neutrality' how about I gank the shit out of lowbies and then let some nub kill me, I'll send screenshots of both. After that maybe I'll go back and corspe camp the faygot again. Zul poooons !!! 195.229.241.171 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 08:32, 22 October 2008 (UTC).

Marketing
I'm sorry to point out the obvious, but the "Darkfall Online" section is clearly irrelevant and means of propaganda. I'm quite sure Wikipedia does not accept this kind of thing. It should be deleted. 201.91.60.209 (talk) 18:43, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

POV tag
From reading through the talk page the main concerns seem to be that the article in written from the POV of someone familiar with a MMPORG and is neglecting the use of the terminology "player vs. player" in other types of multiplayer games. Is there any other POV concerns I am missing? Also can someone list in bullet points the basic treatment(s) of the concept that the article is missing from these other sorts of games?-- Birgitte SB  04:22, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Since no-one has responded to explain what continued bias problem exists here; I am going to assume the concerns were taken care of in the past year and remove the tag.-- Birgitte SB  15:16, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The serious issues with this article go beyond simple NPOV - there's almost a total lack of sources. Unless someone fixes it shortly I'm going to stub it down to what is supported by the two sources currently in the article.   Will Beback    talk

Cleanup
Reading through the article, it looks like there's a lot of WP:OR and WP:UNDUE issues. Some time this week I'm gonna go through line by line and delete some of the worst offenses, I think.  Azure Fury  (talk | contribs) 19:31, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

Rename - "PvP" or "Player versus player"?
As far as I am concerned, wikipedia names articles based on the most commonly used formal title. I am of the belief that "PvP" is referred to considerably more than it's longer title and the article name should be changed accordingly. I will leave it to someone else to tag the page as having a rename discussion.

Obviously this will inflict on the webcomic "PvP" article, but that could always be renamed "PvP_(webcomic)" accordingly. Let me know your thoughts, thanks. JoshuaMiller0 (talk) 11:13, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

Technically
Technically, if PvP is where player fights another player, then Space Wars would be the first PvP game. Thanks, Marasama (talk) 00:19, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:51, 25 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Minecraft-PvP.png

Phone
WWE Yegz 2600:1700:7B80:9230:4170:429A:AFD3:480A (talk) 00:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Player versus player


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Speedy deletion nomination of Taiga (project management)

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Excellent work
You are doing excellent work on project management software. You are quite right about the deletionists. I suggest you join me as a member of the on your talk page, or with the tag of  on your User page. Experienced editors always have a User page, which shows to other editors that they are a serious and hard working editor.--Dthomsen8 (talk) 20:04, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

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