text:
User:Mdd

Marcel Douwe Dekker (Mdd) (Delft 1964), Dutch systems engineer and conceptual artist, who participates in the Dutch and English Wikipedia, Wikicommons, Wikiquote, Wiktionary and Wikisource since September 2004.

Wikipedia contributions, a selection
Listing of articles created, rewritten and/or significantly expanded (for an historical listing of the lemma's, see here):

Modeling, visualization, cognition and its history

Thematic articles:
 * Architectural drawing • Architectural plan • Bubble chart • Chart (in progress) • Classification chart • Cluster diagram • Cognitive geography • Comparison diagram • Computer graphics •  Data visualization • Diagram (in progress) • Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union • Diagrammatic reasoning • Flowchart (in progress) • Flow diagram (in progress) • Flow map • Information visualization • ISO 128 •   Mathematical diagram • Modeling language • Network diagram • Patent drawing • Plot (graphics) • Radar chart • Routing diagram • Scientific modelling • Scientific visualization • Site plan • Technical drawing • Technical illustration • Visual analytics • Visualization (in progress)

And biographical articles, new or largely improved:

 * Jacques-Eugène Armengaud • James R. Beniger • Jacques Bertin • Alan F. Blackwell • Peter Jeffrey Booker • Willard C. Brinton • John Cooke Bourne • Lee E. Brasseur • Maxine D. Brown • Robert Scott Burn • Stuart Card • Charles Cheffins • Donna Cox • August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome • John Y. Culyer • Robert S. Cunningham • François de Dainville • Thomas A. DeFanti • John Farey Jr. • Martin J. Eppler • Franz Maria Feldhaus • Eugene S. Ferguson • Michael Friendly • Howard G. Funkhouser • Thomas R.G. Green • Gert Hauske • Leonard M. Henny • Klaus Hentschel •  Nigel Holmes • Karl G. Karsten • Jill H. Larkin • Alan MacEachren • Jock D. Mackinlay • Michael Maltz• Eric Margolis (sociologist) • Bruce H. McCormick • Charles Joseph Minard • Rudolf Modley • Daniel R. Montello • Otto Neurath • Joseph D. Novak • Gilles Palsky • Luc Pauwels • Marian Petre • Clifford A. Pickover • William Playfair • Edward Radclyffe (1809–1863) • Lawrence J. Rosenblum • Arthur H. Robinson • George G. Robertson • Michael Scaife • Ben Shneiderman • Johann Sithmann • Walter Smith (art educator) • Ian Spence (psychologist) • Robert Spence (engineer) •  Kim H. Veltman

Templates & categories:
 * Template:Visualization • Category:Information visualization experts

Organizational theory, psychology, sociology, economy, husbandry, etc.
Thematic articles:
 * Agricultural machinery industry • American Machinist • Business network • Circular flow of income • Engineering Magazine • Geoponici • Gilbreth Medal • Leonardo da Vinci Medal • Machine factory • Machine industry • Machine shop • Mokken scale • Production planning • Production control • Standard cost accounting • Tableau économique • The Complete Farmer: Or, a General Dictionary of Husbandry • Time book • Wallace Clark Award

Biographical articles, new and/or largely improved:

 * Russell L. Ackoff • Niclas Adler • Howard E. Aldrich • Jamie Anderson (scientist) • Harold Homer Anderson • Björn Axelsson • Barbara Baarsma • Arthur J. Bachrach • Kenneth D. Bailey (sociologist) • Gregory Balestrero • Gerald O. Barney • Christopher A. Bartlett • Thomas Baumgartner • Cynthia Beath • Bo Becker • Arthur G. Bedeian • Lou Van Beirendonck • Philip W. Bell • Gene Bellinger • Jörg Blasius • Trevor Boyns • Andrew D. Braden • Daniel J. Brass • Klaus Brockhoff • Kenneth E. Boulding • Murray Bowen • Leo Brecht • Gerrit Broekstra • Hans de Bruijn • Clifton D. Bryant  • Walter F. Buckley • Gibson Burrell • Richard M. Burton • Anton Julius Butter • Bart Cambré • Richard E. Caves • Michael Chatfield • Peter Checkland • Shawn M. Clark • Frank L. Clarke • James C. Coomer • Michael Corbey • Stuart Crainer • Anthony J. Culyer • Robert Dahlstrom • Gerald F. Davis • Des Dearlove • William H. DeLone • Gerardine DeSanctis • Philippe DeVille • Frans Dieleman • Kevin J. Dooley (scientist) • Wim Driehuis • Sytse Douma • Anna Dubois • Alan O. Ebenstein • Leif Edvinsson • Jan van den Ende • Steven D. Eppinger • Richard F. Ericson • Hans-Erik Eriksson • Yves Eugene • Willard Fazar • Meindert Fennema • Elgar Fleisch • Richard K. Fleischman • Henk van der Flier • Neil Fligstein • Robert L. Flood • David Ford (marketing scientist) • Eric Gabriel • Lars-Erik Gadde • Joseph Galaskiewicz • Jay R. Galbraith • Burleigh B. Gardner • John P. van de Geer • Frank Honywill George • Jamshid Gharajedaghi • John P. van Gigch • Giovanni B. Giglioni • Wim van den Goorbergh • John Grady (sociologist) • Danny Greefhorst•  Wim Van Grembergen • Henrich R. Greve • Geir Gripsrud • Jostein Gripsrud • Kjell Grønhaug • Erik Guldentops • Håkan Håkansson  • Michael T. Hannan • Frederick H. Harbison • Sven A. Haugland • Igor Hawryszkiewycz • Arnold Heertje • Leonard W. Hein • Robert Heller (journalist) • Pieter Hennipman •  Enrique Herrscher • Ernst ten Heuvelhof • David J. Hickson • Konrad Hilbers • Norman E. Himes • J. Rogers Hollingsworth • Robert de Hoog (scientist) • Jan Hoogervorst • Ole-Kristian Hope • Charles Thomas Horngren • Wim van Hulst • Shelby D. Hunt • Jacobus Franciscus Haccoû • Stephen G. Haines • Jaakko Honko • Dawn Iacobucci  • David Ing • Michael C. Jackson • Sanford M. Jacoby • Kyösti Järvinen • Mariann Jelinek • Richard J. Jensen • H. Thomas Johnson  • Karl William Kapp • Arnold Kaufmann • Harold Kerzner • Walter Kickert • W. Chan Kim • Joop Klant • Pierre Koch • Bruce Kogut • Ad Kolnaar • Theo van de Klundert • Zenon Kulpa  • Martin Op ’t Land • Jan Lambooy • Paul R. Lawrence • Loet Leydesdorff • Allenna Leonard • Steen Lichtenberg • Peter Lindgren (business theorist) • Catherine Liston-Heyes  • Joseph A. Litterer • Ernest Anthony Lowe • Jay Lorsch • Randi Lunnan • Reijo Luostarinen • Donald G. Malcolm • Teemu Malmi • Rudy Martens • Richard Mattessich • Paul Matthyssens • Charles A. McClelland • Ephraim R. McLean • Jack R. Meredith • Gary Metcalf • Gerald Midgley • Ian Mitroff • Rob Mokken • Gareth Morgan • Michael Scott Morton • Karl H. Müller • Charles Andrew Myers • Philippe Naert • David A. Nadler • Peter Naudé • Guy Neave • David P. Norton • George P. Norton • Jo van Nunen • Arne Nygaard • Ramon O’Callaghan • Linda Olds • William Ophuls • Alexander Osterwalder • Klaus Pannenbaecker • Bob Parker (accounting scholar)  • Robert L. Paquette • Dennis L. Peck • Jan Pen • Rebecca Piekkari  • Yves Pigneur • Dennis C. Pirages • Marshall Scott Poole • Gary John Previts • Peter Pruzan •  J. Donald R. de Raadt • Neil Ramiller • Gerhard Reber • Yong Pil Rhee • Martin Ridge (historian) • W. Bradford Rigdon  • David C. Robertson • Jack D. Rogers • Ilkka Ronkainen • Johan Roos • Folkert de Roos • James M. Rubenstein • Anne-Françoise Rutkowski • John Rijsman • Martti Saario • Gerald R. Salancik • Willem Saris • Dirk Bernard Joseph Schouten • Markus Schwaninger • Esbjörn Segelod • Lon R. Shelby • William W. Simmons (executive) • Larry D. Singell • Ale Smidts • Ivan Snehota • David Solomons (accounting scholar) • Stafford Beer • Robert L. Stivers • John M. Stopford • Robert Van Straelen • Antonio Strati • Hans Strikwerda • Wolfgang Stroebe • Mark C. Suchman • E. Burton Swanson • G. A. Swanson • Richard A. Swanson • William R. Synnott • Thorsten Teichert • Coen Teulings • Jacques Theeuwes • Jules Theeuwes • Wayne B. Thomas • Jacques Thomassen • Thomas Thorburn • Patricia H. Thornton • Einar Thorsrud • Thomas H. Tietenberg • Robert Trappl • Len R. Troncale • Rodney Turner • Michael L. Tushman • Werner Ulrich • Stuart Umpleby • Koen Vandenbempt • William J. Vatter • Joris in 't Veld • Richard Vangermeersch • Roel in 't Veld • Charles Geoffrey Vickers • Henrik Virkkunen  • Henk Volberda • Ton Vorst• Frans van Vught • Dick Vullinghs • Harvey M. Wagner • Ross G. Walker • Alexandra Waluszewski • John N. Warfield • Stanley Wasserman • Thaddus E. Weckowicz • Lawrence Welch • Louis T. Wells  • Murray C. Wells • Roman L. Weil • David A. Whetten • Thomson M. Whitin • Jeffrey L. Whitten • Jennifer Wilby • Robert Winter (business theorist) • Morgen Witzel • John Cunningham Wood • Charles D. Wrege • Daniel A. Wren • JoAnne Yates • Robert K. Yin • Udo Zander • Charles Zastrow • Gerard de Zeeuw • Olivier Zunz

Organizations:

 * Alexander Hamilton Institute • American Association for Labor Legislation • European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management • Gates Iron Works • Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Group • International Institute for General Systems Studies • International Visual Sociology Association • Mental Health Research Institute (Michigan) • SEO Economic Research • United States Navy Special Projects Office

History of management, theorists, executives, engineers, agriculturists, economists and others:

 * William L. Abbott • Lawrence A. Appley • Horace Lucian Arnold • Ralph Mosser Barnes • William Loren Batt • James Bowen (railroad executive) • Carman George Blough • Abraham J. Briloff • Robert Elton Brooker • Donald C. Burnham • Thomas J. Burns • Francis G. Burton • Hjalmar G. Carlson • John M. Carmody • Charles U. Carpenter • Horace B. Cheney • Alexander Hamilton Church • Henry Wallace Clark • Edward N. Coffman • Henry Corbet • Charles Day (engineer) • Henry S. Dennison • John H. Van Deventer • Richard Redwood Deupree • Hugo Diemer • Alvin E. Dodd • James Mapes Dodge • John Donaldson (agriculturalist) • Paul Aaron Langevin Doty • John R. Dunlap • Horace Bookwalter Drury • William Ellis (writer on agriculture) • Harrington Emerson • Julie England • Walter A. Fallon • John Manger Fells • James A. Field • Harry Anson Finney • Anthony Fitzherbert • Martin R. Gainsbrugh • Robert B. Gaither • Emile Garcke • Samuel Paul Garner • William C. Goggin • James Bray Griffith • Louis M. Hacker • Benjamin Hafner • Thomas Hale (agriculturist) • Frederick A. Halsey • John Milton Hancock • Henry Rand Hatfield • Horace K. Hathaway • John L. Harrington • G. Charter Harrison • George Holt Henshaw • Robert G. Hess • Charles DeLano Hine • Paul Eugene Holden • Josephus Flavius Holloway • Minard Lafever Holman • Charles R. Hook Sr. • Olof Hörberg • Robert F. Hoxie • Thomas Roy Jones • Julian Kennedy • Robert Thurston Kent • Roy B. Kester • Dexter S. Kimball • James P. Kirkwood • Charles Edward Knoeppel • Franz Körte • Richard H. Lansburgh • Conrad N. Lauer • J. Slater Lewis • Théodore Limperg • Ananias Charles Littleton • Alfred John Liversedge • Benjamin Loder • Eleazar Lord • William H. Lough • Fred R. Low • Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux • Leverett S. Lyon • James Alexander Lyons • Leon C. Marshall • Ewing Matheson• Adolph Matz • William Maxwell (railroad executive) • Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist) • Harold Bright Maynard • Otto Mayr • Daniel McCallum • Charles Perry McCormick • Edward Daniel Meier • Louis François Henri de Menon  • Captain Henry Metcalfe • Henry C. Metcalf • Fred J. Miller • Max Millikan • John Mills (encyclopedist) • Thomas E. Millsop • Charles Minot (railroad executive) • Charles Moran (railroad executive) • Charles Hill Morgan • John Mortimer (agriculturalist) • Edward P. Moxey • Joseph Nasmith • Frank Henry Neely • George Hillis Newlove • J. Lee Nicholson • Oscar E. Perrigo • Charles Piez • Andrey Abraham Potter • Henning Webb Prentis Jr. • Homer Ramsdell • Lingan S. Randolph • James Allen Ransome • Howard M. Raymond • Moncure Robinson • Joseph Wickham Roe • John F. D. Rohrbach • Malcolm C. Rorty • Joshua Rose (engineer) • William Shaw (1797-1853) • Arch Wilkinson Shaw • Harold F. Smiddy • Jesse Merrick Smith • J. Waldo Smith • Arthur Clinton Spurr • Victor Hermann Stempf • Joseph Edmund Sterrett • Camillo Tarello • Sedley Taylor • Albrecht Thaer • John Tregoning • Jethro Tull (agriculturist) • Arthur Van Vlissingen • George L. Vose • Frank E. Webner • Richard Weston (canal builder) • Clinton Edgar Woods • John Worlidge • Arthur Young (agriculturist) • Arthur Howland Young • John Whitmore (accountant) • Harold F. Williamson • Benjamin Wright • Chester W. Wright • Vernon K. Zimmerman

Categories:
 * Category:ASME Medal recipients • Category:Henry Laurence Gantt Medal recipients • Category:Leonardo da Vinci Medal recipients

Templates:
 * Template:ASME Medal • Template:Henry Laurence Gantt Medal • Template:John Fritz Medal • Template:Leonardo da Vinci Medal

Mechanical engineering, systems engineering, software engineering & enterprise engineering

Thematic articles:

 * 4D-RCS Reference Model Architecture • Application Portability Profile • BiZZdesign Architect • Business process modeling • Business reference model • Control flow diagram • Core Architecture Data Model • Clinger-Cohen Act • Data model • Data modeling • DYA framework • Enterprise Architecture Planning • Enterprise engineering • Enterprise integration • Enterprise modelling • Enterprise Life Cycle • FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework • Function model • Functional flow block diagram • Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology • HIPO • History of business architecture • IDEF0 • IDEF1X • IDEF3 • IDEF4 • IDEF5 • IDEF6 • INCOSE Pioneer Award • Information model • ISO 19439 • Method engineering • N2 Chart • NIST Enterprise Architecture Model • OMG Business Architecture Special Interest Group • Ontology engineering • Open System Environment Reference Model • Operational View • Project management • Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture • Real-time Control System • Semantic data model • Software development methodology • Structured analysis • Structure chart • Systems Development Life Cycle • Systems modeling • TAFIM • Three schema approach • Treasury Information System Architecture Framework • Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework  • View model • Zachman Framework

And biographical articles, new and or largely improved:

 * Wil van der Aalst • James S. Albus • Arnaldo Maria Angelini • Charles Bachman • Ervin G. Bailey • Len Bass • Edward Bausch • Theo Bemelmans • Peter Bernus • Benjamin S. Blanchard • Günter Böckle • Jan Bosch • Harry Bouwman • Walter Brenner (computer scientist) • Sjaak Brinkkemper • Janis Bubenko • Edward P. Bullard Jr. • Nicholas Procter Burgh • Edwin Salisbury Carman • Harold Chestnut • Gerhard Chroust • William S. Cleveland • Mortimer Elwyn Cooley • Eckley Brinton Coxe • Claud M. Davis • Edward F. C. Davis • Tom DeMarco • Jan Dietz • Frank Dignum • Kevin C. Dittman • Dov Dori • Fred L. Dornbrook • Guy Doumeingts • Marlon Dumas • Edward B. Durham • Roger Evernden • Eckhard D. Falkenberg • Stephanie Forrest • Kevin Forsberg • Mark S. Fox • Ulrich Frank • David S. Frankel • Henry Franken • Brian R. Gaines • Christopher P. Gane • Georgios B. Giannakis • Robert L. Glass • Harry H. Goode • Dale L. Goodhue • William Gosling (engineer) • William Freeman Myrick Goss • Tom Gruber • William H. Gruber • Michael Gruninger • Willi H. Hager • Arthur David Hall III • Paul Harmon • Kees van Hee • Brian Henderson-Sellers • Jaap van den Herik • Jos van Hillegersberg • Derek Hitchins • Arthur ter Hofstede • Ira Nelson Hollis • Charles Wallace Hunt • Cuthbert Hurd • Junichi Iijima • Anil K. Jain • David Schenk Jacobus • Gunnar Johannsen • Frans Kaashoek • William J. Kettinger • Paul W. Kiefer • Harvey C. Knowles • Kurt Kosanke • John Krogstie • Axel van Lamsweerde • Børje Langefors • Marc Lankhorst • Donald J. Leonard • Timothy C. Lethbridge • Donald H. Liles • Kecheng Liu • Henk Lombaers • Charles Harding Loring • Herwig Mannaert • James Martin • Richard J. Mayer • John Milsum • Allan H. Mogensen • Harold Mooz • Philip M'Pherson • Tony Morgan (computer scientist) • Hans Mulder (scientist) • John Mylopoulos • James G. Nell • Philip Newcomb • Winfried Nöth • G.M. Nijssen • T. William Olle • Andreas Lothe Opdahl • Tuncer Őren • Ken Orr • Nicolai Petkov • Stephen J. Pigott • Alan Pilkington • Klaus Pohl (computer scientist) • Charles Talbot Porter • Erik Proper • Edwin Reynolds (engineer) • Reinder van de Riet • Lucio de Risi • John F. Rockart • Colette Rolland • Michael Rosen (enterprise architect) • Allen B. Rosenstein • Douglas T. Ross • Jeanne W. Ross • Winston W. Royce • Milton Rubin • Bernhard Rumpe • Andrew P. Sage • Trish Sarson • Jaap Schekkerman • Sally Shlaer • Horace See • Lewis K. Sillcox • William W. Simmons (physicist) • Oliver Sims • Jack M. Sipress • Henk G. Sol • Arne Sølvberg • Steven Spewak • Elek Straub • Edward H. Sussenguth • Alistair Sutcliffe • Joseph T. Threston • Edwin E. Tozer • José Tribolet • Michael Uschold• Bruno Vallespir • François Vernadat • Richard Veryard • Edward Yourdon • Jan Vanthienen • Jan Verelst (scientist) •  Alex Verrijn Stuart • William M. Ulrich • Chris Verhoef • Gerrit Versteeg (enterprise architect) • Hans van Vliet • Rene Wagenaar • Jean-Baptiste Waldner • Glenn B. Warren • Alain Wegmann • Peter Weill • Mathias Weske • Jeffrey L. Whitten • Roel Wieringa • Theodore J. Williams • Dennis E. Wisnosky • Hans Wortmann • Philip S. Yu • Bernard P. Zeigler

Organizations:
 * AMICE Consortium • BiZZdesign • Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations • MIT Center for Information Systems Research • QPR Software • Sparx Systems • Telematica Instituut

Templates:
 * Template:Semantic Web • Template:Software Engineering • Template:UML

Categories:
 * Category:Information systems researchers

Systems sciences, operations research, econometrics, methodology and more

Thematic articles:
 * Boundary critique • Complex system • Critical systems thinking • Evolutionary systems • Glossary of systems theory • INTEROP-VLab • Living systems • Management cybernetics • New Cybernetics • Philosophy of dialogue • Systemics • Systems art • Systems engineering • Systems psychology • Systems science • Systems theory

Biographical articles:
 * Kees Aarts (political scientist) • Herman J. Adèr • Timothy F. H. Allen • Ingeman Arbnor • Harm Bart • Béla A. Bánáthy • Béla H. Bánáthy • Jacques F. Benders • Klaas van Berkel • Ludwig von Bertalanffy  • Björn Bjerke • Nathaniel A. Buchwald • Jack Burnham • Peter Caws • Paul Cilliers • Peter Corning • C. West Churchman • Mars Cramer • Eric van Damme • George Dantzig • Johan Degenaar • Melvil Dewey • John A. Dillon • Herman K. van Dijk • Cor van Dijkum • Alfred E. Emerson • Merrill M. Flood • Jay Wright Forrester • Douglas John Foskett • Charles François • Philip Hans Franses • Roman Frigg • Felix Geyer • Lawrence K. Frank • Frank Fremont-Smith • Jerome H. Friedman •  Ralph W. Gerard • Patrick Groenen • Sander Griffioen • Roy R. Grinker, Sr. • Bertram Myron Gross • Jifa Gu • Debora Hammond • Albert Hanken • Stephan Hartmann • Kenneth Harwood • Michiel Hazewinkel • Willem J. Heiser • Christiaan Heij • Jan Hemelrijk • Francis Heylighen • Stan van Hoesel • David Holmgren • Joop Hox • Ray Ison • Marco A. Janssen • Cliff Joslyn • Rien Kaashoek • Ton de Leeuw (organizational theorist) • Marjorie Kendig • Hugo Keuzenkamp • John Kineman • George Klir • Teun Kloek- • Antoon Kolen • Klaus Krippendorff • Bernd J. Kröger • Kyoichi Kijima • J. Stephen Lansing • Edith de Leeuw • Gijsbert de Leve • Harold A. Linstone • Benedikt Löwe • Gerrit Mannoury • Richard L. Meier • Gideon J. Mellenbergh • Mihajlo D. Mesarovic • Jacqueline Meulman • James Grier Miller • Elwood Murray • Harold G. Nelson • Harry Peeters • John R. Platt • Barry Richmond • Johannes Runnenburg • Kjell Samuelson • Jan Sandee • Jan Frederik Schouten • Thomas J. Schriber • Louis A. Schultheiss • Ulbo de Sitter (sociologist) • Lawrence B. Slobodkin • Willem Somermeyer • Sytse Strijbos • Jan in 't Veld • Piet A. Verheyen • Fons van de Vijver • Albert Wagelmans • Henk Zijm • Hans van der Zouwen

Organizations:
 * American Society for Cybernetics • Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences • Cybernetics Society • Dutch Systems Group • Econometric Institute • European Institute for Statistics, Probability, Stochastic Operations Research and its Applications • International Federation for Systems Research • International Project Management Association • International Society for the Systems Sciences • J.F. Schouten School for User System Interaction • Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation • Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study • Principia Cybernetica • Society for General Systems Research • Standish Group • The Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research

Books and journals:
 * European Journal of Information Systems • General Systems • International Journal of General Systems • Systems Research and Behavioral Science

Lists:
 * List of systems • List of systems biology research groups • List of systems engineering at universities • List of systems engineers • List of systems sciences organizations • List of systems scientists • List of types of systems engineering • List of types of systems theory

Categories:
 * Category:Chaos theorists • Category:Operations research • Category:Operations researchers • Category:Scientific modelling • Category:Systems • Category:Systems biologists • Category:Systems ecologists • Category:Systems engineers • Category:Systems science • Category:Systems scientists

Templates:
 * Template:Systems science • Template:Systems Engineering • Template:Society for General Systems Research Presidents • Template:International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents

Some more about art
Thematic articles:
 * AKV St. Joost • Atelier Van Lieshout • De Ateliers • Buning Brongers Award • Charlotte Köhler Prize • Haagse Kunstkring • Hendrik Chabot Award • List of bands from the Netherlands • List of Dutch ceramists • List of Dutch sculptors • Middelheim Open Air Sculpture Museum • New Hague School (visual arts) • Sandberg Prize (Netherlands)  • Wilhelmina-ring

Biographical articles:

 * Per Abramsen • Cris Agterberg • Govert-Marinus Augustijn • Nina Baanders-Kessler • Joop Beljon • Fons Bemelmans • Gerrit de Blanken • Marrie Bot • Henk Breuker • Hugo Brouwer • Willem Coenraad Brouwer • Carel Adolph Lion Cachet • Theo Colenbrander • Lies Cosijn • Chris Dagradi • Cor Dam • Jan Dekkers • Emmy van Deventer • Just van Deventer  • Theo Dobbelman • Dora Dolz • Sonia Herman Dolz • Jan van Druten • Dick Elffers • Mathieu Ficheroux • Chris Fokma • Guido Geelen • Jan van Gemert • Daan van Golden • Berend Hendriks • Vilma Henkelman • Wout van Heusden • Derk Holman • Dirk Hubers • Teun Jacob • Hans de Jong • Axel en Helena van der Kraan • Job Koelewijn • David van de Kop • Nathalie Krebs • Lydeke von Dülmen Krumpelmann • Theo Lalleman • Ine Lamers  • Sonja Landweer • Chris Lanooy • Geert Lap • Wietske van Leeuwen • Luigi de Lerma • Joep van Lieshout • Frans Lommen • Johan van Loon • Herman Mees • Hannie Mein • Frank de Miranda • Barbara Nanning  • Bert Nienhuis • Pepijn van den Nieuwendijk • Herman Nieweg • Wendelien van Oldenborgh  • Ton van Os • Gerrit Patist • Jan van de Pavert • Lon Pennock • Bik Van Der Pol • Joop Puntman • Leen Quist • Judith Révész • Lia van Rhijn • Johnny Rolf • Matthijs Röling • Jan de Rooden • Don Satijn • Q.S. Serafijn • Dick Stapel • Karel Sluijterman • Cornelis van der Sluys • Anno Smith • Jan Snoeck • Pieter Stockmans • Jan van Stolk • Piet van Stuivenberg • Kees Timmer • Henk Trumpie • Jan van der Vaart • Nicholas Vergette • Toon Verhoef • Kees Verschuren • Gerrit Versteeg (architect) • Barbara Visser (artist) • Co Westerik • Piet Wiegman • Sophie van der Does de Willebois

.

WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Council
 * WikiProject Engineering
 * WikiProject Science
 * WikiProject Software
 * WikiProject Systems
 * WikiProject Systems Engineering Initiative
 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Cybernetics and Portal:Cybernetics

title: User:Mdd


text:
London Broncos

The London Broncos are a professional rugby league club based in Wimbledon, England. They play their home games at Plough Lane and compete in Super League, the top tier of British rugby league.

Whilst the club has never won a major trophy, they have finished second in the League Championship once and have been Challenge Cup runners-up once. They have also won the Championship Grand Final, to gain promotion to the Super League, on two occasions.

Originally formed as Fulham Rugby League Club in 1980, they have also previously been known as London Crusaders and Harlequins Rugby League. London's home colours are black and red.

Origins
Professional rugby league was briefly represented in London during the 1930s by London Highfield (1933), Acton and Willesden (1935–36) and Streatham and Mitcham (1935–36). All these were speculative clubs set up by local businessmen purely as money making exercises, and were ultimately driven out of business through poor finances. Thereafter, the sport of rugby league in England remained exclusively a northern based game for over forty years until the formation in 1980 of a new club in London, Fulham.

1980–1991: Fulham R.L.F.C.
In June 1980, Fulham Football Club chairman Ernie Clay set up a rugby league team at Craven Cottage, with the primary intention of creating another income stream for the football club. Warrington director Harold Genders, who had helped to persuade Clay of the potential benefits of establishing a rugby league club in the capital, resigned from the Warrington board to become managing director of Fulham R.L.F.C. The Rugby Football League (RFL), keen to encourage the expansion of the sport beyond its traditional northern heartland, accepted the new club at once. One of the game's leading players, Reg Bowden, was recruited by Genders to act as player-coach and the club's first signing was Roy Lester, on a free transfer from Warrington. Within nine weeks, Genders and Bowden had assembled a team of very experienced players, most of whom were approaching retirement, together with a few promising youngsters.

The first match, on 14 September 1980, was a major success; nearly 10,000 Londoners attended the game at Craven Cottage to see the newly formed side convincingly beat highly regarded Wigan 24–5. On 15 February 1981, more than 15,000 were present to see Fulham take on Wakefield Trinity in the Challenge Cup, a club attendance record that still stands. The new Fulham RL team quickly proved to be very competitive and went on to win promotion at the end of their inaugural season. After that initial success, however, immediate relegation from the first division in 1981–82 was something of a reality check.

Fulham played two "home" games against Swinton and Huddersfield at Widnes in 1983 as the pitch at the Cottage had disintegrated in the wet winter following the collapse of the main drain to the River Thames under the Miller Stand.

The club also played several one-off games in 1983 at various football grounds around London; matches were played at Wealdstone's Lower Mead stadium, Hendon's Claremont Road ground, Brentford's Griffin Park and Chelsea's Stamford Bridge.

Despite winning the Division Two Championship comfortably in 1982–83, a second immediate relegation in 1983–84, coupled with continuing financial losses, saw Clay, under pressure from the Fulham football club board, pull the plug at the end of their fourth season. However, with the backing of supporters Roy and Barbara Close and the appointment of a new coach, former player Roy Lester, Fulham RL still had a future. Most of the existing players moved on as free agents, and a new squad began life based at the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre for the 1984–85 season.

After a single season, the club then moved to a new home at Chiswick Polytechnic Sports Ground in the summer of 1985, and would remain there for five years. Bill Goodwin replaced Lester as coach from 1986 to 1987. In August 1986, Fulham hit a serious cash crisis and were forced to withdraw temporarily from the RFL only 11 days before the start of the season, but were able to re-launch in September. Bev Risman was appointed coach at Fulham in 1987. The team was in the bottom half of the second division and continually struggled for success, and Risman left after a couple of seasons and Bill Goodwin returned. Phil Sullivan was coach for just two months between January and February 1989, thereafter Goodwin came in for his third spell and held the reins until May 1989 when Ross Strudwick was appointed.

The club returned to the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre in 1990, this time making it their home for three seasons.

In May 1991, York and Fulham toured Russia.

1991–1994: London Crusaders
Prior to the start of the 1991–92 season the club's name was officially changed from Fulham RLFC to London Crusaders RLFC. A slightly more successful period on the pitch begun at this point. Ross Strudwick was replaced as coach by Darryl van der Velde in 1992 but continued as club manager until 1993.

In June 1993 the club moved once again, from Crystal Palace National Sports Centre to Barnet Copthall arena. In November 1993, London Crusaders imposed a 20% pay cut on all staff to ease financial problems. With the club in financial straights, the RFL briefly took ownership of the Crusaders in 1993–94 to protect their southern outpost, but the club were then acquired by new owners Britannic Shipping; Strudwick stepped down as manager to give the club's new owners a clean slate.

Despite the club's financial problems, the team proved very competitive on the pitch under coach Tony Gordon and narrowly missed out on automatic promotion back to the First Division by a single point. The climax of the Crusaders' era was a May 1994 appearance in the Divisional Premiership Final at Old Trafford; although they lost 22–30 to Workington Town, the club had gone into the game with the knowledge that an exciting take-over bid had just been announced.

1994–2005: London Broncos
In the spring of 1994, just prior to the Divisional Premiership Final, it was announced that the successful Australian NRL club Brisbane Broncos was buying the London Crusaders club, which would be renamed London Broncos from the start of the forthcoming 1994–95 season. Gordon was replaced by a Brisbane coach, Gary Grienke. The first home game under the new Broncos moniker was against Keighley at Hendon F.C.'s ground at Claremont Road, though most home games were still played at Barnet Copthall.

For the 1995–96 season the club found another new home base, returning to south-west London at The Stoop Memorial Ground, home of Harlequins Rugby Union Club. Despite finishing fourth in the Second Division the previous season, London Broncos were selected by the RFL to be part of the radical new Super League competition scheduled to begin in the summer of 1996, on the basis that the RFL felt it was commercially essential for the sport's national profile to have a team based in the nation's capital. The regular 1995–96 season, deliberately made brief to accommodate for Super League, ran from August 1995 to January 1996 and saw London included together with the top ten teams from the 1994–95 First Division in a 'Centenary League Championship', effectively a "dry run" for Super League. Faced with much stronger opposition, London struggled and finished second from last.

The club moved once more prior to the start of the 1996 inaugural summer season of Super League, this time to south-east London to play at The Valley, home of Charlton Athletic, which is when current owner David Hughes initially became involved with the club. Former Brisbane Broncos coach Tony Currie was appointed to the role of head coach. The team performed far beyond initial expectations and eventually finished a highly creditable fourth, with Greg Barwick the top points scorer for the club. That season also brought the best London home attendances since the first season at Craven Cottage. Tony Rea retired from playing to take up the Chief Executive role at the club. After only one season at The Valley, the club were on their way back to south-west London to play at the Stoop Memorial Ground again for the 1997 season. The second season of Super League saw an even greater improvement in the team's performance, finishing a remarkable second to the eventual champions, Bradford Bulls. This represents London's best ever final league position to date. Richard Branson's highly successful Virgin Group became the majority shareholders and primary sponsors of the club, and the immediate future looked very bright. Highlights that year included victories at the Stoop over Canberra in the World Club Challenge and comprehensive league victories against Bradford and Wigan.

In 1998, as part of rugby league's "on the road" scheme, London Broncos played Bradford Bulls at Tynecastle in Edinburgh in front of over 7,000 fans. Success continued in 1998 with a first appearance in the Challenge Cup semi-finals, losing to Wigan. Head coach Tony Currie left the club at the end of the 1998 Super League season and was replaced by Dan Stains.

In 1999, the club went one stage better in the Challenge Cup. Following a famous last-minute semi-final victory over Castleford, the Broncos reached the Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium for the first time, but despite taking a shock early lead in the game and performing bravely, they were soundly defeated 52–16 by red-hot favourites Leeds.

The club returned to the Valley for the 2000 season, but sacked Stains after enduring a long losing streak. Tony Rea was appointed temporary joint head coach with Stains' assistant Les Kiss. Rea and Kiss managed to steer Broncos out of the slump. In 2000, the experienced John Monie was appointed Head Coach. Monie only stayed in the job until the last month of the 2000 Super League season with the club having had mediocre results during his tenure. Rea took over as caretaker coach until the end of the season and Broncos eventually reached mid-table security. Rea then resigned his Chief Executive role at the end of the 2000 season to become Head Coach on a full-time basis.

York made an approach to the Virgin Group to buy the London Broncos in August 2001, with the aim of buying a Super League place for a proposed merged club to be based in York under a new name, York Wasps. This attempt was thrown out when Richard Branson rebuffed the offer as 'ridiculous, and speculative at best'.

In 2002, fervent club supporter David Hughes purchased the majority shareholding from Virgin in a major restructuring of the club. The Broncos moved once again, to play their home matches at Griffin Park as tenants of Brentford FC. 2003 marked the club's first Super League playoff appearance, losing in the first round to St. Helens 24–6 at Knowsley Road.

The 2005 season was marked by significant activity off the pitch as the club welcomed new chairman and majority shareholder Ian Lenagan who had bought 65% of the shares. This was followed by the announcement of a partnership with Harlequins Rugby Union Club that saw the club return to The Stoop Memorial Ground, this time formally renamed as Harlequins RL and adopting the host club's kit and crest for the 2006 season.

2006–2011: Harlequins Rugby League
Ian Lenagan became the majority shareholder in the London Broncos in July 2005 and within a week of his arrival, the team was formally renamed "Harlequins RL". Press releases of the time suggested that this would make the combined club "a powerhouse in both codes" according to Mark Evans of the Union club and provide a "very, very strong future for rugby league in the capital" according to Lenagan. The arrangement between the clubs was described as a "long-term partnership".

At the time of the announcement there were many projected benefits of the two clubs sharing and pooling; both clubs were to play at the same ground and have access to the training facilities at the Richardson Evans Playing Fields, Roehampton Vale, though this was little more than a public park and not actually fit for a professional club of either code. In practice, there was no integration between the rugby codes, no joint player development, and the administrative and commercial resource sharing was little more than the RU club allowing the RL club some shared office space.

The sole integration programme appeared to be a combined fund raising lottery – which folded long before the Rugby League club permanently left the Twickenham Stoop – and two "double header" match days. These were in 2006, in which the Union side played first, followed by the League side, but the lengthy two hour gap between fixtures was a deterrent to the Union supporters and the majority had left the ground before the kick-off of the League fixture. Plymouth Albion and Leeds Carnegie were the Union opponents for the Union team whilst the Rugby League team played Huddersfield and St Helens.

On the field, the Harlequins RL club started with an encouraging 8,213 watching the home game against St Helens on 11 February 2006 but a heavy loss was followed by further consecutive home losses against Wakefield and Castleford, before a thumping 0–60 home defeat to Leeds. It was not until the fifth home game in the season that the team won at the Twickenham Stoop against Catalans Dragons in round 9.

Whilst the club started with a goal of 5,500 average home ground attendance by mid 2007. the actual attendance average was around the 3,500 level.

A 38–18 loss against bottom of the table Catalan, who were in their first year in Super League, was followed by a close home defeat to a Wigan team after each team scored. Harlequins were at this point 9th out of 12.

On 8 July 2006, Ian Lenagan removed Tony Rea as head coach, and moved him "upstairs" to a position on the club's board of directors. In his place, Brian McDermott, an assistant coach at Leeds Rhinos, was appointed as head coach. Results at home improved, taking Harlequins RL to 7th place in Super League XI.

The 2007 season saw the team pull off an incredible opening win against St Helens and by 7 July the team was 5th in the table, but a collapse in form in the second half of the season – a recurring theme of the McDermott reign – saw the team win only once from eight matches to finish 9th.

At the end of the season, Ian Lenagan took over control of fellow Super League side Wigan Warriors and was given two years to sell his Harlequins shares.

In 2008, Harlequins RL got off to a good start, winning six from the first ten games, but as was customary a second half of the season collapse saw the club won only five from the last seventeen games to finish in 9th again.

In 2009, the club was playing very well in the early part of the season, which extended up until 12 June with ten wins from sixteen, but yet again the rest of the season proved miserable with one win from 12 seeing the club slide from 5th position to 11th.

Home supporters were particularly displeased with the 0–48 home loss to Castleford and the 0–36 half time score v Bradford.

By round 12 in 2010, the club had won only one game from the first eleven and were bottom of the table, meaning that McDermott had seen the team win just twice in twenty three games, and at half-time away at Wigan the team were losing 24–6 before pulling off their finest comeback as Harlequins RL to win 38–26. That result seemed to spur the team into life briefly, with three more wins from the next four, but after that there was an end-of-season collapse to join the start-of-season collapse.

The round 25 game at Catalan saw the Quins bottom of the table with Catalan on a similar points tally and the game looked likely to decide who would finish bottom. The Quins were winning 16–12 with just a couple of minutes to go when Catalan were over the line with ball in hand, but Will Sharp stripped the ball from the Dragons player and Quins managed to hold out for the win.

The final game under McDermott saw Harlequins lose to Warrington at home; 7 wins from his last 38 games.

It was a shock to Harlequins RL supporters to see McDermott's assistant take over but this bizarre decision seemed to be warranted as Rob Powell oversaw three wins from their first three matches, placing them at the top of the ladder.

Away wins at Leeds Rhinos and St Helens seemed to herald a new dawn, however, the club's run of success was ended with a club record 82–6 defeat to Warrington Wolves on 20 March 2011 and the team were within a try of losing by the all-time Super League record margin of −80 held by Salford City Reds.

After that the Harlequins only won two more games in the next six months and the Harlequins RL era drew to a close when the club played St Helens in their final game under that name on 10 September 2011.

2012–present: Return to London Broncos
The club announced on 1 November 2011 that it would be returning to the London Broncos name from the 2012 season. In addition, the team unveiled a new logo as well as new colours of black, light blue and silver. On 4 February, London Broncos played their first competitive match against St. Helens since reverting to that name. The game was won by St. Helens 34–24 in front of a 4,924 crowd, which was higher than all of their attendances in the year before. In the match, seven players made their debuts for the club.

In the 2012 season, the Broncos played two home games "on the road" away from the Twickenham Stoop, on 6 June vs Bradford at Leyton Orient FC's Brisbane Road, where they were narrowly beaten 22–29 in front of 2,844 fans, and on 20 June vs Hull F.C. at Gillingham FC's Priestfield Stadium, as recognition for the work Medway Dragons had done in growing rugby league in Kent. The game proved to be popular with 3,930 turning up to watch London narrowly beaten 12–14 by Hull.

Tony Rea was appointed as the club's head coach for a second time in August 2012 taking over from Rob Powell. In 2013, London Broncos used four venues for their home games with the majority being played at the Twickenham Stoop. On 8 June 2013, London once again played a home game at Priestfield Stadium, this time being heavily beaten 82–10 by Warrington in front of 3,041 fans. On 28 March, London had to play a home game at Esher RFC's ground at Molesey Road due to a waterlogged pitch at the Stoop. For the next home game on 6 April, Harlequins RU didn't allow London to use the Stoop due to a Heineken Cup game, forcing them to play Bradford at Adams Park in High Wycombe.

London Broncos had a successful Challenge Cup campaign in 2013, reaching the semi-finals for the first time since their Wembley appearance in 1999. In round 4, London beat part-timers Featherstone Rovers 24–12 and in round 5, defeated Bradford 25–16. In the quarter-finals, London Broncos beat part-timers Sheffield Eagles 29–10 to book a place in the semi-finals. On 27 July, London Broncos' dream of reaching the Wembley final for the second time came emphatically to an end with a televised 0–70 defeat by Wigan, a record score in a Challenge Cup semi-final.

On 29 June 2013, London Broncos announced the loan signing of Australian Jamie Soward until the end of the season. Soward quickly became a fans favourite with a man of the match performance on his debut v Salford (scoring a try and kicking five goals) and received a standing ovation from the crowd despite being defeated 30–44. Soward put in impressive performances in his short venture in England and in 9 games scored 67 points (5 tries, 23 goals, 1 drop goal).

The club's financial struggles were made evident when, on 20 November 2013, the club announced that it would have to enter administration in ten working days if a new owner was not found. On 3 December 2013, London Broncos announced, "The club will be instructing lawyers to file a further notice of intention to appoint administrators at court, which shall be effective for 10 business days". The club's saviour David Hughes later decided to carry on putting millions into the club.

On 13 December 2013, London Broncos announced a move to the Hive Stadium in Canons Park, the new home of Barnet F.C., from the start of the 2014 season. After London lost 21 players from their 2013 squad, they faced a huge task to build up their squad again with minimal finances. The Broncos managed to retain twelve players from 2013 and in the off season signed 16 players (five on loan) including Tongan international fullback Nesiasi Mataitonga and former England international hooker Scott Moore. Tony Rea quit as coach following Broncos' 11-game winless start to the new Super League season. Assistant coach Joey Grima became head coach, having been asked to take charge for the rest of the season and next.Rea replaced by Grima at Broncos. Despite several closely contested games in 2014, the team struggled throughout the season against teams with far more strength in depth and much greater financial resources, and finished the season bottom of the Super League table, with only one win.

A supporters club (the LBSA) was founded in 2014 in order for fans to have a voice regarding their team. In July, at a pre-match lunch hosted by former Broncos Martin Offiah and Shaun Edwards, the LBSA announced its Hall of Fame, with six inaugural inductees: Reg Bowden, Peter Gill, Mark Johnson, Hussain M’Barki, Rob Purdham, Steele Retchless and Scott Roskell.

2015–2018: Relegation to the Championship
On 13 July 2014, London Broncos were relegated from the Super League to the Championship after a 72–12 loss to Warrington.

The capital club had competed in all 19 Super League seasons and this was the club's first relegation since 1984 as Fulham RL and the first time the club competed in the second tier since 1995.

Relegation bought another mass exodus of players, with the club losing many key homegrown and non-homegrown players.

In the 2015 season, London Broncos had a poor season. Head Coach Joey Grima had issues with senior players like Foran, Cordoba, Mathers, Adamson and Lovegrove which meant that by about a third of the way into the season none were selectable. The club trained players went into the double digits that season but of them only Alex Walker and Matt Davis would be successful in the long run. As pressure built, Grima resigned leaving Andrew Henderson in charge. Henderson had too much to do and Broncos were a long way short of making the Super 8 play-offs that would have given them a chance of promotion back to Super League. However a surprise away win in the qualifiers at Dewsbury Rams saw the club make it to the Championship Shield Grand Final in Widnes but they were heavily beaten 36–4 by Featherstone Rovers.

In 2016, London Broncos moved to Ealing having signed a three-year deal to play at the Trailfinders Sports Ground, home of rugby union side Ealing Trailfinders. On 3 July, the Broncos beat Dewsbury 36–6 to secure a place in the Qualifiers against the bottom 4 Super League teams for promotion. Henderson signed Penrith Panthers playmaker Jamie Soward, who had previously played for the Broncos in 2013, until the end of the season. London Broncos finished 2nd in the Championship heading into the Qualifiers for a place in the Super League. The Broncos started the Qualifiers with a narrow 34–30 away loss to Leigh. London then won their first game in the competition, setting a record club score victory over Batley 76–16 at the Trailfinders Sports Ground. The following week, Henderson's team put in a gutsy performance despite going down 28–42 to Leeds in front of a record rugby league crowd at the ground of 1,845 in front of the Sky Sports cameras.

In 2017 the Broncos again finished second and reached the qualifiers for a second consecutive year. The team put in several impressive performances including a close 38–40 loss against Warrington Wolves; lost by just two points against Catalans Dragons away and came within six points of beating Hull KR. However the last two games were both hammerings whilst Broncos also blew the lead against Featherstone to draw on the hooter and only actually beat Halifax. Shortly after the season finished Andrew Henderson, who had successfully managed the club through a troubled period, left to help manage Warrington Wolves.

Danny Ward was promoted to Head Coach and in 2018 the Broncos got off to a flying start with seven wins in a row to go first in the Championship table with five straight wins, breaking their previous record for the best start to a season with a 68–12 home victory over Batley Bulldogs. A mid-season slump saw the club needing an improbable sequence of results to make the play-offs but six wins and a draw from the last seven saw the club achieve exactly that and make Super 8s – the Qualifiers.

2018–present: Promotion and subsequent relegation
Following a strong 2018 campaign in the Championship, Danny Ward carried off the Championship Head Coach of the Year Award at the end of season awards dinner held at the Principal Hotel in Manchester. The Broncos finished second in the regular season and commenced their Super 8s – Qualifiers campaign with a one-point win over the Widnes Vikings in which Jarrod Sammut kicked a vital 79th minute drop goal to secure the victory. This good start was followed up with key victories over Salford, Toulouse and Halifax to leave the Broncos with 8 points in the Qualifiers table sitting in fifth behind the Toronto Wolfpack in fourth, which meant London faced the Wolfpack away at the Lamport Stadium in Toronto on 7 October 2018 to decide the final Super League place in the so-called 'Million Pound Game'. London won a very tense and defensive game 4–2, thus earning promotion to Super League for the 2019 season. However, in spite of handing table leaders St Helens two of their three losses in the 2019 season, and several other notable wins against stronger opponents, Broncos were relegated after only one season back in the top flight, after losing their final game of the season to Wakefield.

With the entire 2020 Championship season cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the RFL advised the Broncos that their present ground at Ealing would be deemed as unsuitable for top level matches should they return to the Super League, so in December 2020 the club entered into discussions with AFC Wimbledon to groundshare at their newly built Plough Lane stadium in Wimbledon. The agreement was confirmed in mid July 2021 and the club played its first game at its new home in January 2022, a pre-season friendly against Widnes.

In the 2022 RFL Championship season, London started poorly and for most of the season were in the relegation zone. The club managed to win four of their last ten matches in the league to avoid relegation and finish 11th on the table. The 2023 RFL Championship season saw London finish 5th in the table and qualify for the playoffs. They would go on to defeat Sheffield in the opening playoff game and then beat league leaders Featherstone, who had finished 18 points above them in the regular season, to reach the playoff final. London would then go on to upset Toulouse Olympique in the Million Pound Game 18–14 to seal a spectacular return to the Super League.

London started the 2024 Super League season with ten consecutive losses where they conceded nearly 40 points a game. London would then earn their first win in round 11 against fellow strugglers Hull F.C. recording a 34–18 victory.

Stadium
The Broncos have played home matches at numerous different grounds around London since the club's original formation. In 2021 they hoped to move their home ground to Plough Lane stadium in Wimbledon, as tenants of AFC Wimbledon, looking to agree a ten-year lease with break and extension clauses. Until an arrangement to use Plough Lane was reached, the club continued to play at Trailfinders Sports Ground. The Broncos finally began play at Plough Lane in 2022.

Colours
The original Fulham team wore an all black kit, with a broad white chevron, bordered with red, across the chest. As London Crusaders, the kit used the same colours, but in a variety of designs over the seasons. London Broncos wore red, yellow and blue also in a variety of styles, with red being the predominant colour for the last 5 years of their existence. When the club became known as Harlequins RL they adopted the colours of host rugby union side Harlequins. When the club returned to being known as the London Broncos, the home kit was black with a light blue trim and the reverse for the away kit. In 2015, the London Broncos reverted to their original Fulham colours, much to the approval of long-term fans, with their home kit being predominantly black with a broad white chevron and a red strip bordering the chevron. The away kit is predominantly red with a broad black chevron with white border. For the 2022 season, the club will play in blue and yellow, referencing the traditional colours of their new hosts in Wimbledon. The club have indicated that they will revert to Black from 2023.

Badge
As Fulham RLFC, the club utilised the badge of the host football club, which at the time was the emblem of the local administrative borough, Hammersmith and Fulham. The first badge as London Broncos was a red and white crest with a horse's head on the front with London inscripted on the top. This was worn, with some minor adjustments, until 2006 when the club became known as Harlequins RL.

As Harlequins RL, the club crest was the same as that of the host rugby union team. This was used up until 2011.

In 2012, the club reverted to the name London Broncos and created a new crest, based on the original Broncos badge but featuring a horse's head in a modern stylised fashion, depicted in silver and blue.

2024 squad
''Where a player has played internationally for more than one country, the nations are indicated with the most recently represented first. A slash (/) indicates an uncapped player of dual nationality.''

Backroom staff

 * Chairman: David Hughes
 * CEO: Jason Loubser
 * Head of Commercial: Mark Kemp
 * Football Manager: Dom Fenton
 * Head of Community: John Keyes
 * Commercial: Izzy Lovell
 * Head of Medical:
 * 1st Team / Lead Academy Physiotherapist:
 * Sports therapist:

Coaching staff

 * Head coach: Mike Eccles
 * Assistant coach: Rhys Lovegrove
 * Head of Youth: Chris Baxter
 * Academy & Reserves Head Coach: Kieran Robertson

List of former head coaches
Also see Category:London Broncos coaches.

 * 🏴 Reg Bowden: 1980–1984
 * 🏴 Roy Lester: 1984–1986
 * 🏴 Bill Goodwin: 1986–1987
 * 🏴 Bev Risman: 1987–1988
 * 🏴 Bill Goodwin: 1988
 * 🏴 Phil Sullivan: Jan–Feb 1989
 * 🏴 Bill Goodwin: Feb–May 1989
 * 🇦🇺 Ross Strudwick: 1989–1992
 * 🇳🇿 Tony Gordon: 1993–1994
 * 🇦🇺 Gary Greinke: 1994–1996
 * 🇦🇺 Tony Currie: 1996–1998
 * 🇦🇺 Dan Stains: 1998–1999
 * 🇦🇺 Les Kiss & 🇦🇺 Tony Rea: Jun–Sep 1999
 * 🇦🇺 John Monie: 1999–2000
 * 🇦🇺 Tony Rea: 2000–2005
 * 🏴 Brian McDermott: 2006–2010
 * 🏴 Rob Powell: 2011–2012
 * 🇦🇺 Tony Rea: 2012–2014
 * 🇦🇺 Joey Grima: 2014–2015
 * Andrew Henderson: 2015–2017
 * 🏴 Danny Ward: 2018–2021
 * 🏴 Jermaine Coleman : 2022
 * 🏴 Mike Eccles : 2022 –

Supporters' Player of the Year Awards
The London Broncos Supporters Association (LBSA) inaugurated the Fan's Player and Young Player of the Year awards in 2014, with Matt Cook and Joe Keyes the first winners. The award has been held every year, with the exception of the cancelled 2020 season. In 2022, a Women's Player of the Year was awarded for the first time.

LBSA Men's Player of the Year
2014 – 🏴 Matt Cook

2015 – 🇫🇯 Wes Naiqama

2016 – 🏴 Rhys Williams

2017 – 🇲🇹 Jarrod Sammut

2018 – 🏴 Eddie Battye

2019 – 🏴 Jordan Abdull

2020 – Season cancelled

2021 – 🏴 Chris Hankinson

2022 – 🇮🇹 Dean Parata

2023 – 🏴 Oli Leyland

LBSA Men's Young Player of the Year
2014 – 🇮🇪 Joe Keyes

2015 – 🏴 Matt Davis

2016 – 🏴 James Cunningham

2017 – 🏴 Alex Walker

2018 – 🏴 Alex Walker

2019 – 🏴 Rob Butler

2020 – Season cancelled

2021 – 🏴 Gideon Boafo

2022 – 🏴 Oli Leyland

2023 – 🏴 Bill Leyland

LBSA Women's Player of the Year
2022 – 🇺🇸 Courtney Treco

2023 – 🇺🇸 Courtney Treco

Honours
League
 * Division 1 / Super League:
 * Runners up (1): 1997

 * Division 2 / Championship:
 * Winners (2): 1982–83, 2023
 * Runners up (3): 2016, 2017, 2018
 * Million Pound Game:
 * Winners (1): 2018

Domestic Cups
 * Challenge Cup:
 * Runners up (1): 1999

Player Records
''Up to and including 19 July 2024. Current players appear in bold.''

Most points
Note: Tries scored before the 1983–84 season were worth 3pts

Oli Leyland ranks highest of current players, 13th with 354 points in 86 appearances

Hall of Fame
In 2014, the LBSA launched the club's Hall of Fame, and announced seven inaugural inductees. As of 2019, the Hall of Fame has 11 members:

 * 🏴 Reg Bowden (Heritage № 7)
 * 🇦🇺 Peter Gill (Heritage № 291)
 * 🇿🇦 Mark Johnson (Heritage № 243)
 * 🇲🇦 Hussein M'Barki (Heritage № 29)
 * 🏴 Rob Purdham (Heritage № 392)
 * 🇺🇸 Steele Retchless (Heritage № 341)

 * 🇦🇺 Scott Roskell (Heritage № 221)
 * 🇦🇺 Tony Rea (Heritage № 276; Inducted 2015)
 * 🏴 Tony Gourley (Heritage № 11; Inducted 2016)
 * 🇦🇺 Luke Dorn (Heritage № 440; Inducted 2019)
 * 🏴 Roy Lester (Heritage № 10; Inducted 2019)

Team Records
Up to and including 12 May 2024. Note: The attendance for the match against Trafford Borough on 7 January 1990 is unknown.

Lowest Home Attendances
Note: This list does not include matches during the COVID-19 affected 2020 and 2021 seasons.

Women's team
In 2021, the London Broncos formed a women's team to take part the inaugural season of the RFL Women's Super League South. The played in the opening fixture of the competition, winning 20–12 against the Army. In 2022, the Broncos finished the regular season at the top of the table, but lost to Cardiff Demons in the Grand Final. The Broncos took part in the Women's Challenge Cup for the first time in 2023 and although they did not advance from the group stage, they recorded their first victory in the cup with a 40–4 win over Castleford Tigers. On 27 August, London Broncos took the 2023 Women's Super League South title with a 22–10 win over Cardiff Demons in the Grand Final. Following the restructuring of the women's league pyramid it was announced that London would be in the 2024 Southern Women's Championship.

Seasons
Source:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: London Broncos


text:
Gorman Thomas

James Gorman Thomas III (born December 12, 1950) is an American former professional baseball player. He played Major League Baseball (MLB) as a center fielder and right-handed hitter. Thomas played in the American League (AL) with the Milwaukee Brewers (1973–76, 1978–83, 1986), Cleveland Indians (1983) and Seattle Mariners (1984–86).

With the Brewers, Thomas was one of the franchise's most popular players. He was a leading home run hitter in the late 1970s and early 1980s, though he hit for a low batting average and frequently struck out. Thomas had good fielding skills and his throwing arm was strong until shoulder surgery in 1984, after which he became a designated hitter until his retirement in 1986.

Early life
Thomas was born in Charleston, South Carolina. His father, Gorman Sr, was a postal worker and a former minor league pitcher. Thomas was raised in nearby James Island. His family moved to Columbia, South Carolina where he attended Cardinal Newman High School through his junior year, playing on a state championship basketball team in 1968. He attended James Island High School his senior year. In high school, Thomas earned 14 letters in four sports - baseball, football, basketball and track. He was selected in the first round (21st overall) of the 1969 Major League Baseball draft by the Seattle Pilots, becoming the first-ever draft pick in the history of the team.

Milwaukee Brewers
In 1971, Thomas played Class A baseball in the Milwaukee system with the Danville Warriors that year. Thomas led the Midwest League in both home runs (31) and strikeouts (170). The next year with the Class AA San Antonio Brewers, Thomas led the Texas League in the same two categories, registering 26 home runs and 171 strikeouts in 135 games.

Thomas spent parts of 1973 and 1974 in the major leagues with the Brewers, but he mostly played Class AAA baseball during those seasons. With the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League in 1974, Thomas finished second in the league in home runs (51), third in RBI (122), fourth in walks (93), third in runs scored (117) and first in strikeouts (175). He spent most of the next two years on the bench with the Brewers, but he enjoyed being teammates with Hank Aaron during Aaron's last two MLB seasons.

Thomas played in Class AAA with the Spokane Indians for the entire 1977 season, batting .322 with 36 home runs and 114 RBI in 143 games. After the season, Thomas was traded to the Texas Rangers as the player to be named later in an earlier trade for Ed Kirkpatrick. Rangers executive Dan O'Brien Sr. explained the move as a temporary "friendship deal". Brewers general manager Harry Dalton needed to open up a roster spot over the winter, and he asked O'Brien to hold Thomas on the Texas roster for a few months. In February 1978, O'Brien sold Thomas back to Milwaukee before he appeared in any games with the Rangers.

Becoming an everyday center fielder for the Brewers in 1978, Thomas batted .246 with 32 home runs and 86 RBI in 137 games. In 1979, Thomas enjoyed his best MLB season, compiling career high numbers in home runs (45, first in the AL), RBI (123), runs scored (97), hits (136), doubles (29), walks (98), on-base percentage (.356), total bases (300), slugging percentage (.539) and OPS (.895). After the season, he finished seventh in MVP Award voting. Thomas was affectionately known as "Stormin' Gorman."

In 1980, Thomas had another productive season, batting .239 with 38 home runs and 105 RBI while playing in all 162 games. Gorman followed that up by finishing second in the AL in home runs with 21 and being named to the AL All-Star Team in 1981. He finished eighth in MVP Award voting that year. In 1982, Thomas hit .245 with an AL-high 39 home runs (tying with Reggie Jackson for the league lead), and he recorded 112 RBI to help the Brewers win the American League East. The Brewers went on to win the ALCS and face the Cardinals in the World Series, where they lost to the Cardinals in seven games, with Thomas striking out against Bruce Sutter to end the Series.

While with the Brewers, Thomas opened a bar in Milwaukee with pitcher Pete Vuckovich. It was called "Stormin' & Vuke's", a play on their nicknames.

Trade to the Indians
Thomas was dealt along with Jamie Easterly and Ernie Camacho from the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Rick Manning and Rick Waits on June 6, 1983. Thomas's play had declined late in the 1982 season; he hit .181 after September 1, and he had only four hits in 41 at bats (.098) in the 1982 postseason. After the announcement of the trade, angry Brewers fans flooded the team's switchboard with phone calls criticizing the transaction.

After the 1983 season, Thomas expressed his desire for another trade, saying that he did not feel comfortable playing in Cleveland. In 1983, he batted a combined .209 with 22 home runs and 69 RBI in 152 games with Milwaukee and Cleveland. Thomas had hit more home runs during the period from 1978 to 1983 than any other player in the AL (197).

Later career
On December 7, 1983, Thomas was traded to the Seattle Mariners alongside Jack Perconte in exchange for Tony Bernazard. Thomas played in only 35 games for Mariners in 1984, batting just .157 with a home run and 13 RBI before he underwent season-ending rotator cuff surgery in June. In spring training before the 1985 season, Thomas had some difficulty with the timing of his swing, but he was able to swing without pain and he was looking forward to assuming Seattle's designated hitter role. Thomas was selected as The Sporting News AL Comeback Player of the Year in 1985, as he became the first player in Mariners history to hit 30 home runs in a season. He finished the season batting .215 with 32 home runs and 87 RBI in 135 games. However, Thomas began to feel alienated from his teammates. At a team tenth anniversary party, Thomas was left out of a 1985 Mariners highlight video. Mariners executives said they tried to trade him away but that there was minimal interest in Thomas because of his age and his limitation to the designated hitter role.

After Dick Williams took over as the manager in Seattle toward the beginning of the 1986 season, Thomas saw decreased playing time. By late June, he was hitting .194 with 10 home runs and 26 RBI in 57 games, and the team decided to release him. Thomas was making $650,000 that season and Mariners owner George Argyros had to absorb the loss of $361,000 that was still owed to Thomas under that contract. Thomas contemplated retirement, and he turned down a contract offer from the Detroit Tigers, but he signed with the Brewers a couple of weeks later to fill a designated hitter and pinch hitter role.

Thomas retired after the 1986 season. He was a career .225 hitter (.324 on-base percentage) with 268 home runs and 782 RBI in 1,435 games.

Later life
In retirement, Thomas played amateur golf and spent time hunting and carving duck decoys. In the early 1990s, he collected limited-edition prints and considered opening an art gallery. Thomas works under a personal services contract with the Brewers to make appearances in the community and welcome visitors to Gorman's Grill at American Family Field. He was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 2003.

title: Gorman Thomas


text:
Vanessa Estelle Williams

Vanessa Estelle Williams, sometimes professionally credited as Vanessa A. Williams (born May 12, 1963), is an American actress and producer. She is best known for her roles as Maxine Joseph–Chadway in the Showtime drama series, Soul Food (2000–04), for which she received NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series and as Nino Brown's feisty gun moll, Keisha in the 1991 crime drama film, New Jack City. Williams is also known for her role as Anne-Marie McCoy in the first and fourth of the Candyman films, and as Rhonda Blair in the first season of the Fox prime time soap opera, Melrose Place (1992–93).

Early life and education
Williams was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Williams has three brothers. Her mother, Verdell, died when she was 10 years old leaving Williams to be raised by her grandmother, Johnnie Mae Mungen. She has traced her ancestry back to Georgia and Virginia. After high school she went on to get a bachelor's degree in theater and business management from Marymount Manhattan College.

Career
Williams later went to acting in films and television, In the area of acting, she ran into name conflict with singer/actress and former Miss America Vanessa Williams (also born 1963). Screen Actors Guild rules prohibited duplicate stage naming. Vanessa Estelle had registered the name "Vanessa Williams" first, so as a compromise, the former Miss America was occasionally credited as "Vanessa L. Williams" in acting credits. To compound the confusion, both actresses starred in versions of the drama Soul Food (Vanessa L. Williams in the film version, and Vanessa E. Williams in its TV series adaptation). The Screen Actors Guild eventually took the issue to arbitration and decided both actresses could use the professional name "Vanessa Williams".

Television
Williams began her acting career in 1989, appearing in episodes of The Cosby Show and Law & Order. In 1992, she was cast as Rhonda Blair, the first and only black regular character, in the Fox prime time soap opera, Melrose Place. She was written off after only one season for lack of direction. "I think they didn't make the effort to equip themselves [to write for a black character], either by hiring a black writer or asking me things," said Williams later.

She later had guest starring roles on NYPD Blue and Living Single, before she was cast as a series regular in the ABC legal drama, Murder One (1995–1996) created by Steven Bochco. She received her first nomination for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance on the show. In 1996, Williams had a recurring role as Dr. Grace Carr in the CBS medical drama series, Chicago Hope, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series nomination.

In 2000, Williams was cast as Maxine Chadway in the Showtime drama series Soul Food, a continuation of the successful 1997 film of the same name. Two other leads were played by Nicole Ari Parker and Malinda Williams. In the 1997 film, Vanessa L. Williams played the leading role of Teri Joseph, and Vivica A. Fox played Maxine. For her performance, Williams won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2003, and received three additional nominations. The series aired to 2004 and went on to be the longest running drama with a predominantly black cast in the history of American prime-time television.

After Soul Food, Williams had guest starring roles on Cold Case, Knight Rider and Lincoln Heights. In 2015, she was cast in a recurring role of Iris West's mother in The CW drama series, The Flash. In October 2016, it was announced she was cast in the role of Valerie Grant on the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. In 2020, she was cast in a recurring role as Pippa Pascal in the second season The L Word: Generation Q, a role which she reprised for season three.

Film
In film, Williams is best known for playing Keisha in the 1991 crime thriller New Jack City opposite Wesley Snipes and Ice T. She is also known for playing Anne-Marie McCoy in the 1992 horror film Candyman opposite Tony Todd and Virginia Madsen. The following years she had small parts in Drop Squad (1994), Mother (1996), Punks (2000), Like Mike (2002), and Imagine That (2009) alongside Soul Food co-star Nicole Ari Parker. Williams has also starred in a number of made for television movies, including Emmy Award-nominated performance in Our America (2002). She also had roles in several smaller productions in recent years. In 2021, she returned to her role of Anne-Marie McCoy in the fourth film in the Candyman film series.

Personal life
Williams married Andre Wiseman in November 1992 when the couple eloped. The couple have two sons together: Omar Tafari (March 5, 1997) and Haile Zion Ali (born 2003). In April 2018, Williams filed for divorce from Wiseman for the second time.

title: Vanessa Estelle Williams


text:
NSA encryption systems

The National Security Agency took over responsibility for all U.S. Government encryption systems when it was formed in 1952. The technical details of most NSA-approved systems are still classified, but much more about its early systems have become known and its most modern systems share at least some features with commercial products.

Rotor machines from the 1940s and 1950s were mechanical marvels. The first generation electronic systems were quirky devices with cantankerous punched card readers for loading keys and failure-prone, tricky-to-maintain vacuum tube circuitry. Late 20th century systems are just black boxes, often literally. In fact they are called blackers in NSA parlance because they convert plaintext classified signals (red) into encrypted unclassified ciphertext signals (black). They typically have electrical connectors for the red signals, the black signals, electrical power, and a port for loading keys. Controls can be limited to selecting between key fill, normal operation, and diagnostic modes and an all important zeroize button that erases classified information including keys and perhaps the encryption algorithms. 21st century systems often contain all the sensitive cryptographic functions on a single, tamper-resistant integrated circuit that supports multiple algorithms and allows over-the-air or network re keying, so that a single hand-held field radio, such as the AN/PRC-148 or AN/PRC-152, can interoperate with most current NSA cryptosystems.

Security factors
NSA has to deal with many factors in ensuring the security of communication and information (COMSEC and INFOSEC in NSA jargon):

 * Confidentiality and authentication – making sure messages cannot be read by unauthorized people and that they cannot be forged (nonrepudiation). Little is publicly known about the algorithms NSA has developed for protecting classified information, what NSA calls Type 1 algorithms. In 2003, for the first time in its history, NSA approved two published algorithms, Skipjack and AES for Type 1 use in NSA approved systems.
 * Traffic flow security – making sure an adversary cannot obtain information from traffic analysis, often accomplished by link encryption.
 * Key management – getting keys securely to thousands of crypto boxes in the field, perhaps the most challenging part of any encryption system. One NSA goal is benign fill (technology for distributing keys in a way that the humans never have access to plaintext key).
 * Investigative access – making sure encrypted communications are accessible to the U.S. Government. While few would argue with the need for the government to access its own internal communications, the NSA Clipper chip proposal to extend this key escrow requirement to public use of cryptography was highly controversial.
 * TEMPEST – protecting plaintext from compromise by electronic, acoustic or other emanations.
 * Tamper resistance, tamper-evident, self-destruct – ensuring security even if encryption systems are physically accessed without authorization or are captured.
 * Meeting military specifications for size, weight, power consumption, MTBF and ruggedness to fit in mobile platforms.
 * Electromagnetic pulse hardening – protecting against nuclear explosion effects, particularly electromagnetic pulse.
 * Ensuring compatibility with military and commercial communication standards.
 * Controlling cost – making sure encryption is affordable so units that need it have it. There are many costs beyond the initial purchase price, including the manpower to operate and maintain the systems and to ensure their security and the cost of key distribution.
 * Enabling secure communication with NATO, allied and coalition forces without compromising secret methods.

Five generations of NSA encryption
The large number of encryption systems that NSA has developed in its half century of operation can be grouped into five generations (decades given are very approximate):

First generation: electromechanical
First generation NSA systems were introduced in the 1950s and were built on the legacy of NSA's World War II predecessors and used rotor machines derived from the SIGABA design for most high level encryption; for example, the KL-7. Key distribution involved distribution of paper key lists that described the rotor arrangements, to be changed each day (the cryptoperiod) at midnight, GMT. The highest level traffic was sent using one-time tape systems, including the British 5-UCO, that required vast amounts of paper tape keying material.

Second generation: vacuum tubes
Second generation systems (1970s) were all electronic designs based on vacuum tubes and transformer logic. Algorithms appear to be based on linear-feedback shift registers, perhaps with some non-linear elements thrown in to make them more difficult to cryptanalyze. Keys were loaded by placing a punched card in a locked reader on the front panel. The cryptoperiod was still usually one day. These systems were introduced in the late 1960s and stayed in use until the mid-1980s. They required a great deal of care and maintenance, but were not vulnerable to EMP. The discovery of the Walker spy ring provided an impetus for their retirement, along with remaining first generation systems.

Third generation: integrated circuits
Third generation systems (1980s) were transistorized and based on integrated circuits and likely used stronger algorithms. They were smaller and more reliable. Field maintenance was often limited to running a diagnostic mode and replacing a complete bad unit with a spare, the defective box being sent to a depot for repair. Keys were loaded through a connector on the front panel. NSA adopted the same type of connector that the military used for field radio handsets as its fill connector. Keys were initially distributed as strips of punched paper tape that could be pulled through a hand held reader (KOI-18) connected to the fill port. Other, portable electronic fill devices (KYK-13, etc.) were available as well.

Fourth generation: electronic key distribution
Fourth generation systems (1990s) use more commercial packaging and electronic key distribution. Integrated circuit technology allowed backward compatibility with third generation systems. Security tokens, such as the KSD-64 crypto ignition key (CIK) were introduced. Secret splitting technology allows encryptors and CIKs to be treated as unclassified when they were separated. Later the Fortezza card, originally introduced as part of the controversial Clipper chip proposal, were employed as tokens. Cryptoperiods were much longer, at least as far as the user was concerned. Users of secure telephones like the STU-III only have to call a special phone number once a year to have their encryption updated. Public key methods (FIREFLY) were introduced for electronic key management (EKMS), which employed a commercial or militarized personal computer running MS-DOS to generate cryptographic keys and signal operating instructions (SOI/CEOI). An NSA-supplied AN/CSZ-9 hardware random number generator produced the needed random bits. The CSZ-9 connects to the PC through an RS-232 port and is powered by five D cell (BA-30) batteries. In later phases of EKMS, the random data functionality is included in an NSA key processor (KP). Keys could now be generated by individual commands instead of coming from NSA by courier.

A common handheld fill device (the AN/CYZ-10) was introduced to replace the plethora of devices used to load keys on the many third generation systems that were still widely used. Encryption support was provided for commercial standards such as Ethernet, IP (originally developed by DOD's ARPA), and optical fiber multiplexing. Classified networks, such as SIPRNet (Secret Internet Protocol Router Network) and JWICS (Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System), were built using commercial Internet technology with secure communications links between "enclaves" where classified data was processed. Care had to be taken to ensure that there were no insecure connections between the classified networks and the public Internet.

Fifth generation: network-centric systems
In the twenty-first century, communication is increasingly based on computer networking. Encryption is just one aspect of protecting sensitive information on such systems, and far from the most challenging aspect. NSA's role will increasingly be to provide guidance to commercial firms designing systems for government use. HAIPE solutions are examples of this type of product (e.g., KG-245A and KG-250). Other agencies, particularly NIST, have taken on the role of supporting security for commercial and sensitive but unclassified applications. NSA's certification of the unclassified NIST-selected AES algorithm for classified use "in NSA approved systems" suggests that, in the future, NSA may use more non-classified algorithms. The KG-245A and KG-250 use both classified and unclassified algorithms. The NSA Information Assurance Directorate is leading the Department of Defense Cryptographic Modernization Program, an effort to transform and modernize Information Assurance capabilities for the 21st century. It has three phases:

 * Replacement – All at risk devices to be replaced.
 * Modernization – Integrate modular programmable/embedded crypto solutions.
 * Transformation – Be compliant to Global Information Grid/NetCentric requirements.

NSA has helped develop several major standards for secure communication: the Future Narrow Band Digital Terminal (FNBDT) for voice communications, High Assurance Internet Protocol Interoperability Encryption- Interoperability Specification (HAIPE) for computer networking and Suite B encryption algorithms.

NSA encryption by type of application
The large number of encryption systems that NSA has developed can be grouped by application:

Record traffic encryption
During World War II, written messages (known as record traffic) were encrypted off line on special, and highly secret, rotor machines and then transmitted in five letter code groups using Morse code or teletypewriter circuits, to be decrypted off-line by similar machines at the other end. The SIGABA rotor machine, developed during this era continued to be used until the mid-1950s, when it was replaced by the KL-7, which had more rotors.

The KW-26 ROMULUS was a second generation encryption system in wide use that could be inserted into teletypewriter circuits so traffic was encrypted and decrypted automatically. It used electronic shift registers instead of rotors and became very popular (for a COMSEC device of its era), with over 14,000 units produced. It was replaced in the 1980s by the more compact KG-84, which in turn was superseded by the KG-84-interoperable KIV-7.

Fleet broadcast
U.S. Navy ships traditionally avoid using their radios to prevent adversaries from locating them by direction finding. The Navy also needs to maintain traffic security, so it has radio stations constantly broadcasting a stream of coded messages. During and after World War II, Navy ships copied these fleet broadcasts and used specialized call sign encryption devices to figure out which messages were intended for them. The messages would then be decoded off line using SIGABA or KL-7 equipment.

The second generation KW-37 automated monitoring of the fleet broadcast by connecting in line between the radio receiver and a teleprinter. It, in turn, was replaced by the more compact and reliable third generation KW-46.

Strategic forces
NSA has the responsibility to protect the command and control systems for nuclear forces. The KG-3X series is used in the U.S. government's Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network and the Fixed Submarine Broadcast System used for transmission of emergency action messages for nuclear and national command and control of U.S. strategic forces. The Navy is replacing the KG-38 used in nuclear submarines with KOV-17 circuit modules incorporated in new long-wave receivers, based on commercial VME packaging. In 2004, the U.S. Air Force awarded contracts for the initial system development and demonstration (SDD) phase of a program to update these legacy generation systems used on aircraft.

Trunk encryption
Modern communication systems multiplex many signals into wideband data streams that are transmitted over optical fiber, coaxial cable, microwave relay, and communication satellites. These wide-band circuits require very fast encryption systems.

The WALBURN family (KG-81, KG-94/194, KG-94A/194A, KG-95) of equipment consists of high-speed bulk encryption devices used primarily for microwave trunks, high-speed land-line circuits, video teleconferencing, and T-1 satellite channels. Another example is the KG-189, which support SONET optical standards up to 2.5 Gbit/s.

Digital Data encryptors such as KG-84 family which includes the TSEC/KG-84, TSEC/KG-84A and TSEC/KG-82, TSEC/KG-84A and TSEC/KG-84C, also the KIV-7.

Voice encryption
True voice encryption (as opposed to less secure scrambler technology) was pioneered during World War II with the 50-ton SIGSALY, used to protect the very highest level communications. It did not become practical for widespread use until reasonable compact speech encoders became possible in the mid-1960s. The first tactical secure voice equipment was the NESTOR family, used with limited success during the Vietnam war. Other NSA voice systems include:

 * STU I and STU II – These systems were expensive and cumbersome and were generally limited to the highest levels of command
 * STU-III – These telephone sets operated over ordinary telephone lines and featured the use of security tokens and public key cryptography, making them much more user friendly. They were very popular as a result. Used since the 1980s, this device is rapidly being phased out, and will no longer be supported in the near future.
 * 1910 Terminal – Made by a multiple of manufacturers, this device is mostly used as a secure modem. Like the STU-III, new technology has largely eclipsed this device, and it is no longer widely used.
 * HY-2 a vocoder for long haul circuits designed to work with the KG-13 key generator.
 * Secure Terminal Equipment (STE) – This system is intended to replace STU-III. It uses wide-bandwidth voice transmitted over ISDN lines. There is also a version which will communicate over a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) line. It can communicate with STU-III phones and can be upgraded for FNBDT compatibility.
 * Sectéra Secure Module – A module that connects to the back of a commercial off the shelf cellular phone. It uses AES or SCIP for encryption.
 * OMNI – The OMNI terminal, made by L3 Communications, is another replacement for STU-IIIs. This device uses the FNBDT key and is used to securely send voice and data over the PSTN and ISDN communication systems.
 * VINSON A series of systems for tactical voice encryption including the KY-57 man portable unit and KY-58 for aircraft
 * HAVE QUICK and SINCGARS use NSA-supplied sequence generators to provide secure frequency hopping
 * Future Narrowband Digital Terminal (FNBDT) – Now referred to as the "Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol" (SCIP), the FNBDT is a replacement for the wide-band STE, which uses narrow-bandwidth communications channels like cellular telephone circuits, rather than ISDN lines. The FNBDT/SCIP operates on the application layer of the ISO/OSI Reference Model, meaning that it can be used on top of different types of connections, regardless of the establishment method. It negotiates with the unit at the other end, much like a dial-up modem.
 * Secure Iridium – NSA helped add encryption to the Iridium commercial mobile phones after it rescued the bankrupt Iridium.
 * Fishbowl – In 2012, NSA introduced an Enterprise Mobility Architecture intended to provide a secure VoIP capability using commercial grade products and an Android-based mobile phone called Fishbowl that allows classified communications over commercial wireless networks.

The operational complexity of secure voice played a role in the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. According to the 9/11 Commission, an effective U.S. response was hindered by an inability to set up a secure phone link between the National Military Command Center and the Federal Aviation Administration personnel who were dealing with the hijackings. See Communication during the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Internet
NSA has approved a variety of devices for securing Internet Protocol communications. These have been used to secure the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet), among other uses.

The first commercial network layer encryption device was the Motorola Network Encryption System (NES). The system used the SP3 and KMP protocols defined by the NSA Secure Data Network System (SDNS) and were the direct precursors to IPsec. The NES was built in a three part architecture that used a small cryptographic security kernel to separate the trusted and untrusted network protocol stacks.

The SDNS program defined a Message Security Protocol (MSP) that was built on the use X.509 defined certificates. The first NSA hardware built for this application was the BBN Safekeeper. The Message Security Protocol was a successor to the IETF Privacy Enhance Mail (PEM) protocol. The BBN Safekeeper provided a high degree of tamper resistance and was one of the first devices used by commercial PKI companies.

Field authentication
NSA still supports simple paper encryption and authentication systems for field use such as DRYAD.

Public systems
NSA has participated in the development of several encryption systems for public use. These include:
 * Suite B – a set of public key algorithm standards based on elliptic curve cryptography.
 * Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – an encryption algorithm, selected by NIST after a public competition. In 2003, NSA certified AES for Type 1 use in some NSA-approved systems.
 * Secure Hash Algorithm – a widely used family of hash algorithms developed by NSA based on earlier designs by Ron Rivest.
 * Digital Signature Algorithm
 * Data Encryption Standard (DES)
 * Skipjack – the cipher developed for Clipper and finally published in 1998.
 * Clipper chip – a controversial failure that convinced NSA that it was advisable to stay out of the public arena.
 * Security-Enhanced Linux – not strictly an encryption system, but a recognition that in the 21st century, operating system improvements are more vital to information security than better ciphers.
 * The Speck and Simon light-weight Block ciphers, published in 2013.

title: NSA encryption systems