text:
Talk:Neurotransmitter

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 31 August 2021 and 16 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Good2bheretoday. Peer reviewers: EAGMIL, Magggey.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:10, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
We need: criteria for being a neurotransmitter (1. endogenous synthesis 2. quantities in the presynaptic neuron must be of sufficient quantity to exert an effect on the post-synaptic neuron 3. externally administered, it must mimic the endogenously released substance 4. a biochemical mechanism for inactivation must be present).

More information about inactivation mechanisms. Diffusion and reuptake by astrocytes in the CNS is not mentioned.

The current definition does not seem right: "Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell." My objection is that the Neurotransmitter is the signal between the cells - there is usually no electrical signal between cells/neurons - electrical signals primarily exsists within a neuron.

 * I agree that the current sentence (quoted above) mixes together two concepts. Maybe it could be split into two sentences: "Neurotransmitters are chemicals that can function as signals released from neurons. Neurotransmitters influence the behavior of nearby cells, often by modifying electrical signals that propagate along cell surface membranes."

 * Electrical is not essential as it is and is a bit misleading without the additional sentence. DCDuring 17:47, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

production?
Where are transmitters produced?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.30.206.172 (talk • contribs)
 * I'm not sure for all of them, but glutamate is formed in neurons. Since it would activate glutamate receptors on neurons, it is uptaken by glia, transformed into glutamine, which is released into the extracellular space.  Neurons take up the glutamine and transform it back into glutamate.  You may not want to quote me on that, since I'm recalling from memory.  See synaptic vesicle and neurotransmitter transporter for more info.   delldot   talk  19:44, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Neurotransmitter effects
Recently, I have been recovering from an MAOI discontinuation syndrome due to hospital mismanagement which has put me in a unique position to identify the effects of fluctuating dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels (due to departures from homeostasis incurred by physical dependence) in relative isolation from each other. On November 9, 2007, unlike on prior days, my serotonin level underwent considerable variation, allowing me to experience its effects in addition to those of the other two neurotransmitters, which I had experienced previously. As a result, I believe I have experienced "pure" forms of several mental disorders, which are generally caused by messy combinations of multiple neurotransmitters. Serendipitously, this occurred at the office of my psychiatrist in Sacramento, allowing me to discuss my experiences with him as they occurred throughout the day.

Neurotransmitter production appears to require glucose, as eventually all three reached low levels simultaneously, accompanied by symptoms of hypoglycemia. Food led to gradual recovery.

Please note that norepinephrine appears to be solely responsible for causing effects to be displeasurable; that is, dysphoria and even extreme effects such as pseudoparkinsonism are not in themselves unpleasant regardless of whether they may be disturbing at a cognitive level. This suggests the most urgently needed new drug is a norepinephrine stabilizer. By far, the most pleasurable effect is the catatonic fixation induced by extremely low serotonin, which may have profound implications for meditative behavior.

In these tables, decreasing levels are indicated by left arrows, while increasing levels are indicated by right arrows. Regrettably, the following is based only on subjective observations, without objective measurements. All of the listed effects are temporary, although it seems I may now have limited direct control over each neurotransmitter.

1 Following a demonstration of this for my psychiatrist, I was informed it differs from the effects of parkinsonism.

2 Note that sadness appears linked to cholinergic syndrome, which produces tears.

3 These hallucinations resemble certain effects of LSD, as have been described to me. Floor tiles appeared to slide past each other; lines between them disappeared at random, suggesting blind spots; closed magazines on a table appeared to curl upward at their edges; carpeting with a simple, repetitive pattern appeared to develop tectonics.

4 This effectively produces tunnel vision. Faces produce stronger fixation than all other images and may have a positive effect on dopamine.

— 66.218.55.142 14:45, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Improvements
mattycoze and I have been discussing ways to expand and improve the article. He suggested a bunch of additions on my talk page, including explanations of how they're synthesized and broken down. I think a section on the 'lifecycle' (what would be a better word for this?) might be a good idea, i.e. a depiction of what typically happens from synthesis to release to reuptake and breakdown. What do others think? delldot on a public computer  talk  07:05, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Oh heh, sorry guys I'm kinda new to the Wikipedia editing thing... maybe next time i should check out the discussion pages before i start adding my own crap to the articles! Anyway will know better next time Mattycoze (talk) 11:14, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Nonsense! You're doing awesome.  Anyway, even if you were to do something wrong, it would be easily fixable.  Keep it up!   delldot on a public computer   talk  11:16, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

merge suggestion
I was wondering what would be the difference between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators Kpmiyapuram (talk) 15:42, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Neuromodulators are a subset of neurotransmitters, whose main defining feature is a slow time course. Glutamate acting on AMPA receptors is not a neuromodulator, because its effects are over in a few msec, but a peptide that affects the postsynaptic cell for minutes or longer after release would be called a neuromodulator.  It's definitely an important enough concept to deserve a separate article.  The current article is not terribly good, but I think it would be better to leave the material there in hopes of improvement than to try to merge it all.

 * To amplify this a little, as I see it the term "neuromodulator" is a bit of an abuse in the same way that "excitatory neurotransmitter" is. It isn't really the transmitter itself that is a neuromodulator, it is that the transmitter has a "neuromodulatory effect" in a certain system -- meaning a long-lasting effect.  This kind of abuse is however so common that it probably doesn't make sense for our articles to fight against it. Looie496 (talk) 18:03, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Looie496; there is a difference between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that should be preserved. Neurotransmission is the separate (important) process. I've removed the merge suggestions. Shanata (talk) 11:36, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Needs History Section
Anyone object to adding a history section? Paskari (talk) 10:27, 28 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Good idea! No objection from me. Thanks. --Tryptofish (talk) 14:04, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

And it really needs some cleaning up in the introduction! Cajal did NOT discover the synaptic cleft, that was only made possible through the use of the electron microscope, which started being used in biology in the late 1940's early 1950s. Also, neurons DO communicate electrically, both over long distances (action potentials) and through electrical synapses. There are many other errors, omissions and inaccuracies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Felixschweizer (talk • contribs) 23:59, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, action potentials are not purely electrical since they involve gated ion channels, but other than that I agree. Please feel free to fix any problems you discover -- I'll keep an eye on the edits and chime in if there's anything that seems wrong to me.  There aren't many people working on these articles -- I've done some work recently on chemical synapse but haven't gotten to this one yet, so any help you can give would be terrific.  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 00:55, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Feedback
I think it would be helpful for readers if more information on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters was provided, and what exactly that means. Shelbyknorr23 (talk) 15:22, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

I think the use of tables in this article were very helpful. The organization of this article was set up well and was easy to follow. For example, the heading "Types" was useful because it helped break up the topic into subtopics that were easier to understand and help set up the rest of the articles, including the tables. I think tables are always useful becasue they are a good visual cue and easy to refer back to when needed while reading the rest of the article. Shelbyknorr23 (talk) 15:20, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

Regarding glycine
Should glycine not have the NMDA receptor listed as one of its ionotropic receptors?

It appears slightly misleading to list the NMDA receptor only as a receptor of glutamate, as the receptor requires the co-agonist glycine to function. In addition, the neurotransmitter D -serine binds to the glycine binding site more potently than glycine itself.

I will add D -serine to the neurotransmitter table and add the NMDA receptors as known potent binding sites of the two. If anyone disagrees with this, please let me know. Erebusthedark (talk) 19:28, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Proposition: More Categories of Neurotransmitters
Simply throwing the neurotransmitters ATP, adenosine, inosine, acetylcholine, and the endocannabinoids into the "Other" category is a bit premature. I propose two new categories: purines and endocannabinoids, with acetylcholine remaining in the "Other" group. Erebusthedark (talk) 19:02, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that the categorization here is rather strange; I've added the purine category. I suppose one problem with the endocannabinoid signaling is that much of it is retrograde (in the traditional orientation).Klbrain (talk) 15:20, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

I find this article good and inforamtive. But I was looking for Where the Gaba and tha NMDA system fits in. As I understand it the GABA system is the inhibitory part of the Glutamate system and the NMDA system is a specific receptor in the GABA system. But maybe I am wrong?Drlars10 (talk) 08:56, 24 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, you're very confused, I'm afraid. GABA is a neurotransmitter that has generally inhibitory effects; glutamate is a neurotransmitter that has generally excitatory effects; and NMDA is a type of receptor for glutamate (not GABA). Looie496 (talk) 15:42, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Page edits
Hello Wikipedians! My group (ve-hunter-511, exotic_necii, arista2014, ziggapedia92) and I have been working on updates to the neurotransmitter page as part of a group project for a PSYCH course. Any feedback/suggestions are welcome. It's our goal to make the information on this page as well-organized and reliable as possible for readers around the world. Cheers!--IDidThisForSchool (talk) 20:44, 29 October 2014 (UTC)

For reference purposes: a few edits have been done by user 65.78.175, which happens to be me. I was making the edits whilst not signed into my account and they were posted as such. Sorry for the confusion and/or any misunderstandings. --IDidThisForSchool (talk) 20:12, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

ATTENTION: our academic group assignment is wrapping up and undergoing evaluation as of Thursday, December 11th until the 18th. If possible, please PING the aforementioned group members if you decide to make any major changes to the content during this time. Thank you for your patience and cooperation throughout the semester. --IDidThisForSchool (talk) 13:14, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

 * ve-hunter-511, exotic_necii, arista2014, ziggapedia92, and IDidThisForSchool: I've had to undo many of your changes, as in your zeal to get your names in the edit summary for class credit some of your changes have made the article almost unreadable.
 * ziggapedia92 seems to have replaced random words with thesaurus synonyms, often with hilarious results, such as changing "certain" to "convinced", where the alternate word is a synonym for one definition of "certain" (for example, the use in "I am certain that the sky is blue"), but the sentence in the article used another meaning of "certain" (it was talking about "certain types of neurotransmitters", which was changed to "convinced types of neurotransmitters"). In addition, Ziggapedia92 replaced perfectly accurate terms like "depressed", "control", and "classify" with colloquialisms like "down in the dumps", "having power over", and "pigeonhole". I've had to undo all of ziggapedia92's edits.
 * Exotic necii made several good edits and content additions (thanks!), but also tried to take a discussion of two message types in the "Excitatory and Inhibitory" section and turn it into a bulleted list, but the two bullets were NOT about that two types of messages (both bullets contained discussion of both types).
 * Ve-hunter-511 added some good missing commas and made some good grammar fixes (thank you!), but I did have to revert a change to a section heading that was contrary to Manual_of_Style
 * No complaints about Arista2014's or IDidThisForSchool's edits. Thank you.
 * --166.20.224.13 (talk) 16:28, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

What's with the wording of this article?
So much of this article seems to use very awkward wording, giving the appearance that the editor was translating from another language and often chose the wrong translated words. Are these jargon specific to this medical field? Some examples (that I've fixed) include: --166.20.224.11 (talk) 15:35, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * "...only necessitate a small integer of biosynthetic processes...": Is "number" okay here, or are there fractional processes that are important?
 * "...precursors (such as amino acids), which are willingly available from the diet..." Isn't this a little anthropomorphic? Should this be "readily"?
 * "...on the other hand, a quantity of neurotransmitters may have the dimensions..." Again, is "number" okay here?
 * "In anticipation of the early 20th century, scientists understood that the preponderance..." I'm not sure anyone was anticipating anything. Is just "In the early 20th century" okay?
 * "Glutamate is used at the immense preponderance of speedy excitatory synapses in the brain and spinal cord." What's wrong with "most" and "fast"?
 * "...competent of escalating or diminishing in potency..." What's wrong with "capable of increasing or decreasing in strength"?
 * "...as some down in the dumps patients are seen to have lower concentrations of metabolites..." Really? "Down in the dumps"? Is "depressed" not politically correct any more?
 * "...Have petite or no end product on membrane voltage..." What's wrong with "little or no effect"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.20.224.12 (talk) 15:55, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm especially concerned with changes like changing "certain" to "convinced", where the alternate word is a synonym for one definition of "certain" (for example, the use in "I am certain that the sky is blue" could be changed to "I am convinced that the sky is blue"), but the sentence in the article used another meaning of "certain" (It was talking about "certain types of neurotransmitters", while "convinced types of neurotransmitters" makes no sense). It looks like there were a lot of arbitrary wording changes made to get someone's name in the edit summary. I'm going to just go ahead and mass revert those edits. --166.20.224.11 (talk) 15:46, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Ok to change neurotransmitter definition & citation?
Would it be ok to change the definition to "Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that pass signals across a synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.", and then change the citation to "Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition, Section 21.4", which is online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21521/, and which section reads "...synapses are the junctions where neurons pass signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells"? (I did add the source url to External Links, because it's interesting.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.6.224.162 (talk) 23:36, 15 May 2015 (UTC) .
 * I think that that's a better definition than the one that is currently up, which relates only to synaptic transmission (from neuron to neuron) and exclude junctional transmission (neuron to other cell type). Given that much of what we know about neurotransmitters was first discovered at the skeletal neuromuscular junction (related to the action of acetylcholine) then I think that your suggestion is much better. I'll implement it and we'll see what the reaction is. Klbrain (talk) 15:27, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Improper segue in explaining Excitatory and Inhibitory attributes
I am simply an independent autodidactic party with no academic affiliation, but I feel I have a satisfactory understanding of what this article says in regards to neurotransmitters. I have a little bit of understanding on how transistors create digital logic and I imagine "inhibitory" or "excitatory" attributes of neurotransmitters being analogous to an extremely sophisticated and carefully modulated gate-mechanism for a computer transistor. However the article is a mess and segues from neurotransmitters to synapses almost immediately (3rd sentence):

"A neurotransmitter influences trans-membrane ion flow either to increase (excitatory) or to decrease (inhibitory) the probability that the cell with which it comes in contact will produce an action potential. Thus, despite the wide variety of synapses, they all convey messages of only these two types, and they are labeled as such."

and never mentions the term neurotransmitter nor any thing which it has explained is a neurotransmitter, in any of the remaining 11 sentences.

Here it even appears to contradict itself, saying:

"Type I synapses are excitatory in their actions, whereas type II synapses are inhibitory."

as it just explained neurotransmitters cause "trans-membrane" ion flow to be inhibited or excited. The way I understand it is that the only kind of membrane that could be referred to here is synaptic membrane, please correct me if I am wrong, so how could synapse be so-called "type 1" or "type 2" if its the neurotransmitter which affects ion flow through the synapse.

The way I understand transistors is: The voltage has to be great enough to pass the wrong way on a silicon diode, in order to do this controllably, current is applied to the prohibitive side of the diode in two different locations one current is repeating to the rhythm of a quartz oscillator (an extremely small mechanical watch) and the other is generated as a reaction to user input; only when the two currents are applied to the diode simultaneously is the combined voltage supposed high enough to create the equivalent of a 1 in binary. This is a binary system however, so it may be possible the purpose of having both an inhibitory and an excitatory transmitter would be to create different reactions based on a different voltages passing through the same synapse, but I digress.

There is only one source cited for 14 sentences of text, and it is a book titled for some general introduction to theories on the brain with no page numbers given, despite being a very specific subject. I would like to know more about the difference between inhibitory and excitatory factors for synapses and exactly how neurotransmitters are involved, and I would expect this article to provide that to be honest. I would also like to know if their is a difference between how different neurotransmitters are involved in this dynamic and I would like more specific sources for further study. Thank You for listening. 2602:306:CFBB:E5C0:5CA2:B5CB:AE56:92B0 (talk) 15:36, 25 June 2015 (UTC)eaterjolly1

It's important to understand that neurotransmitters cause effects on the target cell, but those effects are determined by the receptors and channels on the target cell membrane, not necessarily by the neurotransmitter (the neurotransmitter may have opposite effects on a target cell based on receptors)Good2bheretoday (talk) 05:12, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

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very low quality
Under the section "actions", under examples, see the last 3: norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine. each one has a mistake. 1) Norepinephrine is not a complete sentence. 2) epinephrine does not control the adrenal glands, but is released from them. 3) "Histamine works with the central nervous system." what does that mean: "works with"

Otherwise a great article so far. thank you very much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.224.234.7 (talk) 22:41, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

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School Project: Clean Up and Reorganization
I'm thinking of making this article my project for one of my classes(I'm a senior studying Biophysics) My focus would be to reorganize the content to provide a better presentation of the information by:

Introduction: I feel the first paragraph is redundant in it's definition of a neurotransmitter, I would introduce the idea of inhibitory or inhibitory effects, commonly studied neurotransmitters and common diseases and conditions associated with them.

Type Section: I think the types section would be better placed at the end of the article with the list of important neurotransmitter function either going just before, after, or being incorporated as a link to more specific learning. As is, it disrupts the flow of the article. Revising the Inhibitory v Excitatory section: place it nearer to the introduction with a clearer explanation on how the effect of the neurotransmitter is dependent on the receptors of the target cell not on the neurotransmitter itself.

Merging some sections? I'm just feeling out the idea of merging neurotransmitter elimination with their mechanism, same with the agonists, antagonists, and drug antagonists sections.

Overall I'd mostly be updating information as I find sources for many uncited or vague statements, and working to reorganize the content.

I'm just feeling out how people feel about me making some of those type changes. If I choose this as my project, we can discuss the specifics. Any advice or input is VERY appreciated.

Good2bheretoday (talk) 00:41, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

Introduction
I just changed FROM "A Neurotransmitter is signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to signal another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message.[1]" TO: "A Neurotransmitter is signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to signal another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron but could also be a gland or muscle cell." and cutting out the last sentence as it feels redundant.

Let me know what you think, or if you want to change it backGood2bheretoday (talk) 01:38, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

Mechanism and Cycle Section
I'm currently working to combine the mechanism and elimination sections to better explain the 'life cycle' for lack of better words. Anyone hate the idea of losing the independent elimination section? Good2bheretoday (talk) 05:14, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

I just published the revised section and deleted the elimination section Good2bheretoday (talk) 06:44, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Rahneli (talk) 13:54, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neurotransmitter


text:
Blackfin

The Blackfin is a family of 16-/32-bit microprocessors developed, manufactured and marketed by Analog Devices. The processors have built-in, fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) functionality performed by 16-bit multiply–accumulates (MACs), accompanied on-chip by a microcontroller. It was designed for a unified low-power processor architecture that can run operating systems while simultaneously handling complex numeric tasks such as real-time H.264 video encoding.

Architecture details
Blackfin processors use a 32-bit RISC microcontroller programming model on a SIMD architecture, which was co-developed by Intel and Analog Devices, as MSA (Micro Signal Architecture).

The architecture was announced in December 2000, and first demonstrated at the Embedded Systems Conference in June, 2001.

It incorporates aspects of ADI's older SHARC architecture and Intel's XScale architecture into a single core, combining digital signal processing (DSP) and microcontroller functionality. There are many differences in the core architecture between Blackfin/MSA and XScale/ARM or SHARC, but the combination was designed to improve performance, programmability and power consumption over traditional DSP or RISC architecture designs.

The Blackfin architecture encompasses various CPU models, each targeting particular applications. The BF-7xx series, introduced in 2014, comprise the Blackfin+ architecture, which expands on the Blackfin architecture with some new processor features and instructions.

Core features

What is regarded as the Blackfin "core" is contextually dependent. For some applications, the DSP features are central. Blackfin has two 16-bit hardware MACs, two 40-bit ALUs and accumulators, a 40-bit barrel shifter, and four 8-bit video ALUs; Blackfin+ processors add a 32-bit MAC and 72-bit accumulator. This allows the processor to execute up to three instructions per clock cycle, depending on the level of optimization performed by the compiler or programmer. Two nested zero-overhead loops and four circular buffer DAGs (data address generators) are designed to assist in writing efficient code requiring fewer instructions. Other applications use the RISC features, which include memory protection, different operating modes (user, kernel), single-cycle opcodes, data and instruction caches, and instructions for bit test, byte, word, or integer accesses and a variety of on-chip peripherals.

The ISA is designed for a high level of expressiveness, allowing the assembly programmer (or compiler) to optimize an algorithm for the hardware features present. The standard Blackfin assembly language is written using an algebraic syntax: instead of prefix commands used in many other assembly languages.

Memory and DMA
The Blackfin uses a byte-addressable, flat memory map. Internal L1 memory, internal L2 memory, external memory and all memory-mapped control registers reside in this 32-bit address space, so that from a programming point of view, the Blackfin has a Von Neumann architecture.

The L1 internal SRAM memory, which runs at the core-clock speed of the device, is based on a Harvard architecture. Instruction memory and data memory are independent and connect to the core via dedicated memory buses, designed for higher sustained data rates between the core and L1 memory.

Portions of instruction and data L1 SRAM can be optionally configured as cache independently.

Certain Blackfin processors also have between 64KB and 256KB of L2 memory. This memory runs slower than the core clock speed. Code and data can be mixed in L2.

Blackfin processors support a variety of external memories including SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM, NOR flash, NAND flash and SRAM. Some Blackfin processors also include mass-storage interfaces such as ATAPI and SD/SDIO. They can support hundreds of megabytes of memory in the external memory space.

Coupled with the core and memory system is a DMA engine that can operate between any of its peripherals and main (or external) memory. The processors typically have a dedicated DMA channel for each peripheral, which is designed for higher throughput for applications that can use it, such as real-time standard-definition (D1) video encoding and decoding.

Microcontroller features
The architecture of Blackfin contains the usual CPU, memory, and I/O that is found on microprocessors or microcontrollers. These features enable operating systems.

All Blackfin processors contain a Memory Protection Unit (MPU). The MPU provides protection and caching strategies across the entire memory space. The MPU allows Blackfin to support operating systems, RTOSs and kernels like ThreadX, μC/OS-II, or NOMMU Linux. Although the MPU is referred to as a Memory Management Unit (MMU) in the Blackfin documentation, the Blackfin MPU does not provide address translation like a traditional MMU, so it does not support virtual memory or separate memory addresses per process. This is why Blackfin currently can not support operating systems requiring virtual memory such as WinCE or QNX.

Blackfin supports three run-time modes: supervisor, user and emulation. In supervisor mode, all processor resources are accessible from the running process. However, when in user mode, system resources and regions of memory can be protected (with the help of the MPU). In a modern operating system or RTOS, the kernel typically runs in supervisor mode and threads/processes will run in user mode. If a thread crashes or attempts to access a protected resource (memory, peripheral, etc.) an exception will be thrown and the kernel will then be able to shut down the offending thread/process. The official guidance from ADI on how to use the Blackfin in non-OS environments is to reserve the lowest-priority interrupt for general-purpose code so that all software is run in supervisor space.

Blackfin uses a variable-length RISC-like instruction set consisting of 16-, 32- and 64-bit instructions. Commonly used control instructions are encoded as 16-bit opcodes while complex DSP and mathematically intensive functions are encoded as 32- and 64-bit opcodes. This variable length opcode encoding is designed for code density equivalence to modern microprocessor architectures.

Media-processing features
The Blackfin instruction set contains media-processing extensions to help accelerate pixel-processing operations commonly used in video compression and image compression and decompression algorithms.

Peripherals
Blackfin processors contain an array of connectivity peripherals, depending on the specific processor:

 * ATAPI
 * CAN: A wide-area, low-speed serial bus used in some automotive and industrial electronics
 * DMA with support for memory-to-memory DMA and peripheral DMA
 * EMAC (Ethernet Media Access Controller) with MII and RMII
 * External memory: the EBIU (External Bus Interface Unit) can include a controller for SDRAM, Mobile SDRAM, DDR1, DDR2, or LPDDR, and an asynchronous memory controller for SRAM, ROM, flash EPROM, and memory-mapped I/O devices
 * GPIO including level-triggered and edge-triggered interrupts
 * I²C, also known as TWI (Two-Wire Interface): a lower speed, shared serial bus
 * MXVR: a MOST Network Interface Controller
 * NAND flash
 * PPI: A parallel input/output port that can be used to connect to LCDs, video encoders (video DACs), video decoders (video ADCs), CMOS sensors, CCDs and generic, parallel, high-speed devices. The PPI can run up to 75 MHz and can be configured from 8 to 16-bits wide.
 * PWM and timers/counters
 * Real-time clock
 * SD/SDIO
 * SPI: a fast serial bus used in some high-speed embedded electronics applications
 * SPORT: A synchronous, high speed serial port that can support TDM, I²S and a number of other configurable framing modes for connection to ADCs, DACs, other processors, FPGAs, etc.
 * UART: allows for bi-directional communication with RS-232 devices (PCs, modems, PC peripherals, etc.), MIDI devices, IRDA devices
 * USB 2.0 OTG (On-The-Go)
 * Watchdog timer

All of the peripheral control registers are memory-mapped in the normal address space.

Development tools

ADI provides its own software development toolchains. The original VisualDSP++ IDE is still supported (its last release was 5.1.2 in October 2014), but is approaching end of life and has not had support added for the new BF6xx and BF7xx processors. The newer toolchain is CrossCore Embedded Studio, which uses supports all Blackfin and Blackfin+ processors using upgraded versions of the same compiler and tools internally, but with a UI based on Eclipse CDT. No free version of either tool is available; a single-user license for VisualDSP++ costs $3500 USD, and CrossCore Embedded Studio $995 USD.

Other options include Green Hills Software's MULTI IDE and the GNU GCC Toolchain for the Blackfin processor family. However, like VisualDSP++, these have not been updated to support the newer BF6xx and BF7xx processors. Moreover, neither support all BF5xx processors. Green Hills MULTI lacks support for BF50x, BF51x, some BF52x, BF547, and BF59x. GCC lacks support for BF50x, BF566, and BF59x, and has incomplete support for BF561.

Blackfin is also supported by National Instruments' LabVIEW Embedded Module, which requires VisualDSP++.

Supported operating systems, RTOSs and kernels
Several commercial and open-source operating systems support running on Blackfin.

Blackfin was previously supported by μClinux and later by Linux with the NOMMU feature, but as it was not ever widely used and no longer had a maintainer, support was removed from Linux on April 1, 2018; 4.16 was the last release to include Blackfin support.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blackfin


text:
Talk:List of English-language small presses

Why separate from Small Press?
Why is this separate from the very slender information at Small press? --Wetman 10:19, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess because this is a list, but Small press really needs expanding. I'll try to get to it soon. Filiocht 10:41, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

It's good practice to separate lists from topic articles - there's a reference for that 'policy' somewhere. Charles Matthews 11:05, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * From what I've seen you do Charles, I imagine you could make a significant improvement to Small press. Filiocht 11:19, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Request
Will you look into our small press, Press 53, to see if we can be added to this list? Thanks. www.press53.com

Article needs clarification
I dont think this list is appropriate for WP. does it include or exclude vanity presses, online publishers? what are the criteria for inclusion, besides having an article listed? if thats the only criteria, then it needs to be a category. red links are ok, esp. if the red link has a sentence following it about the press. the number of small presses is likely to be much larger than this list, so unless its fairly carefully sourced, its almost useless. im not gonna do anything now, but i would recommend deletion, after being sure all publishers are listed in appropriate categories (havent checked categories yet). Or, allow red links, specify in summary more clearly the criteria (english language, us only, 5+books per year, current only, poetry and fiction primarily; that kind of specificity), and rename (List of English language small press publishers currently operating, or List of English language small presses) Mercurywoodrose (talk) 16:33, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

I just also noticed that while the original heading said "real articles" a lot of the publishers here just have links to their websites. so why would someone not allow red links,but do allow external links? doesnt make sense. i would recommend that people not remove red links from this list any more. the external link seems fine to me, but it would be better to have a red link followed by an external link, which i may do. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 16:44, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

cleaned up article a bit. if my clarifications stand, i do think its worthy of inclusion. talking to myself again, i see. Mercurywoodrose (talk) 18:00, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

questions about List of small presses
Hi and thanks for writing, I was editing poetry and related lists for a long time. I believe my rationale for List of Publishers was that even though there was no article to some of the red links, I actually searched them out on the WWWeb and found legitimate articles or websites which proved their notability etc. So instead of re-writing them and placing an article on Wikipedia, I put the web link on the (dead article) red link and had it show up as a active blue link, so at least researcers could find them and read about them. This was done on a few other "Lists" as well. Unfortunately, I thik a lot of the dead link entries are a one time thing by Users who originally did not know the system and have not returned to check up on their entries. Don't be too harsh on your editing, the main purpose here is to expand the knowledge of the world, so every little bit helps. Thanks again. WayneRay (talk) 11:33, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry just read this page after answering you, I think that if we add the web link after the red link there should be an explination at the top of the main page so someone like me doesn't go and change your re-editing, sorry again WayneRay (talk) 11:42, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Look at this one, I will check it out for editing of red links as well List of publishers of children's books WayneRay (talk) 11:47, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Eidolon
There weren't any redlinks at the moment, but I put in Eidolon Publications, which has done some science fiction work, including Howard Waldrop. I don't have the time or info right now to actually make a page for them, sorry. Artemis-Arethusa (talk) 15:15, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

That's ok though, I will remove the bars and leave black text until it is written WayneRay (talk) 03:37, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh yeah, thanks, that's more sensible anyway. Another publisher which I haven't put on the list is Dreamhaven Books, based in Minneapolis.  They're primarily a bookseller, but they also have published books and chapbooks, including significant works by Neil Gaiman and Peter S. Beagle. Artemis-Arethusa (talk) 14:28, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Move and editing
I finally got around to moving this article and a similar one, list of publishers, to more accurate titles. i dont think these moves are controversial. they spell out the exact meaning of the list. however, i do want to trim out some of the externally linked publisher names. while i understand the goal of expanding knowledge and helping research into small presses, this type of list needs to stick to notability as closely as possible, due to it being about a category that is constantly changing, with ephemeral companies, and contains many nonnotable (though obviously MEANINGFUL, in the sense of expanding literature, esp. at its cutting edge) publishers. if an externally linked publisher is notable, an article, even a stub, needs to be written, or a redlink with a brief line indicating notability needs to be added. i think that external links belong in the stub articles only. otherwise, the publisher needs to be listed in requested articles for creation. having too many external links turns this into a sort of link farm. i checked this article, List of blogs and its closer to what i am imagining this list needs. i will move incrementally on this, and want to hear comments.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 04:23, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

How many books?
I added in One Body Press as they have a few titles from a few different authors, but I would also like to add AEG Publishing, but they are new and only one have one title/author. How many books should a small press publish or how many authors before they meet the criteria? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.13.69.132 (talk) 05:36, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

Add Pound Press?
I’m trying to find information on Pound Press, Bloomington, Indiana. It published in the 80s and 90s and perhaps earlier and later. I’ve found 2 books with that imprint, but can’t find any information on the publisher itself.

The College of Beer: The Story of Nick's English Hut, Bill Weaver, Softcover, Pound Press, Bloomington, IN, 1990. No ISBN

International Center of Photography Encyclopedia of Photography, Jerry Mason, Published by A Pound Press Book / Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1984 ISBN 10: 051755271X / ISBN 13: 9780517552711 Wagshurster (talk) 02:55, 26 October 2019 (UTC)


text:
Canberra Airport

Canberra Airport is an international airport situated in the district of Majura, Australian Capital Territory. It serves Australia's capital city, Canberra, as well as the nearby city of Queanbeyan and regional areas of the Australian Capital Territory and southeastern New South Wales. Located approximately 8 km from the city centre, within the North Canberra district, it is the ninth-busiest airport in Australia.

The airport has direct flights to all Australian state capitals, as well as to many regional centres across the Australian East coast, and international services to hubs and leisure destinations, including Nadi, Fiji and Denpasar, Indonesia. Previous international flights also operated from Canberra to Singapore, Wellington and Doha.

Canberra Airport handled 3.2 million passengers in the 2018–19 financial year. Major redevelopment work completed in 2013 included the demolition of the old terminal, replacing it with a new facility designed to handle up to eight million passengers annually.

In addition to serving airline traffic, the airport is also the only public general aviation facility within the Australian Capital Territory. As a former Royal Australian Air Force base, Defence Establishment Fairbairn is located within Canberra Airport and supports government VIP flying operations by 34 Squadron as well as ground handling for itinerant military aircraft and visiting heads of state.

Corporate management
The airport's controlling entity is Capital Property Finance Pty Ltd, The airport is managed and operated by the Canberra Airport Group Pty Ltd. Terry Snow is the airport's executive chairman and his step-son, Stephen Byron, is the managing director.

Early years

The airport was built up from an old airstrip that was first laid down in the 1920s, not long after the National Capital site was decided. In 1939 it was taken over by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), with an area leased out for civil aviation.

On 13 August 1940, in what became known as the Canberra air disaster, a RAAF Lockheed Hudson flying from Melbourne crashed into a small hill to the east of the airport. Four crew and six passengers, including the Chief of the General staff and three Federal Government ministers, were killed in the accident. James Fairbairn, Minister for Air and Civil Aviation, was one of those killed and Fairbairn Airbase, the eastern component of the airport, was subsequently named after him. In 1962 the military side of the airport was renamed RAAF Base Fairbairn. The north-east quadrant of the airport still retains the Fairbairn name.

The terminal facilities on the western side were upgraded in 1988. By 1994, Canberra Airport was the seventh busiest in Australia, handling 1.4 million passengers annually. Prior to privatisation, the Government of the Australian Capital Territory recommended further development of the airport as an international gateway, capable of limited widebody operations to destinations in South-East Asia and the Pacific region, but noted there was little appetite from Australian airlines to establish such services In May 1997, Canberra handled its first international flight when a charter for the ACT Brumbies to New Zealand was operated by a Qantas Boeing 737 with temporary immigration facilities set up.

The lease to the site was leased to Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd in May 1998 for 99 years, and the RAAF area was sub-leased back to the Department of Defence. It was decommissioned as a RAAF base in 2003, (although No. 34 Squadron RAAF remains based there), and the RAAF area was renamed Defence Establishment Fairbairn.

In July 2004, Air Pacific launched twice weekly services between Canberra and Nadi, the first direct scheduled International link; however, these flights proved unsuccessful, prompting further investment in facilities to support international operations. In 2006 the main runway was upgraded to cater for heavier aircraft, allowing visiting dignitaries and heads of state to fly direct to the capital.

The airport's 2005 masterplan was criticised by the Federal government for not providing enough detail about planned expansion, while a further draft master plan was rejected by Federal Transport Minister Anthony Albanese in November 2008. The draft did not provide enough detail on a proposal to develop the airport into a freight hub, while that the airport's community consultation had also been insufficient. In the second half of 2008, Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd started referring to itself as "Canberra Airport".

Redevelopment and international flights
In early December 2007, plans were announced to construct a new terminal, to be completed by September 2010. This new terminal would have increased the number of aerobridges from two to six, doubled the number of check in counters and car parking and provided additional baggage processing capacity and lounge space. These plans were placed on hold in late 2008 as a result of the global economic crisis.

With financial outlooks improving, in April 2009, the airport announced that $350 million would be spent towards a new terminal and key infrastructure projects, including: The terminal's Southern concourse was completed in late 2010, while the Western concourse was partially open in March 2013 and complete by November of that year. Overall, floor space was increased by 65%, with significantly expanded baggage capacity and also expanded the airline lounges by four times compared to the previous building.
 * three new jet aircraft parking positions and a total of ten aerobridges
 * an increase in check-in counters from 17 to 44
 * two multi-story car parks connected to the terminal
 * a split-level roadside drop off and pick up system
 * dedicated customs, immigration and quarantine facilities to support International flights
 * an indoor taxi rank and waiting area – a first for an Australian airport

In November 2012, a national petition was started by 10-year-old Eve Cogan to name the new extensions after David Warren, inventor of the blackbox. The petition was supported by Sully Sullenberger.

In 2010, 8 Brindabella Circuit, a building located in the administration area of the Airport precinct, won the 5 Green Stars Australian Excellence Award.

In January 2016, Singapore Airlines announced it would launch flights from Singapore to Wellington via Canberra with Boeing 777-200ER aircraft, dubbed the "Capital Express" service. The ACT Government and Canberra Airport had been attempting for years to attract foreign airlines, or persuade Qantas or Virgin Australia to commence international flights from Canberra,   with a population catchment of 900,000. The airport is underserviced compared to Adelaide which has 42 weekly international services with a population catchment only 25% larger. Canberra's status as Australia's capital city and the above average income of residents in the surrounding area provide arguments in favour of more international services at the airport. Qatar Airways began daily flights between Canberra and Doha, via Sydney, in February 2018. The product offering was upgraded in November 2019, replacing the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft used on the route with new Airbus A350-1000s

On 24 January 2018, Singapore Airlines announced that it was ending its Canberra to Wellington service on 30 April 2018, altering its Canberra operations to a daily Singapore-Sydney-Canberra-Singapore service from 1 May 2018 using the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft.

COVID-19 pandemic
Interstate travel restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically impacted operations at Canberra Airport. By August 2020, the airport reported a 99% reduction in passengers and closed the terminal on Saturdays as a cost saving measure, while management criticised State governments for enforcing border closures with the ACT, despite there being no active community transmission of the virus in the Territory. In September, Singapore Airlines announced the permanent suspension of its Canberra operations. Easing of travel restrictions in late September saw resumption and increased frequency on some interstate routes, avoiding further reduction to five days per week operations. This increased demand was followed by the announcement of several new leisure focussed, regional routes.

Canberra Airport received three one-off repatriation flights to bring home Australians stranded overseas, including a Qantas flight from New Delhi, a Nepal Airlines flight piloted by film star Vijaya Lama and a Singapore Airlines flight with 150 passengers.

On 17 July 2020, Qantas carried passengers on a scenic flight aboard its final Boeing 747 from Canberra Airport over the capital and surrounding region. The special flight, touted as a public farewell for the 747 long-haul fleet, had originally been planned over Melbourne, but it was changed to Canberra due to Victorian lockdowns. The aircraft performed low fly-pasts of the airport and the city landmarks.

Singapore Airlines and Qatar Airways cancelled their flights to Canberra in 2020 due to the pandemic. As of January 2023, Qatar had postponed the resumption of these flights on several occasions and there was no date for them to return. Singapore Airlines had also not announced a date by which it would resume servicing Canberra. The airport and ACT government have sought to attract flights to New Zealand without success.

Post pandemic recovery
In April 2023 Fiji Airways announced it would resume flights between Canberra and Nadi beginning July 2023, marking the return to international flights to Canberra. This was followed up with flights to Bali with Batik Air, Indonesia announced in February 2024 for a June 2024 launch date.

In May 2024, the airport unveiled their five-year Route Development Plan, outlining the Airport's desire to resume services to Doha, Singapore and New Zealand, as well as to serve new destinations in China and Vietnam. Domestically, the Airport expects to resume services to Coffs Harbour, Townsville and Cairns, as well as start new services to Launceston and Geelong's Avalon Airport.

Facilities

The Canberra Spatial Plan released by the ACT Government in March 2004 identified the airport and surrounding areas as being an important centre for future industrial and related development. The airport precinct is currently divided into four areas, catering to aviation and non-aviation activities:

 * The passenger terminal and general aviation facilities are in the south western quadrant formed by runways 17/35 and 12/30. This area also contains long and short term parking and a four-star hotel.
 * The Brindabella Business Park is south of the passenger terminal. A heavy maintenance facility for QantasLink Boeing 717 aircraft is located adjacent to the business park.
 * Fairbairn, a former RAAF base is on the eastern side of the main runway. In addition to military and VIP aircraft operations, this area contains the Air Traffic Control tower, aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) facilities and remote parking for visiting heavy aircraft and diverted passenger flights.
 * A retail and mixed use area north of runway 12/30, on Majura Road which has been named Majura Park. Tenants include Majura Park Shopping Centre, Costco, IKEA, and some office buildings.

Passenger terminals
Before the airport's redevelopment in 2009, there was a single building made up of two terminals. The former Qantas Terminal was located on the western side of the building. All Qantas and QantasLink flights and related services, such as lounges, now operate from the new Southern Concourse Terminal. The old terminal was demolished in 2011 to make way for the second Western Concourse Terminal.

The former Common User Terminal was located on the far eastern side of the building. The terminal served Virgin Australia and briefly Tigerair Australia. Also until 2001 the terminal was the home of Ansett Australia's operations from the airport. However, after the construction of the new Southern Concourse, only the terminal's departure lounge and gates 5 and 6 were in use. The Common User terminal was demolished in June 2013 after the opening of new Southern Concourse.

Southern Concourse
Construction of the Southern Concourse was completed in late 2010 and came into service on 14 November. Qantas uses its check-in counters and departure gates. The Southern Concourse also includes The Qantas Club, The Qantas Business Class Lounge and The Qantas chairman's Lounge. The building's two wings, the Southern Concourse and the Western Concourse, are separated by an atrium, the centrepiece of the terminal.

Western Concourse
The Western Concourse opened in March 2013 and conjoins onto the Southern Concourse Terminal. Virgin Australia uses its check-in counters and departure gates. The Western Concourse also includes the 300-seat Virgin Lounge and Virgin's invitation-only The Club.

The western concourse was built with space for customs, immigration and quarantine facilities next to the Virgin lounge on the upper floor and on the ground floor. These areas were fitted out and opened when Singapore Airlines began its Canberra services to Wellington and Singapore. International flights arrive at and depart from gate 5.

General Aviation Terminal
The General Aviation Terminal in Canberra Airport is a small separate building located on the far west side of the Terminal Precinct. Brindabella Airlines had its head office and maintenance facility located near this terminal prior to the airline's collapse in 2013.

Controversies
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Canberra Airport announced that runway 12/30 would be closed. As noted in the 2014 Canberra Airport Master plan, this runway is primarily used by general aviation and was considered by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) to be a thinly veiled attempt to unlock a larger area of the site for non-aviation purposes. There has also been a significant and ongoing criticism that the ongoing property development activities have been pursued to the detriment of aviation safety. For Canberra Airport, Airservices Australia has been obliged to put the following warning in its En Route Supplement Australia: "During strong westerly winds TURB may be experienced in touch down area LDG RWY 35." Pilots have warned of potential safety issues arising from turbulence caused by mostly non-aviation related development encroaching close to the runway. This development restricts the options available to pilots of smaller aircraft in an emergency.

Second airport
Canberra is the only capital city in Australia that does not have a secondary airport. In 1955, the Commonwealth Government recommended that a second airport be built to separate slower and smaller aircraft from much faster turboprop airliners as passenger traffic grew. In 2011, the ACT Government considered a proposal to develop a small airport on a site in Williamsdale, south of Canberra that would be support general aviation and emergency services users The Government declined to proceed after conducting a cost–benefit analysis that anticipated marginal returns on the required investment, despite demand for a secondary airport. The Canberra Regional Aviators Association formed in 2009 to advocate for a second airport. The association has criticised rising costs following the privatisation of Canberra Airport, pointing out that since 1997, many flying schools and maintenance providers ceasing to operate and far fewer light aircraft are based at the airport. They argue that establishment of a secondary airport will boost the city's economy through the creation of maintenance and engineering jobs and provide facilities for Canberra's universities to expand flight training programs.

Advertising
While billboards have been barred in Canberra since the 1930s, an amendment of the National Capital Plan in 2000 allowed them to be displayed at Canberra Airport. Subsequently, the airport has hosted advertisements promoting defence hardware. A community group said the airport should not be promoting weapons manufacturers. The airport defended the ads and said the airport would continue to accept defence industry advertising. In 2015 the airport was lit up in rainbow colours, and in 2017 electronic and 3D message boards were used to support marriage equality. In August 2017 Canberra Airport awarded Qatar Media Services (QMS) the concession for all internal and external advertising. The first advertising project will be a double-sided "landmark digital billboard", being the only installation of this type in the ACT.

Environment
Approach and departure corridors lie over largely rural and industrial areas, although the instrument approach path (from the south) passes near the New South Wales suburb of Jerrabomberra, the city of Queanbeyan, and the Royal Australian Navy base, HMAS Harman, which has some barracks and housing.

Proposals have been made to the NSW Planning Minister by various developers to approve housing estates that are under the southern flight paths in New South Wales. Canberra International Airport Pty Ltd has been vigorous in advertising its opposition to these plans on the basis of a general increase in noise levels over a wide corridor which is currently free of aircraft noise, and concern that this will lead to the imposition of a curfew on the hours-of-operation of the airport.

Ground transport
Access to the city from the airport is via Morshead Drive and Parkes Way and Pialligo Avenue to Queanbeyan. A major junction, which connects the Majura Parkway and Monaro Highway with Canberra's east-west arterial road network, is located adjacent to the airport. Travel time to Canberra from the airport is generally around 10 minutes. The road approaches to the airport and business parks have historically been prone to traffic congestion in peak times. In 2007, the Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope controversially attributed the congestion to the Federal Government permitting construction of office buildings on airport land. A report commissioned by the ACT Government, however, identified a range of factors contributing including population growth in Gungahlin and Queanbeyan and the expansion of the airport itself, calling for a staged approach to road improvements in the area. Major investment in upgrades aimed at improving access have progressively been completed since 2008 through joint funding from both Canberra Airport Group and the Government of the Australian Capital Territory.

Canberra Cabs and partner taxi companies provide services to the airport taxi rank. An enclosed waiting area was opened in November 2013, aiming to improve the experience for arriving passengers who would otherwise wait outside in Canberra's relative climate extremes. Hire car companies maintain a presence in the terminal and Uber pick-up and drop offs are permitted with a $3 fee charged to drivers.

ACTION commenced operating services to Canberra Airport's passenger terminal from the City Interchange with route 11 in 2017. Route 11 has since been replaced by route R3 to and from Spence. Canberra Airport Express provides daytime mini-bus services to Canberra City, connecting to regional and Interstate coach services at the West Row bus station. Other local bus services operate through the airport precinct and Brindabella Business park, but do not stop at the terminal including former ACTION route 792 (peak hours) to/from Woden and CDC Canberra route 834 to Queanbeyan (weekdays only).

On 10 February 2009, Canberra Airport released its preliminary draft master plan which announced that a high-speed rail link between Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne was being considered. The plan was shortlisted in December 2008 by Infrastructure Australia for further consideration; however, it was the most expensive project shortlisted, and has not attracted any funding from any government. The decision to build the Second Sydney Airport at Badgerys Creek has made a fast rail link to Canberra Airport unlikely in the foreseeable future.

Accidents and incidents

 * In October 2003, the runway was damaged by Air Force One, a Boeing VC-25, carrying President of the United States George Bush.
 * On 12 August 2022, 63 year-old Ali Rachid Ammoun walked into the departures area at Canberra Airport, sat down and fired five rounds from a handgun into glass window panels. While nobody was hit by the gunshots, a number of people were injured during the panicked evacuation that immediately followed, many fearing a terrorist attack. Ammoun, who was on parole after serving a 14 year sentence for the attempted murder of his wife in Western Australia, surrendered to police and was taken into custody. The incident disrupted flights for several hours as the airport was shut down, with passengers not permitted to disembark from recently arrived flights. During his trial, Ammoun stated that he believed he had been wrongfully convicted and travelled to the capital to make a political statement to draw attention to this injustice. He said he deliberately fired only at the windows as he never intended to hurt anyone. After undergoing a psychological assessment, Ammoun was sentenced to three years in prison in March 2023.
 * On 10 November 2022, a Link Airways Saab 340B, registered VH-VEQ operating on behalf of Virgin Australia as flight VA-633 from Canberra to Sydney made an emergency landing shortly after takeoff. A ratchet strap used to secure the left-hand propellor while the aircraft is on the ground was not removed by the crew before starting the engines. While accelerating on the runway, it penetrated the side of the fuselage into the passenger cabin as the aircraft became airborne. The aircraft landed safely seven minutes after departure and the airline reported no injuries to passengers. However, after landing the Australian Federal Police and Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) reported that between one and three passengers had sustained minor injuries. The ATSB classified the occurrence as a serious incident and opened an investigation, which subsequently confirmed one passenger was injured by debris that penetrated the cabin and identified four safety issues. These related to ground handling and flight preparation procedures by both Link Airways and contracted service provider Swissport.
 * On 2 November 2023, a woman was arrested by Australian Federal Police after having opened a secured door, and walked onto the tarmac in an attempt to flag down a QantasLink flight that she had missed boarding for. Flights were delayed 10 minutes and resumed after.

title: Canberra Airport


text: Category:1537 deaths

title: Category:1537 deaths


text:
Knox College, Otago

Knox College is a selective residential college, founded and run by the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand and affiliated with University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. The college is set in a 4.57 ha landscaped site in Opoho on the opposite side of the Dunedin Botanic Gardens from the university. It is named after John Knox, a sixteenth century leader of the Scottish Reformation, whose efforts in establishing a universal system of free education comprising both academic learning and character formation had a profound influence, not just in Scotland, but internationally, as subsequent generations of Scottish settlers, products of the Scottish Enlightenment, emigrated to far-flung corners of the globe, including New Zealand, taking with them a deep-seated belief in the benefits of applied knowledge and a broad and liberal education. Those strong Scottish Presbyterian foundations are something that Knox College has in common with the university to which it is affiliated. They are depicted on the college's Coat of Arms in the form of a blue St Andrew's Cross. Superimposed on the St Andrew's Cross is the image of a white dove in flight, carrying an olive branch in its mouth, a symbolic depiction of the flood myth in Genesis 8, wherein the olive-branch-bearing dove is a symbol of life and peace. The college motto, Gratia et Veritas (Latin), or Grace and Truth (English), comes from the Prologue to the Gospel according to Saint John (John 1:).

Function
Knox College was established in 1909 to provide residence for male students and to house an existing seminary for Presbyterian ministers. It became co-educational in 1983. It also houses the Presbyterian Church's Knox Centre for Ministry and Leadership and the Presbyterian Research Centre (comprising the Hewitson Library and Presbyterian Archives).

As the second oldest residential college in Dunedin, Knox is also one of the more traditional colleges, having been influenced at various stages of its development by Australian, Scottish and English models of collegiate life. The valuing of tradition is evident in some of the names and titles in the college. For example, the Head of college is known as the Master, and the Deputy Head the Deputy Master; residential assistants are called Sub-Masters; and the college has a ceremonial officer called the Beadle. As of late 2022, the Beadle is held by resident Ilaria Old, the 23nd Beadle of Knox College.

Academic support for residents takes the form of tutorials, the monitoring of individual academic performances, and progress interviews as needed. In addition, the college benefits from an on-campus library, the Hewitson Library, which provides continuous access for students to study space and the library's various collections of books and journals, some of which are of historical significance. Knox College counts among its alumni eighteen Rhodes Scholars.

Upon entry into Knox College, undergraduate residents become part of the Junior Common Room (JCR), which is distinct from the Senior Common Room (SCR). The latter largely consists of (non-resident) academics and leading figures of the community elected into fellowship on a quinquennial basis. The list of College Fellows currently includes both the Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Otago. Other members of the SCR include postgraduate students in residence, including the Ross Fellow, and the college's Sub-master team. The Ross Fellowship, established in 1920, is the oldest such award in the university.

Until the 1990s, certain Chairs in Theology were held at Knox College. These were disestablished when the University of Otago assumed responsibility (from the then Theological Hall) for teaching the university's Theology programme.

The Visitor is the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand.

Knox College Students' Club
The Knox College Students' Club (KCSC) was an incorporated society and the oldest college organisation of its kind in New Zealand. The majority of student social events and intercollegiate events were organised through the KCSC Executive Committee, or student nominated Club members, and used to form a broad range of activities throughout the year, including the annual Ball held at Larnach Castle, the Concert on the Stairwell, and the various sporting and cultural events that compose the Cameron Shield and Nevill Cup competitions against Selwyn College. The KCSC Executive consisted of a President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Cultural representative, Male and Female Sports representative, and Social representative.

Three former presidents of the Students' Club later became Masters of Knox College: the Rev Dr Hubert Ryburn (KCSC President, 1921), the Rev Peter Marshall (1962) and Mr. Bruce Aitken (1971). Other notable names on the list of KCSC Presidents are Professor Sir David Skegg (1969), who later served as Vice-Chancellor of the university (2004–11), Judge E.O.K. Blaikie (1967), and Mr Joel Amosa (2009), winner of New Zealand's top singing prize, the Lexus Song Quest (2018).

A distinguishing characteristic of Knox, courtesy of it being independently owned, is the freedom it has to accept students back for a second, or even third, year. Students are not obliged to leave the college at the end of their first year. Returners play a role in setting the tone of the college, passing on traditions, and making incoming students feel welcome. In recent years, the male:female ratio has approximated 40:60, which is reflective of the male:female student ratio throughout the university.

In October 2023, the Knox College Students' Club ceased to exist after failing to meet quorum at the Annual General Meeting (AGM).

Centennial celebrations
The college achieved its centenary in 2009, with approximately 600 guests attending a variety of events over the celebration weekend in early August. The oldest returning resident (res. 1938–1943) planted a Centennial Oak in the college grounds to commemorate the occasion.

Relationships with other colleges
Knox College shares its site with Salmond College. Although the two colleges are mostly autonomous in regards to their daily operations, they are governed by the same body, the Board of Knox College and Salmond College, and, being part of the same organisation, they share several staff, including an Operations Manager, a Food Services Manager, a Property Manager and a Groundsman.

Knox College enjoys a close relationship with its Anglican equivalent and arch-rival Selwyn College. The two colleges compete annually for the Nevill Cup (cultural events) and Cameron Shield (sporting events). The eighth Master of Knox College, the Very Rev Dr Graham Redding (2015-2021), was a former Warden of Selwyn College (1989–1991).

Building history
The college buildings are an imposing group representing a persistent and successful effort to carry out an architectural idea over an extended time which saw considerable change.

Initial outlay
The Presbyterian Church of Otago and Southland opened a seminary for Ministers, its Theological Hall, in Dunedin in 1876. Early in the 20th century it acquired the core of the site in Opoho, above North East Valley, intending to re-house the seminary and to provide accommodation for its students and others attending the University of Otago. It established a brief and conducted an architectural competition won in 1906 by the 21-year old William Gray Young of Wellington. J. Louis Salmond (1868–1950) came second.

Young's plans envisaged development well beyond the college's immediate requirements taking the form of four ranges surrounding a central quadrangle. After the first stage was completed he was retained as architectural adviser and remained responsible for the buildings' design for more than forty years. His successors remained true to his conception through challenging circumstances.

The construction contract for the main accommodation block was won by Fletcher Brothers at a price of £9120. The chairman of the project was Rev Andrew Cameron and the contract winner was his son-in-law James Fletcher.

Because Young was based in Wellington and perhaps also because of his youth, Salmond was appointed supervising architect. The plan called for a principal range facing west with a large, square, central tower. It had subordinate ranges reaching forward at either extremity in a generally symmetrical composition. Behind the west range there were to be others at right angles to it, extending east, forming the north and south sides of the quadrangle.

The first building stage was the tower and the northward parts of the west range together with the range behind that trending east on the north side of the intended quadrangle (the "North Wing"). This part, the range on the north side of the quadrangle, included not only provision for teaching but a dining hall and servants' accommodation.

The foundation stone was laid on 6 April 1908 and the building was opened on 23 June 1909 having cost £19,307. The foundations were Port Chalmers breccia. The walls were finished in brick with Oamaru stone trims and the roofs were red clay tiles.

The building was in the Jacobethan style, a late form of the Gothic revival still vigorous in the early 20th century. Knox has the characteristic Tudor arches, oriel windows and battlements and the elaboration of forms and details, if not to the extent of Harlaxton Manor, sometimes pointed to as the type, or template, of the style.

Early development
The second stage was the southern part of the west range, including the forward projecting chapel. Behind this part of the west range the first part of the quadrangle's southern range was also to be built. A tender was accepted in September 1912 and completed by March 1914. Construction had cost £10,525.

At this point the College Council's ambitions and those of their architect were becoming clear. On their high site the buildings are very visible. The council had insisted on raising the architect's four-storeyed tower to five storeys. The three storeyed ranges and the forward thrusting subordinate reaches present a complex, but legible and imposing face to the world.

The interiors were spacious and finished with period detailing, including panels and hammer beams in the Dining Hall and stained glass and elaborate plasterwork, notably in the chapel. Even so, the college, as Young had conceived it, was far from complete.

Plans to extend the southern range, known as the "South Wing", were prepared by him in enough detail to be estimated by 1929 but the Depression and the Second World War prevented their execution. In 1952 with plans and funding almost complete the project was suspended.

Post-war progress
Meanwhile, the combination of seminary and residential hall was proving difficult to accommodate in the existing space. In 1945 a fund was established to provide additional room. Young was getting old. He oversaw the drafting of the plans but advised the committee of his resignation in 1952. Salmond had died in 1950. His son, Arthur Salmond, (1906–1994) now in partnership with Harry Burt, took over the project. A contract was signed in 1953, building commenced the next year and the new Theological Hall was opened on 12 November 1955 for a cost of £80,000.

The new building, to become known as the Hewitson Wing, was set parallel to the main west range, behind it, forming the east flank of the quadrangle. With a library as its front, facing the quadrangle, and with a hall behind, this structure is very deep. It is linked by an arch to the north range, closing the quadrangle's corner at that point.

Building methods and codes had changed. This structure, the first of the second building phase, incorporated reinforced concrete while retaining the forms and materials of the earlier buildings. It too is decorated inside in period fashion, the library, for example, managing to make the reference to an Elizabethan interior with a plausible degree of conviction.

The former provision for the Theological Hall in the north range was now made into additional accommodation for residents. This meant the Dining Hall was now too small for the numbers. That had been anticipated in the Gray Young era but in 1953 the council commissioned Salmond & Burt to prepare plans to extend the hall, estimated at £2,500. The work was completed by July 1957.

The extension reaches into the quadrangle courtyard, terminating in a crenellated bay window with stained lead lights. Inside it provides the space for the dais for the hall's high table and seems a natural enlargement of the room.

In 1959 the College Council resumed its effort to extend the "South Wing". Money was raised, the plans revised, tenders were called in August 1961. The building was opened on 21 April 1963 for a cost of £44,501. This was another structure with a reinforced concrete frame, styled and dressed to match the building it joined. It extended the "South Wing" eastward, taking the southern range to its present extent, further closing the quadrangle. It stopped short of the line of the east range which at that time had not reached its full extent. It was named the "Ross Wing".

The quadrangle was still not completed and with the centennial of the Theological Hall approaching the College Council decided in August 1974 to mark it by extending the library. Fund raising was difficult but work began in August 1983. The extension was opened on 30 May 1984 for a cost of $463,000.

This is another structurally modern building dressed to complement the context. By this time Arthur Salmond had retired but his son John (1940–2008) was in practice. The addition extends the east range southwards, taking it to the line of the south range but leaving an open space between. With this the quadrangle was all but complete.

Post-millennial contributions
In 2008, the Hewitson Building was modified to house offices and teaching spaces for the newly formed Knox Centre for Ministry and Leadership (previously the School of Ministry), and to provide a purpose-built facility for the Presbyterian Archives.

In the summer of 2012–13, the main residential building was earthquake-strengthened to comply with the latest building code. At the same time, 40 rooms were added to the college. Some of these were the result of the reconfiguration of rooms and offices at the northern end of the ground floor of the main building; others were the result or rebuilding the area of the college known as The Close. Opportunity was also taken to refurbish the main building from top to bottom, and to open up the Great Hall to the Junior Common Room to facilitate dining for the increased numbers at the college on formal occasions. In the summer of 2019–2020, the area of the college known as Somerville Close, comprising Mackay, Marshall, Glendining and Wilson Houses, underwent an extensive refurbishment.

Changes in governance and leadership
In February 2012, a Commission was appointed by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand to assume responsibility for the governance and management of Knox and Salmond Colleges, instead of the Council of Knox College and Salmond College. The General Assembly took this action following two reviews of the college in 2011 – one by the University of Otago, and the other by the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand – each of which raised significant concerns about certain aspects of the culture of the college, especially in regards to alcohol and student welfare. The six-person Commission comprised an equal number of church and university appointees. It saw numerous changes being put into effect immediately and other changes being proposed, some of which proved controversial among staff, students and alumni. The former Master of the college, Bruce Aitken, offered his resignation on 20 July 2012. The protests of alumni attracted national press attention.

In 2015, the commission was discharged, and a new Board of Knox College and Salmond College was established to replace the former Council of Knox College and Salmond College. By that time, the Presbyterian Church's Council of Assembly was satisfied that the commission had done its work, the management of change was complete, and the process of cultural change at Knox was well under way. In 2017, the Board articulated its vision for Knox College: To be a world-class residential college where students are part of a community that affirms and empowers every resident, expands thought and outlook, encourages service, fosters leadership, and builds strong bonds of friendship.

The first female Head of college, Caroline Hepburn-Doole, was appointed in 2021. She was the college's Deputy Master for the previous five years.

Controversy
In 2019, an article published in the Otago University Students' Association magazine, Critic Te Arohi, unveiled that the college had a culture of misogyny that normalised sexual misconduct against females. The article included the testimonies of several female residents who had been sexually harassed or assaulted at the college between 2015 and 2017, many of whom claimed that the college's leadership ignored or dismissed their claims when they were reported to them. The article received widespread media attention.

Notable alumni
While many of those above have been resident at the college, some of those who attended as Divinity students may have received tuition while living in private accommodation.

The college has provided 18 Rhodes Scholars (including any listed above) and several Gates Scholars and Fulbright Scholars. For further details of these and certain other of the alumni above, see the college's centennial history. Years provided are of initial entry, rather than of any returning periods.

title: Knox College, Otago


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User talk:PaulLomax

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London bridge
Paul, please see my comment at Featured_picture_candidates. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 12:12, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * As far as I know there is no license available in the Wikipedia which specifies that the author should be notified when the content is used. This would most likely place to great a burden on anyone re-using the content. I think attribution is good, this will lead people interested in the work to the original author and possible to your other (commercial) images. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 12:59, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah - I hadn't seen Copyright_problems.. Sod it, I'll make this one cc-by-sa :)
 * Thanks for the help - PaulLomax 13:07, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

London Millennium Bridge
Hi Paul from Adrian. I wanted to explain why I've put a near-identical pic to yours on the article, but in colour. Although your pic is very beautiful I felt that the reader should have the alternative of a colour pic and one that could be viewed all-at-once (mine is 750 px wide). Hope you don't mind, Best Wishes, Adrian - Adrian Pingstone 16:29, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Pic of the Day
Hi Paul,

Just to let you know that your photo Image:London millennium wobbly bridge.jpg is up for Pic of the Day again on the 27th. I've reworked the caption since last time, but you can check over it at Picture of the day/February 27, 2005 -- Solipsist 09:25, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hi again,

Just to let you know that your photo Image:London millennium wobbly bridge.jpg is due to make a reappearance as Pic of the Day on the 30th December. I've reused the same caption as last time, but you can make any changes at Picture of the day/December 30, 2005.

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