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Talk:Greek salad

Untitled
For an October 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Greek salad

Is this similiar to salad that is commonly served in Greece? As an American, I always hear that the international food I eat (for example Chinese) is nothing like what they eat in that particular country. ike9898 19:40, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

By the way, tomatoes are not 'of Greek origin'. There were NO tomatoes in Europe until they were brought from the New World in the 16th century. Hard to believe, but it's true. Never the less, the are good on a Greek salad! ike9898 20:24, Jan 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The peanut in Thai cuisine is another interesting one. That's why you can get authentic Thai food but not much traditional Thai food. Ari 03:20, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup and usage
OK, I tried to clarify some of the usage issues, add some further info, cite sources, etc. While I'm quite familiar with both the American and the Greek versions, I don't really know about other anglophone usage. If there are any Aussies in particular who can comment, that'd be great, as I have no idea what is normally meant by "Greek salad" in the Antipodes. I'm not sure on British or South African usage either. Tkinias 13:35, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Doh! It just occurred to me to use my head (i.e. Google it with "inurl:.au" etc.).  Aussies use the American version.  Brits too, it looks like. Tkinias 13:39, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

cucumber tomato salad
The description in the lead (without extras) sounds like what I order as angora-ntomates salata (sorry for messing up the transliteration). What appears (on tourist menus, at least) as "Greek Salad" is the same thing, with many or all the extras, esp feta.

Is this a new distinction? Jd2718 (talk) 23:10, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

This is a good article, but misses out on the fact that the horiatiki salata is a restauranteurs invention. We don't eat it at home, unless we have guests, particularly non greek guests. The ordinary salasd in greece in the summer, is tomato and cucumber. Feta is served, but not in the salad. Also in cyprus a horiatiki salata, in a restaurant(it is unknown in peoples houses, unless they make it 'specially') always contains cabbage and plenty of it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hotspury (talk • contribs) 18:13, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

So just because it has Feta doesn't make it Greek. This type of salad is common to Balkan peninsula, as well as parts of the Middle East and is typically served with tomato, cucumber, olives, and feta. Other variations include parsley, and scullions, and sometimes red/green pepper and/or in rare occasions nuts. Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Russia, Iran... so many places... They all serve similar salad with minor variations. An by the way, no, it doesn't have lettuce. The lettuce addition is a western world kind of thing. It seems they are married to their cheap nutritiousness lettuce. I mean lettuce?!? WTF. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.25.209.193 (talk) 19:03, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Question on this also, and I opened a discussion on it - when was the ‘Greek Salad’ actually introduced to greece? Because tomatoes were from the Americas and introduced only around late1800’s to Greece (in common use) and cucumbers were introduced from Asia and only really made it to Greece in the 1700’s. So perhaps the ‘Greek Salad’ is really a very recent invention, around 19th century? Mrgriwi (talk) 15:43, 25 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It seems to have been invented in the 1960s-1970s; see below. --Macrakis (talk) 18:31, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

The Lettuce Debate...
I'm in Canada and I've never encountered lettuce in a Greek salad (anywhere, and I've never been to Greece). GReek Salad here is typically cucumber, onion tomato, feta cheese and olives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.180.199.227 (talk) 19:49, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

It is extremely unusual to find Lettuce as an ingredient in an authentic Greek salad in Greece. I recommend that this ingredient is deleted from the main entry, and that Lettuce is called out as an ingredient in an "American-style Greek Salad". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kuzzer (talk • contribs) 13:25, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I second that. I'm Greek, born and raised in Greece and I've never encountered lettuce in Greek salad anywhere, ever - regardless of whether the salad was served at home or in a restaurant. We can take this recipe for Greek salad as an example (it comes from a Greek website, as one can see from the TLD in the link). The list of ingredients is as follows:

 * 2 ντομάτες (2 tomatoes)
 * 1 μεγάλο αγγούρι (1 big cucumber)
 * 1 μεγάλη πιπεριά πράσινη (1 big green bell pepper)
 * 1 μέτριο κρεμμύδι (1 onion of average size)
 * λίγες ελιές (some olives)
 * λίγη ρίγανη (a little oregano)
 * 1 μέτριο κομμάτι φέτα (1 average piece of Feta cheese)
 * αλάτι και πιπέρι (salt and pepper)
 * λάδι και ξύδι (oil and vinegar)

 * Another recipe can be found here. No mention of lettuce at all. Same here. And here And here - conveniently, this one is in English. Another variation can be found here (this one adds rocket leaves to the mix). Therefore, I believe that there is no reason to list lettuce as an ingredient of Greek salad. Moderatelyaverage (talk) 17:17, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Additional Sources / Original Research
Sourcing one paragraph of an entire article doesn't meet Wikipedia's verifiability requirements. Additional sources are needed, this all reads like original research based on experience with the topic. Reliable, third-party references are needed; see Wikipedia's Reliable sources and Verifiability. Mention is made of having Googled some information; surely internet publications / some of the larger cooking websites (Martha Stewart, for example - not home-grown ones) have information on this topic? This article qualifies for several "sourcing" templates; I've chosen only one to include. Others would be in regards to original research and missing in-line citations. Lastly, shame on the WikiProjects for classifying this article without leaving information as to how it needs to be improved. 68.20.21.168 (talk) 10:35, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I certainly agree we need better sources for the article. One difficulty is that for food topics, there is a lot of nonsense out there.  In particular, cooking sites (like Martha Stuart or Cooks' Illustrated) are full of personal versions of recipes, and their historical information is usually all wrong.  For example, Cooks' Illustrated recipe for Greek Salad includes lettuce and is dressed with a vinaigrette, which is clearly all just "innovation". --Macrakis (talk) 15:36, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

"Many names" to avoid confusion?
Currently the article states "... may be called by the Greek term horiatiki or by such terms as "country salad", "peasant salad", or "village salad", to avoid confusion...".

It's not clear why having many names avoids confusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.210.106.41 (talk) 15:24, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Good point. Bad wording. I've rewritten it. --Macrakis (talk) 17:01, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

History of the Greek salad
When did this salad come to be recognised as a Greek staple? Because tomatoes were from the Americas (c.1500) so it doesn’t strike me to be something that originated in Greece from antiquity. Anyone? Mrgriwi (talk) 15:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Antiquity has nothing to do with it. The modern Greek salad (horiatiki) containing tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, feta, and olives, seems to be a fairly recent invention as a named dish. For one thing, Greeks only started eating raw tomatoes around the turn of the 20th century, and the so-called "country/peasant/village salad" seems to have become a thing sometime in the 1960s or 1970s in Athenian tavernas. The story goes that cucumber salad had a government-set price, but by adding feta on top, the restaurateur could charge what he wanted. I'm not sure I believe this, because I remember that feta was often ordered (and billed) separately at the time. If I get a more reliable source, I'll add it to the article. --Macrakis (talk) 18:29, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Vinegar
As in the article itself it is only mentionend for the others, does this mean is "normal" greek salad really predominantly without vinegar? --Alien4 (talk) 17:11, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Lemon Juice
In my experience, lemon juice is a key ingredient in the dressing. MYH1979 (talk) 19:03, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

 * What country/country's have you had greek salad with lemon juice? it might be a specific county variation? Kogren the Wizard (talk) 14:41, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greek salad


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eqoersted

Eqoersted was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Googles at... 1: a Wikipedia deletion log. This has already been deleted once today?? — Bill 19:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Having been tutored a bit better in Speedy, I've removed the Delete, and put it on Speedy, since previously deleted in the recent past. (Right?) — Bill 20:33, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Lords Commissioners of the Treasury

In the United Kingdom there are at least six Lords (or Lady) Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury, serving as a commission for the ancient office of Treasurer of the Exchequer. The board consists of the First Lord of the Treasury, the Second Lord of the Treasury, and four or more junior lords acting as whips in the House of Commons to whom this title is usually applied.

It is commonly thought that the Lords Commissioners of HM Treasury serve as commissioners for exercising the office of Lord High Treasurer, however this is not true. The confusion arises because both offices used to be held by the same individual at the same time.

Strictly they are commissioners for exercising the office of Treasurer of the Exchequer of Great Britain and Lord High Treasurer of Ireland (similar to the status of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty exercising the office of Lord High Admiral until 1964, when the Queen resumed the office). These offices (excluding Lord High Treasurer of Ireland, which went into commission in 1817) have continually been in commission since the resignation in 1714 of Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, who was appointed to the office by Queen Anne on her deathbed.

Until the 19th century, this commission made most of the economic decisions of Great Britain (England, before the Act of Union 1707). However, starting during the 19th century, these positions became sinecure positions, with the First Lord serving almost invariably as Prime Minister, the Second Lord invariably as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the junior lords serving as whips in Parliament.

As an office in commission, technically all Lords Commissioners of the Treasury are of equal rank, with their ordinal numbers connoting seniority rather than authority over their fellow Lords Commissioners. However, from at least the reign of Queen Anne, de facto power has rested with the top-numbered Lords.

Current officeholders
The current Lords Commissioners of the Treasury were appointed by letters patent dated 16 July 2024.

Relationship with Ministers of HM Treasury
Of all the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, typically the only one who actually works in HM Treasury is the Second Lord, as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Since the formation of the office of Prime Minister (including in the case of Sir Robert Walpole as the inaugural holder), it has been typical for the incumbent to assume also the position of First Lord of the Treasury.

None of the other lords of the Treasury work for the Treasury in a substantive sense. Rather they are government whips, given nominal positions in the Treasury to enable them to be suitably remunerated for facilitating the function of His Majesty's Government. The Commission of the Treasury is suitably flexible for the government's whip operation because it has no fixed number of office-holders. However, the Chief Whip is not personally a lord of the Treasury, instead having the similar, but discrete, position of Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, which is also a sinecure used to procure paid membership among the members of the Government.

The lords of the Treasury nominally head HM Treasury. They do so by virtue of office and as a matter of law, acting in the office of Treasurer of the Exchequer. The Chancellor does so in reality, consulting the Prime Minister, and delegating parliamentary-level work to the other ministers in the Treasury, none of whom are Lords of the Treasury, who negotiate and formulate the rest of Treasury business. These junior ministerial positions are, in descending order of rank:

 * Chief Secretary to the Treasury (effectively a Cabinet member, as the incumbent always has the right to attend meetings if not a full, statutory member)
 * Financial Secretary to the Treasury (often paired with the office of Paymaster General, which is not always allocated to the Treasury)
 * Commercial Secretary to the Treasury
 * Economic Secretary to the Treasury
 * Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury

Relationship between the First and Second Lords
Historically, the Chancellor of the Exchequer was also the First Lord of the Treasury, and usually by extension Prime Minister as well. However the increasing sophistication of government spending led to the development of the chancellorship into a more refined position of finance minister, and so gradually particularised the office in a way less suitable for headship of the ministry overall. The last Chancellor-Prime Minister was Stanley Baldwin in 1923, and then only very briefly – the last substantive overlap was William Gladstone in 1880–1882.

A more immediately significant trend though was the rebalancing of the powers of the Houses of Parliament in favour of the lower house. From the Glorious Revolution and onwards it had become increasingly constitutionally untenable for the person setting fiscal policy (i.e. the Chancellor) to reside in the House of Lords, a principle which was embedded permanently in the constitution from 1718 with the resignation of Lord Stanhope (note this excepts the brief tenures of certain Lord Chief Justices, who historically assumed the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer pro tempore during vacancies, and who were often peers). That notwithstanding, the constitutional convention mandating that the Prime Minister reside in the Commons became embedded much later, with a Prime Minister serving without difficulty from the Lords as late as 1902. That Alec Douglas-Home, the last to assume the Premiership from the Lords in 1963, felt compelled to disclaim his peerage and take up a seat in the Commons shows that the convention had, by that time, become well-entrenched.

Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Prime Ministers would continue to be drawn regularly from the upper house. In circumstances where the Prime Minister was a peer it was felt appropriate for the head of the ministry overall to take the primus inter pares position on the commission as First Lord, even if through constitutional convention he couldn't serve as the Chancellor, who was otherwise First Lord by virtue of his office. The office of First Lord thus became strongly intertwined with the (legally non-existent) Premiership was particularly strong because all Prime Ministers up to Lord Salisbury, apart from Lord Chatham, had been First Lords. Accordingly, when the Prime Minister sat in the Lords, the Chancellor assumed the Second Lordship. The constitutional entrenchment of this principle began in 1841 with the appointment of the Second Peel ministry. Being a viscount, Lord Melbourne (the outgoing Prime Minister) had not been able to be Chancellor as well, but nevertheless assumed the First Lordship pursuant to his premiership in the usual way for premiers from the peerage. However, when Sir Robert Peel returned to office for his non-consecutive second term he elected to be First Lord of Treasury, a title he had naturally assumed in his first ministry wherein he had also served as Chancellor. But despite being a Member of Parliament (i.e. not a Lord), Peel did not assume the Chancellorship. Thus the Chancellor, Henry Goulburn, became the first Chancellor to be Second Lord of the Treasury whilst the First Lord was also in the Commons. From that point onwards, the Second Lordship, save on the rare occasion that the Prime Minister holds both 10 and 11 Downing Street, has been permanently vested in the Chancellor.

Relationship between the First Lord of the Treasury and the Prime Minister
Since the evolution of the position, the Prime Minister has also served as First Lord of the Treasury in all but two cases. The initial linkage of the two offices is not surprising, since at the formation of the office the First Lord of the Treasury did indeed take part in running the Treasury, and as First Lord was the most senior person so tasked. Since control of money usually granted most power, it is not surprising that such a person would head the government as a whole. Indeed, even after decades of the emergence of the Premiership, William Pitt the Younger proffered that the Prime Minister "ought to be the person at the head of the finances."

The two exceptions were Lord Chatham and Lord Salisbury. During Chatham's ministry of 1766–68 he occupied the office of Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal instead. Lord Salisbury became First Lord neither during his first term (1885–1886) nor his third (1895–1902), though he did become First Lord for the first two years of his second ministry (1886–1892).

Since Salisbury, the two roles have become completely concomitant, so much so that the Prime Minister's official residence, 10 Downing Street, is in fact the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury, which title is named on the letter box. Salisbury, as a marquess of vast independent wealth, had no use of an official residence, instead living in his grander town house at 20 Arlington Street in St James's, and could instead bestow it as a perquisite to other ministers, along with the First Lordship itself.

Other positions have been linked to the Prime Ministership as well. Continuously since 1968, when the position was created by Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister has also served as Minister for the Civil Service. The adoption of this additional position was directly linked to reforms to HM Treasury, being created when responsibilities for the pay and management of the civil service was transferred from the Treasury to a new Civil Service Department. Since the Prime Minister was a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, prior to the reform he had had ex officio oversight of these portfolios, but it was felt more proper for the civil service to be held outside of a particularised department. Nevertheless, in recognition of the primary authority of the Prime Minister over the Civil Service, it is a constitutional convention that the Ministry would always be held by the Prime Minister. Though the Civil Service Department was abolished by Margaret Thatcher in 1982, the title was retained. Whereas the First Lordship of the Treasury has been a complete sinecure for some time, the functions of the Minister for the Civil Service have at times required the Prime Minister to discharge policy and be held accountable for it. For instance, it was occupying this role which saw the Prime Minister sued for her policies in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service.

Other offices have historically been linked to the Prime Ministership but are no longer. Until Clement Attlee became Prime Minister, the vast majority of premiers had served as either Leader of the House of Commons or Leader of the House of Lords depending on the chamber in which they sat. As the power of the executive swelled, the need to have a legislative-oriented office receded. In 1942 during the Second World War Winston Churchill had made himself Minister of Defence, a title Prime Ministers would hold for thirteen years thereafter, but with the decline of defence as an urgent policy area this was abandoned by Sir Anthony Eden when he came to office in 1955. Boris Johnson held the position of Minister for the Union, which he created to display his commitment to strengthening the bond of the four nations of the United Kingdom. This role was retained by his successor Liz Truss.

Accordingly, the First Lord of the Treasury is the title most associated with the Prime Ministership. Seven Prime Ministers saw fit to occupy the post of First Lord of the Treasury only, and held no other subsidiary office. Those Prime Ministers were Lord Rockingham (1782), Lord Portland (1807–1809), David Lloyd George (1916–1922), Sir Anthony Eden (1955–57), Harold Macmillan (1957–1963), Sir Alec Douglas-Home (1963–1964), and Harold Wilson (1964–1968, at which point he also became Minister for the Civil Service).

title: Lords Commissioners of the Treasury


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Three Communiqués

The Three Communiqués or Three Joint Communiqués are a collection of three joint statements made by the governments of the United States (US) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The communiqués played a crucial role in the establishment of relations between the US and the PRC and continue to be an essential element in dialogue between the two states, along with the Six Assurances and Taiwan Relations Act.

1st
The first communiqué (February 28, 1972), known as the Shanghai Communiqué, summarizes the landmark dialogue begun by President Richard Nixon and Premier Zhou Enlai during February 1972. Some of the issues addressed in this communiqué include the two sides' views on Vietnam, the Korean Peninsula, India and Pakistan and the Kashmir region, and perhaps most importantly, the Taiwan (Republic of China) issue (i.e., Taiwan's political status). Essentially, both sides agreed to respect each other's national sovereignty and territorial integrity. The United States formally acknowledged that "all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China" and that the "United States Government does not challenge that position", and that it "reaffirms its interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese themselves".

The use of the word "acknowledge" (rather than "accept") is often cited as an example of the United States' ambiguous position regarding the future of Taiwan.

2nd

The second communiqué (January 1, 1979), the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, formally announces the commencement of normal relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China. In so doing, the United States recognized that the government of the People's Republic of China was the sole legal government of China, and acknowledged the PRC's position that Taiwan is part of China. In addition, the United States government declared that it would end formal political relations with the Republic of China ("Taiwan") while preserving economic and cultural ties. Both sides reaffirmed their wish to reduce the risk of international conflict as well as avoidance of hegemony of any nation in the Asia-Pacific region.

3rd
The third communiqué (August 17, 1982), also known as the August 17th communiqué, reaffirms the desire of both sides to further strengthen economic, cultural, educational, scientific, and technological ties. Both sides also reaffirmed the statements made about the Taiwan issue in the previous communiqué. Although no definitive conclusions were reached on the issue of arms sale to Taiwan, the United States declared its intent to continue selling arms to Taiwan and to gradually change its level of arms sales consistent with the PRC's militarization of the Taiwan strait.

A declassified cable sent on July 10, 1982, from Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger to AIT director James R. Lilley explained that reducing arms sales to Taiwan would be contingent on the commitment of the PRC to a peace across the Taiwan Strait. Afterwards, the US clarified the third communique by issuing the Six Assurances to Taiwan.

title: Three Communiqués


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Gummadidala

 Gummadidala is a mandal in Sangareddy district of Telangana, India.

title: Gummadidala


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Bill Fay

William Fay (born 9 September 1943) is an English singer-songwriter. His early recordings were released by Deram, but following the release of his second album in 1971, Fay was dropped by the label. His work enjoyed a growing cult status in the 1990s, and his older works were re-issued in 1998 and 2004/2005. Fay's 2012 album Life Is People was his first album of all-new material since 1971. His most recent album, Countless Branches, was released on 17 January 2020.

Early career
Fay was born in north London, where he still lives.

His first single, "Some Good Advice" / "Screams in the Ears", was issued on the Deram label in 1967, and was followed by two albums, Bill Fay in 1970 and Time of the Last Persecution in 1971. The recordings did not sell well, and Fay was dropped from Deram soon after the release of his second album. They were re-issued in 1998, and then again in 2005.

Despite returning to the recording studio in the late 1970s,  Tomorrow, Tomorrow & Tomorrow, the follow-up to Time of the Last Persecution was not released until January 2005, following the reissues of his earlier works.

Cult status and comeback
Bill Fay's work enjoyed a growing cult status in the 1990s. His first two albums were re-issued in 1998, an event which Bill Fay described in 2012 as follows: "Up until 1998, when some people reissued my albums, as far as I was concerned, I was gone, deleted. No one was listening. But then I got the shock that people remembered my music. I was doing some gardening, and listening to some of my songs on cassette, and a part of me thought they were quite good. I thought, 'Maybe somebody will hear them someday.' That same evening, 14 years ago, I got a call from a music writer telling me that my two albums were being reissued. A shock is not gonna get much bigger than that, David [...] It was astonishing to me. I won't ever really be able to believe that it happened. That's how I feel about it. I had come to terms with the fact that I was deleted, but that I had always kept writing songs anyway and that was good enough."

In 2004, the British label Wooden Hill released a collection of demos recorded between 1966 and 1970 entitled From the Bottom of an Old Grandfather Clock. Recordings from 1978-1981were finally released in January 2005. Entitled Tomorrow, Tomorrow & Tomorrow, the album was credited to the Bill Fay Group, and released on the Durtro Jnana label.

The compilation album Still Some Light appeared on the Coptic Cat label in 2010, a double CD containing a mix of older material and newer, home-recorded songs.

Released on 21 August 2012 on Dead Oceans, Life is People was his first new studio LP in over 40 years.

Who Is the Sender?, a new album by Bill Fay was released in April 2015. The second album track, "War Machine", came out as a single in February 2015.

A feature article entitled "Bill Fay Was a Hidden Gem. One Musician Made Finding Him a Mission" was published in the New York Times on January 15, 2020.

His most recent album, Countless Branches, was released on 17 January 2020.

Covers and appreciation
The American band Wilco has played Fay's song "Be Not So Fearful" in live performances and the band's singer, Jeff Tweedy, can be heard singing it in the documentary, I Am Trying to Break Your Heart: A Film About Wilco. Fay has joined the band and Tweedy onstage for the rendition of the song at shows at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in 2007, and at the Union Chapel, Islington in 2010 respectively, both in London.

The English singer-songwriter and pianist John Howard recorded a cover version of the song "Be Not So Fearful" for his E.P. Songs for the Lost and Found (2008). The song "Be Not So Fearful" was also covered by Ed Harcourt on the benefit compilation album Songs to Save a Life - In Aid of Samaritans (2011).

A cover version of Fay's "Pictures of Adolf Again", by producer and musician Jim O'Rourke and Wilco drummer Glenn Kotche, can be heard in the film from Kōji Wakamatsu, United Red Army. The title track of "Time of the Last Persecution" became a live standard of the British Apocalyptic folk group, Current 93.

The band Okkervil River covered Fay's song "Plan D" on their Golden Opportunities 2 EP in 2011.

The American band The War on Drugs covered Fay's song "I Hear You Calling" at shows throughout 2014.

His song "Be Not So Fearful" was covered by A.C. Newman in 2014, and was used in the episode "Us" of The Walking Dead.

In 2008 the English singer Marc Almond recorded a live version of "Cosmic Boxer" and it was released on his album In 'Bluegate Fields': Live at Wilton's Music Hall.

In a widely available live bootleg recording of a show at The Great American Music Hall in San Francisco in February 2009, Stephen Malkmus of the band Pavement, covered Fay's "We Have Laid Here".

Albums

 * Bill Fay (Deram, 1970)
 * Time of the Last Persecution (Deram, 1971)
 * Tomorrow, Tomorrow & Tomorrow (recorded 1978–1981; Durtro, 2005)
 * Life Is People (Dead Oceans, 2012)
 * Who Is the Sender? (Dead Oceans, 2015)
 * Countless Branches (Dead Oceans, 2020)

Compilation albums

 * From the Bottom of an Old Grandfather Clock (recorded 1966–1970; Wooden Hill, 2004)
 * Still Some Light (2CD, recorded 1970, 1971, 2009; Coptic Cat, 2010) / new edition: Still Some Light Pt. 1 (1CD / 2LP) & Still Some Light Pt. 2 (1CD / 2LP) (Dead Oceans, 14/01/2022) (compilation of early 1970–1971 studio recordings and 2009 new material home recordings)

title: Bill Fay


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Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship of Canada

Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship of Canada, or InterVarsity, is a Christian organization which ministers to youth and university students. It has a variety of ministries, including Pioneer Camps of Canada, high school, college and university ministries. InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA is the American branch of InterVarsity.

InterVarsity is a member organization of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students.

Nigel Pollock is the current president. Prior to taking this role he spent 18 years with the University and Colleges Christian Fellowship in Scotland and for the past 10 years, the Tertiary Student Christian Fellowship in New Zealand. The organizational center is in Mississauga, Ontario.

History
In 1928 Norman Grubb reported to the Inter-Varsity Fellowship (IVF) in Britain of the spiritual decay happening at Canadian universities. In response, IVF sent Dr. Howard Guinness to Canada to help start evangelical student work at the universities. For fourteen months Guinness traveled across Canada, meeting with students at the universities and providing them with a model of daily prayer meet ups and weekly Bible study. Guinness also promoted training leaders in high schools and camps.

InterVarsity was officially organized in late 1929. In 1934 Stacey Woods became the new general secretary of InterVarsity in Canada and in 1938 he helped establish the first InterVarsity chapters in the United States.

Typically, InterVarsity meetings are composed of small groups of Christians meeting for weekly prayer and study. In the early 1990s, many groups experimented with additional large worship services in campus bars. This was the result of a large on campus evangelistic outreach that took place at McMaster university in 1991 featuring the British evangelist Michael Green and his team from Regent College in Vancouver. Originally the vision of Michael Hare who died in a car accident in January 1988, the mission featured a debate with the popular psychology professor Richard Day and a religious contemporary worship service in the campus bar, The Rat. Two more of these worship services were held under the leadership of Buff Cox, the InterVarsity staff worker, and Gregory Butler, the InterVarsity president at the time. In subsequent years, the worship services grew to attract hundreds of students at a time from all over Southern Ontario. The services moved to the larger bar, the Downstairs John, and became Church at the John. In subsequent years, the McMaster Chapter grew significantly and engaged in oversees missions, including a close connection to Lithuanian Christian University Students after the fall of the Iron Curtain.


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George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield

General George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield, (25 December 1717 – 6 July 1790) was a Scottish officer of the British Army, who served in three major wars during the 18th century. He rose to distinction during the Seven Years' War when he fought in Germany and participated in the British attacks on Belle Île (France) and Cuba. Eliott is most notable for his command of the Gibraltar garrison during the Great Siege of Gibraltar, which lasted from 1779 to 1783, during the American War of Independence. He was celebrated for his successful defence of the fortress and decisive defeat of Spanish and French attackers.

Early life
Eliott was born at Wells House, near Stobs Castle, Roxburghshire, the 10th (and 8th surviving) son of Sir Gilbert Eliott, 3rd Baronet, of Stobs, by his distant cousin Eleanor Elliot of Brugh and Wells in Roxburghshire. Eleanor's brother was the soldier and courtier William Elliot of Wells. One of his Eleanor's sisters, Charlotte, had married Roger Elliott, another Governor of Gibraltar.

Education and early command
Eliott was educated at the University of Leiden in the Dutch Republic and studied artillery and other military subjects at the école militaire of La Fère in France. He served with the Prussian Army between 1735 and 1736.

In 1741 he transferred to the Engineers and joined the 2nd Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards, of which his maternal uncle, William Elliot of Wells, was then lieutenant-colonel, and of which Eliott was afterwards lieutenant-colonel. He served throughout the War of Austrian Succession between 1742 and 1748, fighting at the Battle of Dettingen, where he was wounded, and again at the Battle of Fontenoy. He became an Engineer Extraordinary in 1744 and Engineer Ordinary in 1747 when he was stationed at Sheerness. Eliott resigned from the Engineers in 1757.

Seven Years' War
Eliott served as ADC to King George II between 1756 and 1759 during which time he was raised to colonel. Appointed Brigadier for the 1758 expedition to France, where he was placed in command of the Brigade of Light Cavalry, he was tasked to raise, and was appointed colonel of, the 1st Light Horse (later 15th Light Dragoons, then 15th Hussars). Eliott distinguished himself in the German campaign, particularly during the Battle of Minden in 1759 when he was promoted to major-general and the 1760 Battle of Emsdorf.

He took part in the Capture of Belle Île in 1761. He was 2nd-in-charge at the capture of Havana during the 1762 British expedition against Cuba for which he received a significant amount of prize money, nearly £25,000. Elliot was able to buy Bayley Park in East Sussex which he altered and enlarged over the decade. He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1765. On 6 March 1775 he was made a Privy Counsellor and temporarily appointed commander of forces in Ireland.

Gibraltar and the Great Siege
On 25 May 1777 Eliott was appointed Governor of Gibraltar, taking over from the acting governor, Robert Boyd. Eliott was promoted to general in 1778.

In July 1779, Gibraltar was besieged by the French and Spanish. Eliott using his engineering skills to good effect in improving the fortifications. By August, it was very apparent that the Spanish intended to starve the garrison. The Great Siege of Gibraltar would eventually last from 1779 to 1783. A notable letter from Eliott to the Misses Fuller survives, dated 21 September 1779 and delivered on 4 October, it said simply "Nothing new. G.A.E." Eliott was an abstemious man, his diet comprising vegetables, biscuit and water. He also rarely slept for more than four hours at a time.

On 13 September 1782, the French and Spanish initiated a grand attack, involving 100,000 men, 48 ships and 450 cannon. Under great duress, the garrison held its position and, by 1783, the siege was finishing. On 8 January 1783, the British Parliament sent their official thanks to Eliott and he was nominated a Knight of the Bath. By 6 February 1783, the siege was over. Eliott was invested with his honour at Gibraltar on 23 April.

A portrait from 1784, "The Siege of Gibraltar" (1782) by George Carter survives in the National Portrait Gallery.

Later career
Eliott returned to England in 1787. He was created Lord Heathfield, Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar on 6 July 1787 and in addition many statues, portraits and coins were produced in his honour.

A will exists dated 27 February 1788. On 19 May 1788 Eliott was formally installed as Knight of the Bath, and, in June 1788, a portrait "The Installation Supper" was painted by James Gillray and resides in the National Portrait Gallery.

About this time, Eliott was making his way overland back to Gibraltar, where he was still governor. However, he became ill and stayed in the Aachen area to recuperate. During 1790, he stayed at Grossen Hotel, Dubigk; Karlsbad (bei Herr Brammertz); Kaiserbad, Aachen (bei Herr Mohren). In June 1790 he rented the Schloss Kalkofen, Aachen (nowadays Talbotstrasse, Aachen, Germany), and moved in his furniture but did not live long to enjoy the facilities.

Personal life, family and death
Eliott was a teetotaller and vegetarian. It was recorded that he "never touched strong liquor or meat, but lived chiefly on vegetables, simple puddings, and water". He did not sleep for more than four hours at a time.

On 8 September 1748 at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, London, George Augustus Eliott married Anne Pollexfen Drake (1726–1772), the sister of Sir Francis Drake, 5th Baronet (1723-1794) of Nutwell House, Woodbury in Devon, a collateral descendant of Sir Francis Drake. They had two children:
 * 1) Francis Augustus Eliott, 2nd Baron Heathfield (31 December 1750 – 26 January 1813), who never married, had no offspring and was therefore the last Baron Heathfield. He inherited Nutwell from his uncle Sir Francis Drake, 5th Baronet (1723-1794);
 * 2) Anne Pollexfen Eliott (1754-24 February 1835), who married John Trayton Fuller on 21 May 1777 with numerous children.

On 6 July 1790, Eliott died at the Schloss Kalkofen, Aachen, of palsy / stroke, allegedly brought on by drinking too much of the local mineral water, and was initially buried in the grounds of the Schloss. His personal estate was probated by 27 July and his furniture sold off by his heirs. Later in 1790, his body was disinterred and reburied at Heathfield, East Sussex. Later still, his body was again disinterred and reburied at St Andrew's Church, Buckland Monachorum, Devon in the church associated with his wife's Drake ancestry.

Legacy and monuments
General Eliott has been commemorated on a Gibraltar pound banknote; his portrait has appeared since 1995 on the £10 notes issued by the Government of Gibraltar.

In August and September 1787, George's portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds and now resides in the National Gallery. A painting entitled The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782 by John Singleton Copley survive from 1787 in the Guildhall Art Gallery, and another Copley painting this time a head portrait is (link ), currently in the National Portrait Gallery. Another American artist John Trumbull created the well known portrait The Sortie Made by the Garrison of Gibraltar which resides in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. His portrait was also painted by Mather Brown in 1788.

His marble monument and statue exist in the south transept of St Paul's Cathedral, London. A bust of Elliot created in 1858 stands in the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens. A bronze medal "George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield" was created by Jean-Pierre Droz.

There are various pubs throughout England that honour his name; including the General Eliott in Willoughby Waterleys, Leicestershire, on the Grand Union Canal at Uxbridge, and another in the village of South Hinksey, Oxfordshire.

He is mentioned in Robert Burns's cantata The Jolly Beggars as an inspiring figure. The old soldier singing the air "I Am a Son of Mars" says: "Yet let my country need me, with Elliot [sic] to head me, / I'd clatter on my stumps at the sound of a drum."


text:
Congo national football team

The Congo national football team (Kikongo: Ekipe ya nkweso ya nsi ya Kongo) represents the Republic of the Congo in men's association football and is governed by the Congolese Football Federation. They have never qualified for the World Cup, but did win the Africa Cup of Nations in 1972. They also won the All-Africa Games football tournament in 1965. The team is also a member of both FIFA and the Confederation of African Football (CAF).

History
The Congo national football team made its first ever appearance in February 1960 in a friendly against the Ivory Coast which they lost 4–2. On 13 April, they defeated Reunion 4–1 in their first game to advance to the quarter-finals. In their quarter-final on 15 April, they defeated the Ivory Coast 3–2. On 17 April, they lost 5–4 to Cameroon and were beaten 8–1 by the host Madagascar in the third-place play-off on 19 April.

In April 1963 they entered another L'Amitié competition, this time in Senegal, and were drawn in a group with Tunisia, the Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo and Mauritania. They lost their opener 2–0 to Tunisia on 13 April but beat the Ivory Coast 3–2 the next day. On 15 April they beat their neighbour Congo Kinshasa 2–1, and then Mauritania 11–0 two days later, but did not advance to the next round.

In July 1965 the Congo held the 1965 All-Africa Games and were drawn in a group with Mali, Uganda and Togo. They drew 1–1 with Mali on 18 July and beat Uganda 2–1 the next day. On 21 July they drew 1–1 against Togo but advanced through to the semi-finals, where they beat the Ivory Coast 1–0 on 23 July. On 25 July the Congo drew 0–0 versus Mali in the final, but won the tournament by having won ten corners in the final compared to Mali's one.

On 11 January 1967 the Congo played their first non-African opposition, defeating Romania 1–0 in a home friendly. On 19 February 1967 the Congo travelled to Tunisia for their first ever African Cup of Nations qualifier, drawing 1–1. On 2 August 1967 they hosted a qualifier against Cameroon, and defeated them 2–1 to top their qualifying group and advance to their first finals.

The finals were held in Ethiopia in January 1968 and the Congo were drawn in a group with their neighbour Zaire, Senegal and Ghana. They lost the opener to Zaire 3–0 on 12 January and two days later lost 2–1 to Senegal. On 16 January the Congo were defeated 3–1 by Ghana and were knocked out.

The Congo hosted a friendly against Romania for the second successive year on 16 June 1968 and won 4–2. On 30 July 1968 they played their first ever South American opposition, losing a home friendly 2–0 to Brazil.

In 1972, the Congo won their only African Cup of Nations title. Congo defeated host Cameroon in the semi-final 1–0 before beating Mali 3–2 to claim the championship. On that squad was arguably Congo's most famous player, François M'Pelé, who starred for PSG in the 1970s.

In qualification for the 1998 World Cup, the Congo came within a win of qualifying for the final tournament. However, after home wins over Zambia, DR Congo and South Africa, Congo lost their final match 1–0 away to South Africa and was eliminated.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaches
• Paul Ebondzibato (1962–1964)

•  Vasily Sokolov (1964–1965)

•  Paul Ebondzibato (1965–1970)

•  Adolphe Bibanzoulou (1970–1973)

•  Robert Ndoudi (1973–1974)

• 🇷🇴 Cicerone Manolache (1974–1976)

•  Zoran Ristić (1984)

• 🇫🇷 Yvon Goujon (1986–1987)

•  Noël Minga  (1992–1993)

•  David Mémy (1997–1998)

•  Alain Nestor Ngouinda (1998–1999)

•  David Mémy (1999–2000)

•  Camille Ngakosso (2000)

•  Gaston Tchangana (2001)

•  Noël Minga (2001)

•  Eugen Moldovan (2001–2002)

•  Alain Nestor Ngouinda (2002)

•  Claude Andrey (2002–2003)

•  Tahseen Jabbary (2002–2003)

• 🇫🇷 Jean-Paul Bernard (2003)

• 🇫🇷 Michel Hidalgo (2004)

• 🇫🇷 Christian Létard (2004–2005)

•  Gaston Tchangana (2005–2006)

• 🇫🇷 Noël Tosi (2006–2007)

•  Gaston Tchangana (2007–2008)

• 🇷🇸 Ivica Todorov (2008–2010)

• 🇫🇷 Robert Corfou (2010–2011)

•  Camille Ngakosso (2011)

• 🇫🇷 Jean-Guy Wallemme (2011–2012)

• 🇫🇷 Kamel Djabour (2012–13)

• 🇫🇷 Claude Le Roy (2013–15)

• 🇫🇷 Pierre Lechantre (2016)

•  Barthélémy Ngatsono (2016–17)

• 🇫🇷 Sébastien Migné (2017–18)

• 🇧🇷 Valdo Filho (2018–2021)

• 🇧🇪 Paul Put (2021–2023)

• 🇫🇷 Isaac Ngata (2023-present)

Current squad
The following players were called-up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Niger and Morocco on 6 and 11 June 2024 respectively.

Caps and goals are correct as of 12 June 2024, after the match against Morocco.

Recent call-ups
The following players were called up for Congo in the last 12 months.

 * DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up.
 * INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
 * PRE Preliminary squad.
 * RET Player has retired from international football.
 * SUS Suspended from the national team.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Congo.

Achievements

 * Africa Cup of Nations
 * Winners: 1972
 * Football at the African Games
 * [[File:Med 1.png]] Gold medalists: 1965
 * CEMAC Cup:
 * Winners: 2007
 * UDEAC Championship:
 * Winners: 1990

title: Congo national football team


text:
Osterley Park

Osterley Park is a Georgian country estate in west London, which straddles the London boroughs of Ealing and Hounslow. Originally dating from the 1570s, the estate contains a number of Grade I and II listed buildings, with the park listed as Grade II*. The main building (Osterley House) was remodelled by Robert Adam between 1761 and 1765. The National Trust took charge of Osterley in 1991, and the house and park are open to visitors.

Early history
The original building on this site was a manor house built in the 1570s for banker Sir Thomas Gresham, who purchased the manor of Osterley in 1562. The "faire and stately brick house" was completed in 1576. It is known that Queen Elizabeth I visited. The stable block from that period remains at Osterley Park. Gresham, the founder of the Royal Exchange, also bought the neighbouring Manor of Boston in 1572.

Acquisition by the Child family
During the late 17th century, the estate was owned by Nicholas Barbon, a developer who mortgaged it to Child's Bank and then died in debt around 1698. As a result of a mortgage default, by the early 1710s, the estate came into the ownership of Sir Francis Child, the founder of Child's Bank. In 1761, Sir Francis's grandsons, Francis and Robert, employed Scottish architect Robert Adam (who was just emerging as one of the most fashionable architects in Britain) to remodel the house. When Francis Child died in 1763, the project was taken up by his brother and heir, Robert Child, for whom the interiors were created.

The house is of red brick with white stone details and is approximately square, with turrets in the four corners. Adam's design, which incorporates some of the earlier structure, is highly unusual, and it differs greatly in style from the original construction. One side is left almost open and is spanned by an Ionic pedimented screen, which is approached by a broad flight of steps and leads to a central courtyard, which is at piano nobile level.

Adam's neoclassical interiors are among his most notable sequences of rooms. Horace Walpole described the drawing room as "worthy of Eve before the fall". The rooms are characterised by elaborate but restrained plasterwork, rich, highly varied colour schemes, and a degree of coordination between decor and furnishings unusual in English neoclassical interiors. Notable rooms include the entrance hall, which has large semi-circular alcoves at each end, and the Etruscan dressing room, which Adam said was inspired by the "Etruscan" vases (as they were then regarded, now recognised as Greek) in Sir William Hamilton's collection, illustrations of which had recently been published. Adam also designed some of the furniture, including the opulent domed state bed, which is still in the house.

After Robert Child
Robert Child's only daughter, Sarah, married John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland, in 1782. When Child died two months later, his will placed his vast holdings, including Osterley, in trust for any second-to-be born grandchild. This proved to be Lady Sarah Fane, who was born in 1785.

Child's will kept his property out of the hands of John Fane, his son-in-law. Under the doctrine of coverture then in force, if Child had given his daughter more than a life interest in any property, Fane would have had control of it. Fane had eloped with Child's daughter to Gretna Green, as Child had not consented to the marriage. Child had wished his daughter to marry someone willing to take on the Child surname and ensure its continuation.

Child's eventual heiress, Lady Sarah Fane, married George Villiers in 1804 and, having children, the estate passed into the Villiers family. In 1819, George Villiers changed his surname to Child Villiers.

Later history
George Child Villiers, 9th Earl of Jersey, opened Osterley to the public in 1939 after having received many requests from people wishing to see its historic interior. He justified his decision by saying that it was "sufficient answer that he did not live in it and that many others wished to see it". Some 12,000 people visited the house during its first month of opening. Villiers staged a series of exhibitions of artworks by living artists in the top-floor rooms to contrast with the 18th-century interiors on the ground floor. He also planned to create an arboretum in the grounds, although that never came to fruition.

Home Guard training establishment
The grounds of Osterley Park were used for the training of the first members of the Local Defence Volunteers (forerunners of the Home Guard) when the 9th Earl, a friend of publisher Sir Edward Hulton, allowed writer and military journalist Captain Tom Wintringham to establish the first Home Guard training school (which Hulton sponsored) at the park in May–June 1940. It included teaching the theory and practice of modern mechanical warfare, guerilla-warfare techniques and street-fighting techniques, making use of some estate workers' houses that had been scheduled for demolition.

Painter Roland Penrose taught camouflaging here, an extension of work he had developed with the paintbrush in avant-garde paintings to protect the modesty of his lover, Elizabeth 'Lee' Miller (married to Aziz E. Bey). Wilfred Vernon taught the art of mixing home-made explosives, and his explosives store can still be seen at the rear of the house, while Canadian Bert "Yank" Levy, who had served under Wintringham in the Spanish Civil War, taught knife fighting and hand-to-hand combat. Despite winning world fame in newsreels and newspaper articles around the world (particularly in the US), the school was disapproved of by the War Office and Winston Churchill, and it was taken over in September 1940. Closed in 1941, its staff and courses were reallocated to other newly opened War Office-approved Home Guard schools.

National Trust
After the Second World War, Lord Jersey approached Middlesex County Council, which had shown interest in buying the estate, but eventually decided to give the house and its park to the National Trust. The furniture was sold to the Victoria & Albert Museum. In 1947, Lord Jersey moved to the island of Jersey, taking with him many pictures from the collection at Osterley. Some were destroyed in a warehouse fire on the island soon after. Lord Jersey assisted the Ministry of Works and the V&A in their restoration of the house to its present late-18th-century state.

The National Trust took charge of Osterley in 1991. The house has enjoyed loans and gifts from Lord Jersey, including items of silver, porcelain, furniture and miniatures. The trust commissioned portraits of Lord Jersey and his wife by Howard J. Morgan, which hang upstairs. In 2014, William Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey, the present Earl, arranged a ten-year loan to Osterley of portraits of the Child family. The pictures that are part of the loan include Allan Ramsay's portrait of Francis Child (1758), and George Romney's portrait of Francis's brother, Robert.

The house and small formal gardens are open to the public. They account for 30,000 paying visitors per year. Many hundreds of thousands of visitors per year walk the footpaths and enjoy the woodland of the surrounding park at no cost. A weekly 5k Parkrun takes place in the park.

The house saw its latest restoration from 2018 to 2021. This repaired structural deterioration and discolouring of the external brickwork.

title: Osterley Park


text:
Bialystok University of Technology

Bialystok University of Technology (Politechnika Białostocka) is the largest technical university in northeast Poland.

The beginnings of Białystok University of Technology date back to 1949, when the Private Evening College of Engineering of the Polish Federation of Engineering Associations FSNT-NOT was established in Bialystok.

Today Białystok University of Technology employs more than 620 academic educators and provides graduate courses for more than 7000 students at six faculties.

Study plans at BUT are consulted with the biggest employers in the region, and the students complete their internships and work placements in partner firms as early as during their studies. A great majority of BUT's graduates find jobs within the first year after graduation.

Białystok University of Technology cooperates with many academic centres all over the world and has over 500 active bilateral agreements in scientific and educational cooperation with foreign partners (more information IRO BUT).

Białystok University of Technology has continuously been developing its scientific and teaching infrastructure. The last years were an unprecedented investment period for Bialystok University of Technology. The university gained four new facilities: the Centre for Modern Education, the Research and Education Centre of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, the INNO-EKO-TECH Innovative Research and Education Centre for Alternative Energy Sources, and Energy-efficient Construction and Environmental Protection.

University campus is located almost at the heart of the town and it has easy access to all especially in terms of advance technologies.

History
In 1949, Białystok, far away from its former glory, is rising from its post-war ruins. The once delightful tenement houses have burnt to ashes. The town needs to be rebuilt. The needs are enormous, the deficiencies even greater. Not only has the war deprived Białystok of its buildings but – above all – of its people, including professionals and specialists. The need to educate local engineers to rebuild the town and its former industry gives rise to the Private Evening College of Engineering in Bialystok (Polish: Prywatna Wieczorowa Szkoła Inżynierska NOT w Białymstoku) – the present Bialystok University of Technology.

24 November 1949 - the Polish Ministry of Education issued a decision allowing for the establishment and running of the FSNT-NOT Private Evening College of Engineering in Bialystok by the Polish Federation of Engineering Associations.

1 December 1949 – FSNT-NOT Private Evening College of Engineering starts functioning. Karol Bialkowski, MSc, Eng, is appointed its first Rector. The First College emblem is designed.

1950 – Faculties of Mechanical, Electrical Engineering and Faculty of Civil Engineering start teaching activities.

1951 – Provincial People's Council gives a building located in Biala St. to College which is nationalised and renamed Evening College of Engineering.

1953 – Provincial People's Council gives College building and hall in Grunwaldzka St.

1954 – First 28 electrical engineers and 29 mechanical engineers graduate from the Evening College of Engineering.

1964 - Machining Hall of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering is created in Grunwaldzka St. Centre for Foreign Language Teaching and Physical Education Centre are established. 1964 – Evening School of Engineering changes its name to Higher School of Engineering.

1966 - The first admission to full-time studies at the Faculty of Civil Engineering takes place.

1966 - Akadera Radio, first academic radio station, is founded.

1974 - Construction works of campus in the area of Zwierzyniecka, Wiejska, and Świerkowa Streets start.

19 September 1974 – Higher School of Engineering gains academic status and becomes Bialystok University of Technology.

1974 - Centre for Electronic Computation Technology (later Institute of Computer Science) is established.

1975 – Institute of Architecture with rights of Faculty is founded.

1980 - First unit of our University, Institute of Civil Engineering, is awarded right to confer PhD academic degree in technical sciences (in Environmental Engineering).

1984 - Department for Experimental Production and Technical Services at Bialystok University of Technology is founded.

1989 - Institute of Computer Science with rights of Faculty is created.

At the beginning of the 1990s, the demand for specialists (especially in IT, modern technology, and management and marketing) increased in the Polish labour market.

1993 – Department of Economic and Social Sciences is transformed into Institute of Management and Marketing (now Faculty of Management Engineering).

1994 - the Rectors of Bialystok universities signed an agreement on the construction of the BIAMAN Municipal Computer Network, the first Internet provider in Bialystok.

2001 - Faculty of Environmental Management in Hajnowka is created. Institute of Management and Marketing becomes Faculty of Management, and Institute of Computer Science – Faculty of Computer Science.

2002 - New seat of Faculty of Electrical Engineering is opened. Foundation for the Development of Bialystok University of Technology is established.

2009 - Children’ s University of Bialystok University of Technology is inaugurated.

2011 – Institute of Innovation and Technology of Bialystok University of Technology starts functioning.

2011 – Faculty of Environmental Management of Bialystok University of Technology in Hajnowka becomes Faculty of Forestry of Bialystok University of Technology in Hajnowka.

2011 – HD TV of Bialystok University of Technology starts broadcasting.

2012 – Centre for Modern Education of Bialystok University of Technology 2015 – Research and Education Centre of Faculty of Electrical Engineering is put into operation.

2015 – Innovative Research and Education Centre for Alternative Energy Sources, Energy-efficient Construction and Environmental Protection is opened.

2015 – Scientific and Research Centre of Faculty of Forestry in Hajnowka is inaugurated.

2016 – General Education Secondary School of Bialystok University of Technology is opened.

University authorities

 * University Authorities 2020-2024
 * Rector: Prof. Marta Kosior-Kazberuk, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of Development: Prof. Mirosław Świercz, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of Scientific Research: Prof. Marek Krętowski, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of Education: Prof. Agnieszka Dardzińska-Głębocka, DSc, PhD.
 * Vice-Rector of International Cooperation: Prof. Dorota Anna Krawczyk, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of Students' Affairs: Prof. Jarosław Szusta, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * University Authorities 2016-2020
 * Rector: Prof. Lech Dzienis, DSc, PhD, PE
 * Years 2016-2019:
 * Vice-Rector of Scientific Research: Prof. Andrzej Sikorski, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of Students' Affairs: Prof. Jarosław Perszko, DSc, PhD
 * Vice-Rector of Development: Prof. Roman Kaczyński, PhD
 * Vice-Rector of Education and International Cooperation: Prof. Marta Kosior-Kazberuk, PhD, Eng.
 * Years 2019-2020
 * Vice-Rector of Scientific Research: Prof. Andrzej Sikorski, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of Students' Affairs: Prof. Jarosław Perszko, DSc, PhD
 * Vice-Rector of Development: Prof. Joanna Ejdys, DSc, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of International Cooperation: Prof. Marta Kosior-Kazberuk, DSc, PhD, Eng.
 * Vice-Rector of Education: Prof. Iwona Skoczko, DSc, Eng.

Academic profile
Teaching and degrees

Bialystok University of Technology offers 1st degree (Bachelor's or Engineer's), 2nd degree (Master's) and 3rd degree (PhD) studies, postgraduate studies, as well as training and language courses.

Bialystok University of Technology has rights to award PhD degrees in technical sciences in 7 disciplines, PhD degrees in social sciences in 1 discipline and DSc degrees in technical sciences in 5 disciplines.

The university offers various forms of education in English: a double diploma programme, free-mover, student exchange under the Erasmus + programme and a full cycle of education in English, including some interdisciplinary courses.

Staff

 * Professors: 175
 * Teachers (total): 622
 * Total staff: 1 401

Faculties

 * Faculty of Architecture
 * Architecture - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Interior Design - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Graphic Arts - 1st degree course
 * Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences
 * Landscape Architecture - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Civil Engineering - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Environmental Engineering - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Biotechnology - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Urban Planning - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Engineering in Thermal Energetics – 1st degree course
 * Agri-food Engineering – 1st degree course
 * Agri-food and Forestry Engineering – 2nd degree course
 * Forestry Engineering – 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * BIM – Building Information Modeling – 2nd degree course
 * Faculty of Computer Science
 * Computer Science - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Applied Mathematics - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Computer science and Econometrics - 1st degree course
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering
 * Electronics and Telecommunications - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Electrotechnics - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Ecoenergetics - 1st degree courses
 * Electrotechnics – dual studies, 1st degree course
 * Faculty of Engineering Management
 * Management - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Management and Production Engineering - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Management and Service Engineering - 1st degree course
 * Furniture Engineering - 1st degree course
 * Tourism And Recreation - 1st degree course
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 * Automatic Control and Robotics - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Biomedical Engineering - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Mechatronics - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Mechanics and machine design - 1st degree, 2nd degree courses
 * Materials and manufacturing engineering - 1st degree course

PhD and DSC degrees of technical sciences (conducted in Polish or English):
 * Architecture and Urban Planning - PhD
 * Automation, Electronic and Electrical Engineering - PhD and DSc
 * Information and Communication Technology - PhD and Dsc
 * Biomedical Engineering - PhD
 * Civil Engineering and Transport - PhD and DSc
 * Mechanical Engineering - PhD, DSc
 * Environmental Engineering, Mining and Energy - PhD and DSc

PhD degrees of social sciences (conducted in Polish or English):
 * Management and Quality Studies - PhD

First and Second degree courses conducted in English:
 * Architecture - 2nd degree course
 * Interior Design - 2nd degree course
 * Civil Engineering - 1st and 2nd degree courses
 * Environmental Engineering - 1st and 2nd degree courses
 * Electronics and Telecommunications - 2nd degree course
 * Automatic Control and Robotics - 1st and 2nd degree course
 * Logisitcs - 2nd degree course
 * Management: Smart and Innovative Business - 2nd degree course
 * Mechatronics - 1st and 2nd degree courses

Institutions and facilities

 * Foreign Language Centre
 * Centre for Modern Education
 * Academic Sport Centre
 * Doctoral School of the Bialystok University of Technology
 * General Education Secondary School of Bialystok University of Technology
 * Research and Education Centre of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering
 * INNO-EKO-TECH Innovative Research and Education Centre for Alternative Energy Sources
 * Energy-efficient Construction and Environmental Protection, and the Scientific and Research
 * Scientific and Research Centre of Faculty of Forestry in Hajnowka
 * Diamond Discoverers’ Association
 * Foundation for the Development of Bialystok University of Technology
 * Children’ s University of Bialystok University of Technology
 * Institute of Innovation and Technology of Bialystok University of Technology
 * Confucius Classroom, Centre for Polish-Chinese Cooperation
 * BIAMAN Municipal Computer Network
 * Akadera Radio Station 87.7 FM
 * PLATON HD TV of Bialystok University of Technology
 * GWINT Club
 * Halls of Residence at the campus of  Bialystok University of Technology

title: Bialystok University of Technology


text:
Lars Olsson Smith

Lars Olsson Smith (12 October 1836 in Kiaby – 9 December 1913 in Karlskrona), also L.O. Smith, was a Swedish spirits manufacturer and politician. He was called "The King of Spirits" (Brännvinskungen) because of his domination of spirits production in Stockholm during the end of the 19th century. He started the production of Absolut Rent Brännvin which was later renamed Absolut Vodka.

Biography
At the age of 8, Lars Olsson got a position in a general store in Karlshamn after his father's bankruptcy and was so well treated by his foster father consul Carl Smith that he took the name Smith. From 1850, he had employment in Stockholm first in the general store, then with a shipping agent. In 1858, he established an agency for a number of distilleries in Scania and Blekinge as well as a modern facility on Reimersholme. The distilleries Smith installed there made him rich by producing spirits with an unusually low fusel alcohol value. The most well known was the tiodubblat renat ('ten times purified') which ran the communal distilleries out of business. Smith, as a result, faced reprisals from the city of Stockholm and relocated to Reimersholme, outside the city limits. He sold the product from the Fjäderholmarna islands, from which he had boats transport the alcohol to Stockholm.

In 2011, a memorial stone was erected in Kiaby, the village where Smith was born.

title: Lars Olsson Smith


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Cendant

Cendant Corporation was an American provider of business and consumer services, primarily within the real estate and travel industries. In 2005 and 2006, it broke up and spun off or sold its constituent businesses. Although it was based in New York City, the majority of its headquarters employees were in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey.

Its last CEO was Henry Silverman.

Founding
Hospitality Franchise Systems Inc. (HFS) was created as an affiliate of the Blackstone Group, a private equity firm, as a vehicle to acquire hotel franchises. It was led by Henry Silverman, a Blackstone partner and former CEO of Days Inn. It began in 1990 by buying Howard Johnson's and the U.S. rights to the Ramada brand from Prime Motor Inns for $170 million. In 1992, HFS bought the Days Inn franchise out of bankruptcy for $290 million. This purchase made HFS the largest hotel franchisor in the world, with its brands licensed to 2,300 hotels.

Blackstone took Hospitality Franchise Systems public in a December 1992 IPO. HFS was among the fastest growing companies of its size in the 1990s and the company's stock rose from its IPO price of $4 per share to $77 per share in 1998.

In 1993, HFS purchased the Super 8 brand, franchised to 1,000 motels, for $125 million, and bought the 61-hotel Park Inn brand. The company made a brief foray into the casino industry, but then spun off that business in November 1994 as National Gaming. In 1995, HFS launched a new hotel brand, Wingate Inn.

After company management found that they had mostly exhausted the field of desirable acquisition targets in the hotel industry, Hospitality Franchise Systems expanded into the real estate business. Silverman hoped that HFS's skills at franchise management would bring success in fields outside of hospitality. In August 1995, it acquired Century 21, a franchised chain of brokerages, from MetLife for $200 million. The company changed its name to HFS Inc. the same month, to reflect its broadened scope. This was followed the next year with the acquisition of Electronic Realty Associates for $37 million, and Coldwell Banker for $740 million, making HFS the largest franchisor of real estate brokerages in the U.S.

In 1996, HFS acquired the Avis car rental company for $793 million. In keeping with HFS's strategy of being primarily a franchisor, it kept ownership of the Avis brand name and reservations system, while selling off the operations of Avis's corporate-owned locations as a new company, Avis Rent a Car, Inc. HFS also bought Resort Condominiums International, a timeshare exchange service, for up to $825 million.

In 1997, HFS acquired PHH Corp. for $1.8 billion. PHH's businesses of mortgage brokerage, relocation services, and fleet management were expected to synergize with HFS's real estate and car rental businesses.

However, later that year, Silverman led HFS into what would prove a disastrous merger with CUC International, a direct marketing company that operated discount membership programs like Shoppers Advantage and Travelers Advantage. HFS and CUC combined in a "merger of equals" on December 18, 1997, to form Cendant Corporation. As part of the merger, Silverman announced he would reduce his day-to-day involvement with the company and assume the company's chairmanship in preference of CUC's founder and CEO Walter Forbes.

In January 1998, Cendant purchased Jackson Hewitt, a franchised chain of tax preparation offices, for $480 million.

Accounting scandal
Just months after the merger, in April 1998 Cendant uncovered massive accounting improprieties at CUC which resulted in one of the largest financial scandals of the 1990s. At the time, Vice Chairman E. Kirk Shelton was reported to have inflated the company's revenue by $500 million over a period of three years. He had reported a 1997 net income of $55.4 million when the true 1997 result was a net loss of $217.2 million. As these irregularities in the books of Cendant were discovered in early 1998, an audit committee set up by Cendant's Board of Directors launched an investigation and discovered that the former management team of CUC, including its top executives Walter Forbes and Kirk Shelton, had been fraudulently preparing false business statements for several years. When this report was released to the public, the resulting damage to the market value for the company was approximately $14 billion, with their stock tumbling from a high of $41 down to nearly $12. At the time, this fiasco was the largest case of accounting fraud in the country's history. After the accounting scandal was uncovered, Silverman and the Cendant board forced Forbes’ resignation and Silverman assumed the CEO post.

In March 2001, Forbes and Shelton were indicted by a federal grand jury and sued by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which accused the company of directing the massive accounting fraud that ultimately cost the company and its investors billions of dollars. Shelton served 8 of his 10-year prison sentence before being released early for exemplary behavior. Former CEO Walter Forbes was sentenced to 12 years in prison in 2007.

Under Silverman, Cendant bounced back from the accounting scandal far outperforming the markets in the early 2000s.

Post-scandal
Following the fraud debacle, Cendant began selling businesses to reduce its debt and repair the financial damage caused by the accounting scandal. In 1998 the company sold Hebdo Mag, a publisher of classified advertising publications, for $450 million to a management buyout group. In 1999 it sold its consumer software division, Cendant Software (consisting of Blizzard Entertainment, Davidson & Associates, Knowledge Adventure, and Sierra On-Line), to French publisher Havas for $770 million.

By 2001, Cendant was again in acquisition mode. It re-acquired the operations of Avis Rent a Car for $937 million. It made moves towards building a major online travel portal by acquiring Galileo International for $2.9 billion, and Cheap Tickets for $425 million. It entered the timeshare sales and management business by buying Fairfield Communities for $690 million, and Trendwest Resorts for $980 million. In 2002, Cendant bought Budget Rent a Car out of bankruptcy for $110 million plus $2.8 billion in assumed debt. The combination of Budget with Avis made Cendant the second-largest car rental company in the U.S.

In 2004, Cendant began a series of moves to simplify its business and focus on its core areas of real estate and travel.

As part of this strategy, several non-core businesses were sold or spun off. In June 2004, Cendant sold Jackson Hewitt for $638 million through an initial public offering. In January 2005, Cendant spun off its mortgage and fleet management businesses as PHH Corporation. The next month, Cendant sold its Wright Express division, a provider of fleet cards, for $1.03 billion through an initial public offering. In October 2005, Cendant sold its marketing services division, including its membership shopping programs, to Affinion Group, a vehicle of Apollo Management, for $1.8 billion.

Meanwhile, proceeds from these sales were used for acquisitions to expand Cendant's core businesses. In November 2004, Cendant purchased Orbitz, the third-largest travel booking site in the U.S., for $1.2 billion. In December 2004, Cendant consolidated its control of the Ramada name by buying out Marriott International's stake in the hotel brand. In February 2005, Cendant acquired Ebookers, the second-largest travel booking site in Europe, for $350 million. In April 2005, Cendant acquired Gullivers Travel Associates, a British seller of travel packages and wholesale hotel nights, for $1.1 billion. In October 2005, the company bought the Wyndham hotel brand from Blackstone for $111 million.

Breakup
On October 23, 2005, Cendant's strategy of simplification culminated in the announcement that it would split into four separate companies, focused respectively on hotels, real estate, travel services, and rental cars. Silverman said the breakup would improve shareholder value by allowing the market to better recognize the value of Cendant's component businesses.

Cendant originally planned to spin off its travel services division to shareholders as a company named Travelport, but on June 30, 2006, Cendant announced it would sell Travelport to Blackstone for $4.3 billion.

On July 31, 2006, Cendant's real estate and hotel divisions were spun off and became separate companies under the names Realogy and Wyndham Worldwide, respectively.

The sale of Travelport to Blackstone was completed on August 23, 2006. This left Cendant with only its car rental business, comprising Avis, Budget Rent a Car, and Budget Truck Rental. The company retired the Cendant name and renamed itself to Avis Budget Group on September 1, 2006.

Automobile rentals
Cendant owned the rental brands of Avis and Budget, holding these properties in the CCRG (Cendant Car Rental Group). Avis and Budget operate a shared fleet of cars, and have the same "back end" system, but operate at different locations, offer different service levels, and have somewhat different pricing. After the Cendant name was dissolved, the car rental segment became known as Avis Budget Group and currently trades on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol CAR.

Hotel franchises
These brands were spun off into Wyndham Worldwide.
 * AmeriHost Inn
 * Baymont Inn & Suites
 * Days Inn
 * Days Inn China
 * Hawthorn Suites by Wyndham
 * Howard Johnson
 * Knights Inn (includes Villager Inn, which was merged into Knights Inn in 2004)
 * Ramada
 * Ramada Asia-Pacific
 * Super 8 Worldwide
 * Travelodge
 * Wingate Inn
 * Wyndham Hotels & Resorts

Real estate franchises
These companies are now under the Realogy banner.

 * Century 21 Real Estate
 * Citi-Habitats
 * Coldwell Banker
 * Corcoran Group
 * ERA Real Estate
 * NRT
 * Sotheby's International Realty

Membership programs
These companies are now under the Affinion Group banner.
 * CUC International (Comp-U-Card)
 * Shopper's Advantage
 * AutoVantage
 * Traveler's Advantage
 * Buyer's Advantage
 * NetMarket
 * PrivacyGuard

Travel services
These brands were separated into a new company called Travelport.

 * CheapTickets
 * TripRewards
 * HotelClub.com
 * AoYou.com
 * RatesToGo.com
 * Galileo CRS
 * Orbitz
 * ebookers
 * Lodging.com
 * Asia-hotels.com
 * Away.com
 * travelbag.co.uk
 * OctopusTravel.com
 * Travelport.com
 * Gta-travel.com (Gullivers Travel Associates)
 * Trust International

Timeshare companies
These companies are owned by Wyndham Worldwide.

 * Fairfield Resorts
 * Trendwest Resorts
 * Shell Vacation Club

Vacation network groups

 * RCI
 * Cuendet
 * Landal GreenParks
 * French Life
 * Novasol

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PhreakNIC

PhreakNIC is an annual hacker and technology convention held in Nashville, Tennessee. It is organized by the Nashville 2600 Organization and draws upon resources from SouthEastern 2600 (se2600). The Nashville Linux User Group was closely tied with PhreakNIC for the first 10 years, but is no longer an active participant in the planning. First held in 1997, PhreakNIC continues to be a long-time favorite among hackers, security experts and technology enthusiasts. PhreakNIC currently holds claim as the oldest regional hacker con and is one of the few hacker cons run by a 501(c)(3) tax-free charity. The conference attracts about 350 attendees.

PhreakNIC consists of presentations on a variety of technical subjects, sometimes related to a conference theme. There is also a film room showing anime and technology-related videos from popular culture. The Nashville Linux Users Group held a Linux Installfest from PhreakNIC 3 through PhreakNIC X.

PhreakNIC is attended by hackers and other technology enthusiasts from across the United States, although, as a regional conference, most of its attendees come from a two-state radius around Tennessee, including groups from Missouri, Ohio, Washington, DC, Georgia, Kentucky, and Alabama.

As PhreakNIC has been held in downtown Nashville, near the Tennessee Titans stadium, the exact date for PhreakNIC was previously not announced each year until the NFL released its schedule in April. PhreakNIC is intentionally scheduled not to coincide with a Titans home game, to give conference organizers full reign over the venue. However, PhreakNIC is typically held around the time of Halloween.

Past locations

 * Drury Inn at I-24 and Harding Place
 * PhreakNIC 2
 * PhreakNIC 3: October 29–31, 1999
 * Days Inn on Briley Pkwy at the airport
 * PhreakNIC 4: November 3–5, 2000
 * PhreakNIC 5: November 2–4, 2001
 * Ramada Inn downtown
 * PhreakNIC 6: November 1–3, 2002
 * Days Inn at the Stadium
 * PhreakNIC 7: October 24–26, 2003
 * PhreakNIC 8: October 22–24, 2004
 * PhreakNIC 9: October 21–23, 2005
 * PhreakNIC 10: October 20–22, 2006
 * PhreakNIC 11: October 19–21, 2007
 * PhreakNIC 12: October 24–26, 2008
 * PhreakNIC 13: October 30–31, 2009
 * PhreakNIC 14: October 15–17, 2010
 * PhreakNIC 15: November 4–6, 2011
 * Clarion Inn and Suites, Murfreesboro, TN
 * PhreakNIC 16: November 9–11, 2012
 * PhreakNIC 17: September 20–22, 2013
 * Millennium Maxwell House Hotel, Nashville, TN
 * PhreakNIC 18: October 30 - November 2, 2014
 * Clarion Inn and Suites, Murfreesboro, TN
 * PhreakNIC 19: November 6–7, 2015
 * PhreakNIC 20: November 4–6, 2016
 * PhreakNIC 21: November 3-5, 2017
 * PhreakNIC 22: October 19-20, 2018
 * PhreakNIC 23: November 8-10, 2019
 * PhreakNIC 24: November 3-5, 2023

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Topological Geometrodynamics

Topological Geometrodynamics
From looking at the links provided and the editing history of the page, it looks like the page's creator is the only person doing research on this theory. The page No original research states that "If a viewpoint is held by an extremely small (or vastly limited) minority, it doesn't belong in Wikipedia (except perhaps in some ancilliary article), regardless if it's true or not, whether you can prove it or not". That seems to apply here. --Steuard 19:56, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * delete - as Steuard says. I added a note to the authors talk page but no reply (William M. Connolley 20:06, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)).
 * Delete. Original research. This is an unrecognized/ignored research program carried on only by the author. -- Fropuff 19:27, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)
 * For reference, here's the Spires publication search for this author that you cited at the VfD page for Matti Pitkanen, showing that all listed citations of "TGD" were in his own papers.--Steuard 16:48, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * A most interesting remark against your own stance. In that particular search engine Pitkänen has 31 entries as you say. Albert Einstein has 32, one by another citing author. And Karl Pribram has none. Please don't use specious arguments. --200.108.74.2 16:37, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Two points: first, I firmly believe that any decision of this sort should be based on the most complete information available. Given that, I think that providing a link to the SPIRES search is worthwhile whether it supports my position or not. Second, the point under discussion here is not whether Mr. Pitkänen's theory is correct or how prolific he has been, it is whether his view "is held by an extremely small minority". The SPIRES database shows that "TGD" has been cited in almost no "high-energy physics related articles" except for those written by Mr. Pitkänen himself. (One of his articles was cited by a single other author three times; I missed that when I first looked through the results, and I apologize for that mistake. An apparent citation by a second other author seems to have been a typographical error on their part.) Given that "TGD" is billed as an extension of string theory (which is heavily indexed in SPIRES), I would expect at least some evidence of active interest or involvement by other scientists to appear in that database if the theory had a broad following. Again, I'm not arguing here that "TGD" is wrong or that Mr. Pitkänen should be prevented from working on it, I'm just arguing that the theory doesn't fit the stated inclusion policy of Wikipedia. (Oh: now I notice that the page has already been deleted. My apologies for beating a dead horse; I figure I'll leave this response here since it's already done.)--Steuard 19:43, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not delete The page now offers a useful synopsis of topological geometrodynamics and some views of Pitkänen that is clearer and more instructive than his other papers. I don´t endorse the overview but find it useful and proper of an encyclopedia, specially for the mathematical treatment of spacetime. IMO, new links should be added and professor Pitkänen shouldn´t cram further material in it. ´´Marcel´´--209.13.231.33 18:51, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Not delete --200.69.51.74 23:30, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * A strong keep. There's a difference between "only one person knows a lot about this now" and "this is a topic only one person would care to learn about."  A well written article.  --L33tminion 19:59, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * While the article does seem reasonably well written, the point remains that its subject simply is not notable enough to be included in a general encyclopedia at this point. Those who wish to learn more about "TGD" are welcome to visit Mr. Pitkänen's website.--Steuard 16:48, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Are you seriously proposing to send all the Wikipedia's readers to the primary sources? This means shutting down the encyclopedia... The entry is a synoptic notice of the sources you mention and others which you revealed yourself to all of us, such as Pitkänen's many papers in the Int. J. Theor. Physics and Annalen Phys., his Ph.D. Thesis at Helsinki Univ. with hardcopy at Fermilab, and his Helsinki Univ. 450-page book. All of the latter surfaced thanks to your spontaneous mentioning here the Spires publication search for this author --200.69.51.74 16:56, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Original research. --French Tourist 20:31, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * NON DELETE. I agree that the article provides a valuable introduction to Topological Geometrodynamics. --211.26.33.123 01:32, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Not delete - vote of a Professional Industrial Mathematician, former US(A) NSF Graduate Fellow. Few people know ANYTHING about p-adic numbers, and fewer still of those who do could imagine such a creative purpose for their existence.  In every Great IDEA and every Brilliant Application, there is a first, and this first is often most strenuously resisted by the fossilized thinking of the intellectual establishment, as Thomas Kuhn has extensively shown.  Publication of such a first is often denied.  While many Great Ideas eventually become passe or regarded as insufficient to proposed purpose, the life of culture is enriched nonetheless by their passage through time, So can be seen in the many errors of Greek Philosophy - for instance in the misapprehension of Vision as projection rather than a result of reception, and even Young with his 'three colors' still missed the point of immense processing which our minds in brains most swiftly and usually correctly make in identifying the objects of our seen experience. Such ideas if later found wrong remain as sign posts of human insight on the nature of life.  I think it most appropriate that Wikipedia has given a home for the incubation of MP's p-adic application to both physical existence and consciousness, that others may be exposed to this most surprising juxtaposition. swimp@shaw.ca

 * Not delete - Not so original, either in terms 'topology' or 'geometrodynamics'. Wheeler has written book in 'geometrodynamics' some decades ago, though the writer is a frontier in this area. If nobody cares on this issue doesn't mean this idea itself is not right -- though I'm not also the expert of this stuff. vxianto@yahoo.com

Please note that votes from anonymous contributors and from contributors who created User IDs after this listing are not counted. RickK 07:48, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this should be kept. Yes, it is the idea of one man. But he is a Professor. And I don't see anything wrong with including report of the work of individual academics, provided they are respected in their field as having some clue -- i.e. even if most other researchers think they are wrong, if their views are considered worthy of consideration by the scientific community, as opposed to quackery or psuedoscience, we should keep them. Wiki is not paper. --137.111.13.34 10:27, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * This individual is certainly not considered respected in [his] field as having some clue - see his own complaints on http://www.physics.helsinki.fi/~matpitka/newdiary.html
 * Physicists continue to be intensely silent about TGD. I cannot even dream of publishing anything about TGD in physics journals. However, I am not anymore the only one talking about the catastrophical state of the peer review institution in physics. (...) Also in Finland colleagues have become worried about the painful fact that TGD is gradually diffusing through the censoring layers of establishment. etc... --French Tourist 10:33, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

--200.108.74.2 15:45, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC) Non delete. I chanced to met this voting page and went much concerned about RickK's elitist admonition that "votes from anonymous contributors and from contributors who created User IDs after this listing are not counted." What does 'anonymous' mean? How could I prove my unbiasing and professional idoneity? Does a Wikipedia's "User ID" do it? I chose to remain unregistered because my machine doesn't receive cookies: does it turns me a second-class user? Gerrymandering districts to bias voting is a spatial manipulation and - not improperly among experts in mathematical physics - this looks to me as an attempt to manipulate time, by cutting out votes after certain date and machine settings. Maybe a neutral assessment helps, since French Tourist wields an ancient User ID but her/his second intervention clearly incurred in argumentum ad hominen in her/his determination to ban this article out.

With this in view I visited the reference provided by French Tourist and found several things. On one hand, Pitkanen managed his local (Finland) confrontations badly by insisting in his being victimized and we cannot ascertain who threw the first stone - but it is not our present job. Secondly, Pitkanen mixed TGD with his views on mind and this might have offended some Finnish academicians, but in the Wikipedia recension the topic is well presented and its philosophical affinities (which I don't share) declared outright. Thirdly, topological geometrodynamics is a subject of much interest in itself and had its primary publications in Finnish - Pitkanen's academic work. Keeping this article about such a work hidden away in another language is thus a service to Wikipedia readers. Besides, I don't like that censors care for what I shouldn't read. Finally, it clearly is false that the TGD WK entry, as it stands, is "original work": it carries no formulae, so clearly is not the original mathematical work. The latter is published, both in Finnish and by Internet pages; it is rather known in the foreign, particularly in South America where some seminars took it as a subject, and is not a personal viewpoint but a multipaper report of some mathematical relationships of interest. Moreover, the WK article is quite well crafted and informative - I find no grounds for deletion or modification, not even of the philosophy of mind section which I strongly disagree with.
 * delete -- Decumanus 16:52, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)

 * I strong urge KEEPING the entry (NON-DELETION). Matti's work has already been cited (by myself included - in a poster presented at the Towards a Science of Consciousness 2004 Conference at the University of Tucson, Arizona, USA) and thus has entered the body of current discourse on the science, math, physics, paraphysics and metaphysics of consciousness. I thought the whole purpose of Wikipedia was for scholars to be able to find things online. Matti's work, is of course based on the work of those who have inspired him. Thus knowledge feeds appropriately on itself. Wandsqueen 22:00, 2004 Oct 13

 * Delete. Clearly original research. Not yet notable (might be in future, but that's irrelevant in VfD). Here are some selected subtitles taken from Matti Pitkänen's papers in his home page, to give a clue of what kind theory of everything he is building: Mother Gaia Hypothesis in TGD Universe, Homeopathy in many-sheeted space-time, Explanation of super-luminal velocities in terms of remote metabolism, Fatima Marian apparitions and TGD inspired theory of consciousness, Crop circles and life at parallel space-time sheets, Are aliens intraterrestrials (ITs)?, UFOs as plasmoids?, Semitrance and mental disorders, Quantum model for paranormal phenomena, Healing by time reversal etc. etc. Luckily we have peer review here in Wikipedia, just like in scientific community. jni 16:06, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Please do list also the many-many writings by Isaac Newton on alchemy, "magicks" transmutations and spirits - far bulkier than his scientific papers. Are you trying to propose HM the Queen to knight Pitkäanen? Or, perchance, are you trying to discriminate him away upon his private faith? What does stand behind this remarkable deletion page? We are judging a WK entry, not how a certain individual does personally steer his own intellectual itinerary, or which his religion is. The grounds for deleting this entry are heretofore non-neutral and in my view your vote shows it clearly. So please back to the main track. The entry is good, valuable and insight-promoting; we shouldn't care if, like many brilliant British academicians at the turn of the nineteenth century, his author founded a spiritist society to study parapsychological abilities and try to photograph ghosts. Such are no grounds for deleting from Wikipedia this topological geometrodynamics entry based, as involuntarily Steuard revealed to us, upon Pitkänen's many papers in the Int. J. Theor. Physics and Annalen Phys., his Ph.D. Thesis at Helsinki Univ. with hardcopy at Fermilab, and his Helsinki Univ. 450-page book. All of them surfaced here not propped out by Pitkänen but referred to by Steuard's pointing ut to Spires publication search for this author. I'm growingly suspicious of prejudice against the page: keep it.--200.69.51.49 18:34, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Non-Delete. I've commented on some of Matti's papers (see http://www.geocities.com/spatlavskiy OTHER PAPERS-3). My view is that the true Theory of Everything -- it is not a single theory that will satisfy everybody, but an ensemble of mutually compatible theories of different authors. (The authors are free to use their own theoretica base, the base of notions, the system of proofs, etc., but their theories must meet some general requirements.) One of such (conventionally) compatible theory is the Matti's Topological Geometrodynamics. His theory containes some meta-theoretical assertions, but the MT-level intellectual product cannot be criticised -- it can only be investigated for compatibility with another author's MT-level intellectual product (see http://www.geocities.com/titanicpsf, Theoretical background, the ADC Applied Theory). So, the question is a valid one: have the Matti's "deleters" their own intellectual products of the MT-level? Kindly, Serge Patlavskiy

 * Not Delete - I have recently completed a two-year research and writing project which has looked at problems that physicists cite (in published journals and books) with respect to physics' standard models (standard model of particle physics and standard model of cosmology). I then established a screening mechanism for examining "hidden radical theories of new physics" which address the various elements of this set of problems that physicists cite. Topological geometrodynamics was the winner of this comprehensive research project -- the Number One Hidden Radical Theory of New Physics, based on TGD's integrated solution to the entire set of problems with the standard models that were included in my screen. Dr. Pitkanen's work, as it turns out, is discussed in the most prominent contemporary forums of consciousness studies, emergent mind, nonlocal physics, and even the U. S. Department of Energy's Energy Citation Database for energy-related scientific and technical information. Topological geometrodynamics is therefore an important addition to Wikipedia's discussions of Quantum Mind and Space-time Theories of Consciousness. 141.154.39.18 00:00, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Non-Delete. P-adic numbers and math are real enough, right? WHAT, then, is all the fuss?   When curious people wonder months or years hence, "What are p-adics and how are they finding meaningful application?", Matti Pitkanen's contributions  should show in the search results. -- Ralph Frost


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Talk:List of unaccredited institutions of higher education

Categorization by Country
This list is pretty useless in its current form. It would be better to have this article be organized as several lists, separated by country (since accreditation is generally national). 2601:184:407F:C720:B896:4EC:F38D:55FA (talk) 12:25, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

University of North America is accredited institute.
University of North is listed as non accredited but in fact it is accredited and here is the proof https://ppe.schev.edu/list-private-postsecondary-schools 116.206.66.131 (talk) 08:21, 26 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That institution was indeed accredited by NECHE last year so I've removed it from this list. Thanks! ElKevbo (talk) 13:29, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

Warnborough College Ireland
Warnborough College Ireland has now been accredited by the International Education Accreditation Council (IEAC) with a prestige 5 Star Ranking. The IEAC highest accolade. www.warnborough.ie Didoes (talk) 15:36, 29 June 2024 (UTC)