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Native Command Queuing

In computing, Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is an extension of the Serial ATA protocol allowing hard disk drives to internally optimize the order in which received read and write commands are executed. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement, resulting in increased performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple simultaneous read/write requests are outstanding, most often occurring in server-type applications.

History
Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ). ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system. The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for ATA TCQ.

NCQ differs from TCQ in that, with NCQ, each command is of equal importance, but NCQ's host bus adapter also programs its own first party DMA engine with CPU-given DMA parameters during its command sequence whereas TCQ interrupts the CPU during command queries and requires it to modulate the ATA host bus adapter's third party DMA engine. NCQ's implementation is preferable because the drive has more accurate knowledge of its performance characteristics and is able to account for its rotational position. Both NCQ and TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 outstanding commands. Because the ATA TCQ is rarely used, Parallel ATA (and the IDE mode of some chipsets) usually only support one outstanding command per port.

For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself. The appropriate driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter.

Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which allows operating systems to universally control them and enable NCQ. DragonFly BSD has supported AHCI with NCQ since 2.3 in 2009. Linux kernels support AHCI natively since version 2.6.19, and FreeBSD fully supports AHCI since version 8.0. Windows Vista and Windows 7 also natively support AHCI, but their AHCI support (via the msahci service) must be manually enabled via registry editing if controller support was not present during their initial install. Windows 7's AHCI enables not only NCQ but also TRIM support on SSD drives (with their supporting firmware). Older operating systems such as Windows XP require the installation of a vendor-specific driver (similar to installing a RAID or SCSI controller) even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter, which makes initial setup more tedious and conversions of existing installations relatively difficult as most controllers cannot operate their ports in mixed AHCI–SATA/IDE/legacy mode.

Performance
A 2004 test with the first-generation NCQ drive (Seagate 7200.7 NCQ) found that while NCQ increased IOMeter performance, desktop application performance decreased. One review in 2010 found improvements on the order of 9% (on average) with NCQ enabled in a series of Windows multitasking tests.

NCQ can negatively interfere with the operating system's I/O scheduler, decreasing performance; this has been observed in practice on Linux with RAID-5. There is no mechanism in NCQ for the host to specify any sort of deadlines for an I/O, like how many times a request can be ignored in favor of others. In theory, a queued request can be delayed by the drive an arbitrary amount of time while it is serving other (possibly new) requests under I/O pressure. Since the algorithms used inside drives' firmware for NCQ dispatch ordering are generally not publicly known, this introduces another level of uncertainty for hardware/firmware performance. Tests at Google around 2008 have shown that NCQ can delay an I/O for up to 1–2 seconds. A proposed workaround is for the operating system to artificially starve the NCQ queue sooner in order to satisfy low-latency applications in a timely manner.

On some drives' firmware, such as the WD Raptor circa 2007, read-ahead is disabled when NCQ is enabled, resulting in slower sequential performance.

SATA solid-state drives profit significantly from being able to queue multiple commands for parallel workloads. For PCIe-based NVMe SSDs, the queue depth was even increased to support a maximum of 65,535 queues with up to 65,535 commands each.

Safety (FUA)
One lesser-known feature of NCQ is that, unlike its ATA TCQ predecessor, it allows the host to specify whether it wants to be notified when the data reaches the disk's platters, or when it reaches the disk's buffer (on-board cache). Assuming a correct hardware implementation, this feature allows data consistency to be guaranteed when the disk's on-board cache is used in conjunction with system calls like fsync. The associated write flag, which is also borrowed from SCSI, is called Force Unit Access (FUA).

Solid-state drives
NCQ is also used in newer solid-state drives where the drive encounters latency on the host, rather than the other way around. For example, Intel's X25-E Extreme solid-state drive uses NCQ to ensure that the drive has commands to process while the host system is busy processing CPU tasks.

NCQ also enables the SSD controller to complete commands concurrently (or partly concurrently, for example using pipelines) where the internal organisation of the device enables such processing.

The NVM Express (NVMe) standard also supports command queuing, in a form optimized for SSDs. NVMe allows multiple queues for a single controller and device, allowing at the same time much higher depths for each queue, which more closely matches how the underlying SSD hardware works.

title: Native Command Queuing


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South Dock, Rotherhithe

South Dock is one of two surviving docks in the former Surrey Commercial Docks in Rotherhithe, London, England. It was built in 1807–1811 just south of the larger Greenland Dock, to which it is connected by a channel now known as Greenland Cut; it also has a lock giving access to the River Thames. Originally named the East Country Dock, it was renamed in 1850 when the Surrey Commercial Dock Company purchased and enlarged it. Timber and grain were the main products imported and exported in the dock.

World War II
The dock was seriously damaged by German attacks in World War II when the area was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe. Due to bomb damage in Greenland Dock, South Dock became the only exit from that dock. It was emptied of shipping in 1944, drained and used for the construction of concrete sections for the Mulberry Harbours used on D-Day. After the war, it was repaired and the surrounding warehouses rebuilt.

After the war
The revival of the Surrey Docks proved short-lived with the advent of containerization from the 1960s onwards. The new container ships were much too big to be accommodated in the upstream London docks and, with a few exceptions, most of the river trade moved downriver to Tilbury and other more modern ports around the country. The Surrey Docks closed in December 1970 and were sold to the London Borough of Southwark in 1977.

Redevelopment

Although most of the Surrey Docks were infilled and converted to residential, commercial or light industrial land, South Dock escaped this fate. The former warehouses were demolished and replaced with residential blocks, while the dock itself was refurbished. Residential development in the area received funding from the London Docklands Development Corporation, erecting unique buildings, such as Baltic Quay. In 1994, South Dock reopened as London's largest marina, with over 200 berths. It is now largely occupied by yachts and residential barges.

Nearby places

 * Canada Water
 * Greenland Dock
 * Russia Dock Woodland
 * Surrey Quays
 * Globe pond
 * Centre Dock
 * Norway Dock

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: South Dock, Rotherhithe


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mike Jewell

Mike Jewell was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE A vanity page about a not yet notable programmer. Rich Farmbrough 10:48, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A vanity autobiography. No notability whatsoever. jni 10:56, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above (but good luck Mike, I have a feeling you'll make it into Wikipedia legitimately some day). — Bill 12:31, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 19:15, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:49, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ParaCite

ParaCite was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

A vanity page about his not yet notable (or completed) program. Rich Farmbrough 10:49, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not the place to list your partially completed research projects. Suggest move this to sourceforge.com or somewhere. jni 11:02, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. — Bill 12:32, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable uncompleted program.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:52, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Wikipedia is not Freshmeat. --Improv 19:08, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dipsea project

Dipsea project was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Just a link to someone's dissertation. Zero hits in Google not counting Wikipedia mirrors. jni 10:54, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:52, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I hope he was drinking when he named it. (Yeah, yeah, dipsia vs. dipsea, but you have to sacrifice a letter for a pun.)  Vanity. Geogre 13:28, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur with Geogre (and admire his pun) --Improv 19:01, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of ministers of education of Catalonia

This article lists the ministers of education of Catalonia.


text:
Category talk:Law firms

What makes these firms worthy of record in an encyclopedia?
 * This is a much more comprehensive encyclopedia than any that has ever existed before. It has redefined the meaning of the term.

title: Category talk:Law firms


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Language Council of Norway

The Language Council of Norway (Språkrådet, ) is the administrative body of the Norwegian state on language issues. It regulates the two written forms of the Norwegian language: Bokmål and Nynorsk. It was established in 2005 and replaced the Norwegian Language Council (Norsk språkråd, ) which existed from 1974 to 2005. It is a subsidiary agency of the Ministry of Culture and has forty-four employees (as per 2023). It is one of two organisations involved in language standardization in Norway, alongside the Norwegian Academy.

Norwegian Language Council
The Norwegian Language Council (1974–2005) had the task of safeguarding the cultural heritage represented by the Norwegian written and spoken language, promoting measures that can increase knowledge of the Norwegian language, promoting tolerance and mutual respect between everyone who uses the Norwegian language in its various variants, and protecting the rights of the individual person when it comes to the use of language. Among the most important tasks of the council were standardization of Bokmål and Nynorsk, linguistic advice and linguistic quality assurance of textbooks.

In 2000, the council was tasked with working with the Norwegian language and information technology. The Norwegian Language Council registered new words, put forward proposals for replacement words instead of English import words and promoted measures to ensure linguistic equality between Bokmål and Nynorsk. The council published the publications Språknytt and Statspråk.

It had 38 members, which represented different stakeholders, such as other language organisations including the Norwegian Academy, Riksmålsforbundet and Noregs Mållag, but also the educational sector and the media. The council created lists of acceptable word forms. Some words previously had two forms, the official form which were to be used in government documents and textbooks, and optional forms, which could be used by students in state schools. However, after 2005 this difference no longer exists in the lists published by the Language Council of Norway.

Language Council of Norway
In 2003, the Storting agreed to a proposal to transform the Norwegian Language Council into a national competence center for the Norwegian language. The new body was established on 1 January 2005. In May 2005, it was decided to name the institution the Language Council. It no longer represents the language organizations. In 2005, the Language Service for state bodies was also established following a decision in the Storting. The Language Service has two equal tasks: to promote plain language within the government and ensure more even distribution between Nynorsk and Bokmål in state documents.

Sylfest Lomheim served as the first director of the Council until 1 September 2010. Åse Wetås has been leading the Council since 2015.

Controversies
In 2006, the Norwegian newspaper Ny Tid requested that the council choose an alternative to the term "ethnic Norwegians" because the term might be alienating or exclusionary to immigrants to Norway. In response, the council denied that immigrants were Norwegians or could ever become Norwegians, writing: "We do not believe that there is a need to replace ‘ethnic Norwegian’ by another term. We believe it is incorrect to call people from other countries ‘Norwegians’ because ‘Norwegian’ by definition refers to someone of ethnic Norwegian descent. A Pakistani who settles in Norway does not become Norwegian, not even if he becomes a Norwegian citizen." The council's narrow definition of Norwegian identity sparked controversy in Norwegian news media and on Norwegian social media.

The board
The Ministry of Culture has appointed the following board for the period 2020–2023:

 * Board director: Erik Ulfsby (bokmål)
 * Deputy director: Lodve Solholm (nynorsk)
 * Terje Lohndal (bokmål)
 * Eli Bjørhusdal (nynorsk)
 * Lars Ivar Nordal (nynorsk)
 * Torunn Reksten (bokmål)
 * Employee representatives

title: Language Council of Norway


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Elfriede Jelinek

Elfriede Jelinek (born 20 October 1946) is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She is one of the most decorated authors to write in German and was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature for her "musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power". She is considered to be among the most important living playwrights of the German language.

Biography
Elfriede Jelinek was born on 20 October 1946 in Mürzzuschlag, Styria, the daughter of Olga Ilona (née Buchner), a personnel director, and Friedrich Jelinek. She was raised in Vienna by her Romanian-German Catholic mother and a non-observant Czech Jewish father (whose surname Jelinek means "little deer" in Czech). Her mother's family came from Stájerlakanina, Krassó-Szörény County, Banat, Kingdom of Hungary (now Anina, Romania),  and was of a bourgeois background, while her father was a working-class socialist.

Her father was a chemist, who managed to avoid persecution during the Second World War by working in strategically important industrial production. However, many of his relatives became victims of the Holocaust. Her mother, with whom she had a strained relationship, was from a formerly prosperous Vienna family. As a child, Elfriede attended a Roman Catholic convent school in Vienna. Her mother planned a career for her as a musical "Wunderkind". She was instructed in piano, organ, guitar, violin, viola, and recorder from an early age. Later, she went on to study at the Vienna Conservatory, where she graduated with an organist diploma; during this time, she tried to meet her mother's high expectations, while coping with her psychologically ill father. She studied art history and theater at the University of Vienna. However, she had to discontinue her studies due to an anxiety disorder, which resulted in self-isolation at her parents' house for a year. During this time, she began serious literary work as a form of therapy. After a year, she began to feel comfortable leaving the house, often with her mother. She began writing poetry at a young age. She made her literary debut with Lisas Schatten (Lisa's Shadow) in 1967, and received her first literary prize in 1969. During the 1960s, she became active politically, read a great deal, and "spent an enormous amount of time watching television".

She married Gottfried Hüngsberg on 12 June 1974.

I was 27; he was 29. I knew enough men. Sexuality was, strangely, the only area where I emancipated myself early on. Our marriage takes place in two cities. It's a kind of Tale of Two Cities in the Dickensian sense. I've always commuted between Vienna and Munich. Vienna is where I've always lived because my friends are here and because I've never wanted to leave Vienna. In the end I've been caught up here. Munich is my husband's city and so I've always traveled to and from, and that's been good for our marriage.

Work and political engagement
Despite the author's own differentiation from Austria (due to her criticism of Austria's Nazi past), Jelinek's writing is deeply rooted in the tradition of Austrian literature, showing the influence of Austrian writers such as Ingeborg Bachmann, Marlen Haushofer, and Robert Musil.

Editor Friederike Eigler states that Jelinek has three major and inter-related "targets" in her writing: what she views as capitalist consumer society and its commodification of all human beings and relationships, what she views as the remnants of Austria's fascist past in public and private life, and what she views as the systematic exploitation and oppression of women in a capitalist-patriarchal society. Jelinek has claimed in multiple interviews that the Austrian-Jewish satirical tradition has been a formative influence on her writing, citing Karl Kraus, Elias Canetti, and Jewish cabaret in particular. In an interview with Sigrid Löffler, Jelinek claimed that her work is considered an oddity in contemporary Austria, where she claims satire is unappreciated and misunderstood, "because the Jews are dead." She has stressed her Jewish identity as the daughter of a Holocaust survivor, claiming a continuity with a Jewish-Viennese tradition that she believes has been destroyed by fascism and is dying out.

Work
Jelinek's output has included radio plays, poetry, theatre texts, polemical essays, anthologies, novels, translations, screenplays, musical compositions, libretti and ballets, film and video art. Jelinek's work is multi-faceted, and highly controversial. It has been praised and condemned by leading literary critics. In the wake of the Fritzl case, for example, she was accused of "executing 'hysterical' portraits of Austrian perversity". Likewise, her political activism has encountered divergent and often heated reactions. Despite the controversy surrounding her work, Jelinek has won many distinguished awards; among them are the Georg Büchner Prize in 1998; the Mülheim Dramatists Prize in 2002 and 2004; the Franz Kafka Prize in 2004; and the Nobel Prize in Literature, also in 2004.

Female sexuality, sexual abuse, and the battle of the sexes in general are prominent topics in her work. Texts such as Wir sind Lockvögel, Baby! (We are Decoys, Baby!), Die Liebhaberinnen (Women as Lovers) and Die Klavierspielerin (The Piano Teacher) showcase the brutality and power play inherent in human relations in a style that is, at times, ironically formal and tightly controlled. According to Jelinek, power and aggression are often the principal driving forces of relationships. Likewise Ein Sportstück (Sports Play) explores the darker side of competitive sports. Her provocative novel Lust contains graphic description of sexuality, aggression and abuse. It received poor reviews by many critics, some of whom likened it to pornography. But others, who noted the power of the cold descriptions of moral failures, considered it to have been misunderstood and undervalued by them.

In April 2006, Jelinek spoke out to support Peter Handke, whose play Die Kunst des Fragens (The Art of Asking) was removed from the repertoire of the Comédie-Française for his alleged support of Slobodan Milošević. Her work is less known in English-speaking countries. However, in July and August 2012, a major English language premiere of her play Ein Sportstück by Just a Must theatre company brought her dramatic work to the attention of English-speaking audiences. The following year, in February and March 2013, the Women's Project in New York staged the North American premiere of Jackie, one of her Princess Dramas.

Political engagement
Jelinek was a member of Austria's Communist Party from 1974 to 1991. She became a household name during the 1990s due to her vociferous clash with Jörg Haider's Freedom Party. Following the 1999 National Council elections, and the subsequent formation of a coalition cabinet consisting of the Freedom Party and the Austrian People's Party, Jelinek became one of the new cabinet's more vocal critics.

Many foreign governments moved swiftly to ostracize Austria's administration, citing the Freedom Party's alleged nationalism and authoritarianism. The cabinet construed the sanctions against it as directed against Austria as such, and attempted to prod the nation into a national rallying (Nationaler Schulterschluss) behind the coalition parties.

This provoked a temporary heating of the political climate severe enough for dissidents such as Jelinek to be accused of treason by coalition supporters.

In the mid- to late-1980s, Jelinek was one of many Austrian intellectuals who signed a petition for the release of Jack Unterweger, who was imprisoned for the murder of a prostitute, and who was regarded by intellectuals and politicians as an example of successful rehabilitation. Unterweger was later found guilty of murdering nine more women within two years of his release, and committed suicide after his arrest.

Awards and honors

 * 1996: Literaturpreis der Stadt Bremen for Die Kinder der Toten
 * 1998: Georg Büchner Prize
 * 2002: Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis for Macht Nichts
 * 2003: Else Lasker-Schüler Dramatist Prize
 * 2004: Hörspielpreis der Kriegsblinden for Jackie
 * 2004: Franz Kafka Prize
 * 2004: Nobel Prize in Literature
 * 2004: Stig Dagerman Prize
 * 2004: Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis for Das Werk
 * 2009: Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis for Rechnitz (Der Würgeengel)
 * 2011: Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis for Winterreise
 * 2011: Honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * 2017: Theatre prize Der Faust for lifetime achievement
 * 2021: Honorary citizen of the City of Vienna
 * 2021: Nestroy Theatre Prize for lifetime achievement

Poetry

 * Lisas Schatten; München 1967
 * ende: gedichte von 1966–1968; München 2000 ISBN 978-3-935284-29-5

Novels

 * bukolit.hörroman (written 1968, published by Rhombus Verlag, 1979). bukolit: audio novel.
 * wir sind lockvögel baby! (Rowohlt, 1970).
 * Michael. Ein Jugendbuch für die Infantilgesellschaft (Rowohlt, 1972).
 * Die Liebhaberinnen (Rowohlt, 1975). Women as Lovers, trans. Martin Chalmers (London: Serpent's Tail, 1994). ISBN 978-1-85242-237-0.
 * Die Ausgesperrten (Rowohlt, 1980). Wonderful, Wonderful Times, trans. Michael Hulse (London: Serpent's Tail, 1990). ISBN 978-1-85242-168-7.
 * Die Klavierspielerin (Rowohlt, 1983). The Piano Teacher, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988). ISBN 978-1-55584-052-5.
 * Oh Wildnis, oh Schutz vor ihr (Rowohlt, 1985).
 * Lust (Rowohlt, 1989). Lust, trans. Michael Hulse (London: Serpent's Tail, 1992). ISBN 978-1-85242-183-0.
 * Die Kinder der Toten (Rowohlt, 1995). The Children of the Dead, trans. Gitta Honegger (Yale, 2024).
 * Gier (Rowohlt, 2000). Greed, trans. Martin Chalmers (London: Serpent's Tail, 2006). ISBN 978-1-85242-902-7.
 * Neid (2007). Envy. Private novel published on Jelinek's website.
 * rein GOLD. ein bühnenessay (Rowohlt, 2013). rein GOLD, trans. Gitta Honegger (Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2021).

Plays

 * Was geschah, nachdem Nora ihren Mann verlassen hatte; oder Stützen der Gesellschaften (1979). What Happened after Nora Left Her Husband; or Pillars of Society. Premiered at Graz, October 1979.
 * Clara S, musikalische Tragödie (1982). Clara S, a Musical Tragedy. Premiered at Bonn, 1982.
 * Krankheit oder Moderne Frauen. Wie ein Stück (1984). Illness or Modern Women. Like a Play. Premiered at Bonn, 1987.
 * Burgtheater. Posse mit Gesang (1985). Burgtheater. Farce with Songs. Premiered at Bonn, 1985.
 * Begierde und Fahrererlaubnis (eine Pornographie) (1986). Desire and Permission to Drive – Pornography. Premiered at the Styrian Autumn, Graz, 1986.
 * Wolken. Heim (1988). Clouds. Home. Premiered at Bonn, 1988.
 * Präsident Abendwind. Ein Dramolett, sehr frei nach Johann Nestroy (1992). President Abendwind. A dramolet, very freely after Johann Nestroy. Premiered at Tyrol Landestheater, Innsbruck, 1992.
 * Totenauberg (1992). Premiered at Burgtheater (Akademietheater), 1992.
 * Raststätte oder Sie machens alle. Eine Komödie (1994). Service Area or They're All Doing It. A Comedy. Premiered at Burgtheater, 1994.
 * Stecken, Stab und Stangl. Eine Handarbeit (1996). Rod, Staff, and Crook – Handmade. Premiered at Deutsches Schauspielhaus, 1996.
 * Ein Sportstück (1998). Sports Play, trans. Penny Black (Oberon Books, 2012). Premiered at Burgtheater, 1998; English-language premiere in Lancaster, 11 July 2012. Also translated by Lillian Banks as Sports Chorus for the Museum of Contemporary Art in Krakow.
 * er nicht als er (zu, mit Robert Walser) (1998). Her Not All Her: On/With Robert Walser, trans. Damion Searls (Sylph Editions, 2012). Premiered at Salzburg Festival in conjunction with Deutsches Schauspielhaus, 1998.
 * Das Lebewohl (2000). Les Adieux. Premiered at Berliner Ensemble, 2000.
 * Das Schweigen (2000). Silence. Premiered at Deutsches Schauspielhaus, 2000.
 * Der Tod und das Mädchen II (2000). Death and the Maiden II. Premiered at Expo 2000 in conjunction with the Saarbrücken Staatstheater and ZKM Karlsruhe.
 * MACHT NICHTS – Eine Kleine Trilogie des Todes (2001). NO PROBLEM – A Little Trilogy of Death. Premiered at Schauspielhaus Zürich, 2001.
 * In den Alpen (2002). In the Alps. Premiered at Munich Kammerspiele in conjunction with Schauspielhaus Zürich, 2002.
 * Prinzessinnendramen: Der Tod und das Mädchen I-III und IV-V (2002). Princess Dramas: Death and the Maiden I-III and IV-V. Parts I-III premiered at Deutsches Schauspielhaus, 2002; Parts IV-V premiered at Deutsches Theater, 2002.
 * Das Werk (2003). Premiered at Burgtheater (Akademietheater), 2003.
 * Bambiland (2003). Trans. Lilian Friedberg (2007). Premiered at Burgtheater, 2003.
 * Irm und Margit A part of "Attabambi Pornoland" (2004). Premiered at Schauspielhaus Zürich, 2004.
 * Ulrike Maria Stuart (2006). Premiered at Thalia Theater, 2006.
 * Über Tiere (2006).
 * Rechnitz (Der Würgeengel) (2008). Rechnitz (The Exterminating Angel).
 * Die Kontrakte des Kaufmanns. Eine Wirtschaftskomödie (2009). The Merchant's Contracts.
 * Das Werk / Im Bus / Ein Sturz (2010). Premiered at Schauspiel Köln, 2010.
 * Winterreise (2011). Premiered at Munich Kammerspiele, 2011.
 * Kein Licht (2011). Premiered at Schauspiel Köln, 2011
 * FaustIn and out (2011). Premiered at Schauspielhaus Zürich, 2012.
 * Die Straße. Die Stadt. Der Überfall (2012). Premiered at Munich Kammerspiele, 2012.
 * Schatten (Eurydike sagt) (2013). Shadow. Eurydice Says, trans. Gitta Honegger (2017). Premiered at Burgtheater, 2013.
 * Aber sicher! (2013). Premiered at Theater Bremen, 2013.
 * Die Schutzbefohlenen (2013). Charges (The Supplicants), trans. Gitta Honegger (Seagull Books, 2016). First read at Hamburg, 2013; first produced at Mannheim, 23 May 2014.
 * Das schweigende Mädchen (2014). Premiered at Munich, 27 September 2014.
 * Wut (2016). Fury, trans. Gitta Honegger (Seagull Books, 2022). Premiered at Munich, 16 April 2016.
 * Am Königsweg (2017). On the Royal Road: The Burgher King, trans. Gitta Honegger (Seagull Books, 2020). Premiered at Hamburg, 28 October 2017.
 * Schnee Weiss (2018). Premiered at Cologne, 21 December 2018.
 * Schwarzwasser (2020). Premiered at Vienna, 6 February 2020.

Opera libretto

 * Lost Highway (2003), adapted from the film by David Lynch, with music by Olga Neuwirth

Translations

 * Die Enden der Parabel (Gravity's Rainbow) novel by Thomas Pynchon; 1976
 * Herrenjagd drama by Georges Feydeau; 1983
 * Floh im Ohr drama by Georges Feydeau; 1986
 * Der Gockel drama by Georges Feydeau; 1986
 * Die Affaire Rue de Lourcine drama by Eugène Labiche; 1988
 * Die Dame vom Maxim drama by Georges Feydeau; 1990
 * Der Jude von Malta drama by Christopher Marlowe; 2001
 * Ernst sein ist alles drama by Oscar Wilde; 2004
 * Der ideale Mann drama by Oscar Wilde; 2011
 * Poetry and short stories from Latin American authors

Jelinek's works in English translation

 * The Piano Teacher, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988). ISBN 978-1-55584-052-5.
 * Wonderful, Wonderful Times, trans. Michael Hulse (London: Serpent's Tail, 1990). ISBN 978-1-85242-168-7.
 * Lust, trans. Michael Hulse (London: Serpent's Tail, 1992). ISBN 978-1-85242-183-0.
 * Women as Lovers, trans. Martin Chalmers (London: Serpent's Tail, 1994). ISBN 978-1-85242-237-0.
 * Greed, trans. Martin Chalmers (London: Serpent's Tail, 2006). ISBN 978-1-85242-902-7.
 * Bambiland, trans. Lilian Friedberg (2009), in Theater 39.3, pp. 111–43.
 * Her Not All Her: On/With Robert Walser, trans. Damion Searls (Sylph Editions, 2012).
 * Sports Play, trans. Penny Black (Oberon Books, 2012).
 * Sports Chorus, trans. Lilian Banks (2012), in Sport in Art, commissioned by Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków.
 * Rechnitz and The Merchant's Contracts, trans. Gitta Honegger (Seagull Books, 2015). ISBN 978-0-85742-225-5.
 * Charges (The Supplicants), trans. Gitta Honegger (Seagull Books, 2016). ISBN 978-0-85742-330-6.
 * Three Plays: Rechnitz, The Merchant's Contracts, Charges (The Supplicants), trans. Gitta Honegger (Seagull Books, 2019).
 * On the Royal Road: The Burgher King, trans. Gitta Honegger (Seagull Books, 2020).
 * rein GOLD, trans. Gitta Honegger (Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2021).
 * The Children of the Dead, trans. Gitta Honegger (Yale, 2024).

In popular culture
Her novel The Piano Teacher was the basis for the 2001 film of the same title by Austrian director Michael Haneke, starring Isabelle Huppert as the protagonist.

In 2022, a documentary about Jelinek was created by Claudia Müller, Elfriede Jelinek – Language Unleashed (German: Elfriede Jelinek – Die Sprache von der Leine lassen).

title: Elfriede Jelinek


text:
A. J. Jacobs

Arnold Stephen Jacobs Jr., commonly called A.J. Jacobs (born March 20, 1968) is an American journalist, author, and lecturer best known for writing about his lifestyle experiments. He is an editor at large for Esquire and has worked for the Antioch Daily Ledger and Entertainment Weekly.

Early life
Jacobs was born in New York City to secular Jewish parents Arnold Jacobs Sr., a lawyer, and Ellen Kheel. He has one sister, Beryl Jacobs. He was educated at The Dalton School and Brown University.

Career
Jacobs has said that he sees his life as a series of experiments in which he immerses himself in a project or lifestyle, for better or worse, then writes about what he learned. The genre is often called immersion journalism or "stunt journalism".

In one of these experiments ("stunts") Jacobs read all 32 volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which he wrote about in his book, The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World (2004). In the book, he also chronicles his personal life along with various endeavors like joining Mensa. The book spent eight weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list.  NPR's Weekend Edition ran a series of segments featuring the unusual facts Jacobs learned in each letter. Jacobs also wrote a column for Mental Floss magazine describing the highlights of each volume. The book received positive reviews in The New York Times, Time magazine and USA Today. However, Joe Queenan panned it in the New York Times Book Review. Queenan called the book "corny, juvenile, smug, tired" and "interminable" and characterized Jacobs as "a prime example of that curiously modern innovation: the pedigreed simpleton." Four months later, Jacobs responded in an essay entitled “I Am Not a Jackass”.

In 2005 Jacobs out-sourced his life to India such that personal assistants would do everything for him from answering his e-mails, reading his children good-night stories, and arguing with his wife. Jacobs wrote about it in an Esquire article called "My Outsourced Life" (2005). The article was excerpted in The 4-Hour Workweek by Timothy Ferriss. Jacobs also talked about his outsourcing experiences on a Moth storytelling podcast.

In another experiment Jacobs wrote an article for Esquire called "I Think You're Fat" (2007), about the experiment he conducted with Radical Honesty, a lifestyle of total truth-telling promoted by Virginia therapist Brad Blanton, whom Jacobs interviewed for the article.

Jacobs' book The Year of Living Biblically: One Man's Humble Quest to Follow the Bible as Literally as Possible (2007) chronicles his experiment to live for one year according to all the moral codes expressed in the Bible, including stoning adulterers, blowing a shofar at the beginning of every month, and refraining from trimming the corners of his facial hair (which he followed by not trimming his facial hair at all). The book spent 11 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list, and Jacobs gave a TED talk about what he learned during the project. In May 2017, CBS Television picked up a TV series based on the book. It was originally renamed By the Book for television, but later changed to Living Biblically.

The Guinea Pig Diaries: My Life as an Experiment (2009) is a series of first person essays about his experiences with various guides for human behavior, including thanking everyone for the morning cup of coffee.

Jacobs is the author of The Two Kings: Elvis and Jesus (1994), an irreverent comedic comparison of Elvis Presley and Jesus; and America Off-Line (1996).

In his book Drop Dead Healthy: One Man's Humble Quest for Bodily Perfection (2012), he explores different ways humans can bring their bodies to peak health, from diet to exercise. He wrote the book while walking on a treadmill. Jacobs gave a related TED talk about this health quest entitled "How Healthy Living Nearly Killed Me".

From 2011 to 2012, Jacobs wrote the "Extreme Health" column for Esquire magazine, covering such topics as high-intensity interval training and the quantified self. Since 2012, he has written the "Modern Problems" advice column for mental floss magazine. The column compares modern day life to the horrors of the past.

As of May 2013, Jacobs writes a weekly advice column for Esquire.com called "My Huddled Masses". The column is crowdsourced to Jacobs's 100,000 Facebook followers, who give etiquette and love advice. He also writes the regular feature "Obituaries" for Esquire, which consists of satirical death notices for cultural trends, such as American hegemony.

On June 6, 2015, Jacobs hosted the Global Family Reunion at the New York Hall of Science. Satellite events were held in Salt Lake City, Utah (in partnership with FamilySearch; Cleveland, Ohio (at the Western Reserve Historical Society; Zionsville, Indiana; and Independence, Missouri (at the Midwest Genealogy Center). His project aimed to connect as many people as possible to the global family tree at Geni.com and WikiTree, and the event was planned to be the largest family reunion in history. His experience planning and hosting the event is documented in his 2017 book It's All Relative.

On December 5, 2016, Gimlet Media announced Jacobs as the host of Twice Removed, a podcast focused on genealogy. In June 2016, Gimlet announced that the podcast would not be renewed for a second season.

Jacobs' April 2022 book The Puzzler reframes global issues as puzzles.

In September, 2022, The New York Times published a story by Jacobs detailing a 1988 kayaking excursion in which he and his sister were lost overnight in the waterways of Glacier Bay National Park. They were eventually saved by an unknown group of campers on Kidney Island and a search seaplane rented by their father.

Personal life
Jacobs is married to Julie Schoenberg and has three sons: Jasper Kheel Jacobs (born March 11, 2004) and twins Zane and Lucas Jacobs (born August 24, 2006).

Jacobs is a first cousin, once removed, of the legal scholar Cass Sunstein.

Jacobs is a member of Giving What We Can and pledges 10% of lifelong earnings to charity. He donates to the Against Malaria Foundation and other effective altruism organizations.

Books

 * 1996. America Off-Line: The Complete Outernet Starter Kit ISBN 978-0836224337
 * 2003. Esquire Presents: What It Feels Like ISBN 978-1416599081
 * 2005. The Know-It-All: One Man’s Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World ISBN 978-0743250627
 * 2007. The Year of Living Biblically: One Man’s Humble Quest to Follow the Bible as Literally as Possible (2007) ISBN 978-0743291477
 * 2010. The Guinea Pig Diaries: My Life as an Experiment ISBN 1439104999
 * 2012. Drop Dead Healthy: One Man’s Humble Quest for Bodily Perfection ISBN 978-1416599081
 * 2017. It's All Relative: Adventures Up and Down the World's Family Tree ISBN 978-1476734491
 * 2018. Thanks A Thousand: A Gratitude Journey ISBN 978-1501119927
 * 2022. The Puzzler: One Man’s Quest to Solve the Most Baffling Puzzles Ever, from Crosswords to Jigsaws to the Meaning of Life ISBN 978-0593136713
 * 2024. The Year of Living Constitutionally
 * 2024. The Year of Living Constitutionally

Essays and reporting

 * 2005. "My Outsourced Life", Esquire
 * 2007. "I Think You're Fat", Esquire
 * 2008. "My Life as a Hot Woman"', Esquire
 * 2009. "The 9:10 to Crazyland", Esquire
 * 2012. "How to Blurb and Blurb and Blurb", The New York Times
 * 2012. "Overly Documented Life", Esquire
 * 2013. "Grading the MOOC University", The New York Times
 * 2013. "Grading the MOOC University", The New York Times

title: A. J. Jacobs


text:
Partial least squares regression

Partial least squares (PLS) regression is a statistical method that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space. Because both the X and Y data are projected to new spaces, the PLS family of methods are known as bilinear factor models. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is a variant used when the Y is categorical.

PLS is used to find the fundamental relations between two matrices (X and Y), i.e. a latent variable approach to modeling the covariance structures in these two spaces. A PLS model will try to find the multidimensional direction in the X space that explains the maximum multidimensional variance direction in the Y space. PLS regression is particularly suited when the matrix of predictors has more variables than observations, and when there is multicollinearity among X values. By contrast, standard regression will fail in these cases (unless it is regularized).

Partial least squares was introduced by the Swedish statistician Herman O. A. Wold, who then developed it with his son, Svante Wold. An alternative term for PLS is projection to latent structures, but the term partial least squares is still dominant in many areas. Although the original applications were in the social sciences, PLS regression is today most widely used in chemometrics and related areas. It is also used in bioinformatics, sensometrics, neuroscience, and anthropology.

Core idea
We are given a sample of $$n$$ paired observations $$(\vec{x}_i, \vec{y}_i), i \in {1,\ldots,n}$$. In the first step $$j=1$$, the partial least squares regression searches for the normalized direction $$\vec{p}_j$$, $$\vec{q}_j$$ that maximizes the covariance

 * $$\max_{\vec{p}_j, \vec{q}_j} \operatorname E [\underbrace{(\vec{p}_j\cdot \vec{X})}_{t_j} \underbrace{(\vec{q}_j\cdot \vec{Y})}_{u_j} ]. $$

Note below, the algorithm is denoted in matrix notation.

Underlying model
The general underlying model of multivariate PLS with $$l$$ components is

 * $$X = T P^\mathrm{T} + E$$
 * $$Y = U Q^\mathrm{T} + F$$

where
 * $X$ is an $$n \times m$$ matrix of predictors
 * $Y$ is an $$n \times p$$ matrix of responses
 * $T$ and $U$ are $$n \times \ell$$ matrices that are, respectively, projections of $X$ (the X score, component or factor matrix) and projections of $Y$ (the Y scores)
 * $P$ and $Q$ are, respectively, $$m \times \ell$$ and $$p \times \ell$$ loading matrices
 * and matrices $E$ and $F$ are the error terms, assumed to be independent and identically distributed random normal variables.

The decompositions of $X$ and $Y$ are made so as to maximise the covariance between $T$ and $U$.

Note that this covariance is defined pair by pair: the covariance of column i of $T$ (length n) with the column i of $U$ (length n) is maximized. Additionally, the covariance of the column i of $T$ with the column j of $U$ (with $$i \ne j$$) is zero.

In PLSR, the loadings are thus chosen so that the scores form an orthogonal basis. This is a major difference with PCA where orthogonality is imposed onto loadings (and not the scores).

Algorithms
A number of variants of PLS exist for estimating the factor and loading matrices $T, U, P$ and $Q$. Most of them construct estimates of the linear regression between $X$ and $Y$ as $$Y = X \tilde{B} + \tilde{B}_0$$. Some PLS algorithms are only appropriate for the case where $Y$ is a column vector, while others deal with the general case of a matrix $Y$. Algorithms also differ on whether they estimate the factor matrix $T$ as an orthogonal (that is, orthonormal) matrix or not. The final prediction will be the same for all these varieties of PLS, but the components will differ.

PLS is composed of iteratively repeating the following steps k times (for k components):
 * 1) finding the directions of maximal covariance in input and output space
 * 2) performing least squares regression on the input score
 * 3) deflating the input $$X$$ and/or target $$Y$$

PLS1
PLS1 is a widely used algorithm appropriate for the vector $Y$ case. It estimates $T$ as an orthonormal matrix. (Caution: the $t$ vectors in the code below may not be normalized appropriately; see talk.) In pseudocode it is expressed below (capital letters are matrices, lower case letters are vectors if they are superscripted and scalars if they are subscripted).

1 function PLS1($X, y, ℓ$) 2    $X^{(0)} \gets X$  3     $w^{(0)} \gets X^\mathrm{T} y/\, an initial estimate of $w$. 4    for $k = 0$ to $\ell-1$ 5        $t^{(k)} \gets X^{(k)}w^{(k)}$ 6        $t_k \gets {t^{(k)}}^\mathrm{T} t^{(k)}$ (note this is a scalar)|undefined 7        $t^{(k)} \gets t^{(k)} / t_k$ 8        $p^{(k)} \gets {X^{(k)}}^\mathrm{T} t^{(k)}$|undefined 9        $q_k \gets {y}^\mathrm{T} t^{(k)}$ (note this is a scalar) 10        if $q_k = 0$ 11            $\ell \gets k$, break the for loop 12        if $k < (\ell-1)$ 13            $X^{(k+1)} \gets X^{(k)} - t_k t^{(k)} {p^{(k)}}^\mathrm{T}$|undefined 14            $w^{(k+1)} \gets {X^{(k+1)}}^\mathrm{T} y $|undefined 15    end for 16    define $W$ to be the matrix with columns $w^{(0)},w^{(1)},\ldots,w^{(\ell-1)}$. Do the same to form the $P$ matrix and $q$ vector. 17    $B \gets W {(P^\mathrm{T} W)}^{-1} q$ 18     $B_0 \gets q_0 - {P^{(0)}}^\mathrm{T} B$|undefined 19    return $B, B_0$

This form of the algorithm does not require centering of the input $X$ and $Y$, as this is performed implicitly by the algorithm. This algorithm features 'deflation' of the matrix $X$ (subtraction of $$t_k t^{(k)} {p^{(k)}}^\mathrm{T}$$), but deflation of the vector $y$ is not performed, as it is not necessary (it can be proved that deflating $y$ yields the same results as not deflating ). The user-supplied variable $l$ is the limit on the number of latent factors in the regression; if it equals the rank of the matrix $X$, the algorithm will yield the least squares regression estimates for $B$ and $$B_0$$

OPLS
In 2002 a new method was published called orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS). In OPLS, continuous variable data is separated into predictive and uncorrelated (orthogonal) information. This leads to improved diagnostics, as well as more easily interpreted visualization. However, these changes only improve the interpretability, not the predictivity, of the PLS models. Similarly, OPLS-DA (Discriminant Analysis) may be applied when working with discrete variables, as in classification and biomarker studies.

The general underlying model of OPLS is

 * $$X = T P^\mathrm{T} +T_\text{Y-orth} P^\mathrm{T}_\text{Y-orth} + E$$
 * $$Y = U Q^\mathrm{T} + F$$

or in O2-PLS

 * $$X = T P^\mathrm{T} +T_\text{Y-orth} P^\mathrm{T}_\text{Y-orth} + E$$
 * $$Y = U Q^\mathrm{T} +U_\text{X-orth} Q^\mathrm{T}_\text{X-orth} + F$$

L-PLS
Another extension of PLS regression, named L-PLS for its L-shaped matrices, connects 3 related data blocks to improve predictability. In brief, a new Z matrix, with the same number of columns as the X matrix, is added to the PLS regression analysis and may be suitable for including additional background information on the interdependence of the predictor variables.

3PRF
In 2015 partial least squares was related to a procedure called the three-pass regression filter (3PRF). Supposing the number of observations and variables are large, the 3PRF (and hence PLS) is asymptotically normal for the "best" forecast implied by a linear latent factor model. In stock market data, PLS has been shown to provide accurate out-of-sample forecasts of returns and cash-flow growth.

Partial least squares SVD
A PLS version based on singular value decomposition (SVD) provides a memory efficient implementation that can be used to address high-dimensional problems, such as relating millions of genetic markers to thousands of imaging features in imaging genetics, on consumer-grade hardware.

PLS correlation
PLS correlation (PLSC) is another methodology related to PLS regression, which has been used in neuroimaging  and sport science, to quantify the strength of the relationship between data sets. Typically, PLSC divides the data into two blocks (sub-groups) each containing one or more variables, and then uses singular value decomposition (SVD) to establish the strength of any relationship (i.e. the amount of shared information) that might exist between the two component sub-groups. It does this by using SVD to determine the inertia (i.e. the sum of the singular values) of the covariance matrix of the sub-groups under consideration.

title: Partial least squares regression


text:
User talk:JDoolin

Contribution to "Lorentz transformation"
Please clarify your contribution to "Lorentz tranformation"! (Actually I think what you wrote is completely wrong and should be removed.)

What are "passing event" and "measured event"? What is \tau, \chi, \tau', \chi'? What means "origins of the two reference frames make their closest approach"?

'''The Lorentz Transformation is a transformation around a specific event. Just like a rotation cannot be done without a center to rotate around, a Lorentz Transformation can't be done without an event to transform around. In general this is the Origin of the Lorentz transformation. The event at (t=0,x=0,y=0,z=0). Presumably, there is something AT that event, or else there is little of interest about the transformation. i.e. an object is changing velocity, thereby changing reference frames, thereby requiring a Lorentz Transformation. Another way of thinking of it is if two objects have passed each other at that event, or will pass each other at a certain place and time, this also gives an appropriate position around which to perform a Lorentz Transformation.'''

The following sentence makes no sence: "If the variables are referenced from this passing event, the equations will properly map the coordinates (x,t) of a set of events in the first reference frame to the coordinates (x',t') of the same set of events in the second frame."

'''I was fumbling for words, I suppose. I meant to make clear that the Lorentz Transformation works as a bijection that maps the Euclidian space-time of one observer into the Euclidian space-time of another observer.'''

You should not say things like "If the origins of the two reference frames are approaching". The origins of the space-time coordinate systems are single events, that do not "approach".

'''Reference frames are not space-time coordinate systems. They are space-space-space. They have moving origins.'''

I don't understand what you want to say about Andromeda. What the heck is a "passing event"?

'''It's a hypothetical future event where Andromeda and the Milky way pass one another, or make their closest approach. Presumably the origin for an observer in Andromeda galaxy is at their location, which we are approaching, while the origin for an observer here is here. The passing event is where those two origins make their closest approach. '''

What you say about the big bang is complete nonsense. Special Relativity and Lorentz transformation do not apply to cosmology. We need General Relativity for that!

'''If you could come up with one good reason that Lorentz transformation does not apply to cosmology, that might be of some interest. However, no one has ever done so. It's just repeated ad nauseam, similar to the assumption of universal homogeneity. I've recently discovered that this debate has been in the graveyard since about 1933, when A. E. Milne developed a model for the universe which was nonhomogeneous and satisfied the cosmological principle. His arguments in "Relativity, Gravitation, and World Structure" are such that utterly demolish all the modern cosmology that has been done in the 70 years since. '''

I read the paragraph "These four relations..." again and I know now what you mean. Please remove this paragraph, it is more confusing than explanatory! You seem to have a poor understanding of the subject.

The following is nonsense for sure:

"If the origins of the two reference frames are approaching when the measured event occurs, then t is negative, while x and v have opposite signs."

'''I'm confused about where you're getting this. My statements were immediately deleted as crackpottery almost two years ago. You want me to edit an old revision?

I agree that I was unclear. I did not distinguish very clearly between origin events of a Lorentz Transformation and origin positions of a reference frame. The origin of a reference frame is a non-accelerating (i.e. inertial) observer. If the two observers are approaching one another, then the most appropriate event around which to perform a Lorentz transformation is the event at which they will pass. Since the time at this event will be zero, the current time at either of the two observers must be negative. As far as x and v having opposite signs, it depends on which x and which v you're thinking of, and as such, I can see why you thought I didn't have any idea what I was talking about. Sorry 'bout that.'''

A "measured event" can have any coordinates t and x. Again: Don't say "two reference frames are approaching"! Two observers can approach. Being in different reference frames means using different space-time coordinate systems, that are related by lorentz transformation. Reference frames do not approach!

'''True, because they coexist in the same space. But I didn't say the two reference frames--I specified the Origins of the two reference frames.'''

Please revert the artice to the previous version: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_revert_a_page_to_an_earlier_version

If you don not react, then I will do it!

'''Sorry I guess I didn't see this in time! Wasn't that a couple of years ago?'''

Lorentz transformation image
Could you consider changing the license for Image:Animated_Lorentz_Transformation.gif to CC-By rather than CC-By-SA? The image was included in Lorentz transformation, but I think it's way to big to put in an article. I thought of taking putting one frame rather than the whole animation sequence into the article, but the CC-By-SA license does not allow this. Han-Kwang 20:40, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that CC-By-SA allows you to do this. Let me know if I'm wrong.  Anyway, you've got my permission!

 * Yes, I was wrong. I thought SA means no changes to the file, but it applies to the licensing conditions. Han-Kwang 12:50, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * May I see the Mathematica code that makes that image if it is yours and you have it to give out? Alejandr013 22:20, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have located the program. Do you know an easy way to get Mathematica Source Code into a text document?

To my great surprise this worked! Just copy and paste this code directly into Mathematica 5.1. There may be some extra stuff in here, too, and I don't think I have the line in here that turns it into a gif image.

\!\(\(SetOptions[ParametricPlot, AspectRatio -> 1\/GoldenRatio, Axes -> Automatic, AxesLabel -> None, AxesOrigin -> Automatic, AxesStyle -> Automatic, Background -> Automatic, ColorOutput -> Automatic, Compiled -> True, DefaultColor -> Automatic, DefaultFont \
 * > $DefaultFont, DisplayFunction :> $DisplayFunction, Epilog -> {}, \

FormatType :> $FormatType, Frame -> False, FrameLabel -> None, FrameStyle -> Automatic, FrameTicks -> Automatic, GridLines -> None, ImageSize -> Automatic, MaxBend -> 10.`, PlotDivision -> 30.`, PlotLabel -> None, PlotPoints -> 25, \ PlotRange -> Automatic, PlotRegion -> Automatic, PlotStyle -> Automatic, Prolog -> {}, RotateLabel -> True, TextStyle :> $TextStyle, Ticks -> Automatic];\)\ \[IndentingNewLine] \(Clear["\"];\)\[IndentingNewLine]  \(setScale[x0_, x1_, y0_, y1_, h_] := SetOptions[ParametricPlot, PlotRange -> {{x0, x1}, {y0, y1}}, AspectRatio -> \(y1 - y0\)\/\(x1 - x0\), ImageSize -> {h/\(\(y1 - \ y0\)\/\(x1 - x0\)\), h}];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(setColor[r_, g_, b_, t_] := SetOptions[ParametricPlot, PlotStyle -> {RGBColor[r/8, g/8, b/       8], Thickness[t]}];\)\[IndentingNewLine]  \(SetOptions[ParametricPlot, DisplayFunction -> Identity];\)\ \[IndentingNewLine]  \(out = 11;\)\[IndentingNewLine]  setScale[\(-out\), out, \(-out\), out, 300]\[IndentingNewLine]  \(l1 = ParametricPlot[{t, t}, {t, \(-10\), 10}];\)\[IndentingNewLine]  \(\(l2 = ParametricPlot[{\(-t\), t}, {      t, \(-10\), 10}];\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\) \)\[IndentingNewLine] \(wl[x0_, t0_, v_] := ParametricPlot[{x0 + v*t, t0 + t}, {t, \(-10\), 10}, PlotStyle -> {RGBColor[1/8, 1/8, 4/8], Thickness[ \ .01]}];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(wr[x0_, t0_, v_] := ParametricPlot[{x0 + x, t0 + v*x}, { x, \(-10\), 10}, PlotStyle -> {RGBColor[1/8, 4/8, 1/ 8], Thickness[ .01]}];\)\[IndentingNewLine] future[n_] := ParametricPlot[{          x, \@\(x\^2 + n\^2\)}, {x, \(-10\), 10}, PlotStyle -> {      RGBColor[6/8, 0/8, 6/8], Thickness[ .01]}]\[IndentingNewLine]  past[n_] := ParametricPlot[{x, \(-\@\(x\^2 + n\^2\)\)}, {x, \(-10\),       10}, PlotStyle -> {        RGBColor[6/8, 0/8, 6/8], Thickness[ .01]}]\[IndentingNewLine]  right[n_] :=             ParametricPlot[{\@\(t\^2 + n\^2\), t}, {t, \(-10\), 10}, \ PlotStyle -> {RGBColor[6/8, 0/8, 0/8], Thickness[ .01]}]\[IndentingNewLine]  left[n_] := ParametricPlot[{\(-\@\(t\^2 + n\^2\)\),           t}, {t, \(-10\), 10}, PlotStyle -> {RGBColor[6/8, 0/8, 0/8], \ Thickness[ .01]}]\[IndentingNewLine]  futureEvent[x0_, y0_, v_, t_] := {x0 + \(v*t\)\/\@\(1 - v\^2\), y0 +   t\/\@\(1 - v\^2\)}\[IndentingNewLine]  rightEvent[x0_, y0_, v_, x_] := {x0 + x\/\@\(1 - v\^2\),           y0 + \(v\ x\)\/\@\(1 - v\^2\)}\[IndentingNewLine] \(futureSpace[v_, t_] := \(v*t\)\/\@\(1 - v\^2\);\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(futureTime[v_, t_] := t\/\@\(1 - v\^2\);\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(rightSpace[v_, x_] := x\/\@\(1 - v\^2\);\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(\(rightTime[v_, x_] := \(v\ x\)\/\@\(1 - v\^2\);\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\) \)\[IndentingNewLine] "\<(a) World line of O's clock at x=1m; red:\>"\[IndentingNewLine] \(setColor[8, 0, 0, .001];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(\(p3a = ParametricPlot[{1, t}, {t, \(-10\), 10}];\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\) \)\[IndentingNewLine] "\<(b) World line of Particle Moving at .1c from (.5,0); green:\>"\ \[IndentingNewLine] \(setColor[0, 6, 0, .001];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(\(p3b = wl[0, 0, .1];\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)  \)\[IndentingNewLine] "\<(c) World line and world region of particle moving at .5c from (0,0);    blue:\>"\[IndentingNewLine] \(setColor[0, 0, 8, .001];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(p3cwl = wl[0, 0, .5];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(setColor[0, 0, 6, .001];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(p3cwr = wr[0, 0, .5];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(\(Show[l1, l2, p3a, p3b, p3cwl, p3cwr, DisplayFunction -> \ $DisplayFunction];\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\) \)\[IndentingNewLine] \*"\"\<(d) Locus of events whose interval from the origin is 1 secom. One secom is the amount an object would age if it moved at a steady pace from the origin to the location of the event. Since the author insists on making c unitless, I am creating the unit 'secom' to be the time it takes light to travel one meter. It \ is tiny, 3*\!\(10\^8\)secom = 1 second. (blue)\>\""\[IndentingNewLine] "\<(e) Locus of events whose interval from the origin is 1 meter. A 1 \ meter interval between two events means there is some observer where the two \ events occur simultaneously and one meter apart. (red)\>"\[IndentingNewLine] \(p3df = future[1];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(p3dp = past[1];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(setColor[7, 0, 0, .001];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(p4el = left[1];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(p4er = right[1];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(Show[l1, l2, p3df, p3dp, p4el,  p4er, DisplayFunction -> $DisplayFunction];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(SetOptions[ListPlot, DisplayFunction -> Identity];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(tTicks[         v_] := ListPlot[Table[futureEvent[0, 0, v, t], {t, \(-10\), 10, \ 1}], PlotStyle -> PointSize[0.03]];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \(xTicks[v_] := ListPlot[Table[rightEvent[0, 0, v,        x], {x, \(-10\),           10, 1}], PlotStyle -> PointSize[0.03]];\)\[IndentingNewLine] Layers := Join[Table[future[n], {n, \(-10\), 10}], Table[past[n], { n, \(-10\), 10}], Table[left[n], {n, \(-10\), 10}], Table[right[n], {n, \(-10\), 10}]]\[IndentingNewLine] \(Show[l1, l2, xTicks[ .5], tTicks[ .5], p3cwl, p3cwr, Layers,          DisplayFunction -> $DisplayFunction];\)\[IndentingNewLine] wRegions[v_] := Table[wr[futureSpace[v, t], futureTime[v, t], v], {t, \(-10\), 10}]\[IndentingNewLine] wLines[v_] := Table[wl[rightSpace[v, x], rightTime[v, x], v], {x, \(-10\), 10}]\[IndentingNewLine] \(vel[p_] := p\/\@\(p\^2 + 1\);\)\[IndentingNewLine] "\"\[IndentingNewLine] \(Table[Show[wLines[vel[p]], wRegions[vel[p]],    l1, l2, xTicks[vel[p]], tTicks[vel[p]], Layers,           DisplayFunction -> $DisplayFunction], {p, \(-3\),       3,  .05}];\)\[IndentingNewLine] \)

Milne Model
Who is Milne and where is his model published? Gazpacho 20:37, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Milne is Edward Arthur Milne and the book I refer to is Relativity, Gravitation, and World Structure. In great part the first several chapters of the book are largely his personal take on his model vs. that of Einstein, Eddington, Russel, etc. and their comparitive merit.  JDoolin 21:21, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

I see. I encourage you to write about this physicist and his theories, but this article seems to be largely your personal take on the model and its comparative merit. Articles on Wikipedia are supposed to be neutral and not represent particular editors' views. Could you revise the article with this in mind? Gazpacho 20:52, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I could post the article on Usenet and see if anyone has any suggestions for a way to make it seem more neutral. Can you set Galileo's model of the solar system and Ptolemy's model of the solar system side by side and take a neutral stance?  Not likely.  The best I can do is take all references of the Standard Model OUT of this description, so they are not directly compared.  I would be willing to do that.  Although I would really prefer to have a supporter of the Standard Model make a side-by-side alternative view of Milne's Model, or pointing out the flaws.  Removing the information seems a little drastic.  How can anyone make an informed decision without hearing both sides?  JDoolin 21:21, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Actually, Galileo's model was more complex that the Ptolemaic model of the day, due to his use of circular orbits and epicycles. So yes, it is possible and necessary to treat such questions neutrally. If Milne, or another published author who liked his model, pointed out a problem in another physicists model, you can cite that. But original (e.g. first-person) commentary should be left out. Gazpacho 21:40, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess it's not at all clear whether circular orbits and epicycles are more or less complex than elliptical orbits that we now expect to be the case. The law is simpler, but the three-body-problem is infamous for it's difficulty.  JDoolin 16:47, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Reply to comment on Bell's problem
Although your "outside user" comment on my RfC perhaps missed the point slightly, in that it concerned the problem itself rather than the conduct of argument, which was what the RfC was about, if you don't mind I can't help disagreeing with the point you make. I honestly think you gave up unnecessarily and that Russel is wrong. If you begin by saying they start accelerating simultaneously ,then that is a matter of assumed fact in the setup and common to both launch and s'ship frames. It makes no sense to say they "suddenly" find themselves in a frame where it's not simultaneous. Presented graphically in the usual x-t diagram, the x' axis of the s'ships starts horizontal and smoothly tilts w.r.t. launch x axis with increasing v. This does not "change the past" by making the forward one have started first. Both s'hips see the other one start slightly behind by just about the light time of their launch separation. As I explain in the talk page, the blue shift of front to back signals and red shift of rear to front signals are not due to any "Doppler" increasing separation but simply due to the increase in v of both s'ships during signal transit, which involves no change in distance nor difference in clock rates. Rod Ball 13:37, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Let's try to define a very explicit problem so that there is no confusion. Let us say that two ships accelerate by the same amount.  Can we pretend at least as an approximation that instantaneous acceleration is possible?  (I have had some arguments about this.)  Also, let's pretend we have an external observer watching.  So both ships are seen to accelerate at the same moment by the external observer.   These events are at x=t=0, and x=-1,t=0

 * Both ships accelerate to 50% of the speed of light, instantly. To the external observer, are the ships any closer or further from one another?  I would say definitely no.

 * However, if you assume the validity of the Lorentz Transformation, you can calculate the position of the x=-1,t=0 event in the new frame.

t'=(t-vx/c^2)/sqrt(1-v^2/c^2) x'=(x-vt)   /sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)

 * The (0,0) event remains at (0,0)
 * However, the (-1,0) event becomes

t'=0-.5(-1)/sqrt(.75)=0.577 (*later than t'=0*) x'=-1/sqrt(.75)=-1.154 (*further away that x'=-1*)

 * In effect, they "suddenly" find themselves in a reference frame where the events are no longer simultaneous.

 * Now I don't want to say that history has in any way changed because of this transformation. It is only that the observer's velocity affects both his perception of history and his perceptions of the present.  All of the events are still in place, and no cause-effect relationships have reversed.  It is merely a whee little change in when and where things happened, but not how.

 * This argument will of course not hold up if you don't regard the Lorentz Transformations as valid, and it may be greatly complicated if you wish to apply a more calculus based approach where the acceleration is a function of time rather than instantaneous.

 * The confusion that I had in my earlier argument was that I knew that a second acceleration would result in length contraction in the original frame. And since I was considering the case of a constant acceleration, the before-and-after acceleration reference frames were more muddled.

 * Finally, if the two ships were actually connected by a rope, the rope might hold up to a constant acceleration but it would also cause the two ships clocks to become desynchronized. The clock in the rear would lose time to the one in front, just as clocks lower down in gravity wells lose time to those on high mountains (so I've heard).  That's a problem for another day, though.

Oh dear, I'm afraid I have to point out that you are mis-applying the Lorentz transformations. This is quite a common problem. What you have calculated are the coordinates of two different time separated events. To achieve a meaningful separation, both events must be recorded at the same time in the observer's frame. It is as if you are passing a stationary bus of rest length one unit in a car and saying "the forward end (of the bus) is now at (0,0) and in .577 time units the rearward end will be at (-1.154,0.577), by my coordinates".

In order to find the moving distance in terms of the "stationary" undashed coordinates you must have t(1)=t(2) so that using delta(x')=gamma[delta(x)- v.delta(t)] and delta(t)=t(2)-t(1)=0 gives delta(x)=delta(x')/gamma,where delta(x) means difference between coords of each s'ship in the x-t frame etc.. Thus moving distances appear contracted from the undashed frame by the factor 1/gamma where gamma=1/sqrt(1-v^2) which is >1. This is what we would expect and is in exact accordance with the measured contraction of other moving lengths such as the nominally "rigid" rod. [For instance consult length contraction in a standard textbook such as d'Inverno's.]

I also say the two ships clocks do not, indeed cannot become desynchronised (they are after all in identical situations). Acceleration is not the same thing as gravitation (remember space-time curvature). The accelerating s'ships are in Euclidean space. The "equivalence principle" only says that the effects of each are equal and opposite for a system in gravitational free fall. Thus the redshift-blueshift effect I described earlier is exactly cancelled by the gravitational time dilation (difference in clock rates) in a freely falling system provided we neglect "tidal" effects, so that it becomes effectively "inertial" for the comoving experimenter falling with it. Rod Ball 15:06, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Welcome Argument Rod Ball
Let's start with where I agree.

If you have two ships connected by a rope, and they stay connected by that rope, they will stay approximately the same distance from one another in "their" frame, and the rope will appear shorter and shorter in any inertial reference frame.

I disagree about mis-application of the Lorentz Transformation. I can't see any other way to apply it than to map the coordinates of events from one reference frame to another.

I disagree that the space coordinates of events are less meaningful just because they don't happen at the same time. Each observer considers an event to have a definable location and time.

I see that you wish to talk about "moving distance" and "stationary in quotes." which is an interesting problem, but it is much easier to deal with the events rather than the objects. Don't try to define the position of a vehicle. Just the events where it left, and where it arrived, and maybe where it wrecked. From these events, the whole route (world-line) of the car can be easily determined. And as an added bonus, the Lorentz Transformation is specifically designed to deal with the events, but it does not do so good to try to apply it to the paths.

I don't understand what you mean by "The accelerating ships are in Euclidian Space." Once the two ships begin accelerating they cannot synchronize their clocks until they both return to an intertial state.JDoolin 03:23, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm, sorry, you seem to be wandering off into other areas of speculation. Originally you said the clicher was that onceboth s'ships were at a v, the front one would suddenly be in a frame where the front started first - but I pointed out that it would also be a frame where the launch sites were suddenly going backwards at -v so the would appear at 0.866, not affecting an assertion that at any v the s'ships would remain at exactly the same distance in their own frame. This is the crucial question - one can do without the string altogether, it's not essential to the problem. What counts is whether the gap between the identially accelerating identical s'ships behaves in SR in the same way as the proverbial nominally "rigid". I am saying that it does. But I agree that in Lorentz's pre-relativity theory, where c was not posulated constant for all observers, and where contraction happens even for observers at rest w.r.t. object - then for such theory the string would break. Bell preferred Lorentz's theory [����	l�4GET http://k.b5z.net/i/u/6038535/i/menu/(UTC)

Saturday, August 26, 2006
First of all I must apologise for rather missing your points about simultaneity in my hasty addition, which was over-concerned with showing that the s'ship distance should measure contracted from original launch frame whilst, as I'm glad you seem to agree, it would be constant in the accelerating frame. The argument I usually have to contra is that it would be constant from the launch frame so by "reverse Lorentz contraction" it is argued they must be moving apart in the s'ship frame.

 * Reminds me of three blind men trying to describe an elephant, and coming to an argument because none of them see the whole thing.

 * Only given a single instantaneous burst of acceleration would the ship's distance be constant in the "launch pad" frame. So in this area, I agree with the people you have argued with.  But if the acceleration continues, the two  s'ships will come closer together in the "launch pad" frame.  So in this area, I agree with you.

 * However, in each acceleration event, the two ships will find each other further apart in their own new reference frame than they were in the previous reference frame. (unless they are attached by a rope or other structure.)

The point being that both rope and s'ship distance measure shorter and shorter from launch pad frame. Yes your Lorentz calculation was essentially the same as mine - I was merely looking at it from the other end. Instead of saying the starting distance is 1 and becomes 1.154 at speed v, I am saying it's 1 at speed v and 0.866 when measured from the starting frame.

 * If the two ships were attached by a rope and somehow it managed to keep its proper length without stretching or breaking, I would agree with you. However, this is a big "if."  The two ships are starting off simultaneously.  So there is a shock applied to both ends of the rope, and let's pretend that the rope reacts at the speed of light (though the speed of sound is what would actually apply here.)  Consider this from the lab frame and see where the shock waves would meet, relative to the two ships.

The rope won't necessarily appear shorter in any inertial frame. Consider a passing 3rd. s'ship at constant v who observes the launch. From that POV the launch pads will already appear to be 0.866 apart, flying in backward direction at -v. The front s'ship will appear to start first, reducing its -v speed until the second s'ship starts, the end result being that both rope and s'ship distance become 1 when at speed v w.r.t. launch site ie. zero w.r.t. passing observer.

So when you say the s'ships suddenly find themselves in a frame where the front one started first, they also, it should be noted, find themselves in a frame where the lauch pad distance is suddenly 0.866, so that the "starting first" does not mean they are now more than 1 apart but rather bridges the gap between the 0.866 they suddenly appear to have started from and the 1 that they now are at v. The rope of course, undergoes the same apparent change so there is no reason or mechanism for breakage.

 * The launch pads will appear to be .866 apart, but they will be moving in this frame. The front s'ship starts first, and the back s'ship leaves from the length contracted launchpad later.  There is not just a delay in time, but motion in space.  The rear ship not only starts at a later time, but it's starting line has moved back during that delay.  Since the launchpad is moving at 50% of the speed of light for .577 seconds, it moves .2885 light seconds before the rear ship takes off.  .866 + .2885=1.1545.  So even though the launchpad appears length contracted, the ships are going to be further apart in their new reference frame.

About the coordinates, I simply want to emphasise that for any observer to be able to say what another moving length or distance is from his frame, he naturally must record the endpoints simultaneously as also defined in his frame. So as SR says the moving length/distance appears shorter from launch frame and the launch pad distance appears shorter from the moving frame - as would be the case by swapping t and t'.

 * Essentially I agree. One method for doing this is to state the motions of the particles in terms of functions of time, such as x_a(t) and x_b(t).  These functions of time will vary based on the velocity of the observer.  Now, if you take two stationary objects, and associate two events with each of them, it is not difficult to create functions x1(t) and x2(t).  This creates two parallel lines.  When you perform Lorentz transformations on thes events, in general the lines may lean over and get closer together, even though the events get further and further apart.

I said Euclidean space because it's assumed no gravitational fields are present, and they cannot be conjured into existance by any acceleration - only significant mass can do that. It's sometimes argued that because clocks differ in rate at different heights in a Gr. field, that this should also happen between two identically accelerating s'ships. I disagree.

 * I also find that to be a weak argument, though I am not sure I have ever heard anyone explain the whole argument. I think it actually works better in the opposite direction.  Instead of going to experiment in gravitational field, to unfounded assumption of equivalence, to description of acceleration, I find that it works better to go from gedanken of acceleration, to unfounded assumption of equivalence, to surprising agreement with experiment in gravitational fields.

 * I guess what I'm saying is that the equivalence between gravity and acceleration, is still, in my mind a surprising correlation, rather than a proven principle.

I find that a careful analysis of an accelerating body from an outside inertial frame, taking into consideration the constant speed of light and the Lorentz-fitzgerald contraction gives great insight into how acceleration should affect clocks. And since gravity seems to give roughly the same phenomena as acceleration, we can predict that the same things should happen.

No resynchronisation (between the s'ships) would be necessary because they are in identical situations throughout. I you imagine n equally spaced identical such s'ships in a line, isotropy dictates that they must all have the same time, as otherwise it would be impossible to define a time for any given one without knowing how many others there were and what time they had elsewhere, leading to a vicious circle. Anyway the equivalence principle would apply only in that the redshift-blueshift effect I mentioned before is "equivalent" to the Gr. time dilation so that the compensate in an equal and opposite way if the s'ships were free-falling in a Gr. field.

 * I still disagree. Even in an infinite line of accelerating ships, no two of them are in an identical situation.  Any two adjacent ships can talk to each other and in NO situation can *both* say to the other "I am accelerating toward you, and you are accelerating away from me."

 * Also in this hypothetical string of identically accelerating space ships, those you are accelerating toward will appear blue-shifted, while those behind will appear red-shifted. This will not just affect the color of the lights but the measurement of time itself.

 * Unlike inertial relative motion, where both observers see the other person's watch going slow, this group will all agree on whose clocks are faster than whose.

If you still think that the rope/string would break, I'd be keen to hear more of a specific argument, or also if you disagree with my stuff just written. Regards. Rod Ball 13:46, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Now it's easy to cop out on this argument and describe the magnitude of acceleration we're talking about, and simply note that no known material can stand up to it.

 * But this argument runs a little deeper than that; No one doubts that a string would break if it were long enough and you pulled on it hard enough. If you have a twenty mile long string and accelerate both ends of it to ten times the speed of sound in less than a second, the inertia of the center of the string would cause a tension which would break the front end.

 * However, if you idealize the string, and make it inertialess, and assume that signals can pass through it at the speed of light, or even instantaneously, accelerate all portions of the string at the same time, this is the deeper question.

 * Is it even possible to describe a synchronizable non-inertial frame? I'm sure we have not done so here, and I don't think it is possible to construct such a frame. JDoolin 18:00, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Lorentz Pre-Relativity Theory?
Rod Ball said: ''Originally you said the clicher was that onceboth s'ships were at a v, the front one would suddenly be in a frame where the front started first - but I pointed out that it would also be a frame where the launch sites were suddenly going backwards at -v so the would appear at 0.866, not affecting an assertion that at any v the s'ships would remain at exactly the same distance in their own frame. This is the crucial question - one can do without the string altogether, it's not essential to the problem. What counts is whether the gap between the identially accelerating identical s'ships behaves in SR in the same way as the proverbial nominally "rigid". I am saying that it does. But I agree that in Lorentz's pre-relativity theory, where c was not posulated constant for all observers, and where contraction happens even for observers at rest w.r.t. object - then for such theory the string would break. Bell preferred Lorentz's theory Rod Ball 19:56, 27 August 2006 (UTC) ''

In the launchpad frame there are two distinct modes. In the first, the launchpad is stationary and the spaceships are stationary.

In the second, the launchpad is stationary, and the two ships are moving.

In the moving frame there are three distinct modes.

The first mode: The launchpad and the two spaceships are moving at .5c to the left.

The second mode: The launchpad and the rear spaceship are moving at .5c to the left. (It is during this time that the discrepancy between what you think should be and what I know is the case is occurring.)

The third mode: The launchpad is moving to the left and the two spaceships are moving to the right.

The proverbial nominally "rigid" rod is a question of greater complexity than this, which I've tried to address above, but you called it "speculation." Whether or not it is speculation, it is the product of months of my own arguments on Usenet, where I stopped at some level of consensus with people who could apply the Lorentz Transformations with some skill.

At no point did they argue that the Lorentz Transformations were pre-relativity, although many did argue that these equations were not applicable to the universe as a whole.

Big Bang article NPOV dispute
Hi you started a long discussion (with continuing follow-ups!) on the Big bang Talk page, but lately you didn't comment. As a result, the discussion is becoming one-sided. When you have time, please comment. Harald88 13:47, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

IP Block
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External link to your site
Hi Jonathan... I had to undo that external link to your personal work again, like I did last year. Sorry, but with WP policies (see WP:EL) this is really inapproriate. Cheers, DVdm (talk) 17:31, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

By the way, Jonathan, re-entering the same pointer to your work in logged-off mode, does not prevent it from being inappropriate. Please don't? Thanks - and sorry. DVdm (talk) 19:50, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Please stop adding inappropriate external links to Wikipedia. It is considered spamming and Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or promotion. Because Wikipedia uses nofollow tags, additions of links to Wikipedia will not alter search engine rankings. If you continue spamming, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Jonathan, also watch out for WP:3RR. Reverts which you make logged on and/or logged off (as you did before) are accumulated. You can get blocked for this. Please don't let this happen - we're not on Usenet here. DVdm (talk) 22:06, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

This is the final warning you will receive regarding your disruptive edits. The next time you insert a spam link, as you did to Lorentz_transformation, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Persistent spammers may have their websites blacklisted preventing anyone from linking to them from all Wikimedia sites as well as potentially being penalized by search engines.

This is your 4th warning. See also the article's talk page. - DVdm (talk) 21:52, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

File:Milne Model.jpg listed for deletion
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Flagging on Cronyism.
Thank you for making a comment on Cronyism it flagged my STiki as a possible vandalism; but such extremist views that serve only to attack and clearly not neutral should be removed rather then opting for your own comment attached to it. I've given a stern warning to that editor and removed the entry. Not sure how the previous entry went unnoticed, though your comment brought the section to my attention. ChrisGualtieri (talk) 17:34, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

YouTube playback speed
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title: User talk:JDoolin


text:
User talk:Agers

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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Anyway, have fun improving this encyclopedia! Lupo 11:09, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Agers


text: User talk:213.232.79.238

title: User talk:213.232.79.238


text:
User talk:1337 h4XoR

Hey d00d, U R 1337! ;-P I actually kinda liked your change to the leet article, just oh my dear goodness, not many people could read it after anymore, I'm sure :)

If you try experiments how about using the Sandbox? It's also quite ok to copy over pages and do stuff like that, as long as you attribute. How about taking your version out of history and putting it on your personal website? That's quite ok, as long as you link back to the original article and state that the text is under GFDL on that same page.

The point of GFDL text is let people copy it, and do creative stuff to it. (Just not Right Here, since this corner of the web is s'posed to be an encyclopedia and all.) Other than that, Go for it! ;-)

Oh yeah, and hi, welcome to wikipedia, hope you have a nice stay. :-)

Kim Bruning 11:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:1337 h4XoR


text:
Open University of the Netherlands

The Open University of the Netherlands (Open Universiteit Nederland) is a Dutch institution for distance learning at university level. It is an independent government-funded university and uses a variety of methods, including written materials, the Internet, and occasional evening seminars or day sessions.

Overview
The Open University of the Netherlands was founded in 1984 and opened to students that September. The administration is based in Heerlen, in the province of Limburg, in the very south of the Netherlands. The university has study and support centres dispersed throughout the continental Netherlands, as well as study centres in Dutch-speaking Belgium (Flanders) and partnerships with institutions in Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Suriname.

Since the Open University was founded, more than 250,000 students have enrolled in courses. , approximately 15,000 students were enrolled at study or support centres in the Netherlands, including some residents of other countries.

Aims
The Dutch government's purpose in founding the Open University of the Netherlands was to make higher education accessible to anyone with the necessary aptitudes and interests, regardless of formal qualifications. The university aims to provide cost-effective education and to encourage innovation in Dutch higher education, in terms of both curriculum and teaching.

Governance
The chairman of the Open University of the Netherlands since June 2016 is Arent van der Feltz, former vice president for corporate development, legal, regulatory and public affairs at Ziggo. His predecessor was Sander van den Eijnden.

Faculties

 * Science: Environmental Sciences, Computer Science and Information Science
 * Humanities
 * Management
 * Educational Sciences
 * Psychology
 * Law

In addition to this, the university has four expertise centres:
 * CAROU: guidance in the deployment of technological and social innovations through research projects and education in areas such as Smart City, Cyber Security, Smart Industry, Climate Change and Continuous Learning
 * Cyber Science Center: in cooperation with Politieacademie and NHL Hogeschool
 * NEIMED (Nederlands expertise en innovatiecentrum maatschappelijke effecten demografische krimp): an alliance with Maastricht University and Zuyd University of Applied Sciences

The Open University also has two support staff departments: the Department of Administration and the Department of Support Services. These provide services ranging from academic affairs to student administration.

Courses of study
The Open University offers courses of study at the bachelor's and master's degree levels in the following disciplines: cultural studies, education science, law, management, psychology, science and technology. The university collaborates with Flemish universities to enable Belgian students to attend classes. Five of its master's degree programmes were top-ranked in 2017.

Faculty
The following are present and former faculty members of the Open Universiteit:

 * Harold Krikke

title: Open University of the Netherlands