text:
Ben Lee

Benjamin Michael Lee (born 11 September 1978) is an Australian musician and actor. Lee began his career as a musician at the age of 14 with the Sydney band Noise Addict, but he focused on his solo career when the band broke up in 1995. He appeared as the protagonist in the Australian film The Rage in Placid Lake (2003). He has released eleven solo studio albums.

Noise Addict
Lee's musical career began in 1993 with the band Noise Addict, who were signed to Steve Pavlovic's independent label Fellaheen Records, on the strength of a self-produced and distributed four-track demo recorded in Lee's bedroom. Pavlovic's connections brought the band to the attention of Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore and Beastie Boys' Mike D, both of whom released the band's material in the US.

The group put out several releases on the Beasties' Grand Royal Records. These included the acoustic Young and Jaded EP in 1994, which contained Lee's tribute to Evan Dando, "I Wish I Was Him". In 1995, Grand Royal released the band's only full-length album, the Brad Wood–produced Meet the Real You. Noise Addict made a music video for the song "16", toured with Sebadoh, but then broke up. Lee was also briefly a member of the alternative act Gerling.

In 2009, Lee recorded a new Noise Addict album, It Was Never About the Audience, with a new lineup: Lou Barlow and Lara Meyerratken.

Solo career
Lee's solo career started at the age of 16, while he was still in Noise Addict. He began recording his first solo album, Grandpaw Would, in both Sydney and Chicago with producer Brad Wood. This was followed by the 1997 album, Something to Remember Me By, also produced by Wood. An alternate version of his song "Burn to Shine", produced by T-Bone Burnett, played over the end credits of the film Best Men. Lee was then featured on the There's Something About Mary soundtrack, with the song "How to Survive a Broken Heart". 1998's Breathing Tornados, released on Pavlovic's new label Modular, marked a new direction for Lee as he introduced synthesisers and increased instrumentation into his sound.

The album was a success in Australia, earning Lee ARIA Award nominations for Best Male Artist and Album of the Year. The album's first single, "Cigarettes Will Kill You", was also nominated for Single of the Year and finished second in that year's Triple J Hottest 100. In 2001, Lee contributed a track ("Sweet Is the Night") to a Jeff Lynne tribute album Lynne Me Your Ears.

Lee's fourth album, hey you. yes you., was released in 2002. The first single from the album, "Something Borrowed, Something Blue", reached number 67 on the ARIA Charts and number 22 on the 2002's Triple J Hottest 100. The second single, "Running with Scissors", peaked at number 82 on the ARIA charts. In 2003, he also contributed several songs to the Evan Dando solo album Baby I'm Bored.

In late 2004, Lee left Steve Pavlovic's Modular Recordings and started his own record label, Ten Fingers. The first release on the label was the single, "Gamble Everything for Love", followed by the album, Awake Is the New Sleep in February 2005, which went double platinum in Australia. A defining release in his career, the album showcased a much brighter, positive side of Lee's personality, in contrast to his previous darker musings. Awake Is the New Sleep received several nominations for the 2005 Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) awards, and Lee won Best Male Artist, Best Independent Release, and Single of the Year for "Catch My Disease", which Lee wrote with Mcgowan Southworth. "Catch My Disease" also went to No. 2 on the 2005 Triple J Hottest 100.

In addition, the song was featured on the soundtracks to the 2005 films Just Friends and Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, as well as the soundtracks to the television series, Grey's Anatomy, Hidden Palms and Scrubs. In 2006 it was used in a television commercial for Dell Computers. On 26 March 2006, Lee performed "We're All in This Together" from Awake Is the New Sleep at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The single for "We're All in This Together" was released on 8 April 2006. The CD includes cover versions of the song by Pony Up, Holidays on Ice and Gelbison. "We're All in This Together" is being used in commercials for Kohl's (2008), Coca-Cola (Remixed Australian Summer Series Ads in 2007), the South Australian Government (2006), the Salvation Army Red Shield Appeal (2007) and Telus Mobility's "My Faves" (2007).

Lee released his sixth album, Ripe, on 18 September 2007 with Benji Madden and Mandy Moore making appearances. Mandy Moore sang a light-hearted, '50s style duet with Lee called "Birds and Bees". "Mandy was very sweet and did her best Olivia Newton-John for me. I'm really psyched about this recording," Lee says. Madden helped out with some backing vocals, along with US band Rooney and Sara Watkins from the band Nickel Creek. "American Television" from the album was used in a VH1 advertisement for Flavor of Love 3 and the song "Ripe" appeared in an episode of One Tree Hill (Season 5, episode 2).

In 2007, Lee performed a cover of Crosby, Stills & Nash's "Our House" for Landmarks on The DL.

In February 2009, Lee released his seventh studio album, The Rebirth of Venus, which received mixed reviews. It featured guest performances from the likes of Missy Higgins and Patience Hodgson, and peaked at No.21 on the ARIA Charts.

Lee's eighth studio album, Deeper into Dream, was released on 11 October 2011. It was Lee's first attempt at a concept album, basing the entire 12 tracks around the dream state. Despite not charting, it was received fairly favourably by critics.

In April 2013, Lee released his ninth and arguably his most experimental studio album entitled Ayahuasca: Welcome to the Work, with collaboration from Jessica Chapnik. The album is based upon his personal experience with the psychoactive South American drug known as Ayahuasca. Lee featured as the mentor for Joel Madden's team on the 2013 season of The Voice Australia.

In June 2015, Lee released his 10th solo album, Love Is the Great Rebellion, his first on a major label, Warner Bros. Records.

According to Radio National's Geoff Wood, Lee invented the term "electro-yoga" to describe a new form of music dedicated to the practice of yoga. Lee has since followed up this release with an acoustically oriented album, entitled Freedom, Love and The Recuperation of the Human Mind, in 2016; as well as a children's album, called Ben Lee Sings Songs About Islam for the Whole Family, in 2017. Together with former How I Met Your Mother star Josh Radnor, Lee formed an indie-folk duo called Radnor and Lee, and released their debut self-titled album in November 2017.

2018 saw the release of B Is for Beer, a soundtrack to the musical based on the novel of the same name written by Tom Robbins. Lee and Robbins had collaborated for ten years to develop the musical. Funding for the album's development came via crowd-sourcing at Kickstarter.

Lee released Quarter Century Classix in 2019, a collection of cover songs he was influenced by during his teenage years. In 2020, Radnor and Lee released their second collaborative album, Golden State.

In 2021, Lee competed in the third season of the Australian version of The Masked Singer as "Professor". He finished tenth after being eliminated in the third episode.

In September 2021, The Music Network confirmed Lee had signed with Warner Music Australia, who will release I'M FUN! in June 2022, preceded by single "Born for This Bullshit". The deal includes rights to his 19-album back catalogue.

Personal life
Lee was born in Sydney and was raised in a Jewish household, but did not consider himself religious as a child. Lee was educated at Moriah College located in Sydney's eastern suburbs.

Lee dated Claire Danes for several years, but their relationship ended in 2003. He married actress Ione Skye on 28 December 2008, in a Hindu wedding ceremony in India. They have one child.

Lee stated that he follows a pescatarian diet.

Singles
Notes
 * A The Australian peak for the Into the Dark EP is on the ARIA Albums Chart.

Other appearances

 * "Itchycoo Park" from I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)
 * "Make Your Move" (featuring Ione Skye) from Spider (2007)
 * "Beautiful Flirt" (with Ione Skye and Jack Graddis) from Bear (2011)
 * "We're All in This Together" (with Jack River and Lime Cordiale) from Music from the Home Front (2020)

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="2" | 2006
 * Awake Is the New Sleep
 * Best Performing Independent Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" |
 * Ben Lee
 * Independent Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Independent Artist of the Year
 * Nominated

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Lee has won four awards.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="3"| 1999
 * rowspan="2"| Breathing Tornados
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Best Male Artist
 * Nominated
 * "Cigarettes Will Kill You"
 * Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2003
 * hey you. yes you.
 * Best Male Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="6"| 2005
 * "Catch My Disease"
 * Single of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="6"|
 * rowspan="4"| Awake Is the New Sleep
 * Best Male Artist
 * Won
 * Best Independent Release
 * Won
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Best Pop Release
 * Nominated
 * Awake Is the New Sleep (Ben Lee, Lara Meyerratken, Dan Estabrook)
 * Best Cover Art
 * Won
 * rowspan="3"| 2006
 * rowspan="2"| "We're All in This Together"
 * Best Male Artist
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"|
 * Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * Into the Dark
 * Best Pop Release
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2008
 * Ripe
 * Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * The Square (with Jessica Chapnik)
 * Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * Into the Dark
 * Best Pop Release
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2008
 * Ripe
 * Best Independent Release
 * Nominated
 * The Square (with Jessica Chapnik)
 * Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated
 * The Square (with Jessica Chapnik)
 * Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album
 * Nominated

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="2"| 2006
 * rowspan="2"| "Catch My Disease"
 * Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Most Performed Australian Work
 * Won
 * Most Performed Australian Work
 * Won
 * Won

Australian Music Prize
The Australian Music Prize (the AMP) is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award. They commenced in 2005.

! Ref.
 * 2005
 * Awake Is the New Sleep
 * Australian Music Prize
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: Ben Lee


text:
Wikipedia:Magic Collaboration of the Week/History

Ambitious card

 * Nominated November 22  2013; voting ended  December 21  2013''

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Bddmagic (talk) 15:13, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * This article is in pretty good shape right now....it could just use a bit of tweaking.

Indian magicians

 * Nominated 23 October 2010; voting ended 30 October 2010

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Eclipsed (talk) 13:10, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
 * "The Indian magicians article has large POV problems. I don't know anything about magic so I was hoping someone could help me revise" - anonymous user

Guy Bavli

 * Nominated 14 October 2010; voting ended 21 October 2010

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Eclipsed (talk) 22:09, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
 * 2) Graceconcepcionr (talk) 15:53, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * New page about mentalist / illusionist Guy Bavli. Could use some expansion, especially about each of his public performances, and his invented effects. Eclipsed (talk) 11:40, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

?
(Statistics will follow)
 * Magic (illusion) - 3-17 October

 * Michael Ammar - 17-24 October

The voting that got it here
Nominated October 3, needs three votes by October 10

Support
 * 1) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:57, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Ta bu shi da yu 22:29, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) TrollQueen 06:50, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Let's start this off with a real nomination. Michael Ammar is a stubby article on a particular noteworthy close up magician. It should really be expanded. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:57, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks interesting. TrollQueen 06:50, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

List of magic tricks
Nominated October 18, needs three votes by October 25

Support
 * 1) [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 15:33, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:37, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) GUllman 22:54, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) The Anome 12:59, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Improving this list would give folks a good base for figuring out what else needs more work. [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 15:33, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Just a reminder we should keep copyright in mind when expanding this. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:37, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Types of waves

The result of the debate was delete [added by Andre🚐 22:40, 15 August 2022 (UTC) for afdstats]

Types of waves
Orphan, single-sentence substub giving a rather dubious definition. The article might grow beyond that, but I somehow doubt it -- Ferkelparade π 10:18, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. No sense redirecting to wave and no useful content to merge. Andrewa 12:19, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, a lot of things come in waves. --Pgreenfinch 12:43, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article on wave itself covers the detailed info on types of waves. --*drew 12:49, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Duplicated topic, but inferior and unlikely to be sought. Geogre 12:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless substub. Should be written in wave anyway. Nadavspi 00:25, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gobbledegook. Andre ( talk )A| 14:10, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Useless substub. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 12:32, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. This would belong in Wave, if it were fleshed out to the point of having any information content. --Jerzy(t) 14:36, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. Any curious person would look under wave.  Fishal 06:40, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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HMS Coromandel

Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Coromandel, after the Coromandel Coast of India:

 * HMS Coromandel (1795) was a 56-gun fourth rate, previously the East Indiaman Winterton. She was purchased on the stocks in 1795, used as a storeship from 1800, was converted to a convalescent ship in 1807 for Jamaica, and was sold there in 1813. She returned to Britain around 1847 and was wrecked at Yarmouth in 1856.
 * HMS Coromandel was the East Indiaman Cuvera, which the Admiralty bought in 1804 and converted to the 56-gun fourth-rate HMS Malabar (1804). She was rebuilt as a 20-gun storeship in 1806 and renamed HMS Coromandel in 1815. She transported convicts to Australia in 1819. From 1828 to 1853, when she was broken up, she served as a prison hulk in Bermuda.
 * HMS Coromandel (1855) was a wooden paddle dispatch vessel of the Royal Navy. She was built in 1853 for the P&O company as the passenger and cargo steamer Tartar. The Navy purchased her in 1855 and she participated in several battles in Chinese waters, including having been sunk and recovered. The Navy sold her in 1866 and she went through several changes in ownership before she was broken up in 1876.
 * HMS Coromandel (1856) was a 4-gun wooden screw frigate launched in 1856 and in service until at least 1870.

title: HMS Coromandel


text:
Wikipedia:Magic Collaboration of the Week/Removed

Harry Blackstone
Nominated 9 Oct 2004, needs three votes by date + 7 days (removed October 18)

Support
 * 1) The Anome 23:21, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * One of the classic greats, but no article! -- The Anome 23:21, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Magic Circle
Nominated October 21, needs three votes by October 28 (removed November 18)

Support
 * 1) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:37, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) NeoJustin 02:33, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Substub on important organization.

Bicycle Playing Cards
Nominated October 28, needs three votes by November 4 (removed November 18)

Support
 * 1) [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:31, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

Comments
 * Very much loved by card magicians yet only a substub. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:31, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)


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Frannie

Frannie is a given name. It is generally a feminine name used as a nickname for Frances. The masculine form is Franny. Notable people with the name include:

 * Frannie Hughes, fictional character on the soap opera As the World Turns
 * Frannie Lindsay, American poet
 * Frannie Peabody (1903–2001), HIV/AIDS activist

title: Frannie


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article statistics

This page is dedicated to gathering statistics about featured articles,  featured article candidates, and related content-review statistics. There are currently  featured articles, and the current percentage of Wikipedia articles that are featured articles is %.

Note: Some of the numbers linked to by the historical version do not match the numbers on this page. In such cases, the numbers on this page are correct.

By month
Growth of featured and reviewed articles by month:

 * width="75%" |

By year
Growth of featured articles by year. The totals below reflect the total number of FA promotions and demotions from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2020.

 * width="75%" |

A Gross total refers to the number of article promotions from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2020 (including duplicates) minus the number of article demotions from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2020.

B Net total refers to the number of unique articles promoted from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2020 (deleting duplicates) minus the number of unique articles demoted from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2020  (also deleting duplicates). Duplicates refers to articles that have been promoted, demoted, and then promoted again. These articles should only count once for being promoted and do not count as demoted articles, since they are currently FAs. As of 31 December 2020, there were [64 such articles].

C Adjusted total refers to the number of unique articles promoted from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2020 (6,913) plus the 259 existing FAs at the beginning of January 2004 minus the number of unique articles demoted from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2020  (1,262). This number should be equal to the number of FAs on 31 December 2020 (5,899), but is slightly higher (5,910).

title: Wikipedia:Featured article statistics


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Template talk:Article resources

=Bad title= The title "Sources for articles" is not right; but I don't know what would be better. If anyone knows one, please put it in. JesseW 10:23, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

=tfd= This template survived TFD - see Templates_for_deletion/Log/Not_deleted/May_2005. Radiant_* 08:33, May 24, 2005 (UTC)

2 or 3 Additions to template?
I'd suggest adding WikiProject Resource Exchange, Newspapers and magazines request service, and maybe Library, to this template. The first is a new, quite quiet wikiproject, the 2nd is an old, quiet project, and the 3rd looks dormant. They could all benefit, and all seem related to this template's focus.

Or possibly, one/all of them should be merged into Research resources, which is marked historical (under the ToC)? That's a lot more work though ;) --Quiddity 05:16, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Article resources


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Bertrand's paradox

There are three different paradoxes called Bertrand's paradox or the Bertrand paradox: Not to be confused with the famous paradox discovered by Bertrand Russell.
 * Bertrand paradox (probability)
 * Bertrand paradox (economics)
 * Bertrand's box paradox

title: Bertrand's paradox


text:
Frankton

Frankton may refer to:

Australia

 * Frankton, South Australia

England

 * English Frankton, Shropshire
 * Frankton, Warwickshire
 * Lower Frankton, Shropshire; a UK location
 * Welsh Frankton, Shropshire; a settlement in Ellesmere Rural

New Zealand

 * Frankton, Hamilton, in the North Island
 * Frankton, Otago, in the South Island

United States

 * Frankton, Indiana
 * Frankton, Kansas

Other uses

 * Operation Frankton a commando raid on shipping in the German-occupied French port of Bordeaux during the Second World War
 * Frankton (folding boat)

title: Frankton


text:
Category talk:Olympic rowers for Great Britain

OLympic rowers
I'm not too keen on the idea of changing the category from British rowers to Olympic rowers - it's quite possible to get a rower who you could argue was notable who didn't compete for Britain at the Olympics (in some cases because they died before the Olympics started) - e.g. James Renforth. So I'd like to make sure - we are keeping the British rowers category, and making this one a subset? Average Earthman 10:29, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree. The nature of rowing is that notable rowers are olympians, so it'd be better just to drop this whole category for how we had it originally. Dunc|☺ 21:53, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:83.99.61.76

title: User talk:83.99.61.76


text:
East Otago

East Otago is the name given to that part of Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand that lies directly to the north of Dunedin. To the south, its limit is approximately the rough hill pass of the Kilmog, 25 kilometres north of Dunedin city centre, and in the north the limit is the Shag River.

The population of East Otago is 2,500 (est 2001)

Expected population in 2006 is 3,000 with 1,400 expecting to live in the Main town of Waikouaiti

Census provisional count for East Otago as of 2006 was 4,991

Census provisional count for East Otago towns was:

 * Waikouaiti: 1,620
 * Palmerston: 1,246
 * Karitane: 720
 * Dunback: 320
 * Moeraki: 682

4,588 Live in the 5 main centers

403 Live in the rural areas

Total: 4,991

The area contains two main towns, Waikouaiti and Palmerston along with the smaller settlements of Karitane and Dunback.

The name East Otago has fallen somewhat out of favour since the expansion of the city limits of Dunedin to encompass much of this area in the 1990s.

title: East Otago


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Josephus Flavius Cook

Josephus Flavius Cook (January 26, 1838 – June 24, 1901), commonly known as Joseph Cook, was an American philosophical lecturer, clergyman, and writer.

Life and career
Born in Ticonderoga, New York, he attended Phillips Academy, and then entered Yale College, later transferring to Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1865. He married Georgiana Hemingway on June 30, 1877.

A descendant of Pilgrims, Cook started his ascent to fame by way of Monday noon prayer meetings in Tremont Temple in Boston that for more than twenty years were among the city's greatest attractions. In the lectures, Cook attempted to convey recent developments in European science and philosophy in a way that reconciled them to Protestant belief; his commentary stressed social amelioration and civic responsibility. He later travelled the world; his lectures were published and translated into several languages.

In 1871, Cook's work exposing the poor conditions in factories in Lynn, Massachusetts was publicly praised by Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, however, Cook later became a noted critic of Eddy and her ideas. Eddy responded with a pamphlet, later expanded into the book No and Yes which opposed Cook's views on the subject. Eddy also spoke at one of Cook's Tremont Temple lectures in defense of Christian Science.

Cook died at his summer home in Ticonderoga on June 24, 1901.

title: Josephus Flavius Cook


text:
Talk:Chuang Chou

just wanted to double check this: isn't Chuang Chou the same person as Zhuang Zi? they both were taoist philosophers who lived 4th century bc, and although the wikipedia article on zhuang zi does not list chuang chou as an alternative, the wikiquote article does. in the event that they are the same person i would suggest that this page be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xooz98 (talk • contribs) 10:35, 18 October 2004 (UTC)

This stub is inaccurate and not worth merging into the main article. It should simply be made a redirect. Any objection? -- कुक्कुरोवाच|Talk‽ 18:31, 16 November 2004 (UTC)

 * Whatever was inaccurate about it, was inaccurate from out of a compendium of philosophers and nothing to do with my eclectic selection of quotes there of. Nagelfar 09:17, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chuang Chou


text:
User:Airconditioning

Relax.

title: User:Airconditioning


text:
Antoine Augustin Cournot

Antoine Augustin Cournot (28 August 1801 – 31 March 1877) was a French philosopher and mathematician who contributed to the development of economics.

Biography
Antoine Augustin Cournot was born at Gray, Haute-Saône. In 1821 he entered one of the most prestigious Grandes Écoles, the École Normale Supérieure, and, according to Sandmo: "in 1823 he took a license degree in mathematics at Sorbonne University. He then became the private secretary of a field marshal who required assistance in writing his memoirs. This position left Cournot with considerable time for his own pursuits. In the course of his ten years in the field marshal's employment he took two doctoral degrees, one in mechanics and one in astronomy. In addition, he published a number of articles and even acquired a degree in law."

Subsequently, Cournot held positions as professor of mathematics, chief examiner for undergraduate students, and rector of Dijon Academy.

By the time Cournot died in 1877, he was nearly blind.

Economics
Cournot was mainly a mathematician, but had some influence in economics. His theories on monopolies and duopolies are still prevalent. In 1838 the book Researches on Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth   was published, in which he used the application of the formulas and symbols of mathematics in economic analysis. This book was strongly criticized and scarcely successful during Cournot's lifetime. He attempted nonetheless to rewrite it twice. It is influential in economics today. Today many economists believe this book to be the point of departure for modern economic analysis. Cournot introduced the ideas of functions and probability into economic analysis. He derived the first formula for the rule of supply and demand as a function of price and was the first to draw supply and demand curves on a graph, anticipating the work of Alfred Marshall by roughly thirty years. The Cournot duopoly model developed in his book also introduced the concept of a (pure strategy) Nash equilibrium, the reaction function and best-response dynamics.

Cournot believed that economists must utilize the tools of mathematics only to establish probable limits and to express less stable facts in more absolute terms. He further held that the practical uses of mathematics in economics do not necessarily involve strict numerical precision.

In the field of economics he is best known for his work in the field of oligopoly theory, Cournot competition, which is named after him.

Philosophy
Cournot worked on determinism (in physics) and chance.

Unlike Pierre-Simon de Laplace, who thought that nothing happens by chance, and Aristotle, who thought that randomness and causality had nothing to do with each other, Cournot united the concepts, defining randomness as the encounter of two independent causal series. This definition allows randomness even in perfectly deterministic events, and is used to generate random numbers by the combination of unrelated signals (for instance, temperature and sound).

title: Antoine Augustin Cournot


text:
Talk:City Harvest Church

Notice to all concerned!
As of today, I have tagged the article with a "current event" tag pending the outcome of an official police investigation report, I have also requested for a Semi-page protection to protect the article against POV (per WP:CPUSH), OR (per WP:No original research) and patent nonsense (per WP:Vandalism) from newly registered users and anon IP editors alike. If an article on Wikipedia, such as this one (emphasis being this one), is to be a faithful and neutral-point-of-view representation of the real-life one, we need all the participating parties or people to be accountable and responsible for their edits here or there will be no peace from all quarters. All those failing to comply will be held for their actions. That is all. --Dave ♠♣♥♦1185♪♫™ 19:14, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

--Dave ♠♣♥♦1185♪♫™ 09:07, 11 June 2010 (UTC) (updated 11 June 2010)
 * Blocked indefinitely

Joy Tong Study Given Undue Credance?
Is it normal practice to allow one singular source to dictate the direction of close to 30% of an article, especially if the view is contentious ( given the reaction of the arguments on the source). Proportionately, that makes it the single most inluential source in the whole article. Granted it is a scholastic study which gives it credibility, but it is still only one source. Another editor mentioned that that Tong's article was quoted in other studies and articles. In which case, these other sources should be quoted as well. The other sources are only acknowledging the sections which they are quoting, and not necessarily a blanket endorsement of the whole study. I know this is a little late (going though my huge watchlist), but just thought this bares mentioning. Zhanzhao (talk) 01:15, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Looking at the other sources, a good 60% of them are either the church itself or directly affiliated entities (Harvest Times, Asia Conference etc), and the rest are from Singapore's lapdog local media, so I think Tong's study gives a very much needed alternative viewpoint. Also, if you peruse the discussion above, there are plenty of CHC people disputing the study's inclusion in this article on all sorts of spurious grounds (OR, UNDUE, etc etc), but no criticism whatsoever of the study's actual content, much less any mention of other sources that dispute her findings. Jpatokal (talk) 05:41, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Erm I don't see how describing the local media as "lapdog" has anything to do with it. After all, most of the new reports in the article i.e. the ongoing investigations are sourced to them as well. Are you saying they are somehow biased? As I mentioned above, an alternative viewpoint is fine, but with the amount of debatable content here thats sourced to JT, I would suggest just streamlining the info from JT's study to a singular section by itself rather than as it appears all over the article. I see a subsection has already been created in any case for the study. Zhanzhao (talk) 09:18, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The editor who introduced Tong's study was recently blocked indefinitely for combative editing and wiki hounding. Come to think of it, at the time when the editor suddenly developed an exceptional interest in this article, she practically only edited Singapore politics and science articles. It was also during that time that me and Zhanzhao were voicing out in an ANI and RfC against her. Coincidence? Or DUCK? I know its not related to the issue at hand, but just saying. DanS76 (talk) 10:02, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * On a related note, the reason there were no sources questioning Tong's study could be because its too, well, obscure..... Some might even call it FRINGE since that is the only one source the editor kept refering to. But I am not gonna do anything here, might make it worse if the editor becomes "convinced" I have some attachment to the article.DanS76 (talk) 10:11, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * (to Zhanzhao)
 * "Controversy" sections are discouraged on WP and Tong's study is not an attempt to discredit the church, it's simply an analysis of its methods and actions. For example, the descriptions of the church's teachings on tithes, worship and discipline -- which happen to be referenced to both Tong and the church's own publications  -- very much belong in the core "Culture" section (or something like it, that's not actually a great name...), not hidden away in some little separate section.
 * More simply, the important of Tong's study is not that it's "Tong's study", but that it's a reliable source for aspects of the church not covered by the church's own propaganda or the mainstream media. Jpatokal (talk) 10:16, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * (to Jpatokal) Actually I was not pitching for a "controversy" section, just a section on JT's study itself. Written in a neutral, unbiased manner that just states parts of the study relevant to the church in question. Its like how some articles have a section dedicated to how it is depicted in alternative media or made a subject of a study as in the case here. Its more of a clean-up exercise to consolidate points made by the study in one single section than have it flying all over the place, as it is sometimes hard to tell what part can be attributed to her study. Its either that, or we can attempt to create an article for thhe study itself, but I do not think thats likely at the moment, so consolidation is the next best option. Zhanzhao (talk) 11:33, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Again, I don't think that makes sense or follows Wikipedia practice. This is, first and foremost, an article about the church, not a study. Jpatokal (talk) 01:34, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I think we are both on the same page about this article being about the church and not the study. What I am questioning is how that one single source seems to pervade through the whole article, making it seem as if most of the article emphasis is on JT's findings on the church. Ultimately, it is still one person's findings on the church, rather than something that was covered extensively by multiple sources. Overreliance on single sources is actually highly debatable here in wikipedia. And again, I am not aiming for a "controversy" section, just a subsection to consolidate points made by the study to make the article more organized. As for controversy sections, well, there is already one in this article...... Zhanzhao (talk) 10:53, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * This is fairly incredible that a little-known study is practically being used as a backbone of so much of the content of this article. Having info which is sourced from the parent source is a fairly common practice with most articles that deals with organizations, such as those that pull information from company reports and corporate websites. Unless Tong's article has been widely used and reprinted by other media as a secondary/third party source, it remains just a singular source, of which undue weight is being given here. BBFreman (talk) 00:53, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Lets go over this again. Exactly why has this one study been given so much influence on this whole article? At this rate one might as well just write up a whole article titled "Joy Tong's Study on CHC". Including the article is fine, but its still just one source only thats quoted repeatedly throughout the article. I believe UNDUE is becoming an issue here. Our objective should be to keep wikipedia neutral, not swing it towards being anti-CHC as a punishment just because their followers had been running rampant here in the past should be avoided. Keep it clean and neutral guys. Zhanzhao (talk) 06:38, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Joy Tong Article Being Given Undue Weight.
I put up the UNDUE tag because I believe more eyes need to look at this. This one study (which no one had even heard of until it got dug up by a banned editor who apparently had an axe to grind) had since been elevated to such "importance" that it is dictating about 30% of the whole article, and even included for the lead section. My opinion, just getting it out of the way.

I understand that some editors here may be frustrated because CHC defenders have been whitewashing the page for quite some time, but let cooler and more neutral heads prevail now. Our goal is to keep the article neutral and objective. Not punish the article because certain editors misbehaved.Zhanzhao (talk) 06:49, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm also not entirely happy with our reliance on the Tong article. However, the content of Tong's study is only "anti-CHC" if its content is in dispute, but there appear to be basically no sources that dispute its claims, even from the church itself. Jpatokal (talk) 12:12, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * As mentioned earlier, the study itself is not that well publicized. If no one (except till recently here) knew about it, they would not dispute it in another publication/study. Such an action merely draws more attention to it. My opinion anyway. If this had been an article about a person, BLP would not have allowed it to be taken this far. Zhanzhao (talk) 15:27, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Useful link
Report - What you need to know about the City Harvest trial - by the Straits Times. starship.paint ~  KO   09:42, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Currently glaringly missing from the article - a full named list of the 6 accused. Any way to introduce it in prose? Right now only 3 are named. Also just for knowledge, who was the 6th person to be charged? Zhanzhao (talk) 04:16, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101221235450/http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_stats_missions.php to http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_stats_missions.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101124121320/http://www.todayonline.com:80/Singapore/EDC100601-0000111/City-Harvest-probe to http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC100601-0000111/City-Harvest-probe

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on City Harvest Church. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20081113205257/http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_missionStt.php to http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_missionStt.php
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title: Talk:City Harvest Church


text:
User talk:218.1.102.58

Speedy deletion nomination of School for international training

A tag has been placed on School for international training, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
 * It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.
 * It appears to be an unambiguous copyright infringement of worldlearninginc-2020impactreport.webflow.io and sit.edu. (See section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to use it for any reason — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. The same holds if you are not the owner but have their permission. If you are not the owner and do not have permission, see Requesting copyright permission for how you may obtain it. You might want to look at Wikipedia's copyright policy for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Yee no  (talk) 🍁 18:40, 25 June 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:218.1.102.58


text:
MBP

MBP or mbp may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Münchausen syndrome by proxy, a disorder wherein a caregiver acts as if their patient has health problems
 * MacBook Pro, a line of Macintosh portable computers by Apple Inc.
 * Modbus Plus, an extended version of the Modbus serial communications protocol published by Modicon in 1979

Biology

 * Mega base pairs (Mbp)
 * Major basic protein, a protein which in humans is encoded by the PRG2 gene
 * Maltose-binding protein, a part of the maltose/maltodextrin system of Escherichia coli
 * 4-Methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene, a metabolite of bisphenol A
 * Milk basic protein, a milk protein fraction
 * Myc-binding protein-1, a protein encoded by the alpha-enolase glycolytic enzyme
 * Myelin basic protein, a protein believed to be important in the process of myelination of nerves in the central nervous system
 * Mannan-binding lectin (also mannose- or mannan-binding protein), an important factor in innate immunity

Media

 * "ManBearPig", the sixth episode of the tenth season of Comedy Central's South Park
 * Million Book Project, a book digitization project, led by Carnegie Mellon University
 * Murder by Pride, the eighth studio album by Stryper

Organisations

 * McDonough Bolyard Peck, an American construction management company
 * Marquette Branch Prison, a prison in Michigan, US
 * Ministry of Public Security (Poland) (Polish: Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego) 1945-1954
 * MBP Moto, an Italian motorcycle brand based in Bologna and owned by the Qianjiang Motorcycle company

Other uses

 * Wiwa language (ISO 639 code: mbp), a Chibchan language

title: MBP


text:
James Edwin Creighton

James Edwin Creighton (April 8, 1861, Pictou, Nova Scotia – October 8, 1924, Ithaca, New York) was an American idealist philosopher, Cornell academic, founding president of the American Philosophical Association, and president (1902) of the American Philosophical Society.

Biography
Creighton graduated as a Bachelor of Arts from Dalhousie College, Halifax, in 1887, and became a student at the foreign universities of Leipzig and Berlin. Later he came to Cornell University as a graduate student, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy there in 1892. From 1889 to 1892, Dean Creighton was an instructor in philosophy at Cornell, being advanced during the three following years to an associate professorship. He had been Sage professor of logic and metaphysics since 1895, and acted from 1914 to 1923 as Dean of the Graduate School at Cornell.

As an author, he was best known to students through his “Introductory Logic,” first published in 1898, which is widely employed as a college textbook. He collaborated in the translation of "Wundt's Human and Animal Psychology," and "Paulsen's Kant - His Life and Philosophy." In addition to publishing these books, he had been since 1892 editor of The Philosophical Review, and since 1896 American editor of "Kant-Studien." He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, of which body he served as president in 1902 and 1903. He was also the founding president of the American Philosophical Association.

He was early influenced by Kant, Bradley and Bosanquet, and later accepted some of the views of Windelband and Heinrich Rickert, without sharing all of their opinions. He constantly defended Idealistic, or speculative, philosophy against Pragmatism, neo-Realism, Materialism, and Berkeleian materialism.

Creighton differentiated between what he considered as intelligible in philosophy and what is intelligible in the natural sciences. He also believed that no system of thought could be the product of an isolated mind. His most important essays were compiled in Studies in Speculative Philosophy (Creighton, 1925; see also Sabine, 1917).

Creighton was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by Queen's University and Dalhousie University. He remained at Cornell until his death from an extended illness. He is buried at East Lawn Cemetery in Ithaca.

title: James Edwin Creighton


text:
Alexander von Homeyer

Alexander von Homeyer (19 January 1834, in Vorland, now a part of Splietsdorf – 14 July 1903, in Greifswald) was a German soldier and ornithologist. He was a cousin of Eugen Ferdinand von Homeyer, also an ornithologist.

Homeyer joined the Prussian army in 1852, and as an ensign served with the Silesian Füsilier-Regiment. In 1878 he retired from the military with the rank of major.

He took part in the second expedition of the German African society in 1874, in which he was accompanied by the explorer Paul Pogge. His other travels, during which he collected natural history specimens, included expeditions to the Mediterranean (including the Balearic Islands in 1861), Denmark, Hungary and the Balkans. From the years 1875 to 1884, he was, for the most part, engaged in systematic studies.

Homeyer published over 150 articles on ornithology, and was the first to describe the Cyprus wheatear and the semi-collared flycatcher. As a lepidopterist, he amassed a collection of around 50,000 butterflies. At his death, he left a collection of bird eggs that was one of the largest private collections known to exist — in 1906 it became part of the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.

He died at Greifswald.

Selected writings

 *  Handschriftlicher Auszug aus George Robert Gray: Genera of birds - Handwritten excerpts from George Robert Gray's "Genera of birds".
 * Mein [Schmetterlings-] Fang im Ober-Engadin 1876 und 1878, 1880 - Butterflies captured in Upper Engadine (1876, 1878).
 * Die Wachholderdrossel Turdus pilaris, 1885 - The fieldfare.
 * Uber meine erfolgreichen Zuchten der Hakengimpel (Corythusenucleator) in der Gefangenschaft, 1897 - On successful breeding of captive pine grosbeaks.
 * Aus dem Leben eines pommerschen Ornithologen Briefe Alexander von Homeyers an Carl Bolle ; 1857–1863, 1909 - From the life of a Pomeranian ornithologist. Letters from Alexander Homeyer to Carl Bolle (1857 to 1863).

title: Alexander von Homeyer


text: Category:History of Thailand

title: Category:History of Thailand


text:
User talk:M. Dingemanse

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title: User talk:M. Dingemanse


text: User talk:217.23.230.5

title: User talk:217.23.230.5


text:
Accompong

Accompong (from the Akan name Acheampong) is a historical Maroon village located in the hills of St. Elizabeth Parish on the island of Jamaica. It is located in Cockpit Country, where Jamaican Maroons and indigenous Taíno established a fortified stronghold in the hilly terrain in the 17th century. They defended it and maintained independence from the Spanish and then later the British, after the colony changed hands.

Accompong is reportedly named after the son of Miguel Reid, the first African Maroon leader in western Jamaica, and allegedly the first leader of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town). This would make Accompong brother to Kojo or Cudjoe, and possibly Cuffee, Quaco and Nanny of the Maroons. Accompong Town was reportedly built by Kojo who assigned his Brother Accompong to watch over it. After years of raiding and warfare, they established their autonomy, self-government and recognition as an indigenous people by a peace treaty with the British in 1739. Since independence in 1962, the government of Jamaica has continued to recognize the indigenous rights of the Jamaican Maroons in this area.

Accompong is run by a chief who is elected by voting. The current chief is Chief Richard Currie.

Accompong Town under Accompong
In the 18th century, Maroon leader Cudjoe is said to have united his people under the Kindah Tree, as they struggled for autonomy. This was the site for signing the 1739 treaty with the British, according to this Maroon town's oral history. This legendary, ancient mango tree is still standing (2009). The tree symbolizes the common kinship of the community on its common land. However, the Returned Maroons of Flagstaff believe that the treaty was signed at Petty River Bottom, near the village of Flagstaff.

During the First Maroon War, rebel slaves and their descendants fought a guerrilla war to secure the independence of Free black people in Jamaica against the British. Hostilities were finally ended by a treaty between the two groups in 1739, signed under British governor Edward Trelawny. It granted Cudjoe's Maroons 1500 acres of land between their strongholds of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) and Accompong in the Cockpits. While the treaty granted this land to Trelawny Town, it did not recognize Accompong Town. In 1756, following a land dispute between Maroons from Accompong Town and neighbouring planters, the Assembly specifically granted Accompong Town an additional 1,000 acres of land.

The treaty also granted the Maroons a certain amount of political autonomy and economic freedoms, in return for their providing military support in case of invasion or rebellion. They also had to agree to return runaway slaves, for which they were paid a bounty of two dollars each. This last clause in the treaty caused tension between the Maroons and the enslaved black population. From time to time refugees from the plantations continued to find their way to maroon settlements and were sometimes allowed to stay. However, Accompong Maroons earned an income from hunting runaways on behalf of neighbouring planters.

After the treaty, Cudjoe ruled Trelawny Town, while his brother-in-arms, Accompong, ruled Accompong Town. In 1751, planter Thomas Thistlewood recorded meeting Accompong, whom he called 'Capt. Compoon'. The planter described the Maroon leader as "about my size, in a Ruffled Shirt, Blue Broad Cloth Coat, Scarlet Cuffs to his Sleeves, gold buttons...and Black Hatt, White linen Breeches puff’d at the knee, no stockings or shoes on".

In 1755, Zacharias Caries wrote in his diary that when he met Accompong, the Maroon leader wore "an embroidered waistcoat, gold lace around his hat, a silver chain about his neck to which was hung a silver medal wherein." Accompong also had "ear rings, and on each of his fingers...rings of silver," but that he still went barefoot.

Accompong tries to take over Trelawny Town
In the 1760s, the Maroons of Accompong Town played a significant role in suppressing rebellions inspired by Tacky's War in western Jamaica. Captain Quashee, reporting to superintendent John Kelly, and his Maroon warriors captured a number of rebel slaves.

Some historians believe that there were no official records of Accompong after the 1750s. However, there is evidence that Accompong tried to take over Trelawny Town in the mid-1760s.

The treaty of 1739 named Accompong as Cudjoe's successor. When Cudjoe died in 1764, Accompong tried to take control of Trelawny Town. The governor, Roger Hope Elletson, asserted authority over the Leeward Maroons. Elletson instructed Superintendent John James to take the Trelawny Town badge of authority away from Accompong, and to give it to a Trelawny Town Maroon officer named Lewis. James instructed Accompong that he had authority only over Accompong Town.

Accompong seems to have died in the decade that followed. After Cudjoe and Accompong died, control of the Leeward Maroon towns passed to white superintendents, who were appointed by the governor to supervise the Maroon towns. In 1773 it was reported that the white superintendent had appointed Maroon captains Crankey and Muncko as the officers reporting to him in Accompong Town.

Accompong Town after Accompong
Accompong Town's population grew from 85 in 1740 to 119 in 1770, to 159 in 1788.

When the Second Maroon War broke out in 1795, the Maroons of Trelawny Town took up arms against the British colonial authorities, but the Accompong Maroons under the nominal leadership of Maroon Captain John Foster swore allegiance to the British. The Maroons of Accompong Town fought on behalf of the British colonial authorities against Trelawny Town. During this period, the de facto leadership of Accompong Town was held by its white superintendent, Alexander Forbes, who ensured that the Accompong Maroons remained loyal to the British colonial administration.

Accompong Town suffered losses in the Second Maroon War. When Maroon Captain Chambers was sent to Trelawny Town to secure their surrender, Captain James Palmer of Trelawny Town shot him and cut off the Accompong captain's head. Militia colonel William Fitch, newly arrived in Jamaica, ignored the advice of his experienced Maroon trackers. He led his forces into a Trelawny Town ambush; their warriors killed Fitch, many members of the white militia, and a number of Accompong warriors.

During the course of the Second Maroon War, the Maroons of Accompong broke up a longstanding settlement of runaway slaves in the Cockpit Country called the Congo Settlement, which had been formed in the 1770s. Many of the survivors of this community went on to fight on the side of Trelawny Town in the Second Maroon War.

After the deportation of Trelawny Town
Accompong Town backed the winning side. After the Maroons of Trelawny Town were deported to Nova Scotia, the colonial authorities granted Accompong the sole rights to hunt runaway slaves. But the Accompong Maroons were unsuccessful in attempts to disperse or capture the runaway community of Cuffee. Soon the colonial authorities reinstated slave hunting rights to the Windward Maroons.

When Cuffee's group faded from the colonial records, other refugee slaves established a Maroon community in Cockpit Country in 1812. The community of Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come also resisted attempts by the Accompong Maroons and the colonial militias to disperse them in the 1820s.

In 1808, the population of Accompong Town was 238, but it almost doubled to 436 in 1841.

The Accompong Maroons played a significant role in helping the colonial militia of Sir Willoughby Cotton to put down the Christmas Rebellion of 1831–2, also known as the Baptist War, led by Samuel Sharpe.

Government
In 1739 the Maroon community was granted certain rights and autonomy by treaty with the British colonial authorities. In two settlements, they set up a traditional form of village government drawn from their Akan (Asante) culture, based on men popularly recognized as leaders. The executive is now called "Colonel-in-Chief", who leads the Maroon Council. These men share executive responsibilities for the community.

Late 20th century to present
Since Jamaica gained independence in 1962, it has recognised the political and cultural rights of Maroons. In the early 21st century, the government has acknowledged these rights in terms of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), including the "right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions." It also acknowledges the "right for self-government in matters relating to local affairs," as well as "ways and means for financing autonomous functions".

In 2009 Ferron Williams was elected as Colonel-in-Chief of Accompong. Williams was elected to a second six-year term in 2015. He appointed Timothy E. McPherson Jr. from Nanny Town, now Moore Town, to consolidate relations across the Maroon communities as part of a collective effort to protect the environment and promote climate change awareness.

In February 2021 Richard Currie was elected Colonel-in-Chief.

Culture
The inhabitants of Accompong share practices and traditions drawn from their Akan (Asante) ancestors of 200–300 years ago, and combined with Taino. These practices have evolved as the Maroons adapted to local conditions.

Accompong Town converted to Christianity during the Second Maroon War, before eventually embracing Presbyterianism. However, by the 1850s, the traditions of Revival and Pentecostalism grew out of the merging of West African religions with Christianity.

Descendants of the Maroons and friends celebrate annually on 6 January both the birthday of Cudjoe, leader in 1739, and the treaty that granted their autonomy. In 2007, attendees at the festival protested increased bauxite mining, in an effort to protect the environment of their region.

title: Accompong


text:
Mounted infantry

Mounted infantry were infantry who rode horses instead of marching. The original dragoons were essentially mounted infantry. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910-1911), "Mounted rifles are half cavalry, mounted infantry merely specially mobile infantry." Today, with motor vehicles having replaced horses for military transport, the motorized infantry are in some respects successors to mounted infantry.

Pre-gunpowder
The origins of mounted infantry go back to at least the beginnings of organised warfare. With the weight of ancient bronze armor, the opposing champions would travel to battle on chariots before dismounting to fight. With the evolution of hoplite warfare, some hoplites would travel to battle on horseback, before dismounting to take their place in the phalanx. The early pre-Marian Roman military had units consisting of infantrymen clinging to the saddles of the cavalry to take them to battle and then dismounting to fight. Gallic and Germanic warbands were reported to use double-riders, with a second warrior joining a horseman only for a short distance before dismounting to fight on foot. The Han dynasty also extensively used mounted infantry in their campaigns against the Xiongnu confederation. During many of the Han campaigns, the vast majority of the army rode on horseback; either as mounted cavalry or mounted infantry who fought dismounted. The Arabs, during their campaigns in the deserts of Mesopotamia and Syria against the Byzantines and Sassanids, used camels to enhance their mobility, marking a stark contrast to their enemies, especially in the desert environment. The Carolingians under Charlemagne also used horses as transport for the bulk of their army, and special care was taken to ensure the health, fodder, and availability of horses on-campaign. Other notable infantry to use horses to enhance their mobility include the Genoese crossbowmen, and Viking raiders who would gather all the horses they could find in the vicinity of their landings.

Dragoons
Dragoons originally were mounted infantry, who were trained in horse riding as well as infantry fighting skills. However, usage altered over time and during the 18th century, dragoons evolved into conventional light cavalry units and personnel. Dragoon regiments were established in most European armies during the late 17th century and early 18th century.

The name is possibly derived from a type of firearm (called a dragon) carried by dragoons of the French Army. There is no distinction between the words dragon and dragoon in French.

The title has been retained in modern times by a number of armoured or ceremonial mounted regiments.

19th century
With the invention of accurate and quick firing repeating pistols and rifles in the mid-19th century, cavalry started to become increasingly vulnerable. Many armies started to use troops which could either fight on horseback or on foot as circumstances dictated. Fighting on horseback with swords and lances would allow rapid movement without cover from enemy fire, whilst fighting on foot with pistols and rifles allowed them to make use of cover and to form defensive lines.

The first mounted infantry units were raised during the Mexican–American War (as the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen, but redesignated Third Cavalry Regiment in 1861), and others followed, for example in Australia in the 1880s. Terms such as "mounted rifles" or "Light Horse" were often used.

The French Foreign Legion used mule-mounted companies from the 1880s. Each mule was shared by two legionnaires, who took turns in riding it. This arrangement allowed faster and more prolonged marches that could cover 60 mi in one day.

In the Western Theater of the American Civil War, several infantry regiments were converted to mounted infantry and armed with repeating rifles. The Lightning Brigade at the Battle of Chickamauga was an example of these Union mounted infantry units.

In the British Army, infantry units in some parts of the British Empire had a mounted platoon for scouting and skirmishing. In addition, many locally raised units such as the Ceylon Mounted Rifles, Cape Mounted Rifles, Natal Carbineers, and Marshall's Horse fought as mounted infantry.

In the Second Boer War, the British copied the Boers and raised large forces of their own mounted infantry. Among various ad hoc formations, the Imperial Yeomanry was raised from volunteers in Britain between 1900 and 1901. Many of the contingents from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (e.g. the Australian Light Horse and the Canadian Mounted Rifles) were MI (mounted infantry), as well as locally raised irregulars like the Imperial Light Horse and South African Light Horse. As artillery was of limited use against scattered Boer guerrilla bands later in the war, the mounted personnel of Royal Artillery units were formed into Royal Artillery Mounted Rifles.

As part of the lessons learned from that war, British regular cavalry regiments were armed with the same rifle as the infantry and became well-trained in dismounted tactics. A version of the standard infantry rifle, the shorter-barreled LEC or "Lee-Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mark I" had been introduced in 1896.

20th century
Many European armies also used bicycle infantry in a similar way that mounted infantry used horses. However they were handicapped by the need for proper roads.

The Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade which took part in the cavalry charge in the Battle of Beersheba (1917) during World War I are labelled as mounted infantry brigade in popular media; however, they were in fact mounted rifles as were the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade which also took part in this battle. Mounted rifles regiments lack the mass of a mounted infantry battalions, as a light horse brigade could only muster as many rifles in the line as a single battalion. Consequently, their employment reflected this lack of mass, with the tactics seeking to harness greater mobility and fire to overcome opposition, rather than echeloned mass attacks.

Mounted infantry began to disappear with the shift from horses to motor vehicles in the 1920s and 1930s. Germany deployed a few horse-mounted infantry units on the Russian Front during the Second World War, and cyclist units on both fronts as well, and both Germany and Britain (which had used cyclist battalions in the First World War) experimented with motorcycle battalions. Germany also utilized organic horse and bicycle mounted troops within infantry formations throughout World War Two, although bicycle use increased as Germany retreated into its own territory. Japan deployed cyclists to great effect in its 1941 to 1942 campaign in Malaya and drive on Singapore during World War II. A horsed cavalry regiment of the Philippine Scouts assisted in the defense of the Philippines at the onset of World War II. The 10th Mountain Division of the U.S. Army also maintained a mounted reconnaissance troop throughout World War Two, which saw service in Italy and Austria during the war.

Countries with entrenched military traditions, such as Switzerland, retained horse-mounted troops well into the Cold War, while Sweden kept much of its infantry on bicycles during the snow-free months.

title: Mounted infantry


text: Category:German ornithologists

title: Category:German ornithologists


text:
Realization (climb)

Realization, also called Biographie, is a circa 35 m sport climbing route on a limestone cliff on the southern face of Céüse mountain, near Gap and Sigoyer, in France. After it was first climbed in 2001 by American climber Chris Sharma, it became the first rock climb in the world to have a consensus grade of. It is considered an historic and important route in rock climbing, and one of the most attempted climbs at its grade.

History

In 1989, French climber Jean-Christophe Lafaille bolted the entire circa 35 metre pitch, and named it Biographie (he was not able to climb it). Biographie remained a long-standing open project, and in 1996, French climber Arnaud Petit freed the lower half of the route, added an anchor at his high-point and graded it at. Petit estimated that the remaining unclimbed section was about but had a very difficult  boulder problem that he could not overcome. American climber Chris Sharma made over 30 attempts from 1996 to 2000 but could also not overcome the boulder move. In 2001, Sharma skipped the Bouldering World Cup in Gap, and after three days working on the route, on 18 July 2001, successfully free climbed the route, linking up Petit's first section to Lafaille's final bolt.

Sharma's first ascent was captured in Josh Lowell's 2002 climbing film, Dosage Volume 1. Witnessing his ascent was a 10-year old Charlotte Durif, who was out hiking with her father.

Sharma did not assign a grade to the climb. however he did name it Realization. The naming was a source of controversy as in France climbing routes are named by the person who first bolted the route, while in the U.S. (and the U.K.), they are named by the first person to successfully free climb the route. Sharma would later clarify: "I named the route Realization because the first part "Biographie" ended in the middle and I wanted to differentiate the two. Then there was some frustration from the French that I changed the name etc. So upon speaking with some French friends, I understood the history of the line and the tradition in France that the bolter names it, and I told them "that's fine with me to call it Biographie". ... I guess the whole thing was a bit confusing due to the middle anchor and not wanting to discredit the first pitch or have the name be exactly the same as the first part. For me personally, people can call it whatever they want. Naming things is just for fun. ... That piece of rock was there long, long, before us, so to get worked up about naming it is kinda ridiculous."

Though only aged 20, Sharma considered retiring after completing the ascent, but found new inspiration in extreme deep-water soloing routes in Mallorca. It took almost three years until the second ascent was made by French climber, Sylvain Millet, who also refused to grade it given his lack of experience of other equivalent reference climbs, however, he noted that the failure of other strong climbers to repeat the route (e.g. Patxi Usobiaga, and Dave Graham), implied that 9a+ was the likely grade.

On 24 September 2017, American climber Margo Hayes became the first female climber to climb the route. On 5 August 2020, German climber Alexander Megos created Bibliographie, a route, a few metres to the right of Realization/Biographie.

Route
The route starts with an immediate hard "four-move boulder problem", which partially broke in 2010, potentially rendering the lower section even more difficult (it has been compared to the notable bouldering problem, Necessarily Evil). Sustained 5.13 climbing after the initial bouldering problem leads to the main rest, a large right-facing flake. After this pause, a series of "super-resistant two and three-finger pocket moves", with cross-throughs, underclings, and high-steps lead to Arnaud Petit's old anchor (now since removed), which is almost halfway.

To the anchor, the route is considered, although some have suggested an upgrade to due to the initial bottom boulder breaking. There is a small rest at the old anchor, then sustained resistance climbing leads to a slightly better rest just below the finishing crux. This final crux is 12 moves, described as "a bunch of foot movement, and some very fickle pockets and crimps". Its difficulty is amplified by the amount of hard climbing undertaken to reach it. Above this crux is a small rest, and 5.11 climbing for 50 feet leads to the final anchor at around the circa 35-meter mark".

Legacy
Realization was the first route to carry a consensus grade, and Climbing called it a "technical revolution" in rock climbing. The quality and sustained difficulty of Realization means it is still considered an important rite-of-passage for the world's best rock climbers, whose repeat ascents of the "legendary" route, are covered by the climbing media.  Outside magazine called it "the benchmark for the grade", and it has become one of the most attempted and repeated routes at the grade at. In 2014, National Geographic called it, "one of the most famous sport-climbing routes in the world". PlanetMountain included Realization on its list of important climbs in the evolution of free climbing (1918–2013).

In 2012, when Adam Ondra attempted to flash the route (i.e. complete on the first attempt) he said: "It had always been my long-term crazy dream to flash this route". In 2014, when American climber Jonathan Siegrist made the eighth ascent of the route and told Outside magazine: "I can remember the first time that I saw the route — it is truly magnificent. I was shocked to see that such a bold and impressive, seemingly perfect line exists. Add to that, the historic significance of this climb, not to mention its unique and brilliant holds and movement — it really is a proud route". On repeating the route in 2014, German climber Alexander Megos said: "I wanted to climb this route because it is the world’s first 9a+ and definitely one of the most famous routes worldwide! But it’s not just the history behind the route, also the route itself is one of the best ones I ever climbed!". In 2016, remembering his own 2015 repeat of the route, Italian climber Stefano Ghisolfi called it, "..perhaps the most famous cutting-edge route in the world".

Subsequent first 9a+ contendors
Many years after the ascent of Realization, other earlier sport climbs have been revisited as potential first-ever 9a+ routes:

 * In 2008, Adam Ondra completed the second ascent of Alexander Huber's 1996 route Open Air (climb) at Austria's Schleierfall, and felt it was ; Huber freed it in 1996 and graded it as, but Ondra felt that Open Air was harder than "benchmark" climbs such as Weiss Rose, Action Directe, and even La Rambla, which are or .  Climbing author Andrew Bisharat noted in a 2016 essay on regrading, that "The other interesting point about Open Air that’s worth mentioning is that the route reportedly contains some rather flaky holds that have broken off over the years. So was the Open Air that Ondra climbed the exact same route that Alex Huber climbed? Maybe, but probably not."

 * In 2021, Will Bosi completed the second ascent of Steve McClure's 1998 route Mutation at Raven Tor crag in Millers Dale, in the Peak District in England, and felt it was ; McClure freed it in 1998 and graded it as . Bosi felt it was possibly even.

Ascents
Realization, or Biographie, has been ascended by:

 * 1st. Chris Sharma on July 18, 2001
 * 2nd. Sylvain Millet on May 24, 2004
 * 3rd. Patxi Usobiaga on July 29, 2004
 * 4th. Dave Graham on July 30, 2007
 * 5th. Ethan Pringle on September 2, 2007
 * 6th. Ramón Puigblanque on July 27, 2008
 * 7th. Enzo Oddo on August 15, 2010
 * 8th. Jonathan Siegrist on June 1, 2014
 * 9th. Alex Megos on July 11, 2014
 * 10th. Adam Ondra on July 22, 2014
 * 11th. Sachi Amma on August 7, 2014
 * 12th. Stefano Ghisolfi on June 22, 2015
 * 13th. Jon Cardwell on May 25, 2016
 * 14th. Sean Bailey on August 5, 2016
 * 15th. Margo Hayes on September 24, 2017
 * 16th. Piotr Schab on July 3, 2018
 * 17th. Stefano Carnati on September 22, 2018
 * 18th. Jorge Díaz-Rullo on July 13, 2019
 * 19th. Sébastien Bouin on June 13, 2020
 * 20th. Matty Hong on May 29, 2023.

First female free ascents (FFFA):

 * 1st. Margo Hayes on September 24, 2017

Filmography

 * Chris Sharma's FFA:
 * Jonathan Siegrist's 8th ascent:
 * Margo Hayes' FFFA:
 * Seb Bouin's 19th ascent:

title: Realization (climb)


text: Category:Ornithologists by nationality

title: Category:Ornithologists by nationality


text: Category:Climbing routes

title: Category:Climbing routes


text:
Category:Holy Roman Empire

 * The Holy Roman Empire (962−1806) — a Roman Catholic monarchy ruling a multi-ethnic complex of territories in

title: Category:Holy Roman Empire


text:
Talk:West Coast Region

"The Coast"
"To New Zealanders the term "The Coast" invariably refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and "Coasters" to those that live there"

~ really? i lived in Christchurch for 22 years & never heard anyone refer to it as "The Coast" or "Coasters". Maybe West Coasters refer to themselves like that, but not other New Zealanders.

--- Yeah I agree, I have lived in new zealand for 19 years and I have never once heard anyone from the west coast being referred to as a "coaster".

Kotare 22:15, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

--- I assure you people on the West Coast refer to themselves as "Coasters".

plqgnmv

--- I have added three links, two of them semi-official, which use the term "Coasters". I therefore removed the "citation needed" tag. Hope that is okay. Jenser 20:16, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Links are okay, but as 1 and 2 were basically identical, I removed one. But the reference is certainly given now.MadMaxDog 08:16, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Milford Sound
I removed Milford Sound as one of the West Coast's tourist attractions. Yes, it is on the West Coast of the South Island, but it is usually regarded as being in Southland, not in the region known as the West Coast. Grutness 11:12, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * anyway, the West Coast is described as being from Awarua Point north - Milford Sd's south of that.~

I've laos removed this, since I don't know that's it's of much relevance, but I'll leave it here in case anyone wants it back:
 * Hokitika is the birthplace of The Most Recent Order Of Good Bastard, a group of larrikins said to epitomise the true spirit of the positive West Coaster. A brew of beer is bottled for and named after them.  While the membership rules appear fairly lax, even unwritten, regular operation and private use of vehicles like a vintage army tank or large earthmoving machinery assists in reputation. (Source: TV 3 60 Minutes report (2002) and http://www.goodbastards.com/ )

In need of an "Economy" section I think. Probably worth looking for suitable templates from the entries for other regions. Snori 20:59, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

West Coast/Westland
I realise there is a specific district on the Coast known as Westland, but I and many other Kiwis I know often tend to refer to the entire West Coast (Buller, Grey, and Westland Districts) as simply Westland. I have books that employ this usage, and the Wikipedia article itself even uses it once in the History section: "Westland was only occasionally visited by early Europeans". I once made a note in the article's introduction stating the region is sometimes called Westland, but it has been edited out. I think it should be re-instated. Thoughts? - Axver 04:50, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If you can give some examples (pref from the net) then I'd be happy to see it back in - but under the "The Coast" section as long as it's clearly marked as erronneous/misleadling. ie it can be a valid example of usage, but still technically wrong - and as an encyclopedia we need to be carefull with stuff like this.
 * OK, I've just added this. --Snori 01:26, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Cheers. As far as sources go, one I can offer of "Westland" being used synonymously with "West Coast" is found in Railways of New Zealand: A Journey Through History by Churchman and Hurst, and it's pretty much the definitive book on the New Zealand railway network as a whole.  The chapter on the entire region is called "Westland" and it covers all the lines on the West Coast from the northern (Seddonville) to southern (Ross) extremities.  I don't have any Internet examples, sorry. - Axver 01:33, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * NB folks - just a reminder you will need to check the disambig pages for Westland and West Coast in the event of creating anything new! SatuSuro 04:44, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Commercial photos
I reverted the inclusion of this external link because the site appears to be commercial - the photos are for sale. Kahuroa (talk) 05:15, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Northland Region which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:59, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Ixfd64 (talk) 21:02, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

West Coast Region → West Coast, New Zealand – This is one of a series of ongoing discussions about the names of the regions of New Zealand. The common name of most of the NZ regions seems to be the name of the region without the word "Region". This was a recent discussion that applied to this article, where it was argued by some that "West Coast (region)" is inappropriately ambiguous. Given Naming_conventions_(geographic_names) and WP:NATURAL, I believe that the proposed name is probably the best in this case. This was the name of the article until 2009, when the article was moved to its current form as part of an effort to standardise the names of the regions, an effort which I think was not a good idea given the different issues surrounding the region names. Good Ol’factory (talk) 22:28, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support - more precise, natural, recognizable-- 3/5 ain't bad. Red Slash 23:52, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support - as above Ollieinc  ( talk ) 05:43, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support - I agree, it's a no brainer. AnimatedZebra (talk) 17:19, 12 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, per the nominator. ╠╣uw [ talk ]  09:57, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support Ceteris paribus, consistency is great, but it shouldn't be foisted upon titles for its own sake. walk  victor falktalk 16:30, 15 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Otago which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:47, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Otago which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:06, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Coast Region


text:
Green Ecologist Party (Chile)

The Green Ecologist Party (Partido Ecologista Verde, PEV) was a Chilean political party and one of South America's members of the global green movement.

History
It is the first Chilean ecologist political party legalized after the disappearance of The Greens (1987–2001) and Environmentalist Movement (1993–1994), the first officially affiliated with the Global Greens.

It participated in the municipal elections of 2008 in an alliance («For a clean Chile») with the Independent Regionalist Party (PRI) and ChileFirst (CH1) movement. It managed to choose 1 councilor as an independent in the municipality of San Pedro de La Paz. In the parliamentary elections the following year it formed the New Majority for Chile pact with the Humanist Party and supported the presidential candidacy of Marco Enríquez-Ominami. In the municipal elections of 2012 it joined Change for You in conjunction with the Progressive Party.

For the presidential election of 2013, and after carrying out a process of internal primary among its members, proclaimed as presidential candidate to the economist Alfredo Sfeir, who obtained 2.35% of the vote. In parliamentary and regional councilors elections that same year participated in coalition with the Equality Party by New Constitution for Chile pact. No deputies or senators won, but won the election of Felix Gonzalez as regional councilor of the Province of Concepción.

Before the elections of 2013, the community was legalized by the name of Green Ecologist Party of North in three regions of northern Chile. Both the Green Ecologist Party North as the Green Party itself did not reach 5% of the votes, and for that reason they were dissolved by the Electoral Service. Given this, both parties decided to merge, in a process that was completed on April 15, 2014.

The party joined the Broad Front coalition for the 2017 elections, achieving its first seat in congress with its leader, Félix González as its candidate for Concepción. Its presence in the coalition lasted until 2019, when it suspended and subsequently terminated its membership over part of the groups decision of participating of an accord with the government during widespread protests.

The February 7, 2022, SERVEL announced the dissolution of several parties that did not meet the 5% minimum vote threshold at the last election to maintain registration, including the Partido Ecologista Verde. Its members in the Chamber of Deputies thereafter sat as independents.

Presidential candidates
The following is a list of the presidential candidates supported by the Green Ecologist Party. (Information gathered from the Archive of Chilean Elections).
 * 2009: Marco Enríquez-Ominami (lost)
 * 2013: Alfredo Sfeir (lost)
 * 2017: Beatriz Sánchez (lost)
 * 2021: Gabriel Boric (won)

title: Green Ecologist Party (Chile)


text:
Talk:Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders

Untitled
There is something wrong or unclear: I assume that count of Ghent and count of Flanders could be the same. But I don't understand when he is made count - before or after the marriage. --Nk 11:14, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC
 * 1) Baldwin is created first count of Flanders in 862
 * 2) he eloped with Judith in 863
 * 3) he is made count of Ghent after the recognition of the marriage by king Charles

Also, Raoul is listed as being born about 10 years after Baldwin's death - Not sure how that can be accurate?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.251.250.210 (talk) 19:03, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

Guinidilda is not a daughther of Baldwin
Except from "Gestis Comitum Barcinonensium" therare not any more evidence that Guinidilda d¨Ampuries was daughther of Baldwin There are more evidences, that Guinidilda was a local woman (Septimania) probably daughther of one Borrell  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.36.137.5 (talk) 09:03, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

Enguerrand
Baldwin I "was the son of Odoacer. Odoacer was the son of Enguerrand delle Fiandre. Enguerrand delle Fiandre was the daughter of Liederik." Enguerrand is a male French name, so could impossibly have been someone's daughter. And why mention Enguerrand's name in Italian? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.118.147.64 (talk) 12:31, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders