text:
Talk:Catahoula Leopard Dog

Lede Image
The main photo sucks it looks like a retarded catahoula  change it to one that as t least make them look cool I have added a comment at the top of the source for the article asking editors not to change the lede photo without prior discussion. This courtesy should be followed for all photo changes but is especially important for the lede. Changes to the lede photo should be discussed and the consensus followed. The lede photo is especially important since it is what people see when they first visit to the page. It should be representative of the breed and of high quality and should not be changed for reasons of vanity. It also must comply with the image policy as must all images on any page in our encyclopedia. Thanks, Dave (djkernen)|Talk to me|Please help! 19:53, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

As discussed in the Photos Returned section, I am replacing the lede image of this article with an image that is better representative of the subject (i.e. the photo will show a Blue Merle Catahoula, which is the coat type most commonly associated with the breed), higher resolution, well-focused and lit, and which depicts the subject on a stark, white background that better focuses attention on the subject (the dog). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Phattums (talk • contribs) 14:57, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

I think there needs to be a new main photo. The current photo does not show the build of the breed (a photo of a catahoula standing would be better), it needs to show the tail which is an important signature to the breed. Also, the dog in the current photo is not holding its ears correctly. Most catahoulas (breed standard) have drop ears. So I think the main photo should show that as well. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sasquatchcatahoula (talk • contribs) 21:06, 4 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi Sasquatchcatahoula. If you have a photo that you think it better then please put it out on wikimedia commons and post a link here so we can check it out. The current lede image shows a beautiful animal but that is not really a requirement for a lede photo--although it helps! The current photo is not mine and I do not have an ownership interest in it or this page, but other editors on this page in the past have tried to place photos in the article with the editor's name in a watermark on the photo. This is not permitted by wikipedia policy. Also, we absolutely cannot use a copyrighted photo without the copyright owner's permission, which for all practical purposes means we need the photo to be in the public domain. I would suggest you post the photo here and see what shakes out of the discussion. If there is no discussion then be bold and make your change. Cheers,  Dusty |💬|You can help! 18:29, 5 April 2013 (UTC)
 * It’s important to note that naturally bob-tailed Catahoulas are not uncommon, and can be registered, as it’s naturally-occurring. It will, however, be seen as a fault in the show ring. 104.244.117.191 (talk) 09:37, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

Ok, great! We have 8 catahoulas right now. All different colors. Do you want to lede image to be a blue leopard? And I agree the dog shown is beautiful. Its just hard for people to see what a houla really looks like if its not standing. But we have a yellow leopard, blue leopards, red leopards, grey leopards and a black solid as well as a cur brown solid. Just let me know what you would be interested in and I can take new photos this weekend.
 * Hi, Sasquatchcatahoula. Please sign your updates to talk pages with four tildas at the end of the post, like this:

Catahoulas...blah blah blah...catahoulas! ~
 * This will cause your signature and a timestamp to be appended and will prevent your own talk page from getting spammed by the robot that autosigns (eventually) if you forget. With regards to the photo, I would defer to the judgement of other editors on this page who have expertise in the area (my expertise is more around wiki policy and not Catahoulas, which in fact I can just barely spell). One of the other editors mentioned that blue catahoulas were the most common so if that's true then I vote for a blue. I am hoping there are other editors watching this page though because I feel more comfortable with a group consensus. Thanks, Dusty |💬|You can help! 20:26, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Sasquatchcatahoula, whatever good quality shots you can get of your dogs, and are yours to release with a free use licence, we'll be happy to have them at Commons:Category:Catahoula Leopard Dog. (As a colouration genetics nerd, I'd be especially happy to see all the colours you mentioned :P) The current lead image is the nicest I could find at the time (this one would have been a great lead, but it's just so unusably tiny]]), but as soon as a good conformational shot appears, it should become the new lead. --Pitke (talk) 08:30, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Here is a photo of one of our blue leopards. Here is one of our grey leopard puppy. I actually own & operate a catahoula keenel (Sasquatch Catahoulas) so I consider myself an expert as well. But I always say; you keep learning every day because nobody knows everything. But I know Don Abney as well as other catahoula experts who I learn from like Mrs. Sherry Brando who has been breeding catahoulas for over 25yrs and she has famous dogs, so... if you ever need to know something about the breed I would go to them. They know pretty much everything you need to know about the breed. Thank you guys so much for being so nice & helpful to me and if I can help in any way please let me know. And sorry I could not take more pictures, I will try again next weekend. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sasquatchcatahoula (talk • contribs) 00:24, 8 April 2013 (UTC) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:ListFiles/Sasquatchcatahoula Here are pics of all the colors — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sasquatchcatahoula (talk • contribs) 23:18, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

So is it ok for me to change the lede Image? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sasquatchcatahoula (talk • contribs) 17:47, 29 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. But don't use the puppy in the lede (even though it's undeniably a cute pic.) Dusty |💬|You can help! 21:06, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

Hi everyone. I snapped a photo of my buddy's Catahoula last month that I think would work much better as the lede photo. Very high quality image showing a blue merle coated Catahoula in a very nice profile position, which shows the physique of the breed as well as the so-called "question mark tail" that is also typical of the breed. Please let me know what you think and feel free to swap this image in if you agree. (the one in front of all the ferns) CharlesFuchs1 (talk) 18:02, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

I think a more illustrative image is necessary, an image that represents a better example of the breed. A quick look at the official breed standard by the United Kennel Club can help us (Louisiana Catahoula Leopard Dog Official Standard by the United Kennel Club). I recommend one of these images just below: Adventurous36 (talk) 00:29, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

Adventurous36 (talk) 22:24, 8 June 2019 (UTC)
 * User has suggested using one of his copies of another editor's upload three times now, most recently here. I'll point he other discussions here since this seems to be the  best locations for the discussion.. 03:14, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Why are you uploading your own copies of other editors' images? If we use one of these images we would just use the originals. Meters (talk) 02:54, 9 June 2019 (UTC) moved from Talk:Louisiana Catahoula Leopard dog
 * And what's your justification for stating that your image is more representative image? And please don't keep posting the same material in multiple places.on the talk page. Meters (talk) 03:05, 9 June 2019 (UTC) moved from Talk:Louisiana Catahoula Leopard dog

 * Meters, I think this sort of thing is done all the time where the original photographer (Ricsike68)'s work is more closely cropped by other users ( Adventurous36) before use on an article.

 * That said, I think Adventurous could be faulted for failing to explictly mention the username Ricsike68 as well as the author's disclosed real name. It might have been better if Adventurous used the "upload a new version of this file" apparatus rather than upload a different file.

 * Also as per WP:MOSIMAGE, the dog should be posed facing towards your left if it is intended for a lead image. (Cf. [Lead image) --[[User:Kiyoweap|Kiyoweap] (talk) 22:18, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Discussion
As I stated on Talk:Catahoula bulldog, this dog type is a mixed breed with no reliable way to verify parentage or ancestry. Without the ability to verify parentage, there is no way to know an animal's genetic predisposition, temperament, or inheritable physical characteristics. The only significant breed that is noticeable in this cross is the Catahoula Leopard dog which is dependent on coloring and the occasional bulldog characteristics that may or may not show. Sight id is undependable as proven by DNA tests and the widespread misidentifying of dogs that have led to wrongful euthanizing. In this particular crossbreed, the percentage of American Bulldog remains undetermined short of DNA testing; therefore, this particular cross fails notability as a standalone article. It is yet to be determined with regards to how much we should actually merge into this article, if anything. One of the many questionable internet sources (which appear to be the only sources available) about the Catahoula bulldog states: With any mixed-breed, a dog can be a different percentage of each breed; therefore all of the characteristics of both breeds must be taken into consideration. You never know which natural traits a dog will or will not be born with. Atsme Talk 📧 16:10, 22 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Strong support. Given the lack of RS that is the logical solution. Cavalryman (talk) 21:02, 22 October 2019 (UTC).
 * Support as op. Atsme Talk 📧 20:26, 24 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Support  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 21:46, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Even major breeds with 100+ years of history have various sub-breeds or divisions, and we do not treat them in independent articles, with only rare exceptions (usually because of one or more kennel clubs "forking" them into their own breed). Frankly, any time I see a stub (or a repetitive near-copy-paste of a more general article) for some little-known breed variant, when I go looking I find that it's usually been created for promotional purposes by someone with a fiduciary interest.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  22:48, 27 October 2019 (UTC)
 * What's this? The Mac is back! The self-imposed exile has concluded. It has now been two weeks Atsme - it is time to put it out of its misery.  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 23:21, 7 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm back, and you already want to put me out of my misery. Ah-ooooo...  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:15, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support This is nowhere near what is required to have an article. In fact, I don't even think there is much in Catahoula bulldog that needs merging. A simple redirect would probably suffice. A completely unsourced article that starts off "The Catahoula bulldog is believed to be a crossbreed created by crossing the Louisiana Catahoula Leopard Dog and the American Bulldog..." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Meters (talk • contribs) 23:56, November 7, 2019 (UTC)
 * Yep. This is backyard-breeder mongrel/cross stuff at best. While we can have articles like labradoodle when a cross is sufficiently well-established and popular and verging on standardized (even being bred to itself, and thus on the way to becoming a breed) because of significant coverage in multiple, independent, reliable sources (WP:GNG), this just isn't it. We have allegations that some people have made such a cross, but so what? It's neither reliable or nor notable.  It's not even interesting.  Unless you try something with utterly incompatible body structure (like perhaps Great Dane × Chihuahua) any dog crossbreed is liable to be viable, and the majority of dogs running around in the world are in fact mixed mutts.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  00:15, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree with, a simple redirect would suffice, there is nothing reliably sourced at Catahoula bulldog and so nothing should be merged here. Cavalryman (talk) 08:58, 8 November 2019 (UTC).

Requested move 8 November 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 14:02, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Louisiana Catahoula Leopard dog → Catahoula Leopard Dog – WP:COMMONNAME, WP:CONCISE. Detailed rationale below. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  03:14, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

The previous RM had little input, and we now have more information in the article. Usage of "Catahoula Leopard Dog" dwarfs the longer name by more than a 4:1 ratio in a Web-wide search and a staggering 65:1 ratio (!) when constrained to Google News search: and, versus  and. There is no question whether the shorter name is more common. Next, we have two competing registries using slightly different names for this dog breed. The dominant one is American Kennel Club, pretty much the only such organization in the US most people have ever even heard of. The other organization, United Kennel Club, is comparatively minor. AKC has a much stronger reputation both in dog circles and in the general public (i.e., is a more reliable source). Third, while I might have once supported lower-casing "dog", we had an RfC at VPPOL, between these RMs, which concluded to capitalize [all parts of] the formal names of standardized animal breeds. Now that we have multiple breed standards cited, we see that both of them include and capitalize "Dog" as part of this breed's name in their published standards (because "Leopard" is intolerably ambiguous without it; cf. American Quarter Horse which is not a coin, and Norwegian Forest Cat which is not a woodland :-). While the lower-casing instinct was a reasonable one under MOS:CAPS and WP:NCCAPS without better evidence for a capital D, we now have good evidence for a capital D. Fourth, it's been my experience that when people try to a simple breed name into an unnecessarily long and cluttered one, it's because they're trying for a "new breed" article that they don't want to see merged or deleted; i.e., by making "Catahoula Leopard Dog" into "Louisiana Catahoula Leopard Dog", it opens the door to more WP:NFT stuff [see merge thread above], like an alleged "Texas Catahoula Leopard Dog", or whatever. In closing, the fact that the junior registry went with a long name to please a politician (our article says) is no reason for Wikipedia to do so (WP:OFFICIALNAME). — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  03:14, 8 November 2019 (UTC) pinging the only two participants in the original RM. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  03:17, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Sounds good to me. Meters (talk) 03:21, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 03:36, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Cavalryman (talk) 04:19, 8 November 2019 (UTC).
 * Support as I don't understand the whole set of arguments but SMcCandlish generally does his homework thoroughly. Dicklyon (talk) 06:23, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * If an election is held to select the President of Wikipedia, he has my vote!  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 20:32, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. I had one.  Personally, I think the most common name when talking with other dog owners was "what's that?"   78.26  (spin me / revolutions) 21:17, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Ha ha! I got that a lot with both my Cymric cat and Bengal cat. Or, "Is that a lynx? And how'd you get an ocelot?"  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:53, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

"mistakenly referred to as a cur"
Hello! I'm a little unclear on why the article says that this breed is "mistakenly referred to as a cur." As an American working dog originating from a landrace of hunting and herding dogs, and based on it's general appearance, it meets the common definition of a cur, and is actually listed in the Cur article as an example of a cur. I understand that "cur" is not part it's UKC/AKC designation, but the breed predates recognition by those organizations, several breeds are considered cur dogs even if that is not part of their listed name among kennel clubs. Additionally, if we do want to conform to kennel club usage the AKC does list "catahoula cur" as another name for the breed: https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/catahoula-leopard-dog/

Thanks

14:09, 10 May 2020 (UTC)Bracewell94 (talk)

also worth noting that many articles about dogs breeds, species of animal, etc mention other names besides the one chosen as the title for the article. The way it's phrased in this article appears to be editorializing and a violation of WP:NPOV. Would be more appropriate to simply state what the breed is called and by whom.

Thanks-- Michael

Bracewell94 (talk) 16:44, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Just made a different attempt at revising this that I think complies with the comment left on the last reversion, if anyone feels that this one also needs to be reversed I would appreciate the learning opportunity of having them explain!

Bracewell94 (talk) 12:03, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Hello, in order to be included as another name, "cur" would need to be in wide usage in multiple reliable sources. We do not have that at this time, we have one instance on a breed website.
 * Additionally, I have reduced the Lineage section. The fantasies portrayed by breed clubs about the possible origins of dogs does not warrant reflecting in an online encyclopedia unless WP:RELIABLE, WP:SECONDARY sources support it based on evidence, not claim.  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 23:16, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * PS: That should not deter you from seeking use of the word "cur" for this dog in WP:RELIABLE, WP:SECONDARY sources, perhaps in a couple of books on dogs where the authors state that another name is cur - that is how this encyclopedia is built. (Just avoid the mass produced "Training your X" books where the author just changes the name of the dog for marketing purposes and it is the same book under different breed names.) Happy hunting!  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 21:58, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catahoula Leopard Dog


text:
Talk:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

Ancestry
He is reported saying: "The purpose of my life is the destruction of Serbia". If confirmed, please place this unusual "purpose of life" in the article.

No wonder he felt so strongly against Serbs, being a descendant of so many Serbs himself, see ancestry of royals of Bulgaria Maed 20:41, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Jewish?
In ""Raemaekers Cartoons" (1916), the Dutch cartoonist has a selection of his war cartoons with comments added by contemporary writers. The 'Ferdinand the Chameleon' cartoon has an essay by G.K. Chesterton attached. While attacking Ferdinand for changing his religion all the time, as the political winds blow, Chesterton says "he is in great part a Jew, and an advanced type of that mauvais juif who is the principle obstacle to all the attempts of the more rational and honest Jews to erect a rational status for their people."

Where does this idea come from? If true there should be some mention in the article; if false, it would be worth noting whether the idea was widespread at the time. Also, the article does not have much about the religious shifts mentioned; some more research would be useful. 86.128.125.209 (talk) 16:49, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

The idea was about. See here:

The Evening Telegram, February 25 1897 https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=35&dat=18970225&id=3QFMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7zoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4414,6138839&hl=en

‘Kohary’, in this account, is a Hungarian version of the (rather distinguished) Jewish name of ‘ Cohen’. 88.84.2.117 (talk) 12:37, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Also referenced here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Koh%C3%A1ry
 * There doesn't seem the faintest possibility that the Hungarian House of Kohary was linked in any way to the Priestly House of Cohen, and bearing in mind the low repute of British journalism back then [ 1890s ] and now, and Chesterton's unholy fervour against the Central Powers, it seems likely he conflated his antisemitism with his anti-German hatred in a way typical of War essayists of the period. Seen also in Belloc and Nesta Webster, both mighty haters of the Hohenzollerns and sinister aliens. Claverhouse (talk) 00:16, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

Claimed bisexuality
The claim that he is bisexual is given a lot of weight in the Personal life section. As it's sourced to a book called "Foxy Ferdinand", I'm a little suspicious, and I think it falls foul of WP:UNDUE whatever. Thoughts?

 * Is there any proof of the claim? Without video and/or photographic proof, the claim should be taken out. Mwahcysl (talk) 10:28, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

 * It's perfectly well-referenced, and an anonymous Wikipedian's discomfort with the book's title has no relevance. Please at least have the intellectual honesty to look at a source before passing judgement on it! - Nunh-huh 12:47, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

 * But, the question is whether or not there is any proof. Without ironclad proof, it doesn't matter what one source claims. That source may be tainted. Mwahcysl (talk) 10:20, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

 * But, the only way to judge a source is to actually look at it, which you haven't. You could also look at other sources and see if they conflict. But as it is, without looking at the source, and without any conflicting information from any other source, you seem to have no basis whatsoever for your doubts. - Nunh-huh 13:53, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I think I was the person who initially added the information about Ferdinand's bisexuality. The book, IIRC, was called "Foxy Ferdinand" as that was Ferdinand's nickname in royal circles around Europe (it's been some years since I read it so the memory is rusty). However, claims of his bisexuality are also made in other books about him I have read. If people are concerned about the title "Foxy Ferdinand", we can use one of the other sources listed as the reference. --Roisterer (talk) 23:42, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Foxy Ferdinand certainly qualifies as a WP:RS. Even so, since a bisexual king apparently leaves some people incredulous, adding additional references couldn't be a bad thing. - Nunh-huh 07:59, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Just idly wondering why his nickname "Foxy Ferdinand" wasn't mentioned in the article when I chanced on this discussion. We'd need a source of course.Paulturtle (talk) 03:35, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Referencing Conversion
Per WP policy, I have converted ibid referencing to short referencing. There is one reference to the securing of access to the Aegean Sea (in the Balkan Wars section) that was ambiguous (was the ibid refering to the previous reference in the text (Louda, 1981, p 297) or the previous reference in the reference list (Aronson, 1986, p 87)?) I have made an assumption that it was referring to the previous reference in the text, but have left an editors note as it should be double checked against the original texts. I don't have access to these and was thus unable to do the check myself. Once the check has been done, the editor's note can be removed. Cheers AusTerrapin (talk) 02:32, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Still in the crypt?
The final sentances - "His final wish was to be buried in Bulgaria, and for this reason his coffin was temporarily placed in the crypt of St. Augustin's Roman Catholic Church in Coburg, next to his mother's and father's coffins. It could still be found there today.", are very ambiguous. Does it mean that his body is in Bulgaria, but the coffin is in Coburg? Or does it mean that we have to hunt for the coffin, so that we find it? Does the 'could' mean that maybe it could be found somewhere else, but no one knows? I would edit this myself, but I don't know - Is he still in Coburg? Yes or no? Does anyone know? If he is still there I think it would be better to say that the coffin was placed in the crypt awaiting repatriation to Bulgaria, but is still there. Kiltpin (talk) 09:47, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Edits
I have made a little change to the description of the Nine Sovereigns photo. Maymichael2 (talk) 17:08, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

Honours
I question the veracity of his receiving the Albanian Order of Fidelity, because it was instituted in 1926 when Ferdinand ceased to be Bulgaria's sovereign and it was limited to a small number of Albanian recipients at any one time without being awardable to foreigners. On the list in this page the award is both undated and uncited.Cloptonson (talk) 19:54, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Wife
Why his is third wife not listed in the box on the right side of the article page with the first two wives? 2600:1700:BC01:9B0:544F:E012:2320:EFE4 (talk) 20:12, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria


text:
Vmlinux

  is a statically linked executable file that contains the Linux kernel in one of the object file formats supported by Linux, which includes Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) and Common Object File Format (COFF). The  file might be required for kernel debugging, symbol table generation or other operations, but must be made bootable before being used as an operating system kernel by adding a multiboot header, bootsector and setup routines.

Etymology
Traditionally, UNIX platforms called the kernel image. With the development of virtual memory, kernels that supported this feature were given the - prefix to differentiate them. The name  is a mutation of vmunix, while in   the letter   at the end denotes that it is compressed (for example gzipped).

Location
Traditionally, the kernel was located in the root directory of the filesystem hierarchy; however, as the bootloader must use BIOS drivers to access the hard disk, limitations on some i386 systems meant only the first 1024 cylinders of the hard disk were addressable.

To overcome this, Linux distributors encouraged users to create a partition at the beginning of their drives specifically for storing bootloader and kernel-related files. GRUB, LILO and SYSLINUX are common bootloaders.

By convention, this partition is mounted on the filesystem hierarchy as. This was later standardised by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which now requires the Linux kernel image to be located in either  or , although there is no technical restriction enforcing this.

Compression
Traditionally, when creating a bootable kernel image, the kernel is also compressed using gzip, or, since Linux 2.6.30, using LZMA or bzip2, which requires a very small decompression stub to be included in the resulting image. The stub decompresses the kernel code, on some systems printing dots to the console to indicate progress, and then continues the boot process. Support for LZO, xz, LZ4 and zstd compression was added later.

The decompression routine is a negligible factor in boot time, and prior to the development of the bzImage, the size constraints of some architectures, notably i386, were extremely limiting, making compression a necessity.

On the SPARC architecture, the vmlinux file is compressed using simple gzip, because the SILO boot loader transparently decompresses gzipped images.

The filename of the bootable image is not important, but many popular distributions use vmlinuz.

bzImage

As the Linux kernel matured, the size of the kernels generated by users grew beyond the limits imposed by some architectures, where the space available to store the compressed kernel code is limited. The bzImage (big zImage) format was developed to overcome this limitation by splitting the kernel over non-contiguous memory regions.

The bzImage was compressed using gzip until Linux 2.6.30, which introduced more algorithms. Although the  prefix may suggest that bzip2 compression is used, this is not the case. (The bzip2 package is often distributed with tools prefixed with, such as  ,  , etc.)

The bzImage file is in a specific format. It contains concatenated  +   +   +. contains the gzipped vmlinux file in its data section. The script  found under   in the kernel sources decompresses a kernel image. Some distributions (e.g. Red Hat and clones) may come with a  RPM that contains the   file for the matching kernel RPM, and it typically gets installed under   or.

title: Vmlinux


text:
Wyk (disambiguation)

Wyk is a village in Poland.

Wyk, or WYK or Van Wyk may also refer to:

 * West Yorkshire, a county in England, Chapman code
 * Wyk auf Föhr, a town on the German island of Föhr, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Wah Yan College, Kowloon, a Catholic boys-only secondary school in Hong Kong
 * van Wyk, a South African surname
 * Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome, in girls

title: Wyk (disambiguation)


text:
Mitsuko Baisho

Mitsuko Baisho (倍賞 美津子) is a Japanese actress whose most internationally known work has been for director Shohei Imamura, from 1979 up to the director's final film in 2010. Baisho has also appeared in films directed by Akira Kurosawa. She won awards for best actress at the 10th Hochi Film Award for Love Letter and Ikiteru Uchi ga Hana nano yo Shindara Sore made yo to Sengen. She also won the award for best supporting actress at the 8th Hochi Film Award for The Geisha and at the 22nd Hochi Film Award for Tokyo Lullaby.

Private life
Her sister is actress-singer Chieko Baisho.

She was married to professional wrestler Antonio Inoki from 1971 to 1987, and together they had a daughter, Hiroko.

Films

 * Hitokiri (1969)
 * Duel at Fort Ezo (1970)
 * Sword of Fury (1973)
 * The Life of Chikuzan (1977)
 * Bandits vs. Samurai Squadron (1978)
 * Vengeance Is Mine (1979)
 * Kagemusha (1980)
 * Eijanaika (1981)
 * Flames of Blood (1981)
 * P.P. Rider (1983)
 * The Ballad of Narayama (1983)
 * The Geisha (1983)
 * Okinawan Boys (1983)
 * The Crazy Family (1984)
 * Love Letter (1985)
 * Cabaret (1986)
 * Women Who Do Not Divorce (1986)
 * Aitsu ni Koishite (1987)
 * Sure-Fire Death 4: We Will Avenge You (1987)
 * Zegen (1987)
 * My Phoenix (1989)
 * Dreams (1990)
 * Last Song (1994)
 * A Last Note (1995)
 * The Eel (1997)
 * Tokyo Lullaby (1997)
 * Toki o Kakeru Shōjo (1997)
 * Solitude Point, aka Yukie (1997)
 * Love Letter (1998)
 * Second Chance (episode 3) (1999)
 * By Player (2000)
 * Turn (2001)
 * Warm Water Under a Red Bridge (2001)
 * 11'09"01 September 11 (2002)
 * Out (2002)
 * Pecoross' Mother and Her Days (2013)
 * Der grosse Sommer (2016)
 * Sing My Life (2016)
 * Threads: Our Tapestry of Love (2020), Setsuko Murata
 * In the Wake (2021)
 * Offbeat Cops (2022)
 * 52-Hertz Whales (2024), Sachie Muranaka

Television

 * Zatoichi: The Blind Swordsman, Season 4, Episode 6 (1979), Oyone
 * Tantei Monogatari (1979-1980), lawyer Masako Aiki
 * Ryōmaden (2010), Iwasaki Miwa
 * Anone (2018), Masako Tamegai
 * Black Pean (2018), Harue Tokai
 * Gannibal (2022), Gin Gotō

title: Mitsuko Baisho


text:
Martin Shaw

Martin Shaw (born 21 January 1945) is an English stage, television, and film actor. He came to national recognition in the role of Ray Doyle in ITV crime-action television drama series The Professionals (1977–1983). Further notable television parts include the title roles in The Chief (1993–1995), Judge John Deed (2001–2007) and Inspector George Gently (2007–2017). He has also acted on stage and in film, and has narrated numerous audiobooks and presented various television series.

Early life
Shaw was born in Birmingham. His childhood was spent in Alleyne Grove in Erdington and Sutton Coldfield. Shaw attended Great Barr School, where he excelled in English literature and drama lessons. At sixteen, he was offered a scholarship to a Birmingham drama school but declined.

In his youth, Shaw was involved in a drunken brawl with a friend, suffering broken teeth, injuries to his face and a fractured skull, and needed cheekbone surgery.

At age eighteen, Shaw moved to London to study acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). He served his apprenticeship in repertory as an assistant stage manager at the Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch and the Bristol Old Vic.

Stage
Shaw took key roles in the first revival of Look Back in Anger (Royal Court/Criterion, 1968); in the National Theatre's Saturday, Sunday, Monday opposite Laurence Olivier (1973); and in A Streetcar Named Desire presented by the Piccadilly Theatre in 1974. He later acknowledged the role of Stanley Kowalski in 'Streetcar' as a point of breakthrough in his career.

In 1985, Shaw played Elvis Presley in Alan Bleasdale's Are You Lonesome Tonight?. It told the story of Presley's last few hours. After a long run in London, the production visited Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia.

Shaw's portrayal of Lord Goring in An Ideal Husband on Broadway earned him a Tony Award nomination and a Drama Desk award.

After filming finished on the TV series Judge John Deed, Shaw took the role of Thomas More in Robert Bolt's play A Man for All Seasons. Shaw's daughter, Sophie, played opposite him as More's daughter, Margaret. The production toured Britain's cities before a run in London at the Theatre Royal Haymarket.

In 2013, in a new production of the classic play Twelve Angry Men at the Garrick Theatre London, Shaw played the part of the dissenting juror (identified as juror number 8).

In 2016 Shaw toured and returned to the West End again with a production of Hobson's Choice at the Vaudeville. After completing filming the final episode of George Gently, Shaw again toured in 2017 with the U.K. premiere of Gore Vidal's 1960 political piece: The Best Man. Shaw played the part of William Russell, former US Secretary of State.

Television
Shaw began television work in 1967. Parts in one-off plays for Granada Television led to his playing hippy student Robert Croft, Lucile Hewitt's boyfriend, in Coronation Street. Another early role was booze and football-loving Welsh medical student Huw Evans in the television comedy series Doctor in the House. He later guest-starred, playing the same role, in the follow-up series Doctor at Large, now a nervous expectant father in the episode "Mother and Father Doing Well". The actor had been introduced to international audiences via his portrayal of Horatio in the 1970 Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation of Hamlet, starring Richard Chamberlain.

Shaw appeared with future co-star Lewis Collins in an episode of The New Avengers. Both played the roles of terrorists. Shaw portrayed Ray Doyle ("Agent 4–5") in the British television series The Professionals (1977–1983), opposite Collins. Shaw played another law-enforcement role in the 1990s ITV production The Chief.

In 1983, Shaw played Robert Falcon Scott in The Last Place on Earth. The series was filmed at Frobisher Bay near the city of Iqaluit on Baffin Island, Canada. In interview at the time, Shaw commented that he generally responded well to the testing physical conditions, particularly when they enhanced the reality of the scene. In the same year he played Sir Henry Baskerville in The Hound of the Baskervilles, an adaptation of the novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He acted opposite Ian Richardson's Sherlock Holmes and Donald Churchill's Dr. Watson.

He played Cecil Rhodes in Rhodes, an eight-part serial that aired in 1996 and was filmed on location in South Africa. Shaw's younger son, Joe, took early leave of his drama school course to play the part of the youthful Rhodes.

Another television acting credit includes the role of Dr Robert Kingston in Always and Everyone (1999–2002), a British accident and emergency medical series, played alongside Niamh Cusack.

In 2001, he took the title role in the BBC drama Judge John Deed. The character gave an editorial voice to the television writer and producer G.F. Newman's ideas about lifestyle choices such as vegetarianism and alternative medicine as well as issues of social justice. One episode about the safety of the MMR vaccine was banned.

Between seasons of Judge John Deed, Shaw took the role of poetic bespectacled forensic detective Adam Dalgliesh in P.D. James's Death in Holy Orders in 2003 and The Murder Room in 2005. After the sixth season of Judge John Deed had been filmed, Shaw appeared in the series Apparitions, broadcast by the BBC in 2008. This was Shaw's first project as executive director.

From 2007 until 2017 he played the title role in the BBC TV series Inspector George Gently. On 9 May 2015 Shaw recited "For the Fallen" at VE Day 70: A Party to Remember in Horse Guards Parade, London which was broadcast on BBC 1.

In 2021 he played the role of Dennis Stephenson, leader of a fictitious religious cult called the Barum Brethren, in the BritBox original series The Long Call. The series premiered in autumn 2021, and is based on the Ann Cleeves bestselling novel.

Film
Shaw's first film role was as an Irish communist in a 1967 television adaptation of the novel, Love on the Dole. Better known is his 1971 role of Banquo in Roman Polanski's Macbeth. He has also been seen as an undercover Second World War operative in the 1975 production Operation Daybreak; a singing and dancing futuristic magician "Zax" in Facelift; the role of Rachid in the 1973 film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad, and a wanted villain leading a life on the run in a circus troupe in Ladder of Swords (1989).

Narration and documentaries
Shaw has narrated many audiobooks, including Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Silmarillion; Swift's Gulliver's Travels; and Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights. In 2006, Shaw narrated and appeared in a DVD chronicling the "Merlins over Malta" project. This featured the return of a Second World War Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane from Britain to Malta for the first time in fifty years.

In December 2006, Shaw presented the six-part Discovery Channel Real Time TV series Martin Shaw: Aviators, produced by Twofour, which followed the two-year restoration of his Boeing Stearman biplane after it was crashed by another pilot at Old Buckenham airfield in Norfolk. Shaw fulfilled a lifetime ambition to take the controls of a Spitfire and, though take-off was not permitted, he also powered an English Electric Lightning to 150 mph in three seconds along the runway at Cranfield Airport. Shaw also compared notes with the builder and developer of the modern autogyro, Wing Cdr Ken Wallis.

In 2010 he presented a documentary for the BBC titled Dambusters Declassified in which he investigated and debunked some of the myths of the dambusters raid known as Operation Chastise story which had been portrayed in the books Enemy Coast Ahead and The Dambusters, and the film The Dam Busters.

Advertisements
Among several voiceovers and appearances, in 1974, Shaw starred in a three-minute advertisement for the Mk II Ford Capri and in 1987, a TV advert for the Vauxhall Cavalier.

Activism and charity work
Shaw is a celebrity activist for animal rights and animal welfare. He is the patron of the Hillside Animal Sanctuary in Frettenham in Norfolk, a charity organisation which provides a safe home for neglected and abused animals. He also supports Viva! and Dr Hadwen Trust.

In March 2012, he also announced that he would become the official patron to the community organisation Stop Norwich UrBanisation or SNUB, whose aim is to protect Norfolk's countryside from overdevelopment and excessive urbanisation. In the press release, he stated that he was "simply furious and upset by your plight and that of all of us who wish to live in quiet and peace. I will be your Patron and keep fighting".

Personal life
In 1971, Shaw became a follower of Charan Singh, of the Sant Mat religion.

Shaw lives in Wreningham in Norfolk.

On 18 August 2010, Shaw collapsed during the first act of the matinee showing of A Country Girl at Shrewsbury's Theatre Severn. His agent, Roger Charteris, said he had been suffering from cracked ribs and was taking antibiotics for a severe chest infection. An understudy went on in his place.

Shaw has been a vegetarian since about 1974. He has a prominent scar on his right cheek, the result of a physical attack during a mugging, after which he became a teetotal.

Awards and nominations
Shaw won two awards in 1996 for his performance as Lord Goring in the Broadway production of An Ideal Husband and was nominated for a third:
 * Winner of the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
 * Winner of the Theatre World Special Award for Ensemble Performance
 * Nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play

Television

 * Coronation Street (1967-1968) as Robert Croft (5 episodes)
 * On the Move (1975–1976) as Martin
 * Helen: A Woman of Today (1973) as Frank Tully
 * Love's Labours Lost (1975) as Ferdinand, King of Navarre
 * The Duchess of Duke Street "Family Matters" (1976) as Arthur
 * The Professionals (1977–1983) as Ray Doyle
 * Doctor in the House (1969) as Huw Evans
 * Doctor at Large (1971) as Huw Evans (11 episodes)
 * Beasts (1976) as Dave (episode "Buddyboy")
 * Cream in My Coffee (by Dennis Potter) (1980) as Jack Butcher
 * East Lynne (1982) as Archibald Carlyle
 * The Hound of the Baskervilles (1983) as Sir Henry Baskerville
 * The Last Place on Earth (1985) as Robert Falcon Scott
 * The Chief (1993–1995) as Chief Constable Alan Cade
 * Rhodes (1996) as Cecil Rhodes
 * The Scarlet Pimpernel (1999–2000) as Chauvelin
 * A&E (1999–2002) as Robert Kingsford
 * Judge John Deed (2001–2007) as Judge John Deed
 * Death in Holy Orders (2003) as Adam Dalgliesh
 * The Murder Room (2004) as Adam Dalgliesh.
 * Martin Shaw: Aviators (2006)
 * Cranford (2007) as Peter Jenkyns
 * Inspector George Gently (2007–2017) as George Gently
 * Lemur Street (2007)
 * Apparitions (2008) as Father Jacob
 * Agatha Christie's Poirot Three Act Tragedy (2010) as Charles Cartwright
 * Dambusters Declassified (2010) as presenter
 * Playhouse Presents (2012) as Piers Hunt
 * Strike (2017) as Tony Landry
 * The Long Call (2021) as Dennis Stephenson

Theatre

 * Look Back in Anger (Royal Court transferring to the Criterion Theatre, 1968) as "Cliff Lewis".
 * The Contractor (Royal Court, 1969; transferring to the Fortune Theatre, 1970) as "Paul".
 * The Battle of Shrivings (Lyric Theatre, 1970) as "David".
 * Cancer (in the United States, Moon Children; Royal Court, 1970) as "Bob".
 * The Bacchae (National Theatre at the Old Vic, 1973) as "Dionysus".
 * Saturday, Sunday, Monday (National Theatre at the Old Vic, 1973) as "Attilio" opposite Laurence Olivier.
 * A Streetcar Named Desire (Piccadilly Theatre, 1974) as "Stanley Kowalski".
 * Miss Julie (Greenwich Theatre, 1975) as "Jean".
 * Teeth 'n' Smiles (Wyndham's Theatre, 1976) as "Arthur".
 * They're Playing Our Song (Shaftesbury Theatre, 1981) as "Vernon Gersch".
 * The Country Girl (Apollo Theatre, 1983).
 * Are You Lonesome Tonight? (Phoenix Theatre, 1985) as 'The Older Elvis Presley' (also Sydney, New South Wales, Australia)
 * The Big Knife (Albery Theatre, 1987) as Charles Castle
 * Other People's Money (Lyric Theatre, 1990) as "Garfinkel".
 * Betrayal (Almeida Theatre, 1991) as "Robert".
 * Sienna Red, by Stephen Poliakoff and co-starring Francesca Annis (Richmond Theatre, May 1992).
 * An Ideal Husband (Globe Theatre, 1992) as "Lord Goring".
 * Rough Justice by Terence Frisby (Apollo Theatre, 1994) as "James Highwood".
 * An Ideal Husband (Haymarket Theatre transferring to the Old Vic, 1996; revived at the Haymarket in 1997 then transferred to the Gielgud Theatre).
 * Vertigo (Theatre Royal Windsor, October 1998) as "Roger Flaviares" alongside his subsequent co-star Jenny Seagrove in Judge John Deed.
 * A Man For All Seasons (Haymarket, 2005/6) as Sir Thomas More.
 * The Country Girl (Apollo Theatre, October 2010) co-starring Jenny Seagrove, following a tour.
 * Hobson's Choice, (Vaudeville Theatre, 2016) as Henry Hobson.

Film

 * Macbeth (1971) as Banquo.
 * The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973) as Rachid.
 * Operation Daybreak (1975) as Sergeant Karel Čurda.
 * Facelift (1984) as Zax.
 * Intrigue (1988) As Roskov
 * Ladder of Swords (1989).
 * Oilman (short film).
 * ''6 Days as Dellow
 * Off the Rails as Federico

title: Martin Shaw


text:
John Carter (New Zealand politician)

John McGregor Carter (born 8 May 1950) is a New Zealand politician, and member of the National Party. He represented the Bay of Islands, Far North and Northland electorates in Parliament from 1987 until July 2011, when he became New Zealand's High Commissioner to the Cook Islands. Since the October 2013 local elections, he served as mayor of the Far North District for 9 years until his retirement from politics in 2022.

Early life
He was born in Te Kōpuru, Northland and educated at Otamatea High School. Before entering politics, Carter worked as a local government administration official. He was the county clerk and principal officer at Hokianga County Council until his election to Parliament in 1987. Carter is married, and has one daughter and two sons.

Member of Parliament
Carter was elected to Parliament in the 1987 election, winning the Bay of Islands electorate. He continued to represent the area when the seat changed names to Far North in 1993 and later Northland. The National Party came to power in the 1990 election and Carter was appointed as the Junior Government Whip, and later Senior Government Whip until 1995 and again from 1996 to mid-2004.

Carter was sacked as whip in 1995, after he phoned into a talkback radio show, hosted by fellow National MP John Banks, impersonating a work-shy Māori called Hone, causing widespread offence.

In the first term of the Fifth National Government, Carter was a Minister outside of Cabinet, holding the Civil Defence, Senior Citizens, Racing and Associate Local Government portfolios. He also chaired the Auckland Governance Legislation select committee.

In February 2011, the government announced that Carter would be the next High Commissioner to the Cook Islands. He left Parliament in July 2011, but his departure did not result in a by-election, as the vacancy occurred within six months of the next general election. On 13 June 2011 Carter was granted the right to retain the title of The Honourable for his lifetime. He retired as New Zealand's High Commissioner to the Cook Islands in July 2013.

Local government
Carter returned to the Far North District of New Zealand, successfully running for mayor of the district at the 2013 local elections, defeating the incumbent Wayne Brown. He was re-elected again in both 2016 and 2019. He lives at Waipapakauri Ramp on Ninety Mile Beach.

In October 2021, Carter expressed opposition to the Sixth Labour Government's Three Waters reform programme, describing it as a "mistake."

In September 2022, Carter announced that he would not run as Mayor during the 2022 New Zealand local elections on 8 October. He was succeeded as Mayor of the Far North by Moko Tepania, who became the district's first Māori mayor.

Political views
Carter is a supporter of the monarchy in New Zealand. In 1992, a year described by Queen Elizabeth II as her annus horribilis, Carter called on New Zealanders to write in to express their support for her, having written to The Times of London criticising the British media's apparent lack of respect towards the Queen. Inundated with letters of support, he remarked that "we wanted her to know we cared". In March 1994 he publicly disavowed Prime Minister Jim Bolger's call for a New Zealand republic.

Honours
In 1990, Carter was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 2012 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for services as a Member of Parliament.

title: John Carter (New Zealand politician)


text:
User talk:Johncudd

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Johncudd


text:
Emancipation of the British West Indies

The emancipation of the British West Indies refers to the abolition of slavery in Britain's colonies in the West Indies during the 1830s. The British government passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, which emancipated all slaves in the British West Indies. After emancipation, a system of apprenticeship was established, where emancipated slaves were required by the various colonial assemblies to continue working for their former masters for a period of four to six years in exchange for provisions. The system of apprenticeship was abolished by the various colonial assemblies in 1838, after pressure from the British public, completing the process of emancipation. These were the steps taken by British West Indian planters to solve the labour problems created by the emancipation of the enslaved Africans in 1838.

Anti-slavery movement and emancipation policy
Religious, economic, and social factors contributed to the British abolition of slavery throughout their empire. Throughout European colonies in the Caribbean, enslaved people engaged in revolts, labour stoppages and more everyday forms of resistance which enticed colonial authorities, who were eager to create peace and maintain economic stability in the colonies, to consider legislating abolition. The Haitian Revolution in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, the most successful slave uprising in the Americas, heightened British sensitivities to the potential outcomes of insurrection. In addition to slave revolts, Enlightenment schools of thought and evangelism led members of the British public to question the morality of slavery and the slave trade and during the 18th and 19th century there was a surge of abolitionist agitation. Religious figures played a prominent role in the crusade against slavery. Anti-slavery societies such as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) circulated pamphlets about the cruelties and inhumanity of slavery, and petitions with hundreds of thousands of signatures were sent to the British Parliament, many of which came from women's organizations. Collectively, these men and women politicized slavery and placed pressure on the British government to abolish it. Developments in capitalism also contributed to emancipation. Some scholars, including Trinidadian historian Eric Williams, have claimed that with the emergence of capitalism, slavery was no longer profitable, and as such increased support for abolition beginning in the late 18th century.

In 1807 British abolitionists saw partial success in their efforts when the government passed the Slave Trade Act, abolishing the slave trade. After passage of the Act, these reformers continued to press for the abolition of slavery itself. The British government formally abolished slavery in its colonies with passage of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833. The legislation went into effect in August 1834 whereby all slaves in the British Empire were considered free under British law. After long and heated debates in Britain, the government agreed to compensate West Indian planters for shifting from slave to free labour, allotting £20 million for this purpose. However, the slaves were not compensated. In fact, the Abolition Act transformed the slaves into "apprentices", except in the cases of Antigua and Bermuda where the colonial governments rejected apprenticeship and fully emancipated slaves in 1834.

Policy and conditions
The Slavery Abolition Act established a system of indentured servitude or "apprenticeship" that required freed slaves to continue to work for their former owners as apprentices. The gradual emancipation measure was implemented to ease the transition from slavery to freedom for slaves and former masters but it was in large part a result of concerns about emancipation's effect on West Indian sugar production. As stipulated in the emancipation act, field hands were apprenticed for a period of six years, household labourers were to work for four, and children under the age of six were immediately freed. All apprentices' names were to be placed on a registry that served as documentation of their required service.

Apprentices were required to work no more than 45 hours per week without compensation and were paid for any additional labour. Policy makers reasoned that the opportunity for some paid labour would teach slaves how to be industrious. In return for unpaid labour, ex-slaves received food, housing, clothing and medical treatment from their employers though the Act did not specify precise quantities. Apprentices were prohibited from working on Sundays. If financially able to pay the remaining years of their service, an apprentice could purchase his or her own freedom.

The British government designated Crown-appointed magistrates to oversee the newly implemented labour system and these officials were tasked with protecting the interests of free people of color. Fearful of the response that conditional emancipation might elicit from former slaves, the colonial authorities created police districts to maintain societal order. Within each district were houses of correction and workhouses that were operated and supervised by the chief magistrate and five justices of the peace who were frequently planters as well. Freedpeople could be sent to labour in workhouses for failure to work on the plantations or breaking other duties specified in the Abolition Act. Emancipation legislation banned planters' use of the whip and the state formally took on the responsibility for disciplining labourers. However, planters could use the remanding of apprentices to workhouses as a means of exercising control over former slaves.

The conditions within workhouses were grim and apprentices were subjected to hard labour and regular physical punishment. Treadmills were common features in these spaces and consisted of "wooden steps around a hollow cylinder on which a prisoner was made to step as the mechanism turned." The mechanism did not serve to produce any material good but the officials insisted that exhaustively running on the mechanism for several minutes reformed and disciplined prisoners. Widespread support for the use of treadmills also came from West Indian planters who were convinced that former slaves would not produce the same outputs if they were not adequately disciplined with corporal punishment. Photographs that depict the treadmills of the Jamaican workhouses illuminate that this punishment was not restricted to men. Women, who made up a majority of the field labour population in Jamaica and other colonies, were frequently sent to the workhouses and subjected to the treadmill.

Apprentice experiences and resistance
Once news of the Abolition Act made its way to the colonies, former slaves rejoiced and celebrated their freedom. However, the realization that emancipation would be gradual had a sobering effect. Ex-slaves protested the system of apprenticeship and demanded immediate, unqualified freedom. Because they had long laboured under slavery and performed the same tasks under apprenticeship, they denied the need for a transitional, supervised labour system. Freed people were eager to restructure their lives and devote time to family. They also sought to choose their own work hours, employers, and the type of labour they performed. Many apprentices across the West Indies refused to return to work and went on strike. For their failure to work, many were arrested, flogged under judicial authority, and sent to prison.

Circumstances under apprenticeship were far from ideal for all labourers, but women often faced particular challenges. In the years leading up to emancipation, former masters offered incentives to pregnant women and new mothers for bearing children, because by law, women's offspring became the property of the master, thereby producing more wealth for their owner. Under apprenticeship, however, planters were no longer afforded access to women's children and consequently employers ceased to offer women "indulgences". Women were now expected to work while pregnant and with small children, though other ex-slaves demanded that these women be exempt from arduous field labour.

In some cases, apprentices' protests were effective for producing reforms to the apprenticeship system. In Trinidad, apprentices were granted a five-day work week, masters became required to care for freed children, and workers were compensated for labour performed on a Saturday.

A small number of apprentices attempted to purchase their freedom with some managing to successfully do so. Apprentices were appraised in the local courts and high prices hampered slaves' ability to free themselves, given their lack of access to material wealth, which was being systematically withheld from them. However, planters' awareness that apprenticeship's abolition was on the horizon led some to settle on a lower price for manumission outside of the courts. This ensured that planters saw some financial gain. They also hoped that such negotiations would encourage apprentices to continue labouring once freed.

James Williams' A Narrative of Events and the anti-apprenticeship campaign
A Narrative of Events, since the First of August, 1834, by James Williams, an Apprenticed Labourer in Jamaica is one of the few published first person accounts by a former slave. It was published in a pamphlet in 1837 and was sold, reprinted and circulated across Britain and Jamaica. The narrative played a critical role in the anti-apprenticeship campaign launched by Joseph Sturge and other members of Britain's Central Emancipation Committee. The abolitionists were steadfast in their belief that apprenticeship was merely an continuation of slavery. In 1836, Sturge traveled to Jamaica to gather first hand information about the labour system. While there, he and other anti-apprenticeship activists met James Williams, an apprentice from St. Ann's Parish that worked on the Penshurst Plantation for the Senior family, who shared his experience with the abolitionists. Sturge organized to have his narrative recorded by an amanuensis and published it in hopes of informing the British public about Caribbean labour conditions and gaining widespread support for immediate abolition.

The narrative vividly captures James Williams' experiences under the system of apprenticeship in Jamaica. The physical violence meted out apprentices and sexual abuse they faced are central to Williams' narrative. Throughout and in great detail, Williams explains how he was treated unfairly by his master and workhouse prisoners were tied to the treadmills, forced to "dance" on the machine after long days of labour and severely flogged. The disruptive effects of forced labour on the families of freed slaves, colonial officials' inability to effectively regulate the labour system, and the apprentices' poor living and working conditions are issues that Williams also discusses. The narrative does not include any information about James Williams' early life and focuses solely on his time as an apprentice. Its narrow focus and centring of violence is likely a result of the narrative's political purpose and intended British audience and may suggest that abolitionists and the amanuensis who worked with Williams influenced what themes and details were included. Yet, despite the emphasis on violence, Williams describes how he attempted to resist exploitation through truancy, theft and appealing to magistrates for protection against his masters' abuses.

Narrative of Events was popular, widely circulated and positively received by the British public. However, it also produced a considerable backlash in the West Indies. The Jamaica Despatch, a pro-planter Jamaican newspaper, criticized James Williams and Joseph Sturge and insisted that the narrative was propaganda and its claims unfounded. In response, anti-apprenticeship proponents published select apprentice interviews in the local newspapers to bolster Williams' claims. Historian of the Caribbean Diana Patton has suggested that the extent of planter resistance indicates the political efficacy of the narrative.

Williams' narrative was particularly helpful in the anti-apprenticeship campaign because it includes specific names and places which made his claims verifiable. As a result, In 1837, after receiving and reviewing the publication, the Colonial Office tasked Sir Lionel Smith, the governor of Jamaica, to investigate the allegations made in Williams' narrative and to establish a commission to interview the apprentices, magistrates, and workhouse overseers in St. Ann's and other Jamaican parishes. The commission consisted of Sir Special Magistrate Daughtrey and local justice Gordon. It commenced its investigation on 20 September 1837. The Gordon & Daughtrey Commission corroborated many of Williams' claims though there were some discrepancies. Their findings were printed in a special report and in the 1837–1838 Parliamentary Papers.

Abolition of apprenticeship
Narrative of Events, other damaging accounts and investigations of the West Indian workhouses, local fears of rebellion and pressure from the British public led the colonial assemblies to prematurely abolish the apprenticeship system and all had done so by 1838.

British policy
The political and citizenship status of newly freed slaves was thoroughly debated among colonial authorities and members of Parliament. Britain's colonial secretary, Lord Glenelg, advocated social and political equality. In order to ensure full inclusion into the body politic, he proposed that colonial governors carry out full investigations of colonial laws and policies to eliminate those that were discriminatory or would hamper ex-slaves' social and economic opportunities. Local planters continued to wield significant power within the colonies following 1838 and though parliament had legislated emancipation, the colonial assemblies dictated how it would be carried out. Many of these officials proved more reluctant to extend extensive rights to the freed slaves.

Reform
Missionaries, clergymen, and magistrates sought to morally, culturally and spiritually reform former slaves. In their view, enslavement had contributed to their debasement and the development of backwards cultural practices. They encouraged ex-slaves to legally marry, adopt the nuclear family model, and to take on Victorian gender roles which they believed were they path to achieving respectability and upward mobility. The patriarchal gender ideology they espoused dictated that men were to be heads of their households and responsible for providing for their dependents. Child rearing, caregiving, and domestic work were considered women's roles. To some extent, freedmen and women embraced these gender conventions but some aspects of the patriarchal model were incompatible with their economic circumstances, personal preferences and understandings of kinship. Marriage between former slaves did increase with emancipation. However, freedpeople considered their brother- sister, parent-child relationships equally, if not more important. Consequently, having children out of wedlock and single parent households were not uncommon or stigmatized.

Missionaries also established schools and encouraged the freed slaves to adopt Christianity, attend church and adopt the latest European fashions. Most did not adopt these practices wholesale. Instead, they took parts of the European model and melded them with their own African cultural practices. Former slaves often partook in leisure activities such as dancing, participating in carnivals, alcohol consumption, and gambling. Authorities and missionaries detested these practices as they considered them antithetical to their reform efforts. Historian Sheena Boa has suggested that because their mobility and choices were no longer controlled by outsiders, enjoyment of their own bodies was one way that freedmen and women "tested the limits of their freedom."

Land and labour
The export of sugar and other staple crops remained central to the economies of the British West Indies. Agricultural production required a substantial labour force and former slaves were expected to meet those labour demands. Some freedmen and women opposed working on their former plantations and all were only willing to labour on their own terms. Planters who were dependent on ex-slaves attributed their unwillingness to work to laziness. Many of the workers proved reluctant to work primarily due to poor wages. Others sought to perform different types of labour including skilled, mechanical and artisanal trades. The aspiration to become independent cultivators and to grow food to support their families and to turn a profit was ubiquitous among the freed West Indians but their success in this endeavor varied. When at all possible, they purchased, rented, and squatted on land. Some authorities and missionaries believed that land ownership would teach former slaves to be independent and industrious and therefore encouraged their efforts. However, in some regions, colonial officials barred freedmen from acquiring property through legal measures, imposition of high property taxes, and directives that required purchasers to buy substantial acreage which many former slaves could not afford. Freed persons who occupied Crown land without authorization were expelled and their provision grounds, used for subsistence or to grow crops for sale, were sometimes burnt or confiscated. Local ordinances stipulated that those not engaged in agricultural production were considered vagrants and subject to imprisonment. These land and employment measures limited independent cultivation and confined many ex-slaves to wage agricultural labour. The need for more cheap labour also led West Indian planters to turn to alternative labour sources, importing indentured labourers from India. British abolitionists would launch campaigns against the practise of importing indentured servants but they failed to achieve the same success they had in previous efforts.

Gender
Emancipation marked an exodus of black women from wage-based agricultural labour. Some women abandoned plantation fields altogether while others simply reduced the time they spent performing wage agricultural labour. Their exodus demonstrates that freed people did adopt gendered divisions of labour. However, this did not mean that women avoided labour outside of the home all together or simply mirrored western notions of domesticity. Their supplemental income was essential for supporting their families. Consequently, women often engaged in domestic agriculture and sold their crops in the market place while their male kin worked on the estates. Attempts to shield themselves from sexual abuse, the prioritization of child rearing, poor experiences under apprenticeship and political protest may also explain women's exodus from wage cultivation.

Legacy
By the mid-19th century, just years after emancipation, the Caribbean's economy began to fail as a result of dropping sugar prices and planters in regions like Jamaica saw their plantations close down. In Jamaica, by 1865 sugar production was half of what it had been in 1834. These market shifts created massive unemployment, high taxes, and low wages and increased poverty. Living conditions on the islands failed to improve much over the next several decades.

title: Emancipation of the British West Indies


text:
Morton Shulman

Morton Shulman (25 April 1925 – 18 August 2000) was a Canadian politician, businessman, broadcaster, columnist, coroner, and physician. He was born in Toronto, Ontario in 1925 to a Jewish family. He first came to fame as Ontario's Chief Coroner in the early 1960s. During this period, he also became a very successful stock-market player, and authored a bestselling book about how to make money in the stock market. In the mid-1960s he embarrassed the provincial government when he found them to be disobeying provincial health and safety laws. He was fired and then ran for elected office in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, avenging himself by beating a government Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP). He completed two terms as the High Park electoral district's MPP, and did not run in the 1975 Ontario general election. His fame grew in the late 1970s and 1980s when he hosted a nationally distributed television talk show called The Shulman File. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in the early 1980s and became a pharmaceutical entrepreneur specializing in treatments for that disease. Near the end of his life, he received recognition for his lifetime's work, when he was appointed to the Order of Canada, the country's highest civilian award. He died in Toronto in the year 2000.

Biography
Morton Shulman was born on 25 April 1925, in Toronto, Ontario, where he also grew up and was educated. Shulman received his Doctor of Medicine from the University of Toronto in 1948. Shulman practiced throughout his professional life with a general practice on Roncesvalles Avenue in Toronto. He became wealthy through investing in the stock market and wrote a bestselling book, Anyone Can Make a Million in 1966. He was married to Gloria Shulman (née Bossin) and they had two children: environmental lawyer and Toronto city councillor, Dianne Saxe; and, Dr. Geoffrey Shulman.

Coroner
In exchange for his involvement in the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, by helping his local candidate, William James Stewart defeat incumbent CCF MPP, Lloyd Fell in Parkdale, in the 1951 election, he was appointed to the Coroner's Office as a junior in 1952. In 1961, he was promoted, when he was appointed as Ontario's chief coroner. In 1963, he was named Chief Coroner of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. Shulman was outspoken and used his position as coroner to crusade on a number of issues such as enacting tougher regulations on lifejackets for small boats, having government regulate car safety, the introduction of breathalysers into Ontario, and against then-restrictive abortion laws after he investigated the deaths of women who had died while trying to terminate their pregnancies. In other crusades, he helped to force surgeons to count instruments before and after surgery, and construction companies to provide better bracing in trenches. His years as a coroner became the inspiration for the Canadian television drama Wojeck.

Political career
After embarrassing the Progressive Conservative (Tory) provincial government, by revealing its inaction in enforcing the fire code in a recently built hospital, he was fired, in 1967, as Metropolitan Toronto's Chief Coroner. He decided to avenge himself by running for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Despite ideological differences, he ran for the Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP) in the High Park electoral district, where his medical clinic was located. Despite his strong capitalist beliefs, he decided to run for the social democratic party because they gave him a free hand in choosing where to run, and because their views in support of public safety were compatible with his. He was elected as a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in the 1967 provincial election, by defeating High Park's 16-year incumbent MPP, Progressive Conservative Alfred Hozack Cowling by over 6200 votes.

He used his position in the legislature to become a thorn in the side of the Tory governments led by John Robarts and Bill Davis. He asked provocative questions in the legislature and was known for stunts, such as selling the book The Happy Hooker out of his office after it had been banned by the Toronto Police morality squad — he offered MPPs a 10 percent discount. Once, to make a point about lax security, he carried a pellet gun — dressed up to look like a submachine gun — in a bag through an Ontario nuclear plant, and then pulled it out on the floor of the Legislature. He waved it around happily while cabinet ministers sitting across from him hid under their desks. He wrote the book "MPP" to describe his experiences, one of at least three autobiographies that he wrote. Shulman demanded that he be appointed Attorney General if the NDP ever won government. NDP leader Stephen Lewis refused to commit to making such a promise. After clashing with his colleagues in the NDP — particularly Lewis — Shulman decided to leave the legislature and did not run in the 1975 election.

The Shulman File
After leaving politics, he started a broadcasting career, most notably from 1977 until 1983, he hosted a hard-hitting television talk show on CITY-TV called The Shulman File which featured confrontational interviews, sensationalist and risqué topics and outrageous opinions. The show was spoofed by SCTV as Murray's File. At the same time, he began writing a regular column in the Toronto Sun which continued into the 1990s. During this period, he became more involved in the financial community, heading up a mutual fund and pursuing various business interests.

Deprenyl
Shulman was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1983, and formed a company, Deprenyl Research Ltd. (which became Draxis Health Inc.), in order to acquire Canadian rights to the anti-Parkinson's drug Deprenyl. His company engaged in a long fight with the federal government for approval of the drug for sale in Canada. He also started a second pharmaceutical company, called DUSA, now run by his son.

Honours and death
In 1993, Shulman was awarded the Order of Canada, and was invested as an Officer of the Order on 6 January 1994. After battling Parkinson's disease for more than 17 years, he finally succumbed to the complications arising from that disease at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care in Toronto on August 18, 2000. He was buried in Pardes Shalom Cemetery on Dufferin Street two days later. In 2013, a street leading to Ontario's new forensic services and coroner's complex, in Toronto's North York area, was named Morton Shulman Avenue.

title: Morton Shulman


text:
Uwajimaya

Uwajimaya, Inc., doing business as Uwajimaya Asian Grocery & Gift Markets (宇和島屋), is a family-owned supermarket chain with its corporate headquarters in the International District, Seattle, Washington, and with locations in Greater Seattle and Oregon. Uwajimaya sells mainly Asian food—with an emphasis on Japanese—though it also stocks Western staples. The flagship store is in Seattle's Chinatown/International District with three other stores in Beaverton, Oregon, Bellevue, Washington and Renton, Washington. From 1968 to 1991 there was another store in the Southcenter Mall in Tukwila, Washington.

History
Uwajimaya was founded in 1928 by Fujimatsu Moriguchi of Yawatahama, Japan, in Tacoma, Washington. Fujimatsu sold fishcakes and other goods from his truck to Japanese farmers, loggers and fishermen at work sites. Moriguchi named his company Uwajima-ya after the town of Uwajima (Ehime Prefecture), where he first entered the business (ya (屋) is the Japanese word for "store").

As part of the internment of Japanese Americans following the entry of the United States into World War II, The US Government sent Moriguchi and his family to the Tule Lake Internment Camp in 1942. Upon their release, they moved to Seattle and set up shop at 422 S. Main Street in the International District.

In the 1960s, Uwajimaya began to expand its offering of non-food items and imported food from Japan and other Asian countries and experienced tremendous growth at the Century 21 Exposition in 1962. That same year, Fujimatsu Moriguchi died, and breaking with Japanese tradition, control of the company was passed to his four sons, rather than only his eldest son. The sons subsequently divided ownership with their three sisters and their mother Sadako.

In 1970, the store moved two blocks south to 6th Avenue S. and S. King Street, thus becoming one of the biggest in the Pacific Northwest, and expanded in 1978 adding more than half again its original size. 1978 also saw the opening of the Bellevue Uwajimaya.

In 1991, Tokyo-based Kinokuniya Bookstore opened its first Seattle location on the second floor of the Seattle store selling primarily Japanese language books, movies, DVD, videos, music, and periodicals.

In 1998, Uwajimaya, with Lorig Associates, started developing Uwajimaya Village, a mixed retail, residential center that would take up three city blocks including the purchase and closure of S. Lane Street between 5th and 6th Avenues South. The Lane Street closure was controversial within the community, especially among some local small-business owners who were concerned that it would increase traffic, decrease emergency vehicle access, and have a negative economic impact on other businesses. The International District saw a protest of over 500 strong, the biggest street protests since the Kingdome was built. Save Lane Street, a group formed to stop the street closure, collected over $140,000 and 4,000 signatures and sued both the city of Seattle and Uwajimaya. The group lost their case, eventually appealing to the King County Superior Court and then the state Court of Appeals. In the end S. Lane Street was vacated to allow Uwajimaya to provide a pedestrian walkway to customer parking to the south.

In 1998, Uwajimaya opened its third store, the first outside Washington located in Oregon near the Beaverton high-tech corridor. This location was formerly a Jafco store, another retail chain founded in Seattle.

Upon completion of the Uwajimaya Village project in 2000, the flagship store moved one block south to a building nearly twice the size of the previous store at 60,000 sqft. Uwajimaya Village includes a food court, bank, restaurant, optician, beauty salon, cellular wireless store, and cosmetic shop. The Kinokuniya Bookstore also relocated to a new location at the corner of 5th Avenue S. and S. Weller Street. Above the first floor of retail shops and underground parking garage is the 176-unit Uwajimaya Village Apartments.

Sadako (Tsutakawa) Moriguchi, wife of Fujimatsu and sister of George Tsutakawa, died in 2002. She had worked in the store from its inception until she reached the age of 85.

Uwajimaya opened another location in Renton, Washington on July 1, 2009.

In August 2016, Uwajimaya announced its intention to launch a line of smaller, boutique stores known as "Kai Market by Uwajimaya". Kai Market opened in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood in 2017, but closed in 2020 due to impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. It remains closed as of the start of 2023.

title: Uwajimaya


text:
Improved Mobile Telephone Service

The Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) was a pre-cellular VHF/UHF radio system which linked to the public telephone network. IMTS was the radiotelephone equivalent of land dial phone service. Introduced in 1964, it replaced Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) and improved on most MTS systems by offering direct-dial rather than connections through a live operator, and full-duplex operation so both parties could talk at the same time.

Technical Information
The original Bell System US and Canadian mobile telephone system includes three frequency bands, VHF Low (35-44 MHz, 9 channels), VHF High (152-158 MHz, 11 channels in the U.S., 13 channels in Canada), and UHF (454-460 MHz, 12 channels). Alternative names were "Low Band", "High band" and "UHF". In addition to the Bell system (wireline incumbent) channels, another 7 channels at VHF, and 12 channels at UHF were granted to non-wireline companies designated as "RCCs" (Radio Common Carriers). These RCC channels were adjacent to the Bell System frequencies.

RCCs were also allowed to offer paging services to "beepers" or "pagers" on a secondary basis on the same channels, but soon, with the growth of paging, RCC mobile phone services were given lower priority. Some RCCs utilized IMTS technology, but most adopted the "Secode-2805" system which allowed for simultaneous paging, so after a few years, the predominant provider of mobile telephone service was the Bell System companies.

A given provider might have offered service on one, two, or all three bands, although IMTS was never offered on low band (only MTS, but Whidbey Telephone in Washington State had a custom-designed direct-dial system.) These were prone to network congestion and interference since a radio closer to the terminal would sometimes take over the channel because of its stronger signal. Cellular networks remedied this problem by decreasing the area covered by one tower (a "cell") and increasing the number of cells. The disadvantage of this is more towers are required to cover a given area. Thus, IMTS and MTS systems still exist in some remote areas, as it may be the only feasible way to cover a large sparsely-populated area.

The basic operation of IMTS was very advanced for its time, considering that integrated circuits were not commonly available. The most common IMTS phone, the Motorola TLD-1100 series, used two circuit boards about 8 inches square, to perform the channel scanning and digit decoding process, and all logic was performed with discrete transistors. In a given city, one IMTS base station channel was "marked idle" by the transmission of a steady 2000 Hz "idle" tone. Mobiles would scan the available frequencies and lock on to the channel transmitting the idle tone. When a call was placed to a mobile, the idle tone would change to 1800 Hz "channel seize" tone (the idle tone would appear on another frequency, if available), and the 7 digit mobile number (three digits of the NPA and the last four digits of subscriber number, the NXX was not sent) would be sent out as rotary dial pulses, switching between 2000 and 1800 Hz to represent digits. Any mobile recognizing that the call was for someone else would resume scanning for mark idle tone, while the called mobile would then transmit 2150 Hz "guard" tone back to the base station. This would also initiate ringing at the mobile, and when the mobile subscriber picked up the phone, 1633 Hz "connect" tone would be sent back to the base station to indicate answer supervision and the voice path would be cut through. When the mobile hung up, a burst of alternating 1336 "disconnect" and 1800 Hz "seize" tones would be sent to allow the base station to service another call.

Mobiles would originate calls by sending a burst of connect tone, to which the base station responded with a burst of seize tone. The mobile would then respond with its identification, consisting of its area code and last four digits of the phone number sent at 20 pulses per second, just as in inward dialing but with the addition of rudimentary parity checking. Digits are formed with a pulsetrain of alternating tones, either connect and silence (for odd digits) or connect and guard (for even digits). When the base station received the calling party's identification, it would send dialtone to the mobile. The user would then use the rotary dial, which would send the dialed digits as an alternating 10 pps pulse train (originally, directly formed by the rotary dial) of connect and guard tones.

Terminal
IMTS systems typically had 25 watts of transmitter power at the mobile station and 100-250 Watts at the terminal — unlike the newer cellular car telephones that had maximum power output of 3 watts and modern cellular handsets with power outputs of 0.6 watts. Mobile installations normally consisted of a "head unit" or the telephone handset which sat in a cradle with a direct dialing keyboard. These looked and functioned much like a landline, or hardwired, telephone. Unlike cellular handsets, these units passed through a dial tone when the receiver was lifted from the cradle and in this way seemed more like a landline telephone. There was a separate large radio transceiver chassis, typically measuring at least a foot square and 6 inches high, mounted either in the trunk or under the seats of an automobile. These transceivers were connected to the handset cradle with a multi-conductor cable usually around .5 inch thick.

The mobile antennas almost always required a hole to be drilled in the body of the car to mount the antenna in; until the 1970s there were no "on-glass" antennas - these were developed later for the cellular car-mounted telephones. These whip antennas looked much like those used for CB radios and were about 19 in. long (1/4 wavelength at 155 MHz). These mobile telephone systems required a large amount of power (10 to 15 amperes at 12 volts) and this was supplied by thick power cabling connected directly to the automobile's battery. It therefore was quite possible and not uncommon for an IMTS telephone to drain an automobile's battery if used for moderate periods of time without the automobile engine running or if left on overnight. Optionally these units were also connected to the car's horn and could honk the horn as a ringer to summon a user who was away from the car.

The IMTS units were full duplex, meaning that a user could both talk and hear the other party at the same time. This was an improvement over the earlier MTS systems, most of which were half duplex, allowing only one party to transmit at a time; the user had to "push to talk" to speak and then "unkey" the transmitter to hear the other party on the line. In 1960 General Electric introduced the "Progress Line" DTO- series MTS mobiles which were full duplex, although subscribers were still required to press the "push to talk" bar on the handset to speak.

There were also IMTS handheld transceivers (Yaesu's 1982 vintage Traveler) that operated on 2-4 watts, and these were all half duplex. These were essentially modified "walkie-talkies" with a DTMF (dual tone multi-frequency) keypad attached on the front panel, which fooled the terminal into believing an IMTS mobile was using the system. These units were not very common or practical because they lacked the power to reliably connect to the base station over the distances common in the IMTS systems. A compromise existed with the briefcase phone, which had somewhat higher power in the range of 10 to 20 watts (depending on how much battery was in the briefcase), and which was full duplex. Typical IMTS briefcase phones were made by Canyon, GCS, SCM Melabs and Livermore Data Systems.

Base station
IMTS base station sites generally covered an area 40–60 miles in diameter. This extended range was due to both their large transmitter power and in many cases higher antenna placement at anywhere from 100 to 500 ft. IMTS base stations in larger cities had as many as 7 or 8 channels while rural stations had as few as one or two channels. Each telephone conversation (connection) required the exclusive use of a channel for the duration. Because of this limitation these systems had a much lower capacity than cellular systems and all channels busy conditions were common. In larger cities this dictated a very limited number of simultaneous calls. Each subscriber was given a packet of dialing and use instructions. Roaming (receiving calls out of the "home area") was achieved by selecting the specific channels used by the tower and service provider the user was traveling in and dialing a three-digit code, thereby logging the user's land number at that location. This process had to be repeated at each tower which, as noted, usually had a range of 40–60 miles. Some areas only had half-duplex (one-way) communications and required the push-to-talk switch in the handset, between the mouthpiece and the earpiece. Two lights on the "head" indicated busy (red) if no channels were idle and in-use (green) if connected to the tower, or depressing the push-to-talk switch. There was no encryption and all conversations were public.

Frequencies
The frequencies listed below (in MHz) are those formerly used in the US & Canadian Mobile Telephone Service and the Improved Mobile Telephone Service. The low band "Z" prefixed channels were always operated in the MTS, or manual mode. The "Z" channels were sold at auction by the FCC in approximately 2003 to other services and remain largely unused. The VHF and UHF frequencies have been opened to other services unrelated to mobile telephony and largely reassigned.

The two VHF high-band channels designated JJ and JW were used only in Canada, and were not available for use in the United States.

Limitations
IMTS technology severely limited the total number of subscribers. In the 1970s and the early 1980s, before the introduction of cellular phones, there were "waiting lists" of up to three years for those wishing to have mobile telephone service. These potential subscribers were waiting for other subscribers to disconnect their subscription in order to obtain a mobile telephone number and mobile phone service.

These limitations resulted in low quantity sales and production of IMTS phones and the mobile units were therefore very expensive ($2,000 to $4,000). Prior to the divestiture of AT&T in 1984, Bell System IMTS subscribers usually leased the equipment at a monthly rate of up to $120. Availability of the channels was scarce hence airtime was also quite expensive at $0.70-1.20 per minute. Following the divestiture, customer-owned equipment was required by Bell companies and monthly rates then typically ran to $25 plus air time. Also, since there were so few channels, it was common for the phones to "queue up" to use a channel and IMTS manufacturers competed for the speed with which the units would seize an available channel.

The limit of customer numbers on MTS and IMTS was the driver for investment in cellular networks. In remote regions, this is not the case; in remote regions, obsolescence is the driver, but the lack of a suitable and affordable alternative has resulted in regulatory obstacles: customers did not want the MTS/IMTS service to be withdrawn. Increasing affordability of satellite service, and government investment in cellular expansion allowed MTS and IMTS to be removed.

title: Improved Mobile Telephone Service


text:
List of psychological schools

The psychological schools are the great classical theories of psychology. Each has been highly influential; however, most psychologists hold eclectic viewpoints that combine aspects of each school.

Most influential ones
The most influential ones and its main founders are:
 * 1) Behaviorism: John B. Watson
 * 2) Cognitivism: Aaron T. Beck, Albert Ellis
 * 3) Functionalism: William James
 * 4) Humanistic/Gestalt: Max Wertheimer
 * 5) Psychoanalytic school: Sigmund Freud
 * 6) Systems psychology: Gregory Bateson, Felix Guattari

Complete list
The list below includes all these, and other, influential schools of thought in psychology:

 * 1) Activity-oriented approach
 * 2) Analytical psychology
 * 3) Anti-psychiatry
 * 4) Anomalistic psychology
 * 5) Associationism
 * 6) Behaviorism (see also radical behaviorism)
 * 7) Behavioural genetics
 * 8) Bioenergetics
 * 9) Biological psychology
 * 10) Biopsychosocial model
 * 11) Cognitivism
 * 12) Constructivism
 * 13) Cultural-historical psychology
 * 14) Depth psychology
 * 15) Descriptive psychology
 * 16) Developmental psychology
 * 17) Ecopsychology
 * 18) Ecological psychology
 * 19) Ecological systems theory
 * 20) Ego psychology
 * 21) Environmental psychology
 * 22) Evolutionary psychology
 * 23) Existential psychology
 * 24) Experimental analysis of behavior - the school descended from B.F. Skinner's work.
 * 25) Functionalism
 * 26) Gestalt psychology
 * 27) Gestalt therapy
 * 28) Humanistic psychology
 * 29) Individual psychology
 * 30) Industrial psychology
 * 31) Liberation psychology
 * 32) Logotherapy
 * 33) Organismic psychology
 * 34) Organizational psychology
 * 35) Phenomenological psychology
 * 36) Process psychology
 * 37) Psychoanalysis
 * 38) Psychohistory
 * 39) Radical behaviorism - often considered a school of philosophy, not psychology.
 * 40) Psychology of self
 * 41) Social psychology (sociocultural psychology)
 * 42) Strength-based practice
 * 43) Structuralism
 * 44) Systems psychology
 * 45) Transactional analysis
 * 46) Transpersonal psychology

title: List of psychological schools