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Emancipation Day

Emancipation Day is observed in many former European colonies in the Caribbean and areas of the United States on various dates to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent.

In much of the formerly British territories in the Caribbean Emancipation Day is marked on August 1, commemorating the anniversary of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. On August 1, 1985, Trinidad and Tobago became the first independent country to declare Emancipation Day as a public holiday to commemorate the abolition of slavery. Historically, August 1 was known as West Indian Emancipation Day and it became a key mobilisation tool and holiday for the antislavery movement in the United States.

It is also observed in other areas in regard to the abolition of other forms of involuntary servitude.

Trinidad and Tobago
On August 1, 1985 Trinidad and Tobago became the first independent country in the world to declare a national holiday to commemorate the abolition of slavery.

In Trinidad and Tobago, Emancipation Day replaced Columbus Discovery Day, which commemorated the arrival of Christopher Columbus at Moruga on 31 July 1498, as a national public holiday.

The commemoration begins the night before with an all-night vigil and includes religious services, cultural events, street processions past historic landmarks, addresses from dignitaries including an address from the Prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago and ends with an evening of shows that include a torchlight procession to the national stadium.

August 1
The Slavery Abolition Act 1833, which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire (with the exceptions "of the Territories in the Possession of the East India Company", the "Island of Ceylon" and "the Island of Saint Helena"; the exceptions were eliminated in 1843), came into force the following year, on 1 August 1834.

The legislation only freed slaves below the age of six. Enslaved people older than six years of age were redesignated as "apprentices" and required to work, 40 hours per week without pay, as part of compensation payment to their former owners. Full emancipation was finally achieved at midnight on 31 July 1838.

The holiday is known as August Monday in Guyana, Dominica, The Bahamas, The Virgin Islands, and Saint Lucia, among other territories, as it's commemorated on the first Monday in August.

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda celebrates carnival on and around the first Monday of August. Since 1834 Antigua and Barbuda have observed the end of slavery. The first Monday and Tuesday in August was observed as a bank holiday so the populace can celebrate Emancipation Day. Monday is J'ouvert, a street party that mimics the early morning emancipation.

Anguilla
Anguilla: In addition to commemorating emancipation, it is the first day of "August Week", the Anguillian Carnival celebrations. J'ouvert is celebrated August 1, as Carnival commences.

The Bahamas
The Bahamas: Celebrations are mainly concentrated in Fox Hill Village, Nassau, a former slave village whose inhabitants, according to folklore, heard about their freedom a week after everyone else on the island. The celebration known as the Bay Fest, beginning on August 1 and lasting several days, is held in the settlement of Hatchet Bay on the island of Eleuthera, and "Back to the Bay" is held in the settlement of Tarpum Bay, also on Eleuthera.

Barbados
Emancipation Day in Barbados is part of the annual "Season of Emancipation", which began in 2005. The Season runs from April 14 to August 23. Commemorations include:
 * the anniversary of Bussa's rebellion, a major slave rebellion in 1816, April 14
 * National Heroes Day, April 28;
 * Crop Over festival, which includes May, June and the first week of August
 * Africa Day, May 25
 * Day of National Significance, which commemorates the Labour Rebellion of 1937, July 26
 * Emancipation Day, August 1
 * birthday of Marcus Garvey, August 17
 * International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition, August 23

Emancipation Day celebrations usually feature a walk from Independence Square in Bridgetown to the Heritage Village at the Crop Over Bridgetown Market on the Spring Garden Highway. At the Heritage Village, in addition to a concert, there is a wreath-laying ceremony as a tribute to the ancestors. Traditionally, the Prime Minister, the Minister for Culture, and representatives of the Commission for Pan African Affairs are among those laying wreaths.

Belize
Starting 2021, Belize joins other Caribbean nations in the observance of Emancipation Day on 1 August to commemorate the emancipation of enslaved people in the Caribbean in 1834.

Bermuda
Bermuda celebrates its Emancipation Day on the Thursday before the first Monday in August, placing it in either July or August.

Cup Match
Emancipation Day is marked by the Cup Match, a two-day public holiday and cricket match, played by residents of the island, is unique to Bermuda. Cup Match started when members of Friendly Societies and Lodges in Somerset in the east and St. George's Parish, in the west, gathered to mark the anniversary of the abolition of slavery. In 1902 a silver cup was introduced to the tournament, and that year the first official Cup Match cricket match was played on 12 June 1902. In the Public Holidays Act 1947 national public holidays were introduced on the Thursday and Friday before the first Monday in August, they were named Cup Match Day and Somers Day (named after George Somers, the founder of Bermuda). In 1999 Cup Match Day was renamed Emancipation Day, and Somers Day was renamed Mary Prince Day in February 2020 to remember Bermudan writer and enslaved woman Mary Prince.

British Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands: The first Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of August are celebrated as "August Festival".

Canada
In March 2021, the Canadian House of Commons voted unanimously on a motion to recognize 1 August as Emancipation Day across Canada. However, African-Canadian communities have commemorated Emancipation Day since the 1800s, most notably Black communities in the towns of Windsor, Owen Sound, Amherstburg, and Sandwich, in Ontario, and provinces including New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

The first of August marks the day the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ended slavery in the British Empire in 1834 and, thus, also in Canada. However, the first colony in the British Empire to have anti-slavery legislation was Upper Canada, now Ontario. John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, passed the 1793 Act Against Slavery, banning the importation of slaves and mandating that children born to enslaved women would be enslaved until they were 25 years old, as opposed to in perpetuity. This was the first jurisdiction in the British Empire to abolish the slave trade and limit slavery. The Act Against Slavery was superseded by the Slavery Abolition Act.

In 2022, the celebrations of Emancipation Day in Canada were declared a National Historic Event by Parks Canada.

Nova Scotia
Emancipation Day was set on 1 August by the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia on 13 April 2021. The event is marked with a provincial ceremony, as well as community-led events. Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia Arthur LeBlanc said in 2022, "as a province, we come together to renew our commitment to equity, peace, and dignity for all. We continue to structure our institutions and communities around the value of inclusion so that past harms are not repeated." The province also recognizes 23 August as the International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition, in recognition of people of African descent in Haiti and the Dominican Republic fighting for their freedom in 1791.

Ontario

In 2008, the provincial legislature designated August 1 as Emancipation Day. The act of parliament stated in its preamble: "it is important to recognize the heritage of Ontario’s Black community and the contributions that it has made and continues to make to Ontario. It is also important to recall the ongoing international struggle for human rights and freedom from repression for persons of all races, which can be best personified by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe and Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Accordingly, it is appropriate to recognize August 1 formally as Emancipation Day and to celebrate it."

Notable Emancipation Day commemoriation include The Big Picnic, organised by the Toronto Division of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which attracted thousands of attendees from the 1920s through to the 1950s. The first The Big Picnic was held in 1924, at Lakeside Park, in the community of Port Dalhousie.

In 1932, the first Emancipation Day Parade was held in Windsor and would come to be known as the "greatest freedom show on Earth". Organized by Walter Perry, the parade and festival boasted famous guests like Martin Luther King Jr, Mary McLeod Bethune, Stevie Wonder, Benjamin Mays, Fred Shuttlesworth, Martha Reeves and The Vandellas, and Eleanor Roosevelt. Though Perry's death in 1968 had a significant influence on the end of the tradition, fears over the Detroit Riot of 1967 caused the city's councillors to deny organizers necessary permits to stage an Emancipation Day celebration. Owen Sound has celebrated Emancipation with a picnic for 157 years, and now holds an Emancipation Festival.

Toronto hosts the Toronto Caribbean Carnival (known as Caribana until 2006), which is held the first Saturday in August of Civic Holiday, observed on the first Monday of August. Started in 1967, it is a two-week celebration culminating in the long weekend, with the Kings and Queens Festival, Caribana parade, and Olympic Island activities.

Dominica
Dominica: The first Monday is celebrated as August Monday. It marks the end of slavery in 1834.

Grenada
Grenada: The first Monday in August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities.

Guyana
Guyana: The first of August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities, and events; including family gathering where they cook traditional food such as cook-up.

Jamaica
1 August, Emancipation Day in Jamaica is a public holiday and part of a week-long cultural celebration, during which Jamaicans also celebrate Jamaican Independence Day on August 6, 1962. Both August 1 and August 6 are public holidays.

Emancipation Day had stopped being observed as a nation holiday in 1962 at the time of independence. It was reinstated as a national public holiday under The Holidays (Public General) Act 1998 after a six-year campaign led by Rex Nettleford, among others.

Traditionally people would keep at vigil on July 31 and at midnight ring church bell and play drums in parks and public squares to re-enact the first moments of freedom for enslaved Africans. On Emancipation Day there is a reenactment of the reading of the Emancipation Declaration in town centres especially Spanish Town which was the seat of the Jamaican government when the Emancipation Act was passed in 1838.

Emancipation Park, a public park in Kingston, opened on the eve of Emancipation Day, July 31 in 2002, is named in commemoration of Emancipation Day.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis: The first Monday and Tuesday of August are celebrated as "Emancipation Day" and also "Culturama" in Nevis.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines also celebrates August Monday.

South Africa
The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 came into full effect in the Cape Colony on the December 1, 1838, after a four-year period of forced apprenticeship. About 39,000 enslaved people were freed and £1.2 million (roughly equivalent to £4,175,000,000 as a proportion of GDP in 2016 pounds) – of £3 million originally set aside by the British government – was paid out in compensation to 1,300 former slave holding farmers in the colony.

December 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in South Africa most notably in the city of Cape Town.

French West Indies
This includes eight territories currently under French sovereignty in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean:

 * Martinique commemorates emancipation with a national holiday on May 22, marking the slave resistance on that day in 1848 that forced Governor Claude Rostoland to issue a decree abolishing slavery.
 * Guadeloupe commemorates emancipation on May 27.
 * Saint Martin has a week-long celebration around May 27, commemorating the abolition of slavery.

Central America
On the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua the emancipation of slavery took place in the month of August 1841 but with different dates.

Bluefields and Pearl Lagoon received their emancipation on August 10, 1841.

Corn Island received its emancipation on August 27, 1841.

Suriname – July 1
On 1 July, Keti Koti (Sranantongo: "the chain is cut" or "the chain is broken") is celebrated that marks Emancipation Day in Suriname, a former colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The day also remembers that enslaved people in Suriname would not be fully free until 1873, after a mandatory 10-year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and with state sanctioned force.

District of Columbia – April 16
The District of Columbia observes April 16 as Emancipation Day. On April 16, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, an act of Compensated emancipation, for the release of certain persons held to service or labor in the District of Columbia. The Act, introduced by Massachusetts senator and ardent abolitionist Henry Wilson, freed about 3,100 slaves in the District of Columbia nine months before President Lincoln issued his broader Emancipation Proclamation. The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act represents the only example of compensation by the federal government to former owners of emancipated slaves.

On January 4, 2005, Mayor Anthony A. Williams signed legislation making Emancipation Day an official public holiday in the District. Although Emancipation Day occurs on April 16, by law when April 16 falls during a weekend, Emancipation Day is observed on the nearest weekday. This affects the Internal Revenue Service's due date for tax returns, which traditionally must be submitted by April 15. As the federal government observes the holiday, it causes the federal and all state tax deadlines to be moved to the 18th if Emancipation Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday and to the 17th if Emancipation Day falls on a Monday. Each year, activities are now held during this observed holiday, including the traditional Emancipation Day parade. The parade had taken place yearly from 1866 to 1901. After a 101-year hiatus, DC's parade resumed in 2002, just three years ahead of the new holiday.

Florida – May 20
The state of Florida observes emancipation in a ceremonial day on May 20. In the capital, Tallahassee, Civil War re-enactors playing the part of Major General Edward McCook and other union soldiers act out the speech General McCook gave from the steps of the Knott House on May 20, 1865. This was the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation in Florida.

Georgia – Saturday closest to May 29
Thomaston, Georgia, has been the site of an Emancipation Day celebration since May 1866. Organizers believe it is "the oldest, continuously observed annual emancipation event in the United States." The annual event is scheduled for the Saturday closest to May 29. William Guilford was an early organizer of the event first held in 1866.

Kentucky and Tennessee – August 8
Emancipation Day is celebrated on August 8 in Hopkinsville, Christian County; Paducah, McCracken County; and Russellville, Logan County Kentucky, as well as other communities in western Kentucky and for many years in Southern Illinois in Hardin County. According to the Paducah Sun newspaper, this is the anniversary of the day slaves in this region learned of their freedom in 1865. According to a PBS documentary, it celebrates the liberation of the people enslaved by U.S. President Andrew Johnson, one of whom started the annual celebration in eastern Tennessee.

In 1938, William A. Johnson, who was born enslaved to Andrew Johnson in 1858, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration at Chilhowee Park.

"Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section. January 1 was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves August 8 and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day. The celebration this year has been changed to August 9 because August 8 is on Sunday."

Maryland – November 1
Emancipation Day is celebrated in Maryland on November 1. Maryland started officially recognizing Emancipation Day in 2013, when then-Governor Martin O’Malley signed a measure to celebrate the freeing of slaves in Maryland on Nov. 1. Slavery was abolished in Maryland just six months before the end of the Civil War. Maryland's slavery abolishment also was approved two months before the U.S. Constitution's 13th Amendment was passed by Congress, and a full year before the 13th Amendment was ratified.

On November 1, 2020, Maryland Governor Larry Hogan issued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day. "156 years ago, a new state constitution abolished slavery in Maryland. I have issued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day as we reflect on the legacies of the brave Marylanders who risked everything so that they and others might enjoy the promise of freedom."

On October 30, 2020, Montgomery County Executive Marc Elrich and County Council President Sidney Katz, on behalf of the entire Council, presented a joint proclamation Friday proclaiming Sunday, November 1, as “Emancipation Day” in Montgomery County.

Massachusetts - July 8
Massachusetts Emancipation Day, also known as Quock Walker Day, was established by the state legislature in 2022 and first legally observed statewide in 2023. It was observed in the town of Lexington starting in 2020. The observance commemorates the 1783 decision in the freedom suit of Quock Walker, which found slavery to be an unenforceable legal arrangement under the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution. Massachusetts became the first state to record zero slaves in the federal census of 1790, as slavery was abandoned in favor of indentured servitude or paid employment.

Mississippi – May 8
In Columbus, Mississippi, Emancipation Day is celebrated on May 8, known locally as "Eight o' May". As in other southern states, the local celebration commemorates the date in 1865 when African Americans in eastern Mississippi learned of their freedom.

Though the 13th amendment was ratified by the necessary three-quarters vote, Mississippi withheld its ratification document after the constitutional amendment was submitted to the states. Mississippi finally submitted the ratification document on February 7, 2013.

South Carolina – January 1
In South Carolina, Emancipation Day is celebrated on January 1. There are two reasons for the date. First, January 1, 1808, marked an official end to United States participation in the Atlantic slave trade. Additionally, on January 1, 1863, Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson read the Emancipation Proclamation, which went into effect on that day, to the members of the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored), which at the time was stationed in coastal South Carolina.

Texas – June 19
In Texas, Emancipation Day is celebrated on June 19. It commemorates the announcement in Texas of the abolition of slavery made on that day in 1865. It is commonly known as Juneteenth. Since the late 20th century, this date has gained recognition beyond Texas, and became a federal holiday in 2021.

Virginia – April 3
In Richmond, Virginia, April 3 is commemorated as Emancipation Day. April 3 marks the day, in 1865, that Richmond fell to the Union Army, who were led by the United States Colored Troops.

Puerto Rico – March 22
Puerto Rico celebrates Emancipation Day, an official holiday, on March 22. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 while the island was still a colony of Spain.

US Virgin Islands – July 3
The United States Virgin Islands celebrates V.I. Emancipation Day (Danish West Indies Emancipation Day) as an official holiday on July 3. It commemorates the Danish Governor Peter von Scholten's 1848 proclamation that "all unfree in the Danish West Indies are from today emancipated," following a slave rebellion led by John Gottlieb (Moses Gottlieb, General Buddhoe) in Frederiksted, Saint Croix.

In addition to recognizing Emancipation Day, since 2017 the full week leading up to July 3 has been recognized as Virgin Islands Freedom Week. Emancipation Day, Freedom Week, and the culmination of St. John Festival are celebrated throughout the U.S. Virgin Islands with concerts, dancing, workshops, a historical skit, and a reenactment of the walk to Fort Frederik.

title: Emancipation Day


text: Category:Warren County, New York

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Warren County, New York


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Titanium diboride

Titanium diboride (TiB2) is an extremely hard ceramic which has excellent heat conductivity, oxidation stability and wear resistance. TiB2 is also a reasonable electrical conductor, so it can be used as a cathode material in aluminium smelting and can be shaped by electrical discharge machining.

Physical properties
TiB2 shares some properties with boron carbide and titanium carbide, but many of its properties are superior to those of B4C & TiC:

Exceptional hardness at extreme temperature

 * 2nd hardest material at 3000°C (# diamond)
 * 3rd hardest material at 2800°C (# cBN)
 * 4th hardest material at 2100°C (# B4C)
 * 5th hardest material at 1000°C (# B6O)

Advantages over other borides

 * Highest boride elastic modulus
 * Highest boride fracture toughness
 * Highest boride compressive strength
 * 3rd highest boride melting point (3230 °C) (# HfB2)

Other advantages

 * High thermal conductivity (60-120 W/(m K)),
 * High electrical conductivity (~105 S/cm)

Drawbacks

 * Difficult to mold due to high melting temperature
 * Difficult to sinter due to the high covalent bonding
 * Limited to pressing to small Monolithic pieces using of spark plasma sintering

Chemical properties
With respect to chemical stability, TiB2 is more stable in contact with pure iron than tungsten carbide or silicon nitride.

TiB2 is resistant to oxidation in air at temperatures up to 1100 °C, and to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, but reacts with alkalis, nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

Production
TiB2 does not occur naturally in the earth. Titanium diboride powder can be prepared by a variety of high-temperature methods, such as the direct reactions of titanium or its oxides/hydrides, with elemental boron over 1000 °C, carbothermal reduction by thermite reaction of titanium oxide and boron oxide, or hydrogen reduction of boron halides in the presence of the metal or its halides. Among various synthesis routes, electrochemical synthesis and solid state reactions have been developed to prepare finer titanium diboride in large quantity. An example of solid state reaction is the borothermic reduction, which can be illustrated by the following reactions:

(1) 2 TiO2 + B4C + 3C → 2 TiB2 + 4 CO

(2) TiO2 + 3NaBH4 → TiB2 + 2Na(g,l) + NaBO2 + 6H2(g)

The first synthesis route (1), however, cannot produce nanosized powders. Nanocrystalline (5–100 nm) TiB2 was synthesized using the reaction (2) or the following techniques:
 * Solution phase reaction of NaBH4 and TiCl4, followed by annealing the amorphous precursor obtained at 900–1100 °C.
 * Mechanical alloying of a mixture of elemental Ti and B powders.
 * Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis process involving addition of varying amounts of NaCl.
 * Milling assisted self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (MA-SHS).
 * Solvothermal reaction in benzene of metallic sodium with amorphous boron powder and TiCl4 at 400 °C:
 * TiCl4 + 2 B + 4 Na → TiB2 + 4 NaCl

Many TiB2 applications are inhibited by economic factors, particularly the costs of densifying a high melting point material - the melting point is about 2970 °C, and, thanks to a layer of titanium dioxide that forms on the surface of the particles of a powder, it is very resistant to sintering. Admixture of about 10% silicon nitride facilitates the sintering, though sintering without silicon nitride has been demonstrated as well.

Thin films of TiB2 can be produced by several techniques. The electroplating of TiB2 layers possess two main advantages compared with physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition: the growing rate of the layer is 200 times higher (up to 5 μm/s) and the inconveniences of covering complex shaped products are dramatically reduced.

Potential applications
Current use of TiB2 appears to be limited to specialized applications in such areas as impact resistant armor, cutting tools, crucibles, neutron absorbers and wear resistant coatings.

TiB2 is extensively used for evaporation boats for vapour coating of aluminium. It is an attractive material for the aluminium industry as an inoculant to refine the grain size when casting aluminium alloys, because of its wettability by and low solubility in molten aluminium and good electrical conductivity.

Thin films of TiB2 can be used to provide wear and corrosion resistance to a cheap and/or tough substrate.

Compare

 * Magnesium diboride

title: Titanium diboride


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User:Mqbs

Longtime reader, first time contributer: Oct 24, 2004.

title: User:Mqbs


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Coins of Australia

Australian coins refers to the coins which are or were in use as Australian currency. During the early days of the colonies that formed Australia, foreign as well as British currency was used, but in 1910, a decade after federation, Australian coins were introduced. Australia used pounds, shillings and pence until 1966, when it adopted the decimal system with the Australian dollar divided into 100 cents. With the exception of the first Proclamation Coinage and the holey dollars, all Australian coins remain legal tender despite being withdrawn from circulation.

First coins
For many years after the first Australian colony, New South Wales (NSW), was founded in 1788, it did not have its own currency and had to rely on the coins of other countries. During the early days of the colony, commodities such as wheat were sometimes used as a currency because of the shortage of coins. Also many transactions were carried out using promissory notes or a barter system, which included trafficking in alcohol, known as 'rum currency', a system disbanded when Macquarie became governor on 1 January 1810.

Spanish dollars were sometimes cut into "pieces of eight", quarters, and then into 2/3 and 1/3 segments, with the 2/3 segments (1/6 of original coin) being "shillings" and the 1/3 segments (1/12 of original coin) "sixpences" In 1791 Governor Phillip of New South Wales fixed the value of the Spanish dollar to equal five shillings.

Under the decree of 19 November 1800 by the governor Philip Gidley King, the following eleven coins were legal tender for the exchange value of:
 * Gold Johanna (Portugal coin of 12800 Reis) = £4/0/- (four pounds)
 * Gold Half Johanna (Portugal coin of 6400 Reis) = £2/0/- (two pounds
 * Guinea = £1/2/- (One pound and two shillings)
 * Gold Mohur = £1/17/6 (one pound, 17 shillings and sixpence).
 * Spanish dollar = 5 shillings.
 * Ducat = 9/6 (9 shillings 6 pence).
 * Rupee = 2/6 (2 shillings and 6 pence).
 * Pagoda = 8/- (8 shillings)..
 * Dutch Guilder = 2/- (2 shillings).
 * English shilling = 1/1 (1 shilling and 1 penny).
 * Copper coin of 1 oz = 2 pence.

The settlers did have some George III one-penny coins, which were referred to as "Cartwheel pennies". These were the first British coins to be officially exported to the Australian colonies, and so can be considered Australia's first official coins. They were dated 1797 and 1799, with Britannia on one side and King George III on the other.

In 1812, Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales bought Spanish dollar coins, following the arrival of the ship Samarang at Port Jackson with 40,000 Spanish dollars, paying four shillings and nine pence for each dollar. He was worried that the coins would quickly be exported out of the colony and had holes cut in the middle of them to try to keep them in Australia. These were known as Holey dollars (valued at five shillings), with the piece from the middle being called the Dump (valued at around 15 pence). Both were declared legal currency on 30 September 1813 and went into circulation in 1814.

British currency became the official currency of the Australian colonies after 1825, with almost £100,000-worth of British coins being imported during 1824–25. The Holey dollar was no longer legal tender after 1829. The most notable Holey Dollar was the "Hannibal Head" a one of a kind coin that features the portrait of King Joseph I of Spain. The Hannibal Head sold at auction in 2018 to a private collector for $500,000.

Gold coins and Sovereigns
Unofficial gold coins were used during the gold rush of the 1850s. Traders' tokens were also used because of the shortage of coins caused by the large increase in population. Requests to make gold coins in Adelaide in 1852 to compensate for the shortage of coins were rejected by Britain after 25,000 One Pound pieces were struck.

Australia's first official mint was in Sydney, founded in 1855. It produced gold coins with an original design between 1855 and 1870, with "Sydney Mint, Australia, One Sovereign" on one side and Queen Victoria on the other, or "Sydney Mint, Australia, Half Sovereign", before starting in 1870 to mint gold coins of British design. One gold sovereign equalled £1.

The pound
Federation in 1901 gave the Commonwealth a constitutional power to issue coins and removed this power from the States. British coins continued in use until 1910, when Australian silver coins were introduced. These included florins, shillings, sixpences and threepences. They had a portrait of King Edward VII on one side. Australian pennies and half-pennies were introduced into circulation the following year. In 1931 gold sovereigns stopped being minted in Australia. A crown or five-shilling coin was minted in 1937 and 1938.

The dollar

The Australian dollar replaced the Australian pound on 14 February 1966 as part of the decimalisation process. At this time, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cent coins were issued. $1 coins were first issued in 1984, and $2 coins soon followed in 1988. The one- and two-cent coins were discontinued in 1990 and withdrawn from circulation in February 1992.

title: Coins of Australia


text: Category:Washington County, New York

title: Category:Washington County, New York


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Tiberius Julius Alexander

Tiberius Julius Alexander (fl. 1st century) was an equestrian governor and general in the Roman Empire. Born into a wealthy Jewish family of Alexandria but abandoning or neglecting the Jewish religion, he rose to become the 2nd procurator of Judea (c. 46 – 48) under Claudius. While Prefect of Egypt (66–69), he employed his legions against the Alexandrian Jews in a brutal response to ethnic violence, and was instrumental in the Emperor Vespasian's rise to power. In 70, he participated in the Siege of Jerusalem as Titus' second-in-command. He became the most powerful Jew of his age, and is ranked as one of the most prominent Jews in military history.

Early life
Tiberius Julius Alexander was probably born early in the reign of the Emperor Tiberius (14–37). His father was Alexander, an Alexandrian Jew who held the office of Alabarch as head of customs on the Arabian frontier, but it may have denoted a senior customs official. The family of the older Alexander, a member of the Egyptian gentry, had Roman citizenship, something not infrequent among the wealthy Jews of Alexandria. He also had business connections both with Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great, and with Antonia, mother of the emperor Claudius. Another prominent member of Tiberius Alexander's family was his uncle, the philosopher Philo.

With both Tiberius and his younger brother Marcus Julius Alexander, the father preferred to give them a grounding in classical languages, rather than have them receive a traditional Jewish education, and both had been groomed to enter into the Roman bureaucracy Marcus Julius Alexander was the first husband of Herodian Princess Berenice. Marcus died in 43 or 44, leaving no children. The Jewish historian Josephus introduces his portrait of Tiberius by condemning him for impiety, explaining that he "did not remain in his ancestral customs". This has traditionally been taken to mean that he became an apostate from Judaism at an early age, a view which finds some support in his appearance as a character in two of Philo's philosophical dialogues, making arguments against divine providence which Philo attempts to refute. However, some more recent scholars believe that Josephus is criticizing Alexander simply for his decision to take up the service of Rome, placing the interests of the Empire above the Jewish religion.

He nevertheless continued to benefit from his family's connections, which were enhanced after the Emperor Claudius came to power in 41. Agrippa had helped to secure Claudius' accession after the assassination of Caligula, and was appointed king of Judea. Tiberius' father, who had been imprisoned by Caligula, was released on Claudius' orders, and it was at this time that his younger brother Marcus became Berenice's husband. Tiberius's first senior appointment was as governor of the Thebaid in 42 CE.

Career until 63
Tiberius Alexander was evidently well enough connected for an equestrian career in Roman public life. The first position he is known to have held, beginning in about 42, was that of epistrategus of the Thebaid, one of the three regions into which the Roman province of Egypt was divided. This was an administrative and judicial post involving no military command. He may have perhaps maintained contacts with his brother Marcus, who was trading in the same area until his premature death in 43 or 44.

In recognition of his administrative abilities in the Thebaid after four years of service there, Claudius appointed him procurator of Judea in 46 CE. The province had returned to direct Roman rule only after the death of Agrippa in 44, and from the tenure of Alexander's predecessor Cuspius Fadus it had been a hotbed of zealot nationalism. Despite the opinion of some fellow Jews that he was a turncoat, his period of office as Procurator in Judea was marked by peace, as Josephus himself writes. He did condemn James and Simon, sons of an earlier rebel named Judas of Galilee, to crucifixion. It was also at this time that Judea was afflicted by a severe famine. In 48 he was succeeded by Ventidius Cumanus.

Alexander appears to have risen in the ranks – though the details are unknown, until, with the reign of Nero, he served as a staff officer under the prominent general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo during campaigns against Parthia, under whom he distinguished himself. In 63 he was dispatched along with Corbulo's son-in-law to escort the Armenian king Tiridates, with whom he himself had initiated negotiations, to the Roman camp, on the first stage of his journey to receive the status of client king from Nero.

Prefecture of Egypt
In May 66, after Corbulo had backed him, Nero appointed Alexander Prefect of Egypt, one of the two most prestigious posts available to an equestrian along with Prefect of the Praetorian Guard. Alexander may have benefitted from a philhellenic tendency in equestrian appointments under Nero, but his experience of Egypt must also have commended him. The year he assumed office saw the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War in Judea, and aggression inevitably spilled over into the large Jewish community of Alexandria. An outbreak of ethnic violence during a Greek assembly escalated when the Greeks took prisoners, leading the Jewish side to threaten to burn the assembled Greeks to death. Alexander sent mediators to calm the Jews, warning he would have to use the Roman legions if violence continued. The threat was ineffective, and Josephus describes the outcome: [Alexander] then let loose among them the two Roman legions, and with them 2,000 soldiers who happened to have come from Libya, with fearful consequences for the Jews. He gave the men leave not merely to kill them but also to plunder their property and burn down their houses. The soldiers rushed into the area called Delta where the Jews were concentrated, and proceeded to carry out their orders, but not without bloodshed on their own side; for the Jews stood shoulder to shoulder with their most heavily armed men in front and held their ground magnificently, but when once the line gave they were destroyed wholesale. Death came upon them in every form; some were overtaken in the open, others driven into their houses, which the Romans first looted and then burnt down. They felt no pity for infants, no respect for the aged; old and young were slaughtered right and left, so that the whole district was deluged with blood and 50,000 corpses were heaped up: even the remnant would not have survived had they not begged for mercy till Alexander, pitying them, ordered the Romans to retire. A less violent side to Alexander's government is demonstrated by other evidence. Over a century after his time, his administrative decisions were still being cited as precedents. Some of these are known from a surviving edict issued on 6 July 68, less than a month after Nero's death. This denounces, and introduces measures against, a variety of abuses including inaccurate tax assessments, malicious prosecutions and the imprisonment of debtors by private creditors. The edict's only allusion to the chaotic political situation comes as a call for trust in the benevolence of the new Emperor, Galba, and his ability to put right the wrongs of the past. Alexander was making representations to Galba on behalf of the provincials, presumably representing the desired reforms as the price of loyalty from this vital grain-producing province.

Neither Galba nor his successor Otho survived long in office. In April 69, Vitellius was recognized as Emperor by the Roman Senate, but his opponents were beginning to rally behind Vespasian, commander of the Roman forces conducting the war in Judea. The loyalties of Alexander, who commanded two legions and had control of the grain shipments from Alexandria to Rome, were of crucial importance. Fortunately for Vespasian, Alexander was willing to correspond with him secretly; go-betweens suspected by modern historians include Berenice (soon to be lover of Vespasian's son Titus), and an Egyptian official named Basilides. On 1 July Alexander became the first to make a decisive move against Vitellius: on receipt of a letter from Vespasian, he instructed his forces to take the oath of allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. His lead was followed by legions throughout the eastern Empire, and the anniversary of Vespasian's accession was later celebrated on this date.

Siege of Jerusalem
Vespasian moved rapidly to Egypt, leaving the Jewish war under the command of Titus. At the same time Alexander, as a proven commander with experience of Jewish affairs, was sent by Vespasian to join Titus as his chief of staff and adviser, second only to Titus himself. The siege of Jerusalem was conducted by four legions, and even after the city walls were overcome, the defenders held out in the Temple. Alexander participated in an initial decision not to destroy the Temple, which would remain an ornament, but to quench the fire. Two subsequent assaults by Jewish forces were repelled, and the survivors retreated to the inner temple. In a sortie, according to Josephus they clashed with the Roman troops tasked with putting the flames out, and one enraged Roman soldier threw a brand into the sanctum, destroying it. Josephus's accounts of the sequence of events, and of who was responsible, is highly contradictory, though, as in rabbinic tradition, both this and the earlier destruction of the Temple were due to God's will, Nebuchadnezzer and the Romans being but his instruments.

Later career
By this time, Vespasian's position in Rome was secure. The details of Alexander's career under the new emperor remain unclear. A damaged papyrus refers to Alexander as holding the position of "Praetorian Prefect", which is open to two interpretations. It could indicate his rank during Titus' campaign in 70, which would mean that he held his own independent imperium (commanding authority). According to another view, it means that he became Prefect of the Praetorian Guard at Rome, which in later years became a common position for former Prefects of Egypt. In either case, Alexander attained a position in the Roman Empire that was unparalleled for a man of Jewish birth, not to mention one who suffered from the further stigma of an Egyptian origin. The xenophobic speaker of Juvenal's first Satire, composed in the late 1st or early in the 2nd century AD, complains of passing the Forum's triumphal statues, "where some Egyptian Arabarch's had the nerve to set up his titles. At his image it's right to do more than piss!" This is very likely a reference to Alexander.

Ancient

 * Josephus, Antiquities 18.259, 19.276, 20.100–103
 * Josephus, The Jewish War 2.220, 2.309, 2.490–497, 4.616–617, 5.45–46, 5.205, 6.236–243
 * Juvenal, Satires 1.129–131
 * Suetonius, Vespasian 6.3
 * Tacitus, Annals 15.28
 * Tacitus, Histories 2.79

title: Tiberius Julius Alexander


text:
Mountain Pointe High School

Mountain Pointe High School is a secondary school located in Ahwatukee, Arizona one of eight public high schools serving the Tempe Union High School District.

History
The Ahwatukee area of Phoenix experienced explosive growth in the 1990s. The Kyrene School District, the elementary school district in the area, opened a string of new schools here at this time, and the Tempe Union High School District followed suit by opening its last two high schools west of I-10. Mountain Pointe was completed by the fall of 1990, but the Tempe Union district could not open it right away due to funding shortfalls. The new, US$27 million facility ($ in dollars) opened to students the following year. The 1,100 students in grades 9 and 10 that attended the school at its start were asked to pick a mascot: an eagle, thunder, rough riders or a pride of lions, which won out. Its rival Desert Vista High School was opened to serve the growing southwestern part of Ahwatukee in 1996. Prior to Mountain Pointe's opening, Ahwatukee was part of the service areas of Corona del Sol High School (five miles away from Mountain Pointe and east of the Interstate 10 freeway) and Tempe High School. In the spring of 1994, Mountain Pointe graduated its first graduating class.

Mountain Pointe is the largest high school in Ahwatukee with open boundaries. Many people who live in the 85044 zip code attend Mountain Pointe along with commuters from the South Mountain area. There also are a great number of students from the Maricopa area that attend Mountain Pointe High School. The Tempe Union High School District, which had to redraw boundaries significantly in the early 2000s as Corona del Sol grew over its capacity, also includes significant portions of west Chandler in Mountain Pointe's boundaries. While Corona has since shrunk in size, the boundary oddities remain. As of 2021, approximately 51 percent of Mountain Pointe students lived outside of the school's boundaries.

Campus
Mountain Pointe is an open boundary school that permits any student to attend. Mountain Pointe enforces a closed-campus policy and has since its inception, in which ninth, tenth, and eleventh graders may not leave campus without an adult checking them out for the day. Seniors are only permitted to leave campus with a special ID which can only be obtained with a signed and notarized parent permission form.

As of the 2009–2010 school year, Mountain Pointe High School now operates on a traditional schedule. This change comes after a ruling in which all six of the Tempe Union district schools did not meet the Arizona standards for required classroom time. The day now consists of five 57 minute classes, one 63 minute homeroom (five extra minutes for announcements), and a 30-minute lunch. A major criticism of traditional schedule is the loss of an academic lab, a 45–minute study hall, which allowed each student to travel to one teacher for extra help. A 40-minute academic lab returned to Mountain Pointe in the fall of 2011.

Notable alumni

 * Danny Baugher, football player
 * Will Claye, triple jumper, won bronze medal in the long jump at 2012 London Olympics
 * C. J. Cron, baseball player
 * Kevin Cron, baseball player
 * Brad Evans, Major League Soccer player
 * Scott Kingery (born 1993), Major League Baseball player for the Philadelphia Phillies
 * Kiana Ledé, singer, songwriter, actress and pianist
 * Joe Mather, baseball player
 * Rachel Melvin, actress on Days of Our Lives
 * Cynthia Moreno, 2008 USA Women's Boxing Team, 2008 Women's National Boxing Champion, 2-time Golden Glove medalist, Pan American Games bronze medalist
 * DC Pierson, comedian, Derrick Comedy group
 * Nicole Powell, WNBA player
 * Reid Priddy (1996), volleyball player in 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Sara Slattery, distance runner
 * Clifford Starks, MMA competitor, in both Bellator and UFC
 * Cole Tucker (born 1996), baseball player
 * Markus Wheaton, NFL player
 * Alex Lewis (offensive lineman), NFL player for the New York Jets
 * Carson Tucker (born 2002), baseball player
 * Mitchell Fraboni, football player

Athletics
Mountain Pointe's athletic teams' accomplishments include 118 region championships, over the course of 20 years with its sports. The athletics program has won the H.A. Hendrickson Award for top Arizona athletic program, as well as Tempe's top athletic program award numerous times.

In 2006, one of their female soccer players, Alexandra Elston, earned the Gatorade Player of the Year award. She won the award attending as a senior.

Mountain Pointe competes in the annual Ahwatukee Bowl, a Friday-night football game against Desert Vista. Previous Ahwatukee Bowls have been nationally televised on ESPNU. Beginning with the 2011 edition, the game is titled the Ahwatukee Memorial Bowl.

The football team won the Division I Arizona State Championship by defeating defending champions Chandler Hamilton 42–19 on November 30, 2013. The team finished the year with a perfect 13–0 record as the number one team in Arizona and ranked in the top 10 of all high school football teams in the United States.

There are many sports offered at Mountain Pointe that includes Freshman, junior varsity, and varsity level for both boys and girls. The offered varsity sports are:

Varsity Boys' Teams
 * Fall Sports
 * Football
 * Golf
 * Cross Country
 * Cross Country
 * Swimming/Diving
 * Winter Sports
 * Soccer
 * Basketball
 * Wrestling
 * Spring Sports
 * Track and field
 * Baseball
 * Volleyball
 * Tennis
 * Club Lacrosse

Varsity Girls' Teams
 * Cross Country
 * Track and Field
 * Softball
 * Tennis
 * Soccer
 * Badminton
 * Swimming/Diving
 * Volleyball
 * Cross Country
 * Basketball
 * Club Lacrosse

title: Mountain Pointe High School


text:
Country Club Park, Los Angeles

Country Club Park is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California.

History
The name Country Club Park refers to the area's previous use. In 1897, The Los Angeles Golf Club established a 9-hole course called the Windmill Links at Pico and Alvarado Street. Overcrowding inspired the organizers to move west and in 1899, the club moved to the corner of Pico and Western (the area that is now Country Club Park). The course remained there until 1910, at which time it moved to Holmby Hills.

After The Los Angeles Golf Club moved west, Isaac Milbank, with partner George Chase, subdivided the property for mostly large homes and mansions. Country Club Park matured in the 1920s and homes were constructed in the latest architectural styles: Craftsman, Tudor Revival, Spanish Colonial Revival, Colonial Revival and Mediterranean Revival.

In the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) which struck down racial exclusionary covenants, Country Club Park was one of the first affluent neighborhoods in Los Angeles to allow blacks to purchase homes.

In 2010, the neighborhood was designated a Los Angeles Historic Preservation Overlay Zone because of the large number of intact buildings dating back to the earliest phases of Los Angeles’ development.

Geography
Country Club Park is bounded by Olympic Boulevard on the north, Crenshaw Boulevard on the west, Pico Boulevard on the south, and Western Avenue on the east. The neighborhood of Arlington Heights is directly south. Wilshire Park is north. Oxford Square is west.

Country Club Park is partially gated; three streets that intersect Pico Boulevard are closed to through-traffic and pedestrians.

Parks and recreation

 * Country Club Park Heritage Plaza - 1015 South Wilton Place. It has a children's play area, picnic tables, and a walking path.

In Media

 * American Horror Story (pilot episode)

Designed and built in 1902 by Alfred Rosenheim, the president of the American Institute of Architects' Los Angeles chapter, the Collegiate Gothic-style single family home is located at 1120 Westchester Place. It is known as the Rosenheim Mansion. The home was previously used as a convent. An adjoining chapel was removed from exterior shots using CGI.

After the pilot episode, filming continued on sets constructed to be an exact replica of the house. Details such as Lewis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows, and hammered bronze light fixtures, were re-created to preserve the look of the house.

 * Ali
 * Daddy Day Care
 * Running with Scissors

Notable residents

 * Joel Fluellen, actor
 * Lena Horne, entertainer
 * Mahalia Jackson, gospel singer
 * Thomas Kilgore Jr., clergyman and human rights activist
 * Hattie McDaniel, actress
 * Lou Rawls, singer
 * Marl Young, musician and arranger

title: Country Club Park, Los Angeles


text:
Dosmatic U.S.A.

Dosmatic U.S.A., Inc. (also known as Dosmatic) is a Texas-based company which manufactures dosing pumps, fertigators, medicators and chemical injectors.

Dosmatic U.S.A. International, Inc. was founded in 1981 by Frank Walton as a small sales company for chemical injectors. Since then, Dosmatic became the leading manufacturer of non-electric, fluid-driven proportional injection technology. Dosmatic has been the provider to OEMs, distributors and service centers throughout the world.

Dosmatic manufactured injectors and pumps for the following market applications: animal health, bio-decontamination, diesel fuel additives, firefighting and fire prevention, food processing, golf course management, horticulture, pest control, printing, vehicle wash, waste-water treatment and other specialty applications.

Dosmatic grew from its headquarters in Carrollton, to offices in France, Belgium, Thailand, Japan, Australia and Argentina. The company exported products to over 70 countries worldwide. Additionally, Dosmatic had a worldwide network of over 500 distributors and regional service centers.

In 2011, Dosmatic was purchased by Hydro Systems Co. Inc. a division of Dover Corporation. Hydro is the world's largest independent manufacturer of chemical injecting, proportioning, dispensing equipment serving the janitorial, institutional, food service, commercial cleaning, industrial, automotive care markets, animal health and water treatment markets.

title: Dosmatic U.S.A.


text:
Bruce Eugene

Bruce Eugene (born June 20, 1982) is a former American football quarterback who is currently a college football coach. He played college football for and graduated from Grambling State University.

College career
Standing six feet (1.83 m) tall, and weighing over 260 lb Eugene was given the nickname "Round Mound of Touchdown". He was much heavier than the typical quarterback, but proved to be exceptionally quick and agile for a man his size. He was also a very accurate passer, and was rated one of the top players in Division I-AA college football.

Injured in the first game of the 2004 season, Eugene sat out the entire remainder of the year. He received a sixth year of eligibility from the NCAA.

Eugene was a three-time finalist for the coveted Walter Payton Award, which is given annually to I-AA's top football player (the equivalent of the Heisman Trophy in Division I-A). In 2003, he threw for 3,805 yards with 34 TD vs 13 INT. He also ran for 412 yards with 6 TD. He followed that up with an amazing performance during the 2005 season throwing for 4,408 yards with 56 TD vs 6 INT while running for an additional 157 yards and 3 TD.

At the NFL combine, Eugene recorded a score of 41 on the Wonderlic test, one of the highest ever.

Professional career
Eugene was signed as a free agent by the New Orleans Saints within hours of the conclusion of the 2006 NFL draft. Bruce was released from the Saints on June 15, 2006. After a short stint with the Canadian Football League's Saskatchewan Roughriders he signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on January 11, 2007.

Eugene was assigned to the Frankfurt Galaxy of the now-defunct NFL Europa for the 2007 season. Frankfurt Galaxy was at the time the defending World Bowl champion. At the end of training camp, Eugene was released by Frankfurt, then acquired by 3-time World Bowl champions Berlin Thunder, where he replaced third-string quarterback Walter Washington, who was released after camp, and injured back-up Omar Jacobs. He played his first game for Thunder in the 7–16 loss to the Hamburg Sea Devils on April 22, 2007.

Coaching career
Eugene moved into coaching, working at different schools in the Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL) in New York City. In 2011, he was the quarterbacks coach at Alcorn State University in Lorman, Mississippi. In 2012, he returned to PSAL as the head football coach at High School of Enterprise, Business, & Technology (also known as Grand Street Campus or Grand Street) in Brooklyn, New York.

In 2014, WGNO named him one of the best high school quarterbacks who played in the New Orleans metro in any of the previous 23 years. Eugene was a star quarterback at Walter Cohen High School of New Orleans.

In December 2015, Eugene became the first African-American coach to win the Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL) football city championship at the highest level. His team (Grand Street) defeated Eramus Hall 28–26 at Yankee Stadium. The New York Jets organization named him the 2015 "High School Coach Of The Year" and awarded his team $4,000.

title: Bruce Eugene


text: Category:1380 births

title: Category:1380 births


text:
Talk:Dish Network

Receiver data needed
We need to receive data for the receivers, including the industry-first DISH Player-DVR 942. Info available at http://www.dishnetwork.com/. --Acela Express —Preceding undated comment added 04:10, 12 May 2005

Dish Network does not have PBS Kids!
So, do us a favor, people, and stop adding it. And yes, I'm a subscriber. --User:Evice User talk:Evice Special:Contributions/Evice 12:36, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

Affiliated Program
The Affiliated program is a way that satellite television including Dish network has been using for a length of time now that allows them to reward groups by attraction new customers. one such example is satellitesimplified.com which provides a simple way a link customers that wish to reach Dish Network with assistance from the support of satellitesimplified.com Affiliated Program where it can be more easily verified and modified by authors. --p.alex woodard 22:06, 12 august 2007

Fox
It has been almost 4 years since you took Fox. Channel 7, Sunbeam off dish. I am losing football games!!!! End if the season and I can't watch the DOLPHINS play!!!! 2600:1700:7741:3480:9DFB:3E2E:870A:B342 (talk) 01:52, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

I have been trying to talk to someone for about 1 1/2 hours and have not been able
I THINK THIS IS A VERY VERY BAD BAD TO RUN A BUSINESS. WHY CAN'T I TALK TO ANYONE???????????? 2600:6C5D:4C00:45B:491E:A97D:BFA7:FFC2 (talk) 18:43, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

I have been without either a partial signal or no signal at all since September 25. I have talked to someone on the phone five times. Technicians do not show up when scheduled. Please advise. Tommy Roberson 254/723-2930 2600:1700:BFC0:F6C0:E94F:359C:16FC:180B (talk) 15:57, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Missing local channels
I am getting ripped off they are seriously over charging me every month! I am so sick of overpaying and not having the channels I overpay for every month! I am very disappointed I’ve had dish for 20 years or more and they still charge for the equipment every month, I have paid way more than the price of equipment several times! I am very unsatisfied with the service I receive. Half the time it loses the signal and have to reset the whole system, which is very hard to see a show! This has gone on for way to long! I am sick of being over charged! I will be getting a new tv provider!!!! Dish you are losing customers I have talked to other people who are not satisfied with the service you provide they also are changing tv providers! I can’t believe I have put up with this for so long! It’s over for me! Kathy Conrad 2600:6C55:513F:7280:84B7:B779:483B:23A3 (talk) 19:34, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dish Network


text:
National Alliance for Reconstruction

The National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) was the governing party in Trinidad and Tobago between 1986 and 1991. The party has been inactive since 2005.

History
The party was established in 1986, aiming to be a multi-racial party. It was formed by former People's National Movement members and opposition parties, including the Organisation for National Reconstruction (a party established in by PNM dissident Karl Hudson-Phillips in 1980), the United Labour Front, the Democratic Action Congress and the Tapia House Movement – the latter three having previously been part of an electoral pact known as the National Alliance.

The new party won the 1986 elections, taking around 66% of the national vote (the first time the PNM had failed to win over 50% since 1956) and winning 33 of the 36 seats in the Trinidad and Tobago. A. N. R. Robinson, previously leader of the DAC, became Prime Minister.

The NAR entered government with broad national support and goodwill, but support declined as fiscal austerity and neo-liberal economic policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program resulted in increased unemployment and a 10% cut in salaries in the public service. Infighting over government posts and economic policies split the party and some ministers defected after a single year in power. In 1988 former ULF leader Basdeo Panday was expelled, taking with him five other former ULF members to form the United National Congress. Subsequently, a further five MPs defected to become independents.

In 1990 the Jamaat al Muslimeen attempted to capitalise on the dissatisfaction with an attempted coup. Despite surviving the attempted coup the NAR was defeated in the 1991 general elections, winning only two seats, both in Tobago. Following the defeat Robinson resigned as party leader, and several other prominent NAR members retired, leaving the NAR severely weakened. In the 1992 local elections the NAR suffered another humiliating defeat, failing to win a single seat. The NAR did however retain its dominance in the Tobago House of Assembly, winning eleven of the twelve seats in the 1992 elections.

The party went through rapid leadership changes. Former Works Minister Carson Charles served as leader from 1992 until 1993. He was replaced by former Finance Minister Selby Wilson. Charles left the NAR and formed his own group the National Development Party. In a 1994 by-election an attempt was made to have the NAR and its two daughter parties the UNC and NDP, run a joint platform. However, the proposals failed to come to fruition. The UNC was adopting a policy of attracting 'NAR voters' directly rather than attempting another formal alliance, and following his failure to reunite the party, Wilson resigned and the NAR was leaderless until just prior to the 1995 elections. During this period NAR chairman Robert Mayers served as the de facto leader. When elections were called in 1995, Robinson was persuaded to return and resume leadership of the party.

In the elections the party retained its two Tobago seats, but failed to win any in Trinidad. However, it joined the UNC-led coalition and returned to government. Robinson was appointed Minister Extraordinaire and was elected president in 1997. Former Speaker of the House Nizam Mohammed replaced him as NAR leader.

However the NAR continued to weaken and fracture. Its bargaining position was reduced when two PNM (People's National Movement) MPs defected and joined the government as independents. In the 1996 Tobago elections an NAR assemblywoman, Deborah Moore-Miggins, contested as an Independent and won, although the party won ten of the twelve seats. However, two other NAR assemblymen later defected and joined her in forming the People's Empowerment Party.

During the 1996 local elections the NAR contested around a third of the 124 seats, whilst the UNC contested the remaining two-thirds. Most of the seats contested by the NAR however were PNM strongholds, where the NAR had little support. Even in places like Arima where the NAR could potentially have won, independent candidates split the vote, leading to PNM victories. The NAR won no seats and accused the UNC of supporting the independents, deliberately preventing the NAR from regaining representation in Trinidad.

Further problems for the party from its two MPs. Morgan Job (who had taken over Robinson's seat) frequently sided with the UNC against the NAR leadership, whilst the other was increasing friendly with the PEP and eventually became an independent. The party subsequently withdrew from the government. Mohammed did not seek reelection and former Attorney General Anthony Smart became the new NAR leader in 1999. In the 2000 elections the party was reduced to a single seat.

The following year the party lost the Tobago House of Assembly elections, defeated by the PNM. Early national elections were also held in 2001, which saw the NAR lose its single seat. In another early election the following year the party increased its vote share to 1.1%, but failed to regain a seat.

The NAR suffered a further blow in 2004 when a portion of the Tobago wing of the party led by Hochoy Charles split away from the NAR and re-formed the DAC, reducing the NAR to two seats. In the 2005 Tobago elections it received just 113 votes and lost both.

Party leaders

 * A. N. R. Robinson (1986–91, 1995–97)
 * Carson Charles (1992–93), (2005- )
 * Selby Wilson (1993–94)
 * Nizam Mohammed (1997–99)
 * Anthony Smart (1999-2001)
 * Lennox Sankersingh (2001-2005)

title: National Alliance for Reconstruction


text: Category:1471 deaths

title: Category:1471 deaths


text: Category:1471 births

title: Category:1471 births


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Star Trek

Reviews ordered by year
I just noticed that User:GreyElfGT (talk) has gone through a whole load of Star Trek Enterprise episode articles (and probably others) and reordered the reviews chronologically. I reverted one case (Rogue Planet (Star Trek: Enterprise)) before realising this had been done across multiple articles, including GA rated articles such as Affliction (Star Trek: Enterprise). In the past editors making substantial changes have been noticed and urged to discuss large changes across many articles, perhaps I missed a discussion?

These changes look like they were made in good faith but I feel like this is a mistake that needs to be reverted en masse. I can understand that an editor might look at the sheer quantity of episode articles that list reviews chronology and think that it was the way to thing not realising that was merely the dejure way early stage articles got put together until something better could be done. At best chronology is of very little importance to readers, and it really only matters if a review is more or less contemporary or if it was a more distant retrospective review. But forcing the reviews into a strictly linear chronology undoes the efforts that were made to group reviews by theme (in an ideal world reviews would be organized not simply by chronology or reviewer but by topic, such as writing, acting, direction etc, that stood out in an episode).

Am I wrong? Do other editors think these changes were an improvement and should be kept? -- 109.76.139.141 (talk) 23:39, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

 * User:GreyElfGT even made this same change to a Featured Article (diff) (May 25, 2004) and changes to Featured Articles usually require a bit more discussion, or get reverted quickly (and as of June 20, 204 it still hasn't been). I really need other editors to indicate if missed something or if there really is consensus for this sort of changes. -- 109.76.139.141 (talk) 23:47, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

My 2¢ on this whole topic follows.

I'm a big fan of Star Trek and was watching TOS since long before TOS Movies even came out, let alone The Next Generation or anything later. I recently concluded a Re-Watch of ALL of my Series/Season DVDs of TOS, TOS Films, The Animated Series, TNG, TNG Films, DS9, Voyager, Picard, Discovery, Strange New Worlds and Lower Decks so that I can further enjoy and keep up with new seasons, as well as the upcoming Section 31. While doing so, I also looked at many (but not all) of the respective Wiki Articles for those Episodes, just like I did when I watched all 20 Seasons + Films of Gunsmoke: So, Yes, they were Good Faith edits, and many were focused on those articles that had templates such as:
 * 1) to see what Reviewers and Critical Reception had to say...very interesting stuff, at least to me,
 * 2) Other details such as Production, Cast, etc., and,
 * 3) To make Improvements along the way.
 * Needs Citation (or a Better Cite)
 * Needs Verification
 * Dead Link
 * Mostly Plot (i.e., not enough in itself to justify a separate Article), and,
 * other-such "Needs Improvement" notices... because...
 * Unless such improvement occurs, the Episode Article is in danger of not retaining that add'l info and being merged back to the Episode List... as I'm just now finding out while watching The Mandalorian season 3 (see THAT discussion on its own page).

Now... a few things I noticed along the way. When it comes to the Reception sections, yes you very well could serve the reading public better by having prose/paragraphs that grouped various Review Cite's by Subject/Topic, and/or by Contemporary vs. Retro statements. But that's NOT how most Articles appeared to me! Within paragraphs they were NOT necessarily grouped in ANY meaningful way, and further, by Year, they were in NO Particular Order. It was a bit of a pet-peeve to me that no care was taken in grouping them in any meaningful way.

As for Year Lists, I partially agree that it IS a List, and understand the Argument that Wikipedia is not a place for Lists, per se. But from an Editor's perspective, if anyone ELSE adds NEW Reception/Reviews in the Future (or even Cite's add'l older reviews), it's easier to add it to the End of that List, than Mix it in to existing Paragraphs without ANY Thought to Topic, Subject, and/or Year. So that's why I ordered them, and also Grouped those Cites that fell within the same Year into the same paragraph.

My methodology was to keep Contemporary reviews to the Top of the section, in prose/paragraph format, then list Retro reviews afterwards by year, making it easier if anyone wanted to add Sub-sections to differentiate Contemporary V Retro.

I DID give thought, prior to my edits, that, like other articles, for other shows, that it would've been better if the Original Contributors created sub-sections that called out which reviews were Contemporary (i.e., Initial Reaction) versus Retro, because it seemed that many future reviewers, Like Me, might go on a Binge and put up their own "Re-Watch" reviews online... some even being Paid to do so by a Mag/Blog. I'm not paid, and have no interest in Blogging, but I can do what I can do on Wiki.

If you feel the need to go back and group them in some more meaningful way (i.e., by Topic/Subject), feel free, but don't just Revert them entirely. After all, I put in a quite a bit of time to make improvements & make better sense of those Articles, and to help Future Editors to add to them something New, quickly and within the relevant year the Reaction came. I've also Added Reviews from others where there was a Need...ie, where very little was present to begin with. Anyway...

Hope that helps! ~<}:^> --GreyElfGT (talk) 03:10, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * That thought process all sounds reasonable to me. Grouping by topic/theme is ideal, but if there is no logic to the section and you are just defining contemporary vs retro then that shouldn't be making the articles any worse. - adamstom97 (talk) 07:39, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Adam, if you haven't already please look at this (diff), which added a whole lot of dates into the reviews section of a Featured Article. It's emblematic of what happened here. These do all seem like good faith efforts but it is a mistake to make retrograde changes to long stable Featured articles.
 * GreyElfGT, your massive interest and dedication to the franchise while impressive is beside the point of making better encyclopedia articles here. The time and sheer quantity of your changes and how much work you put in is unfortunately also not important. It is not about you, or me, it is about writing a better encyclopedia article. In the past when this project was more active an editor would have noticed and reverted and given you helpful advice before you invested all that time, and to focus on the parts of your changes that were more in keeping with the best of this project. This project seems to be largely dead and no longer providing the kind of helpful oversight that would have been very useful here. (Very similar things have happened to me in the past, I used to edit a lot of film and tv articles, but when I tried to cleanup a video game article editors claimed the weird things they were doing there were actually intentional.)
 * "that's NOT how most Articles appeared to me!" also correct, most Star Trek encyclopedia article are not high quality but it is the high quality good articles and Featured articles that you should be taking as examples to aspire to. Making the best articles more like the worst articles (diff) is the wrong kind of consistency. All very reasonable and understandable, but unfortunately not an improvement. Wikipedia had changed over the years, in the past many articles were written like lists, particularly reviews being listed chronology, and many articles are still in that condition. (Most of the Voyager articles have seen little or no improvement in years). Over time some articles have improved and WP:PROSE has replaced the lists (or tables) which I hope you can see from the example of the Featured articles. "from an Editor's perspective" That is called writer focused prose, and it is not a good thing. It is not about making Wikipedia easier for editors, it is about making an encyclopedia better for readers.
 * "it would've been better if the Original Contributors created sub-sections " I would've created subsections if there was enough content for a subsection, but because of WP:OVERSECTION I did not create subsections when there was not enough to justify it (In most cases there is only really one significant retrospective review, and that's from Keith DeCandido of Tor.com, and I wouldn't wan to create subsection for less than three items but preferably multiple paragraphs of good prose.) Unfortunately you seem to have missed the Anchor tags I did frequently included that were there to help indicate where a subsection could go eventually (if the section ever got large enough to need subdivision).
 * I _always_ check the diffs before reverting. If corrections or improvements have been made to references (such as archive urls added) I will usually partially restore those corrections. Again though a lot of the things that might have seem like improvements at the time will need to be reverted, for example adding wikilinks to terms like science fiction might be helpful in a general article, but in context of an episode article for a science fiction show it is WP:OVERLINK (see also WP:SEAOFBLUE). Think about the readers, if somehow a confused reader ends up on an episode article the keyword in the opening sentence is the main article for the show and that is where most need to go for more overview information, rather than the general explanation of the concept of science fiction. Again I will try to salvage what I can but it is likely I will have to wholly revert a huge amount of the edits you have made to the Star Trek Enterprise articles.
 * I've have other things to do besides edit Wikipedia, it was months before I even noticed these problems, it could be a while before I have time to do cleanup [on the Enterprise episode articles]. The Featured articles are best examples, please look to them. I'm sorry if this is personally discouraging but I hope other editors will help GreyElfGT make better changes in future and help revert to restore the articles. -- 109.76.195.249 (talk) 11:00, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

I've made some edits to the first episode of Enterprise to show an example what the prose was supposed to be doing. Please look at the Accolades section of the article as a reader first, and consider if the most relevant information has been provided to you (rather than the editor or archivist perspective of the strict chronology of when it was published). Then please do look at it again as an editor (diff) and hopefully you can see what is supposed to be happening but do feel free to tell me what I've probably got wrong, there's always something. I hope you will find hidden comments I've added helpful (albeit too late), but I know other editors would curse me for using them that heavily.

This has taken up to much time already and there is other work I should be doing, I'll try and tackle a few more episodes over the weekend. -- 109.76.195.249 (talk) 11:39, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I've done some cleanup on various Enterprise season 1 articles. Dear Doctor had nothing to do with User:GreyElfGT but set a bad example with the same problem of overtly including the chronology of the references in the prose so i reorganized it and several other articles from season 1. -- 109.79.168.147 (talk) 17:42, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

I went back into my Contributions list to hit all the ST Articles I edited, looking to "de-list-ified by Year, reverting to prose", and to do so without Reverting anything else that I may have "fixed" like Typos & such... Hopefully I was successful enough that you don't have to Revert-Fix any more of my GF changes... last thing I want to do is "make work" for anyone else. Specifically, I removed Years that are already in the Cites, and Grouped Ratings by "Best of ALL ST" vs "Best of Series" and by Negative vs Positive reviews, and by Other Topic (such as Time Travel ep's vs Borg ep's vs... you get the idea). Also added Hidden Commentary on one article ("The Measure of a Man") to help section it off by Topic, since it has a very large "Reception" content. Hope that helps ~<}:^> --GreyElfGT (talk) 11:53, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Some points: 1) Wikipedia articles vary in quality and comprehensiveness, and so just something existing one way or another isn't innately a good reason for something to be the way it is. 2) I would say that given the large amount of time the majority of Trek episodes have existed, especially before the internet was as omnipresent as it is, separating contemporary from retrospective reviews is a good idea, but it would depend on the sourcing available for the specific pages, and strict chronologies run into WP:PROSELINE issues and should almost always be avoided. Likewise, different contexts and sourcing would mean some articles just aren't going to be standardized, and trying to make them conform isn't a good use of time. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 15:26, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

I should also note that the Idea of ordering Reception By Year was  not  initially mine alone... I had run across other ST Episode Articles that already had Reviews listed in order of Year, and worse, those in the same year were not even Grouped into the same paragraph, but instead had only one line per review/citation (which bugged me). Anyway, that probably contributed to why I edited other ST Episode Articles to order and group by year, intending to "help" maintain consistency across articles. Of course, now that I know better, I'll keep an Eye out for any others that are listed that way and fix them. ThanQ All for your feedback! ~<}:^> --GreyElfGT (talk) 13:57, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

 * That's because there was a prolific editor who would add prose line stuff to every article they could; that means articles need to be cleaned up, not that it's how reception sections are supposed to be organized. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 14:50, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Dominion War
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Dominion War that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject.  98𝚃𝙸𝙶𝙴𝚁𝙸𝚄𝚂  •  [𝚃𝙰𝙻𝙺]   22:30, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Star Trek


text:
Saint Xavier University

Saint Xavier University (or SXU) is a private Roman Catholic university in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1846 by the Sisters of Mercy, the university enrolls 3,749 students.

History
Saint Xavier University was founded as a women's college by the Sisters of Mercy in 1846 at the request of Bishop William Quarter. With the City of Chicago less than 10 years old, the religious sisters, under the guidance of Mother Mary Francis Xavier Warde, R.S.M., established Saint Francis Xavier Female Academy. The Academy, which would later become Saint Xavier College, and finally Saint Xavier University, was the first Mercy College in the world and is the oldest chartered college in the city of Chicago.

In the year 1846, five sisters of Mercy were sent to the city of Chicago from Pittsburgh to start Catholic work in the new city. The original campus (then referred to as an academy), soon gains, in 1947, the state charter which allowed for the granting on degrees from the academy. After this location (Wabash Avenue between Madison and Monroe in downtown Chicago) was burned down in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the campus was rebuilt on the southern boundary of Chicago.

In 1915 the Sisters of Mercy's hard work to open a college for women became a reality when the school became an official college, teaching "all branches of higher learning."

Academics
Saint Xavier University offers undergraduate majors and graduate programs through its two colleges:

 * The College of Liberal Arts and Education
 * The College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Business (a recognized Center of Excellence by the National League for Nursing)

Saint Xavier University has one of the most diverse undergraduate student bodies in Chicago and is a federally designated Hispanic-serving institution.

Chicago
Saint Xavier's 109 acre main campus is located in City of Chicago in the Mt. Greenwood neighborhood on the corner of 103rd Street and Central Park Avenue. It is in close proximity to the suburb of Evergreen Park, Illinois.

The university's main campus is made up of several buildings, including the Warde Academic Center, which is the oldest building on campus and houses administrative offices and the library; the Shannon Center; McDonough Chapel, a small Catholic chapel; the Graham School of Management Building; Andrew Conference Center and Driehaus Center. Within a mile of the main campus are the Visual Arts Center and O'Grady Center, which houses the departments of University Relations and University Advancement.

In 2001, an influx of students to the University led to the opening of four new dormitories on campus. Residence halls listed below;

 * McCarthy Hall (opened 2001)
 * Morris Hall (opened 2002)
 * O'Brien Hall (opened 2008)
 * Pacelli Hall (opened 1959)
 * Rubloff Hall (opened 2006)

In 2009, former Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley recognized Saint Xavier University for its eco-friendly efforts with the opening of the Arthur Rubloff Hall and O'Brien Halls on campus. These residence halls are environmentally friendly, featuring rooftop gardens and clean-source alternative energy.

In 2021, Saint Xavier celebrated its 175th anniversary and received an official state resolution honoring its legacy in Chicago.

Athletics
The Saint Xavier (SXU) athletic teams are called the Cougars. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) in most of its sports since the 1973–74 academic year; while its football team competes in the Midwest League of the Mid-States Football Association (MSFA).

SXU competes in 20 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, esports, football, golf, soccer, track & field and volleyball; women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and dance.

Coaches
The baseball team is coached by Addison Rouse. The football team is coached by Mike Feminis.

Facilities
Athletic facilities on campus include the Shannon Center, which holds up to 3,500 students and houses the university fitness center. It is home to both men's and women's basketball and volleyball teams. Bruce R. Deaton Memorial Field is home to football, soccer, and track.

Accomplishments
In 2011, Saint Xavier won the NAIA Football National Championship.

title: Saint Xavier University


text:
Talk:Amok syndrome

Comment 1
From what I know, it is not the Zamorin, who had the 'Chaver'. It was from Walluvanad kingdom. Zamorins were attacked by the Chavers.

Also I do not think, this explanation, needs to come as a part of Amok. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.200.144.114 (talk) 03:18, 25 October 2004

Videogame
Amok is also a nice mecha action game for the Sega Saturn by (now defunct) Danish developer Scavenger. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.227.168.224 (talk) 05:26 &:27, 4 January 2005

Chavers
chavers were suicide squads which were employed in malabar especially during the chola wars in the 11th century. these would ambush the enemy and fight until death, typically against overwhelming odds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ashokmenon (talk • contribs) 03:25, 16 May 2005

Meaning of the word Chaver
chavers were suicide squads made up of members of the nair caste,and were employed in malabar especially during the chola wars in the 11th century. these would ambush the enemy and fight until death, typically against overwhelming odds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ashokmenon (talk • contribs) 03:27, 16 May 2005

Amok
In the April 25, 2005 edition of the Newsweek Magazine the word Amok is used in a special report to express the chaos and violence that are destroying Rio de Janeiro City. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.52.211.220 (talk • contribs) 05:17 & :20, 26 June 2005

Dispute?
What exactly is being disputed in the article content? If the dispute can't be summarized here, the tag should be removed. Jpatokal 07:53, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Amok, Iich'aa Going postal
There is an ongoing project which includes Amok, Iich'aa, Going Postal and other sudden violence events. Cabin Fever was a sudden instance of one cabin mate going berserk and attempting to kill the other during the early 1800's. This happened when trappers, mountain men, wintered over in too-small cabins.

There is no reference in the article that these other similar behaviors happen around the world but have different names.

Going Postal is listed as a slang term but it is considered a Culture Bound Syndrome of the United States.

Amok happens where traditional longhouses are used. Entire villages living in single-room housing provide many opportunities for exposure to Visual Subliminal Distraction.

It is rare because of the masive exposure required to cause the psychiatric effect.

Like Jumping Frenchmen of Maine, Amok is disappearing as those crowded too-close longhouse living arrangements disappear,

The project site (URL below) has links that are too numerous to use in a Wikipedia article.

http://visionandpsychosis.net/Culture_Bound_Syndromes.htm

There is a psychology demonstration that will allow you to experience 'habituation to extinction' of awareness of movement in Subliminal Peripheral Vision.

http://visionandpsychosis.net/a_demonstration_you_can_do.htm

L K Tucker 20:18, 17 October 2005 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.215.234.39 (talk)

Amok as 'suicide by cop'
68.150.52.86 22:11, 7 February 2006 (UTC) When I was growing up in Malaysia-Singapore in the 50s through the 70s news reports of a Malay man running amok were quite common. The reason why someone would go into a frenzy and kill a complete stranger(s) in broad daylight was thus. The Koran forbids a Muslim from committing suicide. If conditions become so unbearable that the person feel he can find relief only in death then the religious-cultural solution is to murder a stranger. This is done in the open so that there is no mistake as to his crime and the mandatory penalty is execution. Its the Malay equivalent of "suicide by cop." Kelvin M. February 8, 2006 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.150.52.86 (talk) 22:11, 7 February 2006

 * ... And that's why they call it the Religion of Peace. -- amok —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.101.112.44 (talk) 11:00 & :02, 16 October 2006

References to Malabar and Zamorin are grossly erroneous
Please note that the article's references to the custom of Zamorin committing suicide is absolutely fictitious. I live in Malabar. Zamorin dynasty figures in our folklore. Nothing of this kind is ever said to have happened, either by the historians or in the orally transferred lore of the land. Savemalayalam 16:30, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

The reference to Malabar and zamorin is pure nonsense. Alexnader Hamilton was no historian. His accounts are apparently unreliable. There never was custom of a zamorin killing himself. It is being removed. Savemalayalam 17:12, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Sentence amendment
'The observations of Skeat about the Malay race are not unique since berserker myths. . . '

As a historian specialising in Norse history, I can guarantee you that berserkers were not mythical. I am altering this sentence. SynthesiseD 04:20, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Derivation
Any thoughts on etymology? I wonder if amok is related to 7mok in Arabic, pronounced like "hammock" with the second syllable emphasized. Mashford 14:54, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Recent recurrence
Do school shootings really qualify as "running amok". Most of those are planned well in advance, with the shooters calm throughout the episode. thx1138 (talk) 20:21, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Amok current occurrences
Amok, a Culture Bound Syndrome, is defined as sudden violence after a period of brooding. In modern society that would include the opportunity to plan the violence.

VisionAndPsychosis.Net argues that the beliefs that lead up to the sudden explosion are or can be delusional. Normal interactions are seen as threatening or evidence of persecution. This is from the outcome of Subliminal Distraction exposure, which can be seen in the mental events of Qi Gong and Kundalini Yoga. Both exercises have mental breaks associated with them for about 3000 years. Although the participants believe supernatural forces cause the mental events they correctly record the symptoms. To find this list Google either exercise with the filter of problems, mental events, or psychotic break. There are several large sites for the exercises that chronicle this aspect of seeking enlightenment.

L K Tucker69.1.46.205 (talk) 18:46, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Running, and "to run amuck"
It sounds like "amuck" is a variant of the transliteration "amuk" (as Webster's Collegiate suggests: var. of amok) but it also has in English the ring of folk etymology, especially in the context of running. Long before i saw any 4-letter spelling, i understood "amuck" as a-muck ("a-" meaning on, in, at, in (such) a state or condition, in (such) a manner, in the act or process of) and thus an analog of "asea", "abuzz", and probably ultimately "aware" (AKA "wary"), abed, afire, aloud, a-hunting, and atingle. And i saw "to run amuck" as evoking a wheeled vehicle (perhaps usually horse-drawn) running (perhaps evoking carelessness including excessive speed) into muck or mire, and getting that vehicle, and perhaps the draft animals, hopelessly "bogged down" (assuming i'm right about the origin of "bogged"). Just as "going postal" evokes the frustration of repetitive work, dead-end jobs, and/or ineffective personnel management, i think i viewed "running amuck" as evoking the frustration of an unmanageable enmirement, and any hint of violence as opposed to inextricability as explained by "snapping" and lashing out in the face of frustration. Bottom line: i'd like to hear what Dictionary of American Regional English has to say about its regional dependences -- is my picture of its role in English more common in areas where bad roads and draft animals have more slowly been remedied? I'm calling not for OR, but for gathering evidence that may justify hunting down explicit expert assertions of a happy (or confusing) coincidence between "amuk" and "a-muck". --Jerzy•t 20:33, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

I suggest switching this entry's first two paragraphs
Regardless of spelling, amuk or amuck, the expression as commonly used in American speech is far removed from its original Malay significance. Probably introduced to the English language by British imperialists and explorers who witnessed this display. Likely from the onset its usage in England was popularized by elitist armchair anthropologists and writers who perceived both the odd-sounding word and the ritual itself with snobbish visual humor as a novel expression for 'uncivilized and savage native behavior' and so letting it become a humorous way to describe any system, machine, animal or person gone haywire or 'off its hinges'. Since this last usage is by far the common understanding of the expression among Americans, it should be listed first for hurried searchers who often don't read past a 'top' definition. I also speak German. In that language this same expression is used, but quite expressly with its original element of murder. If a German, for example, checks this Wiki page for its appropriate use in American English, this page gives a serious picture more akin to 'going postal' rather than its far more well-known and common usage as something having gotten out of control and often in a humorous way. Mykstor (talk) 22:03, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Hrmm, when I grew up in the U.S. whenever anyone referred to "going to run amok" it just meant simply "going to run around" and had no violent, threatening mannerism to it at all. I was quite shocked to find it's real meaning.—   dain -  talk   23:26, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

 * These concerns seem to relate to original research and gut-feeling.137.111.13.200 (talk) 03:40, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Running amok. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131005211333/http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/ant100/pdf/MedicalAnthropology.pdf to http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/ant100/pdf/MedicalAnthropology.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:41, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amok syndrome


text:
Talk:Mountain Pointe High School/Archive 1

Mountain Pointe High School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was CONSENSUS NOT REACHED

As of November 8th, 2004:
 * DELETE = 8 vote(s)
 * KEEP  = 7 vote(s)
 * MERGE = 1 vote(s)
 * ABSTAIN= 2 comment(s)

Delete. Another non-notable high school. Indrian 03:18, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * "first of its kind in its area" might be notable, depending on the definitions of "its kind" and "its area". Also some things in there which could make it notable if and only if they are verified.  If being the "first of its kind in its area" turns out to be broad enough to be notable (i.e. it's not the first concrete-framed school within 400 yards of someone's house), and the scandals can be verified independently, K.  Otherwise D Chris 03:26, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 10:35 Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Just for the record, since someone a few hundred pages back was collecting other people's votes, you can count me in for deleting every blasted grade school and high school page, except the extremely unusual or notorious (Columbine; schools run in the Warsaw ghetto; etc.). High schools, though they touch thousands of people, are no different from any other business which does the same: the supermarket where I shop, for example. We're not a phonebook. — Bill 12:30, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. What an excellent analogy: You're right, we're not the phonebook.  Phonebooks are made out of paper and couldn't conceivably hold nearly as much useful and noteworthy information. -- Radman1 16:42, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I feel the need to rebut that assertion. High schools tend to be locii of community activities, unlike your local business.  Often they will have the facilities that give many athletes their start.  Schools are listed on the highest resolution maps as landmarks.  Students spend 6 or more hours of every school weekday at a high school, rather longer than your average shopping trip.  Most people will only ever attend one high school.  How many supermarkets have you gone to?  High schools are definitely more notable than supermarkets.  No vote   The Steve  18:39, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Little did anyone know that those would be invisible votes always cast. Count my Harvey Vote as delete all but the schools that are notable for being first of something, historically in play in some manner, or in the (national) news for some reason of fame or infamy. Geogre 13:33, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Improv 07:33, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A school. Intrigue 22:35, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. RickK 23:02, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Phoenix, Arizona and delete - Skysmith 09:02, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mark Richards 23:20, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 23:58, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - this is a school! Trollminator 00:05, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep — siro  χ  o  14:19, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep older ≠ wiser 15:06, Oct 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ugen64 01:35, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep--Arbiteroftruth 00:09, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

End archived discussion