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No. 54 Squadron RAF

Number 54 Squadron (sometimes written as No. LIV Squadron) is a squadron of the Royal Air Force based at RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire. On 1 September 2005, it took on the role of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Operational Conversion Unit, and is now the Advanced Air ISTAR Academy, responsible for training all RAF crews assigned to the MQ-9A Reaper, Protector RG1 (MQ-9B), Shadow R1/R2, RC-135W Rivet Joint and Poseidon MRA1. It also controls the RAF ISR Warfare School (ISRWS) who run the Qualified Weapons Instructor Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (QWI ISR) and QWI Reaper Courses.

The squadron was previously a SEPECAT Jaguar strike fighter unit, based at RAF Coltishall, Norfolk, from April 1974 until it was disbanded on 11 March 2005.

World War I

No. 54 Squadron was formed at Castle Bromwich on 5 May 1916. Like many others formed at the same time, was tasked with Home Defence duties flying BE2Cs and Avro 504s. Four months later, however, it re-equipped with Sopwith Pups, being the first Royal Flying Corps Squadron to operate the Pup. It moved to France as a day fighter squadron in December 1916. It was initially used as for bomber escort, claiming its first kill, an Albatros D.III, in April 1917, but specialised in attacking enemy observation balloons during the Battle of Arras.

The Pup soon became outclassed in air combat, however, and No. 54 concentrated on ground attack missions until it could re-equip with Sopwith Camels in December 1917, allowing to return to fighter duties, providing protection for Army co-operation squadrons. The German spring offensive saw a return to low level attack missions, carrying out both ground attack and fighter missions until the end of the War. In February 1919, the Squadron returned to RAF Yatesbury, reduced to cadre status and was disbanded on 25 October 1919.

Between the wars
The Squadron was reformed at RAF Hornchurch on 15 January 1930 as a fighter squadron equipped initially with dual-control Siskin Trainers until Bristol Bulldog fighters were received in April that year. The squadron had a brief stay at RAF Upavon in 1931, prior to returning to RAF Hornchurch. The Bulldogs were replaced by Gloster Gauntlets, in September 1936 and Gladiators in April 1937, before the Squadron's first monoplane, the Supermarine Spitfire, arrived in March 1939.

World War II

The early days of World War II were spent patrolling the Kent coast until, in May 1940, the unit provided air cover for the evacuation of Dunkirk, claiming 31 aircraft shot down for the loss of 4 pilots and seven Spitfires.

From July, the Squadron was heavily engaged in the Battle of Britain, often using RAF Manston as a forward operating base. The fighting was intense, and losses were heavy, with the Squadron being withdrawn to RAF Catterick on 2 September 1940. One notable pilot during the first year of the year was "Al" Deere, who claimed 11 German aircraft shot down, while himself being shot down 7 times.

No. 54 Squadron returned to Hornchurch in February 1941, flying fighter sweeps and bomber escort missions over Northern France until November 1941, when it moved north to RAF Castletown, Caithness, undertaking coastal patrols over the Pentland Firth. In June 1942, the squadron was moved to RAF Wellingore, to prepare for moving to Australia.

In mid-1942, the squadron joined No. 1 Wing (Spitfire Wing) of the Royal Australian Air Force, a Spitfire unit responsible for air defence duties against Japanese aircraft in the Darwin area. No. 54 Squadron arrived at RAAF Station Darwin on 17 January. Initially, the wing as a whole suffered from the inexperience of its pilots and mechanical problems caused during the shipment of Spitfires. Although contact with the Japanese was generally brief, 54 Squadron pilots scored a number of kills. Following the end of the war, the squadron disbanded in Melbourne on 31 October 1945.

Post World War II
On 15 November 1945 No. 183 Squadron RAF, a Hawker Tempest ground-attack unit based at RAF Chilbolton near Oxford, was renumbered to No. 54 Squadron and spent a year training pilots destined for overseas service before receiving Vampires and moving to RAF Odiham on 22 November 1947. In 1948, six Vampires from the Squadron made history when they completed the first crossing of the Atlantic by jet aircraft. Flying in 3 legs with over 8 hours in the air and accompanied by ground crew in Avro Yorks Following a three-year stint with Meteors, which arrived in April 1952, Hunters arrived in March 1955, and the Squadron took up fighter duties with Hunter Mk 4s in September 1955. Reequipped with Mk 6s as part of No 38 Group, frequently deploying to trouble spots around the world as part of the Group's Offensive Strike Wing. The Squadron was the first jet RAF formation team to trail smoke with a team of six Vampires. In 1955, No 54 Squadron flew a formation of four Hawker Hunter F1 aircraft. The following year the Squadron team adopted the name The Black Knights – the pilots wore black flying suits. They re-equipped to Mk9s gradually as the squadron relocated from RAF Odiham to RAF Stradishall in July 1959 with Hunter Mk9s and to RAF West Raynham, Norfolk, in 1963.

The squadron was briefly disbanded on 1 September 1969, however was reformed the same day after being re-equipped with McDonnell-Douglas Phantoms at RAF Coningsby in 1969. By 1974 when twelve SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft were delivered the squadron had re-located to RAF Coltishall. From 1975 until at least 1994 (the last year for which data is available) the squadron's wartime role was as an operational squadron in the front line assigned to SACEUR with twelve Jaguar aircraft, eight WE.177 tactical nuclear bombs, and a variety of conventional weapons. In a high-intensity European war the unit's role was to support land forces on the Continent resisting an assault by the Red Army on Western Europe, first with conventional weapons and secondly with tactical nuclear weapons, should a conflict escalate to that stage, by striking beyond the forward edge of the battlefield into enemy-held areas. The apparent mismatch between aircraft numbers and nuclear bombs was a consequence of RAF staff planners concluding that with some aircraft held back from the conventional phase as a reserve, there would be one-third attrition of aircraft, leaving the remaining survivors numerically strong enough to deliver the squadron's entire stockpile of eight nuclear bombs.

Post Cold War
The squadron moved to RAF Coltishall in 1974 and, following the retirement of the WE.177 nuclear weapon in the late 1990s, took on a more expeditionary footing with a number of operational deployments including flights over Northern Iraq from Incirlik Air Base in Turkey and flights over the Balkans from Gioia del Colle Air Base in Italy. With the decision taken to run the Jaguar fleet down in anticipation of the arrival of its replacement, the Typhoon, No 54 Squadron was disbanded at RAF Coltishall on 11 March 2005.

2005 - 2021: ISR Operational Conversion Unit (OCU)
Reformed as No. 54 (Reserve) Squadron at RAF Waddington on 1 September 2005 it re-roled as the Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) OCU, responsible for training all mission crews for the E-3D Sentry AEW1, the Nimrod R1, Sentinel R.1, Shadow R1 and later the MQ-9A Reaper.

From 2010, 54(R) Squadron became the home of the ISR Warfare School who are responsible for the delivery of the Qualified Weapons Instructor Course for ISR (QWI ISR).

Since 2013, 54 Sqn has also trained crews for the newly acquired RC-135 Rivet Joint aircraft.

The squadron was formally titled No. 54 (Reserve) Squadron up until 2018, when the (Reserve) nameplate was removed from all training squadrons.

On 31 October 2019, crew from No. 54 Squadron ferried the first RAF Boeing Poseidon MRA.1 ZP801 from the Boeing Renton Factory, Seattle, to NAS Jacksonville, Florida. Since October 2020, the squadron operates a detachment at RAF Lossiemouth, Moray, in order to act as the OCU for the Poseidon MRA.1.

Since 2021: Advanced Air ISTAR Academy
In June 2021 Defence Secretary Ben Wallace established a new Advanced Air ISTAR Academy run by 54 Squadron as 'a national and international centre of excellence for remotely piloted air systems and for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance'. In this capacity 54 Squadron continues to deliver OCU training for the RAF ISTAR Force as a Central Flying School (CFS) Approved Training Organisation (ATO).

In May 2023, 54 Squadron began training crew for the Protector RG1 in cooperation with the manufacturer, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, at Grand Forks AFB in North Dakota.

Locations
Wartime locations included: Locations in Britain
 * 3 September 1939 – RAF Hornchurch, Hornchurch, Essex
 * September 1940 – RAF Catterick, Catterick, North Yorkshire
 * February 1941 – RAF Hornchurch, Hornchurch, Essex
 * November 1941 – RAF Castletown, Castletown, Scotland
 * June 1942 – RAF Wellingore, Lincolnshire

Locations in Australia:
 * 13 August 1942: Ascot Vale, Melbourne, Victoria
 * 24 August 1942: Richmond, Sydney, New South Wales
 * 13 January 1943: Sydney, New South Wales
 * 25 January 1943: Parap Airfield, Darwin, Northern Territory
 * 9 May 1944: Potshot, Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia
 * 19 May 1944: Livingstone Airfield, Northern Territory
 * 23 October 1945: Parap Airfield, Darwin, Northern Territory
 * 30 October 1945: Melbourne, Victoria

Commanding officers
Commanding officers included:
 * Sqn.Ldr. James Leathart – June 1940
 * Sqn.Ldr. Robert Boyd – December 1940
 * Sqn.Ldr. N. Orton – August 1941
 * Sqn.Ldr. E. M Gibbs – 13 August 1942
 * Sqn.Ldr. R.B Newton – 11 January 1944
 * Sqn.Ldr J.B.H Nicholas – 1 July 1945
 * F-Lt D.M Gossland – 30 October 1945
 * Wg-Cmdr Frank Howell – January 1948
 * Wg-Cmdr Wilfred Sizer – November 1953

Aircraft operated
Aircraft operated include:

 * Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c (May 1916 – December 1916)
 * Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 (June 1916 – June 1916)
 * Avro 504 (July 1916 – ?)
 * Bristol Scout (October 1916 – December 1916)
 * Sopwith Pup (October 1916 – December 1917)
 * Sopwith Camel (December 1917 – February 1919)
 * Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa/Mk.IIIdc (January 1930 – December 1930)
 * Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa (April 1930 – September 1936)
 * Gloster Gauntlet Mk.II (August 1936 – May 1937)
 * Gloster Gladiator Mk.I (April 1937 – February 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I (March 1939 – February 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIa (February 1941 – May 1941; August 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Va (May 1941 – November 1941)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IIb (November 1941 – March 1942)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb (March 1942 – June 1942)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vc (November 1942 – May 1944)
 * Supermarine Spitfire Mk.VIII (April 1944 – September 1945)
 * Hawker Tempest Mk.II (November 1945 – October 1946)
 * de Havilland Vampire Mk.I (October 1946 – August 1948)
 * de Havilland Vampire F.3 (April 1948 – November 1949)
 * de Havilland Vampire FB.5 (October 1949 – April 1952)
 * Gloster Meteor F.8 (April 1952 – March 1955)
 * Hawker Hunter F.1 (February 1955 – September 1955)
 * Hawker Hunter F.4 (September 1955 – January 1957)
 * Hawker Hunter F.6 (January 1957 – March 1960)
 * Hawker Hunter FGA.9 (March 1960 – September 1969)
 * McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 (September 1969 – April 1974)
 * SEPECAT Jaguar GR.1 (April 1974 – 1999)
 * SEPECAT Jaguar GR.3 (June 1999 – March 2005)
 * Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW.1 (September 2005 – September 2021 )
 * Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R.1 (September 2005 – June 2011)
 * Raytheon Sentinel R.1 (2008 – February 2021 )
 * Beechcraft Shadow R.1 (2009 – present)
 * Boeing RC-135W Airseeker R.1 (2011 – present)
 * General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper
 * Boeing Poseidon MRA.1 (October 2019 – present)
 * Protector RG1 (2023–Present)

Former RAF Jaguar units

 * II(AC) Sqn
 * 6 Sqn
 * 14 Sqn
 * 16(R) Sqn – OCU
 * 17 Sqn
 * 20 Sqn
 * 31 Sqn
 * 41 Sqn
 * No. 226 Operational Conversion Unit RAF
 * List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

title: No. 54 Squadron RAF


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Andrew Bolt

Andrew Bolt (born 26 September 1959 ) is an Australian conservative social and political commentator. He has worked at the News Corp-owned newspaper company The Herald and Weekly Times (HWT) for many years, for both The Herald and its successor, the Herald Sun. His current roles include blogger and columnist at the Herald Sun and host of television show The Bolt Report each weeknight. In Australia, Bolt is a controversial public figure, who has frequently been accused of abrasive demeanour, racist views and inappropriate remarks on various political and social issues.

Background
Bolt was born in Adelaide, his parents being newly-arrived Dutch immigrants. He spent his childhood in remote rural areas, including Tarcoola, South Australia, while his father worked as a school teacher and principal. After completing secondary school at Murray Bridge High School, Bolt travelled and worked overseas before returning to Australia and beginning an arts degree at the University of Adelaide. Dropping out of university he took up a cadetship with The Age, a Melbourne broadsheet newspaper. His roles at The Age included sports writer, prior to joining The Herald. His time as a reporter included a period as the newspaper's Asia correspondent, based first in Hong Kong and later in Bangkok. He worked for the Hawke government on two election campaigns.

Media career
Bolt has had various roles on numerous TV networks, radio stations and in the print media.

In 2005, Bolt released a compilation of newspaper columns in a book entitled Still Not Sorry: The Best of Andrew Bolt.

Print
Bolt's column and articles are published by News Corp Australia in the Herald Sun and his column is published in The Daily Telegraph, The Advertiser in Adelaide, Northern Territory News and The Courier-Mail.

Internet
In May 2005, Bolt established a web-only forum in which readers could offer comments, feedback and questions in response to his columns. He posted some of these comments on the Herald Sun website. The forum changed to a more conventional blog format in July 2006.

Radio
Bolt co-hosted a daily radio show, Breakfast with Steve Price and Andrew Bolt, on the former MTR 1377.

He appeared weekly on radio station 2GB in Sydney for The Clash with union leader Paul Howes and as of 2016 is a regular guest four nights a week on Nights with Steve Price, which is broadcast on 2GB and Melbourne's 3AW, 4BC Brisbane and network stations across Australia.

Television
From 2001 to 2011, he was a regular guest on Insiders.

Bolt left Insiders in May 2011 to host his own weekly program, The Bolt Report, on Network Ten. The Bolt Report ended on Ten in 2015 and, in 2016, Bolt became a contributor to Sky News Live. The Bolt Report subsequently resumed on Sky News Live in May 2016 as a nightly format.

He has also appeared on the ABC television show Q&A and ABC Radio National's Late Night Live with Phillip Adams.

Leak of intelligence document
In June 2003, Bolt published an article criticising Andrew Wilkie in which he quoted from a classified intelligence document written by Wilkie as an intelligence analyst for the Office of National Assessments. It was claimed, but never proven, that someone in Foreign Minister Alexander Downer's office had leaked the document to Bolt. A spokesperson for the Australian Federal Police said that they did not have any evidence to identify the culprit.

Stolen Generations
Bolt has frequently clashed with Robert Manne, Professor of Politics at La Trobe University, about the Stolen Generation. Bolt has said that there were no large-scale removals of children "for purely racist reasons". After Bolt challenged Manne to "name just 10" children stolen for racial reasons, Manne replied with 50 names, which Bolt in response said included children rescued from sexual abuse and removed for other humanitarian reasons. Manne argued that Bolt and others were engaged in historical denialism despite "a mountain of documentary evidence and eyewitness testimony". Bolt noted many instances of contemporary Aboriginal children being left "in grave danger that we would not tolerate for children of any other race because we are so terrified of the 'stolen generations' myth."

Bolt has questioned the very existence of the Stolen Generation. Bolt stated that it is a "preposterous and obscene" myth and that there was actually no policy in any state or territory at any time for the systematic removal of "half-caste" Aboriginal children. Robert Manne responded that Bolt did not address the documentary evidence demonstrating the existence of the Stolen Generations and that this is a clear case of historical denialism. Bolt then challenged Manne to produce ten cases in which the evidence justified the claim that children were "stolen" as opposed to having been removed for reasons such as neglect, abuse, abandonment, etc. He argued that Manne did not respond and that this was an indication of unreliability of the claim that there was policy of systematic removal. In reply, Manne stated that he supplied a documented list of 250 names. Bolt stated that, prior to a debate, Manne provided him with a list of 12 names that he was able to show during the debate was "a list of people abandoned, saved from abuse or voluntarily given up by their parents"; and that during the actual debate, Manne produced a list of 250 names without any details or documentation as to their circumstances. Bolt also stated that he was subsequently able to identify and ascertain the history of some of those on the list and was unable to find a case where there was evidence to justify the term "stolen". He stated that one of the names on the list of allegedly stolen children was 13-year-old Dolly, taken into state care after being "found seven months pregnant and penniless, working for nothing on a station".

The Bolt/Manne debate is an example of the adversarial arguments on the issue. There is focus on individual examples as evidence for or against the existence of a policy, and little or no analysis of other documentary evidence such as legislative databases showing how the legal basis for removal varied over time and between jurisdictions, or testimony from those who were called on to implement the policies, which was also recorded in the Bringing Them Home report. A 2008 review of legal cases claims it is difficult for Stolen Generation claimants to challenge what was written about their situation at the time of removal.

Defamation case
In 2002, magistrate Jelena Popovic was awarded $246,000 damages for defamation after suing Bolt and the publishers of the Herald Sun over a 13 December 2000 column in which he claimed that she had "hugged two drug traffickers she let walk free". Popovic stated that she had in fact shaken their hands to congratulate them on having completed a rehabilitation program. The jury found that what Bolt wrote was untrue, unfair and inaccurate, but cleared him of malice.

Bolt emerged from the Supreme Court of Victoria after the jury verdict, stating that his column had been accurate and that the mixed verdict was a victory for free speech. His statement outside the court was harshly criticised by Supreme Court Justice Bernard Bongiorno, who later overturned the jury's decision, ruling that Bolt had not acted reasonably because he did not seek a response from Popovic before writing the article and, in evidence given during the trial, showed he did not care whether or not the article was defamatory. Justice Bongiorno ordered that Popovic be awarded $210,000 in aggravated compensatory damages, $25,000 in punitive damages and $11,500 interest. The judge stated that the damages awarded were significantly influenced by Bolt's "disingenuous" comments he had made outside court and the Herald Sun's reporting of the jury's decision. The Court of Appeal later reversed the $25,000 punitive damages, though it upheld the defamation finding, describing Bolt's conduct as "at worst, dishonest and misleading and at best, grossly careless".

Racial discrimination case
In September 2010, nine individuals commenced legal proceedings in the Federal Court against Bolt and the Herald Sun over two posts on Bolt's blog. The nine sued over posts titled "It's so hip to be black", "White is the New Black" and "White Fellas in the Black". The articles suggested it was fashionable for "fair-skinned people" of diverse ancestry to choose Aboriginal racial identity for the purposes of political and career clout. The applicants claimed the posts breached the Racial Discrimination Act 1975. They sought an apology, legal costs, and a gag on republishing the articles and blogs, and "other relief as the court deems fit". They did not seek damages. On 28 September 2011, Justice Mordecai Bromberg found Bolt to have contravened section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act.

The case was controversial. Bolt described the decision as a "terrible day for free speech" in Australia and said it represented "a restriction on the freedom of all Australians to discuss multiculturalism and how people identify themselves. I argued then and I argue now that we should not insist on the differences between us but focus instead on what unites us as human beings." Jonathan Holmes of the ABC's Media Watch described Justice Bromberg's interpretation of the Racial Discrimination Act, and his application of it to Bolt's columns as "profoundly disturbing" because it reinforced concerns that 18C creates "one particular area of public life where speech is regulated by tests that simply don't apply anywhere else, and in which judges - never, for all their pontifications, friends of free speech - get to do the regulating." Bolt later commented that he believed Justice Bromberg's failed attempt to run for the Labor Party ten years prior had a role in the final decision.

Assault
On 6 June 2017, Bolt was assaulted in Lygon Street, Melbourne by two masked men, while a third apparently filmed the attack. Melbourne Antifa, a self described "anti-fascism" activist group, appeared to claim a connection in the incident on Facebook, posting that Bolt attacked "some of our family in solidarity ... while they were protesting today". Video footage of the assault on Bolt was described as 'alarming', with Bolt saying he was "sick of being targeted for his conservative beliefs and would pursue his attackers for justice and demand a charitable donation".

Immigration
Bolt has spoken out against the changing racial demographics of Australia. In August 2018, Bolt wrote an article titled "Tidal wave of new tribes dividing us" in which he argues that a "tidal wave" of migrants are swamping Australia, forming enclaves and "changing our culture". He also said "Immigration is becoming colonisation, turning this country from a home into a hotel." This article prompted a press council complaint. Bolt has also spoken approvingly of Jean Raspail's book The Camp of the Saints, a novel depicting Europe being swamped by Asian immigrants.

Defence of George Pell
In 2019, Bolt defended Cardinal George Pell, who at that time had been convicted of child sexual abuse (he was later acquitted by the High Court), saying that "I am not a Catholic or even a Christian. He is a scapegoat, not a child abuser." He also stated that "In my opinion, this is our own OJ Simpson case, but in reverse. A man was found guilty not on the facts but on prejudice. ... Cardinal George Pell has been falsely convicted of sexually abusing two boys in their early teens. That's my opinion, based on the evidence." He went on to say that the successful prosecutions case was "flimsy" and that the conviction was the result of a "vicious" smear that formed part of a "sinister" campaign against the cardinal, adding that Pell was being made to "pay for the sins made by his church". Bolt reiterated his support for Pell when the appeal against Pell's conviction was dismissed in Victoria's Court of Appeal. On 7 April 2020, the High Court of Australia quashed Pell's convictions and determined that verdicts of acquittal be entered in place of all previous verdicts.

On 14 April 2020, Bolt interviewed George Pell on Sky News Australia following his acquittal by the High Court. During the interview, Bolt asked Pell if he felt ashamed of the way the Catholic church dealt with the ongoing sex abuse crisis. Pell replied that he did and described the crisis as a "cancer", also stating that failures for the church to act still haunted him. Pell said he didn't commit the alleged Melbourne sex abuse and didn't know why the accuser testified against him. He suggested the accuser may have been 'used'.

Comments regarding Greta Thunberg
In July 2019, Bolt made comments about Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg in which he questioned the legitimacy of her views on climate breakdown due to Thunberg's autism. "I have never seen a girl so young and with so many mental disorders treated by so many adults as a guru", wrote Bolt. He went on to question why such leaders "treat a young and strange girl with such awe and even rapture". The comments were widely seen as ignorant. Later in the article, Bolt went on to describe Thunberg's younger sister as displaying "a spectacular range of mental issues". Thunberg responded to the article on Twitter, saying "I am indeed 'deeply disturbed' about the fact that these hate and conspiracy campaigns are allowed to go on and on and on just because we children communicate and act on the science. Where are the adults?"

Comments regarding Bruce Pascoe
Author Bruce Pascoe grew up thinking he was British. In his 30s he came to believe that he also has Australian Aboriginal heritage and identified himself as Koori. Bolt objected to this apparent change in Pascoe's heritage following the success of Dark Emu, a book written by Pascoe in 2014 that reexamines colonial accounts of Aboriginal people in Australia, and cites evidence of pre-colonial agriculture, engineering and building construction by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Bolt suggested on his blog that Pascoe had succumbed to "the romance of the Noble Savage… the thrill of the superstitious".

In an earlier article in the Griffith Review (2012, following Eatock v Bolt) titled "Andrew Bolt's Disappointment" (also reproduced in Salt: Selected Stories and Essays ), Pascoe had suggested that he and Bolt could "have a yarn" together, without rancour, because "I think it's reasonable for Australia to know if people of pale skin identifying as Aborigines are fair dinkum". He described how and why his Aboriginal ancestry – and that of many others – had allegedly been buried.

In early 2020, the feud escalated when Bolt published a letter provided to him by Josephine Cashman, which resulted in Cashman being dismissed from the Federal Government's Indigenous voice to government's Senior Advisory Group. In the blog post, Bolt said the letter had been written by a Yolngu elder, denouncing Pascoe and Dark Emu. However the elder asserted that he had not written the letter, and it was also found to have paragraphs lifted from other sources.

In 2021, Nyunggai Warren Mundine, stated that genealogists "have produced research that all Pascoe’s ancestry can be traced to England. Pascoe has not addressed this and has been persistently vague about who his Aboriginal ancestors are and where they came from." Historian Geoffrey Blainey stated that "it is now known that [Pascoe's] four grandparents were of English descent".

Child sexual grooming comments
Bolt was widely condemned by child protection advocates who stated that he had minimised the seriousness of child sexual grooming during a segment on his Sky News show on 18 February 2020. Bolt repeatedly used the phrase "hit on" to describe the sexual grooming of a year 9 school boy by his athletics coach at St Kevin's College, Melbourne. Child welfare advocate Katrina Lines said "There is no consensual social situation in which it would be OK for an adult to 'hit on' a child. The adult was grooming the child and building an emotional connection so they could do what they wanted to him". The abused school boy later stated that Bolt and Gerard Henderson's comments made him feel "sick" and accused the pair of "trivialising" the assaults. Bolt and Henderson apologised for their comments in the subsequent days.

Climate change
In 2021, Bolt opposed the News Corp campaign to publicise the effects of climate change as 'rubbish'. Australian Conservation Foundation chief executive, Kelly O'Shanassy, commented that Bolt has "no credibility" on climate change.

Books by Bolt

 * Bolt: Still Not Sorry, Melbourne: Wilkinson Publishing, 2016.
 * Bolt: Worth Fighting For: Insights & Reflections, Melbourne: Wilkinson Publishing, 2016.

Personal life
Bolt is married to Sally Morrell, a fellow columnist at the Herald Sun. They have been married since 1989 and have three children. Bolt is an agnostic.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andrew Bolt


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Göran Hägglund

Bo Göran Hägglund (born 27 January 1959) is a Swedish politician of the Christian Democrats. He was the leader of the Christian Democrats from 2004 to 2015, Member of the Riksdag from 1991 to 2015, and served as Minister for Social Affairs from 2006 to 2014.

Early life and political career
Hägglund's parents are originally from Finland: they moved to Sweden in the 1950s. He was born in Degerfors in central Sweden, but moved to Jönköping, a Christian Democratic stronghold, with his family in 1978.

He started his political career in the Christian Democratic youth organisation. From 1978 he was employed by the party, first as ombudsman for the local Christian Democratic Youth, and from 1981 for the regional party branch. From 1982 to 1986 he was also a member of the Municipal Council in Jönköping.

Following the 1985 elections, he began work as parliamentary secretary for the Christian Democrats. He temporarily left politics in 1988, to start working for an insurance company. In the parliamentary elections of 1991 he was elected a Member of Parliament.

Hägglund became the Riksdag's Father of the House on 1 January 2015, being the eldest among those first elected in 1991.

Party leader
Hägglund was generally considered to be long-time party leader Alf Svensson's personal favourite as a successor. However, when Svensson announced his plans to step down, two other candidates, Maria Larsson and Mats Odell, had the support of a greater number of regional party organisations. Not even Hägglund's own Jönköping district stood behind him. Eventually, however, all Hägglund's possible contenders withdrew from the race, and his election as party leader on 3 April 2004 was unanimous.

Prior to the Swedish general election in 2006 Hägglund's Christian Democrats formed a closer alliance with the three other centre-right parties in Sweden, under the name Alliance for Sweden. After their victory in the elections, Fredrik Reinfeldt of the Moderate Party was asked by the Speaker of the Riksdag to form a new government. Following negotiations between the leaders of the parties in the Alliance for Sweden, Göran Hägglund was named Minister for Social Affairs on 6 October 2006.

In the autumn of 2011 he was challenged for the post of party leader by colleague Mats Odell. In an extra congress held on 28 January 2012, Odell's challenge failed and Hägglund retained the party leadership.

During a party rally in Gothenburg in 2014, Hägglund was hit with a pie by an LGBT rights activist.

On 29 January 2015, Hägglund announced that he would step down as party leader at an extra party congress on 25 April. Ebba Busch Thor was elected the new party leader at that congress.

Minister for Social Affairs
Hägglund was appointed Minister for Social Affairs on 6 October 2006 by Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt.

As minister, Hägglund enforced several reforms including the reform of the health insurance system which became a highly controversial reform. Hägglund also implemented municipal allowance which replaced the former state allowance. The pharmacy monopoly was abolished on 1 July 2009, and the alcohol law was liberalized in 2010. Deduction for household services, so-called RUT deduction was introduced in 2007 as well as the legislation of same-sex marriages in 2009. The bill was supported by all parties except the Christian Democrats and one member of the Center Party.

Personal life
Hägglund grew up in the Pentecostal movement, but is now a member of the Church of Sweden. He is married and has two children.

title: Göran Hägglund


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Category:Government of India

This category focuses on the work of national and local governments in India. For other aspects of the political process in India see Category:Politics of India.

title: Category:Government of India


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Jesús Mari Lazkano

Jesús Mari Lazkano (born 1960, in Bergara) is a Spanish Basque painter. He graduated in fine arts from the University of the Basque Country, where he is Professor of Fine Arts, and has had exhibitions in Europe, America and Asia. Some of his work is part of the Bilbao Guggenheim Museum collection.

Along with Jose Venero, he made the movie Artiko, which was selected to appear at the In The Palace International Short Film Festival in Varna, Bulgaria, and the Ulju Mountain Film Festival, South Korea.

One-man shows

 * 2018	ARCTIC, short movie, Signo Digital Productions.
 * 2017	The Arctic Circle, Scientific-artistic expedition to the Arctic, Svalbard; Bilbao Art Fair Lumbreras Gallery
 * 2016	Two worlds. Site Specific, Smithsonian Folklife Festival, Washington; Ikusmira. Retrospective Exhibition. Kursaal San Sebastian; Natura, Aoiz Art Center, Navarra; Bilbao Art Fair, Windsor Gallery
 * 2014  Chair-man Gallery Beijing, China; Natura Imaginis, Altxerri Gallery, San Sebastian
 * 2012	798 Art Bridge Gallery Beijing China
 * 2010  From architecture to nature Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao
 * 2008  From the memory Museo Euskal Herria, Gernika
 * 2007  Laboratory, Guggenheim  Museum Bilbao Galleria Il Polittico, Roma
 * 2006  Windsor Kulturgintza, Bilbao
 * 2005  Galería Antonio Machon, Madrid.
 * 2004  Galleria Il Polittico, Roma
 * 2003  Retrospective 1989-2003, Fundación BBK, Bilbao; Galería SEI, Pamplona.
 * 2002  Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid.
 * 2001  Galleria Il Polittico, Roma.
 * 2000  Galería Antonio de Barnola, Barcelona.
 * 1999  The Times, Sala Rekalde, Bilbao Galería Antonio Machón. Madrid.
 * 1998 	 From the beauty to the useful, International industrial architecture seminary Palacio Montehermoso. Vitoria.
 * 1997 	Sala Artxibo Foral, Retrospective 1984 -1989, BilbaoLe 29º Festival; International de la Pinture, Cagnes-sur-Mer, Francia; Galería Dieciseis, San Sebastián.
 * 1996  Adams Middleton Gallery, Dallas, USA; Windsor Kulturgintza, Bilbao.
 * 1995 	Embassy  Gallery, Yakarta, Indonesia. Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid.
 * 1993 	Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid.ARCO"93, ART FAIR Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid.
 * 1992  Adams-Midleton Gallery, Dallas, USACollection DOBE, Monte Bre, Lugano, Suiza.
 * 1991 	CHICAGO ART FAIR, Galería Michel Chenau, Collection DOBE, Chicago.
 * 1990  Mural for the  underground of Bilbao, 600m. squaresGalería Antonio Machón, Madrid; Windsor Kulturgintza, Bilbao.
 * 1989 	Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid.
 * 1988 	Galería Dieciseis, San Sebastián. Sala BBK, Bilbao.
 * 1987 	Galería Gamarra Garrigues, Madrid.
 * 1986 	Herrikasarte, Munguía.
 * 1985 	Sala Ezkurdi, Durango. Galería Dieciseis, San Sebastián.
 * 1984 	Sala Gran Vía, 21, Bilbao.
 * 1983 	ARTEDER-83, Bilbao; Windsor Kulturgintza, Bilbao; Sala Kutxa, San Sebastián, Azpeitia

Public paintings
2011	Natura Imaginis, 6 x 15 metres. IBERDROLA Tower, Cesar Pelli architect, Bilbao.

2010	BILBO MMX, 125 x 720 cm. Stand Bilbao, EXPO SHANGAI 2010

2009 Project for the Matadero Bridge, Madrid, with the Adrian Geuze's Studio West 8 Urban Design &Landscape Architecture de Rotterdam

2007  Leioatik-Leioara. 125 x 650 cm Kultur Etxea, Leioa Hemendik nora eta nola, Two pieces of 200 x 2.000 cm. Aula Magna of University of the Basque Country, Bilbao.

2006  Water tank of Gernika, 500 x 8.400 cm, Water consortium of Busturialdea, Gernika “Busturialdea”, Gernika.

2005  Paisaje de paso, 4 pieces  of 800 x 200 cm. Intermodal of San Mames, Renfe Bilbao; Bizkaia, 3 x 5 meters. Bilbao Exhibition Center, Barakaldo.

2002  From the relative or the place of the memory 3,5 x 12 meters. Palacio de Música y Congresos Euskalduna, Bilbao; Arriaga´s dream, 3 x 5 meters. Tram of Bilbao Euskotran,. Temporal installation.

2001  Euskadi, 244 x 530 cm. Basque Parliament, Vitoria-Gazteiz

1996  Roof mural of the Argentaria's foundation library, Madrid.

1991   Realization of 4 stamps for the post: Spanish Bank, Alvaro de Bazán, Fuente de Apolo, and San Isidro institute, due to Madrid being European culture capital. “Ed. Casa de la Moneda y Timbre”, Madrid.

1990  Hemendik nora, 10 x 60 meters, Mural for the Bilbao underground. Demolished

Public collections and museums

 * Guggenheim Museum. Bilbao.
 * Château du Montbeliard Museum, France.
 * Bvlgary Collection, Hong Kong, Los Angeles.
 * Collection DOBE, Lugano, Suiza.
 * Financial Corporation Washington.
 * Spanish academy of Fine Arts, Roma.
 * Fine Arts Museum of Bilbao.
 * Artium Museum, Vitoria.
 * Col. Goldman Saatchi, Madrid.
 * Col. Testimoni. La Caixa, Barcelona.
 * Col. BBVA. Madrid.
 * San Telmo Museum, San Sebastian.
 * Basque Government, Vitoria.
 * Youth Institute, Madrid.
 * Col. Caja Postal. Madrid.
 * Col. Bilbao Undergrown.
 * Patio Herreriano Museum, Valladolid.
 * Col. Ajuriaenea palace, Vitoria.
 * Col. Argentaria Foundation, Madrid.
 * Col. Athletic Club de Bilbao.
 * Casa de la Moneda y Timbre, Madrid.
 * Museo Municipal Madrid.
 * BSCH Foundation. Santander.
 * Basque Parliament, Vitoria.
 * Opera House, Bilbao.
 * Bilbao Exhibition Center.
 * Euskaltel, Derio.

Prizes and grants

 * 2007 “Titanio” prize. Basque and Navarre architecture's college  “Ria del ocio” Prize
 * 2001 First “Vacamanía” Prize, Bilbao
 * 1997 Spanish Academy of Roma  scholarship
 * 1995 Scholarship from the Spanish embassy of Indonesia
 * 1991 Premio Ibérico Dos Mil. “Ibérico Dos Mil” Prize
 * 1990 Artistic creation  “Banesto”  Grant
 * 1988 Basque Government Grant
 * 1987 II Prize of engravings “Gure Artea”
 * 1986 “Caja de Ahorros Vizcaina” GrantYoung art Prize, Culture Department, Madrid.
 * 1985  First Prize “Gure Artea” “Adquisición Bizkaiko Artea” Prize
 * 1984 Basque Government Grant First “Bienal of Basque Art” Prize, Amorebieta.
 * 1983 Artistic creation Grant, Delegation of Gipuzkoa
 * 1982 First prize for the Young Artists, San Sebastian

Courses and conferences

 * Teacher of the Master in Research on the territory and the landscape, University of Elche, Spain
 * Teacher of the Master in Research and creation of art, University of the Basque Country
 * Urban iconographies. In architecture and society, Official College of Architecture Basque and Navarre, Bilbao, July 2007
 * From the process, Practice course, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, 2007
 * Ruins of the contemporary painting, University of Kiel, Germany, 2006
 * My painting and the city. Literature and the city. Theory and practice application; XXV Summer courses – XVIII European Courses of the UPV San Sebastian, 2006
 * Organization of a cycle of conferences Landscapes, which landscapes? Bilboarte centre. Bilbao, April–May 2002
 * Art and nature. The garden like an art. From 15−19 September, Department of the History Art, Philosophy and Literature Faculty of Zaragoza. Huesca, 1997
 * Doctoral courses Creación e investigación en Arte. Pintura. 1994-2010
 * 11/4 International industrial architecture's seminary. From 7−27 September. Area of urban renewal of Vitoria, Department of urbanism of the delegation of Araba and department of order of the Basque Government territory
 * Doctoral courses Research and creation of art. Painting. 1994−2010

Lectures

 * About the creative process. Architecture School Tongji University. Shanghai. 2011
 * From the architecture to the nature. Fine Arts Museum, Bilbao. 2011
 * Landscape, city, painting, Fine Arts Faculty, University of Warsaw, Poland, 2010
 * Landscape, city, painting, University of Art and Design, Helsinki, 2008
 * “Art between us” Inaugural lecture for the official opening ceremony of the course 2007-8. University of the Basque Country, 2007
 * “Progetto pittorico”, Fine Arts academy of Venice, 2007
 * Architectonic report, “Titanio prize”, Architecture Basque and Navarre Collage, Bilbao, 2007
 * Ideal topographies, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, 2007
 * Readings in Arquiesculture, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, December 2005
 * “Switching on words in a paper”, Oteiza other. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, December 2004
 * Landscape and painting. Philosophy Faculty. University of Deusto. Bilbao. 2002
 * The garden like the laboratory or a natural geometry. Postgrade courses of Art and Nature, the garden like an art. Huesca, Spain, 1997
 * From the way of expression of a province painter, Argentaria Foundation, Bilbao. February, 1996
 * From how to reduce the distances or the painting like an antidote. Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País Delegación en Corte, Madrid. November, 1994

Books and catalogues of one-man shows

 * Landscape soul, Ed. 798 Bridge Gallery Beijing China
 * From architecture to nature  Ed. Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao
 * Lazkano Cuaderno de Notas Ed. Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao
 * “Desde la Pintura” en RIEV JOURNAL, Eusko Ikaskuntza, 51-52, pag 241-334, Bilbao, 2007
 * Natura dello of Lorenzo Canova, Ed. Il Político, Roma, 2007. spazio, introduction
 * Roma-New York, introducción Arnaldo Romani Brizzi, Ed. Il Polittico, Roma, 2004
 * Catálogo Razonado LAZKANO 1989-2002. Kosme de Barañano. Ed BBK, Bilbao, 2003
 * ROMA, facsímil Italian notebook drawings . Ed. Bassarai, Vitoria, 2003.
 * El espejo transparente, introduction, author's texts. Ed. Antonio Machón, Madrid. 2002.
 * Roma Veduta, introduction Edward Lucie-Smith, Ed. Il Político, Roma, 2001.
 * De las Formas Simples, introduction Juan Manuel Bonet and text of Jesús Mari Lazkano. Ed. Antonio de Barnola. Barcelona. 2000.
 * De los tiempos, essay of Fernando Castro, Ed. Rekalde, June, July, August, 1999, Bilbao
 * Ars Fragmentaria, introduction Kosme de Barañano and text Jesús Mari Lazkano. Ed. Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid, 1999.
 * De lo bello y lo útil o recorrido pictórico por algunas ruinas de la industria vizcaína y otros pueblos. Jesús Mari Lazkano 1984-1989. introduction Javier González de Durana, September−October 1997. Ed. Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, 1997.
 * De la memoria, author's texts, Ed. Windsor Kulturgintza, Bilbao, 1997.
 * Del Orden Natural, author's texts, October–November, 1995. Ed. Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid, 1996.
 * La Gran Utopía, introducción del author, January–February, 1993. Ed. Galería Antonio Machón. Madrid, 1996.
 * Cuaderno de Notas, facsímil New York drawings, introduction Antonio Bonet. Ed. Haizegoa, Bilbao, 1992.
 * Jesús Mari Lazkano, (separata), Catálogo Nacional de Arte Contemporáneo 1991-1992 IBERICOÊ2 MIL, introduction Miguel Zugaza, Barcelona, 1992.
 * Viena-Nueva York, author's texts. Ed. Galería Windsor Kulturgintza, Bilbao, May,1990.
 * Jesús Mari Lazkano, introduction Jon Juaristi. Ed. Galería Antonio Machón, Madrid, April–May, 1989.
 * Catálogo razonado, 1977-1988, (separata), Kobie N1/4 5, serie Bellas Artes, introduction Javier González de Durana. Ed. Diputación Foral de Bizkaia, Bilbao, 1988.
 * Jesús Mari Lazkano. PAINTINGS, introduction Javier González de Durana. Ed. Caja de Ahorros Vizcaína, Bilbao, 1988.
 * Lazkano. Ed. Galería Gamarra - Garrigues, Madrid, May, 1987.
 * Jesús Mari Lazkano. Margoak - Pinturas, introduction Txema Exparta. Ed. Caja de Ahorros Vizcaína, Bilbao, May, 1984.
 * Bueno..., Ed. Jesús Mari Lazkano y Joseba Macías, Bilbao, 1982.

title: Jesús Mari Lazkano


text:
User talk:LostLeviathan

JFW | T@lk  23:04, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

thefacebook
I saw your edit to the facebook talk page. Are you on it? If so, may I direct you to Wikipedians who use thefacebook. I've added my name there if you'd like to add me back. Mike H 08:33, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nah, I'd rather keep some degree of anonymity on Wikipedia. Thanks, though.  --LostLeviathan 19:49, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Redirects for deletion
Hello. I removed the Speedy tag from Graffiti (PalmOS), as it doesn't qualify as a CSD. If you like, you can list it at Redirects for deletion. Thank you. SWAdair | Talk 08:11, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You mean Graphiti (PalmOS); Graffiti (PalmOS) is an extremely useful redirect. And you're right; I apologize, I'll go through the request system.  --LostLeviathan 20:09, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Mini/POP/Progesterone only pill
Yes all the same thing. Progestin is the term for synthetic progesterones that is used in USA. Thanks for pointing out this missed expansion of terminology. Hope you feel the edit to Progesterone only pill is clear, I have also added redirects Mini pill, Mini-pill. - David Ruben 11:59, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the quick response! The article looks good now, though perhaps a bit too dependent on comparison to the standard oral contraceptive.  --LostLeviathan 07:05, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Capitalization
I noticed your fix of capitalization in Fantasy films. I believe the wiki standard is that the first word of an article or subhead be capitalized, but not the second word unless it would be capitalized in a sentence. Thus, "Photographing fairies". --Rick Norwood

 * (Please remember to sign your posts.) If you look at the article, Photographing Fairies, it's about a film of that name.  The film's title is officially spelled with both words capitalized, so it falls under the category of proper nouns.  Please look at Naming conventions (capitalization) more carefully.  Surely you're not suggesting that the article on Star Wars should instead be called Star wars?  --LostLeviathan 21:52, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Doodle
You asked a question at Talk:Doodle many moons ago. The article has since been expanded and I believe now has an answer. Cheers, BanyanTree 17:12, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much. That's quite helpful.  --LostLeviathan 21:51, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Ampersands in MediaWiki
I've been trying to set up my .htaccess as you have described at Meta, but while I can generate %26 in place of the ampersand in the URL, I can't get it to actually go to a page with an ampersand in it! I'm running 1.5.8 with the following .htaccess:

Options FollowSymLinks RewriteEngine On      RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule ^(.+)$ /index.php?title=$1 [L,QSA] RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/.*&.* RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/.*&.* RewriteRule ^/?(.*)&(.*)$ /index.php?title=$1\%26$2 [L]

- ScarredSun 12:53, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

If you have the time...
Hi LostLeviathan. I have recently been making major edits to Music video games and I have noticed that you had made a number of major contributions to it a few years ago. I agree with most if not all of your edits and your comments on the talk page and I was wondering if you'd be interested in contributing to a related discussion. I am currently asking WP:VG members and other concerned parties to weigh in on a suggestion I am making and I would value your input. I have recently been attempting to properly categorize and subcategorize articles that fit somewhere under Category:Music video games and I have found WP:SUBCAT to be extremely helpful. At WP:SUBCAT, the main rule in simple cases appears to be that "an article should not be in both a category and its subcategory." In cases where duplication may occur, however, WP:SUBCAT suggests three test questions to help decide the matter. I was struck by parts of the first question (reproduced here): "1. Are there any explanations posted in the categories that explain what goes in each category? Many categories will say right on the top of the page what belongs in the category. Sometimes there is a discussion on the talk page that can help you make a decision. If there is nothing mentioned go on to the next question. Hopefully all categorization schemes that have duplications will have instructions directing editors about how things should be categorized." (emphasis added) (See also Category page rule)

My question to you is as follows: I would love to craft a set of "instructions directing editors about how things should be categorized" for Category:Music video games, and I've begun drafting a tentative guideline at my sandbox that I would like to discuss with editors who have an understanding of the subject. If you aren't too busy then I'd like to run my scheme by you and any other interested editors you could suggest so that we might gain some sort of consensus on the issue. If you are too busy with other matters right now, don't worry. I understand. Anyway, thanks in advance for whatever help/guidance you can provide. -Thibbs (talk) 22:12, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Medicine/Dermatology task force
I am looking for help improving the dermatology content on wikipedia. Would you be willing to help, or do you have any friends interested in derm that would be interested in helping? Kilbad (talk) 14:25, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Nicholas Perricone

The article Nicholas Perricone has been proposed for deletion. The proposed deletion notice added to the article should explain why.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

title: User talk:LostLeviathan


text:
Category talk:Critical theory

Is a workable definition impossible?

 * I only conclude, that you're as much at a loss as I am (and Walden, etc..) to make a workable category definition with the present category name. Yes, a short category name is preferable but that would still not make possible to abbreviate Octopuses to Fish.
 * See also present CfD discussion w.r.t. category:Marxist theory
 * --Francis Schonken 22:48, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I would like to respond to your points, but they seem so beyond any engagement with any of the academic work I encounter in my day-to-day life that I am forced to suspect you do not actually know what you are talking about. Snowspinner 23:09, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll also point out that, the editor of one of the most prominant journals in the humanities, lists one of his academic specialties as critical theory. Likewise, the English Department at UIC has three people listed as specializing in Critical Theory. Snowspinner 23:21, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * What's your point, Snowspinner? A definition is not made clearer by the number of academics associating themselves with it (though the academics themselves might make it clearer). Mr. Jones 15:50, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't start usurping the theme: Wikipedia official policy is that this is a sign of NPOV going bad.
 * Rather make the Wikipedia content on this topic clearer, so that I would understand what you mean, and would be helped in making a workable category definition, if that is still something you believe possible.
 * Re. the references you give, like said repeatedly:
 * It would be nice to find a workable definition of Critical theory somewhere;
 * I think it would be needed that outside the context of humanities, in normal English speech, if someone mentioned the term Critical theory it would be generally understood that a reference is made to this theme in humanities. I mean this in wikipedia categorisation context: if someone wants to categorise all critical theories in architecture: would these yes or no be a part of what you mean by critical theory?

Another attempt at defining the category
Snowspinner, as one who is interested in a satisfactory first sentence for the topic, may I try again?:
 * In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory is commentary on new theoretical developments in a variety of fields, informed by structuralism, post-structuralism, deconstruction, Marxist theory, feminist theory, psychoanalysis, in virtually every direction of the human compass -- inward, outward, upward and downward. Outwardly, critical theory looks at, and comments upon, the mechanics of the process of privilege and marginalization of groups of people in the larger society; inward, we encounter, among others, the psychoanalytical work of Lacan.

My motivation is that I need a place of reference for the political process which is often an unacknowledged part of the scientific method, and I found a section of the critical theory article which accurately describes this process. What I was hoping for was an article that an interested reader can view after reading the article on scientific method. Since political training or political skill is not part of the curriculum for people who study science and technology, the most such people can hope for in their careers is to become minions, which is not the fate they aspired to when they started. As an example, Enrico Fermi, besides being a world-class physicist, was also a competent auto mechanic and skilled politician, which probably aided him in physics as well. My point is that Fermi had brain power in unacknowledged fields which this theory seems to span. BTW, sorry to miss you at the meetup. Regards, Ancheta Wis 11:02, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Is the field of architecture encompassed by Critical theory?
Critical theory is perfectly valid in architecture, so at that point a critical theory category should not be so awkard from the point of view of architectural theory that it couldn't be used.
 * --Francis Schonken 23:32, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Critical theory in architecture, if I'm understanding you correctly, is largely a reference to the application of a Frankfurt school style of thought to architecture. This does not seem to me to be an invalidation of this category. For one thing, the humanities, since the rise of cultural studies, have been quite interested in architecture. Fredric Jameson's (A professor of English at Duke) most famous essay is on architecture. And the Frankfurt school is certainly one part of what we generally call critical theory. Snowspinner 00:32, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not an invalidation, but it might make the explanation given wrong. Mr. Jones 15:50, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Hi Snowspinner,
 * Now you're limiting the definition of "critical theory" to Frankfurt School again. For me that's OK, if this leads to a workable definition of the category. Could you please try to construct such definition, and also indicate which should be the supercategories for the "critical theory" category, and I think we are were we all want to be.

Critical theory is a poor name for this category
Critical theory is probably not going to work as a category name in Wikipedia, as there appears no uniform understanding of the concept: is it limited to the Frankfurt School? Are Anglo-Saxons incapacitated for making any kind of critical theory, and are all continental theories by definition critical theories? Is critical theory a generally accepted term for a mixed bag of philophies and other theories that had their peak from the 1960s on (and not earlier?)? Is critical theory limited to social sciences (and if yes, how come science studies is a subcategory to this category?)? Does Marxism yes or no belong in this category (note: about one century of the mark of "roughly since the 1960s")? (by Francis Schonken)

Other possible names
However, before listing this category for deletion, with the suggestion to rename it to Late 20th century theories or, alternatively, Theories using materialist dialectics (with considerable, but different, reworking of the sub- and supercategorisation also suggested depending on the choice of new category name), the opportunity is left to those who created and/or used this category and/or find it useful, to find, without change of the category name, a more "workable" definition for this category than the present first paragraph of the critical theory article, which gives few unambiguous indications of what belongs here and what doesn't. In the event such definition is found it can replace these first two paragraphs.

(by Francis Schonken)

 * I think that either of the proposed names are appallingly bad ideas. Critical theory goes back to the 19th and even the late 18th centuries with little effort, and materialist dialectics only identify the Marxist strain of it.

Critical theory is a Marxist term as employed by the Frankfurt school, yes, but it has, at this point, come to be a default term for any of the theoretical work done in the humanities, particularly in English departments. Other names include literary and interpretive theory, but these names have their own set of flaws, suggesting that the primary application is in the interpretation of texts, which is increasingly untrue.

 * What is your problem here, exactly? That a field without clear deliniations is defined in such a way as to not try to impose clear deliniations on it? How do you propose to clasify a field that ranges from linguistics to psychoanalysis to history/social science?

Critical Theory is an umbrella term for an interdisciplinary tendency that is rife with internal debates. It is not easy to categorize for this reason. But I do not think a better solution is available, or, at least, that one has been proposed. Snowspinner 23:06, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * See my talk with Walden. Walden sees nothing interdisciplinary, only social philosophy: Q.E.D....
 * "Any theoretical work done in the humanities": is all of this Marxist? And if it is not all Marxist, should it all be labeled by a term you read as an exclusively Marxist term?
 * (also:) "Any theoretical work done in the humanities": is all of this Critical -- so I have to understand this like anybody doing theoretical work in humanities is by definition Critical? Are there no conformists in a single English humanities department? This is all so ...I don't know what... anyway, not suitable for Wikipedia categorisation.

The Frankfurt School's use of the term "Kritische Theorie"

 * I don't think Frankfurt School ever used the term Critical theory: they used Kritische Theorie, which is probably so connotation-ridden that

 * 1) it is not exactly translatable;
 * 2) is not Marxist but neomarxist;
 * 3) goes as a term with a (neo)marxist connotation not further back than the middle of the 20th century
 * 4) qualifies the English translation as unusable for a category name because it has too many other meanings in common English, the same way I can't make a wikipedia category definition for cars, saying that the category is only for THREE-wheeled motorised vehicles. Theoretically this would be possible, but practically it would not.

Critical theory as a series of articles, not a category?
Note that I also mentioned on Walden's page that I think excellent to make Critical Theory a series again. Categorisation is another matter.

About delineation: the category definition I found for the Critical theory category was an enumeration, i.e. a list of things that belong there, without making it clear why other things would not belong in the group. Well if grouping things without being able to make clear which is the concept why these things are grouped, except with an broad term like critical theory, which even those closely involved seem to have completely different ideas about, then categorisation is the least appropriate of the three available techniques to do the grouping.

Robert Pippin's view of CT

 * On the other hand I followed some links, starting from the Mitchell link you suggested above, I came to the website of the Critical Inquirer (magazine), and via the 2003 symposium of this magazine on critical theory related issues I found these paragraphs as the nearest of a definition of critical theory (note you that I am far from having read it all, I only try to take paces as much as I can):
 * What is sought [in Critcal theory] is some sense of the falseness not merely of contemporary philosophical positions but of everyday life itself: the falseness, deceptiveness, thoughtlessness, and forgetfulness of the ordinary itself. And all this without a reinstallation of traditional reality-appearance distinctions. [...] I only mean that I think critical theory still needs an account of what isn’t in the what is and still needs to understand the dimensions of this problem as an interconnected problem from Kant on appearance, Hegel on dialectic (and teleology), Marx on contradiction, Kierkegaard on despair, Nietzsche on the nihil in nihilism, Adorno on negative dialectics, and Heidegger on Nichts. In fact, I would say that the level of discussion and awareness of this issue, in its historical dimensions (with respect both to the history of critical theory and the history of modernization) has regressed. Habermas’s attempt to revive a Kantian view of implicit (“quasi” transcendental) conditions of linguistic meaning and even an implied teleological commitment to an ideal speech situation, while understandable in its motivations and interesting in its details, seems to me a pretty clear failure. My own view is that this problem is not theorized well in Foucault. It is quite well known and on the surface among the deconstructionists, but more played with than addressed and is, in the rather thin theoretical dimensions of postcolonial theory and new historicism, mostly neglected. So it is now possible to say that the problem with contemporary critical theory is that it has become insufficiently critical.
 * The quote comes from http://www.uchicago.edu/research/jnl-crit-inq/issues/v30/30n2.Pippin.html, and so represents the point of view of Robert Pippin
 * --Francis Schonken 09:08, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * We generally refer to academic periodicals as journals, not magazines, and the one you're referring to is called Critical Inquiry. And I was not limiting the definition to the Frankfurt school. However, nobody seriously denies that the Frankfurt School is a part of critical theory. I apologize if the inclusion of something that self-identified as critical theory in a larger and totally different project called critical theory confuses you, but I am unable to see how this justifies renaming the category scheme. As for the definition of critical theory, sure, I'd love to explain it better. Some time when I have time, I will. In the meantime, this should not be deleted and this should not be listed for deletion. When I have time to take on the frankly very difficult task of coming up with a clear and approachable definition for a wildly disparate and often very complicated field of theory, I will. Snowspinner 14:41, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * This highlights one of the flaws in the categorisation scheme. If these were articles, this would be a disambiguation page. There is no provision for such things (or for multiple names) in the category scheme. As for the ability to grasp the concept, hasn't everyone been at a loss to grasp something simple at one time or another? Why make it harder, save for the creation of mystery (surely the antithesis of the original intended purpose of critical theory :-) )?  Mr. Jones 15:50, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the errors and typo's, that seem to form an obstacle for contributing to the content (e.g. letting me know what your idea was regarding the Pippin definition?).
 * Anyway I wanted to remove those horrible two paragraphs I wrote some days ago from the category page (I moved them to the top of this discussion page), so what I'm going to do now is to attempt to write a category definition more or less based on the Pippin definition. I suppose this is a better starting point if you want to contribute to that definition once you have time, than the original criticism I moved to the top of this page.
 * Don't worry, I won't CfD just for now since I started to view how this might work. BTW, I'll also categorise this category in a new category ("human sciences"), which I'll make subcategory to the "interdisciplinary fields" category (trying to give a neat category definition to that category too).
 * --Francis Schonken 21:23, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Pippin's view is not sufficiently impartial
The Pippin quote was part of a large symposium on the question of what theory is. Since it excludes psychoanalytic theory almost entirely, and since it is in no way uncontroversial, I don't think it's better than what we had. Furthermore, you used Pippins exact words in places without quoting, which is no good. I've reverted to the old version and restored the original subcategorizations off of philosophy, which still make the most sense. (Especially since philosophy is among the fields affected by theory, to the point where a great number of theorists are sometimes simply classified as philosophers). But Pippin's quote is very much POV, and does not come close to representing the whole of what theory is doing (As is clearly illustrated, among other places, by the comments in that issue of CI by W.J.T. Mitchell, Bill Brown, Stanley Fish, Lauren Berlant, and, well, most of the rest of the symposium). I've restored the general definition that describes what critical theory encompasses, instead of the much thornier question of what it seeks to do, which is something that is hotly debated within theory. Snowspinner 22:34, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

Shortened definition?
I'm going to attempt to shorten the length of the definition, so please look over the changes after I'm finished to make sure I didn't leave anything important out. *Cremepuff 222*  00:50, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Done! Please review my work to make sure it's okay. *Cremepuff  222*  00:55, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Critical theory


text: User talk:61.9.199.31

title: User talk:61.9.199.31


text: Category:Computer books

title: Category:Computer books


text:
Heberto Castillo

Heberto Castillo Martínez (August 23, 1928 – April 5, 1997) was a Mexican civil engineer and political activist.

Castillo was born in Ixhuatlán de Madero, Veracruz, and received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the National Autonomous University. An accomplished engineer, he taught several courses at the UNAM and at the National Polytechnic Institute, wrote several textbooks and invented the tridilosa.

He became a political activist and got involved in several workers' rights struggles, leading to imprisonment by the federal government in the infamous Lecumberri Penitentiary. Castillo was one of the first among leading left-wing politicians to express dismay at the dictatorial nature of Soviet-bloc governments, starting a movement towards a social democracy-based left wing and away from a Moscow-based left leaning opposition in Mexico.

During his lifetime he co-founded three political parties: the Mexican Workers' Party (Partido Mexicano de los Trabajadores, PMT), the Mexican Socialist Party (Partido Mexicano Socialista, PMS) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD). In his last years in politics he became a staunch critic of the Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas and, crucially, voluntarily withdrew from the presidential race in 1988 to support the unified candidacy of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas.

He died on April 5, 1997 at the age of 68, in Mexico City and received the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor (postmortem) that same year.

title: Heberto Castillo


text:
Indo-Caribbeans

Indo-Caribbeans or Indian-Caribbeans are people in the Caribbean who trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent. They are descendants of the Jahaji indentured laborers from British India, who were brought by the British, Dutch, and French during the colonial era from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. A minority of them are descendants from people who immigrated as entrepreneurs, businesspeople, merchants, engineers, doctors, religious leaders, students, and other professional occupations beginning in the mid-20th century.

Indo-Caribbean people largely trace their ancestry back to the Bhojpur and Awadh regions of the Hindi Belt in North India, in the present-day states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand, with a significant minority coming from the South Indian regions, mostly present-day Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Other notable regions of origin may include Bengal, Western Uttar Pradesh, Mithila, Magadh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Pashtunistan, Punjab, and Kashmir. Most of the Indians in the French West Indies are of South Indian origin. Later immigrants to the Caribbean came from Sindh, Kutch, Gujarat, Punjab, Bengal, Maharashtra, South India, and other parts of South Asia as free immigrants.

Most Indo-Caribbean people live in the English-speaking Caribbean nations, the Dutch-speaking Suriname and the French overseas departments of Guadeloupe, Martinique and French Guiana, with smaller numbers in other Caribbean countries and, following further migration, in North America and Europe.

Indo-Caribbean people may also be referred to as Caribbean Indians, East Indian West Indians, Caribbean Hindustanis, South Asian Caribbeans, or Caribbean Desis, while first-generation Indo-Caribbeans were called Girmitya, Desi, Hindustani, Kantraki, Mulki (m.) / Mulkin (f.), or Jahaji (m.) / Jahajin (f.). Coolie, meaning hired laborer, was used in the plantation society of the late 19th to early 20th century, however in the present-day it is considered a derogatory way to refer to Indo-Caribbeans and is considered a pejorative.

Sub-groups
Bold highlights major Indo-Caribbean subgroups

Caribbean Islands
 * Indians in Barbados
 * Indians in the Cayman Islands
 * Indians in Cuba
 * Indians in the Dominican Republic
 * Indo-Grenadians
 * Indo-Guadeloupeans
 * Indo-Haitians
 * Indo-Jamaicans
 * Indo-Martiniquais
 * Indians in Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Indo-Saint Lucian
 * Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian
 * Indians in the United States Virgin Islands
 * Indo-Vincentian

Mainland Caribbean
 * Indo-Belizeans
 * Indo-Guyanese
 * Indo-Surinamese
 * Indians in French Guiana

Primary Indo-Caribbean Diaspora
 * Indo-Caribbean Americans
 * Indo-Caribbean Canadians
 * British Indo-Caribbean people
 * Indians in the Netherlands

Secondary/Migrant Workers Indo-Caribbean Diaspora
 * Indians in Venezuela
 * Indians in Panama
 * Indian immigration to Brazil
 * Indians in Argentina
 * Indians in Colombia

Mixed Ethnicities of Partial Indo-Caribbean origin
 * Anglo-Indian (mixed Indian and British)
 * Asian Latin Americans (a.k.a. Tegli; mixed Indian and Hispanic/Latino)
 * Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans (mixed Indian and Hispanic/Latino in the U.S.)
 * Chindian (mixed Indian and Chinese)
 * Dougla (mixed Indian and African)
 * Eurasian (mixed Indian and European)
 * Luso-Indian (mixed Indian and Portuguese)
 * Indo-Amerindian (mixed Indian and Amerindian)

Migration history
From 1838 to 1917, over half a million Indians from the former British Raj or British India and Colonial India, were taken to thirteen mainland and island nations in the Caribbean as indentured workers to address the demand for sugar cane plantation labour following the abolition of slavery.

Sugarcane plantations in the 19th century
Much like cotton, sugarcane plantations motivated large-scale near-enslavement and forced migrations in the 19th and early 20th century.

Following the passage of the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act, many formerly enslaved people left their enslavers. This created an economic chaos for European planters in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean. The hard work in hot, humid farms required a regular, docile and low-waged labour force, which led to the creation of the Indian indenture system. Poor economic conditions in India led to many Indians to look for sources of work. In this system, Indians were taken to British, French and Dutch colonies around the world, including in the Caribbean, to work on cash crop plantations.

The first ships carrying indentured labourers for sugarcane plantations left India in 1838 for the Caribbean region. In fact, the first two shiploads of Indians arrived in British Guiana (modern-day Guyana) on May 5, 1838, on board the Whitby and Hesperus. These ships had sailed from Calcutta. In the early decades of the sugarcane-driven migrations, the working conditions for the indentured Indian workers were abysmal, due in large part to the lack of care among the planters.. They were confined to their estates and paid a pitiful salary. Any breach of contract brought automatic criminal penalties and imprisonment. Many of these were brought away from their homelands deceptively. Many from inland regions over a thousand kilometers from seaports were promised jobs, were not told the work they were being hired for, or that they would leave their homeland and communities. They were hustled aboard the waiting ships, unprepared for the long and arduous four-month sea journey. Charles Anderson, a special magistrate investigating these sugarcane plantations, wrote to the Colonial Secretary declaring that with few exceptions, the indentured labourers are treated with great and unjust severity; European planters enforced work in sugarcane farms so harshly, that the decaying remains of immigrants were frequently discovered in sugarcane fields. If indentured labourers protested and refused to work, they were not paid or fed by the planters.

The sugarcane plantation-driven migrations led to ethnically significant presence of Indians in Caribbean. In some islands and countries, these Indo-Caribbean migrants now constitute a significant proportion of the population. Sugarcane plantations and citizens of Indian origin continue to thrive in countries such as Guyana, formerly, British Guiana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Martinique, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, St. Kitts, St. Croix, Suriname and Nevis. By some estimates, over 2.5 million people in the Caribbean are of Indian origin. Many have ethnically blended with migrants from other parts of the world, creating a unique syncretic culture.

Though production was centered in the Caribbean, sugarcane production played a significant role in pre-World War II global politics and population movements. France, for example, negotiated with Britain leading to Act XLVI of 1860, whereby large numbers of Indian indentured labourers were brought for sugarcane plantation work in French colonies in the Caribbean region. The Caribbean colonies of the Netherlands too benefitted from the indentured laborers from India.

Arrival of Indian Women in the Caribbean
The ratio of female to male Indians coming to the Caribbean was for many years extremely low, 3:100 in 1938. The Indian government and the Colonial Office set up a quota system that dictated how many Indian women came to the Caribbean. In 1870, the quota called for 40 Indian women for every 100 Indian men, a quota that often was not met. In total, only 25% of all Indians who emigrated to the Caribbean were women. There were several reasons for fewer Indian women than men emigrating.

It was more expensive for agents to recruit Indian women than men, because not many Indian women wanted to leave India. It was more socially acceptable in India for men to emigrate and seek work. Women were not encouraged to do the same. Another factor dissuading Indian women from going to the Caribbean was the invasive medical examination administered upon arrival, which involved inspection of genitals. Many women did not want to have to undergo this examination and many men would not have wanted this to happen to their wives.

Additionally, the colonial powers present in the Caribbean were not initially interested in convincing Indian women to immigrate. Colonialists saw indentureship as a temporary replacement for the labor that had previously been done by enslaved African people. Their goal was to use Indian men for labor. They did not want Indian people to start families in the Caribbean, which would establish Indian culture and people as a lasting presence in the Caribbean, undermining the power of the indenture system to control all aspects of the laborer's lives and force them into subjugation.

In the late 1800s, there was a change in policy. The late 1880s saw competition in the sugar industry from European beet sugar, and the colonial government knew that having a settled, immobile group of Indian people to exploit for labor would be highly profitable and advantageous in the competition to dominate the sugar industry. Encouraging Indian people to stay in the Caribbean also cut the costs required to bring Indian people back to India. As indentureships ended, the Indian men who had come to work as indentured laborers were given small parcels of land to encourage settlement. Another method of encouraging settlement was to encourage more Indian women to immigrate, since permanent settlement was no longer being discouraged by the colonial powers.

Indian women who were recruited and immigrated to the Caribbean were for the most part married women joining their husbands, single women, women who had been widowed, women trying to escape poverty, and women prostitutes from the cities of Calcutta and Chennai, then called Madras. Under the indenture system, married Indian women were excused from work on the plantations and planters were required to give them medical care and rations. However, the colonial government did not recognize Hindu or Muslim marriages until the 1940s, so many married women were categorized as single and did not receive the few privileges given to married women. Married women who did not have to work in the fields took care of children and expenses. Women who worked were paid less than men.

Post World War II trends
The majority of the Indians living in the English-speaking Caribbean came from eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar which are mostly Hindi-speakers, while those brought to Guadeloupe and Martinique were largely from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. About twenty percent (20%) of the indentured were Tamils and Telugus particularly in Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana.

A minority emigrated from other parts of South Asia, including present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Indo-Caribbeans comprise the largest ethnic group in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname.

They are the second largest group in Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Martinique and Guadeloupe.

There are also small communities in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, French Guiana, Panama, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and the Netherlands Antilles. Small groups also exist in Haiti, where they are sometimes mistakenly referred to as "mulattos".

Contemporary migration
Modern-day immigrants from India (mostly Sindhi merchants) are to be found on Saint-Martin / Sint Maarten, St. Thomas, Curaçao and other islands with duty-free commercial capabilities, where they are active in business. Other Indo-Caribbean people descend from later migrants, including Indian doctors, Gujarati businessmen and migrants from Kenya and Uganda.

Diaspora
Indo-Caribbeans have migrated to the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and to other parts of the Caribbean and Latin America

Culture

The indentured Indians and their descendants have actively contributed to the evolution of their adopted lands in spite of many difficulties.

Commemoration
In recent years, attempts to commemorate the Indian presence and contributions have come to fruition:

Indian Arrival Day is a holiday celebrated on May 30 in Trinidad and Tobago each year since the 1990s. It was first celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago and then other countries with significant Indian people whose ancestors came as indentured laborers. It commemorates the first arrivals from India to Trinidad and Tobago, on May 30, 1845, on the ship Fatel Razack

In 1995, Jamaica started to celebrate the arrival of Indians in Old Harbour Bay, St. Catherine Parish on May 13.

In 2003, Martinique celebrated the 150th anniversary of Indian arrival. Guadeloupe did the same in 2004. These celebrations were not the fact of just the Indian minority, but the official recognition by the French and local authorities of their integration and their wide-scale contributions in various fields including agriculture, education, and politics, and to the diversification of the culture of the Creole peoples. Thus, the noted participation of the whole multi-ethnic population of the two islands were in these events.

St. Lucia and many Caribbean countries have dedicated commemorative days to acknowledge the arrival and important contributions of their Indo-Caribbean populations. St. Lucia celebrates its Indo-Caribbean heritage on May 6. Other dates when India Arrival Day is celebrated in the Caribbean include May 5 (Guyana), May 10 (Jamaica), May 30 (Trinidad and Tobago), June 1 (St. Vincent), and June 5 (Suriname).

title: Indo-Caribbeans


text:
Face to Face (The Kinks album)

Face to Face is the fourth studio album by the English rock band the Kinks, released on 28 October 1966. The album marked a shift from the hard-driving style of beat music that had catapulted the group to international acclaim in 1964, instead drawing heavily from baroque pop and music hall. It is their first album consisting entirely of Ray Davies compositions, and has also been regarded by critics as one of rock's first concept albums. Davies' blossoming songwriting style became increasingly observational and satirical, commenting on English culture, social class and the music industry.

Despite containing the hit single, "Sunny Afternoon", the album's initial reception was lukewarm in both the UK and US compared to the Kinks' previous LPs, charting at No. 12 and No. 135, respectively. Face to Face eventually earned retrospective critical acclaim, recognized as a pivotal record of the psychedelic era and an important milestone in the Kinks' evolution. The album was included in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Background
Ray Davies suffered a nervous breakdown just prior to the major recording sessions for the album. In contrast to the band's earlier "raunchy" sound, he had started to introduce a new, softer style of writing the previous year with compositions such as "A Well Respected Man" and "Dedicated Follower of Fashion". In July 1966, the single "Sunny Afternoon", also written in that style, reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart, and the song's popularity proved to Davies and the Kinks' managers that the group could find success with this style of songwriting. The new album would follow this pattern, as would the group's recorded output for the next five years. The 1966–71 period inaugurated by this album would later be called Davies' and the Kinks' "golden age".

Rock historians have credited the album as arguably one of the first rock/pop concept albums, with the loose common theme of social observation. In the album's original conception Ray Davies attempted to bridge the songs together with sound effects, but he was forced by Pye Records to revert to the more standard album format before the album's release. Some effects remain, such as in "Party Line", "Holiday in Waikiki", "Rainy Day in June" and in songs not included on the final album ("End of the Season", "Big Black Smoke").

Recording and production

"I'll Remember" was the earliest track on the album, having been recorded in October 1965 during sessions for The Kink Kontroversy. Two other songs recorded during the Face to Face sessions – "This Is Where I Belong" and "She's Got Everything" – were eventually released as B-sides to singles released in 1967 and 1968, respectively. Both songs eventually appeared on the 1972 US compilation album The Kink Kronikles. Pete Quaife temporarily quit the band before the June–July 1966 recording sessions; his replacement John Dalton can only be confirmed as playing on the track "Little Miss Queen of Darkness". Contractual issues held up the release of the album for several months after recording was completed; Ray Davies was also in conflict with Pye over the final album cover art, whose psychedelic theme he later felt was inappropriate.

Two songs on Face to Face, although written by Ray Davies, were originally recorded and released by other British bands in the months prior to the release of this album. The Pretty Things had a minor UK hit in July 1966 with "A House in the Country", which peaked at No. 50; their final entry on the UK Singles Chart. Herman's Hermits, meanwhile, took their version of "Dandy" top ten in several countries (including No. 5 in the US and No. 1 in Canada), beginning in September 1966. The Rockin' Vickers also recorded a version of "Dandy" which they released as a single in December 1966 in both the UK and the US. Despite what the sleeve notes say on The Rockin' Vickers The Complete, the song "Little Rosy" was not written by Ray Davies (Music: Herbie Armstrong; Lyrics: Paul Murphy).

Release and reception
The album was released in a particularly tumultuous year for the band, with personnel problems (Pete Quaife was injured; he resigned and later rejoined the band), legal and contractual battles and an ongoing hectic touring schedule. The album was critically well received, but did not sell particularly well at the time of its release (especially in the United States), and was out of print for many years. Reissues since 1998 have included bonus tracks of songs released contemporaneously as singles (most notably "Dead End Street") as well as two unreleased tracks. The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Unreleased songs
"Mr. Reporter" was recorded in 1969 for Dave Davies' aborted solo album, and was released as a bonus track on the 1998 Castle CD reissue of Face to Face. An earlier version featuring Ray Davies on lead vocals was recorded in February 1966 and was apparently intended for this album or an unissued EP. The scathing track satirizes the pop press, and was probably shelved to prevent offending music journalists who had been crucial to the Kinks' commercial success. This early version was finally officially released in 2014.

Other unreleased songs from the Face to Face sessions reportedly include "Fallen Idol", about the rise and fall of a pop star, "Everybody Wants to Be a Personality", about celebrities, "Lilacs and Daffodils" (also known as "Sir Jasper"), which is reportedly about a schoolteacher (and is the only Kinks track with vocals by Mick Avory) and "A Girl Who Goes to Discotheques". It is unclear whether any of the unreleased tracks will ever be released officially. Dave Davies indicated they were never satisfactorily completed for release, and some were later reworked into different songs such as "Yes Man", another song from these sessions, which was an early version of "Plastic Man". In a 2012 interview, Ray Davies stated that "Lilacs and Daffodils" was "awful."

Track listing
All tracks are written by Ray Davies, except "Party Line" by Ray and Dave Davies. Track lengths per AllMusic.

Side one
 * 1) "Party Line" – 2:35
 * 2) "Rosy Won't You Please Come Home" – 2:34
 * 3) "Dandy" – 2:12
 * 4) "Too Much on My Mind" – 2:28
 * 5) "Session Man" – 2:14
 * 6) "Rainy Day in June" – 3:10
 * 7) "A House in the Country" – 3:03

Side two

 * 1) "Holiday in Waikiki" – 2:52
 * 2) "Most Exclusive Residence for Sale" – 2:48
 * 3) "Fancy" – 2:30
 * 4) "Little Miss Queen of Darkness" – 3:16
 * 5) "You're Looking Fine" – 2:46
 * 6) "Sunny Afternoon" – 3:36
 * 7) "I'll Remember" – 2:27

Personnel
According to band researcher Doug Hinman, except where noted:

The Kinks
 * Ray Davies – lead and backing vocals, guitars; musical director, arrangements, illustration
 * Dave Davies – backing vocals, guitars; lead vocals ("Party Line" and "You're Looking Fine"); arrangements
 * Pete Quaife – bass guitar
 * Mick Avory – drums

Additional musicians
 * John Dalton – bass guitar ("Little Miss Queen of Darkness")
 * Rasa Davies – backing vocals ("Sunny Afternoon")
 * Nicky Hopkins – piano, harpsichord; melodica ("Sunny Afternoon")

Additional production
 * Shel Talmy – recorder
 * Alan MacKenzie – engineer
 * Alan O'Duffy (credited as "Irish") – assistant engineer

Note
 * On 3June 1966, Quaife was seriously injured in a car crash. In Ray's 1994 autobiography, he wrote that, while Quaife recuperated from his injuries, the band hired an unidentified session bassist for a marathon session on 6June. Ray identified six songs recorded during the session: "Rosy Won't You Please Come Home", "Too Much On My Mind", "Session Man", "Rainy Day In June", "You're Looking Fine" and the unreleased "Fallen Idol". Quaife disputed Ray's account, contending that the six songs were recorded before his crash and that the bass guitar heard closely resembles his playing style. Talmy later said he did not recall hiring a session bassist for a marathon session and that the playing style does not resemble that of Herbie Flowers, whom Talmy typically called for session work. Hinman concludes: "No definitive resolution to the confusion is available." According to Hinman, the bassist John Dalton's only confirmed contribution to the album is on "Little Miss Queen of Darkness", recorded 21June.

title: Face to Face (The Kinks album)


text:
Ralph Smith (Canadian politician)

Ralph Smith (August 8, 1858 – February 17, 1917) was a Canadian coal miner, labour leader, and politician.

Born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, he emigrated to Canada with his wife in 1891 settling in Nanaimo, British Columbia. A miner by trade, Smith was a moderate trade unionist in Nanaimo. After being defeated in the 1894 provincial election, in 1898, he won election to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia on a moderate "Liberal-Labour" platform. He ran for Vancouver's seat in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1900 federal election. Reports vary on whether he ran as an Independent Labour-Liberal candidate defeating the official Liberal and Conservative candidates, but once elected, he joined the Liberal caucus. He was re-elected in the 1904 and 1908 elections as a Liberal. He was defeated in the 1911 election and in the 1912 BC provincial election. Smith subsequently returned to provincial politics and, returned to the provincial legislature in the 1916 provincial election that brought the British Columbia Liberal Party to power.

Smith served as Minister of Finance in the government of Premier Harlan Carey Brewster, and died in office on February 17, 1917. His wife, Mary Ellen Smith, succeeded him in the subsequent by-election (held January 1918) as an Independent Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). She subsequently became the first female cabinet minister in the British Empire.

Ralph Smith was a supporter of women's suffrage, which was enacted in the province shortly after the Liberals came to power after ten previous attempts over the years had failed.

title: Ralph Smith (Canadian politician)


text:
Talk:Gatecrasher

primary article for the term
deleted? of course not, but it shouldn't be the primary article for the term "gatecrasher." there's a term in wide, international use by that name. that should be the primary article, not one with the parenthetical (person) after it. especially because due to some kind of confusing nonesense, other terms like "gatecrashing" redirect to it, which is baffling. Youdontsmellbad 16:38, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

deletion
why should this page be deleted? Gatecrasher is one of the largest dance music events of it's kind in the world... Nick Boulevard 23:12, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Is there a suggestion that it should be? In it's time it was easily the most influential nightclub in the world, i met people in there from all kinds of countries that came to the UK just to visit GC - including Japan, Australia and Isreal to name but a few - the very notion of deletion is rediculus.. the actual event itself in it's current state should be deleted though, but that's a different conversation entirely ;) --Streaky 14:13, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Changes to the brand
In 2003 'Gatecrasher' the event changed to 'Crasher'. At the same time, the venue 'Republic' changed its name to 'Gatecrasher 1'. This change is evidenced by historical flyers (probably by Designers Republic) which show the event labelled as 'Gatecrasher' but with 'Gate' crossed/scribbled out. This horrific business revamp (which coincided with a literal refurbishment) pretty much marked the end of what could be called the 'classic' Gatecrasher era and was, in my opinion, the death knell of trance music in the north of England.

Gatecrasher Birmingham?
Has there been any information made available about Gatecrasher Birmingham (GB) I know that it has take over what was The Works in Broad Street - the place is massive. It's only 100 yards from the old Baker's Night club. 77.100.14.241 (talk) 02:28, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Marking for Cleanup
I have marked the article for cleanup and done a bit myself so far. The history section and spin-off sections don't read very well. The history section is missing a lot of the early history. The Resident DJ's section can probably be removed when the history section is expanded. The albums could do with DJ's involved in mixing them being added and any chart positions. Benoutram (talk) 22:54, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

Resident DJ's
Is this section required? Notable DJ's can be mentioned in the history section. Benoutram (talk) 22:54, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

C.R.E.A.M.
C.R.E.A.M. a night held in Birmingham is not the same as Cream Liverpool, nor is it the Wu-Tang clan single C.R.E.A.M.! Please consider this before altering the text. Benoutram (talk) 21:32, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Area, Watford
Comment on main article claims Gatecrasher own Area, but I find no information to support this. A google search shows that Gatecrasher appear to run events at the club but there is no more information about this or ownership. Can anybody verify this to be true or false and provide references please? Flibblesan (talk) 23:11, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Gatecrasher's original venue.
I'm pretty much sure that Gatecrasher's orginal venue was not Gatecrasher One. It was in Bakers night club just up the road from what is now Gatecrasher Birmingham.. I think this needs to be checked out. 82.46.171.232 (talk) 04:01, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * No it was in a (literal) warehouse event in Sheffield originally. Later on it moved to what was then called the republic which had various club nights, IIRC Gatecrasher was once monthly originally. Those days in Brum was all about Godskitchen at CODE aka AIR and Miss Moneypenny's at various destinations. Either of those two are acceptable answers. Streaky (talk) 01:27, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

Not a single source...!
Needs fixing or deleting. Boils (talk) 12:48, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Revision of article in light of recent controversy
Recent updates were made to this page due to a recent controversy involving Gatecrasher, but the content was poorly written and was not cited properly. I revised this today, but realized that the entire article needs overhauling. I managed to copyedit most of the article, but it still needs a lot of work, which is why I have updated the templates at the top of the page. As the controversy is ongoing, please do not use this page to vent frustrations with the company, as this is not the purpose of Wikipedia. Thanks.--Soulparadox (talk) 18:37, 24 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gatecrasher


text:
Category:Cumberland County, New Jersey

Articles and categories related to Cumberland County, New Jersey.

title: Category:Cumberland County, New Jersey