text:
Ahn Jung-hwan

Ahn Jung-hwan (, or  ; born 27 January 1976) is a South Korean television personality and former professional footballer. A versatile forward known for his technical skills and clutch goalscoring, Ahn represented South Korea at three FIFA World Cups, notably scoring a golden goal against Italy in 2002. Following his retirement, Ahn transitioned into a successful career in broadcasting, becoming a popular football commentator and television host. He is also recognised for his philanthropic endeavors.

Early life
Ahn Jung-hwan was raised in poverty by his grandmother after his father passed away, leaving his mother unable to care for him. Despite his grandmother's initial concerns, Ahn joined his elementary school's football team, drawn to the bread and milk they provided. He quickly discovered his talent for the sport and began to excel.

University career
Ahn's exceptional skills in high school attracted numerous offers from universities, including prestigious institutions like Yonsei University and Korea University. However, Ahn ultimately chose Ajou University due to their enticing offer, which included a substantial signing bonus and a guaranteed draft pick by the professional team Busan Daewoo Royals (later Busan IPark) upon graduation. Additionally, Ajou University agreed to Ahn's condition of accepting his entire high school team, solidifying his decision.

Ahn's presence at Ajou University ushered in a golden era for the team. A legendary moment occurred during the 1997 Autumn University Football League final against Hongik University. Ahn, returning from Italy after participating in the Summer Universiade, arrived directly from the airport at the match during the second half with Ajou University trailing 2-1. Despite his exhaustion from the long flight, Ahn scored two goals and provided an assist, leading Ajou University to a dramatic victory. His consistently outstanding performance throughout his university years, including his contribution to Ajou University's championship victory, led to his signing with the Busan Daewoo Royals, where he quickly rose to prominence, becoming one of the K League Best XI in his debut year and winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1999.

Busan Daewoo Royals
In 1998, Ahn started his professional career at K League club Busan Daewoo Royals. He was selected as one of the K League Best XI that year after showing great performance as soon as he went there. The next year, in 1999, he was named the K League Most Valuable Player by leading his team to finish as runners-up in the K League.

Loan to Perugia
In 2000, Ahn joined Perugia on loan, becoming the first South Korean footballer to play in Italy's Serie A. Despite facing challenges integrating into the team due to racist remarks from teammate Marco Materazzi and limited playing time, Ahn made 30 appearances including 13 starts and scored five goals over two seasons.

His time at Perugia was marked by his performance at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, where he scored a crucial golden goal against Italy, leading to their elimination. The following day, Perugia's owner Luciano Gaucci controversially terminated Ahn's contract, citing his goal as the reason and making xenophobic remarks about Ahn and the Korean nation. This decision was widely condemned as discriminatory and sparked a global outcry.

Gaucci later retracted his decision and approved an option to sign Ahn on a permanent basis, but Ahn had a legal dispute with the club after refusing it. After FIFA intervened, Ahn was required to pay Perugia a compensation fee, which he did with the help of a Japanese entertainment company. This incident led to Ahn spending the next three years playing in the J1 League instead of big leagues in Europe.

Shimizu S-Pulse
In 2002, following a legal dispute with Perugia, Ahn joined Shimizu S-Pulse in the J1 League. Despite the circumstances surrounding his transfer, he quickly adapted to Japanese football, scoring 7 goals in 16 appearances during his first season, including matches in the J.League Cup, Emperor's Cup, and AFC Champions League qualifiers. He continued to maintain his form in the 2003 season, becoming the club's top scorer with 11 goals in 28 league appearances.

Yokohama F. Marinos
In 2004, Ahn transferred to Yokohama F. Marinos, the reigning J1 League champions. He quickly established himself as a key player, leading Yokohama to win the first stage. Although his performance was not continued in the second half of the season due to a mid-season injury, he became the team's top scorer with 12 goals in 25 league appearances. Yokohama secured back-to-back league titles by defeating second stage champions Urawa Red Diamonds in the championship play-offs after his contribution.

In 2005, Ahn continuously showed his impressive form, scoring four goals in nine appearances before receiving an offer from Ligue 1 club Metz.

Metz
In July 2005, Ahn signed a one-year contract with Metz in the Ligue 1. Another J1 League club Nagoya Grampus offered about four times more salary than Metz, but he chose to return to Europe. However, he underperformed at Metz, scoring only 2 goals in 16 league matches. Metz struggled throughout the season, eventually facing relegation even after Ahn left the club in winter.

MSV Duisburg
In January 2006, Blackburn Rovers invited Ahn to a tryout for them, but Ahn refused their offer in order to request a definite deal. In February, he secured a 17-month deal with Bundesliga club MSV Duisburg. He aimed to acclimate to the environment of Germany, the host country of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, ahead of the tournament. He scored two goals in 12 outings, and Duisburg was relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. He was interested in a move to Heart of Midlothian of the Scottish Premier League after the end of the season, but it fell through. Released by Duisburg in August, he returned to South Korea.

Suwon Samsung Bluewings
In January 2007, Ahn joined K League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings on a one-year deal. He initially showed promise, scoring a hat-trick in a League Cup match against Daejeon Citizen. However, his performance declined, and he was left out of the national team for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. While playing for the reserve team in a R League match to regain his ability, Ahn tried to get into the stand after being verbally abused by FC Seoul fans. Although he was not protected from their impolite insults, he was ejected from the match and had to pay a fine.

Ahn's stint at Suwon was ultimately underwhelming, scoring 5 goals without a league goal in 25 appearances. He left the club at the end of the season.

Return to Busan
In 2008, Ahn returned to his former club, now known as Busan IPark. His performance at Busan was statistically not outstanding, but set an example for his teammates. Busan offered him a contract extension including the best treatment in the team after the season, but he looked forward to playing in one of foreign leagues, especially the Major League Soccer.

Dalian Shide
On 20 March 2009, Ahn joined Chinese Super League side Dalian Shide on a seven-month contract until the end of the 2009 season. Quickly attracted to Ahn's performance, Dalian executives extended his contract for another year in less than three months. Despite his old age, he played a key role in Dalian's attack, becoming the team's top scorer in 2009 and 2010. Especially, Dalian reached fourth place in the league standing with three matches left of the 2010 season, approaching an AFC Champions League berth under his influence. However, a knee injury sidelined him for the last matches, and his team finished sixth after failing to earn any victories during his absence.

Ahn re-signed with Dalian for the 2011 season, but his prime was finished that year. On 29 October 2011, he wore the captain's armband in his last match at Dalian, and bade farewell to Dalian fans at half-time of the match. He announced his retirement as a player in January 2012.

Early career
In 1994, Ahn was selected for the South Korean under-20 team for the AFC Youth Championship. About three years later, on 23 April 1997, he made his senior international debut in a 2–0 friendly win over China. He also played for the South Korean Universiade team in the 1997 Summer Universiade in August, winning a silver medal.

2002 World Cup
Ahn took charge of South Korea's striker position with Hwang Sun-hong in rotation at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Despite initial doubts from national team manager Guus Hiddink, Ahn gained the manager's trust in pre-tournament friendlies. Especially in a 4–1 win over Scotland, he destroyed the opponents by having two goals and an assist.

In the second group stage match against the United States, Ahn scored a equaliser which saved his team from defeat. In the Round of 16 match against Italy, he missed an early penalty, but later scored a dramatic golden goal in extra time, securing South Korea's historic advancement to the quarter-finals. This goal is considered one of the most iconic moments in World Cup and South Korean football. In the third place match against Turkey, his shot hit the opponents' net, but was not recognised as a goal by an offside call. He was shortlisted for the All-Star Team by his contribution to South Korea's top-four finish.

"'Ahn is the same type of striker as Romário or Raúl. They can completely omit a certain phase of the game. On the bench, you will rotate every other player, but toward this type of player, you will sometimes feel he can just turn the game upside down.' – Guus Hiddink, in an interview with football magazine De VoetbalTrainer"

2004 Asian Cup
Ahn scored a goal in a 3–1 victory over Hong Kong, while helping South Korea win the inaugural EAFF Championship in 2003. His reputation in South Korea at the time was transcendental. He was undergoing basic military training instead of mandatory military service, from which he was specially exempt by an outcome at the 2002 World Cup, but exceptionally got a vacation in the middle of the training to play a friendly against Argentina.

On the other hand, Ahn had less opportunity to play at the AFC Asian Cup. He was not called up for the 2000 and 2007 tournaments due to his slumps at clubs. At the 2004 tournament, his first and last Asian Cup, he played as a substitute in three subsequent matches after showing a lethargic harmony with Jo Bonfrère's first-choice striker Lee Dong-gook in the first match. Despite his limited playing time, he scored against the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.

2006 World Cup
Ahn played as a substitute for South Korea in three group stage matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. In the opening match against Togo, he was named the official Man of the Match by scoring the winning goal, which brought South Korea's precious victory. He also became Asia's all-time leading goalscorer in World Cup history with three goals. Despite his contribution, South Korea failed to progress beyond the group stage, finishing third in their group.

Retirement
Ahn was no longer South Korea's key player after the 2006 World Cup, but was selected for the national team for the 2010 FIFA World Cup due to his experiences as a veteran. However, he did not play in any matches at the 2010 World Cup until South Korea was eliminated by Uruguay in the Round of 16. In an interview after 10 years, then manager Huh Jung-moo revealed he really wanted to use Ahn in the middle of the match against Uruguay, but finally chose Lee Dong-gook as a substitute after judging that Ahn's physical condition was not recovered.

Ahn announced his retirement as a player on 31 January 2012. He had a retirement ceremony at half-time in a World Cup qualifier against Kuwait on 29 February.

Style of play
Ahn's technical gifts for passing, dribbling and shooting based on two-footed ability could deploy him in any attacking position, and led him to be called the "fantasista" in South Korea. He looked comfortable when playing as an attacking midfielder, but also could play as a winger or striker. However, he had some drawbacks such as lack of physical strength and defensive contribution.

"'Ahn was a rare type of player in our country. His skills were impossible for me, and were not behind European players. He showed Korean players also can play technical football.' – Park Ji-sung"

After retirement
After retiring from professional football, Ahn has usually worked as a television personality. He is considered one of the most successful athletes-turned-comedians in South Korea, alongside Kang Ho-dong and Seo Jang-hoon. His unaffected and sharp talking has attracted a lot of viewers. He also hosted some television shows including Please Take Care of My Refrigerator.

Ahn has worked as a football commentator, and has provided live commentaries of South Korea's football matches broadcast by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation since 2014.

In 2012, Ahn was appointed an honorary ambassador for the K League. He toured all 16 stadiums of K League clubs and invited his teammates at the 2002 World Cup to the K League All-Star Game. He was acclaimed for his enthusiastic publicity campaign.

Ahn was one of the carriers of the Olympic flame at the opening of the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Ahn, who steadily volunteered his services and donations since becoming footballer, was appointed an honorary ambassador for Save the Children in 2019. Until 2023, he donated ₩300 million, the profits from his YouTube channel, to Save the Children and participated in various charity activities.

In 2021, Ahn co-founded entertainment company "Moongchin Project".

Personal life
Ahn, who married former Miss Korea Lee Hye-won in 2001, has one daughter and one son. He was nicknamed The Lord of the Ring after kissing his wedding ring whenever he celebrated his goal, and his celebration became fashionable among South Koreans at the time.

Ahn is widely regarded as one of the most handsome footballers in South Korea. Before his retirement, his face was frequently compared with South Korean actors and appeared in various television advertisements.

International
Results list South Korea's goal tally first.

Player
Busan Daewoo Royals
 * Korean League Cup: 1998

Yokohama F. Marinos
 * J1 League: 2004

South Korea B
 * Summer Universiade silver medal: 1997
 * East Asian Games: 1997

South Korea
 * EAFF Championship: 2003

Individual
 * K League All-Star: 1998, 1999
 * K League 1 Best XI: 1998, 1999
 * K League 1 Most Valuable Player: 1999
 * Korean FA Fans' Player of the Year: 2003

Television personality

title: Ahn Jung-hwan


text: Talk:Toulouse Street

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Toulouse Street


text:
Talk:The Captain and Me

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Captain and Me


text:
Talk:What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits

Uncredited vibes
I've listened to the album and on the track "Another Park, Another Sunday", a vibraphone can be heard. I'm not sure if anybody knows who the player is, but my rough guess is that it could possibly be Milt Holland, since he was a jazz drummer and percussionist who played the vibes fairly frequently and he worked as a percussionist and/or drummer on lots of jazz, rock, pop, soul, funk and country records.

If anybody can come across a quote, comment or anecdote about who the vibraphonist is, that'll be good and please insert it into the article. 60.240.8.249 (talk) 05:23, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

Source of title
It seems that the title of this album probably comes from Seneca the Younger, Moral Letter #39: "... those things which once were vices have become habits" (... ubi quae fuerant vitia, mores sunt). (This remark is also quoted by Montaigne in his essay "Of repentance".) Does anyone know of a statement from the band members to this effect? Wgrommel (talk) 02:32, 3 April 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Stampede (The Doobie Brothers album)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Doobie Brothers - Stampede.jpg
Image:The Doobie Brothers - Stampede.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:33, 24 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Takin' It to the Streets (The Doobie Brothers album)

Chart positions
Why are the chart positions for "Wheels of Fortune" and the album in this entry? They have nothing to do with the info about this song.


text: Talk:Livin' on the Fault Line

title: Talk:Livin' on the Fault Line


text: Talk:Minute by Minute

title: Talk:Minute by Minute


text:
Talk:Sp² bond

This article could really benefit from a picture and a more lengty explanation. I can hardly understand anything in this article, but as I haven't studied any chemistry or physics since senior high maybe that is to be expected. What do those binding thingies represent for instance?

Honestly? The entire article is misnamed. An sp2 'bond' means any bond involving an sp2 orbital. I'm thinking the article would be better named 'sp2 hybridization.' In any case, I'm going to start working on this article now. I'm going to backup the old version here as I'll probably be making some major revisions. --EagleFalconn

Old Article Backup
An sp2 bond is the electronic configuration of carbon atoms. At ground state this configuration is different to that of its excited state. At ground state, the electronic configuration of carbon is 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1.

In the excited state, the electronic configuration of carbon is 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1. However, the carbon atom may not use all its s-orbital and p-orbitals for hybridization. Instead, it may use one s-orbital and two p-orbitals to form three sp2 hybrid orbitals.

If the carbon atom undergoes sp2 hybridization, three sp2 equivalent hybrid orbitals are generated. The hybrid orbitals, each holding one electron, repel one another and take up the shape of a trigonal plane. The angles between the sp2 hybrid orbitals are 120 degrees. All the three sp2 hybrid orbitals lie on the single plane. The remaining 2p orbital is oriented perpendicular to this plane.

Redundant
This article doesn't say anything that's not already in orbital hybridization or chemical bond, and "sp2 bond" is not a common term. Actually, I'd say that the term doesn't make much sense, since the hybridization is based on the atom and not on the bond. What is more common is to say "a bond involving an sp2 atom", or an sp2-sp2 bond, (or sp2-sp3, etc.). I propose deleting this article, maybe leaving a redirect to orbital hybridization. Itub 23:10, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Put merge tags on the two articles to draw attention to your suggestion. --Bduke 23:20, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. I've copied over this short conversation to Talk:Orbital hybridisation. Please continue the conversation there to avoid duplication. Itub 00:06, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sp² bond


text:
Talk:One Step Closer (The Doobie Brothers album)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Doobie Brothers - One Step Closer.jpg
Image:The Doobie Brothers - One Step Closer.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:32, 24 January 2008 (UTC)


text:
Korea National League

The Korea National League was a South Korean semi-professional football league held annually from 2003 to 2019. It was considered the second-highest division of the South Korean football league system before the K League 2 was launched in 2013, and the third-highest division since then.

History
The Korea National League was officially founded in the name of K2 League in 2003 to execute a plan to professionalize the Korean National Semi-Professional Football League. The participating clubs of the National League had to have their hometowns unlike in the Semi-professional League era.

In 2006, the K2 League was re-branded as the Korea National League, and its champions were decided to promote to the K League. However, Goyang KB Kookmin Bank and Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, the champions of the 2006 and 2007 season respectively, judged that they couldn't derive benefit from their professionalization, and rejected their promotion. The Korea Football Association and the K League Federation eventually prepared another project to found the second-tier professional league which is irrelevant to the National League.

At the end of 2019, the Korea National League was absorbed into the K3 League.

title: Korea National League


text:
Talk:Farewell Tour (album)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:57, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Farewell Tour → Farewell Tour (Doobie Brothers album) — There are lots of articles with sections on Farewell Tours and several other Farewell Tour articles. This should be replaced by a disambiguation page linking to those articles, since it is a very generic title, with widespread usage. 76.65.128.132 (talk) 10:11, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose per WP:TWODABS. This is the only entity at Wikipedia called "Farewell Tour".  The hatnote can lead readers to similarly titled page on Cher products The Farewell Tour.  —  AjaxSmack   01:21, 10 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It'd be better to just redirect "Farewell Tour" to The Farewell Tour disambiguation page (or move the disambiguation page to the title without "the") 76.65.128.132 (talk) 05:21, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Support, of course! The present title is worse than useless to most readers. Only by a legalistic reading of selected WP guidelines can it be considered remotely justified. It looks generic, but is specific. Nothing is gained by suppressing essential information on grounds that fail to consider the needs of readers. (Sorry if anyone hates seeing that repeated; it should go without saying that readers' interests come first; but amazingly enough, it needs to be made explicit at RM discussions. Again and again.)
 * Take a look at these titles on Wikipedia. Just for a start. And let's do that sort of searching at RMs generally. It's basic, guys.
 * N oetica Tea? 01:32, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

I cleaned up the Farewell Tour dab page and moved the article to Farewell Tour (album) to disambiguate from the only other similarly titled entry, The Farewell Tour (video), per WP:PRECISION. If there are objections, please discuss or revert. —  AjaxSmack  16:51, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 14:57, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farewell Tour (album)


text:
Talk:Cycles (The Doobie Brothers album)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Doobie Brothers - Cycles.jpg
Image:The Doobie Brothers - Cycles.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:32, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:01, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cycles (The Doobie Brothers album)


text: Talk:Brotherhood (The Doobie Brothers album)


text:
Talk:Rockin' down the Highway: The Wildlife Concert

Fair use rationale for Image:The Doobie Brothers - Rockin' Down the Highway.jpg
Image:The Doobie Brothers - Rockin' Down the Highway.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:32, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved (nom withdrawn) ≈ Chamal talk ¤ 01:25, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Rockin& → Rockin' Down the Highway: The Wildlife Concert —
 * Caps —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 20:57, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * But WP:MOSTM the preposition "down" with less than 5 letters. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:03, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment WP:MUSTARD:
 * "Capitalize only those prepositions that are the first or last word of the title, are part of a phrasal verb (e.g., "Call Off the Search" or "Give Up the Ghost"), or are the first word in a compound preposition (e.g., "Time Out of Mind", "Get Off of My Cloud")."
 * Unless I'm missing something (possible), this counts. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 07:46, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Here, "down" is used as a one-word preposition meaning "along", not as an adverb. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:19, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment I think you're right, so I withdraw. Thanks as always. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:17, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.


text: User talk:130.88.234.82

title: User talk:130.88.234.82


text: Talk:Sibling Rivalry (The Doobie Brothers album)


text: Talk:On Our Way Up

title: Talk:On Our Way Up


text:
Ben Gazzara

Biagio Anthony "Ben" Gazzara (August 28, 1930 – February 3, 2012) was an American actor and director of film, stage, and television. He received numerous accolades, including a Primetime Emmy Award and a Drama Desk Award, in addition to nominations for three Golden Globe Awards and three Tony Awards.

Born to Italian immigrants in New York City, Gazzara studied at The New School and began his professional career with the Actors Studio, of which he was a lifelong member. His breakthrough role was in the Broadway play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955–56), which earned him widespread acclaim. A memorable performance as a soldier on trial for murder in Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder (1959) transitioned Gazzara to an equally successful screen career. As the star of the television series Run for Your Life (1965–1968), he was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards and two Emmy Awards. He won his only Emmy Award for the television film Hysterical Blindness (2002).

He was a recurring collaborator of John Cassavetes, working with him on Husbands (1970), The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976) and Opening Night (1977). His other best-known films include The Bridge at Remagen (1969), Capone (1975), Voyage of the Damned (1976), Saint Jack (1979), Road House (1989), The Spanish Prisoner (1997), The Big Lebowski, Buffalo '66, Happiness (all 1998), The Thomas Crown Affair, Summer of Sam (both 1999), Dogville (2003) and Paris, je t'aime (2006). He also had a successful and prolific film career in Europe, particularly Italy, where he worked with eminent directors such as Giuseppe Tornatore, Giuliano Montaldo, Marco Ferreri, and Lars von Trier.

Gazzara was known for his gritty, naturalistic portrayals of intense, often amoral characters. According to The Hollywood Reporter, "Gazzara positioned himself for 'creative elbow room,' seeking edgy characters in non-mainstream productions or infusing mainstream productions with idiosyncratic supporting turns."

Early life and education
Gazzara was born in New York City, the son of Sicilian immigrants Angelina and Antonio Gazzara, a laborer and carpenter; both parents were from the province of Agrigento—his mother from Castrofilippo and his father from Canicattì. He was raised in a monolingual, Italian-speaking household, and did not learn English until he went to school.

Gazzara grew up in New York's Kips Bay neighborhood; he lived on East 29th Street. He participated in the drama program at Madison Square Boys & Girls Club located across the street. He attended New York City's Stuyvesant High School, but finally graduated from Saint Simon Stock in the Bronx. Years later, he said that the discovery of his love for acting saved him from a life of crime during his teen years.

He went to City College of New York to study electrical engineering. After two years, he relented. He took classes in acting at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the influential German director Erwin Piscator, and afterward joined the Actors Studio.

Early career
Gazzara guest-starred in shows like Treasury Men in Action and Danger.

He received acclaim for his off-Broadway performance in End as a Man in 1953. The production was transferred to Broadway and ran until 1954.

In 1954, Gazzara (having modified his original surname from "Gazzarra") made several appearances in NBC's legal drama Justice, based on case studies from the Legal Aid Society of New York. He also guest-starred on shows such as Medallion Theatre and The United States Steel Hour.

Broadway success
Gazzara became a Broadway sensation when he portrayed the role of Brick in Tennessee Williams's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955–56) opposite Barbara Bel Geddes, directed by Elia Kazan. Gazzara turned down the role in the film version. The studio planned to offer the role to James Dean, but the part was given to Paul Newman after Dean's death.

He followed it with another long run in A Hatful of Rain (1956).

Gazzara was in the 1963 Actors Studio production of Strange Interlude on Broadway.

Film work
He joined other Actors Studio members in the 1957 film The Strange One produced by Sam Spiegel.

He had a Broadway flop with The Night Circus (1958) and continued to guest-star on shows like Playhouse 90, Kraft Television Theatre, Armchair Theatre and DuPont Show of the Month.

His second film was a high-profile performance as a soldier on trial for avenging his wife's rape in Otto Preminger's courtroom drama Anatomy of a Murder (1959).

Gazzara told Charlie Rose in 1998 that he went from being mainly a stage actor who often would turn up his nose at film roles in the mid-1950s to, much later, a ubiquitous character actor who turned very little down. "When I became hot, so to speak, in the theater, I got a lot of offers", he said. "I won't tell you the pictures I turned down, because you'll say, 'You are a fool'—and I was a fool."

He went to Italy to make a comedy, The Passionate Thief (1960), with Anna Magnani and Totò.

Back in the US he did a TV movie, Cry Vengeance!, and was second-billed in The Young Doctors (both 1961). He was also the mystery guest on What's My Line? (September 6, 1961).

He starred in Convicts 4 (1962).

He returned to Italy to make The Captive City (1962) with David Niven.

Gazzara was the male lead in A Rage to Live (1965) with Suzanne Pleshette.

Television star
Gazzara became well known in several television series, beginning with Arrest and Trial, which ran from 1963 to 1964 on ABC.

He also appeared in the TV special A Carol for Another Christmas (1964) and had a short Broadway run in A Traveller without Luggage in 1964. He also guest-starred on Kraft Suspense Theatre.

He gained fame in the TV series Run for Your Life which ran from 1965 to 1968 on NBC, in which he played a terminally ill man trying to get the most out of the last two years of his life. For his work in the series, Gazzara received two Emmy nominations for "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series" and three Golden Globe nominations for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Drama."

When the series ended Gazzara had a cameo in If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969) and a lead in the wartime action film The Bridge at Remagen (1969).

John Cassavetes
Some of the actor's most formidable characters were those he created with his friend John Cassavetes in the 1970s. They collaborated for the first time on Cassavetes's film Husbands (1970), in which he appeared alongside Peter Falk and Cassavetes.

Gazzara starred in a television movie, Pursuit (1972), the directorial debut of Michael Crichton. He also made the television movies When Michael Calls (1972), Fireball Forward (1972), and The Family Rico (1972).

He made The Sicilian Connection (1972) in Italy, and did a science fiction film The Neptune Factor (1973). There were more television films You'll Never See Me Again (1973) and Maneater (1973).

He starred in the television miniseries QB VII (1974), which won six primetime Emmy Awards. The six-and-a-half-hour series was based on a book by Leon Uris and co-starred Anthony Hopkins. He then played gangster Al Capone in the biographical film Capone (1975). Cassevetes was in the support cast.

Gazzara appeared on Broadway in Hughie (1975) then worked again for Cassavetes as director in The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976), in which Gazzara took the leading role of the hapless strip-joint owner, Cosmo Vitelli. He starred in an action movie, High Velocity (1976), and was one of many stars in Voyage of the Damned (1976).

Gazzara returned to Broadway for a production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? with Colleen Dewhurst in 1976.

A year later, he starred in yet another Cassavetes-directed movie, Opening Night, as stage director Manny Victor, who struggles with the mentally unstable star of his show, played by Cassavetes's wife Gena Rowlands. He made an acclaimed TV movie The Death of Richie (1977).

Peter Bogdanovich
Gazzara's career received a boost when Peter Bogdanovich cast him in the title role of Saint Jack (1979). His increased profile helped him be cast in the male lead of Bloodline (1979) and the Korean War epic Inchon (1980) co-starring Laurence Olivier and Richard Roundtree.

He made another for Bogdanovich, They All Laughed (1981).

1980s
Gazzara made some films in Europe: Tales of Ordinary Madness (1981), The Girl from Trieste (1982), A Proper Scandal (1984), My Dearest Son (1985). He starred with Rowlands in the critically acclaimed AIDS-themed TV movie An Early Frost (1985), for which he received his third Emmy nomination.

He had a villainous role in the oft-televised Patrick Swayze film Road House, which the actor jokingly said is probably his most-watched performance.

Gazzara appeared in 38 films, many for television, in the 1990s. He worked with a number of renowned directors, such as the Coen brothers (The Big Lebowski), Spike Lee (Summer of Sam), David Mamet (The Spanish Prisoner), Walter Hugo Khouri (Forever), Vincent Gallo (Buffalo '66), Todd Solondz (Happiness), John Turturro (Illuminata), and John McTiernan (The Thomas Crown Affair).

He was on Broadway in Shimada (1992).

In his seventies, Gazzara continued to be active. In 2003, he appeared in Nobody Don't Like Yogi, an off-Broadway show about Yogi Berra that had a solid run, and was in a revival of Awake and Sing! (2006).

He was in the ensemble cast of the experimental film Dogville, directed by Lars von Trier of Denmark and starring Nicole Kidman, as well as the television film Hysterical Blindness (he received an Emmy Award for his role). In 2005, he played Agostino Casaroli in the television miniseries Pope John Paul II. He completed filming his scenes in the film The Wait in early 2012, shortly before his death.

In addition to acting, Gazzara worked as an occasional television director; his credits include the Columbo episodes A Friend in Deed (1974) and Troubled Waters (1975). Gazzara was nominated three times for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play—in 1956 for A Hatful of Rain, in 1975 for the paired short plays Hughie and Duet, and in 1977 for a revival of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, opposite Colleen Dewhurst.

Personal life
Gazzara was married three times, first to actress Louise Erickson (1951–1957). He married actress Janice Rule on November 25, 1961 in San Francisco. They had a daughter named Elizabeth. They divorced in 1979. He married model Elke Krivat in 1982 and remained married to her until his death. Gazzara adopted his wife's daughter Danja from her prior relationship. Following his separation from his first wife, Gazzara was engaged to stage actress Elaine Stritch and later disclosed a love affair with actress Audrey Hepburn. He and Hepburn co-starred in two of her final films, Bloodline (1979) and They All Laughed (1981).

In 1968, during filming of the war movie The Bridge at Remagen, co-starring Gazzara and friend Robert Vaughn, the Soviet Union and its allies invaded Czechoslovakia. The cast and crew were detained for a time; filming was later completed in West Germany. During their departure from Czechoslovakia, Gazzara and Vaughn assisted with the escape of a Czech waitress whom they had befriended. They smuggled her to Austria in a car waved through a border crossing that had not yet been taken over by the Soviet army in its crackdown on the Prague Spring.

Gazzara was featured in a 1994 article in Cigar Aficionado, in which he admitted smoking four packs of cigarettes a day until taking up cigar smoking in the mid-1960s.

Beginning in the late 1970s, Gazzara held permanent residence status in Italy. He maintained a second home in Umbria, where he lived while working in Europe.

Death
Gazzara was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1999. He suffered a stroke in 2005. On February 3, 2012, he died of pancreatic cancer at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York. He was cremated.

title: Ben Gazzara


text:
Talk:Divided Highway

Requested Move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Opposition to the move was principally based on WP:DIFFCAPS; supporters of the move did not provide comparable backing in policy. A hatnote pointing to dual carriageway, which several commenters supported, was added during the course of the RM. (non-admin closure) ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 19:50, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

Divided Highway → Divided Highway (album) – the page Divided Highway shall be a redirect; furthermore, the page Divided Highway (album) shall refer to the album.--2600:1700:6180:6290:7184:C438:8808:19FE (talk) 22:50, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Support, it's an obscure compilation album. And likely to confuse. In ictu oculi (talk) 09:25, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There is no reason to disambiguate an unambiguous album title. See where five out of six albums are not parenthetically disambiguated. The one that is disambiguated is an ambiguous title, "Greatest Hits". See also Divided highway. Needs a hatnote maybe? Yes, however "(album)" is not a necessary addition to this article's title.  P.I. Ellsworth  ,  ed.  put'r there 13:53, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:DIFFCAPS. Only a hatnote is needed; I presume most people looking for divided highways would search for it in all lowercase instead of title case. — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 14:50, 28 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. WP:DIFFCAPS is highly controversial and has always been a very bad idea. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:46, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Not for anything, but DIFFCAPS is a part of the AT policy, so controversial or not it is in that policy per community consensus. And the closer will take that under consideration.  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'r there 20:56, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Weak support Dual carriageway has 4,802 views compared with only 395[|Dual_carriageway] for the album but make the title case version a DAB per WP:DIFFCAPS.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 09:51, 1 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Users are unlikely to search for the type of road using caps in this case. Hatnotes are sufficient here. Dekimasu よ! 00:54, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per WP:DIFFCAPS. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 07:35, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose DIFFCAPS and a hat is plenty, I believe. Happy Editing-- IAm Chaos  02:38, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Divided Highway


text: Talk:Live at Wolf Trap

title: Talk:Live at Wolf Trap


text:
Talk:James Taylor (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:James Taylor - James Taylor.jpg
Image:James Taylor - James Taylor.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:49, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

South African Title.
Boothferry (talk) 22:32, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Taylor (album)


text:
Talk:Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon

External links modified
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text:
Talk:One Man Dog

Rolling Stone Landau Review Truncated
The Jon Landau review posted on the rollingstone.com website is truncated (in error) from the original. If you want the full text, see the archive version cited in the reference.

-- J. Wong (talk) 09:20, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:One Man Dog


text:
List of Milan Metro stations

The Milan Metro is the rapid transit/metro system serving Milan, Italy. The network comprises 5 lines, identified by different numbers and colors, with a total route length of 104.1 km and 113 stations. The system has a daily ridership of over one million.

The metro network is connected to the Milan suburban railway service through several stations. Metro lines are identified by the letter "M", while suburban line numbers are preceded by the letter "S".

title: List of Milan Metro stations


text: Talk:Walking Man

title: Talk:Walking Man


text: Talk:Gorilla (James Taylor album)

title: Talk:Gorilla (James Taylor album)


text:
Talk:In the Pocket (James Taylor album)

Alison Krauss is listed on credits for vocals.. yet she would have been 5 years old at the time (1976) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.132.248.167 (talk) 20:36, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:In the Pocket (James Taylor album)


text:
Talk:Greatest Hits (James Taylor album)

Fair use rationale for Image:James Taylor - Greatest Hits.jpg
Image:James Taylor - Greatest Hits.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:49, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greatest Hits (James Taylor album)


text: Talk:JT (album)

title: Talk:JT (album)


text: Talk:Flag (James Taylor album)

title: Talk:Flag (James Taylor album)


text:
Talk:Dad Loves His Work

Thematic Speculation
Re: "The album's title was, in part, drawn from the reasons for Taylor's divorce from Carly Simon. She gave him an ultimatum: cut back on his music and touring, and spend more time with her and their children, or the marriage was through. The album's title was his answer, and the divorce took place soon after."

This is what More Room in a Broken Heart: The True Adventures of Carly Simon by Stehan Douglas, published in 2012, has to say about this: "The album's title Dad Loves His Work was perhaps [my emphasis] an ironic explanation to his [James Taylor's]'' children of why he was rarely around....James would later swear that 'Her Town Too' was about Peter and Betsy Asher." This suggests to me that the Wikipedia article passage quoted above is purely speculative in regard to the meaning of the record title. I wouldn't object if the Simon bio were directly quoted in the main body of the article (NOT as a citation), retaining the perhaps, but I think it would be best for the article not to bring up the matter at all--unless someone can find a direct quotation from James Taylor himself explaining the title.TheScotch (talk) 05:45, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dad Loves His Work


text:
Talk:That's Why I'm Here

Different version
I own an original LP version (bought in Italy, i think) of this album, which does not contain the track "my romance" which would be exactly between side 1 and side 2. Does anyone know the reason? Maybe a european-only version? thanks Andy

 * "My Romance" seems to have been added for the CD reissue, it was not on the original LP. I just bought the 5 CD box set "original album classics" which does include it, though on the individual CD packet it reproduces the original LP back cover where this track is not listed (which confused me at first). It is on the track list on the box though, with an asterisk and note "track not available on original LP version". It's the first time I have heard it :), also is the only "CD only" track on this whole box set of albums (JT/Flag/Dad Loves His Work/That's Why I'm Here/Never Die Young). 59.154.42.163 (talk) 07:22, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:That's Why I'm Here


text:
Talk:Victor Vasarely

IRANZI MUGISHA Vasarely's birth date == Victor was born April 9, 1906 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.184.214.63 (talk • contribs)

 * All my art history books (including Janson and Arnason) mention 1908 so I presume that's correct... - Spinster 19:08, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Victor Vasarely was born in 1906 and next year we celebrate his centenary. This date was confirmed by Michèle Vagaysarely, his daughter-in-law. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.177.20.111 (talk • contribs)

 * Apparently, his birthday was mistakenly recorded as being in 1908 for years until an interview with Le Figuro in 1996.81.104.164.95 20:14, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Victor Vasarely was born April 9, 1906, like above; some years ago Michèle Vasarely looked for the really date of birth in archives of Pecs. It's correct 9 April. Bye, --82.48.215.204 (talk) 17:42, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Now is correct...and with a note, well. Silverglory (talk) 22:30, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

iranzi mugisha is the edit

Pöstyén
Instead of reverting each other, here you can add a proposal for the right wording about how to include the Hungarian name for one of the places where he was raised. Squash Racket (talk) 08:10, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * For such cases, we have WP:NCGN. I see no reason why not to respect the existing naming convention. It brings consistency into Wikipedia and reflects a wider consensus between editors. You should provide a real argument to convince me that your solution is more sensible than the whole naming convention in this particular case. Your statement "today Piešťany" is not true because Piešťany has been called Piešťany since the Middle Ages. It does not matter whether Hungarian authorities used the magyarized name Pöstyén instead in 1914. What matters is under what name the town is known in recent English sources in the historical context. Let me quote from WP:NCGN: "The contents (this applies to all articles using the name in question): The same name as in title [of the article about the place in question, i.e. Piešťany in this case] should be used consistently throughout the article. Exceptions are allowed only if there is a widely accepted historic English name for a specific historical context. In cases when a widely accepted historic English name is used, it should be followed by the modern English name in parentheses on the first occurrence of the name in applicable sections of the article in the format: "historical name (modern name)." If you believe Pöstyén is a widely accepted historic English name of Piešťany, this page lists the evidence you should provide. Tankred (talk) 02:58, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I looked at the page of the village and saw nothing on etymology or history of the name. Do you have a source stating the Slavic name was the original? (I guess you already have a list of these.)
 * We both know there are a lot of historic names mentioned on Wikipedia without providing the strict evidence claimed by the guideline WP:NCGN. No wonder it is flexible and it refers to common sense in its first paragraph. Squash Racket (talk) 05:26, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Since you argue that we should not use the naming convention here, the burden of proof is upon you. I still do not know what you consider the "common sense" and why. Tankred (talk) 15:31, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I also think the problem lies in the current form of WP:NCGN. If English sources tend to use the Hungarian form of that name in Vasarely's CV (just tried Google), only Wikipedia would be an exception? Common sense tells me no.
 * Also a qoute from your talk page: "I guess you meant that the town was better known under its Hungarian name at the time Vasarely lived there. But you should have chosen better wording." That is why I asked for a proposal on the right wording on how to include the Hungarian name, but you seem to have changed your mind. Squash Racket (talk) 07:10, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I did not change my mind. I did not support your edit at that time, I merely tried to guess why you made it. If you are unhappy with WP:NCGN, you should propose its change at the naming convention's talk page, not here. As to your argument, there are only nine pages (in English and outside Wikipedia) using "Pöstyén" in connection with Vasarely while 65 pages (with the same criteria) use "Piešťany". So, most English sources actually use "Piestany". If you want to know the Hungarian name of the town, you can click on the wikilink to Piestany because the main article on that town also includes the town's names in other languages. There is no reason to include them elsewhere in Wikipedia. Moreover, you did not provide any evidence supporting your claim that your description of Piestany as "Postyen (today Piestany)" is factually correct. So, is there any other reason why we should violate WP:NCGN on this page or I can restore the previous version of the article? Tankred (talk) 13:29, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Pöstyén is the only official name at the time, so your version (he grew up in Piestany) would be factually incorrect and misleading to the readers. Also you should be aware that it is not possible to "violate" a guideline such as NCGN, you can violate rules, regulations, laws, but not suggestions, advice and the like. Wikipedia is based on consensus and combative style of editing and statements like "There is no reason to include them elsewhere in Wikipedia" will not get you very far in any case. Hobartimus (talk) 16:11, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * WP:NCGN is a naming convention, not a random "suggestion". Since you have not presented any argument, I will restore the version compliant with the naming convention and the evidence provided on this talk page. Tankred (talk) 23:59, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Let me quote you the first few letters from NCGN, "{{Wikipedia subcat guideline", so as you can see in wikipedia terms it is a guideline I counted over 60 guidelines just like it for naming issues alone! You should not misrepresent it as if it were some kind of rule, regulation or law, by using rhetoric like ("violating" "non-compliant"), anyway this is a talk page for a specific article, so the issues at hand should be discussed. What are everybody's thoughts on the compromise version introduced by user Piotrus? Hobartimus (talk) 11:10, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * And what is your argument regarding this particular article? 65 English sources use Piestany in connection with Vasarely and only 9 use Postyen. I hope you are aware this is the English Wikipedia, not the Hungarian one. Tankred (talk) 16:48, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you wanted to say with that, did anyone remove the name Piestany from the article? Hobartimus (talk) 17:28, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you serious? Why should we flood articles in the English Wikipedia with names that are barely used in English sources? Tankred (talk) 17:37, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

OK, also mentioning Austria-Hungary in brackets would help clarify things. Sometimes I get the feeling the present form of WP:NCGN forces every single English/American reader to learn about the Treaty of Trianon with Hungarian and Slavic names changing constantly in a lot of articles. Squash Racket (talk) 15:10, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

death
How did he die? I'm guessing he died from old age, but it doesn't say so I'm not sure.--4.244.42.249 (talk) 15:44, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

sorry,I can,t help you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.39.225.17 (talk) 05:23, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

sorry,I can,t help you —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.39.225.17 (talk) 05:24, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

More images needed
As with so many articles in Wikipedia relating to visual artists — even artists with long and productive careers — this one is notable for the scantness of its pictorial illustration of its subject and output. Surely there must be enough public-domain or GNU-licensed photos or other reproductions in existence to allow Wikipedia to do justice to these people and their work?

174.70.180.131 (talk) 09:30, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:51, 26 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Victor Vasarely.jpg

title: Talk:Victor Vasarely


text:
Pierre Alphonse Laurent

Pierre Alphonse Laurent (18 July 1813 – 2 September 1854) was a French mathematician, engineer, and Military Officer best known for discovering the Laurent series, an expansion of a function into an infinite power series, generalizing the Taylor series expansion.

He was born in Paris, France. His father, Pierre Michel Laurent (1769 – 1841) was French, whereas his mother, Eleanor Cheshire (1778 – 1840) was English. Pierre Laurent entered the École Polytechnique in Paris in 1830 and graduated in 1832 as one of the best students in his year. Afterwards, he joined the engineering corps as a second lieutenant, before attending the École d'Application at Metz until he was sent to Algeria.

Laurent returned to France from Algeria around 1840 and spent six years directing operations for the enlargement of the port of Le Havre on the English Channel coast. Rouen had been the main French port up to the nineteenth century, but the hydraulic construction projects on which Laurent worked in Le Havre turned it into France's main seaport. It is clear that Laurent was a good engineer, putting his deep theoretical knowledge to good practical use.

It was while Laurent was working on the construction project at Le Havre that he began to write his first mathematical papers. He submitted a memoir for the Grand Prize of the Académie des Sciences of 1842. His result was contained in a memoir submitted for the Grand Prize of the Académie des Sciences in 1843, but his submission was after the due date, and the paper was not published and never considered for the prize. Laurent died at age 41 in Paris. His work was not published until after his death. Possibly the result was first discovered by Weierstrass in an 1841 paper, but not published at the time.

title: Pierre Alphonse Laurent


text:
Parmenion

Parmenion (also Parmenio; Παρμενίων; c. 400 – 330 BC), son of Philotas, was a Macedonian general in the service of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. A nobleman, Parmenion rose to become Philip's chief military lieutenant and Alexander's strategos (military general). He was assassinated after his son Philotas was convicted on a charge of treason. His siblings Asander and Agathon would also become prominent members of Alexander's Macedonia.

Military service to Philip II
During the reign of Philip II, Parmenion achieved a great victory over the Illyrians in 356 BC. Ten years later, Parmenion destroyed the southern Thessalian town of Halos. He was one of the Macedonian delegates appointed to conclude peace with Athens in 346 BC, and was sent with an army to oversee Macedonian influence in Euboea in 342 BC.

In 336 BC, Phillip II sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations to free the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. At first, all went well. The Greek cities on the western coast of Anatolia revolted until the news arrived that Philip had been murdered and had been succeeded by his young son Alexander. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated near Magnesia by the Persians under the command of the mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.

Military service to Alexander
Although Alexander was recognized as king in Macedonia in October 336 BC, his accession was opposed by Attalus, a general in Parmenion's army. In response, Parmenion put the general to death even though Parmenion was father-in-law to Attalus. However, Parmenion recognised that this was a necessary act if Alexander's succession was to be smooth. As a consequence, Alexander was in Parmenion's debt particularly given that Parmenion was his most experienced general and commanded a large army.

As a result, a number of Parmenion's relatives were placed by Alexander in key positions in the Macedonian army. His youngest son Nikanor became commander of the infantry regiment known as the Shield bearers, his son-in-law Coenus commanded a phalanx battalion while another relative named Nicanor became admiral of the navy made up of Macedonia's fellow-Greek allies. Parmenion's friend Amyntas and his brother Asander were placed in key positions. Parmenion's oldest son Philotas was made commander of the Companion cavalry, a unit of 1,800 horsemen that was Macedonia's most effective weapon in its battles. Parmenion became Alexander's second in command, the same position he had held under Philip.

Campaign against the Persian Empire
In 334 BC, Alexander joined Parmenion in Anatolia with reinforcements, thus starting Alexander's campaign against Persia. During the great battles that followed, Parmenion commanded the left wing while Alexander himself commanded the right wing.

Meanwhile, the Persian satraps of Cilicia, Lydia, Hellespontine Phrygia and other territories had assembled at Zelea, near Dascylium. The two armies met near the river Granicus. Most ancient sources agree that Parmenion advised Alexander not to attack and that it was Alexander's own idea to attack at once.

Parmenion is said to have acted as a foil to his commander's innovative strategies, by expertly formulating the orthodox strategy. For instance, according to Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander, at the Battle of Granicus, Parmenion suggested delay before the attack, as the army had already marched all day, always presenting the cautious path and often resulting in his being ignored by the King. Alexander attacked across the river regardless of this counsel and gained a victory nevertheless; however, Diodorus Siculus contradicts Arrian by stating clearly that Alexander accepted the advice. It is suggested that the Greeks were initially repulsed, and then stole a march on the Persians and crossed the river at night. This brought the Persian cavalry onto the field first against the Greeks the next morning, setting up a defeat in detail, as is reported in the accounts from that time. In any event, despite the Macedonians winning the overall battle, the near loss by Alexander during the battle may have tempered any youthful brashness on the part of Alexander, for he proceeded very cautiously the next six months or so as he liberated Greek cities in Asia Minor, and that muting of his aggressiveness is more in line with a near defeat.

After the battle, Parmenion captured the Persian stronghold Dascylium, the capital of Hellespontine Phrygia. Later, he seized Magnesia and Tralleis. His brother Asander was given responsibility for governing Lydia.

Meanwhile, Alexander liberated the Greek towns in Anatolia including Sardis, Ephesus, Miletus and Halicarnassus. During the winter of 334-333 BC, the king moved through Lycia. At the same time, Parmenion invaded central Anatolia from the west, driving out the remaining Persian troops and occupying the region. The two forces met each other in April 333 BC at Gordium, the capital of Phrygia. The united army then moved east to Cilicia where Parmenion captured the city of Tarsus.

Alexander planned to attack Darius in the plains of Sochi. However the Persian king with his large army had crossed the Amanus Mountains, captured Issus and then cut off the only Macedonian line of supply. The battle between the two forces took place south of Issus in November 333 BC. The Macedonians were victorious despite the Persian army being much larger, mainly because Parmenion had been able to counter the Persian attack. This gave Alexander a chance to launch a counter-attack. It has been stated that Parmenion counselled a night attack in 331 BC on Darius' assembled superior forces at the Battle of Gaugamela, which Alexander took as evidence that Darius would keep his troops at the ready through the night and offer the Macedonians some advantage if they rested for a battle in daylight. During the battle, Parmenion led the Pezhetairos on the left flank which had been hurt by an opening made by Alexander's speedy advance with the cavalry. In Plutarch's Parallel Lives it is further suggested the escape of Darius was due to Parmenion's "sluggish and ineffectual" leadership, or even that he was jealous of Alexander's successes.

Parmenion would continue to be a significant influence and commander up until the conquest of Babylon. A steady hand commanding the left was critical in the overall Macedonian scheme and philosophy of battle, allowing the king to strike the decisive blow.

Assassination
After the conquest of Drangiana, Alexander was informed that Philotas, son of Parmenion, was involved in a conspiracy against his life. Philotas was condemned by the army and put to death. Alexander, fearing the consequences if he were to allow the father to live, sent orders to Media for the assassination of Parmenion. There was no proof that Parmenion was in any way implicated in the conspiracy, but he was not afforded the opportunity to defend himself. In Alexander's defense, a disaffected Parmenion would have been a serious threat, especially since he was commanding an army of his own, second in prestige only to Alexander, and was stationed near Alexander's treasury and on his supply lines. Also, as head of Philotas' family, Parmenion would have been held responsible for his actions, despite a lack of evidence connecting them to him. Alexander therefore acted swiftly and sent Cleander and Sitalces on racing camels across the desert by the most direct route possible to assassinate Parmenion. Before the news reached Parmenion of Alexander's order, the two officers arrived and stabbed Parmenion to death.

His brother Asander would suffer in court for a short period following this but would later regain prominence in Alexander's empire.

In fiction
Parmenion is the main character in David Gemmell's books Lion of Macedon and Dark Prince.

In the 1956 film Alexander the Great, directed by Robert Rossen, Parmenion was played by Irish actor Niall MacGinnis.

In the 1961 television version of Terence Rattigan's play Adventure Story, Parmenion is played by William Devlin.

In the 1999 film G2, Parmenion is portrayed as the Mongol rival to Alexander the Great's swordbearer, who reincarnates along with the latter in 2003 to resolve a millennia-spanning conflict.

In the 2004 film Alexander, directed by Oliver Stone, Parmenion (played by John Kavanagh) is depicted as a trusted but conservative commander and is slightly marginalized. The film depicts him as being assassinated by Cleitus the Black and Antigonus just after reading from their letter informing him of his son's execution (instead of by Cleander and Sitalces before he learns of it as is historically accurate).

title: Parmenion


text: Talk:Never Die Young

title: Talk:Never Die Young