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Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section)

The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section) – The Farmer-Labor Party of Ontario, more commonly known as the Ontario CCF, was a democratic socialist provincial political party in Ontario that existed from 1932 to 1961. It was the provincial wing of the federal Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). The party had no leader in the beginning, and was governed by a provincial council and executive. The party's first Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) was elected by voters in the 1934 Ontario general election. In the 1937 general election, no CCF members were elected to the Ontario Legislature. In 1942, the party elected Toronto lawyer Ted Jolliffe as its first leader. He led the party to within a few seats of forming the government in the 1943 general election; instead, it formed the Official Opposition. In that election, the first two women were elected to the Ontario Legislature as CCFers: Agnes Macphail and Rae Luckock. The 1945 election was a setback, as the party lost most of its seats in the Legislature, including Jolliffe's seat. The party again became the Official Opposition after the 1948 general election, and defeated the Conservative premier George Drew in his seat, when Bill Temple unexpectedly won in the High Park constituency. The middle and late 1940s were the peak years for the Ontario CCF. After that time, its electoral performances were dismal, as it was reduced to a rump of two seats in the 1951 election, three seats in the 1955 election, and five seats in the 1959 election. Jolliffe stepped down as leader in 1953, and was replaced by Donald C. MacDonald.

The period between the 1951 defeat and the founding of the Ontario New Democratic Party was one of much internal strife, but MacDonald managed to keep the party together, despite the constant electoral defeats. In October 1961, the party dissolved itself and became part of the New Democratic Party.

Origins
The Ontario CCF was indirectly the successor to the 1919–23 United Farmers of Ontario–Labour coalition that formed the government in Ontario under Ernest C. Drury. While in 1934 several former United Farmer Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) became Liberal-Progressives aligned with the Ontario Liberal Party, the United Farmers of Ontario (UFO), as an organization, participated in the formation of the Ontario CCF, and was briefly affiliated with the party.

After a meeting in Ottawa on May 26, 1932, that brought together all the Members of Parliament that belonged to the Ginger Group, and some members of the League for Social Reconstruction (LSR), the CCF was formed, making J. S. Woodsworth the de facto leader, and giving responsibility for organizing Ontario to Agnes Macphail of the UFO. Macphail, as president of the Ontario Provincial Council, persuaded her fellow delegates at the December 1932 UFO convention to affiliate with the CCF provincial council. After the 1933 Regina convention, the name of the party was introduced as the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section) – The Farmer-Labor Party, though the shorter Ontario CCF was the most commonly used name.

Macphail served as the first chairman of the Ontario CCF from 1932 until 1934. As a UFO Member of Parliament (MP) in the Canadian House of Commons, she was forced to resign from the CCF after the UFO withdrew from the party after alleging communist influence in it. Consequently, the UFO's two candidates in the 1934 provincial election, longtime incumbent MLA Farquhar Oliver (Grey South) and former MLA Leslie Warner Oke (Lambton East) under the UFO banner rather than with the CCF (though Oke was also endorsed by the CCF). Oliver was elected and would caucus with the Liberals before joining the party several years later. Macphail later served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as the CCF Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for York East from 1943 to 1945 and again from 1948 to 1951.

Samuel Lawrence, an Independent Labour Party member of Hamilton City Council, was elected to the Ontario legislature as a CCF MPP in the 1934 provincial election, the first Ontario election contested by the CCF. The party received 7.1 percent of the vote and, with Lawrence's election in Hamilton East, won its first seat in the Ontario Legislature. The Ontario CCF failed to win any seats in the 1937 election. He was elected Ontario CCF president in 1941. and served as Mayor of Hamilton from 1944 to 1949 leading a CCF slate in that city.

Alderman John Mitchell of Hamilton was elected the first Ontario CCF president in 1934 as part of a reorganization of the party after its provincial council had been suspended by federal leader J. S. Woodsworth for suspected communist infiltration. The reorganization created a new provincial council and central party executive and centralized what had been a loose structure of affiliate organizations and riding clubs. It was accompanied by a purge of party clubs and affiliates suspected of having been infiltrated by Communists and the removal of suspected Communists from senior party positions. The reorganization was prompted by complaints of Communist infiltration, due to the party's previously loose structure. In reaction to alleged Communist involvement, the United Farmers of Ontario disaffiliated from the CCF. Mitchell unofficially led the Ontario CCF during the 1934 Ontario general election and conducted a province-wide tour during the 1937 election campaign but failed to win a seat in the Legislature. He continued as party president until 1941.

Graham Spry, a publisher and broadcaster who was also a member of the LSR, served as the Ontario CCF's vice-president of its provincial council from 1934 to 1936. He was the first federal CCF candidate in Ontario, running in the September 24, 1934 by-election in Toronto East. Other prominent members were Elmore Philpott, a former Liberal. Philpott joined the CCF in 1933 and became president of the Ontario Association of CCF Clubs but resigned in March 1934 over the A. E. Smith affair that had caused the UFO to leave as well. Philpott rejoined the Liberal Party in 1935. The disagreement was in regards to how much support the fledgling CCF should give Smith, leader of the Canadian Labour Defence League, who had been charged with sedition for claiming that the state had attempted to assassinate imprisoned Communist Party of Canada leader Tim Buck. The CLDC was a communist front group. Woodsworth, and the Ontario CCF provincial council, opposed the CCF having any formal links with it or any other communist group. Some individual CCFers ignored this policy as did one section of the Ontario CCF, which was expelled. Nevertheless, Philpott and the UFO saw the Smith affair as evidence that the CCF had been infiltrated by Communists and left. The issue of what relationship the CCF should have with the Communist Party came to the fore again in 1936 when the party voted to ban any united front with Communists, over the objections of prominent CCFers such as East York reeve Arthur Henry Williams.

Electoral breakthrough
At the Ontario CCF's tenth annual convention in Toronto, the first leadership election was held. Two candidates came forward: Toronto lawyer and Ontario CCF vice-president Ted Jolliffe, and union activist and former Ontario CCF Youth Movement organizer Murray Cotterill. On April 4, 1942, Jolliffe won the election, but the voting results were not announced. The newly created Leader position's role was political and legislative, while internal CCF affairs and administration would remain the president's domain.

The party achieved a major breakthrough under Jolliffe, in the 1943 general election, when it formed the Official Opposition with 32 percent of the vote and 34 seats. The CCF was just four seats short of George Drew's Progressive Conservatives ("Tories"), who formed a minority government that was the beginning of what became a 42-year political dynasty.

1945 "Gestapo" campaign
In the 1945 election, Premier Drew ran an anti-Semitic, union bashing, Red-baiting campaign. The previous two years of anti-socialist attacks by the Conservatives and their supporters, like Gladstone Murray and Montague A. Sanderson, were devastatingly effective against the previously popular CCF. Much of the source material for the anti-CCF campaign came from the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP)'s Special Investigation Branch's agent D-208: Captain William J. Osbourne-Dempster. His office was supposed to be investigating war-time 5th column saboteurs. Instead, starting in November 1943, he was investigating, almost exclusively, Ontario opposition MPPs, mainly focusing on the CCF caucus. The fact that Jolliffe knew about these 'secret' investigations as early as February 1944 led to one of the most infamous incidents in 20th-century Canadian politics.

May 24, 1945 radio speech
The 1945 campaign was anything but genteel and polite. Jolliffe replied by giving a radio speech – written with the assistance of Lister Sinclair – that accused Drew of running a political Gestapo in Ontario. In the speech excerpt below, Jolliffe alleged that a secret department of the Ontario Provincial Police was acting as a political police – spying on the opposition and the media.

It is my duty to tell you that Colonel Drew is maintaining in Ontario, at this very minute, a secret political police, a paid government spy organization, a Gestapo to try and keep himself in power. And Col[onel] Drew maintains his secret political police at the expense of the taxpayers of Ontario – paid out of the Public Funds....

Jolliffe's inflammatory speech became the main issue of the campaign, and dominated coverage in the media for the rest of the election. Drew, and his Attorney-General Leslie Blackwell vehemently denied Jolliffe's accusations, but the public outcry was too much for them to abate. On May 26, 1945, during his own radio speech, Drew announced that he would be appointing a Royal Commission to investigate these charges. Jolliffe's CCF and Mitchell Hepburn's Ontario Liberal Party wanted the election suspended until the commission tabled its report. Hepburn sent Drew a personal telegram stating he would stop campaigning if the commission were held immediately. Drew ignored these requests and continued to hold the election on its original date, despite it being many months before the commission's findings would be made available.

Election Day, June 4, 1945
Jolliffe's CCF went from 34 seats to 8, but almost garnered the same number of votes cast, though their percentage of the popular vote dropped from 32 to 22 percent. A Gallup poll done a month earlier showed the CCF at essentially the same percentage, making it questionable whether or not the "Gestapo" speech had an effect on the campaign. Drew, with his attack campaign, successfully drove the voter turn-out up, thereby driving the CCF's percentage and seat totals down.

Nineteen forty-five was one of Ontario's most important elections in the 20th century, according to Caplan and David Lewis. It shaped the province for the next 40 years, as the Conservatives won a massive majority in the Legislature, and would remain in government for the next 40 consecutive years–most of that time with majority governments until the mid-1970s.

For Jolliffe, another election consequence was his tenure as the MPP from York South ended, at least for the time-being. He lost the election but did better than any other CCF candidate in Toronto or in the outlying Yorks.

LeBel Royal Commission
On May 28, Drew appointed Justice A.M. LeBel as the Royal Commissioner, thereby forming what has become known as the LeBel Royal Commission. His terms of reference were restricted to the question of whether Drew was personally responsible for the establishment of "a secret political police organization, for the purpose of collecting, by secret spying, material to be used in attempt to keep him in power." Wider questions like why the OPP, Ontario civil servants, were keeping files on MPPs were not allowed.

Jolliffe acted as his own counsel throughout the commission, but was assisted by fellow CCF lawyer, Andrew Brewin. He and Brewin were able to establish, from several eyewitnesses, that agent D-208, Dempster, was spying on the CCF. What they could not prove, because they did not have access to the information in 1945, were the letters that Drew wrote to his supporter M.A. (Bugsy) Sanderson suggesting that he would finance any lawsuits or other charges stemming from the information provided by Dempster in his advertisements. Sanderson was, in late 1943 to 1945, along with Gladstone Murray, leading the libellous advertisement campaigns against the CCF in newspapers and billboards, with information gleaned from Dempster's briefings. Jolliffe presented several witnesses that claimed to have seen these documents. But Jolliffe could not produce the letter, and Drew denied ever writing it.

On October 11, 1945, Justice LeBel issued his report that essentially exonerated Drew and Blackwell. Because Jolliffe presented only circumstantial evidence that linked Drew to Dempster, Murray and Sanderson, the Commissioner found the information unconvincing, even though LeBel believed Dempster's interaction with Sanderson and Murray was inappropriate.

Jolliffe's motives regarding his accusations, and his choice of words, were questioned for many years afterwards. In the late 1970s, when David Lewis was doing research for his Memoirs, he came across archival evidence proving the charge. Because of Lewis's discovery, Drew's son Edward, placed extremely restrictive conditions on his father's papers housed in the Public Archives of Canada.

As Lewis pointed out in his memoirs, "We found that Premier Drew and Gladstone Murray did not disclose all information to the Lebel Commission; indeed, they deliberately prevaricated throughout. The head of the Government of Ontario had given false witness under testimony.... The perpetrator of Ontario's Watergate got away with it."

1945 election aftermath
After the LeBel Report was published, the Ontario CCF still had to go on with the business of running the party, and hold its annual convention. It had been over 18 months since the previous provincial convention was held. The convention was held from Thursday, November 22, to Saturday, November 24 at the Toronto Labor Lyceum on Spadina Avenue. Jolliffe made it publicly known before the convention that he intended to continue as leader. He ran despite the elements within the party that blamed him for the election defeat. His critics charged that the CCF did not stress policy enough during the election; that the party's platform was too vague, too leader-based, and was too reliant on slogans. Jolliffe was attacked for how he handled the last weeks of the campaign, especially over the "Gestapo" speech. These critics also blamed labour's involvement in dumbing-down the campaign, which was seen as the trade unions doing anything to achieve power. It got so bad, that a motion to expel Jolliffe, and David Lewis over these perceived grievances made it on to the convention floor. The motion read, "the campaign tactics of the 1945 election had been decided by Mr. Jolliffe with the advice of Mr. Lewis and the democratic processes within the CCF had been ignored." It was defeated, but it also demonstrated that the party's establishment had angered its socialist militant base.

On Saturday afternoon, after the grievances were aired, the convention unanimously passed a resolution condemning Premier Drew asking him to stop spying on labour and political officials. After that, the party's establishment candidates held on to their positions: University of Toronto professor, George Grube remained as president, while Jolliffe remained leader.

In 1946, there was major labour strife in Ontario, and the CCF made it clear they were on the side of the unionists. The party's annual convention was held outside of Toronto for the first time. The convention was held at the Royal Connaught Hotel in Hamilton, Ontario from December 9–11, 1946, the city where the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) went through a long protracted strike about reducing the work-week to 40 hours. Jolliffe faced a leadership challenge at this convention from former Toronto Controller Lewis Duncan. There were rumblings in 1945 that Duncan would take over from Jolliffe, but that was rumoured to be only if he were able to defeat Drew in the High Park constituency, which he failed to do. As party chairman John Mitchell stated at the time, it wasn't even close, as Jolliffe was easily re-elected CCF leader again for the fourth time. Professor Grube stepped down as the president, and Andrew Brewin succeeded him after defeating former York South MP, Joseph W. Noseworthy by four votes. The main resolution that would affect the upcoming provincial election was one that condemned Drew's government for its hastily approved legislation allowing for cocktail bars to operate in Ontario.

1948 Ontario general election
Though the 1948 election came about a year sooner than normal, the Ontario CCF had been expecting this because of the polling information available that indicated that Drew's popularity was falling. The CCF were able to rebound from their previous dismal election performance in 1945, and this time managed to get 21 members elected, including Jolliffe in York South, to again form the Official Opposition.

The real surprise was that Premier Drew lost his seat, even though his Progressive Conservatives won a majority. In his High Park constituency, Drew was up against his local nemesis William (Bill) Temple. Temple was a temperance campaigner and made Drew's cocktail bar legislation the main campaign issue. Temple castigated Drew for softening Ontario's liquor laws, claiming the Premier was the captive of "liquor interests" because of the government's decision to allow liquor sales in cocktail bars. While Drew's party swept to victory across the province, Drew was defeated by Temple, and decided to resign as premier and move to federal politics.

1951 election disaster and its aftermath
The CCF's return to popularity was short-lived because of the prosperity of the 1950s and the anti-Communist hysteria of the Cold War. This rapid decline in their popularity reduced the party to two seats in the 1951 election and allowed the Ontario Liberal Party to become the Official Opposition. No social democratic party would be the Official Opposition again until 1975, when Stephen Lewis's NDP displaced the Liberals as the second party in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.

Beginning with the 1951 provincial campaign, the Ontario Federation of Labour (OFL) played an increased role in the Ontario CCF by lending it organizational, personnel and material support. The increasing role of the trade union leadership in the party was unpopular with some activists like MPP Bill Temple. The "Ginger Group" led by Temple, True Davidson and others was formed in the wake of the disastrous 1951 electoral result which they blamed on the "bureaucratization" of the party and its movement away from socialist principles and particularly socialist education, developments for which they held what they saw as the conservative, anti-democratic and bureaucratic influence of the OFL as responsible. At the party's 1952 convention, Temple ran for party leader but withdrew at the last moment, allowing Jolliffe to be acclaimed leader. Temple did not stop from making trouble for the establishment, when he ran for party president, and almost won. He and Davidson were elected to the party executive as vice-presidents and the Ginger Group elected a number of its followers to the provincial council. They were unsuccessful in achieving their goals, however. The increasing role of the OFL in the Ontario CCF proved to be a precursor to the eventual fusion of the national CCF and the trade union movement with the creation of the New Democratic Party of Canada at the federal and provincial levels in 1961.

End of the CCF/New Party and revival
Donald C. MacDonald became leader in 1953, and spent the next years rebuilding the party, from two seats when he took over the party's helm, to three in his first election and then five in 1959. Delegates from the Ontario CCF, delegates from affiliated union locals, and delegates from New Party Clubs took part in the founding convention of the New Democratic Party of Ontario held in Niagara Falls at the Sheraton Brock Hotel from 7–9 October 1961 and elected MacDonald as their leader. The Ontario CCF Council ceased to exist on Sunday, 8 October 1961, when the newly elected NDP executive officially took over. The rebuilding process continued under Macdonald who led a 20-person caucus by the time he stepped down in 1970.

Leaders
There was no party leader prior to 1942. From 1932 to 1934 Agnes Macphail, as chair of the Ontario CCF provincial council, was the main co-spokesperson. Her other co-spokesperson was Elmore Philpott – from 1933 to 1934 – as president of the Ontario Association of CCF Clubs. They were the most prominent figures in the Ontario party and acted as spokespersons until their March 1934 resignations.

From 1934 to 1942 the new position of Ontario CCF president was the party's effective leader.

Ontario CCF president John Mitchell, a Hamilton alderman, led the party's campaigns in the 1934 and 1937 Ontario elections.

From 1934 to 1937 Samuel Lawrence, MPP for Hamilton East led the party in the legislature as its sole MPP. Lawrence succeeded Mitchell as party president in 1941 and recommended that the party select a leader at its 1942 convention.

 * 1942-1952 - Ted Jolliffe, MPP for York South (1943-1945, 1948-1951)
 * 1953-1961 - Donald C. MacDonald, MPP for York South (1955-1982)

W. J. Grummett (Cochrane South) was House Leader of the CCF, leading the party in the Ontario Legislature from 1951, when Jolliffe lost his seat, until 1955, when MacDonald entered the legislature.

MacDonald became the first leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party when it was formed in 1961.


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Sogdian language

The Sogdian language was an Eastern Iranian language spoken mainly in the Central Asian region of Sogdia (capital: Samarkand; other chief cities: Panjakent, Fergana, Khujand, and Bukhara), located in modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan; it was also spoken by some Sogdian immigrant communities in ancient China. Sogdian is one of the most important Middle Iranian languages, along with Bactrian, Khotanese Saka, Middle Persian, and Parthian. It possesses a large literary corpus.

The Sogdian language is usually assigned to a Northeastern group of the Iranian languages. No direct evidence of an earlier version of the language ("Old Sogdian") has been found, although mention of the area in the Old Persian inscriptions means that a separate and recognisable Sogdia existed at least since the Achaemenid Empire (559–323 BCE).

Like Khotanese, Sogdian may have possessed a more conservative grammar and morphology than Middle Persian. The modern Eastern Iranian language Yaghnobi is the descendant of a dialect of Sogdian spoken around the 8th century in Osrushana, a region to the south of Sogdia.

History
During the period of the Chinese Tang dynasty (ca. 7th century CE), Sogdian was the lingua franca in Central Asia of the Silk Road, along which it amassed a rich vocabulary of loanwords such as tym ("hotel") from the Middle Chinese /tem/.

The economic and political importance of Sogdian guaranteed its survival in the first few centuries after the Muslim conquest of Sogdia in the early eighth century. A dialect of Sogdian spoken around the 8th century in Osrushana (capital: Bunjikat, near present-day Istaravshan, Tajikistan), a region to the south of Sogdia, developed into the Yaghnobi language and has survived into the 21st century. It is spoken by the Yaghnobi people.

Discovery of Sogdian texts
Aurel Stein discovered 5 letters written in Sogdian known as the "Ancient Letters" in an abandoned watchtower near Dunhuang in 1907, dating to the end of the Western Jin dynasty. The finding of manuscript fragments of the Sogdian language in China's Xinjiang region sparked the study of the Sogdian language. Robert Gauthiot, (the first Buddhist Sogdian scholar) and Paul Pelliot, (who while exploring in Dunhuang, retrieved Sogdian material) began investigating the Sogdian material that Pelliot had discovered in 1908. Gauthiot published many articles based on his work with Pelliot's material, but died during the First World War. One of Gauthiot's most impressive articles was a glossary to the Sogdian text, which he was in the process of completing when he died. This work was continued by Émile Benveniste after Gauthiot's death.

Various Sogdian pieces have been found in the Turfan text corpus by the German Turfan expeditions. These expeditions were controlled by the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. These pieces consist almost entirely of religious works by Manichaean and Christian writers, including translations of the Bible. Most of the Sogdian religious works are from the 9th and 10th centuries.

Dunhuang and Turfan were the two most plentiful sites of Manichean, Buddhist, and Christian Sogdian texts. Sogdiana itself actually contained a much smaller collection of texts. These texts were business related, belonging to a minor Sogdian king, Divashtich. These business texts dated back to the time of the Muslim conquest, about 700.

Writing system
Like all the writing systems employed for Middle Iranian languages, the Sogdian alphabet ultimately derives from the Aramaic alphabet. Like its close relatives, the Pahlavi scripts, written Sogdian contains many logograms or ideograms, which were Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones. The Sogdian script is the direct ancestor of the Old Uyghur alphabet, itself the forerunner of the Traditional Mongolian alphabet.

As in other writing systems descended from the Proto-Sinaitic script, there are no special signs for vowels. As in the parent Aramaic system, the consonantal signs ’ y w can be used as matres lectionis for the long vowels [a: i: u:] respectively. However, unlike it, these consonant signs would also sometimes serve to express the short vowels (which could also sometimes be left unexpressed, as they always are in the parent systems). To distinguish long vowels from short ones, an additional aleph could be written before the sign denoting the long vowel.

The Sogdian language also used the Manichaean alphabet, which consisted of 29 letters.

In transcribing Sogdian script into Roman letters, Aramaic ideograms are often noted by means of capitals.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sogdian language


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Thomas Langton Church

Thomas Langton Church (1873 – February 7, 1950) was a Canadian politician. After serving as Mayor of Toronto from 1915 to 1921, he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1921 election as a Conservative from the riding of Toronto North. He was defeated in the 1930 election in Toronto West Centre, but returned to Parliament as Member of Parliament (MP) for Toronto East in a 1934 by-election. He remained in the House of Commons until his death in 1950.

As mayor, Church was strongly backed by the Toronto Telegram and opposed by the Toronto Daily Star. He was occasionally mocked in the pages of the Star by Ernest Hemingway who was, at the time, a reporter for the paper. Late in his career as an MP, Church denounced the newly formed United Nations as "modern tower of Babel", for "which Canada and Great Britain should not allow their interests to be the play thing."

In the House of Commons in June 1936, he protested against the requirement of bilingual banknotes in the Bank of Canada Act for banknotes to be introduced as the 1937 Series, stating there was no authority for it in the British North America Act, and that it had not been an issue during the 1935 federal election. He favoured printing dual-language banknotes (distinct English and French banknotes) as had been done for the 1935 Series. He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada.

title: Thomas Langton Church


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Wikipedia:Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight/History

Cyclone Tracy

 * 1) September 22 to October 2 2004: Cyclone Tracy
 * 2) * 11 contributors made 67 edits
 * 3) * The article increased from 69 words (551 bytes) to 2,222 words (13,718 bytes) - 32 times longer
 * 4) * See how much it changed

Victor Chang

 * 1) October 3 to October 17 2004: Victor Chang
 * 2) *6 contributors made 14 edits
 * 3) **Thanks also need to go to Mark who while doing no edits, supplied some useful information about Chang
 * 4) * The article increased from 326 words (2,318 bytes) to 469 words (2,922 bytes) - 1½ times longer
 * 5) *See how much it changed

Past collaborations

 * 2004 Archive
 * 2005 Archive
 * 2006 Archive
 * 2007 Archive

Harold Holt
Nominated on 15 November 2007; needs 6 votes by 27 December 2007 to remain listed. Selected 30 December 2007.

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Matilda talk 00:18, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) Roisterer 01:51, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) Gnangarra 02:25, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * 4) Euryalus (talk) 18:39, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 5) Canley (talk) 06:25, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 6) Sharkface217 00:54, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * As per my nom for 1967, very much in the news at the moment for the 40th anniversary of his disappearance and will continue to be so for the next few weeks. Right now this article is tagged for needing more citations :-(  This is a real shame for something so much in the news right now. --Matilda talk 00:18, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Quick read looks like its just a handful of sources from GA, bit of effort on text and it could go to FA Gnangarra 02:25, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

ACOTF from 30 December 2007 to 13 January 2008
 * 7 contributors made 12 edits
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Brisbane
Nominated on 11 December 2007; needs 2 votes by 25 December 2007 to remain listed. Selected 13 January 2008

Support: Comments:
 * 1) — Dihydrogen Monoxide  23:38, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 2)  Shark face  217  00:54, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) Mattinbgn\talk 03:36, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 4) Lankiveil (talk) 04:21, 22 December 2007 (UTC).
 * 5) Shiftchange (talk) 01:30, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 6) Garrie 02:41, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It's quite close to GA standard, I think - it just needs more sourcing and a bit of copyediting. I think two weeks of focus would surely get it over the line. — Dihydrogen Monoxide  23:38, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * See Australian Wikipedians' notice board for discussion on this topic. -- Mattinbgn\talk 03:36, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably the worst of the capital articles, but shouldn't take much work to get it to GA. Lankiveil (talk) 04:21, 22 December 2007 (UTC).
 * Sydney has a bucketload of fact issues, but yeah, it's pretty bad on citations too :( — Dihydrogen Monoxide (Review) 07:06, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Sydney has had a few hits now.Garrie 02:41, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

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Cricket Australia
Nominated on 2 January 2007; needs 2 votes by 16 January 2007 to remain listed. Selected 27 January 2008 with 5 votes.

Support:
 * 1) Mattinbgn\talk 23:40, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Roisterer (talk) 00:57, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Chuq (talk) 23:32, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Hide&Reason (talk) 03:33, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 5)  Shark face  217  19:01, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Formerly the Australian Cricket Board, this is the administrative body for the national sport of Australia. The article does not make any mention of its turbulent history, its frequent conflicts with leading players, the political intrigues over South Africa and more recently Zimbabwe and Pakistan.
 * I also have a few books that could be used for references -- Chuq (talk) 23:32, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

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Ash Wednesday fires
Nominated on 11 January 2008; needs 4 votes by 8 February 2008 to remain listed.

Support:
 * 1) Mattinbgn\talk 06:02, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 2)  Shark face  217  20:01, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Shiftchange (talk) 03:17, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Matilda talk 04:03, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) dihydrogen monoxide (H20) 07:50, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 6) Hide&Reason (talk) 08:14, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Very topical this time of year. The worst bushfire disaster in Australian history. Lessons learnt from the disaster lead to the improvement of bushfire and emergency management leading to less lives lost. -- Mattinbgn\talk 06:02, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

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Gundagai, New South Wales
Nominated on 27 January 2008; needs 6 votes by 23 March 2008 to remain listed. Selected 9 March 2008 with 5 votes.

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Roisterer (talk) 05:40, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Mattinbgn\talk 05:43, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Matilda talk 04:04, 1 February 2008 (UTC) :-)
 * 4) -- VS talk 05:16, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) dihydrogen monoxide (H20) 07:51, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Iconic Australian town. Had some edit warring a while back but now needs a clean up and TLC to get it to GA/FA level.
 * Name seems really familiar, can anyone tell me why? dihydrogen monoxide (H20) 07:51, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Not for this is it? -- Mattinbgn\talk 07:54, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Nah, I'm not familiar with 1922 in music. dihydrogen monoxide (H20) 08:05, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * What, you don't listen to Macca? :-) -- Mattinbgn\talk 08:09, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

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Azaria Chamberlain disappearance
Nominated on 7 February 2008; needs 4 votes by 20 March 2008 to remain listed. Selected 23 March with 5 votes.

Support:
 * 1) Canley (talk) 05:43, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 2)  Shark  face  217  19:36, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) WWGB (talk) 22:26, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) dihydrogen monoxide (H20) 09:29, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) Matilda talk 22:31, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This article needs a lot of work with referencing and POV, and shouldn't be too difficult as it must be one of the most documented cases in recent Australian history. --Canley (talk) 05:43, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 23 March 2008 to 7 April 2008
 * 12 contributors made 49 edits
 * The article went from 28,264 bytes to 25,826 bytes, primarily due to the removal of 7kb of "popular media"
 * See how it changed

1983 America's Cup
Nominated on 12 March 2008; needs 6 votes by 21 April 2008 to remain listed. Selected on 7 April with 6 votes.

Support:
 * 1) Longhair\talk 10:39, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) dihydrogen monoxide (H2O) 12:36, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) SatuSuro 12:40, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Gnangarra 14:02, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) Matilda talk 22:31, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 6) Bidgee (talk) 13:25, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I was quite surprised to discover this article was a stub. Anyone who was alive at the time would remember the win and the celebrations that followed. This topic deserves a combined effort to bring it beyond stub status. -- Longhair\talk 10:39, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Wasn't alive, but it sounds fun. dihydrogen monoxide (H2O) 12:36, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * History and limited range of sources compared to 87 fun? oh well it takes all kinds :) SatuSuro 12:40, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * User:Moondyne/1987 America's Cup has been in the oven for a couple of weeks. It will come out to play shortly pending some more sources which are on order from my library, and an ebay delivery. —Moondyne click! 13:43, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * See 1987 America's Cup. —Moondyne click! 13:14, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Australia II isnt much better, Gnangarra 14:02, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
 * OK for anyone wanting to readup - there are now more refs than article at 83 :| happy hunting SatuSuro 14:35, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 7 April 2008 to 20 April 2008
 * Only two contributors made only 2 edits
 * The article increased from 3264 bytes to 4197 bytes
 * See how it changed

Australia-New Zealand relations
Nominated on 19 March 2008; needs 6 votes by 30 April 2008 to remain listed.

Support:
 * 1) Matilda talk 20:07, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Roisterer (talk) 22:57, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) dihydrogen monoxide (H2O) 05:05, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Sting au  Buzz Me...   11:54, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) gadfium  05:04, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * The article has been tagged for NPOV for some time. There are lots of requests for cites.  It should be possible to clean up but it will definitely take some work.  The talk page is useful reading for some of the issues with the article.--Matilda talk 20:10, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it would be worth asking WP:NZ if they wish to make it a joint collaboration. -- Mattinbgn\talk 12:34, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 20 April 2008 to 4 May 2008
 * 11 contributors made 36 edits
 * The article increased from 35,549 bytes to 43,512 bytes
 * See how it changed

Australian rules football
Nominated on 26 April 2008; needs 2 votes by 10 May 2008 to remain listed. Selected 4 May 2008

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Roisterer (talk) 12:13, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Terlob (talk) 00:39, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) --Sting au  Buzz Me...   05:53, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Bizarrely there are no Australian rules related FA's and only two GA's. This is already a fairly complete article that needs some polish and some more encyclopaedic prose to get it to FA level. --Roisterer (talk) 12:13, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 4 May 2008 to 25 May 2008 (three weeks)
 * Over 15 contributors made 119 edits, especially Rulesfan
 * The article increased from 54,183 bytes to 59,152 bytes
 * See how it changed

Witchetty grub
Nominated on 5 May 2008; needs 2 votes by 19 May 2008 to remain listed.

Support:
 * 1) Shiftchange (talk) 12:46, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Bidgee (talk) 12:56, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Roisterer (talk) 23:25, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Colliric (talk) 06:04, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) WWGB (talk) 06:12, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * One of the more well-known bushfoods that is stubby and lacking any citations.

ACOTF from 25 May 2008 to 8 June 2008
 * 6 contributors made edits, plus a vandal
 * The article increased from 2,472 bytes to 3,682 bytes - 50% longer
 * See how it changed

Murrumbidgee River
Nominated on 17 May 2008; needs 6 votes by 4 July 2008 to remain listed. Selected 8 June 2008 with 4 votes.

Support:
 * 1) Mattinbgn\talk 11:46, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Bidgee (talk) 11:52, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Shiftchange (talk) 12:45, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Matilda talk 20:33, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * One of Australia's great rivers, renowned in Australian folklore. -- Mattinbgn\talk 11:46, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 8 June 2008 to 22 June 2008
 * 10 contributors made 46 edits
 * The article increased from 15,542 bytes to 18,675 bytes
 * See how it changed

Tirari Desert
Nominated on 26 April 2008; needs 6 votes by 28 June 2008 to remain listed. Selected 22 June 2008 with 4 votes.

Support:
 * 1) Shiftchange (talk) 13:54, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Australian Matt (talk) 09:54, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Matilda talk 20:34, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Sounds fun. giggy (O) 08:34, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * One of two remaining uncreated Australian desert articles, that should be easy to find references. - Shiftchange (talk) 13:54, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 22 June 2008 to 6 July 2008
 * 15 contributors made 56 edits
 * The article did not exist at the beginning of the collaboration, and ended at 12,584 bytes long.
 * See how it looked after the collaboration

Field day
Nominated on 21 June 2008; needs 4 votes by 19 July 2008 to remain listed. Selected 6 July 2008 with 2 votes.

Support: Comments: ACOTF from 6 July 2008 to 20 July 2008
 * 1) Scott Davis Talk 00:36, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) --Sting  Buzz Me...   06:25, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * A discussion on WP:AWNB noted that this article title was an inappropriate redirect, and that Agricultural_show was too brief. --Scott Davis Talk 00:36, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
 * 7 contributors made 18 edits
 * The article increased from 2085 bytes to 7100 bytes - 3 times longer. It was a redirect to a different subject until the day it was nominated.
 * See how it changed

Howard Government
Nominated on 6 July 2008; needs 6 votes by 17 August 2008 to remain listed. Selected on 20 July 2008.

Support:
 * 1) Matilda talk 23:06, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Merbabu (talk) 00:21, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) —Giggy 03:20, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Nick Dowling (talk) 08:17, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) Roisterer (talk) 13:44, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 6) Lankiveil (speak to me) 12:11, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Newish article - trying to separate out the actions of the government under the leadership of PM Howard from Howard the PM--Matilda talk 23:06, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * This would be a great candidate for an ACOTF as it needs some bold editors, with reference materials handly. Nick Dowling (talk) 08:18, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 20 July 2008 to 25 August 2008
 * About 18 contributors made 90 edits
 * The article increased from 33,075 bytes to 47,395 bytes - over one third longer
 * See how it changed

HM Bark Endeavour
Nominated on 2 July 2008; needs 4 votes by 30 July 2008 to remain listed. Selected 25 August with 4 votes after several weeks of slackness.

Support:
 * 1) AussieLegend (talk) 07:44, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Matilda talk 23:08, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Gnangarra 14:50, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Assize (talk) 21:22, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * I don't think anyone needs reminding of the historical significance of the Endeavour to Australia and the article has a tag on it that needs addressing. There has been talk about this but very little action on this high-importance article. --AussieLegend (talk) 07:44, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 25 August 2008 to 14 September 2008
 * 8 contributors made 64 edits
 * The article increased from 31,762 bytes to 34,905 bytes
 * See how it changed

Quentin Bryce
Nominated on 29 July 2008; needs 4 votes by 23 September 2008 to remain listed. Selected on 14 September 2008 with 5 votes.

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Lankiveil (speak to me) 11:23, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Canley (talk) 12:07, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Euryalus (talk) 07:29, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Jmount (talk) 09:25, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) Hide&Reason (talk) 15:56, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Soon to be our head of state (sort of), so it would be nice to expand this decent but rather short article. Compare to her predecessor Michael Jeffery, whose article could also use work, but is at least reasonably comprehensive.  Lankiveil (speak to me) 11:23, 29 July 2008 (UTC).

ACOTF from 14 September 2008 to 2 October 2008
 * 9 contributors made 47 edits
 * The article increased from 10,155 bytes to 23,504 bytes - over twice as long
 * See how it changed

Griffith, New South Wales
Nominated on 16 August 2008; needs 6 votes by 24 October 2008 to remain listed. Selected 2 October 2008 with 4 votes

Support:
 * 1) Bidgee (talk) 00:52, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Matilda talk 06:41, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Roisterer (talk) 09:11, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Euryalus (talk) 07:29, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Griffith article needs some work on formating, wikilinking, cleaning up, sourcing just to name some of the things that need to be done on the article. I've tryed to improve the article but need some help. Bidgee (talk) 00:52, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 2 October 2008 to 26 October 2008
 * 4 contributors made 5 edits
 * See how it changed

Maintenance: Category:Unassessed Australia articles
Nominated on 19 October 2008; needs 4 votes by 16 November 2008 to remain listed. Selected on 26 October 2008.

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Gnangarra 15:36, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Digmores (talk) 04:52, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * maybe ACOTF could encourage some maintenance tasks like assessment currently there almost 600 articles unassessed. Gnangarra 15:36, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I've just assessed about 30 - backlog down to 561. However given the enormous number of WP:AUS articles I'm not convinced the assessment system is a good guide for editors looking for articles to improve. As an alternative, ACOTF might select a group of related articles, all in need of modest improvement? This would encourage involvement from editors looking to do more basic research to move articles from "stub" to "start"? Euryalus (talk) 04:44, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 26 October 2008 to 10 November 2008 I have no idea how to calculate how many contributions were made.

Isaac Isaacs
Nominated on 20 October 2008; needs 4 votes by 17 November 2008 to remain listed. Selected 10 November 2008 with 4 votes

Support:
 * 1) Peripitus (Talk) 02:47, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Euryalus (talk) 04:28, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Lankiveil (speak to me) 07:33, 27 October 2008 (UTC).
 * 4) Matilda talk 21:56, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Australia's first Australian born Governor General and an important figure in the history of federation and the Australian Constitution is currently a start class article with a cleanup tag.

ACOTF from 10 November 2008 to 7 December 2008
 * 7 contributors made 14 edits
 * The article increased from 10,286 bytes to 13,883 bytes
 * See how it changed

Melbourne Cup
Nominated on 29 October 2008; needs 4 votes by 26 November 2008 to remain listed. Selected 7 December 2008 (no selection was made in the "right" timeframe).

Support:
 * 1) Gnangarra 11:02, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) SatuSuro 13:01, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Matilda talk 21:57, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 4)  Mvjs  Talking  20:50, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * this article is only a C-class, it not like its difficult to find any sources. Its not controversial theres no dispute as to its significance. Gnangarra 11:02, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 7 December 2008 to 22 December 2008
 * 6 contributors made 24 edits
 * The article increased from 18283 bytes to 19964 bytes
 * See how it changed

Aboriginal tracker
Nominated on 31 October 2008; needs 6 votes by 22 December 2008 to remain listed (revised date due to tardy changeover of ACOTF). Selected 22 December 2008.

Support:
 * 1) Roisterer (talk) 10:53, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) WWGB (talk) 12:14, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * 3) Matilda talk 02:42, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * 4) Yeti Hunter (talk) 02:06, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * 5) Davido321 (talk) 01:57, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Amazingly, at the time of nomination, there was no article for this iconic Australian occupation.
 * Likewise, very surprised. Important topic. WWGB (talk) 12:14, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * There is a article Native Police Corps which is about the aboriginal trackers who were used by the police force. Boylo (talk) 11:25, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Interesting topic. Could be related to Indian Trackers in North America (not sure if Wiki has an article for this either). Yeti Hunter (talk) 02:06, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Have created the article, very brief as it stands. Davido321 (talk) 01:57, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 22 December 2008 to 4 January 2009
 * 4 contributors made 18 edits
 * The article increased from 937 bytes to 5003 bytes - 5 times longer, and had not even existed when originally nominated
 * See how it changed

Australian plague locust
Nominated on 7 December 2008; needs 2 votes by 21 December 2008 to remain listed. Selected 4 January 2009.

Support:
 * 1) Mattinbgn\talk 23:46, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * 2) Shiftchange (talk) 22:42, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Comments:
 * There are plenty of them about at present, at least there are in my little corner of this nation, and there is plenty of information being distributed at present. -- Mattinbgn\talk 23:46, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

ACOTF from 4 January 2009 to 15 March 2009
 * 8 contributors made 13 edits
 * The article increased from 7,481 bytes to 9,179 bytes
 * See how it changed

Military History of Australia
Nominated on 21 January 2009; needs 2 votes by 4 February 2009 to remain listed. Selected 15 March 2009 (after a significant delay).

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Anotherclown (talk) 12:12, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 2) Hawkeye7 (talk) 19:55, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 3) Nick-D (talk) 06:55, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 4)  YellowMonkey   ( click here to vote for world cycling's #1 model! ) 06:02, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * 5) Peripitus (Talk) 08:45, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Although fairly comprehensive, and of obvious importance, this article is quite disjointed and in need of a rewrite. Anotherclown (talk) 12:12, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

ACOTF from 15 March 2009 to 12 April 2009
 * 8 contributors made 56 edits
 * The article increased from 83,566 bytes to 92,221 bytes - 10% longer
 * See how it changed

WikiProject Football (soccer) in Australia/To-do
Nominated on 8 April 2009; needs 2 votes by 22 April 2009 to remain listed.

Support:
 * 1) Australian Matt (talk) 02:27, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 2) Camw (talk) 02:53, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 3) Nath1991 (talk) 03:23, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 4) Gialloneri (talk) 06:04, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 5) Allied45 (talk) 06:33, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 6) SuperSam,, (talk) 09:56, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 7) Dragases (talk) 05:33, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Comments: Australian Matt (talk) 02:27, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * This WikiProject has been inactive for a long time and with the World Cup coming up, it would be good for football (soccer) articles to be in depth and comprehensive in Australia

ACOTF from 12 April 2009 to 22 February 2010
 * 3 contributors made 16 edits
 * The article increased from 1,860 bytes to 2,517 bytes - 35% longer
 * See how it changed

Military history of Australia during World War I
Nominated on 25 April 2008; needs 2 votes by 9 May 2008 to remain listed.

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Anotherclown (talk) 07:42, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 2) AustralianRupert (talk) 12:11, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 3) Lawrence, M.J. (talk) 10:46, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 4) Nick-D (talk) 01:52, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * 5) Hawkeye7 (talk) 01:58, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * 6) Shadowmaster13 (talk) 12:42, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Close to a B already, it probably wouldn't take much to move to a GA. Just needs more contributors.


text:
Talk:Yaghnobi language

Untitled
Actually, Yaghnobi is not considered a direct descendant of the Sogdian language from which we have many texts. It is probably the descendant of a minor dialect of Sogdian.

---

Comment: Are we talking about literary Sogdian or spoken Sogdian? For sure Yagnobi is not a direct descendant of literary Sogdian, since literary Sogdian is out of use for a pretty long time now. Vassili Nikolaev 01:06, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

---

I think that Yaghnobi is a descendant of a common dialect of proto-Sogdian, that we can only reconstruct. It seams, that Sogdian (in it's three literal dialect) has some features different from the same features in Yaghnobi - f.ex. development of iranian groups *θr and *δr into /š/ and /ž/ in Sogdian against /tir ~ sar/ and /dir ~ dar/ in Yaghnobi, or another example can be seen in the development of groups NC - iranian *mp, *mb; *nk, *ng; *nt, *nd are rendered as /mb/, /ng/ and /nd/ in Sogdian, on the other hand we have /mp/, /nk/ and /nt/ in Yaghnobi... also it seams that there was a bit different development of vocals in both languages... the family tree of this language group can be drawn like this:

Yaghnobi |                             |        Sogdian               | |                 |           |_______ __________|                   |              *"proto-Sogdian"

Ľubomír Novák, Prague

Russian word for aeroplane
Is the spelling "самолет" (pronounced like "самолёт") worth its mention in the article? Maybe it should be removed? --AVRS (talk) 09:44, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

"Xromov" should probably be "Hromov"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.150.65.7 (talk) 19:51, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yaghnobi language


text:
George Shiu Raj

George Shiu Raj is an Indo-Fijian former politician, who served as Minister for Multi-Ethnic Affairs from 2001 to 30 September 2004, when he resigned amid accusations of misuse of funds. At the time, he was the only Indo-Fijian minister in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase. On 8 September 2005, he was acquitted of charges of conspiracy to defraud the government and of obtaining money under false pretenses, and Prime Minister Qarase announced his decision to reappoint Raj to the Cabinet. He was duly sworn in by Vice-President Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi on 13 September.

Following the parliamentary election held on 6–13 May 2006, in which Raj retained his seat with a large majority, Prime Minister Qarase appointed him Minister for Women, Social Welfare, and Poverty Alleviation. This appointment was harshly criticised by Fiji Labour Party leader Mahendra Chaudhry. In a parliamentary debate on 8 June 2006, Chaudhry called the appointment of a male to head the Ministry for Women an "act of violence" against women, and called on Raj to resign.

The misappropriation allegations and resignation
The allegations centred on a visit to India that Raj made early in 2004. According to a report from the Auditor-General, Raj had chosen not to fly business class, which the government had paid for, and had opted for the cheaper economy class. Raj had allegedly pocketed the difference, instead of refunding it to the government. He had also allegedly taken his official driver to India, and had taken excess per diem for his own extended stay there.

Raj told the Fiji Times that he was innocent of the charges, and that he had chosen to resign in order to protect the government. "I have great respect for the Speaker of the House, the Parliament, Prime Minister and the nation," he said, "and don't want such allegations to tarnish their image. The only proper action is to resign voluntarily while the legal process and police investigations take place." He was sure that the ensuing police investigation would clear him.

Prime Minister Qarase accepted the resignation with regret, saying that Raj was one of his best-performing ministers. He announced that rather than replace Raj, he would take on responsibility for the Multi-Ethnic Affairs portfolio himself, pending the outcome of the police investigation. If exonerated by the inquiry, Raj might then be reinstated, Qarase said. He reiterated this position on 16 December 2004.

Acquittal and reinstatement
On 23 August 2005, Raj appeared in court along with Sashi Sanjeev Pal, the managing director of Hunts Travel, on charges of conspiracy to defraud the government and of obtaining money (F$10,000) by false pretenses. Raj and Pal pleaded not guilty to both charges.

The trial of Raj and Pal began on 5 September. Department of Public Prosecutions lawyer Daniel Gounder told the three trial assessors that Raj and Pal had defrauded the government not once, but twice. Between 30 December 2001 and January 2002, the Prime Minister's Office authorized Raj to travel to India on business class tickets, Gounder said. He alleged that rather than using the money (F$8363) to purchase a business class ticket for himself, he colluded with Pal to purchase three economy class tickets for himself, his wife Praveena Kumari, and one other man, Pundit Jayant Maharaj. On a second occasion, he alleged, Raj was again sponsored to fly business class, but opted for economy class, and pocketed the difference.

On 8 September 2005, Justice Gerard Winter declared that Raj and Pal had no case to answer and dismissed the charges. Winter ruled that there was no legal obligation for Cabinet Ministers to travel business class, and that payment for Raj's trips were paid by the Fijian government, through the Indian government; at no time had Raj himself obtained any money illegally or dishonestly. Winter said that Raj had acted transparently and had hidden nothing. The fact that he had voluntarily resigned from the Cabinet and paid back the money he allegedly owed showed him to be a man of honesty and integrity, Winter said.

An emotional Raj thanked God, the Prime Minister, and his constituents for standing by him. He had always known that truth would prevail, he said. He encouraged other politicians to resign as he had, should they be accused of any kind of wrongdoing, and said he was glad to have cleared his name. "Now that I've cleared my name I can get my reputation back," he said. Prime Minister Qarase told the Fiji Village news service that he would begin the process of readmitting Raj to the Cabinet in mid-September. The Department of Prosecutions, however, said that it would study the ruling and consider an appeal.

Raj's acquittal generated criticism from a number of quarters. Opposition Leader Mahendra Chaudhry said that he still believed that Raj had abused state funds. "Using State funds is a case of abuse. He should not have used it and nothing will change that fact. Abuse is abuse," Chaudhry said on 12 September. The same day, National Alliance Party Secretary Filipe Bole said the court's decision was improper. He endorsed the judgement of Auditor-General Eroni Vatuloka that state entitlements were for the purpose of fulfilling civil service duties, and were not transferable to others. He also shared Vatuloka's concerns that the judgement would adversely impact other court cases involving misappropriation of funds. Also on 12 September, the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions announced that the ruling would be appealed, as Opposition Leader Chaudhry had urged. The appeal was duly filed with the Court of Appeal on 12 April 2006. Lawyer Hemendra Nagin announced that he would represent Raj at the appeal, expected to be held in July.

Other controversies
On 10 August 2005, Parliamentarian Lekh Ram Vayeshnoi of the opposition Fiji Labour Party accused Raj of cheating farmers in Ra Province of their sugarcane earnings by offering them loans. Raj denied the accusation, and invoked parliamentary standing orders. He said that most of the farmers he had helped were indigenous Fijians, and that many had increased their production from 50 tons to 200 or 300 tons.

Background and career
Raj was first elected to represent the Ra Open Constituency in the House of Representatives as an independent candidate at the 1999 general election. He was appointed Minister for Multi-Ethnic Affairs in the interim Cabinet that was formed in the wake of the Fiji coup of 2000, and retained his seat as a candidate of the newly formed Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) in the election held to restore democracy in September 2001. Raj generated outrage among his fellow Indo-Fijians in his Maiden speech (the speech typically made by a newly elected parliamentarian in Commonwealth countries). He said that Fiji had been given to the Fijian people by God and that they, not Indo-Fijians or others, were therefore entitled to govern the country. Many saw him as grovelling before the strongly pro-ethnic Fijian Qarase.

title: George Shiu Raj


text:
.303 British

The .303 British (designated as the 303 British by the C.I.P. and SAAMI ) or 7.7×56mmR, is a .303 in calibre rimmed tapered rifle cartridge. The .303 inch bore diameter is measured between rifling lands as is the common practice in Europe which follows the traditional black powder convention.

It was first manufactured in Britain as a stop-gap black powder round put into service in December 1888 for the Lee–Metford rifle. From 1891 the cartridge used smokeless powder which had been the intention from the outset, but the decision on which smokeless powder to adopt had been delayed. It was the standard British and Commonwealth military cartridge for rifles and machine guns from 1889 until it was replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO in the 1950s.

Cartridge specifications
The .303 British has 3.64 ml (56 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The pronounced tapering exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under challenging conditions.

.303 British maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 17 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm, 5 grooves, Ø lands = 7.70 mm, Ø grooves = 7.92 mm, land width = 2.12 mm and the primer type is Berdan or Boxer (in large rifle size).

According to official rulings of the Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (CIP), the .303 British can handle up to 3650. bar Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .303 British chambered arms in CIP-regulated countries are,, proof tested at 4562 bar PE piezo pressure.

The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) maximum average pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is 49000 psi piezo pressure (45,000 CUP).

The measurement .303 in is the nominal size of the bore measured between the lands which follows the older black powder nomenclature. Measured between the grooves, the nominal size of the bore is .311 in. Bores for many .303 military surplus rifles are often found ranging from around .309 to(-). Recommended bullet diameter for standard .303 British cartridges is .312 in.

History and development
During a service life of over 70 years with the British Commonwealth armed forces the .303-inch (7.7 mm) cartridge in its ball pattern progressed through ten marks which eventually extended to a total of about 26 variations. The bolt thrust of the .303 British is relatively low compared to many other service rounds used in the early 20th century.

Propellant
The original .303 British service cartridge employed black powder as a propellant, and was adopted for the Lee–Metford rifle, which had rifling designed to lessen fouling from this propellant, which replaced the Martini-Henry rifle in 1888. Some Martini-Henrys were rebarrelled to use the new .303 as the "Martini–Metford".

The Lee–Metford was used as a trial platform by the British Committee on Explosives to experiment with many different smokeless powders then coming to market, including Ballistite, Cordite, and Rifleite. Ballistite was a stick-type smokeless powder composed of soluble nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. Cordite was a stick-type or 'chopped' smokeless gunpowder composed of nitroglycerine, gun-cotton, and mineral jelly, while Rifleite was a true nitrocellulose powder, composed of soluble and insoluble nitrocellulose, phenyl amidazobense, and volatiles similar to French smokeless powders. Unlike Cordite, Rifleite was a flake powder, and contained no nitroglycerine. Excessive wear of the shallow Metford rifling with all smokeless powders then available caused ordnance authorities to institute a new type of barrel rifling designed by the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, to increase barrel life; the redesigned rifle introduced in 1895 as the Lee–Enfield. After extensive testing, the Committee on Explosives selected Cordite for use in the Mark II .303 British service cartridge.

Projectile
The initial .303 Mark I and Mk II service cartridges used a 215 gr, round-nosed, copper-nickel full metal jacketed bullet with a lead core. After tests determined that the service bullet had too thin a jacket when used with cordite, the Mk II bullet was introduced, with a flat base and thicker copper-nickel jacket.

Mark II – Mark VI

The Mk II round-nosed bullet was found to be unsatisfactory when used in combat, particularly when compared to the "dum-dum" expanding bullet rounds issued in limited numbers in 1897 during the Chitral and Tirah expeditions of 1897–98 on the North West Frontier of India. This led to the 1898 introduction of the Cartridge S.A. ball .303 inch Cordite Mark III, basically the original 215-grain (13.9 g) bullet with the jacketing cut back to expose the lead in the nose. The Mk III load, however, was almost immediately withdrawn as a result of production issues leading to the introduction of the similar Mk IV hollow-point loading in February of the next year, which was put into mass production in Britain, Canada and New Zealand. Following the pivotal Battle of Omdurman of the Mahdist War, Major Mathias of the Royal Army Medical Corps observed a young man who had been struck twice by Mark IV bullets:

"He had a bullet wound of the left leg above the knee. The wound entrance was clean cut and very small. The projectile had struck the Femur, just above the internal condyle; the whole of the lower end of this bone, and upper end of the Tibia, were shattered to pieces, the knee joint being completely disorganised.

He had also been wounded in the right shoulder... The whole of the shoulder joint and scapular were shattered to pieces. In neither case was there any sign of a wound of exit."

The design of the Mk IV hollow-point bullet shifted bullet weight rearwards, improving stability and accuracy over the regular round-nose bullet. These soft-nosed and hollow-point bullets, while effective against human targets, had a tendency to shed the outer metal jacket upon firing; the latter occasionally stuck in the bore, causing a dangerous obstruction. This was addressed by the introduction of a revised Mk V loading later in October (controversially so, as by August the Hague Convention had already made the military implementation of such expanding bullets illegal) identical to the Mark IV round apart from the addition of 2% antimony to the lead core and an additional 1.3 mm in length.

The concern about expanding bullets was brought up at the Hague Convention of 1899 by Swiss and Dutch representatives. The Swiss were concerned about small arms ammunition that "increased suffering", and the Dutch focused on the British Mark III .303 loading in response to their treatment of Boer settlers in South Africa. The British and American defence was that they should not focus on specific bullet designs, like hollow-points, but instead on rounds that caused "superfluous injury". The parties in the end agreed to abstain from using expanding bullets. With the use of expanding bullets against signatories of the convention deemed inhumane, the Mk III, Mk IV, and Mk V were withdrawn from active service. The remaining stocks (over 45 million rounds) were used for target practice. The Mark III and other expanding versions of the .303 were not issued during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Boer guerrillas allegedly used expanding hunting ammunition against the British during the war, and New Zealand Commonwealth troops may have brought Mark III rounds with them privately after the Hague Convention without authorization.

To replace the Mk III, IV, and V, the Mark VI round was introduced in 1904, using a round nose bullet similar to the Mk II, but with a thinner jacket designed to produce some expansion, though this proved not to be the case.

Mark VII

In 1898, Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (APX), with their "Balle D" design for the 8×50mmR Lebel cartridge, revolutionised bullet design with the introduction of pointed "spitzer" rounds. In addition to being pointed, the bullet was also much lighter in order to deliver a higher muzzle velocity. It was found that as velocity increased the bullets suddenly became much more deadly.

In 1910, the British took the opportunity to replace their Mk VI cartridge with a more modern design. The Mark VII loading used a 174 gr pointed bullet with a flat-base. The .303 British Mark VII cartridge was loaded with 37 gr of Cordite MDT 5-2 (cordite MD pressed into tubes) and had a muzzle velocity of 2440 ft/s and a maximum range of approximately 3000 yd. The Mk VII was different from earlier .303 bullet designs or spitzer projectiles in general. Although it appears to be a conventional spitzer-shape full metal jacket bullet, this appearance is deceptive: its designers made the front third of the interior of the Mk 7 bullets out of aluminium (from Canada) or tenite (cellulosic plastic), wood pulp or compressed paper, instead of lead and they were autoclaved to prevent wound infection. This lighter nose shifted the centre of gravity of the bullet towards the rear, making it tail heavy. Although the bullet was stable in flight due to the gyroscopic forces imposed on it by the rifling of the barrel, it behaved very differently upon hitting the target. As soon as the bullet hit the target and decelerated, its heavier lead base caused it to pitch violently and deform, thereby inflicting more severe gunshot wounds than a standard single-core spitzer design. The Mk VII bullet was considered to be in compliance of the Hague Convention as its metal jacket completely covered the cores. The convention only prohibited "the use of bullets which can easily expand or change their form inside the human body such as bullets with a hard covering which does not completely cover the core...". It was noted by German Professor K. Stargardt in December 1914 that the Mk VII bullet would routinely "...disintegrate on the lightest contact with a firm body, such as a bone," resulting in an "explosive effect," and leaving artillery-like fragmentation in the body.

The Mk VIIz (and later Mk VIIIz) rounds have versions utilizing 41 gr Dupont No. 16 single-base smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose flake shaped propellants. The nitrocellulose versions—first introduced in World War I—were designated with a "z" postfix indicated after the type (e.g. Mark VIIz, with a bullet weight of 175 gr) and in headstamps.

.276 Enfield
.303 British cartridges, along with the Lee–Enfield rifle, were heavily criticized after the Second Boer War. Their heavy round-nosed bullets had low muzzle velocities and suffered compared to the 7×57mm rounds fired from the Mauser Model 1895. The high-velocity 7×57mm had a flatter trajectory and longer range that excelled on the open country of the South African plains. In 1910, work began on a long-range replacement cartridge, which emerged in 1912 as the .276 Enfield. The British also sought to replace the Lee–Enfield rifle with the Pattern 1913 Enfield rifle, based on the Mauser M98 bolt action design. Although the round had better ballistics, troop trials in 1913 revealed problems including excessive recoil, muzzle flash, barrel wear and overheating. Attempts were made to find a cooler-burning propellant, but further trials were halted in 1914 by the onset of World War I. As a result, the Lee–Enfield rifle was retained, and the .303 British cartridge (with the improved Mark VII loading) was kept in service.

Mark VIIIz
In 1938 the Mark VIIIz "streamline ammunition" round was approved to obtain greater range from the Vickers machine gun. The streamlined bullet was based on the 7.5×55mm Swiss GP11 projectiles and slightly longer and heavier than the Mk VII bullet at 175 gr, the primary difference was the addition of a boat tail at the end of the bullet and using 37 to 41 gr of nitrocellulose smokeless powder as propellant in the case of the Mk VIIIz, giving a muzzle velocity of 2525 ft/s. As a result, the chamber pressure was higher, at 40000 to 42000 psi, depending upon loading, compared to the 39000 psi of the Mark VII(z) round. The Mark VIIIz streamline ammunition had a maximum range of approximately 4500 yd. Mk VIIIz ammunition was described as being for "All suitably-sighted .303-inch small arms and machine guns" – rifles and Bren guns were proofed at 50000 psi – but caused significant bore erosion in weapons formerly using Mk VII ammunition, ascribed to the channelling effect of the boat-tail projectile. As a result, it was prohibited from general use with rifles and light machine guns except when low flash was important and in emergencies. As a consequence of the official prohibition, ordnance personnel reported that every man who could get his hands on Mk VIIIz ammunition promptly used it in his own rifle.

Tracer, armour-piercing and incendiary
Tracer and armour-piercing cartridges were introduced during 1915, with explosive Pomeroy bullets introduced as the Mark VII.Y in 1916.

Several incendiaries were privately developed from 1914 to counter the Zeppelin threat but none were approved until the Brock design late in 1916 as BIK Mark VII.K Wing Commander Frank Brock RNVR, its inventor, was a member of the Brock fireworks-making family. Anti-zeppelin missions typically used machine guns loaded with a mixture of Brock bullets containing potassium chlorate, Pomeroy bullets containing dynamite, and Buckingham bullets containing pyrophoric yellow phosphorus. A later incendiary was known as the de Wilde, which had the advantage of leaving no visible trail when fired. The de Wilde was later used in some numbers in fighter guns during the 1940 Battle of Britain.

These rounds were extensively developed over the years and saw several Mark numbers. The last tracer round introduced into British service was the G Mark 8 in 1945, the last armour-piercing round was the W Mark 1Z in 1945 and the last incendiary round was the B Mark 7 in 1942. Explosive bullets were not produced in the UK after 1933 due to the relatively small amount of explosive that could be contained in the bullet, limiting their effectiveness, their role being taken by the use of Mark 6 and 7 incendiary bullets.

In 1935, the .303 O Mark 1 Observing round was introduced for use in machine guns. The bullet to this round was designed to break up with a puff of smoke on impact. The later Mark 6 and 7 incendiary rounds could also be used in this role.

During World War I British factories alone produced 7,000,000,000 rounds of .303 ammunition. Factories in other countries added greatly to this total.

Pencils
Spent .303 cartridges were used to make cases of the bullet pencils included in some of the Princess Mary Christmas gift boxes given to troops in World War 1.

Japanese 7.7 mm ammunition
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service adopted Ro-Go Ko-gata seaplane armed with a .303 MG in 1918, and the calibre was common on surplus Entente aircraft acquired by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service after WWI, so its usage continued during the Interbellum, and on naval aircraft even throughout WWII. Japan produced a number of machine guns that were direct copies of the British Lewis (Japanese Type 92 machine gun) and Vickers machine guns as well as ammunition for them. The 7.7 mm cartridge used by the Japanese versions of the British guns is a direct copy of the .303 British (7.7×56mmR) rimmed cartridge and is distinctly different from the 7.7×58mm Arisaka rimless and 7.7×58mm Type 92 semi-rimmed cartridges used in other Japanese machine guns and rifles.
 * Ball: 174 gr. Cupro-nickel jacket with a composite aluminium/lead core. Black primer.
 * Armour-piercing.: Brass jacket with a steel core. White primer.
 * Tracer: 130 gr. Cupro-nickel jacket with a lead core. Red primer.
 * Incendiary: 133 gr. Brass jacket with white phosphorus and lead core. Green primer.
 * H.E.: Copper jacket with a PETN and lead core. Purple primer.

Note: standard Japanese ball ammunition was very similar to the British Mk 7 cartridge. The two had identical bullet weights and a "tail-heavy" design, as can be seen in the cut-away diagram.

Civilian use
The .303 cartridge has seen much sporting use with surplus military rifles, especially in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and to a lesser extent in the United States and South Africa. In Canada, it was found to be adequate for any game. In Australia, it was common for military rifles to be re-barrelled in .303/25 and .303/22. However the .303 round still retains a considerable following as a game cartridge for all game species, especially Sambar deer in wooded country. A change.org petition asking Lithgow Arms to chamber the LA102 centrefire rifle in .303 as a special edition release has attracted considerable attention both in Australia and worldwide. In South Africa, .303 Lee–Enfield rifles captured by the Boers during the Boer War were adapted for sporting purposes and became popular with many hunters of non-dangerous game, being regarded as adequate for anything from the relatively small impala to the massive eland and kudu.

Commercial ammunition

The .303 British is one of the few (along with the .22 Hornet, .30-30 Winchester, and 7.62×54mmR) bottlenecked rimmed centrefire rifle cartridges still in common use today. Most of the bottleneck rimmed cartridges of the late 1880s and 1890s fell into disuse by the end of the First World War. Commercial ammunition for weapons chambered in .303 British is readily available, as the cartridge is still manufactured by major producers such as Remington, Federal, Winchester, Sellier & Bellot, Denel-PMP, Prvi Partizan and Wolf. Commercially produced ammunition is widely available in various full metal jacket bullet, soft point, hollow point, flat-based and boat tail designs, both spitzer and round-nosed.

Hunting use
The .303 British cartridge is suitable for all medium-sized game and is an excellent choice for whitetail deer and black bear hunting. In Canada it was a popular moose and deer cartridge when military surplus rifles were available and cheap; it is still used. The .303 British can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with a high sectional density. Canadian Rangers use it for survival and polar bear protection. In 2015, the Canadian Rangers began the process to evaluate rifles chambered for .308 Winchester. The Canadian Department of National Defence has since replaced the previously issued Lee–Enfield No. 4 rifles with the Colt Canada C19 chambered as evaluated in 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester.

Pre-WWI sporting rounds
During the 1890s, Scottish gunsmith Daniel Fraser developed a rimless version of the cartridge known as ".303 Fraser Velox" or ".303 Fraser Rimless", loaded with a bullet of his own oblique ratchet design to enhance expansion which was patented in 1897  The bullet was also used in a proprietary loading of .303 British marketed as ".303 Fraser Flanged".

Proprietary loadings of .303 British include the ".303 Marksman" by Eley Brothers from before 1908. and ".303 Swift" from before 1911.

In 1899, the British service round was lengthened and necked-out to create the .375 Flanged Nitro Express hunting cartridge for single-shot and double rifles. Around 1905, it was necked down back to create .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express.

Post-1917 military experiments
In 1917, design work started on a more powerful military cartridge of the same calibre and overall length. In 1918 it was planned that the new round, also retaining the old rim diameter, would be used in rechambered P14 rifles with AP rounds to defeat German targets on the battlefield of WWI as well as in the RAF in modified Lewis gun. The cartridge was "produced in quantity" but not adopted formally. The case was 62mm long with the bullet (a Ball Mark VII or Mark VIIW) set deep within to keep overall length down. The ordinary round was designated "Cartridge S.A. ball .303 inch Rimless" despite the fact that it retained headspacing on its rim and was semi-rimmed. It's better known today under names like ".303 Lewis Semi-Rimmed".

Post-1945 Australian wildcats
After WWII, Australians founds themselves with quite a few .303" service rifles but at the same time new legal restrictions on military ammunition, which led to development of many wildcat rounds, the best-known of which are .303/25 and .303/22.

Post-1945 South African developments
In parallel to Australia, the same wildcatting was happening in other countries of the Commonwealth, and in 1969 Pretoria Metal Pressings started factory production of a .303 necked down to 6 mm (.243") under the name of 6 mm Musgrave.

.303 Epps
Canadian Ellwood Epps, founder of Epps Sporting Goods, created an improved version of the .303 British. It has better ballistic performance than the standard .303 British cartridge. This is accomplished by increasing the shoulder angle from 16 to 35 degrees, and reducing the case taper from .062 in to .009 in. These changes increase the case's internal volume by approximately 9%. The increased shoulder angle and reduced case taper eliminate the drooping shoulders of the original .303 British case, which, combined with reaming the chamber to .303 Epps, improves case life. The .303 British case was also used as a parent case for the South African designed 6mm Musgrave cartridge that was billed as a cheap surplus alternative to the popular .243 (6.2 mm) Winchester.

Firearms chambered in .303 British

 * 1885 Courteney Stalking Rifle
 * Bren light machine gun
 * Browning Model 1919 machine gun aircraft version
 * BSA Autorifle
 * Canadian Ross Rifle Mk I through III
 * Caldwell machine gun
 * Charlton Automatic Rifle
 * Darne machine gun
 * Farquharson rifle
 * Hotchkiss .303 Mk I & I*
 * Huot automatic rifle
 * Jungle Carbine
 * Lee–Enfield rifle
 * Lee–Metford rifle
 * Lewis gun
 * McCrudden light machine rifle
 * Martini–Enfield rifle
 * P14 rifle
 * Parker Hale Sporter Rifle
 * Ruger No. 1
 * Thorneycroft carbine
 * Vickers-Berthier light machine gun
 * Vickers machine gun
 * Vickers K machine gun
 * Winchester Model 1895

title: .303 British


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Darci Wood

Darci Wood
Looks like a vanity page.--Wolfychan 10:14, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - non-notable Jongarrettuk 11:45, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, significant-otherness does not confer notability. --Ianb 21:30, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete jni 06:59, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable individual.   — Gwalla | Talk 17:47, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable individual. anthony (see warning) 22:01, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Kevin Mitnick. Sander123 10:09, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Matthias Goerne

Matthias Goerne (born 31 March 1967 ) is a German baritone. He has performed and recorded extensively, both on the opera stage and in Lieder settings. Goerne has been referred to as "Today's leading interpreter of German art songs" by the Chicago Tribune, while the Boston Globe describes him as "one of the greatest singers performing today".

Prominent opera stages on which Goerne has appeared include the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden; Teatro Real, Madrid; Paris National Opera; Vienna State Opera; and the Metropolitan Opera, New York. His carefully chosen roles range from Wolfram (Tannhäuser), Amfortas (Parsifal), Kurwenal (Tristan) and Orest (Electra) right up to the title roles in Alban Berg's Wozzeck, Bartók's Bluebeard's Castle, Hindemith's Mathis der Maler and Reimann's Lear.

In Lieder settings, he has worked with many pre-eminent pianists, including Alfred Brendel, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Daniil Trifonov and Seong-Jin Cho.

Early life and education
Goerne was born in Weimar. He grew up in a musical environment, his father being a dramaturgist and director of several acting theaters in Dresden. His first instrument was the cello, but he soon switched to singing. At the age of 9 he determined that he wanted to become a professional singer. He sang in the children's choirs of several of his father's theater productions, including Carmen and La Bohème. From the age of 18 to 22 he studied voice in Leipzig under Hans-Joachim Beyer. He would later refer to Beyer as being his most important teacher, and as the one who enabled him to start winning competitions. In 1989, he won second prize in the Robert Schumann Competition and first prizes in the Salomon-Lindberg and Hugo Wolf competitions. Two years into his studies, he won a singing competition in West Berlin. The head of the jury, composer and pianist Aribert Reimann, introduced him to Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, whom Goerne considered his idol and the greatest artist he knew. He was to receive singing lessons from Fischer-Dieskau for 3 years. Next, he studied with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf for two and a half to three years.

1990s
Goerne made his professional début in Leipzig in 1990 after being invited by Kurt Masur to sing in Johann Sebastian Bach's St. Matthew Passion.

Goerne made his Salzburg Festival début in 1997 (Papageno).

2000s
From 2001 through 2005, Matthias Goerne taught as an honorary professor of song interpretation at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf. In 2001, he was appointed an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music in London.

2010s
In the late 2000s to 2014, he recorded a selection of Schubert lieder, The Goerne/Schubert Edition on 12 CDs, for Harmonia Mundi. The final volume, published in December 2014, received the highest rating in BBC Music magazine and a Diapason d'Or. His recording of Hanns Eisler lieder was awarded a Diapason d'Or de l'Année the same year.

Highlights of the 2011/12 season included a tour with the Vienna Philharmonic, appearances at the Vienna State Opera and the Saito Kinen Festival (Bluebeard with Seiji Ozawa) and song recitals with Christoph Eschenbach, and Leif Ove Andsnes in Paris, Vienna and New York (Carnegie Hall).

From 2012–2013, Matthias Goerne sang Wolfram at the Bavarian State Opera and Amfortas in concert with the Teatro Real in Madrid. Concert highlights included appearances with the Orchestre de Paris (Bluebeard), Berlin Philharmonic (War Requiem), Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony), Filarmonica del Teatro alla Scala (Mahler Lieder), Israel Philharmonic, and San Francisco Symphony (Wagner arias) as well as song recitals with Pierre-Laurent Aimard and Schubert cycles with Christoph Eschenbach at the Vienna Musikverein.

2020s
In 2020, Goerne signed with Deutsche Grammophon for a trilogy of Lieder albums to be released in 2020, 2021 and 2022 with pianists Jan Lisiecki, Seong-Jin Cho and Daniil Trifonov, respectively.

In 2021, German composer Detlev Glanert composed a setting for voice and orchestra of the poem Der Einsiedler (the hermit) by Joseph von Eichendorff especially for Goerne. It was performed by Goerne and the Concertgebouworkest under conductor Jaap van Zweden to critical acclaim.

Personal life
Goerne has an adopted son born in 1989, and a daughter born in 2000. His first marriage ended in divorce.

He smoked cigarettes "a lot" early in life, but stopped after noting the detrimental effects on his voice.

Goerne is not religious, although he does "have beliefs".

Views on music
Goerne has criticized the modern day relevance of opera productions, going so far as to state that most popular operas should not performed at all anymore because they have become outdated, no longer having "enough substance for the questions posed by our society".

He has expressed a distaste for most contemporary art music from a vocal perspective, claiming that its focus on using the extremes of the voice, "singing very high or very low, very loud or very quietly", is not conducive to the expression of thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, he opines that this style of vocal writing makes pieces "boring and one-dimensional".

Goerne has expressed a preference for working with solo pianists over pianists specialized in accompaniment, citing the former's superior artistic vision and the latter's relative lack of technical proficiency.

Awards and honors
Goerne is a recipient of the Wigmore Hall, London, medal.

title: Matthias Goerne


text:
Talk:Gerling

Untitled
The Ben Lee link on this page most definately goes to the wrong Ben Lee.

Girling is or used to be an automotive manufacturer
Girling should not redirect here.

Girling was a manufacturer of automobile components, e.g. brakes, at least in the 1950's and 1960's.

A web search for "Girling Brakes" finds references, but not easily any comprehensive history.

Fair use rationale for Image:Gerling-ador.jpg
Image:Gerling-ador.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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title: Talk:Gerling


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Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line

The Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line (東京メトロ有楽町線) is a subway line in Japan owned and operated by Tokyo Metro. The line connects Wakōshi Station in Wakō, Saitama and Shin-Kiba Station in Kōtō, Tokyo. On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color "gold", and its stations are given numbers using the letter "Y".

The line was named after the Yūrakuchō business district in Chiyoda, Tokyo. The proper name as given in an annual report of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport is Line No. 8 Yūrakuchō Line (8号線有楽町線). According to the Tokyo urban transportation plan, however, it is more complicated. The line number assigned to the section south from Kotake-Mukaihara to Shin-Kiba is Line 8, but that north of Kotake-Mukaihara to Wakōshi is Line 13, which indicates the section is a portion of Fukutoshin Line which shares the same number.

Services
The Yurakucho Line runs generally northwest to southeast between Wakōshi Station in Saitama Prefecture and Shin-Kiba Station in Kōtō Ward. Although it was originally planned as a bypass for the established Marunouchi Line through central Tokyo, it was also built to serve the developing wards of Itabashi, Nerima, Toshima, and Koto. The section between Wakōshi and Kotake-mukaihara shares tracks with its sister line, the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line.

The Yurakucho Line has inter-running counterparts on its northern side, both of which are "major" Japanese private railway companies in Greater Tokyo. One is the Tobu Railway at Wakōshi, north to Shinrin-kōen. The other is the Seibu Railway at Kotake-Mukaihara with its bypass line Seibu Yūrakuchō Line connecting to its main Ikebukuro Line, through trains north to Kotesashi or Hannō.

According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, as of June 2009 the Yurakucho Line is the fifth most crowded subway line in Tokyo, at its peak running at 173% capacity between Higashi-Ikebukuro and Gokokuji stations.

Semi-express (準急) services ran on the Yurakucho Line between June 14, 2008 and March 6, 2010, operating twice hourly between Wakōshi and Shin-Kiba. Between Wakōshi and Ikebukuro, semi-express trains stopped only at Kotake-Mukaihara; between Ikebukuro and Shin-Kiba, trains stopped at all stations. The semi-express trains ran between rush hours during weekdays and more frequently on weekends and holidays. These services were abolished and replaced with local services on March 6, 2010.

Station list

 * All stations are located in Tokyo.
 * Local trains stop at every station.
 * S-Train services stop at the stations indicated by "●" and "↑" (alighting only during the morning, boarding only during the evening) and pass all stations indicated by "|".

Rolling stock
All types are operated as 10-car sets.

Tokyo Metro

 * Tokyo Metro 10000 series (from September 2006)
 * Tokyo Metro 17000 series (from 21 February 2021)

Other operators

 * Seibu 6000 and 6050 series (Not all sets are permitted to run on Yūrakuchō Line tracks)
 * Seibu 40000 series (S-Train services)
 * Seibu 40050 series
 * Tobu 9000 series
 * Tobu 9050 series
 * Tobu 50070 series
 * Tokyu 5050-4000 series could run on the line, but only in the special case of emergency schedule adjustments.

Former rolling stock

 * Tokyo Metro 7000 series (from 1974 until 29 October 2021)
 * Tokyo Metro 07 series (from 1992 until 2007)
 * Odakyu 60000 series MSE (Romancecar, as Limited Express Bay Resort, occasionally)

Depots

 * Wakō Depot (和光検車区) (main depot)
 * Shin-Kiba Depot (新木場検車区) (responsible for minor inspections; for major ones, EMUs are forwarded to the Ayase Depot (綾瀬車両基地) on the Chiyoda Line via underground connecting tracks)
 * Shin-Kiba Car Renewal (新木場CR) (specializes in railcar refurbishment: also used for Chiyoda and Hanzōmon Line railcars)

History
The Yurakucho line was originally proposed in 1962 along with the Chiyoda Line, it was originally envisioned to run between Nakamurabashi Station and Kinshicho Station. In 1968, it was later revised to run between Chikatetsu-narimasu Station in the northwest and Shintomichō Station in the southeast; the extensions to Wakoshi and Shin-kiba were not confirmed at the time.

Line 8 was planned to serve areas that were not served by the Tokyo subway network such as Nerima and Koto Wards, while providing an adequate bypass for the overcrowding Marunouchi Line from Ikebukuro to Ginza-itchōme. This initial section began construction in 1970 and opened on 30 October 1974 as the Yūrakuchō Line. In the late 1970s, the extensions towards Wakoshi and Shin-kiba were authorized. On 27 March 1980, the second section between Ginza-itchōme and Shintomichō section opened, while the third section between Eidan-narimasu (present Chikatetsu-narimasu) and Ikebukuro opened on 24 June 1983.

Through services with the Seibu Railway Seibu Yūrakuchō Line began on 1 October 1983 with the opening of the Kotake-Mukaihara – Shin-Sakuradai section. The northwestern extension to Wakōshi opened on 25 August 1987, allowing through service with the Tōbu Tōjō Line. The final section from Shintomichō to Shin-kiba opened on 8 June 1988, completing the current line.

On 18 March 1993, 07 series EMUs introduced. On 7 December 1994, the "Yūrakuchō New Line" (now the Fukutoshin Line) opened from Kotake-Mukaihara to Ikebukuro. All trains on it made Ikebukuro their terminus and did not stop at Senkawa nor Kanamechō. Through service from Shin-Kiba or Ikebukuro (on the New Line) to Nerima on Seibu Yūrakuchō Line began on that same day, with through operation to the Seibu Ikebukuro Line beyond Nerima beginning on 26 March 1998.

On 1 April 2004, the owner of the line changed from Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA, Eidan) to Tokyo Metro due to the former's privatization. Women-only cars were introduced on 31 October 2005. 10000 series were introduced to the line on 1 September 2006.

On 3 May 2008, Limited Express "Bay Resort" (operated first from/to Odakyu Line) began operating. On 14 June 2008, the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line began service, and the Yurakuchō New Line annexed by the Fukutoshin Line. Yurakuchō Line shares tracks with Fukutoshin Line between Wakōshi and Kotake-Mukaihara. Semi-Express service began running until they were abolished on 6 March 2010.

On October 2008, Automatic train control was enabled on the Yurakuchō Line. On 10 September 2012, 10-car 5050-4000 series sets entered revenue service on the Yurakucho Line, with inter-running through to the Tobu Tojo Line. Since March 26, 2017, Seibu operates the S-Train limited-stop express service between Toyosu and Tokorozawa on the Seibu Ikebukuro Line on weekday mornings and evenings.

On 6 August 2022, "Wanman" one-person operation began on the section between Kotake-Mukaihara and Shin-Kiba

Future developments
In 2021, plans were announced to branch the Yurakucho line at Toyosu Station, traveling north for 5.2 km connecting with Toyocho on the Tozai Line and Sumiyoshi Station on the Shinjuku Line and Hanzomon Line. An additional two stations (Edagawa and Sengoku) would also be added in the Koto Ward serving the Sengoku and Toyo districts. Tentative names for the new stations were determined in August 2022. The branch line (nicknamed the Toyozumi Line according to official city documents) is intended to aid in redevelopment efforts in Koto Ward. As of 28 January 2022 the expected cost of construction is ¥269 billion (2021). There are also plans for a spur branching off from the planned Tokyo Rinkai Subway line at Kachidoki to link up to the future Toyozumi Line (Yurakucho Line branch) platforms at Toyosu Station. The branch line is expected to be in service in the mid-2030s.

A branch line from Toyosu Station has been planned since the early 1980s, heading north via Kameari Station (on the Jōban Line) to Noda in northwest Chiba Prefecture.

title: Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line