text:
User talk:Timwi/Archive/Oct 04 - May 05

User page on Wikimedia Foundation site
Hi Timwi

I would much prefer that your user page on the wmf site does not redirect here, so that people have the possibility to let you a message there; Could you fix that ? Thanks. SweetLittleFluffyThing 22:42, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * My User talk page on WMF does not redirect here. However, now that you're mentioning it, perhaps it should. I am by far most active on en; if people want me to see the "You have new messages" notification as soon as possible, they should rather leave their message here on en. — Timwi 23:48, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've now changed all User talk pages on loads of Wikipedias to redirect to here, and I've added an explanation above as to why I think it's better this way. — Timwi 00:28, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Timwi, both your user page and your user talk page redirect here. (If you read the above, I said they do now. They didn't before. — Timwi 12:00, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)) That means we have NO way to contact you over there, without coming here; I do not think it is appropriate. We cannot say you anything, either through your user page, nor through your talk page. It may be relevant for your talk page, it is not relevant for your user page, since there is no warning that it has been edited. Please, have at least one of them usable, so we can leave you messages. Thanks; SweetLittleFluffyThing 01:11, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You can leave me messages here. — Timwi 12:00, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Timwi, not allowing people to leave you messages on the Foundation site means that templates used to alert all users to something can not be used since, cross-wiki transclusion is not yet possible, and also that people need to go to more effort to link pages using Wikimedia:whatever rather than a simple internal link. Furthermore, it prevents the use of your contributions list. Please consider whether you are willing to check that wiki for messages to you on a regular basis. Thank you. Angela 01:31, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * If people aren't willing to type an extra "Wikimedia:" in return for me actually noticing their message, then maybe the message wasn't that important after all. —  Also, what's the use of being able to place a template on Wikimedia:User talk:Timwi if I won't see it? I'm more likely to see anything here.  —  Timwi 12:00, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

We let the redirect of the talk page, but removed the redirection on your user page. Instead we simply put a link to your english user page. SweetLittleFluffyThing 21:51, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Timwi, I made some edits to your Foundation user page that I hope will be satisfactory to you. I just felt that the page as it was did not do justice to you as a wonderful, thoughtful, kind, and always helpful contributor. I feel that my new version shows you in the favorable light that you so richly deserve. Jimbo Wales 00:57, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Official invitation
Hi!

This is a message to let you know that there is now a UK-specific Wikipedia community page at UK wikipedians' notice board. It would be great if you could come and get involved! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:07, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Your Scrabble images
Thanks for uploading all those Scrabble images! (Image:Scrabble scoring example 1.png, Image:Scrabble tournament game 1.png, etc, etc). I notice they currently have no image copyright tags. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) Thanks so much,    – Quadell (talk) (help)   02:39, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * In general, please consider all pictural content contributed by myself as public domain, and all textual content as GFDL. — However, in this particular case, I do not know if part of the copyright of the images lies with the owner of the copyright of the layout of Scrabble boards. I am no legal expert, so you guys will have to figure that out yourself. If you can determine that the images can be passed off as entirely my own, then they are public domain. — Timwi 12:35, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Fixing" a double redirect
Variable binding operator was deliberately made a double redirect page by me, knowing that it would not work and that double redirects usually need to be fixed. Could you reply to the comments on the discussion page and in the summary in the page history? Michael Hardy 01:54, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. — Timwi 08:19, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Please take a look at Wikipedia talk:Multiple Redirects. Thanks! Gangleri 01:28, 2004 Nov 11 (UTC)
 * Please see also Multiple Redirects and Bot requests. Thanks! Gangleri | [ Th] | T 17:00, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

"Fixing" the Esperanto language table
Timwi, I noticed that the language information table on Esperanto now appears on the left side of my screen and I tracked it down to the edit you made which included deleting. I tried to fixed it, but unsuccessfully. Could you fix it back to the way it was when it worked? Thanks, Chuck SMITH 14:48, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I removed the <br clear=all> because I also changed the table from having an "align=right" to having a "class=floatright". This class has in its CSS definition a "clear: right" which should have had the same effect but without disrupting the text that flows around it. — Now, since you're saying the table is displaying on the left for you, it makes sense that "clear: right" wouldn't work ... I'll investigate this later. — Timwi 20:24, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I have taken a look at the page and it is displaying fine for me. What browser are you using? Maybe you should upload a screenshot so I can see. — Timwi 20:27, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
Happy birthday, Timwi! Best wishes. --Whosyourjudas (talk) 01:17, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you!! :-) — Timwi 12:56, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Updating stats
If you can tell me how you produce List of Wikipedians by most recent edit and point me to the data, I'd be interested in helping with the "leg-work" to update it on occasion. (FWIW, Esperanto looks fine on all 5 PC browsers I checked (IE, NS6, Firefox, Opera, Mozilla). Niteowlneils 00:46, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The "data" is, of course, the cur dump. I think the SQL query for the List of Wikipedians by most recent edit is this:
 * but I'm not entirely sure. — Timwi 21:13, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * but I'm not entirely sure. — Timwi 21:13, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
I've "started" the Free the Rambot Articles Project which aims to get users to release all of their contributions to the U.S. state, county, and city articles under the CC-by-sa 1.0 and 2.0 license (at minimum) or into the public domain if they prefer. A secondary goal is to get those users to release ALL of their edits for ALL articles. I've personally chosen to multi-license all of the rambot and Ram-Man contributions under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License so that other projects, such as WikiTravel, can use our articles. I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all your contributions (or at minimum those on the geographic articles) so that we can keep most of the articles available under the multi-license. Many users use the   template (or even    for public domain) on their user page, but there are other templates for other options at Template messages/User namespace. If you only prefer using the GFDL, I understand, but I thought I'd at least ask, just in case, since the number of your edits is in the top 50 most. I know that on your user page you've stated that you release under the GFDL, but I didn't know if maybe you'd multi-license. If you do want to do it, simply just copy and paste one of the above two templates into your user page and it will allow us to track those users who have done it. For example:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain (which many people do or don't like to do, see Multi-licensing), you could replace   with    -- Ram-Man 15:52, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree to licensing my work as Creative Commons. I have updated my User page accordingly. — Timwi 20:50, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Your user page does not appear to have been updated yet, so I assume you havn't gotten around to it yet. In any case, thanks! -- Ram-Man 21:13, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

Redirect you created at "Malkhuth"
Noel (talk) 00:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You should have told this to the person who deleted the other page (Malchut); they should have deleted the redirect(s) with it. — Timwi 09:39, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's wayyyy too painful to look through deletion logs (for some reason I don't understand, Special:Undelete doesn't always show the correct identity of the person who deleted the page, and when), and I had a lot of these entries dumped on WP:RfD to deal with. So I took the easy way out! Noel (talk) 14:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, fair enough :-) — Timwi 16:10, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I only happened to see this one when I came here for another reason. Noel (talk) 14:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I find it a little annoying that you use these templates to communicate. It makes it look like you are telling a load of people how to do things. I have a note at the top of this page which it seems you haven't even read. Maybe you should try to accept that other people prefer things a different way than you do. — Timwi 16:10, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I use them to save typing the exact same thing over and over again. And I added that one here precisely because I did see the message at the top of your page. As to the point under discussion, "Ditto your last sentence", as they say on this side of the pond. Noel (talk) 18:07, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Cambridge
I was interested by your User: page. (Hope the typo fix didn't offend you! Apologies, if so.) Anyway, I was wondering if, as a CS major at Cambridge, you know Dr. Crowcroft. Noel (talk) 00:12, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I'm afraid not. According to his homepage, he teaches only Part II courses in Computer Science, so it's no surprise. — Timwi 09:22, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, since I have no idea what a "Part II" is, I didn't follow this. But I guess I don't need to, though! Noel (talk) 14:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, sorry. Part II is the third year of the Computer Science Tripos. I only did the Diploma in Computer Science, which consists mainly of second-year courses. See the article for more details. :-) — Timwi 16:10, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Double redirects
Hi,

It is said at Double redirect that you have a script to fix double redirects so that it would be waste of time to fix them manually. If that is true, you are welcome to run it with the updated list of double redirects I just have created. Please find it at User:Byrial/Double redirects. Byrial 22:09, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Unfortunately, my computer is broken. All data on it including this script may be permanently lost. Sorry. — Timwi 18:06, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Indonesian_presidential_election,_2004.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 21:42, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

 * The image is originally from Adam Carr, not me. It says that on the page (see the upload comment). — Timwi 13:07, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

HMS Glasgow
If you don't like the current format of ship index articles, then it would be nice if you could get a consensus first at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ships and then change the template at WikiProject Ships. Gdr 16:17, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

 * I did not make any changes that were in any way specific to ships. General stylistic, typographical and usability-related concerns apply globally to all Wikipedia articles. — Timwi 16:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sure. But you also removed the italics from the ship names, contrary to Naming conventions (ships). And unless you're willing to go round fixing all the other ship index pages (some are listed at List of Royal Navy ship names and List of ships of the United States Navy) which are in the format you don't like then you need to change the convention, and just as importantly, get consensus from people who work on articles in this area. Gdr 10:24, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

Image:ListBugScreenshot.png
Hi. You uploaded Image:ListBugScreenshot.png in Feb 2004 saying it was temporary and stating it would be deleted when no longer needed. Just curious if it's still needed? RedWolf 02:23, Jan 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've deleted this now. — Timwi 12:52, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

User info box
Just to tell you that I'm using something inspired by your "User info box" in my user page in the Portuguese Wiktionary. I'll need to make some changes in it, though... -- Leoadec 19:32, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

LanguageJbo
I put an upgraded m:LanguageJbo.php on meta several weeks ago, but no one's installed it on jbo:, which is currently without a language file and therefore the namespaces don't work. Could you install it and turn caps off? Also I need some help with the date formatting routines; the date in sigs should, I think, be in ISO format with the {de'i} or {ti'u} tag, or both, but I'm not sure if the date in RecentChanges can be formatted without the tag. -phma 02:23, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No, I don't have any access to do these things. — Timwi 12:52, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you know who does? Can you get their attention? -phma 23:48, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes (Tim Starling and Brion VIBBER) and no. — Timwi 23:58, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

New pages patrol patch
Could I interest you in taking a look at a mediawiki patch I created?

Split patrolling up into new pages patrolling and recent changes patrolling

Thue | talk 15:20, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No, not really. Talk to Tim Starling instead. — Timwi 15:28, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Translation
Hope I'm not out of line to drop you a note but I'm eliciting help with the enormous backlog of requested translations from German. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:00, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the link. I'm currently at work, but I'll have a look at it later. — Timwi 12:23, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh. By now I have translated two of the requested articles (Berliner (pastry) and Nunt), and I hope my services were appreciated. I had a look at all the others, but I'm afraid I don't find any of them interesting enough. — Timwi 00:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Omnipresence
You should probably check the article's History before you edit a comment out of it. That comment tag is the result of a long discussion between me and Mav and it's a suitable solution that seems to fit the article nicely. That's why I'm reverting your edit. --Sn0wflake 17:26, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK. Sorry. — Timwi 19:08, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Anarchism
Hi, you deleted the following interwiki link at the foot of the article-

For a dictionary definition, see anarchism

Have you moved it or has the method of interwikis changed? Otherwise I don't see a reason for deletion. Cheers - max rspct 18:04, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no point in adding such a link to all articles (or even just all articles whose title is a single word). Either we introduce a software feature that adds such links automatically in the side-bar, or we don't, but either way, they are completely redundant in the actual article text. — Timwi 18:48, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I can see the benefits of automated interwiki links but standardization of webpages is not, I argue, good reason for removing that dictionary link from a Wikipedia article. Surely it adds an informative and useful (considering the historical debates over definitions of Anarchism) link to wikidictionary. I myself don't think much of the usual dictionary defintions... but since the wikidictionary entry is intended and built in the same way as Anarchism ... why delete and wait for bot software add the link? If you are going to delete these footer links when you come across them why can't editors put them in when they come across a stub or article? -max rspct 22:23, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism in progress
The Klingon Wikipedia badly needs your help. Can you permanently block tlh:lo'wI':Kevin baas (not to be confused with the admin on English Wikipedia)? This vandal is wreaking havoc on Klingon Wikipedia and using the aliases of English Wikipedia administators. → Jarlaxle Artemis   21:58, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * I just figured out that the vandal's IP address is 203.172.255.253 . →  Jarlaxle Artemis   03:00, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

You blocked the wrong one - tlh:User:Ahoerstemeier is me, trying to clean up the mess, as far as I can do without admin rights. tlh:User:AHoerstemeier is the vandal using my name. You need to delete the redirects, and then move the articles back, otherwise you'll destroy the editing history. It's quite some work, the vandal had a lot of time to create his mess. andy 11:00, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops. — Timwi 12:16, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have unblocked you again. Thanks for trying to help with the cleaning up, and sorry I hindered you by blocking you. I hope that I have cleaned up as much as I can without knowing any Klingon. If you still need admin action, please feel free to ask me again, or perhaps ask for admin status yourself (I don't know whom to ask though). — Timwi 12:18, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Accidental deletion
Hello Timwi, I fear you may have deleted an image accidentally. From the block log, I found As you might not be aware, there has been a rather large vote on WP:IFD that just concluded, with the consensus not to delete the image. (I believe User:Dbenbenn closed the vote; see Images_and_media_for_deletion/Autofellatio_2). Could you restore it? Thanks, T IMBO  ( T A L K )  23:38, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 17:14, 10 Apr 2005 Timwi deleted "Image:Autofellatio 2.jpg"

Why did you delete the image despite a lack of consensus? Please find a Wikipedia fork and restore it promplty. RickK 03:38, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, Carnildo already restored the image for me (thanks). I deleted it as part of the cleaning-up after a vandal bot; I originally thought the vandal uploaded the image only for the purposes of his vandalism. — Timwi 07:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spoken Wikipedia
Hi, I've left a question about GFDL compliance with spoken Wikipedia. Do we have to append at the end of the audio a list of authors, the license or a link to an electronic version of such? Fuzheado | Talk 08:26, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Bugzilla Templates and Patches
I am very interested in the templates and patches you created for Bugzilla (Great work by the way!) and would like to do the same for my local wiki+bugzilla installation. Unfortunately, the links to the needed files no longer exist (404 Not Found). Do you know if they have been moved elsewhere? and are still available to the public? The links in question: and. Thanks in advance, Cory (coryjo at gmail dot com)

 * Please contact Brion VIBBER and ask him to provide you with a copy of the "templates" directory on MediaZilla's running install. I don't think I have it anymore, myself. — Timwi 08:13, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spoken
Thanks for the compliment! Fuzheado | Talk 23:08, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Reverting
Next time you revert something, please make sure that you revert only the things you actually want to revert. When you reverted the bulleted list on WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia back to a table, you also reverted several changes I made (e.g. for one file, you changed the size/length back to question marks). I've fixed this myself now, but in future, please watch out for these things. Thanks. — Timwi 20:37, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoops, that wasn't very considerate of me, sorry about that. My only excuse is that it was first thing in the morning, and sometimes I'm not quite with it at that time of day...I'll try and avoid editing whilst still groggy in future ;-) — Matt Crypto 22:16, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Star trek disambiguation
Please use "(VOY episode)" to disambiguate episodes. See the star trek wikiproject. Cburnett 20:50, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Your nomination of Spottedowl
Hi. I want to let you know that you did not follow directions for nominating a user on the RfA page. I understand this may be your first time, but you need to read the instructions before you nominate a candidate. If you have any further questions on the processes or methods of Wikipedia, ask and I'll be happy to help you out. Also, my oppose vote for Spottedowl has nothing to do with your error. Thanks. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @ 18:22, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

Timwi, it would have been better if you had told Spottedowl you were going to nominate him. He hasn't even been around to accept or reject. May I suggest you withdraw the nomination before he accepts so it doesn't count as a rejection and you can propose him some other time when he is better prepared? -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 22:31, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * it would have been better if you had told Spottedowl — He was sitting right next to me when I did it, watching me do it . I don't know exactly why he hasn't accepted the nomination or otherwise showed any presence on the nominations page, but this is up to him. — What does it mean for the nomination to "count as a rejection"? This sounds very political. — Timwi 09:56, 12 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It means that if this was a mistaken nomination, and not accepted, it could simply be removed and wouldn't have to be listed on the "Candidacies not promoted" page, but it seems like this wasn't mistaken if Spottedowl knew about it, but still is silent. -- Cecropia | explains it all ®

That Petrol Emotion
HI timwi

you add possible copyright violation for a page i loaded called That Petrol Emotion. The owner of the site where this article was taken ahas no problem for it to be used. You can contact him at Espen Esmark [esmark@postmaster.co.uk] to verify.

 * Not sure why you're telling me that; as it says in the copyvio notice, you should say that on the article's talk page. — Timwi 15:32, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Victoria (disambiguation)
Thanks for cleaning up Victoria (disambiguation) - you're right, it was a mess. You've done a very good job of it. Josh Parris ✉ 00:37, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoo! Thanks for your thanks! I was actually afraid people might not like it. :-) — Timwi 09:10, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

"rupturewort"?
Is that really a word? It's not in my Webster's or New World - can you cite a usage? (from "Longest word in English) - DavidWBrooks 12:51, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, sorry. I just assumed it was; I didn't check it. But googling for it gives some serious results . — Timwi 15:35, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Table suffixes
Template:Table suffixes has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at Templates for deletion. Thank you. — Xiong 熊 talk * 10:31, 2005 May 25 (UTC)

GNU-FDL and CC
Regarding this question: there's at least one. Me. :) --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:06, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

XML Markup for WikiText
Hi Timwi - I was told that you are among the people thinking about how to represent wiki text in XML, and how to implement that. I have implemented XML output for MW 1.5 in a rough-and-dirty manner, it seems to work quite find - if you are interrested, have a look at meta:User:Duesentrieb/XML. I would like to get some more feedback before submitting it as a patch. Thanks! -- G. Gearloose (?!) 23:59, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh dear god, not another parser. :-) Please see Alternative parsers and (if you fancy) add yours there. — You can also see my parser there, along with several others to choose from. Would you prefer one with strawberry flavour? — Timwi 06:01, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the main difference to the other parsers is: it's not a new one, it's the old parser. I have just moved all knowledge about HTML output into a separate class, so it can be replaced by XML, TeX or other output. The Parser itself remains the same. The best about it: it's finished :) well, pretty much anyway, it still can be tweaked in a few ways.
 * I hope my "refactoring" aproach will allow us to move logic out of the parser class step by step, without having to do a complete rewrite. So, if you like, look at the output it produces and comment... -- G. Gearloose (?!) 12:21, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) The old "parser" is not a parser (even though it's called Parser.php). I don't believe you can do tables properly when outputting TeX, for example. With my flexbisonparse, theoretically, you could. — 2) I appreciate your effort in refactoring some of the code, and I'm sure many of the developers will welcome your changes, but this does not alleviate the need for a new (real) parser. — Timwi 12:37, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

I absolutely agree. We need a real parser (and a formal grammar) in time, I wrote this to have something that works right now, without major changes to the codebase and without changing the quirky behaviour of the parser. Because of this, I think it would be important to agree on spec for the XML markup, so it does not have to be changed when the parser is replaced. That's why I asked you to have a look... -- G. Gearloose (?!) 15:46, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I understand your point. My parser uses the XML only to return the parse tree to the PHP side. If I find another way, perhaps one that keeps the parse tree on the C side, it might even work entirely without XML. What XML structure you choose is entirely independent and (for my parser) irrelevant. — Timwi 15:56, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, XML output would be very useful for external processing, creating PDF and such
 * I don't see how XML would help. A parser would be useful for creating PDF (or anything else).
 * for that purpose, it would be good to have a "standard" way of representing wiki markup in XML.
 * What are you talking about? You don't "represent wiki markup in XML" in the same way you don't "represent Russian in English". You can represent a document in either wiki markup or in XML, just as you can represent a semantic meaning in either Russian or English.
 * Sure, one could transform the output of the external parser into a different XML represenation too. I just though I'd get your input on how to represent wiki makrup as XML, because your are into this stuff too. But if you don't care, I'll just do as I think best... -- G. Gearloose (?!) 17:26, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not convinced that you know what you are doing. Sorry. (Please don't take this as a personal attack, I'm just being very frank.) — Timwi 20:03, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

MoonEdit
Timwi. Thanks for brushing MoonEdit. It is always amazing for me to realize how bad my English actually is. ;) MattisManzel 04:43, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem! This is the kind of thing I like to do. — Timwi 10:04, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timwi/Archive/Oct 04 - May 05


text:
Pamela Des Barres

Pamela Des Barres (born Pamela Ann Miller; September 9, 1948) is an American rock and roll groupie, writer, musician, and actress. She is best known for her 1987 memoir, I'm with the Band: Confessions of a Groupie, which details her experiences in the Los Angeles rock music scene of the 1960s and 1970s. She is also a former member of the experimental Frank Zappa-produced music group the GTOs.

Early life
Des Barres' parents were from Kentucky. Just before she was born, her father moved the family to the Los Angeles, California area, where Des Barres resides to this day. Her mother was a homemaker; her father worked for Anheuser-Busch and was occasionally a gold miner. Des Barres idolized Elvis Presley as a child and the Beatles as a teenager, and she fantasized about meeting and dating her favorite Beatle, Paul McCartney. Later, upon discovering the Rolling Stones, she daydreamed of Mick Jagger.

Rock music groupie
A high school acquaintance, Victor Hayden, introduced Des Barres to his cousin Don Van Vliet, better known as Captain Beefheart, a musician and friend of Frank Zappa. Van Vliet, in turn, introduced her to Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones, which drew her to the rock music scene on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. She started to spend her time with the Byrds and other bands, and when she graduated from high school in 1966, she took various jobs that would allow her to live near the Sunset Strip and take part in the rock music scene. She famously went on to form friendships with many of the great musical artists of that era, and became romantically linked with various notable artists such as Mick Jagger, Jimmy Page, Keith Moon, Noel Redding, Chris Hillman, Gram Parsons, Brandon deWilde, and Don Johnson.

Music career
Des Barres was also a member of the GTOs, an all-female music and performance art group sponsored by Frank Zappa. The GTOs had only one performance under that name along with the Mothers of Invention, Alice Cooper, Wild Man Fischer and Easy Chair at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, on December 6–7, 1968. The entire concert lasted for six hours. The group dissolved just a month after the release of their first and only album, Permanent Damage, due to some of its other members being arrested and detained for drug possession.

Acting career
During the 1970s, Des Barres pursued a career as an actress, appearing in movies (including Zappa's 200 Motels), doing commercials, and playing a recurring role on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow throughout 1974. She continued to work as a nanny/babysitter for Zappa, who urged her to continue writing the diary she had begun in high school, in which she had faithfully recorded the important details of her life. When her acting career stalled, she continued to work for the Zappa family as a nanny for Zappa's children, Dweezil and Moon Unit.

Family life
On October 29, 1977, she married Michael Des Barres, who had been lead singer first with Silverhead (signed in 1972 to Deep Purple's record label Purple Records) and later for Detective (signed to Led Zeppelin's Swan Song Records label), and who, in 1985, was tour vocalist for the Power Station. They have a son, Nicholas Dean Des Barres (GameFan magazine's Nick Rox). The couple divorced in the summer of 1991.

Memoirs and other endeavors
Des Barres wrote two memoirs about her experience as a groupie, I'm with the Band: Confessions of a Groupie (1987) and Take Another Little Piece of My Heart: A Groupie Grows Up (1993). It is widely believed that Cameron Crowe drew from these memoirs to create the groupie character Penny Lane for his film Almost Famous. Crowe has stated that the character was actually a composite of various women he knew during his time as a teenage rock journalist, including one named Pennie Trumbull who went by Pennie Lane. The memoirs by Des Barres have another connection to the film: actress Kate Hudson read them for inspiration as she portrayed Penny Lane.

The March 1989 issue of Playboy magazine featured Des Barres in a nude layout, published together with an article the author herself wrote for the magazine. In the captions, she was quoted as saying, "I wanted to be in Playboy when I was younger, but my breasts did not precede me. But now I have semicelebrity tits, so they don't have to be as big."

In addition to her memoirs, Des Barres has written three non-fiction books: Rock Bottom: Dark Moments in Music Babylon (1996); Let's Spend the Night Together: Backstage Secrets of Rock Muses and Supergroupies (2007); and Let It Bleed: How to Write a Rockin' Memoir (2017). An updated edition of I'm with the Band was released in 2005.

Today, Pamela Des Barres continues to author books, contribute to others' works as an editor and consultant, and pen articles for online and print publications. She writes a regular column for Please Kill Me, in which she confessed that she once kissed murderer and former Manson Family member Bobby Beausoleil in Golden Gate Park during his pre-Manson days. In addition to her work as a writer, Des Barres also teaches creative writing classes in Los Angeles, as well as in several other cities throughout the U.S. and internationally. She affectionately refers to her writing class members as her "dolls".

Discography

 * 1969 The GTOs - Permanent Damage (Bizarre/Straight)

Filmography

 * 1971 200 Motels
 * 1973 Slaughter's Big Rip-Off
 * 1974 Arizona Slim
 * 1975 Kitty Can't Help It
 * 1978 Paradise Alley
 * 1978 Human Feelings
 * 2003 Mayor of the Sunset Strip
 * 2015 Michael Des Barres: Who Do You Want Me to Be?

Television

 * 1974-5 Search for Tomorrow
 * 2011 The Young and the Restless

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pamela Des Barres


text:
User:Madame Sosostris

I recently graduated from Kalamazoo College with a B.A. in English and a minor in modern European history. My senior thesis was on the views and influences of the British press on foreign policy from 1900-1939, with particular focus on World War I and World War II, as one might expect.

I enjoy doing damage to 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica text-dumps and other badly-written articles.

Confirmed Kills
Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton

Sir Henry Bartle Frere, 1st Baronet

Sir Alexander Cockburn, 12th Baronet

Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland

Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros

Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe

William Le Queux

Francis Bacon

Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey

Caroline of Brunswick

Neville Chamberlain

Sandbox

title: User:Madame Sosostris


text:
Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)

Thomas Percy (13 April 1729 – 30 September 1811) was Bishop of Dromore, County Down, Ireland. Before being made bishop, he was chaplain to George III of the United Kingdom. Percy's greatest contribution is considered to be his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765), the first of the great ballad collections, which was the one work most responsible for the ballad revival in English poetry that was a significant part of the Romantic movement.

Life
He was born as Thomas Percy in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, the son of Arthur Lowe Percy a grocer and farmer at Shifnal who sent Thomas to Christ Church, Oxford in 1746 following an education firstly at Bridgnorth Grammar School followed by nearby Adams' Grammar School in Newport. He graduated in 1750 and proceeded M.A. in 1753. In the latter year he was appointed to the vicarage of Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire, and three years later was instituted to the rectory of Wilby in the same county, benefices which he retained until 1782. In 1759 he married Anne, daughter of Barton Gutterridge.

Dr Percy's first work, Hau Kiou Choaan, or The Pleasing History, was published in 1761. This is a heavily revised and annotated version of a manuscript translation of the Haoqiu zhuan (好逑傳), and is the first full publication in English of a Chinese novel. The following year, he published a two-volume collection of sinological essays (mostly translations) entitled 'Miscellaneous Pieces Relating to the Chinese.' In 1763, he published Five Pieces of Runic Poetry, translated from the Icelandic. The same year, he also edited the Earl of Surrey's poems with an essay on early blank verse, translated the Song of Solomon, and published a key to the New Testament. His Northern Antiquities (1770) is a translation from the French of Paul Henri Mallet. His edition of the 'Household Book' of the Earl of Northumberland (1770) (The Regulations and Establishment of the Household of Henry Algernon Percy, the Fifth Earl of Northumberland, at his Castles of Wresill and Lekinfield in Yorkshire. Begun anno domini M.DXII) is of the greatest value for the illustrations of domestic life in England at that period.

These works are of little estimation when compared with the Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765). In the 1760s, he obtained a manuscript of ballads (the Percy Folio) from a source in Northumberland. He had in mind the idea of writing a history of the Percy family of the peerage (the Dukes of Northumberland), and he had sought materials of local interest. He had sought out old tales from near Alnwick, the ancestral home of the Northumberland Percy family, and he had come across many ballad tales.

In 1763, Percy, aiming for the market that Ossian had opened for "ancient poetry" (see James MacPherson), published Five Pieces of Runic Poetry from Icelandic, which he translated and "improved."

Percy was a friend of Samuel Johnson, Joseph and Thomas Warton, and James Boswell. In 1764, Dr Johnson and others encouraged Percy to preserve the poetry he was finding at home. Percy therefore took the ballad material he had from his folio and began searching for more ballads, in particular. He wanted to collect material from the border areas, near Scotland. In 1765, he published the Reliques to great success.

Appointed a chaplain to the king in 1769, Percy was formally admitted to Emmanuel College, Cambridge that year, and received a doctorate of divinity from Cambridge in 1770.

Still not having secured an adequate living, Thomas Percy continued with his project of commemorating the Alnwick area, and so he composed his own ballad poem on Warkworth Castle, then a ruin, which the Dukes of Northumberland controlled and which the Duchess of Northumberland favored for its sublime views. Combining the vogue for the "Churchyard Poets" and the ballad vogue that he himself had set in motion, Thomas Percy wrote The Hermit of Warkworth in 1771. Samuel Johnson famously composed three ex tempore parodies of this verse in the 1780s. When an admirer too often told Johnson of the beautiful "simplicity" of the ballad verse form, Johnson pointed out that the line between simplicity and simple mindedness is narrow: just remove the sense. He then demonstrated:

 * "The tender infant meek and mild
 * Fell down upon a stone;
 * The nurse took up the squealing child
 * But yet the child squeal'd on."

Thomas Percy was angered by the parody, but Hester Thrale says that he soon came to his senses and realized that Johnson was satirizing the form, and not the poem.

Soon after, he said,
 * "I put my hat upon my head
 * And went into the Strand.
 * There I met another man
 * Whose hat was in his hand."

This extemporized parody was written down by Boswell and others. It may have been aimed less at Percy than at the ballads that were then appearing nearly daily on every subject.

Percy carried out most of the literary work for which he is now remembered at Easton Maudit. When he became famous, he was made domestic chaplain to the Duke and Duchess of Northumberland, and was tempted into the belief that he belonged to the illustrious house of Percy. Through his patron's influence he became Dean of Carlisle Cathedral in 1778 and was ordained as Bishop of Dromore in County Down in 1782.

His wife died before him in 1806; the bishop, blind but otherwise in sound health, lived another five years. Both were buried in the transept which Percy had added to Dromore Cathedral.

Literary work
The Reliques of Ancient English Poetry set the stage not only for Robert Burns, but also for Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads. The book is based on an old manuscript collection of poetry, which Percy claimed to have rescued in Humphrey Pitt's house at Shifnal, Shropshire, "from the hands of the housemaid who was about to light the fire with it." The manuscript was edited in its complete form by JW Hales and FJ Furnivall in 1867–1868. This manuscript provides the core of the work but many other ballads were found and included, some by Percy's friends Johnson, William Shenstone, Thomas Warton, and some from a similar collection made by Samuel Pepys.

Percy "improved" 35 of the 46 ballads he took from the Folio. In the case of The Beggar's daughter of Bednal Green (Bethnal Green), he added the historical character of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Evesham. In this version the ballad became so popular that it was used in two plays, an anonymous novel, operas by Thomas Arne and Geoffrey Bush, and Carl Loewe's ballad "Der Bettlers Tochter von Bednall Green". A fuller account of the history of the ballad can be found in "The Green" by A. J. Robinson and D. H. B. Chesshyre.

Collections
Percy's collection of c.120 volumes were kept by his daughters on his death and were presented to the Bodleian Libraries in 1933 by his great granddaughter, Miss Constance Meade.

These were mainly literary works of the 17th-19th centuries, including annotated copies of Goldsmith, Johnson and other 18th century authors. Additionally, the collection includes a set of The Rambler (1756) with MS notes by Percy, and a set of The Idler (1761) with MS notes by Percy and Johnson.

Printed ephemera, which had also been passed into the Meade family alongside Percy's books and papers, was given to John Johnson's collection of printed ephemera at the University Press in 1930. This is now part of the John Johnson collection at the Bodleian Library.

The Percy Society (1840-1852) was founded to publish ballads with their accompanying music. Edward Francis Rimbault and William Chappell were among the members.

General references

 * Watt, James. "Thomas Percy, China, and the Gothic." The Eighteenth Century. Volume 48, Number 2, Summer 2007, pp. 95–109, 10.1353/ecy.2007.0013. Available at Project MUSE.

title: Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)


text:
The System

The System may refer to:

Literature

 * The System, a book on chess by Hans Berliner
 * The System, a comic book by Peter Kuper
 * The System: The Glory and Scandal of Big-Time College Football, a 2013 book by Jeff Benedict and Armen Keteyian

Music

 * The System, an American record label in partnership with Warner Music.
 * The System (band), an American synth pop duo founded in 1982
 * "The System", a song by punk band The Black Pacific
 * El Sistema (Sp., "The System"), publicly financed music-education program originating in Venezuela

Film

 * The System (1953 film), an American crime film
 * The System (1964 film), a British film
 * The System (2014 film), a Pakistani action/drama film
 * The System (2022 film), an American action film

Sports

 * The System (Gaelic football)
 * The System, a strategy in basketball devised by Paul Westhead
 * The System or Grinnell System, a fast-paced basketball strategy developed at Grinnell College
 * Systema, a Russian martial art
 * The System, a stable in TNA Wrestling.

Television

 * The System, a 1996 BBC TV documentary series
 * The System, a 2008 television special starring Derren Brown

Other uses

 * The System, a derogatory term for the Weimar Republic
 * The system may also refer to someone being placed in the database of prisons

title: The System


text:
Tom Miller (computer programmer)

Tom Miller (born 1950) is a software developer who was employed by Microsoft.

Miller worked as a member of the original team of developers who followed Dave Cutler from DEC to Microsoft, where he initially started working in the networking group.

After less than two years, Miller moved to the Windows NT team, where he worked with John Nelson on file systems and wrote the original 50 page specification document for the NT File System.

title: Tom Miller (computer programmer)


text:
Bear Mountain (South Dakota)

Bear Mountain is a mountain located in western Pennington County, South Dakota. It is the 3rd highest point in the Black Hills. There is a fire lookout tower on the summit.

title: Bear Mountain (South Dakota)


text:
First Anglo-Maratha War

The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Confederacy in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai. The war, fought in between Surat and Poona, saw British defeat and restoration of positions of both the parties before the war. Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Bengal decided not to attack Pune directly.

Background
After the death of Madhavrao Peshwa in 1772, his brother Narayanrao became peshwa (prime minister) of the Maratha Empire. His palace guards murdered Narayanrao in August 1773, and his uncle Raghunathrao (Raghoba) became Peshwa. However, Narayanrao's wife, Gangabai, gave birth to a posthumous son, who was the legal heir to the throne. The newborn infant was named 'Sawai' Madhavrao (Sawai means "One and a Quarter"). Twelve Maratha chiefs, known as the Baarbhai and led by Nana Phadnavis, directed an effort to install the infant as the new Peshwa and to rule in his name as regents.

Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein (Vasai) to the British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers.

At the same time, the Marathas tried to form a military alliance with the French. Two Frenchmen, Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny acted as intermediaries between the France and the Poona Regency. However, the alliance proposals reached nowhere, while the British suspicions of a global anti-British front increased, since the American War of Independence was also going up around this same period.

The British Calcutta Council condemned the Treaty of Surat, sending Colonel Upton to Pune to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunathrao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British. The Bombay government rejected this new treaty and gave refuge to Raghunathrao. In 1777, Nana Phadnavis violated his treaty with the Calcutta Council by granting the French a port on the West coast. The English retaliated by sending a force towards Pune.

Initial stage and Treaty of Purandar (1774–1775)
British troops under the command of Colonel Keating, left Surat on 15 March 1775, for Pune. But they were checked by Haripant Phadke at Adas and were totally defeated on 18 May 1775. Casualties for Keating's force, accompanied by Raghunathrao, included 96 killed. The Marathas casualties in the Battle of Adas (Gujarat) included 150 killed.

Warren Hastings estimated that direct actions against Pune would be detrimental. Therefore, the Supreme Council of Bengal condemned the Treaty of Surat, sending Colonel Upton to Pune to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. An agreement between Upton and the ministers of Pune called Treaty of Purandar was signed on 1 March 1776.

The Treaty of Purandar (or Treaty of Purandhar) was a doctrine signed on 1 March 1776 by the peshwa of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company's Supreme Council of Bengal in Calcutta. Based on the terms of the accord, the British were able to secure Salsette. Treaty was signed between the then Governor General Warren Hasting who sent Colonel Upton and Nana Fadnavis of Peshwa in which British accepted Sawai Madhav Rao as a new Peshwa and Maratha accepted not to recognise existence of French in India.

The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunath Rao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British.

Battle of Wadgaon

Following a treaty between France and the Poona Government in 1776, the Bombay Government decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba. They sent a force under Col. Egerton reached Khopoli and made its way through the Western Ghats at Bhor Ghat and onwards toward Karla, which was reached on 4 January 1779 while under Maratha attacks. Finally the British were forced to retreat back to Wadgaon, but were soon surrounded. The British surrendered and were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon on 16 January 1779, a victory for the Marathas.

Reinforcements from northern India, commanded by Colonel (later General) Thomas Wyndham Goddard, arrived too late to save the Bombay force. The British Governor-General in Bengal, Warren Hastings, rejected the treaty on the grounds that the Bombay officials had no legal power to sign it, and ordered Goddard to secure British interests in the area.

Goddard with 6,000 troops stormed Bhadra Fort and captured Ahmedabad on 15 February 1779. There was a garrison of 6,000 Arab and Sindhi infantry and 2,000 horses. Losses in the fight totalled 108, including two British. Goddard also captured Bassein on 11 December 1780. Another Bengal detachment led by Captain Popham and assisted by the Rana of Gohad, captured Gwalior on 4 August 1780, before Mahadji Scindia could make preparations. Skirmishes took place between Mahadji Scindia and General Goddard in Gujarat, but indecisively. Hastings sent yet another force to harass Mahadji Shinde, commanded by Major Camac.

Central India and the Deccan
After capturing Bassein, Goddard marched towards Pune. But he was routed in the Battle of Bhor Ghat in April 1781 by Parshurambha, Haripant Phadke and Tukoji Holkar.

In central India, Mahadji stationed himself at Malwa to challenge Camac. Initially, Mahadji had an upper hand and British forces under Camac, being harassed and reduced, had to retreat to Hadur.

In February 1781, the British beat Shinde to the town of Sipri, but every move they made after that was shadowed by his much larger army, and their supplies were cut off, until they made a desperate night raid in late March, capturing not only supplies, but even guns and elephants. Thereafter, the military threat from Shinde's forces to the British was much reduced.

The contest was equally balanced now. Where Mahadji scored a significant victory over Camac at Sironj, the British avenged the loss through the Battle of Durdah on 24 March 1781.

Colonel Murre arrived with fresh forces in April 1781 to assist Popham and Camac. After his defeat at Sipri, Mahadji Shinde got alarmed. Therefore, Shinde proposed a new treaty between the Peshwas and the British which came to be known as "Treaty of Salbai".

Treaty of Salbai
This treaty, known as the Treaty of Salbai, was signed on 17 May 1782, and was ratified by Hastings in June 1782 and by Nana Phadnavis in February 1783. The treaty ended the First Anglo-Maratha War, restored the status quo, and established peace between the two parties for 20 years until the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

In popular culture
The 2013 Hollywood film titled The Lovers is based on the backdrop of this war.

title: First Anglo-Maratha War


text:
British Far East Command

The Far East Command was a British military command which had 2 distinct periods. These were firstly, 18 November 1940 – 7 January 1942 succeeded by the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), and secondly, 1963–1971 succeeded by Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom Force (ANZUK Force)

1940–1942
The British had several commands with responsibilities East of Suez. General Sir Archibald Wavell, the Commander-in-Chief, India, directed army forces in India. Air force and naval forces in India had separate commanders. The Far East Command under Air Marshal Robert Brooke-Popham and from 23 December 1941 by Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Royds Pownall.

The C-in-C Far East Command was responsible directly to the Chiefs of Staff for the operational control and general direction of training of all British land and air forces in Malaya, Burma, and Hong Kong, and for the co-ordination of plans for the defence of those territories. But the CinC exercised no command or control over any naval forces.

It was intended that C-in-C should deal primarily with matters of major military policy and strategy, but it was not the intention that the C-in-C should assume any administrative or financial responsibilities or take over any of the day-to-day functions at that time exercised by the General (or Air) Officers Commanding (GOC) of the different areas. The degree of "operational control" of British land and air forces, which the Commander-in-Chief Far East should assume, was defined as meaning "the higher direction and control" as distinct from "detailed operational control". To complicate matters, the GOCs correspond with the War Office, Air Ministry, Colonial Office and Local Governor's Offices on all matters on which they had previously dealt with those departments. But the GOCs had to keep the C-in-C informed if he wished.

To enable the Commander-in-Chief Far East to carry out his functions, he was allowed a small staff, initially consisting of seven officers drawn from all three Services with the necessary clerical and cipher staff. For intelligence purposes, he had at his disposal the Far East Combined Bureau, though it remained under Admiralty control. Although the establishment of his staff was later increased to fifteen it was never large enough. The Naval Base was a considerable distance across Singapore from the Malaya Army Headquarters which discouraged frequent meetings.

On 5 December 1941 London gave permission for C-in-C Far East Command to decide if Operation Matador should be activated. The chief strategic decision to be decided was whether Siam should be invaded in a pre-emptive move, before any Japanese landings took place. The Malaya Command was responsible for the planning of Operation Matador.

When the Allied governments appointed General Sir Archibald Wavell as supreme commander of American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), British Far East Command became redundant because its functions would in future be carried out by ABDACOM. So when Wavell arrived in Singapore, where the British Far East Command was based, on 7 January 1942, ABDACOM absorbed the British command in its entirety and C-in-C Far East Command Henry Royds Pownall became Wavell's Chief of Staff. On 15 January, Wavell moved his headquarters to Lembang near Bandung on Java and assumed control of Allied operations.

Commanders-in-Chief
Commanders-in-Chief have included:

After the Far East came under the jurisdiction, from August 1943, of South East Asia Command ('SEAC'). The initial land forces operational area for SEAC had been India, Burma, Ceylon, British Malaya, Sumatra, and, for offensive operations, Siam (Thailand) and French Indochina. On 15 August 1945 this was expanded to include the Dutch East Indies and French Indochina. SEAC was disbanded in 1946 and in 1947 the Army Command was reformed under the name Far East Land Forces.

General Officers Commanding included:
 * 1947 – 1948 General Sir Neil Ritchie
 * 1948 – 1951 General Sir John Harding
 * 1951 – 1953 General Sir Charles Keightley
 * 1953 – 1956 General Sir Charles Loewen
 * 1956 – 1958 General Sir Francis Festing
 * 1958 – 1961 General Sir Richard Hull
 * 1961 – 1963 Lieutenant General Sir Nigel Poett

1963–1971
1963 Far East Command was established, covering the region covered China, Hong Kong, British Commonwealth Occupation Force, Japan and Singapore. Major bases included Hong Kong (HMS Tamar) and Singapore. It was organised as an interservice command:
 * Far East Fleet
 * Far East Land Forces (FARELF) [British]
 * Australian Army Force
 * Far East Air Force

On 11 January 1971, Far East Command was disbanded at Singapore, succeeded by ANZUK Force.

Commanders-in-Chief
Commanders-in-Chief have included: British Commander-in-Chief, Far East Command
 * 24 April 1963 Admiral Sir Varyl Begg
 * 28 May 1965 Air Chief Marshal Sir John Grandy
 * 1 February 1967 General Sir Michael Carver
 * 7 March 1969 Admiral Sir Peter Hill-Norton
 * 1970 Air Chief Marshal Sir Brian Burnett

Commander, British Far East Land Forces
 * 10 April 1963 Lieutenant General Sir Reginald Hewetson
 * 8 June 1964 Lieutenant General Sir Alan Jolly
 * 28 July 1966 Lieutenant General Sir Michael Carver
 * 31 January 1967 Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Pearson
 * 16 November 1968 Lieutenant General Sir Peter Hunt
 * 10 October 1970 until 30 October 1971 Major General Sandy Thomas

title: British Far East Command


text:
Talk:Bear Mountain (South Dakota)

[ USGS GNIS entry] RedWolf 00:43, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bear Mountain (South Dakota)


text:
New Zealand national netball team

The New Zealand national netball team, commonly known as the Silver Ferns (Rau Hiriwā), represent Netball New Zealand in international netball tournaments such as the Netball World Cup, the Commonwealth Games, the Taini Jamison Trophy, the Constellation Cup, the Netball Quad Series and the Fast5 Netball World Series. They have also represented New Zealand at the World Games. New Zealand made their test debut in 1938. As of 2023, New Zealand have been world champions on five occasions and Commonwealth champions twice. They are regularly ranked number two in the World Netball Rankings.

Formation and early years
On 20 August 1938, New Zealand, captained by Margaret Matangi, made their test debut in an away match against at Australia at Royal Park, Melbourne. Australia defeated New Zealand 40–11. This was the first netball Test between Australia and New Zealand. It was also the world's first international netball match. On 20 August 1948, New Zealand, captained by Oonah Shannahan, hosted their first home test against Australia at Forbury Park. Australia defeated New Zealand 27–16.

Rivalry with Australia
New Zealand's main rivals in international netball are Australia. Between 1963 and 2015, the two teams dominated the World Netball Championships and Commonwealth Games tournaments. Since 2010 the two teams have also competed for the Constellation Cup. Notable and memorable clashes have included the finals of the 1991, 1999 and 2011 World Netball Championships, the finals of the 2010 and the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the final match of the 2013 Constellation Cup.

Netball World Cup
New Zealand have competed at every World Netball Championships and/or Netball World Cup since the inaugural 1963 tournament. At the 1963 tournament, New Zealand were captained by Pamela Edwards, with Lois Muir as vice-captain. Australia defeated New Zealand 37–36 in a closely contested final. After winning the 1967 World Netball Championships, New Zealand were world champions for the first time. The team was coached by Taini Jamison and captained by Judy Blair. In the final they beat Australia 40–43. Joan Harnett emerged as the star for New Zealand and was named player of the tournament. In 1996 the team was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame.

At the 1979 World Netball Championships, New Zealand shared the gold medal with Australia and Trinidad and Tobago. After winning the 1987 World Netball Championships, with a team coached by Lois Muir and captained by Leigh Gibbs, New Zealand were world champions for a third time. New Zealand were dominant in group play, winning all eight matches. That saw them advance to a final round with Australia, England and Trinidad and Tobago. New Zealand were the only team to win all three of their games and were subsequently declared world champions. In 1996, the 1987 team was also inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame.

At the 2003 World Netball Championships, with a team captained by Anna Rowberry, New Zealand won their fourth title. In the final they defeated Australia 49–47. At the 2003 Halberg Awards, the Silver Ferns won both the main award and were named Team of the Year. Their head coach, Ruth Aitken, was named Coach of the Year and Irene van Dyk, who scored 41 from 43 in the final, was named Sportswoman of the Year.

New Zealand were world champions for a fifth time when, with a team captained by Laura Langman and featuring Casey Kopua and Maria Folau, they won the 2019 Netball World Cup. In just fourteen months, head coach Noeline Taurua turned a team, demoralised at missing out on a medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, into world champions. New Zealand rebounded from a round robin defeat to Australia to defeat them 52–51 in the final. At the 2019 Halberg Awards, the Silver Ferns won both the Halberg Award Supreme and were named Team of the Year. Winning the 2019 Netball World Cup was declared New Zealand's Favourite Sports Moment and Taurua, was named Coach of the Year. The team were also awarded the 2019 Lonsdale Cup.

Source:

World Games
Between 1985 and 1993, New Zealand competed at the World Games, winning two gold and one silver medals. With a team captained by Lyn Parker, New Zealand defeated Australia 39–37 in the final to win the inaugural title. At the 1989 tournament, a New Zealand team captained by Waimarama Taumaunu, defeated Australia 33–29. At the 1989 Halberg Awards, the Silver Ferns were named Team of the Year and their head coach, Lyn Parker, was named Coach of the Year.

Source:

Commonwealth Games
New Zealand has competed at every netball tournament at the Commonwealth Games. In 1990 they lost to Australia in a one-off match when netball was a demonstration sport. Between 1998 and 2014 they played in every tournament final, winning two gold and three silver medals. In 2006 New Zealand won the gold medal for the first time with a 60–55 win over Australia. In 2010, New Zealand, led by Maria Tutaia and Irene van Dyk, won their second gold medal after they defeated Australia 66–64 in an epic encounter. Tutaia scored the winning goal in double extra time after 84 minutes of play. The Silver Ferns were also awarded the 2010 Lonsdale Cup.

Sources:

Taini Jamison Trophy
Since 2008, Netball New Zealand has hosted the Taini Jamison Trophy. The trophy is contested with visiting teams, other than Australia. Teams to compete have included England, Jamaica, South Africa, Malawi, Fiji and Samoa.

Constellation Cup
Since 2010, New Zealand and Australia have competed for the Constellation Cup. New Zealand won the trophy for the first time in 2012 and for a second time in 2021.

Netball Quad Series/Netball Nations Cup
Since 2016, New Zealand have competed in the Netball Quad Series, playing against Australia, England and South Africa. The Silver Ferns won their first Quad Series title in September 2017. In 2020, the Quad Series was briefly replaced by a Nations Cup tournament. New Zealand won this tournament.

Fast5 Netball World Series
Since 2009, the Fast5 Ferns have played in the Fast5 Netball World Series. They have been the dominant team in the series. Between 2009 and 2018, they won seven of the nine tournaments played.

Most-capped internationals

Sources:

New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame
The following New Zealand netball internationals have been inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame.

Sources:

Selected captains
The following New Zealand netball internationals captained the team when they won the gold medal at the Netball World Cup, the Commonwealth Games and  the World Games.

Head coaches

Sources:

Honours

 * World Netball Championships/Netball World Cup
 * Winners: 1967, 1979, 1987, 2003, 2019
 * Runners up: 1963, 1971, 1983, 1991, 1999, 2007, 2011, 2015
 * Commonwealth Games
 * Winners: 2006, 2010
 * Runners Up: 1998, 2002, 2014
 * Taini Jamison Trophy
 * Winners: 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
 * Runners Up: 2009, 2018, 2021
 * Constellation Cup
 * Winners: 2012, 2021
 * Runners Up: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022
 * Netball Quad Series
 * Winners: 2017 (August/September), 2020
 * Runners Up: 2016, 2017 (January/February), 2023
 * World Games
 * Winners: 1985, 1989: 2
 * Runners up: 1993
 * Fast5 Netball World Series
 * Winners: 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018
 * Runners up: 2011, 2023
 * Lonsdale Cup
 * Winners: 2010, 2019
 * Halberg Awards – Supreme Award
 * Winners: 2003, 2019
 * Halberg Awards – Team of the Year
 * Winners: 1989, 2003, 2019
 * New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame
 * Inductees: 1967, 1987

title: New Zealand national netball team


text:
Mogami-class cruiser

The Mogami class (最上型) was a ship class of four cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1930s. They were initially classified as light cruisers under the weight and armament restrictions of the London Naval Treaty. After Japan abrogated that agreement, all four ships were rearmed with larger guns and reclassified as heavy cruisers. All participated in World War II and were sunk.

Design
For the 1931 Fleet Replenishment Program, believing themselves understrength in cruisers, the IJN chose to build to the maximum allowed by the Washington Naval Treaty. This resulted in the choice of 155 mm guns in five triple turrets (a first for Japan) in the Mogamis, also capable of 55° elevation, making the Mogamis one of the very few classes of cruiser to have a dual purpose (DP) main battery; this was coupled with very heavy anti-aircraft protection, as well as the standard reloadable, turreted torpedo launchers, also unique to the IJN.

To save weight and improve transverse stability, the class was given a more compact and lower superstructure, made of aluminium, which was welded rather than riveted. Only ten boilers could be fit under the weight limits (compared to twelve in the previous Takao-class cruiser and Myōkō-class cruiser classes), and the chimney arrangement was designed to minimize weight as well; the middle funnel featured no chimney of its own, instead venting its exhaust gasses into the underside of the forward chimney, which itself was reclined from its base so that, at its top, it merged with the aft funnel's chimney. The new geared impulse turbines added 22,000 shp over Atago, increasing the top speed by 1.5 kn. Protection, however, was not stinted on; the class proved able to take substantial punishment.

The declared weight was 8,500 tons, though the true design weight was 9,500 and at trials they would displace 11,169 tons. “They must be building their ships out of cardboard or lying” said the Royal Navy’s Director of Naval Construction (DNC) in 1935 when briefed by Naval Intelligence about the public displacement figure announced by the Japanese.

The designers, however, had overreached; excessive topweight led to instability, and gunnery trials revealed cracking hull welds. Hull bulges were retrofitted to Mogami and Mikuma, and added to Kumano and Suzuya, increasing beam to 20.5 m and displacement to 11,200 tons, cutting speed by 2 kn.

Following Japan's withdrawal from the Second London Naval Treaty, plans were made to modernize and expand the entire fleet. Beginning in 1939, the class was brought in for substantial reconstruction, replacing the triple 155 mm turrets with twin 203 mm (8-inch) guns, turning over the 155 mm turrets for the battleships of the Yamato-class battleship. Indeed, the designers had designed the class in mind so that the 6-inch guns could be switched with 8-inch batteries, in effect making them heavy cruisers and skirting the London Naval Treaty, though the Japanese had withdrawn from the conference and were not signatories to the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.

Torpedo bulges were also added; in all, displacement rose to over 13,000 tons, and speed dropped to 35 kn.

The United States Navy's Brooklyn-class cruisers were designed specifically to counter the Mogami class, and as a result had a very similar armament to the pre-refit Mogamis, in a nearly identical layout, although the US-pattern 6-inch/47-caliber gun was semi-automatic, with a higher rate of fire and the three weapons in each turret mounted in a single sleeve. Japan's choice of the 155 mm gun caliber is curious, as Japan already had a 6-inch (152 mm) weapon in service, of nearly equal performance. In spite of the resulting multiplicity of similar gun calibers, Japan resented the 5-5-3 treaty ratios, and had vowed to build to the very limit allowed by the 1922 Washington and 1930 London Naval Treaties. As the French had already used a 155 mm main battery in the three Duguay-Trouin-class cruisers (1922–1926), this became the largest gun caliber allowed for light cruisers under the 1930 London Naval Treaty. This line of reasoning is wrong though: The shell of the 155mm version of the gun weighed 56kg versus 45kg of the ever so slightly smaller caliber. The new gun was a new design, not a minor modification to an existing design.

War service
All four ships participated in the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies. Mogami and Mikuma were present at the Battle of Sunda Strait and contributed to the sinkings of the cruisers HMAS Perth (1934) and USS Houston (CA-30).

In June 1942, all four took part in the Battle of Midway, where Mogami and Mikuma collided trying to avoid a submarine attack; Mikuma was finished off on 6 June 1942 by aircraft from aircraft carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8). The heavily damaged Mogami limped home and spent ten months in yard, during which her afterparts were completely rebuilt, and "X" and "Y" turrets were replaced by a flight deck (with the intention to operate 11 aircraft).

In October 1944, the survivors were reunited at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Mogami, heavily damaged by a collision with the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Nachi, cruiser gunfire, and aerial attack, was scuttled by the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Akebono, while Kumano limped into Manila harbor on one boiler, to be sunk by Halsey's aviators on 25 November 1944; the US escort carrier planes mauled Suzuya at Leyte, which was scuttled by the destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Okinami on 25 October.

title: Mogami-class cruiser


text:
Bombing of Wieluń

The bombing of Wieluń is considered by many to be the first major act of World War II, and the September Campaign. After Luftwaffe air units moved into Polish airspace in the early morning of 1 September, they reached the town of Wieluń by 04:40–45. Around this time, the first strikes on the town were conducted, with a total of 46,000 kg bombs being dropped on civilian targets for 9 consecutive hours. Elsewhere, the Battle of Westerplatte and Danzig skirmishes began around the same time (04:45), starting the well-coordinated Invasion of Poland.

Located near the German border, the town of Wieluń was completely undefended, lacking anti-air capabilities and a military garrison. Despite Wieluń having no military targets, airstrikes continued. German intelligence reports had stated there was a Polish cavalry brigade stationed in the town. The Luftwaffe had reportedly bombed a "clearly marked" hospital, and strafed fleeing civilians, and also bombed the nearby towns of Działoszyn, Radomsko, and Sulejów, which also had no military targets.

In the aftermath, 127 civilian casualties were reported – possibly "several hundred" – but the exact number remains unknown. 70% of the town (90 percent, in the city center) was destroyed.

As the attack on the town happened without a declaration of war, it constituted the first German war crime in World War II, because it violated the 1907 Hague Convention III - Opening of Hostilities prohibiting hostilities against neutral powers without notification of a declaration of war.

Timing
The exact time the first bombs fell on Wieluń on the morning of 1 September 1939 has been a subject of debate, particularly in reference to claims that the town's bombing was the first overt act of World War II, preceding by five minutes the shelling of Westerplatte at 04:45, which has traditionally been considered the opening of the war.

The time given by most Polish sources is 04:40, but this is an average of eyewitness reports on various phases of the initial bombing run, which likely lasted more than a minute. Polish historian Tadeusz Olejnik reports a number of accounts of the first bombs falling as early as 04:30. Another Polish historian, Jan Książek, described 04:40 as a "certainly confirmed" time.

German sources report the time as 05:40, based on German flight documents (Startzeit: 5.02, Angriffzeit: 5.40, Landezeit: 06.05: take-off 05:02, attack 05:40, landing 06:05). The time difference, 04:40 versus 05:40, has been attributed by several writers, such as journalist, to a summer time-difference between Poland and Germany. Other historians, such as Grzegorz Bębnik, disagree that there was a time difference and give the attack time as 05:40; he also cites an eyewitness account giving the attack time as "shortly before 6 a.m." and notes that the eyewitness testimonies are likely unreliable as they were collected in 1961, two years after a commemorative plaque was put up in the town, giving the time as 04:40. He concludes the eyewitnesses were likely influenced by the plaque, which "corrected" their memories. In 2004 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance stated that there was no time difference between Poland and Germany and gave the time of initial bombing as 05:40.

Even if the time 04:40 was to be correct, several historians identify the first (aerial) action of the war as the bombing of the key Tczew bridge in the Pomeranian Corridor by bombers from Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 around 04:30.

Events
On 1 September 1939, 29 Junkers Ju 87B Stukas of I group Sturzkampfgeschwader 76, under command of Captain (Hauptmann) Walter Sigel, took off from Nieder-Ellguth airfield. Half an hour later they reached Wieluń unopposed and dropped 29 500-kilogram bombs and 112 50-kilogram bombs. One of the first places hit was the hospital, which likely had Red Cross markings; 32 persons in the hospital were killed. After the hospital began burning, German pilots strafed patients trying to escape the building. Within the hour all 29 aircraft landed back at Nieder-Ellguth, where Sigel reported "no noteworthy observation of the enemy." German pilots reported "blue skies" during the attack and gave detailed descriptions of buildings bombed. After the initial attack, German pilots reported no enemy presence in Wieluń. Two Dornier Do 17 reconnaissance planes that had surveyed the area between 04:50 and 05:02 for Polish military units, reported locating several, the nearest to the town being in a forest 12 km southwest of Wieluń.

Several more waves bombed the town; sources vary as to the number. One of the latter waves, described by Piątkowski as the second, of Stuka bombers of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 77, was commanded by Captain Friedrich-Karl Freiherr von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels. Książek describes the second wave, which bombed the town at 05:08 (or 06:08, according to the IPN, which does not name its commander, only the unit: I/StG 77 ), as being commanded by Captain von Schönborn, likewise of Sturzkampfgeschwader 77. II./Sturzkampfgeschwader 77, was actually commanded by Hauptmann Clemens Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid.

At 13:00 hours (or 14:00 ) a third wave of 29 Stukas of Sturzkampfgeschwader 2, commanded by Major Oskar Dinort from Nieder-Ellguth, struck Wieluń. However, Bębnik writes that the third wave, commanded by Major Dinort, bombed the town around 08:00 and 9:00 a.m. This was followed by a fourth wave about 14:00 hours, commanded by Günter Schwartzkopff, of 60 Ju 87 Stukas of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 77. Based on German documents, Bębnik concludes that three morning waves and one lighter, afternoon wave of bombing can be confirmed.

The city was bombed with extreme precision, from low altitude due to the absence of air defenses. After the bombing, the Germans strafed fleeing civilians. The town was captured by the German Army on the first day of the invasion.

In all, 380 bombs totaling 46,000 kilograms were dropped on the town, hitting the hospital and destroying 70% of the town's buildings, including as much as 90% in the city center. Other estimates have suggested 75% of buildings destroyed. Casualty estimates vary substantially, as an accurate casualty count does not exist since no comprehensive analysis of damage was carried out until after the war. Early estimates from the People's Republic of Poland gave a number of 2169 fatalities; as time went by they have been revised and lowered. Norman Davies, who cited the number of "1,290 townspeople killed", common in older research, still relatively often reported in modern media, called the casualty rate "more than twice as high as Guernica's or Coventry's". In 2013, historian Piątkowski stated that the number of confirmed casualties is 127 and writes that the estimate of some 1,200 is incorrect as it represents the number of fatalities in all of Wieluń County. A similar conclusion was reached in a 2004 Institute of National Remembrance report, which stated that, while the number of casualties was likely in the range of "several hundred", there are insufficient sources to arrive at a conclusive number, and only 127 have been identified beyond all doubt.

Purpose
Piątkowski writes that some historians, such as Grzegorz Bębnik and, describe the bombings as having resulted from faulty reconnaissance or intelligence. German historian Rolf-Dieter Müller writes that, while the town might not have contained military targets, German pilots bombed it due to poor visibility, assuming there were military targets present. Several accounts state that the German command had received reports of the possible presence of Polish cavalry of the Wołyń Cavalry Brigade in the town's vicinity, and at least one German pilot described the bombing of cavalry targets in the town itself. However, other German pilots had reported no military targets present. German historian Jochen Böhler writes that the first operational report by Sturzkampfgeschwader 76 stated there had been "no enemy sightings", a finding corroborated by Poland's Institute of National Remembrance, which concluded there were no Polish military targets or units in the city or vicinity on 1 September or the preceding day—as had already earlier been stated as well by a number of historians.

Most historians agree that the town contained no targets of military value. Historian Timothy Snyder suggests that the civilian population itself may have been the primary target: "The Germans had chosen a locality bereft of military significance as the site of a lethal experiment. Could a modern air force terrorize a civilian population by deliberate bombing?" This view has also been supported by Polish historians Tadeusz Olejnik and Bogumił Rudawski. Another view of a number of historians is that the destruction of the town infrastructure may have been the raids' aim, in order to test the tactics and firepower of the Luftwaffe, in particular of the new Ju 87B bomber. Two weeks before the war began, Germany's Chief of the General Staff Franz Halder mentioned in his war diary a plan called "Offensive Operation Red in the Wieluń area". In the first days of the war, the Luftwaffe launched several further attacks in the area, including on the small towns of Działoszyn and Kamieńsk, and produced aerial photographs of the effectiveness of attacks on other towns.

Halder distinguished in his war diary between "terror attacks" and attacks on military targets. German historian Hans-Erich Volkmann notes that, for the German 10th Army, which was the critical military factor in this section of the front, Wieluń would have had no operational, let alone strategic, importance to justify its bombing. The commander responsible for the Luftwaffe, Wolfram von Richthofen, would have personally ordered the attack. Volkmann, like Böhler, observes that while Richthofen might not have intended it as a "terror attack", he had selected Wieluń as a target close to the border in order to test the capabilities and operational effectiveness of his dive bombers, if possible without losses to his own force. Volkmann characterizes the destruction of Wieluń as an attack on a non-military target and therefore as a war crime. Similar reasons for bombing a defenseless small town are given by historian Norman Davies for the bombing of Frampol two weeks later: "Frampol was chosen partly because it was completely defenceless, and partly because its baroque street plan presented a perfect geometric grid for calculations and measurements."

Piątkowski, analyzing the bombing from the perspective of aerial bombardment and international law, concludes that the bombing constituted a violation of a number of war norms, in particular relating to humanitarianism and proportional force. He also discusses the applicability of the term "terror bombing" in the light of a never-adopted 1923 draft convention (The Hague Rules of Air Warfare) that introduced the term. He concludes that, in order to describe the Wieluń raids as terror bombing, documents would have to prove that the real reason for the bombing was the terrorizing of the civilian populace and not a misidentification of military targets.

Legal scholar Antoni Zakrzewski wrote:

"Despite the aforementioned debates, Wieluń remains the first assault involving civilian casualties of the Second World War, and many see it as a symbol of Polish suffering during the war. As such, it is being compared to Guernica – a town destroyed in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, no less but by the same Luftwaffe forces under the command of the field marshal Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen."

Major landmarks, damaged or destroyed
Targets destroyed by German bombing included:
 * The Collegiate Church in Wieluń, built in the 13th–14th centuries
 * A mid-19th-century synagogue in Wieluń
 * The 14th-century Augustinian cloister in Wieluń
 * One wing of the 19th-century castle in Wieluń
 * The All Saints Hospital in Wieluń, with a clear Red Cross roof sign, whose bombing killed 32 persons, including 26 patients
 * The 15th-century city walls in Wieluń, severely damaged
 * Over a dozen historic 18th- and early-19th-century houses

The city hall, with its 14th-century Kraków Gate, survived when a bomb got stuck in the city hall's roof and failed to explode.

Remembrance
The first scholarly study of the bombing was performed in 1961 by Barbara Bojarska, based on her interviews with 14 Polish witnesses.

The attack on Wieluń has been commemorated by several Polish Presidents. In 2004 President Aleksander Kwasniewski unveiled a monument to the city's fallen residents, saying that "here total war was waged, not distinguishing between civilians and military, with the aim of mass extermination." In 2009 President Lech Kaczynski visited, emphasizing that "Wieluń is a symbol of total war." In 2017 President Andrzej Duda visited and "remind[ed] the world that the war started in Poland, on Westerplatte, but that in the first days the highest losses were sustained by civilians, and that Nazi Germany committed atrocities in bombing innocent populations."

The bombing of Wieluń is part of an exhibit at the German Bundeswehr Military History Museum in Dresden.

Prosecution attempts
Two attempts, in 1978 and 1983, to prosecute individuals for the bombing of the Wieluń hospital were dismissed by West German judges when prosecutors stated that, in the morning fog, the pilots had been unable to make out the nature of the structure.

title: Bombing of Wieluń


text:
Cenobite (Hellraiser)

The Cenobites are fictional, extra-dimensional, and seemingly demonic beings who appear in the works of Clive Barker. Introduced in Barker's 1986 novella The Hellbound Heart, they also appear in its sequel novel The Scarlet Gospels, the Hellraiser films, and in Hellraiser comic books published (intermittently) between 1987 and 2017. In the novel Weaveworld, they are mentioned in passing as "The Surgeons". The Cenobites appear in prose stories authorized but not written by Clive Barker, such as the anthology Hellbound Hearts edited by Paul Kane and Marie O'Regan, the novella Hellraiser: The Toll (plotted by Barker and written by Mark Alan Miller), and the novel Sherlock Holmes and the Servants of Hell written by Paul Kane.

The most popular of the Cenobites was nameless in the original novella but was then nicknamed "Pinhead" by the production crew and fans of the first Hellraiser movie. In The Scarlet Gospels, he was given the official name of "The Hell Priest" by Barker.

Etymology
Etymologically the definition of the term "cenobite" represents the member of a religious order, who lives in a monastic community. Cenobite in the Hellraiser franchise represents a member of a masochistic religious community, priest of Leviathan.

Attributes
The Hellbound Heart says the Cenobites are also known as "The Order of the Gash". Cenobites were once human, having transformed to their current state in their pursuit of gratification. Cenobites are so removed from their former humanity and so dedicated to exploring physical experience that they no longer distinguish between sensations of pleasure and pain. Humans who summon the Cenobites, either by accident or in hopes of experiencing pleasures unknown on Earth, are often taken to their home dimension and become "experiments" in discovering the limits of physical experience, resulting in torture for eternity.

The Cenobites vary in number, appearance, and motivations depending on the medium (film, comic book, etc.) in which they appear. The involvement of multiple parties in the production of Hellraiser films and comics (many eschewing the creative supervision of Clive Barker) has led to varying levels of consistency with respect to their philosophies and abilities; for instance, their powers were much reduced in the 1992 film Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth compared with the first two films. The original novella and first two films indicate they are morally ambiguous ("demons to some, angels to others") but later films and comics depict them as often malicious and taking delight in causing harm. The only constants are that they take the form of ritually mutilated people with varying degrees of human characteristics, and that they can only reach Earth's reality when summoned through a schism in time and space, which is opened and closed using a puzzle box known as the Lament Configuration or, as described in the original story, the Lemarchand Configuration.

Concept and design
After being disappointed with the way his material had been treated by producers in Underworld, Barker wrote The Hellbound Heart as his first step in directing a film by himself. The book describes a group of sadomasochistic entities who live in an extra-dimensional realm, where they perform "experiments" on humans in extreme sexual experiences. Although antagonist Frank Cotton believes they will take the form of beautiful women, they appear instead as monsters:

"Why then was he so distressed to set eyes upon them? Was it the scars that covered every inch of their bodies, the flesh cosmetically punctured and sliced and infibulated, then dusted down with ash? ... No women, no sighs. Only these sexless things, with their corrugated flesh."

Author David McWilliam notes that the Cenobites are described in more explicitly sexual terms in the book compared with their depictions in the film adaptations. The four Cenobites described in the book each present unique mutilations and modifications: one Cenobite has stitches through its eyelids and a system of chains with bells hooked into various parts of its body; another has a grid tattooed to its head with jeweled pins driven into its skull at the intersections; the eyes of yet another are swollen shut and its mouth heavily disfigured; finally, a female Cenobite has undergone elaborate scarification to her pubis. The fifth, lead Cenobite, referred to as "The Engineer", appears briefly in the book's climax as an average human being whose body glows with intense light when he travels between realms.

After securing funding for a motion picture adaptation in early 1986, Barker and his producer Chris Figg assembled a team to design the cenobites. Among the team was Bob Keen and Geoff Portass at Image Animation and Jane Wildgoose, a costume designer who was requested to make a series of costumes for four or five "super-butchers" while refining the scarification designs with Image Animation.

"My notes say that he wanted "1. areas of revealed flesh where some kind of torture has, or is occurring. 2. something associated with butchery involved" and then here we have a very Clive turn of phrase, I've written down, "repulsive glamour". And the other notes that I made about what he wanted was that they should be "magnificent super-butchers". There would be one or two of them with some "hangers on" as he put it, and that there would be four or five altogether."

Barker drew inspiration for the Cenobite designs from punk fashion, Catholicism, and by the visits he took to BDSM clubs in New York City and Amsterdam. Each of the four primary Cenobites from The Hellbound Heart were featured in the film, with appearances based upon their descriptions in the book. The first Cenobite became Butterball, the second Pinhead, the third Chatterer, and the fourth The Female. The Engineer was drastically altered for the film, taking the form of a giant creature with characteristics of different predatory animals.

In written works

 * The Hellbound Heart (1986) – The original novella, introducing the Cenobites and the Lemarchand Configuration puzzle box. Though a few Cenobites are described, only one called the Engineer is named. One Cenobite is described as having a grid pattern tattooed to his head, with jeweled pins embedded in each intersection. This story's character Kirsty (no last name given) is later adapted into the protagonist Kirsty Cotton in multiple Hellraiser films and comics.
 * Hellbound Hearts (2009) – An authorized anthology featuring other creators telling their own stories featuring the Cenobites, edited by Paul Kane and Marie O'Regan. Includes works by Neil Gaiman, Dave McKean, Kelley Armstong, Mike Mignola, Steve Niles, Tim Lebbon, Christopher Golden, Conrad Williams, Nancy Holder, Sarah Langan, and Chaz Brenchley. The book includes a foreword by Clive Barker, an introduction by Stephen Jones who worked on the Hellraiser films, and an afterword by Doug Bradley who portrays Pinhead in the films.
 * The Scarlet Gospels (2015) – A novel by Clive Barker wherein the "Pinhead" Cenobite is officially named the Hell Priest and encounters Harry D'Amour, the occult detective of several Barker prose stories and his film Lord of Illusions. The novel delves into the Hell Priest's role in Hell and his ultimate goals. The Cenobites are shown to reside in a monastery that overlooks Hell's capital city and are led by an Abbott until Pinhead kills them all.
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Servants of Hell (2016) – An authorized novel written by Paul Kane, featuring Sherlock Holmes encountering the Cenobites and a man named Henri D'Amour.
 * Hellraiser: The Toll (2018) – Plotted by Clive Barker (who also provided artwork) and written by Mark Alan Miller, this novella acts as a bridge between The Hellbound Heart and The Scarlet Gospels, though it is also intended to work as a standalone story. The novella brings back Kirsty from The Hellbound Heart and gives her the last name Singer (as opposed to Cotton as it is in the films). The story reveals that the Hell Priest is also known to some as "the Cold Man".

Hellraiser films
In the second film Hellbound: Hellraiser II, written by Clive Barker, the home of the Cenobites is revealed as a labyrinth-like dimension (possibly a part of the Christian Hell or a different place that inspired some myths of Hell) ruled over by a demonic entity called Leviathan, the creator of Cenobites. The film has Kirsty Cotton remind Pinhead and his group of Cenobites of their human origins. This spiritually weakens them and they are then seemingly destroyed. Barker wanted the villain Julia, played by Claire Higgins in both the first and second film, to carry the series as its main antagonist, reducing the Cenobites to a background role. However, Higgins declined to return to the series and fans rallied around Pinhead, portrayed by Doug Bradley, as the breakout character and main villain/anti-hero of the series. Pinhead's nature and past are explored in Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth, where it is revealed he was not killed but simply had his human self freed, resulting in the Cenobite now existing without morality or restraint. The film ends with the human Elliott Spencer merging with Pinhead once more in order to stop the chaos and reintroduce restraint and a respect for rules into the Cenobite.

As the films continued, the stories were largely stand alone but Pinhead was a constant presence, though sometimes only briefly appearing. In The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, David McWilliam writes that the Cenobites "provide continuity across the series, as the stories become increasingly stand-alone in nature".

Hellraiser comic book series
Following the success of Hellraiser and Hellbound: Hellraiser II, Epic Comics published a Hellraiser spin-off comic series last twenty issues from 1989 to 1992. The comics featured several short stories written by new writers and artists, with Clive Barker acting as a creative consultant.

In 2011, Boom! Studios began a new comic book series following the canon of the first three Hellraiser films. The initial premise is that Pinhead is now bored with his existence as a Cenobite and plots a way to return to mortality. The series also involves Kirsty Cotton and Barker's occult detective Harry D'Amour.

List of Notable Cenobites

 * Pinhead/The Hell Priest
 * Chatterer
 * The Female/Deepthroat
 * Butterball
 * The Doctor/Phillip Channard
 * Barbie
 * Camerahead
 * CD Head
 * Dreamer
 * Pistonhead
 * Angelique
 * Siamese Twins
 * Chatterer Beast
 * Wire Twins
 * Torso
 * Stitch
 * Bound
 * Little Sister
 * Surgeon
 * The Auditor
 * The Assessor
 * The Gasp
 * The Weeper
 * The Asphyx
 * The Masque
 * The Mother

title: Cenobite (Hellraiser)


text:
Cenobites (album)

The Cenobites LP is the eponymous debut album by the American hip hop duo the Cenobites, composed of rapper Kool Keith and producer Godfather Don. It was first released as an EP in 1995 via Fondle 'Em Records and was later expanded for LP in 1997 and CD in 2000. Percee P and Bobbito Garcia made guest appearances on the record.

History
In 1992, South Bronx innovators Ultramagnetic MC's recruited little known MC/producer Godfather Don to assist them on their third LP, The Four Horsemen. The dark, jazzy sound he contributed was something of a departure for the group, which was known for its futuristic funk. During and after the album's recording, additional material featuring Kool Keith and Godfather Don was created for the Cenobites side project.

Radio personality Bobbito Garcia aka DJ Cucumberslice, a longtime fan and supporter of Ultramagnetic, dropped the Cenubites EP in 1995 on his own Fondle 'Em label. He also made his rapping debut as a featured performer on two of the disc's eight tracks. Another South Bronx veteran, Percee P, also contributed a guest appearance. All the artists involved with the project were regulars on WKCR's Stretch Armstrong radio show in the early '90s, of which Bobbito was co-host.

Rumour has it that this album was recorded in a week, during a period where Kool Keith & Godfather Don locked themselves away from the outside world (in a basement), only adding additional vocals after they emerged from their retreat. This would be in keeping with the name of the group "Cenobite", as Cenobites are monks who would often shun the outside world in favor of a hermit type of life.

Release
Originally released as a seven-track extended play in 1995, it was reissued as nine-track longplay record with two more tracks added into it and retitled the Cenobites LP. A CD version was finally issued in 2000 with another bonus track, an extended version of Ultramagnetic MCs' "Checkin' My Style" renamed "Return To Zero", which boasted a previously omitted Godather Don verse.

A handful of the Cenobites tracks remain officially unreleased including: "You Lose," "Lazy Woman," "Cold Peein' On 'Em," "Break 'Em Down" and "We Can Do This (ft. Mike L & TR Love)". In addition, Kool Keith and Godfather Don appeared together on Raw Breed's "Rampage/Outta Control" with the legendary Melle Mel, and reunited in 1998 for Godfather Don's "Voices".

Track listing

 * 1995 EP

 * 1997 LP

Personnel

 * Rodney Chapman – main artist, producer, vocals
 * Keith Matthew Thornton – main artist, vocals
 * Bobbito Garcia – featured artist, executive producer
 * John Percy Simon – featured artist
 * Christopher Scott – mastering

title: Cenobites (album)