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Roses Tournament

The Roses Tournament is an annual varsity sports competition between Lancaster University and the University of York in England, often described as the largest inter-university sports tournament in Europe. It is organised by their respective Students' Unions, YUSU and LUSU. It takes its name from the 15th-century civil war, the Wars of the Roses, between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire are traditionally symbolized by the red and the white rose respectively, although some York teams today play in gold and black kits. The competition is held every year during the early May bank holiday weekend, alternating its venue between the two universities.

History
The first event happened on 15 May 1965 after the Vice-Chancellor of York, Lord James of Rusholme, suggested a boat race between the two universities. The students amplified this idea and held a 5-day event with a variety of sports: rowing, table tennis, relay race, mixed field hockey, and tug of war. The winner of each of the sports received two points, and the losing vice-chancellor presented a trophy to the winning university. The event has continued to increase in size since its founding, with new events added every year (2004 had 37 different sports). Live coverage of the event is broadcast every year by a joint collaboration between the two university's student television stations YSTV and LA1:TV, and its two student radio stations, Bailrigg FM and University Radio York. The importance of non-sporting social activities at the event has also been increased, with organised events on the Friday and Saturday evenings.

In 1989, Roses celebrated its silver Jubilee with Rugby, Rowing, A boat race and Tug of War some of the 30 sports. York would win the tournament by 101-97 with a 3-1 win in the Soccer securing the win.

In the 2012 tournament a stadium was used for the first time. The Rugby 1sts XV battled it out at Huntington Stadium, the home of the York City Knights. During the 2013 tournament York opted to use the same venue again, for the second year running.

The Lancaster University Men's Hockey Club 4th Team, Lancaster Bombers American Football team and the Lancaster Trampolining team were the only teams to remain unbeaten in the history of the tournament to date going into Roses 2012, however all three teams lost to their York counterparts in 2012.

For the 50th battle of the Roses in 2014, the tournament was hosted at Lancaster, with the event highlighted with marketing across campus with players from all sports to boost morale. Lancaster created a purpose built stadium for first time which hosted both the opening and closing ceremony, as well as fixtures including women's rugby, men's rugby and archery. Wins were taken by Lancaster in sports that have previously been won by York annually, such as Rugby XV 3rds and 2nds, Men's Lacrosse and Badminton. The women's basketball fixture on the Sunday, won by Lancaster, took the university across the threshold needed to win the tournament. Octopush, a form of underwater hockey, was featured for the first time in the 2014 tournament. Bar sports were dominated by Lancaster, taking a whitewash in both pool and darts.

The 2015 tournament was officially opened by England football team manager Roy Hodgson and Football Association chairman Greg Dyke. The opening ceremony, which featured a series of boxing matches dubbed 'Friday Night Fight Night', was watched by 1,000 people in the University of York's Central Hall, with a further 5,000 people watching on large screens across campus. It was also the first year that one university had scored more than 200 points; however more point scoring activities are present now compared to 50 years ago.

Esports were introduced to the tournament for the first time in 2016 in the form of League of Legends, Dota 2 and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive.

The 2018 tournament saw the introduction of Dodgeball and Golf to the competition, as won by the Lancaster Royals.

In March 2020 it was announced that the event would be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a competition was held with the Roses tournament being replaced by a Virtual Roses tournament which was won by York.

The first Roses following the COVID-19 pandemic saw the largest win margin of the tournament's history as Lancaster beat York 241 points to 102.

Results

 * Lancaster: 29 wins (24 home, 5 away)
 * York: 28 wins (24 home, 4 away)
 * Draws: 1 (1 at Lancaster, 0 at York)

Current list of sports
The following sports were included in the 2023 edition of the tournament:

* In addition to the University teams, football and netball also includes matches between each university's intercollegiate league champions. Postgraduate and medical society teams have also appeared in some years.
 * American football
 * Archery
 * Badminton
 * Ballroom dance
 * Basketball
 * Canoe polo
 * Cheerleading
 * Climbing
 * Cricket
 * Cross Country
 * Cycling
 * Dance
 * Darts
 * Debating
 * Equestrian
 * Esports
 * Fencing
 * Football*
 * Futsal
 * Golf
 * Handball
 * Hockey
 * Indoor hockey
 * Korfball
 * Lacrosse
 * Martial Arts
 * Motorsport
 * Mountain Biking
 * Netball
 * Pole fitness
 * Pool
 * Powerlifting
 * Rowing
 * Rugby union
 * Sailing
 * Snooker
 * Snowsports
 * Squash
 * Swimming
 * Table tennis**
 * Tennis
 * Trampolining
 * Ultimate Frisbee
 * Underwater hockey
 * Volleyball
 * Water polo
 * Whitewater canoeing

** In 2023 table tennis is the 'Vice Chancellors' Fixture', with the sides consisting of the vice chancellor and the sports president. In past years, croquet is usually played between "executive" teams comprising some combination of chancellors, vice-chancellors and Students' Union presidents, and does not contribute any points to the overall score. In some years, this has been replaced with crown green bowls.

Summer Edition
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 edition of the annual Roses Tournament to be held at Lancaster University was cancelled. As an alternative, Lancaster University Students' Union and York University Students' Union created a virtual tournament on Facebook. Events took place in the form of challenges that participants would have to provide photographic or video evidence for. Challenges of were judged by Lancaster SU Vice-President for Activities, Victoria Hatch and York Sport Union President, Maddi Cannell. The tournament took place between 1–2 May 2020 and was won by York by a score of 2337-1971.

Charity fundraising was also done alongside the tournament, with a total of over £5000 being raised.

Opening Ceremony
The 'Opening Ceremony' for the tournament featured a number of video performances being uploaded to the Virtual Roses 2020 Facebook page on 1 May 2020. Sets were performed by Emily Millard, Lancaster's Brass Quintet, Lancaster's Clarinet Choir, Lancaster's Chamber Choir, Hamza Dalvi, Victoria Hatch, and Lancaster University Comedy Institute.

Events
There was a mix of events that were open to all, events that were only open to members of specific societies, and events only competed by specific individuals. Most events awarded 50 points for 1st place, 30 points for 2nd place, and 20 points for 3rd place. Some events awarded points for the number of participants each University had. Some events awarded 100 points for the winner.

Winter Edition
A winter edition of the Virtual Roses Tournament, to take place on Lancashire Day (27 November), was announced via the same Facebook page that hosted the summer edition on 17 November 2020. Lancaster won by a score of 40-22.

Roses Unlocked 2021
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 edition of the annual Roses Tournament to be held at York University was cancelled. As an alternative, Lancaster University Students' Union and York University Students' Union created "Roses Unlocked". Events took place in the form of a pentathlon consisting of a sprint, running, a static erg, a swim and a cycle between most uni sports teams and were live-streamed online. The tournament took place between 30 April–2 May 2021. York won by a score of 115-57.

title: Roses Tournament


text:
Talk:Epicanthic fold

Epicanthus vs Monolids
I wanna want to know what are the differences between Epicanthus and Monolids?
 * It is usual to add new posts to the bottom, not the top, of a talk page. Epicanthus means 'around the corner [of the eye]'. An epicanthic fold is a fold of skin that tends to cover the corner of the eye. Monolid is a slang term for when there is no visible crease of skin between the upper eyelid and the eyebrow. Strictly speaking the two are separate features, though they often occur together. In Epicanthus inversus the canthus is covered, but there is often no monolid. Urselius (talk) 13:40, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

An
.."An epithcanthal fold...is the origin of the...term "mongoloid."''
 * What does that mean? A-giau 10:23, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Just guessing here, but mongoloid now means people with down syndrome and asians. They both have the epicanthal fold. Mongoloid first refered to Asians (Mongol +oid) a bit latter it was applied to down syndrome people because they looked a bit asian. Hope this helps.Itler005 22:30, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * First, it's Down Syndrome (in caps) and Asians (in caps). Second, for at least the last thirty years it has been unacceptable to call people with Down Syndrome "Mongoloids", a practice which is demeaning to both Mongols and those affected with Down Syndrome. Myles325a (talk) 03:10, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

the term is still utilized in scientific literature by all sides e.g. asians, historically speaking the mongols have made significant impressions on the europeans - kahn and atilla - and since other asian ethnicities resemble the mongols more or less in facial characteristics , the europeans have made the connection from mongols to mongol-oids with oids meaning resembles.

in medical literature, the term is not used as of today. it's been discovered that people with down syndrome simply have excessive genetic content - they have an extra chromosome or part of an extra chromosome, the term to describe this phenomena is trisomy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.98.64.117 (talk) 17:33, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and should provide complete and accurate history and ideology of words and phrases which are relevant to an article. Should evolving standards of civility, tolerance, in deference to other cultural norms render an older word or phrase demeaning or politically incorrect, Wikipedia should not "rewrite" history, but rather, assume the modern norm is known or reference it parenthetically. Articles are written for a global audience and history has to be recorded accurately. It is more demeaning to whitewash over prejudices suffered by a group of people. Should the article regarding the Anne Carlsen Center omit any reference to the Crippled Children's School? 76.14.128.97 (talk) 17:22, 27 January 2012 (UTC)Da5id403 (talk) 17:29, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

Picture of Child With Downs Syndrome
The child in this photo does NOT have an epicanthic fold... Therefore this picture is inappropriate for this article and would best be removed. --69.216.135.167 17:56, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

America
Don't Amerindians and Eskimo have it too?

 * Many Latin Americans have it, too. This is because, like the American Indian and the Eskimo, their ancestors crossed over the Bering Strait landbridge tens of thousands of years ago.--YoungFreud 12:42, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Latin American isn't a race. Amerindian includes the original peoples of both continents. 107.77.64.22 (talk) 06:32, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Epicanthic folds are more common in Native Americans than most other populations in the world beside East/South East Asians. BUT, the occurance of epicanthic folds in Native Americans is much less prominant than with East Asians. They tend to be most common among indigenous of the northern most populations/tribes. I have also noted they also seem fairly common among some arawak tribes of the Amazon. 69.213.87.141 13:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Foolish white. the epicanthal fold is a sign of superiority and intelligence. Asians > cRA KERS

 * who are you calling white? Surely not I!

My Norwegian Father and Native American Grandmother (Muskogee Creek and Cherokee) had epicanthic folds. His parents and her children (Native and Scots Irish) did not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.255.122.159 (talk) 03:15, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

Irish
I'm not going to add this, because I want to hear confirmation from somebody with a stronger anthropology background; but I have read before that the expression 'Irish eyes' refers to the tendency among Irish people to have whole or partial epicanthic folds. John F Kennedy had such a feature. (I did too when I was a child, though according to the article this is common among children who aren't of Irish descent as well.) Quartier Latin   1968  02:25, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

i am scottish, with possible irish heritage, and i have very distinct epicanthal folds....

so in regards to the irish thing, well, yes so it seems so!

In response to the two posts above: I have never heard this before, but I'll have to add myself to the anecdotal evidence of epicanthal folds as a possible feature of people of Irish descent. I have had very distinct epicanthal folds since birth and on into adulthood and I am of English, Irish, and German extraction. No one else in my family has this trait, though, so I can't figure out where it came from. And I don't think that JFK can be said to have had epicanthal folds, based on looking at some pictures of him online. Coreyander 04:47, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

epicanthic fold is not unheard of in scottish peoples, this may be due to gentic backgrounds involving scythians via the pictish people or from the 5000 sarmation shoulder brought in by the romans. I have epicanthic fold as do many of my male relatives and Im scottish descent. Some of my relatives also have exhibited mongolian spot.

 * Oz Clarke, Billy Davies, Louis Walsh - British/Irish people with folds, off the top of my head. 167.1.176.4 (talk) 07:28, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Hi: Adding to conversation here. I keep coming across people on the net stating that they are 100% white yet have EPICANTHIC FOLDS. Usually they identify as Celtic, Portuguese, Spanish or Italian. It's understandable that many don't know what I'm about to share, we're not all geeks like me. So here goes.

Celtic? Theories have been put forth that the Celts are actually a hybrid group resulting from the mingling of Caucasian & Asiatic peoples in the regions of the Caucaus mountains/Eurasian steepe before begining their migrations west. Once arriving in the British Isles/Gaul they then interbreed w/ the resident population recorded as having dark complextions, eyes and hair. These persons have genetically been confirmed as having Asiatic and Cro-Magnon origins (ie Basques). Therefore, those thinking they have "100%" white Celtic blood, don't quite understand what Celtic really is. That's ok.

As for those 100% white Italians, Spanish and Portuguese. These regions consisted of the mingling of Caucasian, Asiatic, Middle Eastern and African peoples. Native Iberians interbreed with Celts. These offspring interbreed with Romans. Then came the Germanics and finally the Arabs, Berbers and other absorbed populations that arrived during the Moslem conquests which swept from Eurasia to the Atlantic. So its not suprising that those who think they are 100% white have EPICANTHIC FOLDS...they're not 100% white. And that's great. Kinda dispells the myth of racial purity in Western Europe doesn't it?

Quick side note, those from Scandanavia and Germany who claim pure "Aryan" blood need to realize that 1) their Viking forebears brought back captured women from Celtic Countries, the Middle East & Africa w/ whom they interbreed (making modern Scandavians), 2) the Norse interbreed w/ the indigenous Saami populations of Scandanavia who have genetically/linguistically shown to be of partial Asiatic & Cro-Magnon origin(again making modern Scandanavians), 3) the Roman legions placed on the Northern border of the Empire were largly taken from the Southern Provinces (North Africa & the Middle East) and gradually interbreed w/ the local Germanic populations. This was to lessen the risk of Roman soldiers joining with the subdued population in any insurrection.  So this supposed pure "Aryan" race (which by the way is an Sanskrit word appropriated by Germanic racists) never really existed......and if it did it ended by (at the latest) in the 1100's AD. So we were all big mutts even before we got to the USA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.71.217.81 (talk) 09:21, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Another English example is Stephanie Butland. In Germany there are also lotsa Germans with an E. who were obviously mostly born in the states Bayern and Baden-Württemberg (South Germany). See here. Possible that Huns live there loong time ago? --Gabbahead. (talk) 21:48, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

Wow. I've read some ridiculous crap on this talk page. The reason people from far western Eurasia and people from far eastern Eurasia some similar physical characteristics is "convergent evolution". Their environments share certain similar pressures so people from those regions have developed similar physical characteristics to deal with those environmental pressures. Numerous genetic studies have demonstrated the further western populations are removed from the east, the less eastern admixture they possess. This includes the Irish. I have degrees in anthropology and archaeology. I promise, the reason I've provided is correct. Holy smoke, I've read some ridiculous crap on this talk page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.13.121.195 (talk) 15:23, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Epicanthoplasty
Epicanthoplasty is the name of the operation for reduction of Epicanthal fold. Blepharoplasty is the creation of a "double eyelid" from a "single".--Hontogaichiban 01:01, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * "Blepharoplasty" is a generic term for reshaping the eyelid. Perhaps you are referring to Asian blepharoplasty. -AED 17:36, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for that, you're right and I certainly did mean to say Asian blepharoplasty.--Hontogaichiban 22:09, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Down Syndrome
I fail to see why Down Syndrome should be mentioned in this article? I believe individuals with Down Syndrome also have mouths but it doesn't mention that on the mouth page!? I can see why it might be mentioned on the Down Syndrome page as a feature that is more exaggerated in that condition, but here I would have to question the reason it has been stated.--Hontogaichiban 13:34, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've read from somewhere that the Down syndrome anomalous fold is not actually the same as a healthy fold. But, an epicanthal fold on a person who normally wouldn't have one is a simple diagnostic clue, and has to be mentioned. The issue here is like with lactose intolerance: a "disease" in Europe and genetically associated areas, but normal elsewhere; yet lactose intolerance is a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome, which is not normal anywhere. --Vuo 01:33, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * When there is a dispute like this, it certainly helps to provide references for the assertions. -AED 03:17, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your input on this one, I am always open to being proved wrong! :) However, I'm still not happy about this. Firstly, if the fold in question is not the same as an epicanthal fold and is best refered to as "Down syndrome anomalous fold" then it shouldn't be here, it should either be on a separate page or on the "Down syndrome" page. Also please define "a person who normally wouldn't have one". I don't think in the vast majority of cases, clues are normally required in diagnosing Down Syndrome, the diagnosis is fairly obvious and straight forward. As for IBS, not all IBS suffers are lactose intolerant, not by a long way, do you have a source for this one?--Hontogaichiban 02:06, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And "Cri du chat anomalous fold"? The article is about the feature, not just about its occurence in people of various ethnicities. (Red hair mentions its incidence as a symptom of kwashiorkor, for example.)
 * I imagine "a person who normally wouldn't have one" has as intended referent a person who has a chromosomal variation who, in the counterfactual situation where they did not have that variation (i.e. the mutation in their gamete which caused the variation failed to occur, or was reversed early in embryonic development), and from then on experienced a healthy, typical pregnancy, would have been born without an epicanthal fold. (Yes, I know I'm just rephrasing. Personally, I believe that causality is a primitive concept. "Normally", again, is incredibly slippery, but I think I know what Vuo meant by the term; I can't see any wildly different interpretations that would still make sense. I doubt Vuo is referring to a person who has temporarily acquired an epicanthal fold through makeup or cosmetic surgery, for one.)
 * As for diagnosis, all diagnostic indicators are clues in some sense. When a baby who has Down syndrome is born, if prenatal tests have not indicated the baby as having the syndrome, epicanthal folds will be one of the indicators leading to medical practicioners pursuing a diagnosis of Down syndrome, if the epicanthal folds are unexpected given the baby's parentage. -- EdC 09:13, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I'm comfortable with the way you have phrased it now.--Hontogaichiban 12:19, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Although I hope people realise why adding this to this page is controversal. I note that on the down syndrome page the only mention of epicanthal folds is to point out how linking this feature between down syndrome and people with inherited epicanthal folds lead to a degree of racism that continues to this day. So it seems that to mention it here in this much smaller article is out of proportion and potentially misleading.

"English physician John Langdon Down first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct form of mental retardation in 1862, and in a more widely published report in 1866 entitled "Observations on an ethnic classification of idiots".[1] Because of his perception that Down syndrome children shared physical facial similarities (epicanthal folds) with Mongolians, he used the terms mongolism and mongolian idiocy.[2] "Idiocy" was a medical term of the century referring to a severe degree of intellectual impairment." - Quote from Down syndrome article.

--Hontogaichiban 13:09, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see racism mentioned in that context; I do realise that it's a sensitive topic, but that's no reason to omit encyclopædic facts. Anyway, if the mere mention of a topic in an article appears to overemphasise that topic, the solution is not to remove the topic but to expand the article. We don't have anything on the connotations of epicanthic folds in various East Asian cultures, for example. That's something that I'm certainly not qualified to begin to write about, but if you could add any information it would help to redress the balance. We should (I think) be aiming for something like the article on red hair, which also deals with a minority phenotype with positive and negative connotations in the societies where it does occur. EdC 16:45, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree with everything you've said.

Re racism in the down syndrome article, what it is refering to there is the linking on down syndrome and the Asian "race" which still has ramifications today. I don't mind all this information being included, I just want to ensure it is done carefully and I hope we can all work together to achieve this.--Hontogaichiban 17:12, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

"Slanted eyes"
User:Hontogaichiban: you removed a sentence (diff), deceptively marking it as a minor edit. I appreciate that you did so in good faith, but "slanted eyes" is (whether you like it or not) a common shorthand in colloquial English for the appearance of epicathal folds. As such, it should be preserved, perhaps moved later in the article with a mention that the term carries undesirable undertones. But I'll let you do that. EdC 07:40, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't accept that "slanted eyes" is a common shorthand in colloquial English for the appearance of epicathal folds. Not only is it technically incorrect but it is also potentially offensive. Here is a dictionary defintion:

:v. slant·ed, slant·ing, slants :v. tr. :To give a direction other than perpendicular or horizontal to; make diagonal; cause to slope: She slants her letters from :upper right to lower left. :To present so as to conform to a particular bias or appeal to a certain audience: The story was slanted in favor of the :strikers. :v. intr. :To have or go in a direction other than perpendicular or horizontal; slope. :n. :A line, plane, course, or direction that is other than perpendicular or horizontal; a slope. :A sloping thing or piece of ground. :Printing. A virgule. :A personal point of view or opinion. :A bias. :'''Offensive Slang. Used as a disparaging term for a person of East Asian birth or descent.'''
 * Even if there are parts of the English speaking world where this term is not offensive, in this international encyclopedia, I do think we could avoid this term in favour of another. Which is actually present in the article already. When I removed the sentence it made no difference to the information content of the article leading me to believe the sentence may have been added as vandalism of some kind which lead me (without adequate thought) to mark it as a minor edit. - I do accept that this was an error on my part and which could amount to deception which I don't approve of in other people and I apologise for doing it in this case.--Hontogaichiban 12:36, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually having just reviewed what was actually written, I removed it primarily because in the way it is used in the article it is just plain wrong. The article does not say that "slanted eyes" is a colloquial description, it states factually that do give the appearence of slanted eyes. This is simply incorrect.--Hontogaichiban 12:42, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have moved the phrase into its own section, although it does seem out of proportion to the rest of the article. Also please feel free to edit this if you feel it could be written better.--Hontogaichiban 13:11, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I see that. I appreciate the edit was made in good faith. I would point out that:
 * The term has reasonably wide currency (111,000 pages on Google);
 * The offensive slang marker is attached to "slant" as a noun, which I would consider highly offensive. "Slanted eyes" I would term less so.
 * We do have a list of ethnic slurs, wherein:
 * Slant-Eye, Slit-Eye, Slant, Slant-Eyed Devil, Slant-Eyed Demon : (UK Commonwealth & U.S.) a person of Asian descent
 * Further, I would contend that (a) the term(s) should be explained, and (b) they should be explained here. And that holds especially if the terms carry an incorrect assumption. -- EdC 17:22, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I will add Slit-eyed to the article and a link to the list of ethnic slurs. Fortunatley I have not heard the other terms list in use in the UK at least and so won't bother to add them here. If you feel they should be included feel free to add them. Cheers.--Hontogaichiban 01:00, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, here is an example of political correctness gone mad. When I came across this article, the first thing that I thought of was "Is this fold something that makes Chinese people look slant eyed, or is that done by some SECOND genetic trait?" Here we have an article that totally avoids this because "slanted eyes" is regarded as offensive, whereas "rounded eyes" is not. If you met an Asian person for the first time, this is the second thing you would notice after their yellow skin. If you were to write back home and describe this person, could you not reasonably say that their eyes were slanted compared to an Englishmen's, or would that be a racist slur? How stupid can you get! I suppose there are some who would argue that to be all proper and precious, you would say they exhibited epicanthic folds, that is use formal Latinate piece of medical jargon, and advise your reader to look it up on a medical site. And that would be better. Latin medical words are used for parts of the body that are considered indecent if publicly displayed, like vagina, penis, rectum and so on. So, why would calling slanted eyes, ocular entities exhibiting epicanthic folds be a better way of talking about a human? I'm going to add a reasonable and non-offensive detail to the effect that folds ARE the reason that Asian people's eyes look slanted. The preceding discussion above my contribution here could have come straight from "Alice in Wonderland". It's just complete gibberish. The fact that some word can have an offensive connotation to SOME people in SOME places is not a reason to forget that it can be used in totally innocuous and aptly descriptive ways too. For example, to some people, the term Jew is about the same as a swear word. But there is nothing wrong in using the word when it correctly identifies a person of the Hebrew faith. So much for "slanted eyes" being regarded by some as a "slur". So are a million other words for people with twisted minds, and we aren't writing or catering to them here at WP, are we? Myles325a (talk) 07:44, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The fact you take the term "yellow skin" literally makes you lose any credibility you have, idiot. --68.123.152.132 (talk) 09:04, 26 October 2009 (UTC)
 * As much as I don't want to agree, saying "yellow skin" does really make that whole argument be thrown out the window, in fact that's when I stopped reading... As for this whole debate, no matter how many times you've used it, the fact is that even Webster classifies it as "Vulgar and slang", so no matter how much easier it would've been for you to understand it WITH the slang, NO credible encyclopedia would ever use the slang to describe something.  Just like the "Black People" article won't have the n-word in it, or Chinese have c-word, and so on.  It's not just a matter of respect towards a people, it's a self-serving unwritten (as far as I know) policy that if Wiki wants to be taken seriously it has to do.  As a matter of fact I wasn't even aware that it's slang, or offensive, but that doesn't matter.  ANY vulgar/slang work only belongs in it's own page with an explanation of what it is, and why it's offensive.  The only time we would ever use a slang word is like, "More commonly known as ____", where the blank is NEVER a vulgar/offensive word, as this one is clearly defined by dictionaries. 24.91.72.168 (talk) 01:38, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry to kick a dead horse, but Asian's do have yellow-ish skin tint. My grandmother is %100 Korean. They also have the titular epicanthic fold, which gives them the appearance of slanted eyes. I don't understand why some people find this so offensive. It IS a racial trait. Describing a person of Asian descent as having slanted/narrow eyes is different than calling them a "squint-eye" out of spite or racism. Are we just going to pretend that race doesn't heavily influence appearance and genetic characteristics? Even my grandmother refers to Asians as having slanted eyes, and Caucasians as having rounded. Is she an evil racist too?

-B184.153.119.55 (talk) 21:25, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Kicking the dead horse more.. And wondering - is/was there a "corresponding" racial slur used at any time or place calling Europeans "round-eyed devils"?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jimw338 (talk • contribs) 17:18, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Plainly and simply, there is no need for a dictionary definition of this type—one that is not only colloquial but also potentially disparaging—to appear in the introductory sentence. That the term slant eye appears on dictionary.com is not the last word on the matter; the term also appears in Merriam-Webster (a longer-standing and more reliable source) as "disparaging and offensive." Accusing this edit (removing the term) of being vandalism is nothing more than trouble-making. And so, I will continue to revert this edit (re-inserting the term). Thank you. 75.27.42.188 (talk) 16:36, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

Major resectioning
I have resectioned the whole article for clarity's sake. I hope that this structure is better. I'm sure it needs some tidying up though etc...--Hontogaichiban 13:29, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Err...
It is primarily a cosmetic procedure, though it may increase the horizontal range of the eye[citation needed].

Yeah, really need a citation here. How could the fold increase the eye's horizontal range if it doesn't cover any part of the pupil?

Question...but don't get offended by it....
The article says that the epicanthal fold is seen in young children before the bridge of the nose begins to elevate. Is that why East Asian people have flat noses? (204.168.120.163)

i think it rather works the other way around: because Asian typical dont have a pronounced forhead and/or nose, they are more likely to have Epicanthal fold. (p.s. my parent are both chinese, but damn it work the other way around//// da>.<n~)--142.161.69.222 03:54, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Agreed, although the evolutionary reason for these folds being retained in some populations may be different again.--Hontogaichiban (talk) 03:02, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The commonality of epicanthic folds and flat noses is that both are neotenous traits, i. e., East Asians adults simply retain both traits, while they disappear in Europeans as they grow up.
 * There might be an implication here that epicanthic folds are only retained in populations (or even individuals) which also retain a flat nose, but not the other way round, but I have no idea if both traits are necessarily correlated. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 15:55, 13 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think epicanthal folds can be considered neotenous traits if a huge number of adults retain them (e.g. many East Asians, some Negros, a few Europeans). There might be a correlation between low nose bridges and epicanthal folds, but there are certainly other factors involved. --Supjet (talk) 13:12, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

I don't understand.
The diagrams use arrows pointing to different locations of the face, and the png image shows a girl with no apparent crease in her eye whatsoever. I still have no clue what this mythical "fold" is. This encyclopedia page does work.

 * I agree. Eventhough I know what an epicanthic fold is it isn't well defined here and definately not through the pictures. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.213.87.141 (talk) 13:28, 7 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Having read the article over and over (apart from having read descriptions of it in books years ago) and viewed Image:Young_woman_with_dimples.JPG, Image:Brushfield_spots.jpg, and Image:Epicanthal_fold.jpg, well, it's as if the article presented totally opposite descriptions of what an epicanthal fold is. One picture shows what I think is a "double eyelid", the other a "single eyelid", and the last one looks like something in between. So what is an epicanthal fold, really? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 210.213.182.204 (talk) 08:00, 13 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Well single/double eyelids have little to do with epicanthic folds besides that in order to have a single eyelid an epicanthic fold must be present but double eyelids appear in eyes both with and without an epicanthic fold. Regardless, an epicanthic fold is something separate from an eyelid crease... It's the little flap of skin that appears in the inner corner of the eye.

The only way out of this mess is comparison photos/diagrams of all three of In some Asian ethnicities, the presence of an epicanthic fold is associated with a less prominent upper eyelid crease, commonly termed "single eyelids" as opposed to "double eyelids". The two features are distinct; a person may have both epicanthic fold and upper eyelid crease, one or neither. commons:Image:Epicanthalfold.jpg hardly points out the difference. It should only have color on the different part. And still, need 3 not 2 images. Also the grey line on the similarly named commons:Image:Epicanthal_fold.jpg is weird. Jidanni (talk) 21:55, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Khoisan?
I'm wondering about the accuracy of this part. This is OR so far, but it looks to me as if Khoisan eyes don't fit the description of the epicanthic fold. They have no upper eyelid crease, but the fold goes the other way, covering the outer corner rather than the inner corner of the eye. See, for instance, the portraits at. 82.25.232.106 12:07, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Restrict vision?
Do epicanthal folds restrict the field of vision at all? One of my schoolmates has extreme epicanthal folds and she seems to have vision problems related to these, while other asians with less pronounced ones do not. One recurring joke is that we can never tell if she's squinting at us.--Pewpewlazers 06:24, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Bad example
I don't think this picture really shows a good example of an epicanthal fold, and therefore I, perhaps temporarily, moved it here:

On the other hand, this might be a better example. Too bad it's not free to use. Mikael Häggström 18:12, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

New picture
I uploaded Image:Epicanthalfold.jpg. If you find it uncorrect, please change it. It's very easy. Just open it in Paint, copy the upper part to the lower and start painting! Mikael Häggström 06:21, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Pejorative Terms

 * In some parts of the English speaking world, the term "slanted eyes" or "Chinese eyes" is still in colloquial use, though it is widely considered offensive in urban areas.

What, so it's OK in rural areas? Revised this whole para. Rojomoke 11:05, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Ethnic group examples
There aren't sources for most of the ethnic groups listed, but the mention of Turks caught my eye (no pun intended). I don't think I've seen a Turk with any epicanthal fold. Ufwuct (talk) 14:50, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe it's a common trait among the Turkic people, though not the Turks (people of Turkey), because most people in modern Turkey are Europeans (Anatolians, Greeks, various Balkanites, etc) who were Turkicized, only a minority of them are pure Turkic. Edrigu (talk) 23:08, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Please include photo of a person without epicanthic fold
Please include a photo of a person who does not have an epicanthic fold, for comparison. That would allow the reader to more clearly compare the specific features that make up the fold. As it is, I see general features but still do not understand what the epicanthic fold is. -Pgan002 (talk) 18:18, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I second this Aurora sword (talk) 15:47, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yep! As soon as I saw the piccies on the page, I thought this needs a photo of an non-epicanthic eye alongside, and from the same perspective. Sure, you could say everyone knows what typical Western people's eyes look like, but it's not the same thing as having two pictures to look at where you clearly see where the differences lie. Myles325a (talk) 07:19, 24 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Came here specifically to suggest this also. 87.81.230.195 (talk) 07:36, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Why is the bigger picture the one *without* the epicanthic fold? It's confusing. In fact, all of the pictures are hard to see the fold on. Anyone have better pictures than these? Horus (talk) 03:59, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

What's more, he's smiling, and his facial lines are obscuring his natural eye shape. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.3.208.161 (talk) 04:00, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Evolution
These evolutionary theories are not commonly held and are not even referenced. They should be removed. --Dneyder (talk) 03:13, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

The sources in this section are not reputable. The entire section should be removed. Rectipaedia (talk) 22:35, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

Epicanthic Fold
The second photograph (the "Older East Asian Male") should indicate that the subject has East Asian eyes that lack the epicanthic fold. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dneyder (talk • contribs) 14:57, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

 * be bold and correct it yourself. I don't know if you're right because as it says on my user page, I'm totally blind. Graham 87 15:41, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

The difference between an epicanthic fold and that of which can be ascribed to as the " slit " appearance
The majority of Asians do not have the fold, a " slit " is not an epicanthic fold. The second picture was deleted because it was of poor quality - obscure - and the fold wasn't prominent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.98.64.117 (talk) 20:05, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

What IS it? Unclear
The descriptive text and the existing photos don't help me to understand what an epicanthic eye-fold is in the first place. Maybe the article needs a diagram, or additional contrasting photos? JKeck (talk) 04:06, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Alignment
My addition to the page was removed from the Front page and moved to the Talk page where someone also removed it. I believe it has a right to be in here. This topic and reference is what I wanted to add:
 * Alignment
 * The epicanthic fold can give horizontal alignment.
 * External links
 * Different alignment gives a different view

There is also a reference to this on Notcot.org: http://www.notcot.org/post/4206/ Michel_sharp (talk) 19:14, 11 januari 2011 (UTC)

Racial epicanthic folds
It looks like this page used to have extensive discussion of epicanthic folds as a result of one's racial/ethnic descent, but that due to controversy it was removed. Unfortunately, the current state of this page (that is, listing only neoteny and medical conditions) implies that having epicanthic folds is always a disease and is always abnormal. Since this is not the case, I added a stub section back in about racial epicanthic folds. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zandperl (talk • contribs) 00:32, 6 July 2011 (UTC)
 * That section was an uncited list of various Mongoloid peoples, so I removed it. It was original research. I will add a quote from Ashley Montagu who claimed it is found on Mongoloid peoples.--Ephert (talk) 00:36, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Rice....
This article was linked on wikipedia's home page today: Did you know ... "according to controversial Romanian anthropologist Henric Sanielevici, the Chinese eye fold comes from chewing rice?" There's no mention of that (absurd, to me) theory in the article, but it should be here, along with rebuttals made by other anthropologists. Wikipedia is not a place for POV.... Here's what is currently there as a theory: "Although it has become quite a well known fact, that due to the sand storms and particles of sand being in the air, the eyes folded over on them self to protect the eyes from the sandy winds, a conclusive theory that has been debated many times, but seems the only logical way that natural selection has made the Homosapien evolve." This is substandard. 24.27.31.170 (talk) 21:24, 18 March 2012 (UTC) Eric

Mongoloid Term
Why does this article use "Mongoloid" I thought it was derogatory and outdated. I changed one usage and will precede to change the others if no one minds.--JTBX (talk) 06:23, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I don't have any objections to that, but the older term is more succinct, and should probably be mentioned at least *once* because it was in such common use. But I don't know anything about this subject; this article is only on my watchlist to protect against vandalism . Graham 87 14:00, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I also find the usage of the word "mongoloid" outdated and racist. I would update the word and the corresponding source with a more modern one. 64.189.101.117 (talk) 19:56, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Source for Europeans with folds
There was a picture of a currently living saami person with supposedly epicanthic folds in the article for quite some time. I removed, and still there is no source for saami or any other group having the folds at all. It's not even clear if the pictured person had epicanthic folds at all. Pleas refrain from using a vivid imagination when editing. Heracleidae-2013 (talk) 09:50, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Some British and Irish people also have this fold. See; Billy Davies, Oz Clarke and loads of others i can't think of right now. 2.217.255.31 (talk) 14:46, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

Removal of sourced content
I am adding a section here regarding an edit by Rectipaedia made yesterday. The content removed is sourced. The edit summary indicates that a discussion was started; it was merely a response to a section created made six years ago. I'm going to restore this content. If this restoration is contested, please revert and let me know what I may be missing. Thanks.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   03:06, 11 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Update: done.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   03:08, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

The content in question is sourced. That is not the issue. The issue is that the source is unreliable. Wikipedia rules require sources to be reliable. "For that reason, self-published media, such as books, patents, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, personal or group blogs (as distinguished from newsblogs, above), Internet forum postings, and tweets, are largely not acceptable as sources." The source is a self-published non-academic source, which is not allowed.

Also, please do not create a second talk page section. I will not reply in this section again. Rectipaedia (talk) 00:32, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

It is the inner corner fold
Seems to be confusion. The epicanthic fold is the fold of the upper eyelids which covers the inner corners of the eyes. It has little do do with the presence or lack of a eyelid crease of the upper eye-lid (which is a separate issue). Hence, the name "epi-canthus" (ie., "(upon)-(the corner of the eye)"). One can have an epicanthic fold while at the same time having a deep crease in the upper eyelid. More specifically, it is the fold of the upper eyelid folding over the inner corner of the eye (the rest of the eyelid crease can be present above the eyelid bottom anywhere else around the eye, however the epicanthic fold is specifically where it crosses the inner corner of the eye [below the lower edge of the eyelid]). Someone needs to research this topic better and correct and make clearer the article. At the moment, I think this article is just confusing people greatly. — al-Shimoni  (talk) 17:51, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Genetics
What are the genetic bases of this eye shape? --62.46.51.183 (talk) 22:28, 22 April 2017 (UTC)
 * There may be more than one gene involved, but one that has gotten a lot of attention is EDAR, which codes for Ectodysplasin A receptor, in particular, a variant called 370A, also known as rs3827760, 1540T/C, or Val370Ala. (Ectodysplasin A receptor) It results in epicanthic fold, thicker hair shafts, more sweat glands (especially on the feet), shovel-shaped incisors, and smaller breasts. It goes back about 35,000 years, with no indication that it was inherited from Altai or other known Neanderthals. Apparently it underwent a recent selective sweep. Zyxwv99 (talk) 03:02, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

"Medical Conditions"
The listing of disorders and genetic mutations that may or may not in some or all cases produce morphological features similar to the epicanthic fold is off-topic in this article in my view. If there is a consensus about such a list being needed in the article then I would like to have the reason. There are many more diseases and mutations that come with eyelid creases common among caucasian populations, yet they are not mentioned in this or other related articles. Racist terms such as "Coinslot Eye Disease" are a common slur, fetal alcohol syndrome is also used to refer to Asian people, and that may be partly because of the tolerance of the addition of unrelated disorders in wikipedia articles about normal variations of human morphology. Since the article makes it seem like it, I think it needs to be made clear that the "epicanthic fold" is not the result of a disease. I question the purpose and motivation of edits that deliberately connect it to one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Moot372 (talk • contribs) 18:14, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

60% of individuals with Down syndrome
The question is: what is the percentage amongst individuals without Down syndrome? It is the most popular eyelid, after all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.220.110.47 (talk) 14:25, 28 July 2018 (UTC)

Removal of information with sources
Why did a registered user remove a whole section of information with sources? What is this? You're supposed to back everything up with sources and I have done that. Please don't remove information with sources, you're breaking the basic rules of Wikipedia. I don't know what your problem is. (2001:8003:4E41:F200:D4E4:2CCD:F855:F14D (talk) 13:09, 11 June 2019 (UTC))
 * Why not create an article on "Epicanthic fold frequency variation in South Asia", that way you can add anything you like. Urselius (talk) 18:35, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Why are you so irritated? The way you are speaking to me is completely unwarranted. I don't know what I did for you to treat me in such a disparaging way. (2001:8003:4E41:F200:D4E4:2CCD:F855:F14D (talk) 01:40, 12 June 2019 (UTC))
 * Your actions speak for themselves. You seem to interpret advice as disparagement - if you have enough material, create a page on the subject, I have many times (here is one of the smaller articles I have created as an example: Gustaf Otto Rosenberg). I have split the section in order to accommodate your additions, now it is at least readable. However, the size of your addition means that South Asia is accorded a third of the coverage of the whole world, it is hardly balanced. Urselius (talk) 11:23, 12 June 2019 (UTC)
 * You did not give me advice, you told me that my edits can't be taken seriously because I'm not a registered user. That's not advice, you broke the rules of Wikipedia by saying that. (2001:8003:4E41:F200:2856:C0E7:1585:5A7B (talk) 01:12, 13 June 2019 (UTC))
 * Nevertheless, I think the new version of the article is good because everything has been broken down into a more readable format. (2001:8003:4E41:F200:2856:C0E7:1585:5A7B (talk) 01:13, 13 June 2019 (UTC))
 * No, I advised you to create an account and explained why. Urselius (talk) 07:47, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * "Create an editor account if you want your edits to be taken seriously", that's what you said. If you think that's advice, then you're mistaken. (2001:8003:4E41:F200:AD0E:C7D:4865:BC36 (talk) 15:21, 13 June 2019 (UTC))
 * Advice, "Create an editor account", the reason why you should, "all edits by IP addresses are treated with some suspicion". I will admit to the omission of 'because', it should have read "because all edits by IP addresses are treated with some suspicion". BTW I'm happy to do this ad infinitum my patience is difficult to test in such situations. Urselius (talk) 17:32, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Let me correct that for you, "Create an editor account if you want your edits to be taken seriously" and it's those words that made you break Wikipedia rules. Telling an IP user to "create an editor account" is not advice as it's not a crime to edit Wikipedia as an IP user. I don't have to create an account if I don't want to. You did not give me advice, you belittled me. You hate IP users, no respectful registered Wikipedia user would say such a thing to an IP user. There's a reason why you were told by another Wikipedia user that your choice of words broke Wikipedia rules. You did not give me advice, you belittled me and your choice of words show me the types of opinions you have on IP users. It really doesn't matter what you think because we all know that at the end of the day, you did the wrong thing. All we need to do to prove that is to look at the edit history of the article. Be my guest and continue to belittle IP users and I'll continue editing articles by respecting the rules of Wikipedia, something that you clearly can't do. (2001:8003:4E41:F200:CC09:7A25:4FB7:84CD (talk) 06:12, 14 June 2019 (UTC))
 * I broke no Wikipedia rules. I reverted your edits for the reasons I have explained before - that they reduced readability and distorted the balance of the text. I am allowed to do that, any editor is; perhaps I should have taken it up on the talk page, that I will admit. Of course if you had had a user account I would have been able to message you directly, but you have a shifting IP address so that was and is not really possible. You are now entering the realms of a patently extremist attitude by accusing me of things that you have no evidence for. I do not hate IP address users, I just treat their edits with more circumspection than I would those of a registered user. If I find an edit that is accurate, useful and cogent made by an IP address user I am quite happy to see it. If it needs tweaking in grammar, citation or linking etc. I will do so without changing its meaning one iota. I have created 36 articles, not one has been deleted or even challenged, one has been rated a 'good article' and another was featured on Wikipedia's main page this year. I have completely rewritten 38 pages, of which 4 have been rated as 'good'. Can you boast of having contributed as much high quality material to Wikipedia? All I care about on Wikipedia is content, content that is cogent and produces balanced, readable articles. I will admit that I have had a lot of unpleasant contact with POV pushers, especially ultra-nationalists, when I see edits that seem to be distorting articles in one direction, for example treating one sub-continent in the same detail as the rest of the world, I do react unfavourably. BTW, this exchange is not what the talk page of an article is meant for, another good reason to create an account, such exchanges should take place on your own talk page. Urselius (talk) 08:36, 14 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Create an editor account - all edits by IP addresses are treated with some suspicion. You are attempting to add far too much material on minority populations in South Asia - of course areas where East Asians and other ethnicities meet and overlap will have higher frequencies of epicanthic folds - that can be taken as being obvious. Urselius (talk) 13:22, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I've responded on the your talk page. – MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 14:56, 11 June 2019 (UTC)
 * How jolly Urselius (talk) 18:17, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

Link to "Mongoloid"
I moved a link from "See also" to the text. I don't see any problem in this, but you reverted me with the edit summary "No". Can you please tell me why you reverted that ? --Rsk6400 (talk) 05:52, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

Apes
Can apes /monkeys have this? I was googling pics of the Douc monkey, and it seems to have it. - Joaquin89uy (talk) 09:50, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No, the canthus of the eye is fully visible in the Douc monkey, though they have 'almond-shaped' eyes and something approaching a 'monolid'. I think that the different morphology of features around the eyes, projecting brow-ridges and the lack of a projecting bridge to the nose would preclude epicanthic folds in apes. Urselius (talk) 09:02, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Non-verifying statements added by long-term abuser
The following content in boldface was added by Whhu22 (WorldCreaterFighter) on 16 March 2022:

Some Northeast Europeans were found to carry a derived gene allele of the EDAR allele, frequently found among East Asian people, which may affect specific facial features.[18]

There is nothing in source [18] (Lamnidis, et al ) that links EDAR to epicanthic folds. Quoting the only mention of EDAR:

Additional content added by WorldCreaterFighter:

'''Further evidence for a tropical, random or sexual selection as opposed to cold adapted one, is that East Asian-related populations originated in Mainland Southeast Asia rather than Siberia. Paleolithic Siberia was populated by a European- and Native American-related Ancient North Eurasian population, which was subsequently partially-replaced by several northwards migrations of Ancestral East Asians during the late Paleolithic and early Neolithic period.[22][23]'''

There is nothing in source 22 or 23 about epicanthal folds or EDAR. Links below:

Osada & Kawai 2021

Yang 2022 http://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001

So, this appears to be falsification of the references by an LTA. - Hunan201p (talk) 00:52, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Topic with false and/or incorrect information locked from correction!?!
Topic Locked!?! Seriously!?! So the incorrect and outright misleading information can continue to spread ignorance and to be blunt Stupidity!?! Whoever is in charge of the site needs to consider anyone who would allow clearly or at least easily verifiable false information in a topic and then lock it from being charged and corrected probably never had any business being the new or next person in charge! Wikipedia isn't a site where broken people can tell themselves "Wikipedia is a place for me to have my own page to spread the results of my mental brokenness and produce more people like me that don't know the truth and facts so I don't get my feelings hurt from realizing I'm abnormal and less than normal!" Sorry, but we just can't afford to let ignorance abound and grow and hold humanity back simply because we don't want to hurt someone's feelings! It's not fair to future generations! Please fix this and penalize those responsible to prevent and discourage future occurrences. This is good and right guidance on how to approach this situation just in case it's needed.

Hope this helps! Magnus Rexel (talk) 17:36, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

 * No it does not. You bloviate at length, but give out no useful information whatsoever. A waste of your time and mine. Urselius (talk) 10:05, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Epicanthic fold


text:
Hicks–Marshall laws of derived demand

In economics, the Hicks–Marshall laws of derived demand assert that, other things equal, the own-wage elasticity of demand for a category of labor is high under the following conditions:
 * When the price elasticity of demand for the product being produced is high (scale effect). So when final product demand is elastic, an increase in wages will lead to a large change in the quantity of the final product demanded affecting employment greatly.
 * When other factors of production can be easily substituted for the category of labor (substitution effect).
 * When the supply of other factors of production is highly elastic (that is, usage of other factors of production can be increased without substantially increasing their prices) (substitution effect). That is, employers can easily replace labor as doing so will only moderately increase other factor prices.
 * When the cost of employing the category of labor is a large share of the total costs of production (scale effect)

The "Hicks–Marshall" is named for economists John Hicks (from The Theory of Wages, 1932) and Alfred Marshall (from Principles of Economics, 1890).

title: Hicks–Marshall laws of derived demand


text:
File:Against the Ropes poster.JPG

Promotional poster for Against the Ropes, deemed

Fair use in Against the Ropes
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Against the Ropes poster.JPG


text:
User talk:Fadethree

I just did my first major edit to an article, Margin of error.

Let me know if you have any questions or comments.

 * I appreciate seeing yet another contributor to the statistics articles. Several comments: Look at my editing of the TeX.  "Displayed" TeX is indented.  One can write A1 rather than A1 in html, and $$A_1$$ rather than $$A1$$ in TeX.  It does not make sense to move the article to Margin of Error with a capital E; I moved it back.  See Manual of Style; words in article titles are not capitalized without some special reason to do so.  Michael Hardy 00:16, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Near the end of the section on comparing percentages we see this:

 * $$=normdist((A_1-B_1),0,A_2,1)$$

 * This seems to be a dangling phrase, not part of any sentence; it needs to be clarified. I'm guessing it mean the cumulative distribution function of a specified normal distribution; it so, there are clearer ways of saying that. Michael Hardy 00:23, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the introduction, Michael. It seems that you've done some extensive and amazing work on this site!  I responded to your above concern here, and I'll hope that you're watching.  Best, Fadethree (Fadethree) 06:09, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Re: Margin of Error
You make some good points regarding usage of first person in articles, and these are probably things we should think about in general for Wikipedia. Certainly Wikipedia crosses many boundaries of traditional encyclopedias so maybe using more 'proof language' in math, stat, and related subjects would be fine, where we include things beyond traditional encyclopedia articles. As for tutorials, I'm really not sure, it just felt especially out of place in the article, probably because it gave such specific instructions to the reader as to what to do. Anyways thanks for looking at my suggestions. — siro χ  o  09:09, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

Regarding your picture idea, I think a graph made in Excel should be fine, aside from the fact that I'm not sure if poll data is copyrightable, and if so, when it is fair use. The graph itself is certainly yours to distribute as you will (Public Domain/GFDL, etc). — siro χ  o

 * Regarding my comment on the FAC page. I appreciate the fine work you've done to get the article to this point.  I appreciate your explanation, and I noticed you gave the alternate forms indirectly.   I guess the pedant in me simply cringes at leading with an expression which is not fully qualified.  Perhaps if in introducing the equation you could mention the 99% confidence interval (though I admit this could be ugly too).  I would be happier if the equation was generalized with the proper variable in the numerator and a notation that "for 99% confidence, (numerator) is 1.27".

 * Also, several references I've seen (an online one is the iSix Sigma site claim that a 95% confidence interval is more common, which matches with my experience also. This may be a more serious issue than the form of the equation. Jgm 13:19, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Margin of error blurb
Regarding the spelling of "per cent" – my dictionary says that "percent" is an American variant, with "per cent" accepted univeersally. I didn't want to alienate any version of English unnecessarily. —Wereon 22:26, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

your margin of error graph
Would you please re-upload Image:MarginoferrorViz.jpg as a PNG or GIF? See Image talk:MarginoferrorViz.jpg. roozbeh 01:04, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

Margin of error
I love your margin of error article, but I do believe that the term is in common use in most areas of statistics. here is an example of a non-polling use of the term. Trollminator 15:47, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Margin of error
Margin of error has been nominated for a featured article review. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to featured quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, articles are moved onto the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article from featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Reviewers' concerns are here. Jeffpw 06:59, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fadethree


text:
Against the Ropes

Against the Ropes is a 2004 American sports drama film directed by Charles S. Dutton (in his feature film directorial debut) and starring Meg Ryan and Omar Epps. The story is a fictionalized account of boxing manager Jackie Kallen, the first woman to achieve success in the sport. Kallen has a bit part in the film playing a reporter, and a few lines in the scene where the press interviews the principal characters.

The film was shot primarily at the Wolstein Center in Cleveland, Ohio, United States and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada at the Copps Coliseum. Against the Ropes grossed less than $6 million in the US and was panned by critics for its resemblance to other boxing films.

Plot
At a young age, Jackie Kallen learns about boxing with her father and uncle in a small gym. Later, she becomes assistant to a Cleveland boxing promoter. Her boss then begins doing business with Sam LaRocca, a sports manager, during a middleweight championship fight.

Challenged after the contest to demonstrate an understanding of the fight game, she proceeds to embarrass LaRocca, who then offers to sell the loser's contract to her for the price of one dollar. She accepts, only to discover upon visiting the fighter in his home that he is addicted to drugs and enmeshed in a dangerous and self-destructive lifestyle.

Enter Luther Shaw, a small-time hood. Kallen watches in horror and fascination as Shaw pummels the former middleweight champ. She offers to manage him professionally. Shaw is at first hesitant, but eventually signs on with her.

Because of LaRocca's influence, Kallen can't find Shaw a fight anywhere in Ohio, so the two are forced to go on the road until Shaw makes a name for himself. Jackie begins to get swept up in all the attention she gets for being the first female boxing manager. Her attention eventually shifts from Shaw to her own media persona as her fighter's number of wins continues to climb.

Finally realizing that she is not paying enough attention to her only client, Kallen agrees to sell Shaw's contract to LaRocca on the condition that he be given a championship fight. LaRocca agrees, setting Shaw up for a shot at the title before he could be ready. Kallen arrives at the fight and stands in Shaw's corner as he pulls off an upset and wins the championship.

Box office
Against the Ropes was a box office bomb, grossing only $6,614,280, with an estimated budget of $39,000,000. It opened up at No. 8 at the box office, grossing $3,038,546 in the opening weekend. The film was released on February 20, 2004 to 1,601 theaters (widest release) gathering an average of $1,897 per theater. The film closed its box office run after seven weeks, gathering a total of $5,884,190 from the domestic market and $730,090 from overseas for an international total of $6,614,280.

Critical response
The film garnered negative reviews from critics. It received a approval rating on review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, based on  reviews with an average rating of, summarizing it as "a bland, dumbed-down package of sports cliches." On Metacritic, it holds a score of 36 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

A. O. Scott of The New York Times commended the performances for displaying "flashes of idiosyncrasy and flair" despite the "pedestrian script" but was critical of the film overall for having various "inspirational sports-movie clichés" and "competence that is more flat-footed than inspiring" in both the drama and boxing scenes. Marrit Ingman of The Austin Chronicle found Ryan "predictably fine" in the "plum role" of Jackie Kallen but criticized Dutton and Edwards for relying too much on "the well-worn underdog formula" when telling her story and not focusing on more "meatier" issues outside of the movie's text. Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote that: "True to form, Against The Ropes favors a much tamer version of the real thing, never getting into the deep fissures that led to the real-life Kallen's long estrangement with Toney. Right up to the ludicrous finale and an even more improbable denouement, everything rings Hollywood-false. More galling still, the filmmakers' inventions take the zing out of the facts." Nick Schager of Slant Magazine criticized the film for being a "lackluster melodrama" with a script containing "corny clichés and metaphors" that uses prejudice to add color to their story, concluding that: "While Dutton's fight scenes are directed with reasonable panache, the rest of the film's visuals are so blandly static that one can imagine the ease with which Against the Ropes will be pan-and-scanned for television."

However, the film did receive some positive reviews; Roger Ebert gave it 3 stars out of 4, remarking:
 * "It works near the end of "Against the Ropes," a biopic about Jackie Kallen, who was (and is) the first female fight promoter in the all-male world of professional boxing. It works, and another cliche works, too: the Big Fight scene, right out of "Rocky" and every other boxing movie, in which the hero gets pounded silly but then somehow, after becoming inspired between rounds, comes back and is filled with skill and fury."

title: Against the Ropes


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User:Fadethree

I just wanted to get rid of the red.

Major Contributions:
 * Margin of error

title: User:Fadethree


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.303

.303 may refer to:

 * .303 British, a rifle cartridge
 * .303 Savage, a rifle cartridge
 * Lee–Enfield rifle
 * .303 (film), a short film

title: .303


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Category:Wikipedia categorization

This category contains project pages which deal with categorization on Wikipedia.

title: Category:Wikipedia categorization


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Vincenzo Ruffo

Vincenzo Ruffo (c. 1508 – 9 February 1587) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the composers most responsive to the musical reforms suggested by the Council of Trent, especially in his composition of masses, and as such was an influential member of the Counter-Reformation.

Vincenzo Ruffo was born at Verona, and became a priest there in 1531. Most likely he studied with Biagio Rossetti, the organist at the cathedral in Verona. Ruffo published his first book of music in 1542. Also in 1542 he became maestro di cappella at the cathedral in Savona, but he only held this position for a year; the cathedral was destroyed in 1543 by the Genoese, and Ruffo fled.

In either 1543 or 1544 he went to Milan to work for Alfonso d'Avalos, who was the governor of Milan at this time. When d'Avalos was called back to Madrid in 1546, Ruffo went back to in Verona, where he was the music director at the Accademia Filarmonica in 1551-1552, superseding Jan Nasco; in 1554 he became the choirmaster at the cathedral of Verona. While there he probably taught Gian Matteo Asola and Marc' Antonio Ingegneri, the teacher of Monteverdi; it is possible, though not proven, that he taught Andrea Gabrieli there as well.

His music during this time was strongly influenced by the Franco-Flemish school, but when he in 1563 became maestro di cappella in the cathedral of Milan under Carlo Borromeo, he began composing in the Tridentine style of which Borromeo was a strong supporter. One of the criticisms of the Council of Trent was that music had become so contrapuntally complex that it was impossible to understand the words being sung: Ruffo responded by composing masses in as simple a style as was consistent with clear expression of the text. Late in his life, however, he evidently became dissatisfied with composing masses in a strictly chordal style and returned to using a moderately contrapuntal style.

In 1564 several of his compositions were published in Milan; two works from this book were included many years later in the English manuscript known as the Dow Partbooks. In 1572 he became the maestro di cappella at Pistoia, and then Milan again; for his final job he had a similar employment at the cathedral in Sacile, where he died in 1587.

title: Vincenzo Ruffo


text: User:Keshiklabs

title: User:Keshiklabs


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Abortion Rights (organisation)

Abortion Rights is an advocacy organisation  that promotes access to abortion in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 2003 by the merger of the Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA) and the National Abortion Campaign (NAC). The ALRA campaigned effectively after World War II for the elimination of legal obstacles to abortion and the peak of its work was the Abortion Act 1967.

History
The "Abortion Law Reform Association" was founded in the United Kingdom in 1936 by Janet Chance, Alice Jenkins, Joan Malleson and Stella Browne. Its intention was to change attitudes and the law to allow access to abortion in the United Kingdom. Janet Chance created the funding and the marketing whilst Alice Brook Jenkins was the honorary secretary. Jenkins created a network of supporters.

At the end of their first year they had 35 new members, and by 1939 they had almost 400. The membership were gathered from the working class using labour groups and women's branches of the co-operative movement. These women wanted the privileges that “moneyed classes had enjoyed for years.”

The ALRA was very active between 1936 and 1939 sending speakers around the country to talk about Labour and Equal Citizenship and attempted to have letters and articles published in newspapers. They were in the frame when a member of the ALRA's Medico-Legal Committee received the case of a fourteen-year-old girl who had been raped, and she received a termination of this pregnancy from Dr. Joan Malleson, a progenitor of the ALRA.

Alice Jenkins wrote an important book titled "Law For The Rich" which was published in 1960. Her book drew attention to the double standards that faced women with unwanted pregnancies. Abortion was nominally illegal so many women had to give birth to unplanned children, however rich women could persuade their private doctors that their mental health was at risk. The doctors were then able to carry out an abortion that was denied to most women in Britain.

During the 1970s and 1980s there were several proposed amendment bills against the Abortion Act 1967, so in defense of  the Abortion Act 1967 The National Abortion Campaign (NAC) was formed in 1975.

Lobbying for change
Vera Houghton became the chair of the ALRA in 1963 and over the next seven years she led the organisation. The ALRA's turning point was to gain the support of the Liberal Party MP David Steel, who placed a private members bill through the House of Commons to reform the laws of abortion, choosing this issue over calls to instead amend the law on plumbers or the rights of homosexuals. He cites Alice Jenkin's argument in her book "Law For The Rich" as being pivotal in his decision. Steele put forward a private members bill that was backed by the government and it resulted in the 1967 Abortion Act.

In 1974 the ''Working Women' s Charter" was launched at the Trades Union Congress headquarters in London. The charter was an attempt to bridge the gap between women's economic and social requirements. and included equal pay, an end to the glass ceiling, free contraception and access to abortion. In 1975, the Scottish politician James White introduced a bill in parliament to make abortion more difficult. A demonstration was arranged to protest at moves to restrict the then legal access to abortion. This demonstration led to the formation of National Abortion Campaign.

'' Abortion Rights" was formed in 2003 by the merger of the "Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA)" and the "National Abortion Campaign" (NAC). The organization is led by Anne Quesnay.

Scottish devolution
In 2016, abortion law was devolved to the Scottish Parliament in the Scotland Act 2016.

The devolved organisation Abortion Rights Scotland is a campaigning and advocacy organisation, taking part in an annual prochoice demo in Edinburgh on the anniversary of the Abortion Act 1967, giving evidence to the Scottish Parliament for the Safe Access Zones Bill, and taking part in the debate on decriminalization of abortion in Scotland.

title: Abortion Rights (organisation)


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Sherston

Sherston may refer to:

 * Sherston, Wiltshire, a village in England
 * Sherston Software, publisher of educational games
 * The Sherston trilogy, a series of books by Siegfried Sassoon

title: Sherston


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Charlie Zaa

Carlos Alberto Sánchez (born in Girardot, Colombia, 1974), better known in the entertainment world as Charlie Zaa, is a Colombian singer. Zaa is the son of singer Luis Humberto Sánchez.

Early and personal life
Zaa was a singer in two Colombian salsa orchestras: "Grupo Niche" and "Orquesta Guayacán". When he launched his career as a solo artist, he decided to switch to the bolero rhythm. This career decision was made in the mid 90s.

On July 23, 2004, Zaa suffered a severe abdominal pain as he was about to begin a concert in Ponce, Puerto Rico. He couldn't perform that day, having to be taken to a local hospital. Zaa was then flown to Miami, Florida, where he remained hospitalized until he was diagnosed with a kidney condition. Soon after, his personal doctor corrected the problem in a surgery performed in his native Colombia.

Zaa's daughter Lauren Mia Sanchez was a survivor of the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in which 17 people lost their lives, including one of her teachers.

Music career
Charlie Zaa has recorded over 10 albums since launching his career as a solo artist. His record Sentimientos, in which he sings some past hit songs, sold over three million copies throughout Latin America and the United States. His albums Sentimientos and Un Segundo Sentimiento led to him winning the 1998 Artist of the Year award at the Billboard Latin Music Awards. For his fourth album, Zaa returned to the Sonolux studios in Bogotá, where he made his first album Sentimiento, and to his original producer, Milton Salcedo, and recorded old romantic standards, boleros and waltzes, in an attempt to replicate the success of Sentimiento. Zaa's album De Un Solo Sentimiento was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award in 2002. In 2011, Zaa's album De Bohemia reached the top of the Billboard Latin Albums chart. Some of Charlie Zaa's music was inspired by notable Ecuadorian singer and recording artist Julio Jaramillo.

Discography

 * Sentimientos (1996)
 * Un Segundo Sentimiento (1998)
 * Ciego de Amor (2000)
 * De Un Solo Sentimiento (2001)
 * Puro Sentimiento (2004)
 * De Bohemia (2011)
 * Mi Mejor Regalo (2015)
 * Celebración (2017)

title: Charlie Zaa


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Waterfall rail accident

The Waterfall rail accident was a train accident that occurred on 31 January 2003 near Waterfall, New South Wales, Australia. The train derailed, killing seven people aboard, including the train driver. The accident is famously remembered by systems engineers due to the poorly designed safety systems.

Incident
On the day of the disaster, a Tangara interurban train service, set G7, which had come from Sydney Central station at 6:24 am, departed Sydney Waterfall railway station moving south towards Port Kembla station via Wollongong. At approximately 7:15 am, the driver suffered a sudden heart attack and lost control of the train. The train was thus travelling at 117 km/h as it approached a curve in the tracks through a small cutting. The curve is rated for speeds no greater than 60 km/h. The train derailed, overturned and collided with the rocky walls of the cutting in a remote area south of the station. It was reported that the rescuers had to carry heavy lifting equipment for more than 1.5 km to reach the site. Two of the carriages landed on their sides and another two were severely damaged in the accident. In addition to the seven fatalities, many more passengers were injured.

The subsequent official inquiry discovered the deadman's brake had not been applied. The train guard's solicitor stated that the guard was in a microsleep for as much as 30 seconds, just prior to the accident. The human-factors accident investigator determined the organisational culture had the driver firmly in charge, making it psychologically more difficult for the guard to act.

Causes of the accident
Tangara trains have a number of safety and vigilance devices installed, such as a deadman's brake, to address problems when the driver becomes incapacitated. If the driver releases pressure from this brake, the train will safely come to a halt.

The train in question was a four-car Outer Suburban Tangara set, numbered G7 and fitted with a Mitsubishi Electric alternating current traction system for evaluation purposes. The driver was in the leading driving carriage and the guard was in the rear driving carriage, in between which were two non-driving motor cars. On this service, the guard, who could have applied the emergency brake, and the deadman's brake were the main safety mechanisms in place.

The train was later found to be travelling in excess of 117 km/h as it approached the 60 km/h curve where the accident occurred. Neither the deadman's brake nor the guard had intervened in this situation, and this excessive speed was found to be the direct cause of the accident. Training of train staff was also found to be a contributing factor in the accident.

Train G7 did not re-enter service. It was scrapped in 2005 due to the damage sustained in the accident as all four cars were damaged beyond repair.

These were the official findings of the NSW Ministry of Transport investigation of the accident. A report of the accident, managed by Commissioner Peter McInerney, was released in January 2004.

Systemic causes and ignored technical problems
It was reported that G7 was said to have been reported for technical problems "possibly half a dozen times" and had developed a reputation amongst the mechanical operations branch, saying the problems were "normal" for the set in question. During the six months leading up to the accident, three reports of technical problems were made.

The inquiry found a number of flaws in the deadman's handle (which was not implicated in the accident) and related to the deadman's pedal:
 * The dead weight of the unconscious and overweight driver appeared to be enough to defeat the deadman's pedal, of which 44% of Sydney train drivers' legs were of sufficient mass.
 * The design of the deadman's pedal did not appear to be able to operate as intended with drivers above a certain weight.
 * Marks near the deadman's pedal indicated some drivers were wedging a conveniently-sized red signalling flag to defeat the deadman's pedal to prevent their legs from cramping in the poorly-configured footwell and to give themselves freedom of movement in the cabin.

Some of the technical problems reported for Tangaras generally, included brake failure and reported power surge problems. After the accident, they were often blamed by some for being the cause of the accident. Many of the survivors of the accident mentioned a large acceleration before the accident occurred. Furthermore, there was an understanding that the emergency brake should be seldom used because the train would accelerate between 5 and 10 km/h before the brake came into effect. It was noted that the G7 trainset was the only train in the Tangara fleet to use 3-phase induction motors, and that these are not able to "run-away". Furthermore, the majority of braking and traction system components were thoroughly examined and tested by experts from Australia and overseas, and found to be working normally. Those damaged in the crash were examined and were also found not to have had pre-existing damage able to cause such an accident.

Official findings into the accident also blamed an "underdeveloped safety culture". There has been criticism of the way CityRail managed safety issues, resulting in what the NSW Ministry of Transport termed "a reactive approach to risk management".

At the inquiry, Paul Webb, Queen's Counsel, representing the guard on the train, said the guard was in a microsleep at the time of the question, for as much as 30 seconds, which would have removed the opportunity for the guard to halt the train. Webb had also proposed there had been attitudes that the driver was completely in charge of the train, and speeding was not an acceptable reason for the guard to slow or halt the train, which would have been a contributing factor in the accident.

Prior to this derailment, neither training nor procedures mandated the guard to exercise control over the speed of the train by using the emergency brake pipe cock ("the tail"). Apart from the driver being considered to be the sole operator of the train, the emergency brake pipe cock does not provide the same degree of control over the automatic brake as a proper brake valve. The consensus among train crews was that a sudden emergency application from the rear could cause a breakaway (which is in fact not possible, as the cock does not apply the brakes solely to the rear car but rather uniformly along the full length of the train), and there was some evidence from previous accidents to validate such an opinion, however these were not involving the modern multiple-unit train design of which the Tangara is an example.

Since this derailment, CityRail training and operational procedures now emphasise the guard's responsibility to monitor the train's speed, and if necessary, open the emergency brake pipe tap to stop the train.

Changes implemented
All Sydney and Intercity NSW TrainLink trains now have an additional safety feature, which has been fitted since the accident. In addition to the deadman handle and foot pedal, the trains are fitted with "task linked vigilance" - which resets a timer every time the driver activates certain controls. If there is no change in control, a flashing lamp and then buzzer sound and the driver is required to acknowledge a vigilance button. If the train's driver does not use the controls and does not acknowledge the vigilance alarm, the vigilance system is activated and makes an emergency brake application. All trains have also been fitted with data loggers to record the driver's and guard's actions as they work the train, as well as the train's speed. Such a system had been fitted to G7, but was in the early stage of fleet roll-out, and hence had not been commissioned and switched on at the time of the accident.

Rescue workers who attended the scene were impeded from accessing the trapped passengers on the train because they did not have the keys required to open the emergency exit doors. Emergency exit mechanisms have all been modified, to allow them to be used without requiring a key. RailCorp has installed internal emergency door release mechanisms on all new trains. However many passengers found their own way out since the train was broken into three pieces during the accident.

CityRail/RailCorp incorporated emergency door releases on the insides of the new Waratah trains as a result of the inquiries to this disaster, enabling passengers to open the doors themselves in case of an emergency, where the crew are incapacitated and the train is at a standstill.

The 2004 changes to medical assessments of rail workers were developed in response to the incident. Overseen by the National Transport Commission, Cardiac assessments are mandatory for certification and re-certification with a proscribed mandatory checklist as part of the national standard in the interest of ensuring public safety, the intended purpose of the health assessments whereas previously the health assessments did not have an occupational risk but a clinical focus.

title: Waterfall rail accident


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2004 Paris Motor Show

The 2004 Paris Motor Show (Mondial de l'Automobile) took place from 25 September to 10 October 2004 in Paris expo Porte de Versailles. There was an extra exhibition called L'Automobile et la bande Dessinée ("The Car and the Stripbook") in Palace 8.

Introductions

 * Alfa Romeo 147
 * Aston Martin Vanquish S
 * Audi A3 Sportback
 * Audi A4
 * BMW 1 Series
 * BMW M5
 * Chevrolet Kalos (three door)
 * Chevrolet M3X
 * Chevrolet S3X
 * Chrysler 300C Touring
 * Citroën C4
 * Citroën C5 (facelift)
 * Ferrari F430
 * Fiat Panda 4x4 Climbing
 * Fiat Stilo Uproad
 * Ford Focus (three and five door hatchbacks, station wagon)
 * Honda CR-V (diesel)
 * Honda Jazz
 * Hyundai Coupe
 * Hyundai Sonata
 * Kia Sportage
 * Lancia Musa
 * Maserati MC12
 * Mazda 5
 * Mercedes-Benz A-Class (W169)
 * Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class (W219)
 * MG TF (France Only)
 * Mitsubishi Colt CZ3/CZT
 * Mitsubishi Outlander (turbo)
 * Opel Astra GTC
 * Peugeot 1007
 * Peugeot 607 (facelift)
 * Peugeot 907
 * Porsche 911 Carrera
 * Porsche Boxster
 * Renault Fluence Concept
 * Renault Wind Concept
 * Rover 75 ("100th anniversary")
 * Seat Toledo
 * Skoda Fabia (Typ6Y facelift)
 * Škoda Octavia Wagon
 * Smart Forfour Sportstyle
 * Suzuki Swift
 * Toyota Land Cruiser
 * Volkswagen Golf GTI
 * Volvo XC90 V8

title: 2004 Paris Motor Show


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Wittgenstein's rod

Wittgenstein's rod is a problem in geometry discussed by 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Description
A ray is drawn with its origin $A$ on a circle, through an external point $S$ and a point $B$ is chosen at some constant distance from the starting end of the ray; what figure does $B$ describe when all the initial points on the circle are considered? The answer depends on three parameters: the radius of the circle, the distance from the center to $S$, and the length of the segment $\overline{AB}$. The shape described by $B$ can be seen as a 'figure-eight' which in some cases degenerates to a single lobe looking like an inverted cardioid.

If $B$ remains on the same side of $S$ with respect to the center of the circle, instead of a ray one can consider just a segment or the rod $\overline{AB}$.

Wittgenstein sketched a mechanism and wrote: "While the point A describes a circle, B describes a figure eight. Now we write this down as a proposition of kinematics. When I work the mechanism its movement proves the proposition to me; as would a construction on paper. The proposition corresponds e.g. to a picture of the mechanism with the paths of the points A and B drawn in. Thus it is in a certain respect a picture of that movement. It holds fast what the proof shows me. Or – what it persuades me of."

This text has been included among the notes selected for publication in Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics and the editors have dated in the as spring of 1944.

Related mechanism
Wittgenstein's rod is a generalization of Hoeckens linkage.

title: Wittgenstein's rod