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Jeszenszky

The Jeszenszky family or Jesenský (also Jessensky, Jessinsky, Jessensky de Gross Jessen) is the name of two old noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary. They have a mutual name but their origins are different.

Kisjeszen family
The first known ancestor of the Kisjeszen (Minor Jeszen) family was the castle warrior András Temérdek who received lands in Turóc County (Turiec) from king Béla IV of Hungary in 1255. The family introduced their new surname after the name of a village "Jeszen" (Jaseno, now Turčianske Jaseno). In the 14th century the family used the "Kisjeszeni" ("de Kisjeszen") name form and the Slovak variant of their name "Jeszenszky" came into use from the 15th century.

Nagyjeszen family
The first known member of the Nagyjeszen (Major Jeszen) family was called Mágya. In 1278 Mágya received his noble title, because of his valor in the Battle on the Marchfeld.

Famous members of the families
Ladislaus Jesenský died in 1526 during the catastrophic Battle of Mohács. Subsequently, all Jesenský property was confiscated by the advancing Ottomans, so brothers Melchior, Lorenz and Balthasar Jesenský moved to Silesia (then part of the Crown of Bohemia) and lived in Wrocław and Świdnica from 1541 onward. Balthasar's son was Ján Jesenský, known as Jan Jesenius, famous scientist and politician who lived and died in Prague, Bohemia.

Branches of the families are still living in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, United States and England.

Important family members:
 * Jan Jesenius (1566–1621), Bohemian physician, philosopher and politician, rector of Charles University in Prague
 * Růžena Jesenská (1863–1940), Czech novelist
 * Jan Jesenský (1870–1947), Czech scientist, professor of Charles University
 * Janko Jesenský (1874–1945), Slovak poet, prose writer and translator
 * Milena Jesenská (1896–1944), Czech journalist and translator, friend of Franz Kafka
 * Jan Jesenský Jr. (1904–1942), Czech scientist, assistant professor of Charles University
 * Ferenc Jeszenszky (1905–1990), Hungarian economist, during 1949–52 was a president of Hungarian National Bank in Budapest
 * Géza Jeszenszky (1941–), Hungarian politician, in 1990–94 foreign minister of Hungary

title: Jeszenszky


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West Otago

West Otago is the local name given to part of the region of Otago, New Zealand, lying close to the border with Southland. It is administratively connected to South Otago, but is geographically separated from it by a range of hills known as the Blue Mountains. The largest settlements in West Otago are Tapanui and Heriot, and other localities within the area include Moa Flat, Edievale, Crookston, Merino Downs, and Waikoikoi. The area described as West Otago is sometimes extended to include Lawrence, Clinton, and Beaumont. The ghost town of Kelso also lies within West Otago. Other notable features of the area include Conical Hill and Landslip Hill, the latter being a major fossil-bearing formation.

West Otago is connected to the New Zealand State Highway network by, which runs north–south through the Pomahaka valley linking  near Gore and  at Raes Junction. The area was formerly also served by a rail branch line, the Tapanui Branch, which ran from 1880 until 1978.

European settlement in the area dates back to the 1850s. Early settlers in the region included William Pinkerton, an Englishman who had been a runholder in Australia for over a decade, who first cleared land for farming around Tapanui in 1857. A Scottish settler, Adam Oliver, and his wife Agnes, had settled further down the Pomahaka valley the previous year. Prior to European arrival, the area was a Māori moa-hunting area, but had little if any permanent settlement.

West Otago consists of rolling farmland and forested hills close to the Pomahaka River. Livestock farming (sheep and cattle) is a major industry in the area, and Tapanui is historically a forestry centre.

Demographics
The West Otago statistical area, which is identical in area to the West Otago ward of Clutha District, covers 1374.72 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

West Otago had a population of 2,289 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 120 people (5.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 57 people (2.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 909 households, comprising 1,182 males and 1,107 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female. The median age was 40.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 507 people (22.1%) aged under 15 years, 351 (15.3%) aged 15 to 29, 1,062 (46.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 366 (16.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.8% European/Pākehā, 10.6% Māori, 0.7% Pasifika, 2.8% Asian, and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 10.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.5% had no religion, 37.0% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 0.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 237 (13.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 399 (22.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $35,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 243 people (13.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,014 (56.9%) people were employed full-time, 318 (17.8%) were part-time, and 24 (1.3%) were unemployed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Otago


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Europa (wargame)

Europa is a series of board wargames planned to cover combat over the entire European Theater of World War II at a scale that represents units from divisions down to battalions and game turns that represent two weeks of time. The series was launched in 1973, and is still in production as of 2013, with over a dozen titles published and several more still in production or planning. Most of the titles qualify as "monster games", a subgenre of wargames featuring extensive orders of battle, a complex ruleset and usually a large game-map area with a detailed representation of the terrain they cover.

Games
The Europa series has been produced by four different publishers, as follows:
 * Game Designers Workshop (GDW), 1973–1987
 * Game Research/Design (GRD), 1989–2000
 * Mill Creek Ventures, 2001–2003
 * Historical Military Services (HMS), 2004–present

GRD began publishing play aids for Europa under a license from GDW, while GDW was still publishing the games. In 1989, they acquired use of the Europa trademark and began publishing the games, both new titles and "Deluxe Edition" revisions of previously published titles.

When GRD's Winston Hamilton died in March 2001, Mill Creek Ventures (principal owner Carl Kleihege) bought the rights and took over production of Europa. They continued using the terms "Game Research/Design", "GRD", and "GRD Games" alongside "Mill Creek Ventures" in their publications. They never published an actual Europa game, but they continued with the development of future releases and released several issues of The Europa Magazine.

In mid-2004, HMS bought the assets that formerly belonged to GRD, and thus took over production of the Europa series. HMS published the module Wavell's War in November 2005, and has released two issues of The Europa Magazine.

Under the terms of the agreement whereby GRD had obtained use of the Europa trademark, the intellectual property reverted to Rich Banner when Winston Hamilton died, so all Europa production by Mill Creek Ventures and HMS has been done under a license from Banner.

The changes in publishers have interfered with continuity in terms of publication schedules—only one new title has appeared since 1998—but there has been a great deal of continuity in terms of the people actually doing the development. For example, John Astell took over from Frank Chadwick as game designer for the series back when GDW was still publishing the series, and designed or co-designed several of the titles released by GRD. He appears not to be currently involved with HMS. Current HMS owners Gar Olmsted and Arthur Goodwin (and formerly Cory Manka, who left in the midst of a legal dispute) are also familiar names to long-time followers of the series, appearing in the credits of a number of the games and/or as authors in the official magazine of the series and fanzine publications.

GRD, Mill Creek, and HMS have also worked on newer game series covering the War in the Pacific (the Glory series) and World War I (the Great War series), which are somewhat similar to the Europa series, though not part of it.

Magazines and accessories
During 1976-1977, GDW published four issues of a flier called The Europa Newsletter. The fifth issue became a full-fledged magazine called The Grenadier, and expanded its coverage to GDW's other, non-Europa offerings as well.

In 1988, GRD revived The Europa Newsletter. Issue #5 saw the title changed to The Europa News (TEN), a somewhat more substantial magazine with a stiff glossy cover. Starting with issue No. 11, the title on the cover was changed to simply Europa, it was called The Europa Magazine (TEM), and it has continued under that name since then, and various subtitles have been in use over time as well, such as "The Europa Systems Magazine from GRD" (TESM) on the cover of #86 (with "HMS" substituted for "GRD" on the title page).. (As of July 2015, the most recent issue is #87, published in 2004. The repeated changes in publishers since 2000 have made the appearance of new issues somewhat erratic, but the magazine is still in existence.)

The magazine subscription is also a membership in The Europa Association, whose members also receive discounts on game orders and free copies of some of the "refit kit" materials or special maps. As with The Grenadier before it, The Europa Magazine also covers the publisher's other, non-Europa offerings. Unlike The Grenadier, however, it has not strayed far afield, and still focuses primarily on Europa.

Over the life of the series, a large number of official and unofficial play aids, rules variants, fanzines, and other Europa-related materials have been published. The most important of these was a fanzine entitled ETO: The New Europa Newsletter, which was published by Bill Stone and ran to 58 issues (excepting the unpublished issue number 57) during 1985-1990. Starting with issue #45 in 1989, the subtitle was changed to The Independent Europa Newsletter in response to GRD's acquisition of the trademark and publication rights for the system. This fanzine was an important focus for fans of the Europa system during the years when GDW was sidelining the system and it had not yet been turned over to GRD.

Currently, HMS has an official Europa website at hmsgrd.com. The site has information about the availability of published games, the status of games in production, plans for future games in the series, information about The Europa Association, downloadable errata sheets, and other material of interest to Europa players.

East Front trilogy
The Europa series had its beginnings as a project by Paul Richard ("Rich") Banner, Frank Chadwick, and Marc Miller to produce a series of three wargames to cover the entire Eastern Front of the Second World War at the operational scale — that is, with more detail than a strategic simulation would provide, but less than a tactical simulation would merit. The trilogy was to include:

The titles appealed to the historical Drang nach Osten and mythological Götterdämmerung concepts as symbols for the epic struggle between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

Banner, Chadwick, and Miller founded Game Designers Workshop (GDW) initially to produce educational simulations for university classes. Drang nach Osten and Unentschieden were the company's first commercial releases. The game rules were a merger of Chadwick's earlier system for ground combat with Miller's earlier rules for science-fictional space combat adapted to represent World War II-era air combat (both had published earlier titles reflecting those interests). Banner served as art director for the project.

GDW released Drang nach Osten and Unentschieden in 1973. DNO was the first commercial "monster" board game. Due to an expanding range of interests that the developers wanted to pursue with their successful new company, Götterdämmerung was indefinitely postponed by GDW, and will never be published as originally conceived, due to a greatly revised plan for the series. The scope of the expanded series is covered more thoroughly below.

Expansion from trilogy to Europa
The ostensible trilogy began its expansion to cover the entire European theater when the developers published a game on the German 1940 invasion of Norway, Narvik, in 1974. They then started working on a game to cover Germany's unplanned 1941 Balkans campaign to overthrow the governments of Yugoslavia and Greece, which some believe delayed the onset of Operation Barbarossa by several weeks and may have contributed to its failure. The game was finally published in 1979 as Marita-Merkur, named after German operations Marita and Merkur carried out during that campaign. However, it was published as a stand-alone game; by this time the Europa concept of covering the entire European theater had evolved, and the plan called for publishing a series of stand-alone games that provided Europa material, but concentrated on a single campaign and left most of the link-up issues to be addressed by future publications. The series also grew to cover such topics as the Spanish Civil War, which, though not strictly part of World War II, helped with the map coverage and provided a basis for what-if scenarios, had the various campaigns and battles of World War II gone differently in the games than the historical outcome.

The plans for the series evolved somewhat over the four decades of its existence, but can be approximated as follows. The various games traditionally been identified as "Europa Game X", where X is a Roman numeral. Since some of the games have been published under different names for their various editions, the list given here describes the subject matter for each game and breaks out the individual titles as bullets. Many titles have unofficial but commonly used acronyms, given in parentheses after the title. Acronyms for the games' publishers are given as well.

Several of the games listed here have had separately published "refit kits" for corrections and minor upgrades, and in some cases those have been included in later printings of the games. Their Finest Hour is the most extreme example of this, with both defective maps and numbers of counters needing to be reprinted. Some games have also been reprinted with new box art. Such details are not shown here.

Europa I - The German invasion of the USSR and the Soviet riposte, 1941-1942. Europa II - The Eastern Front, 1942–1944 Europa III - The Balkans Campaign, 1941. Europa IV - The Norwegian campaign, 1940. Europa V - The Battle of Britain and planned German invasion, 1940. Europa VI - The Western Desert Campaign in North Africa, 1940-1942. Europa VII - The German invasion of Poland, 1939. Europa VIII - The Western Campaign in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, 1940. Europa IX - Operations in the Near East. Europa X - Potential involvement of Spain and Portugal in World War II, including the planned German assault on Gibraltar. Europa XI - The Allied invasion of French North Africa, 1942-1943. Europa XII - The Allied invasion of France, 1944. Europa XIII - Expansion module giving a bigger picture of the Soviet war effort, plus updates and play aids for FitE/SE, and a scenario for the 1943 campaign. Europa XIV - The Winter War between Finland and the USSR, 1939-1940.
 * Drang Nach Osten! (DNO), GDW 1973. Primarily used German sources for OB information, and had rudimentary maps (by later standards).
 * Fire in the East (FitE), GDW 1984. OBs and maps were thoroughly revised, utilizing more recently published material on Soviet forces.
 * Total War (TW), HMS/GRD (not yet published). The final revision for this title. Maps and counters were released to those purchasers who chose this option at the end of 2012.
 * Unentschieden, GDW 1973. The name is German for Stalemate.
 * Scorched Earth, (SE) GDW 1987.
 * Marita-Merkur, (MM) GDW 1979.
 * Balkan Front, (BF) GRD 1990.
 * Narvik, (Nar) GDW 1974.
 * Storm Over Scandinavia (SoS) GRD 1998.
 * Their Finest Hour (TFH), GDW 1976.
 * Western Desert, (WD) GDW 1982.
 * War in the Desert (WitD), GRD 1995. (see below)
 * Case White (CW), GDW 1977.
 * First to Fight (FtF), GRD 1991.
 * The Fall of France (FoF), GDW 1981.
 * The Near East (NE or TNE), GDW 1983.
 * War in the Desert (WitD), GRD 1995. (see below)
 * Spain and Portugal (S&P), GDW 1984.
 * For Whom the Bell Tolls (FWtBT), GR/D 1995. (Covers the Spanish Civil War as well.)
 * Torch, GDW 1985.
 * War in the Desert (WitD), GRD 1995. (see below)
 * Second Front (SF), GRD 1994.
 * The Urals (TU), GRD 1989.
 * A Winter War (WW or AWW), GRD 1992.

Material included in Balkan Front and First to Fight, published in 1990 and 1991 respectively, agreed with the above (excepting titles not yet released), and proposed the following extensions to wrap up the series, though none of them have been published:

Europa XV - The naval campaigns in the Mediterranean Sea and around the shores of Europe, 1939-1945. Europa XVI - Rules for integrating the individual games into a single game covering the entire war in the European theater, 1939-1945. Europa XVII - Czechoslovakia fights rather than surrendering to appeasement in 1938.
 * The Naval War
 * Grand Europa
 * Peace in our Time

However, material included with War in the Desert, published in 1995, introduced substantial changes to the plan. It included all the material previously distributed over Europa VI/IX/XI in a single publication, now officially Europa VI but billed as "Europa VI/IX/XI" on the game box. It also offered the following changes to the earlier numbering scheme, though none of the proposed new material has been published:

Europa V (a combination of the earlier V & VIII) Europa VIII - The partisan/anti-partisan campaign in southeastern Europe, 1941-1945. Europa IX (previously XVII) Europa XI (previously XV) Europa XV (previously XVI)
 * Blitzkrieg in the West
 * Partisan War
 * Peace in our Time
 * The Naval War
 * Grand Europa

Material included with Storm Over Scandinavia, published in 1998, retained the same scheme, but proposed some new titles:
 * Total War would be a third edition of Europa I.
 * Total Victory would be a third edition of Europa II, and would apparently also cover material originally planned for the unpublished Götterdämmerung.
 * The proposed but unpublished Blitzkrieg in the West would be retitled Lightning War.

Much of this planning apparently became moot when GR/D's assets were picked up by Mill Creek Ventures in 2001. Work on a Europa-style game covering the campaign in East Africa had already been underway by a group calling itself "The East Africa Map Company", and it now became an official Europa project to be published as Wavell's War, covering all of World War II not only in East Africa, but in North Africa and the Mediterranean as well. It was offered for preorder in 2002, and was published in November 2005. No Europa series number has been announced for it. Mill Creek Ventures also continued development of Total War, the third edition of Europa I, and has offered it for preorder since 2003. The first components of this game (maps and counters) were released to purchasers at the end of 2012. Earlier in 2011, customers were given the opportunity to purchase additional unfolded maps from Total War. Although development of the series continues, no formal plan for its completion has been announced since the one given in Storm Over Scandinavia in 1998.

Current status
The current status of the series can be seen at the publisher's Europa site, hmsgrd.com. February 2013, the plan for Europa conforms approximately to the plan offered in 1998 (above), except that no Roman numerals are given for the games, and:
 * Partisan War has been renamed PARTIZAN!
 * Wavell's War published in 2005, joined the list, including coverage of the Italian campaign in East Africa and their defeat.
 * The Eastern Front is once more planned as a trilogy, with Clash of Titans inserted between Total War and Total Victory, to cover the years 1943-1944.
 * A new Ike's War is proposed as a module linking War in the Desert with Second Front.
 * There is no mention of Peace in our Time, The Naval War, or "Grand Europa"

The changes to the 1998 plan indicate an assessment by the new publishers that the Europa system cannot be completed simply by publishing the three unpublished titles. Instead they propose that the modules Wavell's War and Ike's War be used as intermediate steps toward a completed system.

There was also a freely downloadable set of "Boot Camp Rules", a simplified ruleset to help people get started with the Europa system. The link on the HMS site is now dead.

There has been no new activity on the HMS website since February 2016.

Reviews

 * Casus Belli #42 (Dec 1987)

title: Europa (wargame)


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W5 (TV program)

W5 is a Canadian news magazine television program that was produced by CTV News. The program was broadcast on CTV, with repeat broadcasts on CTV 2, CTV News Channel, and Investigation Discovery. The program also aired in a radio simulcast on CFRB in Toronto.

The title refers to the Five Ws of journalism: Who, What, Where, When and Why? It was the longest-running news magazine/documentary program in North America and the most-watched program of its type in Canada.

In February 2024, the program was cancelled by CTV, effective at the end of the 2023-2024 season, as part of cuts by its parent company. W5 will continue to be used as a brand for investigative journalism features on CTV News programs.

History
It was launched as W5 on September 11, 1966, just after the demise of CBC Television's This Hour Has Seven Days, at a time when the CTV network was on the brink of bankruptcy. The program's magazine format is considered an inspiration for a number of similar programs, including the American program 60 Minutes which premiered two years later.

The program's first executive producer and host was Peter Reilly. He quit only a few weeks into the first season of W5, in a dispute with John Bassett, who owned the CTV network's biggest station, CFTO-TV in Toronto. Reilly went on to become the first host of the CBC's later current affairs offering, The Fifth Estate. Peter Rehak was executive producer through the 1980s and 1990s.

Robert Hurst oversaw a revamping of the program look in the fall of 1995. Fiona Conway became executive producer but left for ABC News in 1998. Conway was succeeded by senior producer Ian McLeod and after he left Malcolm Fox became the executive producer from September 2000 until September 2009. Anton Koschany served as executive producer from 2009-2021, during which time the program moved into HD and produced an expanded number of episodes per season. He was succeeded by current Executive Producer Derek Miller.

The program's first regular host was Ken Cavanagh, with reports from CTV National News journalists such as Doug Johnson and Frank Drea, who later became a Progressive Conservative member of Provincial Parliament in Ontario and Trina McQueen, later president of CTV. During the 1970s, Henry Champ was a longtime host, along with Ken Lefolii and Tom Gould. Helen Hutchinson, who also hosted during the 1970s (concurrent with her tenure as co-host of the morning show Canada AM), was one of the first women to gain a prominent position in television news in Canada. Jim Reed joined the programme in 1972 as a field producer and was later appointed as host along with Hutchinson and Champ.

Eric Malling joined W5 in 1990 from CBC's rival news magazine, The Fifth Estate. In 1991, a new team of reporters also joined the program: Susan Ormiston, Christine Nielsen, and Elliott Shiff. The program was called W5 with Eric Malling until Malling moved to hosting the television program Mavericks in 1995.

In 1993–94, an in-depth report on New Zealand showed the results of a nation that had suffered the effects of a debt wall. The report had a significant influence and was used by governments to justify cutting social services. The government of Alberta included transcripts of the program when it sent back rejected grant applications and Ontario Premier Bob Rae cited the program during cabinet debates on the deficit. Author Linda McQuaig criticized the program saying: "It was just full of misinformation," saying that Malling distorted the situation in New Zealand by presenting what was really a short-term currency crisis as something else: national bankruptcy and the loss of credit. The real issue - an overvalued currency - she says, was never brought up. "I'm talking about confusing the issues," she says, "making people believe things that aren't true because that's the point that he wanted to make. You don't need to come out with a technical lie to do that."

In 1996 for its 30th anniversary, the program was rebranded to W-FIVE and became more populist. Hosts included top CTV journalists, including Lloyd Robertson, Craig Oliver and Jim O'Connell.

With broadcast shifting to HD for the 2009–2010 season the program reverted to its traditional title W5 with a revised graphic treatment and a new theme that reflects its investigative nature and culminates in five notes representative of the five Ws of journalism.

Recent hosts have included Robertson, Sandie Rinaldo, Kevin Newman and Lisa LaFlamme (with Robertson continuing to co-host following his 2011 retirement as anchor of the CTV National News until 2016 when he was named special correspondent). W5 has produced such stories as a possible cure for multiple sclerosis ("The Liberation Treatment"), an investigation into fatal shootings by RCMP officers (nominated for a Michener Award), an investigation of abuses at the Nova Scotia Home for Colored Children ("The Throwaway Children"), an annual expose of used car dealer trickery, rampant corruption in Canada's immigration system, and personal stories of burn recovery from the Bali bombing.

Since 2000, the program had officially been designated a "documentary series", with only one or two segments filling an hour-long episode, due to Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission regulations that count documentaries, but not older-style newsmagazines, as "priority programming". In the 2012–2013 season, the program began experimenting with loosening the format, with occasional three story episodes.

For a period of time in the late 1970s and into the 1980s, the program's introductory theme music used part of "Fool's Overture", a song by the UK band Supertramp. The current theme was composed by Doug Pennock, who has also composed the theme for CTV National News and music for other CTV special projects, including the 2007 two-hour documentary Triumph & Treachery: The Brian Mulroney Story.

On October 24, 2009, CTV unveiled a new look for W5, introduced a new logo and began broadcasting for the very first time in high definition. The title was once again rebranded, back to its original title as W5. This look was further refined with the start of the program's 47th season on September 22, 2012. The start of the 48th season saw the introduction of David Tyler as the current in-show narrator.

In February 2024, W5 was cancelled as a standalone program as part of cuts by Bell Media. The brand will still be used for investigative journalism features across CTV News platforms, including the CTV National News.

At the time of its cancellation as a television series in 2024, W5 was the longest-running current affairs/newsmagazine program in North America, and the third longest-running Canadian television program.

Controversies
W5 came under controversy during the 1970s when it aired a feature called "Campus Giveaways", hosted by Helen Hutchinson. The feature used incorrect statistics to conclude that foreign students were eroding white Canadians' opportunities for a secondary education and benefitting from public universities that were being funded by Canadian taxpayers, without exploring the statement's backgrounds. The host of the program stated:
 * ... there are so many oriental foreign students that they rarely mix with their Canadian classmates. It's as if there are two campuses at Canadian universities—foreign and domestic. Certainly this Chinese theatre attracts a full house, but not one Canadian student attended.1

It has been alleged that the feature was specifically directed to form a negative view towards Chinese and Chinese Canadians. As well, it did not determine if the people filmed in that particular episode were actually Chinese or Chinese Canadian.

The feature led to widespread protests by Chinese Canadians, including Joseph Yu Kai Wong (later founder of the Yee Hong Centre for Geriatric Care). The feature was also criticized by politicians like Bob Rae and Stephen Lewis, both of whom narrated a rebuttal. With the looming threat of a lawsuit, W5 retracted the feature's statement and apologised. The president of CTV at the time, Murray Chercover, issued the following statement on April 16, 1980:

 * ... our critics—particularly Chinese Canadians and the universities—criticized the program as racist; they were right.... We share the dismay of our critics that this occurred. We sincerely apologize for the fact that Chinese Canadians were depicted as foreigners and for whatever distress this stereotyping may have caused them in the context of our multicultural society.2

This event also led to the formation of the Chinese Canadian National Council in order to form a stronger voice representing Chinese Canadians nationwide.

Hosts and producers
Hosts, reporters, and producers associated with the program have included: • Heinz Avigdor

• Barry Backus

• Dalton Camp

• Ken Cavanagh

• Henry Champ

• Wei Chen

• Tom Clark

• Fiona Conway

• Kelly Crichton

• Bill Cunningham

• Allya Davidson

• Chad Derrick

• Gordon Donaldson

• Frank Drea

• Malcolm Fox (2000–2009)

• Tom Gould

• Paul Haber

• Avery Haines

• Les Harris

• Robert Hurst

• Helen Hutchinson

• Doug Johnson

• Tom Kennedy

• Peter Kent

• Anton Koschany

• Ken Lefolii

• Michael Maclear (1977–78)

• Victor Malarek

• Eric Malling (1990–1996)

• Jack McGaw

• Dennis McIntosh

• Ian McLeod

• Derek Miller

• Brett Mitchell

• Kevin Newman

• Christine Nielsen

• Susan Ormiston

• Jim Reed

• Peter Rehak (1981–1996)

• Peter Reilly (first host)

• Sandie Rinaldo

• Lloyd Robertson

• Morley Safer

• Merle Shain

• Elliott Shiff

• Sylvia Sweeney

• Carole Taylor

• Rosemary Vukmanich

• Patrick Watson

• Genevieve Westcott

• Jon Woodward

• Don Young

title: W5 (TV program)


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Roly poly

Roly poly or Roly Poly may refer to:

 * An isopod crustacean of the family Armadillidiidae, also known as a pill bug
 * A pill millipede (unrelated to the pill bug)
 * Syzygium alliiligneum, a plant from Queensland, Australia
 * Roly-poly toy, a toy that rights itself when pushed over
 * Jam roly-poly, a traditional British pudding
 * Roly Poly (sandwich store chain), a chain of sandwich shops in the United States
 * "Roly Poly" (Bob Wills song)
 * "Roly-Poly" (T-ara song)
 * Roly-Poly (game), an ancestor of Roulette
 * Roly Poly (horse), thoroughbred racehorse
 * The Roly Poly Man, a close associate of the Hurdy Gurdy Man in the 1968 song by Donovan
 * A Forward Roll, a gymnastic maneuver
 * Roly Poly, a translation of the title of Przekładaniec, a 1968 Polish film by Andrzej Wajda
 * Roly Poly, a 1969 TV episode of Thirty-Minute Theatre by BBC Television
 * Roly Polys, a dancing group of fat ladies promoted by British comedian Les Dawson
 * Wayne Shaw (footballer), English footballer nicknamed the Roly Poly Goalie

title: Roly poly


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Anthony Davidson

Anthony Denis Davidson (born 18 April 1979) is a British former racing driver, currently working as an analyst for the Sky Sports F1 television channel, as part of the commentary team for WEC TV, as colour commentator for the F1 series of video games, and as simulator and demonstration driver for Mercedes AMG Petronas. He is best known for racing in Formula One for Minardi and Super Aguri, and has been a test or reserve driver for the British American Racing, Honda, and Brawn GP teams. Davidson was the 2014 WEC World Champion, alongside his teammate, Sébastien Buemi.

Driving career
Born in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, Davidson began kart racing in 1987, competing in various British, European and North American championships. He won three British championships (93, 94, 95), one Italian championship and was runner-up in the Formula A European championship in 1996. In 1999, he moved to single seater cars, racing Formula Fords and winning the 1600 cc Kent engine class of the British Formula Ford festival that year. The following season, he was runner-up in the British Formula Ford championship but did win the blue riband Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch and scooped the McLaren/Autosport Young Driver of the Year Award.

In 2001, Davidson competed in the British Formula Three championship with the Carlin team, finishing second overall to teammate Takuma Sato. His performance improved throughout the season and he outscored Sato from June until the season's end. He also won the Formula Three Pau Grand Prix, the Spa Masters and the FIA European Cup.

BAR and Minardi
In late 2000, Davidson became the test driver for the British American Racing (BAR) Formula One team for the season. The following season Davidson started two races for the Minardi team, temporarily replacing regular driver Alex Yoong, who the team had decided to suspend after he had failed to qualify for three races. Minardi had originally planned to put Justin Wilson in the car, but he proved too tall. Davidson's qualifying times were within 0.6s of teammate Mark Webber at his two starts in Hungary and Belgium, but he spun out of both events.

He was not given a chance to race in and remained as test driver at BAR. Race drivers were Jacques Villeneuve and Davidson's countryman Jenson Button who joined the team from Renault. When Takuma Sato was promoted to the race team following the departure of Villeneuve, it presented Davidson with the opportunity to become third driver. This was especially useful in as BAR were able to run a third car in Friday morning testing, which became Davidson's duty. He frequently impressed with his pace, other teams frequently taking note of his consistent lap times for tyre degradation data, e.g. at Indianapolis he set the second fastest lap time in Friday practice after 19 laps.

In November 2004, BAR announced that it had failed to come to an acceptable contractual agreement with the Williams team to allow Davidson to drive for Williams in because Williams would not agree to his unconditional "repatriation" to BAR in. Given BAR's long-term contract on Davidson, his chance of securing a race seat for 2005 was therefore called into serious doubt. He was given the opportunity to fill in for an unwell Sato at the 2005 Malaysian Grand Prix, but his engine expired just two laps into the event.

Honda
In 2006 Davidson resumed his role as test driver for BAR, now owned by Honda and renamed Honda Racing F1. As BAR had failed to be one of the top four constructors the previous season Honda were able to run a third car on Friday, giving Davidson a bigger role than in 2005. Having previously done some radio commentary work for BBC Radio Five Live, in 2006 he made his debut as a television commentator, standing in for the absent Martin Brundle for ITV Sport at the Hungarian Grand Prix, which was won by Jenson Button and the Honda team. In 2008 Davidson returned to Honda as test driver for the testing at Spain's Circuit de Catalunya whilst Honda test driver Alexander Wurz was racing at Le Mans.

Super Aguri
On 15 November 2006, Super Aguri confirmed that Davidson would partner Takuma Sato for the 2007 Formula One season. Thus, he became a regular Formula One driver for the first time.

At the 2007 Canadian Grand Prix Davidson was running third when his car struck a groundhog on the straight before the pits, ultimately putting him back to 11th place and ending his bid for his first career points. At the Hungarian Grand Prix Davidson's rear suspension was broken during a collision with Giancarlo Fisichella, which forced him to retire. Davidson finished the season in 23rd place having scored no points.

Amid financial problems which threatened their continued participation in Formula One, Super Aguri retained Davidson alongside teammate Sato for. However, on 6 May 2008 Super Aguri withdrew from the Championship leaving Davidson without a race seat.

Return to Honda
Davidson was announced as a Honda test driver for the remainder of. On 5 December 2008 Honda pulled out of Formula One due to financial problems. Ross Brawn bought out the team and formed Brawn GP and Davidson signed on as a test driver. On 16 November 2009, engine suppliers Mercedes-Benz bought out Brawn GP and renamed the team Mercedes GP. Davidson continued in his role as reserve and development driver.

Mercedes (2010–present)
Davidson was linked with incoming teams Virgin and Lotus for the 2010 F1 season. However, Davidson did not secure a 2010 race seat in F1, and instead turned his focus to racing sports cars. In F1 he continued his long-standing relationship with the Brackley-based Mercedes F1 Team, combining duties as reserve and simulator driver in 2010 and 2011, and continuing his simulator role from 2012.

CART
Davidson tested a Champ Car at Road America in 2002 with Team KOOL Green, to assist the team with traction control development. The test was arranged by Honda, Davidson's employer in Formula 1 at the time.

Sportscars
Davidson raced for the Aston Martin Racing team in the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans, alongside Darren Turner and Jos Verstappen. His team entered a Lola-Aston Martin B09/60 in the LMP1 class, which finished 13th overall in the race. He returned in the 2010 edition, driving for defending champions Team Peugeot Total alongside Alexander Wurz and Marc Gené. The trio warmed up for Le Mans by leading a Peugeot 1–2 in the 2010 12 Hours of Sebring. However, in the Le Mans race his Peugeot car had an engine failure while leading. Following Le Mans, Davidson raced at the 2010 6 Hours of Silverstone with Nicolas Minassian and secured victory for Peugeot Sport. In October 2010, Davidson secured pole position at Petit Le Mans, and went on to finish second with teammates Alex Wurz and Marc Gené.

In 2011, racing the 908 for Peugeot Sport, Davidson along with Wurz and Gené, won the 6 Hours of Spa, and finished 4th at the Le Mans 24 Hours. Teaming up with Sébastien Bourdais, Davidson went on to win the 6 Hours of Imola, and the 6 Hours of Zhuhai, victories which helped Peugeot Sport secure the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) Championship for the second year running.

With Peugeot pulling out of factory sports car competition, Davidson signed with Toyota to drive its Toyota TS030 Hybrid in the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans. Five hours into the race, as Davidson was lapping the AF Corse Ferrari 458 Italia GTC of Piergiuseppe Perazzini, the two cars collided at the end of the Mulsanne Straight. The collision turned Davidson's car sideways before becoming airborne, flipping through the air, before landing back on its 3 remaining wheels before making heavy contact with the barriers. Davidson got out of his car before calling for assistance; he was later transferred to hospital where he was later diagnosed with fractures to the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebrae of his back.

In 2013, Davidson continued driving with Toyota for a full season and ended with third place in the drivers' championship and 2nd place at Le Mans with teammates Buemi and Sarrazin. For the 2014 season he remained with the Toyota works team and drove Toyota's new car, the Toyota TS040 Hybrid. During the year he won four races and finished third in the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, and became 2014 World Endurance Drivers' Champion alongside co-driver Sébastien Buemi. The following two years were less successful, yielding only two third-place finishes and championship finishes in fifth in 2015 and eighth in 2016.

The 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship season showed an improvement in form, and Davidson and his co-drivers took five victories and one further podium finish for the Toyota team during the campaign. However, the performance of the Porsche team, a sixth-place finish at Le Mans, and missing the 2017 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas due to "personal reasons", contributed to Davidson finishing the season only third in the drivers' championship standings.

Despite his 2017 performance, Davidson was the crew member of the number 8 Toyota entry who was moved aside to allow Fernando Alonso to contest the 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship. Toyota switched Davidson backward into a test and reserve role, and he did not compete in the first two races of the 'superseason', including the 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans. He made his first race appearance in 2018 at Silverstone, driving in the LMP2 class for American team DragonSpeed, where he finished fourth in class.

Commentating
He has since been heard as a co-commentator on selected Grands Prix for BBC Radio 5 Live. This became permanent on 13 February 2009, when it was announced he would commentate alongside David Croft for the season. Davidson continued in the role through into, as the BBC decided on an unchanged lineup for its radio Formula One coverage. On 7 December 2011, Sky Sports announced that Davidson would join its British team as an analyst for race weekends, and would be commentating on practice sessions from the 2012 season.

He commentated alongside Croft for the 2017 Hungarian Grand Prix to cover for Paul di Resta who was needed by Williams to cover for the ill Felipe Massa. Di Resta was himself covering for regular commentator Martin Brundle who was absent through illness with the same condition that afflicted Massa.

He is also one of the lead commentators on the FIA World Endurance Championship world feed along with Martin Haven and Graham Goodwin, starting in the 2022 season.

Helmet
In the studio for 2013 USA Grand Prix qualifying, Davidson admitted that his design was inspired by Eddie Cheever's helmet. When he was in the early karting days of his career he saw the picture of Cheever's helmet and together with his father, who was a graphic designer, changed the colours from the Arizona state flag to the colours of the UK and EU flags, which he has been using for all of his career.

Codemasters Formula One games
Davidson has been working as an advisor for Codemasters since 2009 with F1 2009, and F1 2010 which was released in September 2010. His helmet design is available to select for the user's driver in the game. He later worked with Codemasters-Birmingham on F1 2011 and F1 2012. Davidson and David Croft appeared in F1 2015, F1 2016, F1 2017, F1 2018, F1 2019, F1 2020, F1 2021 and F1 22 as commentators.

Personal life
On 11 August 2006, Davidson married his girlfriend Carrie in Banbury, Oxfordshire. The couple live in Brackley. His brother Andrew Davidson appeared in the first series of Big Brother in the UK. When Andrew was up for eviction in week two, housemate Darren nominated him, giving as a reason that his brother had a race the following week and he would want to leave the house to see him. Andrew was evicted that week.

He was friends growing up with the late Dan Wheldon, who competed in IndyCar.

Career summary
† In addition to competing in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, Peugeot Sport only contested selected events in the 2010 and 2011 Le Mans and American Le Mans Series.

‡ As Davidson was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.

Complete British Formula 3 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Did not finish the race, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

title: Anthony Davidson


text:
Talk:Europa (wargame)

Untitled
I created this article with content taken from Drang nach Osten, because I think the explanation of the political/historical concept and the description of this game should be kept separate. Whether or not this game is significant enough to have its own article is another question that I do not want to decide. I have never heard of this game nor of its authors, but others may have a different opinion, of course. --Thorsten1 11:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

As to the question of "whether or not this game is significant enough to have its own article", Drang Nach Osten is significant for being the very first published "monster" war game, being published in September, 1973, a full six months before its more well-known competitor, SPI's War in the East. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.246.184.114 (talk) 06:22, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

Total War
Does Total War count as a 3rd edition? It seems to use the same rules, only the OOB and map and counters change, reflecting recently released KGB files. Normally when speaking about Europa and "Total War", one thinks of the fabled rules set to cover the entire WWII scenario that combines all the modules into a single game played from 39-45, with rules for politics, economics, etc.. Total War just seems to be an update to an existing game series. Stbalbach 03:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Total War does indeed appear in Europa publications as the name of the next incarnation of Europa I, e.g. on page one of the "Scenario Rules" packet for Storm Over Scandinavia published in 1998, and it is also currently listed by that name at the HMS website. And since it is described there as having new maps and updated rules in addition to the updated order of battle, it sounds like it will qualify as a new edition, though we won't know for sure until when/if it actually comes out of the printing press.
 * As for other meanings of the name Total War, there have just been too many "official proposed projects" floating around for the past 20 years under continually changing names, and it may be that the same title was at some point attached to a different project. For example, IIRC "Clash of the Titans" was originally a fan's east-front scenario published in a magazine, but now appears to be on the roster as an "official proposed game" sandwiched between Total Victory and Total War. Also, "grand Europa" was originally slang for what we would play when everthing was finally published, but under GRD it became the "official proposed title" for a module that would provide the final integration. But from the HMS website and Europa magazine it looks like Total War, as the latest incarnation of Europa I, is real enough to be undergoing playtesting and be on offer for pre-orders. — B.Bryant 02:49, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks it's more clear now, nice work on the re-write; this is a confusing series background and the history is very helpful. Should we mention the hex scale also along with unit size and time? Stbalbach 03:42, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, we should add that and maybe a few other things, though I'm not sure how much is appropriate for an encyclopedia article. — B.Bryant 03:50, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DNO-specific stuff deleted from the article
This article had its origins when material about DNO was removed from the article about the historical Drang nach Osten, so the article contained some very specific material about DNO that IMO is not appropriate to the article that now covers the whole Europa series (e.g., number of counters). Also, I don't think all the facts are correct; someone seems to be confusing the "16 km" with the 16 miles actually used by the system. However, I'm preserving it here in case someone doesn't want to discard it and doesn't want to have to dig through the article history to find it. Some of this is still covered by the article; I just didn't want to cite incomplete sentences here. — B.Bryant 20:41, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DNO consisted of a rulebook, five maps, a set of charts and between 1680 and 1792 counters (accounts vary) in five sheets. Due to printing problems sheet five was only included in the first 100 games; others had to wait for the last to be sent later along with errata. The game covered the period June 1941 to March 1942 in 19 half-monthly turns, at a scale of 16 km per hex. In September 1973, GDW released Unentschieden (german for Stalemate). The expansion, with 2182 counters and four more maps, covered the period April 1942 to February 1945, expanding the game to 52 half-monthly turns. In 1984, GDW released Fire in the East (FITE), a completely revised version of DNO designed by Paul R. Banner, Frank Chadwick, John Astell and Marc W. Miller. The game covers the same conflict during the same period as the first game, but introduced a new scale (25 km per hex). FITE included six maps and 2500 counters.

A definitive statement of the contents of the Europa Series (as from GDW) is available for reference here. http://www.wargameacademy.org/EEF/europaInfo.html

The original DNO had 1680 die cut counters (= seven 240-counter sheets). The half counter sheet was either 112 or 128 counters (it was a full sheet cut in half vertically; some people received 112 counters; others received 128). AmasaJoslin (talk) 02:41, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Some of the information above is incorrect:

DNO covers from the Second half of June 1941 through the First half of March, 1942 - 18 turns, not 19. The scale (the size of the hexes) on the map is 16 miles, not kilometers.

DNO was released in September, 1973, not UNT. UNT was released in 1975. Originally, UNT was only to expand the Great Patriotic War to the end of 1944, with the unpublished third module, Na Zapad (To the West) to cover 1945. The statement that UNT covers to February, 1945 may be inaccurate. Also, if UNT expands DNO to the period of the second half of June 1941 through the second half of December, 1944, that would be 85 total turns, not 52.

Fire in the East most definitely did NOT change the scale of DNO, it stayed at 16 miles per hex. FitE DID revamp the fairly terrain-free maps of DNO, and rework the counterset to reflect the latest (at the time) research.

Finally, Scorched Earth is the replacement for UNT, covering the same period, at the same scale. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.246.184.114 (talk) 06:18, 18 September 2018 (UTC)

Trademark
Onership of the trademark, if any, is disputed.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 00:52, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

How so? AmasaJoslin (talk) 02:36, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * One of the (multiple) problems is that trademarks can only be maintained through use of the trademark. If you cease to produce products (games, magazines), the trademark ceases to be valid. Updating a website every few years is not the same as being in business. The comment in 2009 may also have been a reference to the Cory Manka lawsuit against HMS which was since settled. Its unfortunate that the article doesn't mention any of the non-HMS-associated "after Europa" projects and efforts. 198.45.174.250 (talk) 17:07, 9 July 2017 (UTC)

original research?
Anyone care to explain what in the article is original research. I didn't see any. 12.12.144.130 (talk) 22:18, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Europa (wargame)


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Winterborne St Martin

Winterborne St Martin, commonly known as Martinstown, is a village and civil parish in southwest Dorset, England, situated 4 mi southwest of Dorchester, beside Maiden Castle. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 780. In the centre of the village is the parish church of St Martin, which dates from the 12th century and has a Norman font. Other amenities in the village include a public house, village hall and post office. Bronze Age barrows including Clandon Barrow surround the village, and Maiden Castle hillfort is nearby. The stream running through the village is a winterbourne though rarely dries out in the summer now.

Winterborne St Martin is in the UK Weather Records for the Highest 24-hour total rainfall, which was recorded in the village on 18 July 1955. The total recorded was 279 mm (11 inches) in a 15-hour period.

History
In 1086 in the Domesday Book Winterborne St Martin was recorded as Wintreburne; it had 22 households, 6 ploughlands, 13 acre of meadow and one mill. It was in the hundred of Dorchester and the lord and tenant-in-chief was Hawise, wife of Hugh son of Grip.

In 1268 Henry II granted a charter to Winterborne St Martin, which allowed the village to hold an annual fair within five days of St. Martin's Day. The fair, which in times past was a leading horse market and amusement fair, had been revived, but the old-time custom of roasting a ram was replaced once during an event in the 1960s with a 'badger roast'. The 80 lb badger was caught in a snare, and many villagers thought they were eating goose.

After a hundred years silence, bells in the church rang out in 1947. Five new bells were hung as a village memorial to those who died in the war. An earlier peal had been sold to defray debts.

In 2007 and 2014 Martinstown won the Best Kept Village in Dorset Award, in the Large Village Category.

The Catholic martyr John Adams was born in Winterborne St Martin in about 1543. The politician Sir Francis Ashley was the main landowner here in the early seventeenth century.

Governance
After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Winterborne St Martin is part of the Winterborne and Broadmayne ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

Winterborne St Martin was within an electoral ward that bears its name and extends from Winterbourne Abbas in a roughly south-easterly direction to the edge of Upwey. The total population of this ward was 2,095 in the 2011 census. The ward was one of 32 that comprised the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Chris Loder.

title: Winterborne St Martin


text: User talk:61.95.134.10

title: User talk:61.95.134.10


text:
Winterborne Monkton

Winterborne Monkton is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies close to the A354 road between the county town Dorchester, 1.5 mi to the north, and the coastal resort Weymouth, 5 mi to the south. Dorset County Council's 2013 mid-year estimate of the parish population was 50.

Winterborne Monkton village consists of a few houses and the church of St Simon & St Jude.

The hill fort of Maiden Castle stands to the northwest.

title: Winterborne Monkton


text:
Clapham, North Yorkshire

Clapham is a village in the civil parish of Clapham cum Newby in the former Craven District of North Yorkshire, England. It was previously in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It lies within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, 6 mi north-west of Settle, and just off the A65 road.

History
The church of St James in Clapham was founded in Norman times, and originally dedicated to St Michael. It is mentioned in records dating back to 1160. The village and church were burned during a Scottish raid following the Battle of Bannockburn in the early 14th century. The church tower was probably erected following this incident, but the rest of the church dates from the 19th century.

In the 14th century John de Clapham, who took his surname from the village, was a supporter of the Earl of Warwick and lived at Clapdale Castle. His descendants took part in the Wars of the Roses on the side of the House of Lancaster.

Since the 18th century Clapham has been home to the Farrer family who established their Ingleborough estate. The family owns, and is responsible for, much of the land, walls, woods, fields and moors of the village, surrounding countryside and farms. Perhaps the most famous member of the family was Reginald Farrer (1880–1920) who was a traveler and plant collector – the "father of rock gardening" – and was responsible for laying out much of the estate's gardens and landscape features.

Electricity has been generated on the Ingleborough estate since 1893. There is an operating water turbine-powered generator at the top of the village next to the waterfall. It was installed in 1948. Originally it supplied the church, Ingleborough Hall, Home Farm and 13 street lights. The old sawmill building, which has recently been converted into a cafe, contains a further turbine which has been preserved, in-situ, as an exhibit.

In August 1947 the Trow Ghyll skeleton was discovered in a cave above the village.

Geography
Clapham is situated at the base of Ingleborough mountain, one of Yorkshire's "Three Peaks" – Ingleborough, Whernside and Pen-y-ghent – and is a starting point for its ascent.

Running through the village is Clapham Beck, fed from Fell Beck which starts on the slopes of Ingleborough and sinks into Gaping Gill, England's highest waterfall, where Fell Beck drops 110 metres vertically into a pothole, and exits via Ingleborough Cave into Clapham Beck. The beck feeds into the River Lune via the River Wenning. The beck is crossed by four bridges in the village (two footbridges: Brokken Bridge and Mafeking Bridge, and two road bridges).

Above the village is a man-made lake built and expanded in the 19th century. This provided pressure for the water turbines and the drinking water supply, while the outflow fed an artificial waterfall at the top of the village.

Clapham lies on the Craven Fault zone, a complex geological fault which marks the division of the sandstone rocks of the Bowland area and the limestone of the Ingleborough area. However, the valley of Clapham Beck has cut through the limestone and into the underlying Ordovician basement rocks which produce soils that are acid, not alkaline like those on the limestone. This is beneficial to the many species of rhododendron planted along Clapdale and which would suffer in alkaline soils.

Local businesses and amenities
The village contains a village hall, the New Inn public house, a community-run shop, a small number of businesses, guest houses, and Ingleborough Hall outdoor education centre. Clapham used to have a CofE Primary School which closed in July 2020.

From 1939 until 2000 The Dalesman magazine was based in the village.

The car park is run by the Yorkshire Dales National Park, with fees going directly to it.

Ingleborough Cave is a show cave open to the public, accessed through the grounds of the Ingleborough Estate. Beyond the show cave a path continues through the gorge of Trow Gill to the well-known vertical pothole Gaping Gill. Local caving clubs set up a winch down Gaping Gill during the Spring and August bank holidays, when it is open to the public.

The Cave Rescue Organisation, which serves people and animals above and below ground across a wide area of the Dales, is based in the village.

The village is served by Clapham railway station which is situated 1 mi south-west of the village.

Notable people
The notable botanist Reginald Farrer (1880–1920) was brought up in Clapham. He collected many species of rhododendrons, shrubs and alpines in China, Tibet and Upper Burma between 1914 and 1920. Many of these were planted on the estate by Farrer. In some places he fired seeds at cliff faces from a shotgun, to give a 'natural' spread to his rock plants. In 2015 Historic England commissioned a measured survey and analytical assessment of the fabric, layout and history of Farrer's Clapham garden to inform the future repair and management of the site.

title: Clapham, North Yorkshire


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Isozyme

In biochemistry, isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. Isozymes usually have different kinetic parameters (e.g. different KM values), or are regulated differently. They permit the fine-tuning of metabolism to meet the particular needs of a given tissue or developmental stage.

In many cases, isozymes are encoded by homologous genes that have diverged over time. Strictly speaking, enzymes with different amino acid sequences that catalyse the same reaction are isozymes if encoded by different genes, or allozymes if encoded by different alleles of the same gene; the two terms are often used interchangeably.

Introduction
Isozymes were first described by R. L. Hunter and Clement Markert (1957) who defined them as different variants of the same enzyme having identical functions and present in the same individual. This definition encompasses (1) enzyme variants that are the product of different genes and thus represent different loci (described as isozymes) and (2) enzymes that are the product of different alleles of the same gene (described as allozymes).

Isozymes are usually the result of gene duplication, but can also arise from polyploidisation or nucleic acid hybridization. Over evolutionary time, if the function of the new variant remains identical to the original, then it is likely that one or the other will be lost as mutations accumulate, resulting in a pseudogene. However, if the mutations do not immediately prevent the enzyme from functioning, but instead modify either its function, or its pattern of expression, then the two variants may both be favoured by natural selection and become specialised to different functions. For example, they may be expressed at different stages of development or in different tissues.

Allozymes may result from point mutations or from insertion-deletion (indel) events that affect the coding sequence of the gene. As with any other new mutations, there are three things that may happen to a new allozyme:

 * It is most likely that the new allele will be non-functional—in which case it will probably result in low fitness and be removed from the population by natural selection.
 * Alternatively, if the amino acid residue that is changed is in a relatively unimportant part of the enzyme (e.g., a long way from the active site), then the mutation may be selectively neutral and subject to genetic drift.
 * In rare cases, the mutation may result in an enzyme that is more efficient, or one that can catalyse a slightly different chemical reaction, in which case the mutation may cause an increase in fitness, and be favoured by natural selection.

Examples
An example of an isozyme is glucokinase, a variant of hexokinase which is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. Its different regulatory features and lower affinity for glucose (compared to other hexokinases), allow it to serve different functions in cells of specific organs, such as control of insulin release by the beta cells of the pancreas, or initiation of glycogen synthesis by liver cells. Both these processes must only occur when glucose is abundant.

1.) The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase is a tetramer made of two different sub-units, the H-form and the M-form. These combine in different combinations depending on the tissue: 2.) Isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase: Creatine kinase (CK) or creatine phosphokinase (CPK) catalyses the interconversion of phospho creatine to creatine.

CPK exists in 3 isoenzymes. Each isoenzymes is a dimer of 2 subunits M (muscle), B (brain) or both 3.) Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase: Six isoenzymes have been identified. The enzyme is a monomer, the isoenzymes are due to the differences in the carbohydrate content (sialic acid residues). The most important ALP isoenzymes are α1-ALP, α2-heat labile ALP, α2-heat stable ALP, pre-β ALP and γ-ALP. Increase in α2-heat labile ALP suggests hepatitis whereas pre-β ALP indicates bone diseases.

Distinguishing isozymes
Isozymes (and allozymes) are variants of the same enzyme. Unless they are identical in their biochemical properties, for example their substrates and enzyme kinetics, they may be distinguished by a biochemical assay. However, such differences are usually subtle, particularly between allozymes which are often neutral variants. This subtlety is to be expected, because two enzymes that differ significantly in their function are unlikely to have been identified as isozymes.

While isozymes may be almost identical in function, they may differ in other ways. In particular, amino acid substitutions that change the electric charge of the enzyme are simple to identify by gel electrophoresis, and this forms the basis for the use of isozymes as molecular markers. To identify isozymes, a crude protein extract is made by grinding animal or plant tissue with an extraction buffer, and the components of extract are separated according to their charge by gel electrophoresis. Historically, this has usually been done using gels made from potato starch, but acrylamide gels provide better resolution.

All the proteins from the tissue are present in the gel, so that individual enzymes must be identified using an assay that links their function to a staining reaction. For example, detection can be based on the localised precipitation of soluble indicator dyes such as tetrazolium salts which become insoluble when they are reduced by cofactors such as NAD or NADP, which generated in zones of enzyme activity. This assay method requires that the enzymes are still functional after separation (native gel electrophoresis), and provides the greatest challenge to using isozymes as a laboratory technique.

Isoenzymes differ in kinetics (they have different KM and Vmax values).

Isozymes and allozymes as molecular markers
Population genetics is essentially a study of the causes and effects of genetic variation within and between populations, and in the past, isozymes have been amongst the most widely used molecular markers for this purpose. Although they have now been largely superseded by more informative DNA-based approaches (such as direct DNA sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites), they are still among the quickest and cheapest marker systems to develop, and remain an excellent choice for projects that only need to identify low levels of genetic variation, e.g. quantifying mating systems.

Other major examples

 * The cytochrome P450 isozymes play important roles in metabolism and steroidogenesis.
 * The multiple forms of phosphodiesterase also play major roles in various biological processes. Although more than one form of these enzymes have been found in individual cells, these isoforms of the enzyme are unequally distributed in the various cells of an organism.  From the clinical standpoint they have been found to be selectively activated and inhibited, an observation which has led to their use in therapy.

title: Isozyme


text:
Winterborne Stickland

Winterborne Stickland is a village and civil parish in Dorset in southern England. It is about 4 mi west of Blandford Forum. In 2013 the parish had an estimated population of 520. In the 2011 census the parish, combined with the smaller neighbouring parishes of Winterborne Clenston to the south and Turnworth to the north, recorded a population of 653. For unknown reasons, the 1881 census listed 10 residents of Chorley, Lancashire as having been born in the village.

Winterborne Stickland is sited in a winterbourne valley in the Dorset Downs, which gives rise to the first part of its name. The second part "Stickland" is derived from sticol, Old English for "steep".

History
The Domesday book records the canons of Coutances (St Mary), Normandy, as the tenant-in-chief in 1066 with no change by 1086, after the conquest.

In the Pimperne Hundred, the village had 12 villagers, 20 smallholders, 5 slaves, 9 ploughlands, 4 lord's plough teams, 4 men's plough teams, 3.75 lord's lands, pasture of 26 by, woodland of 5 by and 1 mill valued at 12 shillings and 5 pence.

The annual value to the lord was 15 pounds in 1086. The 37 households place Winterborne Stickland in the largest 20% of settlements recorded.

The Church
The parish church of St Mary is a grade I listed building. The nave and chancel date from the 13th century, the tower from around 1500 and the south porch from the 16th century. Restoration work took place in 1892. The building is constructed of bands of stone and flint and there is a north tomb chamber. The tower is on the west end and is in two stages; it has diagonal buttresses, pinnacles and a parapet surrounded by battlements. The interior is plastered and whitewashed and has a possibly medieval ribbed wagon roof. The font, hexagonal pulpit and the panelling in the tomb chamber are eighteenth century. The screen between the chancel and tomb chamber may use parts of the fifteenth century rood screen. There are various seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century monuments, and the table tomb in the tomb chamber is dedicated to Thomas and Barbara Skinner.

Amenities
There is a village hall, Pamela Hambro Hall, which is used often by the community and is known for its Artsreach shows.

To the north of the village is a children's playground, tennis court, football pitch and a clubhouse. The clubhouse is well known by locals for the 'Messy Games' which usually take place every summer and/or Christmas. To the north of that is a small orchard of apple, pear and plum trees.

Many of the thatched cottages in the village are listed buildings.

There is an independently-owned pub in the centre of the village, The Crown, which was extensively restored by Ray and Tina Clayton in 1983.

The village used to have a post office which had a shop selling local food and other products. This closed around 2015 and has since moved into the Pamela Hambro Hall. There also used to be another village store in Winterborne Stickland known as Stickland Stores (later named Sticky Stores), which closed around the same time as the post office.

There is a MOT centre/garage in the village called 'Kevin's Garage'.

There used to be a school in the village called 'The Dunbury School', until 2011. From 2015 to 2023, the old school building housed a nursery, which closed following safeguarding concerns from Ofsted.

The village green is a small area of greenery in Winterborne Stickland which contains the village sign, various benches and a river (the river Winterborne) flowing in the centre. The village sign was renovated and appeared in Season 2 Episode 7 of The Repair Shop in March 2018.

Governance
Winterborne Stickland is part of the Winterborne North ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

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Great South Africans

Great South Africans was a South African television series that aired on SABC3 and hosted by Noeleen Maholwana Sangqu and Denis Beckett. In September 2004, thousands of South Africans took part in an informal nationwide poll to determine the "100 Greatest South Africans" of all time. Votes were cast by telephone, SMS, and the website of the state-run South African Broadcasting Corporation television channel, SABC3, which aired a series of profiles and documentaries in the weeks leading up to the announcement of the top 100. The programme was modelled on the BBC's Greatest Britons series.

In South Africa, the list was headed by Nelson Mandela, a predictable and obvious popular choice, given his global stature as a statesman and symbol of post-apartheid liberation and reconciliation. Other popular choices ranged from Professor Christiaan Barnard, the pioneering heart surgeon, to General Jan Smuts, wartime Prime Minister and co-founder of the League of Nations, to Shaka Zulu, the 19th Century warrior leader of the Zulu Nation, to Internet entrepreneur and civilian space traveller Mark Shuttleworth.

Two days after the list was announced, Nelson Mandela had already received several thousands of votes more than any other candidate.

Controversy
At the time when the competition was announced, in June 2004, the SABC gave the assurance that the South African show would not ban certain political figures, as was the case in the German version which banned Nazis from the list. They soon came to regret their decision when the SABC became embroiled in a national controversy over the high rankings accorded to some South Africans who were less widely regarded as "great".

For example, Hendrik Verwoerd, the "Architect of Apartheid", ranked higher on the list than Albert Luthuli, South Africa's first Nobel Peace laureate, or Chris Hani, a famous anti-apartheid activist. Also present on the list was Eugène Terre'Blanche, the head of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging.

Other controversial choices included an 11th placing for Hansie Cronje, the disgraced former captain of the South African cricket team, who admitted to taking bribes to influence the outcome of test matches.

On 14 October, the SABC announced that the show was being cancelled, leaving positions 2 to 10 still formally undecided.

Letter columns in some newspapers called the show a farce and used the term "whites with cellphones" to explain the presence of Hendrik Verwoerd and Eugène Terre'Blanche high on the rankings. This view was rebutted by Afrikaans singer-songwriter Steve Hofmeyr who pointed out that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, an anti-apartheid activist who was convicted of fraud post-apartheid, scored high on the list as well. According to Peter Matlare, CEO of the SABC, the show was stopped because "wider participation in the voting process" was necessary.

When the competition was announced, the SABC defined a Great South African as someone who contributed to the "country's life and development". When the show was stopped, the SABC claimed that their definition of a Great South African was actually someone who contributed to South Africa's development "and the promotion of humanity" and the fact that quite a few people on the list did not fit this description contributed to the decision to stop the show.

The list
This is the original list of "100 Greatest South Africans", with positions 2 to 10 still to be confirmed by public vote, before the show was taken off the air:

Other editions

 * Other countries have produced similar shows; see Greatest Britons spin-offs

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Winterborne Whitechurch

Winterborne Whitechurch is a village and civil parish in central Dorset, England, situated in a winterbourne valley on the A354 road on the Dorset Downs 5 mi southwest of Blandford Forum. In the 2011 census the civil parish had 354 dwellings, 331 households and a population of 757.

History
Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the parish consists of 7 barrows and a linear dyke known as Combs Ditch. The dyke was probably a boundary in the Iron Age but was subsequently modified until it had a more defensive purpose by the end of the Roman occupation. One of the barrows near the dyke was excavated in 1864; one cremation and four inhumations were found, as well as crude arrowheads within a bucket urn. There used to be at least five other barrows but these have been destroyed by more recent human activity. In 1086 in the Domesday Book Winterborne Whitechurch was recorded as Wintreborne; it had 3 households, 1.5 ploughlands and 6 acre of meadow. It was in the hundred of Combsditch, and the lord and tenant-in-chief was Milton Abbey.

Medieval settlement remains, formerly part of Whitechurch, lie on either side of the River Winterborne, south of the present village. The remains indicate a change in the village morphology, from original settlement along the north–south river to later settlement along the Dorchester-Blandford Road. The change probably took place over a long period of time but it is likely to have been accelerated in 1752 when the road became a turnpike; even now the process is not complete since West Farm and cottages at Lower Street still represent the former layout.

The remains consist of twenty-seven long closes, ten on the west side of the river and seventeen on the east. They measure from 64 to 174 m in length and from 27 to 41 m in width and are bounded by low banks up to 4.5 m wide, and up to 1 m high. At the uphill ends are quarries and some poorly defined rectangular platforms measuring about 10 by. At the lower ends are uneven depressions and at least four fairly well-preserved building platforms, each measuring some 9 by.

The parish church, dedicated to St Mary, has a chancel dating to around 1200, a 14th-century crossing and 15th-century south chapel and central tower. The nave was rebuilt in 1844 by Benjamin Ferrey, who also added a south porch and north and south aisles. Until 1933 the church and the western part of the village formed part of neighbouring Milton Abbas parish, resulting in Winterborne Whitechurch church standing outside its own parish.

The non-conformist preacher John Westley, grandfather of John and Charles Wesley, was appointed Vicar of Winterborne Whitechurch by Oliver Cromwell's Commission of Triers in 1658. He was imprisoned for not using the Book of Common Prayer and ejected in 1662, delivering his farewell sermon to a weeping audience on 17 August that year.

Geography
Winterborne Whitechurch parish covers 3436 acre in the valley of the Winterborne brook. The underlying geology is chalk. Measured directly, Winterborne Whitechurch village is about 5 mi southwest of Blandford Forum, 12 mi northwest of Poole and 11 mi northeast of Dorchester. The northern part of Winterborne Whitechurch parish is within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Amenities
The village has a federated primary school, Dunbury CofE Academy, for Key Stage Two pupils; Reception and Key Stage One pupils go to a second Dunbury site in neighbouring Winterborne Kingston. The village has a village hall, run by the village hall committee and available for hire. There is a farm shop and tea room to the east of the village. The village has in the past had a post office and a pub (The Milton Arms).

title: Winterborne Whitechurch


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Summary
picture found on ebay should be of fair use

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Flat feet

Flat feet, also called pes planus or fallen arches, is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. Sometimes children are born with flat feet (congenital). There is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch of the foot and the biomechanics of the lower leg. The arch provides an elastic, springy connection between the forefoot and the hind foot so that a majority of the forces incurred during weight bearing on the foot can be dissipated before the force reaches the long bones of the leg and thigh.

In pes planus, the head of the talus bone is displaced medially and distal from the navicular bone. As a result, the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) and the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle are stretched to the extent that the individual with pes planus loses the function of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). If the MLA is absent or nonfunctional in both the seated and standing positions, the individual has "rigid" flatfoot. If the MLA is present and functional while the individual is sitting or standing up on their toes, but this arch disappears when assuming a foot-flat stance, the individual has "supple" flatfoot. This latter condition is often treated with arch supports.

Children
Studies have shown flat feet are a common occurrence in children and adolescents. The human arch develops in infancy and early childhood as part of normal muscle, tendon, ligament and bone growth. Flat arches in children usually become high arches as the child progresses through adolescence and into adulthood. Children with flat feet are at a higher risk of developing knee, hip, and back pain. A 2007 randomized controlled trial found no evidence for the efficacy of treatment of flat feet in children either from expensive prescribed orthotics (i.e. shoe inserts) or less expensive over-the-counter orthotics. As a symptom itself, flat feet usually accompany genetic musculoskeletal conditions such as dyspraxia, ligamentous laxity or hypermobility.

Diagnosis
Since children are unlikely to suspect or identify flat feet on their own, it is important for adult caregivers to check on this themselves. Besides visual inspection of feet and of the treadwear pattern on shoe soles, caregivers should notice when a child's gait is abnormal, or the child seems to be in pain from walking. Children who complain about calf muscle pains, arch pain, or any other pains around the foot area may be developing or have developed flat feet. A systematic review and meta-analysis study by Xu, et.al., found that urban sedentary boys, aged 6–9, were frequently diagnosed with flatfeet. The researchers also explored and listed additional risk factors that played a role in diagnosing flatfeet.

Treatment
Training of the feet, utilizing foot gymnastics and going barefoot on varying terrain, can facilitate the formation of arches during childhood, with a developed arch occurring for most by the age of four to six years. Ligament laxity is also among the factors known to be associated with flat feet. One medical study in India with a large sample size of children who had grown up wearing shoes and others going barefoot found that the longitudinal arches of the bare-footers were generally strongest and highest as a group, and that flat feet were less common in children who had grown up wearing sandals or slippers than among those who had worn closed-toe shoes. Focusing on the influence of footwear on the prevalence of pes planus, the cross-sectional study performed on children noted that wearing shoes throughout early childhood can be detrimental to the development of a normal or a high medial longitudinal arch. The vulnerability for flat foot among shoe-wearing children increases if the child has an associated ligament laxity condition. The results of the study suggest that children be encouraged to play barefooted on various surfaces of terrain and that slippers and sandals are less harmful compared to closed-toe shoes. It appeared that closed-toe shoes greatly inhibited the development of the arch of the foot more so than slippers or sandals. This conclusion may be a result of the notion that intrinsic muscle activity of the arch is required to prevent slippers and sandals from falling off the child's foot. In children with few symptoms orthotics is not recommended.

Adults
Flat feet can also develop as an adult ("adult acquired flatfoot") due to injury, illness, unusual or prolonged stress to the foot, faulty biomechanics, or as part of the normal aging process. This is most common in women over 40 years of age. Known risk factors include obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Flat feet can also occur in pregnant women as a result of temporary changes due to increased elastin (elasticity) during pregnancy; if developed by adulthood, flat feet generally remain flat permanently.

If a youth or adult appears flatfooted while standing in a full weight bearing position, but an arch appears when the person plantarflexes, or pulls the toes back with the rest of the foot flat on the floor, this condition is called flexible flatfoot. This is not a true collapsed arch, as the medial longitudinal arch is still present and the windlass mechanism still operates; this presentation is actually due to excessive pronation of the foot (rolling inwards), although the term 'flat foot' is still applicable as it is a somewhat generic term. Muscular training of the feet is helpful and will often result in increased arch height regardless of age.

Pathophysiology
Research has shown that tendon specimens from people who have adult-acquired flat feet show evidence of increased activity of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can break down the constituents of the involved tendons and cause the foot arch to fall. In the future, these enzymes may become targets for new drug therapies.

Diagnosis
Many medical professionals can diagnose a flat foot by examining the patient standing or just looking at them. On going up onto tip toe the deformity will correct when this is a flexible flat foot in a child with lax joints. Such correction is not seen in adults with a rigid flat foot.

An easy and traditional home diagnosis is the "wet footprint" test, performed by wetting the feet in water and then standing on a smooth, level surface such as smooth concrete or thin cardboard or heavy paper. Usually, the more the sole of the foot that makes contact (leaves a footprint), the flatter the foot. In more extreme cases, known as a kinked flatfoot, the entire inner edge of the footprint may actually bulge outward, where in a normal to high arch this part of the sole of the foot does not make contact with the ground at all.

On plain radiography, flat feet can be diagnosed and graded by several measures, the most important in adults being the talonavicular coverage angle, the calcaneal pitch, and the talar-1st metatarsal angle (Meary's angle). The talonavicular coverage angle is abnormally laterally rotated in flat feet. It is normally up to 7 degrees laterally rotated, so a greater rotation indicates flat feet. Radiographies generally need to be taken on weightbearing feet in order to detect misalignment.

Treatment
Most flexible flat feet are asymptomatic, and do not cause pain. In these cases, there is usually no cause for concern. Flat feet were formerly a physical-health reason for service-rejection in many militaries. However, three military studies on asymptomatic adults (see section below), suggest that persons with asymptomatic flat feet are at least as tolerant of foot stress as the population with various grades of arch.

In a study performed to analyze the activation of the tibialis posterior muscle in adults with pes planus, it was noted that the tendon of this muscle may be dysfunctional and lead to disabling weightbearing symptoms associated with acquired flat foot deformity. The results of the study indicated that while barefoot, subjects activated additional lower-leg muscles to complete an exercise that resisted foot adduction. However, when the same subjects performed the exercise while wearing arch supporting orthotics and shoes, the tibialis posterior was selectively activated. Such discoveries suggest that the use of shoes with properly fitting, arch-supporting orthotics will enhance selective activation of the tibialis posterior muscle thus, acting as an adequate treatment for the undesirable symptoms of pes planus.

Rigid flatfoot, a condition where the sole of the foot is rigidly flat even when a person is not standing, often indicates a significant problem in the bones of the affected feet, and can cause pain in about a quarter of those affected. Other flatfoot-related conditions, such as various forms of tarsal coalition (two or more bones in the midfoot or hindfoot abnormally joined) or an accessory navicular (extra bone on the inner side of the foot) should be treated promptly, usually by the very early teen years, before a child's bone structure firms up permanently as a young adult. Both tarsal coalition and an accessory navicular can be confirmed by X-ray. Rheumatoid arthritis can destroy tendons in the foot (or both feet) which can cause this condition, and untreated can result in deformity and early onset of osteoarthritis of the joint. Such a condition can cause severe pain and considerably reduced ability to walk, even with orthoses. Ankle fusion is usually recommended.

Treatment of flat feet may also be appropriate if there is associated foot or lower leg pain, or if the condition affects the knees or the lower back. Treatment may include foot gymnastics or other exercises as recommended by a podiatrist or physical therapist. In cases of severe flat feet, orthoses should be used through a gradual process to lessen discomfort. Over several weeks, slightly more material is added to the orthosis to raise the arch. These small changes allow the foot structure to adjust gradually, as well as giving the patient time to acclimatize to the sensation of wearing orthoses. In some cases, surgery can provide lasting relief, and even create an arch where none existed before; it should be considered a last resort, as it is usually very time-consuming and costly. A minimally-invasive surgical intervention involving a small implant is also available. The implant is inserted into the sinus tarsi and prevents the calcaneus and talus from sliding relative to each other. This prevents the sinus tarsi from collapsing and thus prevents the external symptom of the fallen arch from occurring.

Athletic performance
The effects of flat feet fall under two categories, which are asymptomatic and symptomatic. Individuals with rigid flat feet tend to exhibit symptoms such as foot and knee tendonitis, and are recommended to consider surgical options when managing symptoms. Individuals with flexible flat generally exhibit asymptomatic effects in response to their flat feet.

According to AAP news and journal gateway, being flexibly flat-footed does not impede athletic performance.

It is generally assumed by running professionals (primarily including some physical trainers, podiatrists, and shoe manufacturers) that a person with flat feet tends to overpronate in the running form. However, some also assert that persons with flat feet may have an underpronating if they are not a neutral gait. With standard running shoes, these professionals claim, a person who overpronates in his or her running form may be more susceptible to shin splints, back problems, and tendonitis in the knee. Running in shoes with extra medial support or using special shoe inserts, orthoses, may help correct one's running form by reducing pronation and may reduce risk of injury.

Military performance
Studies analyzing the correlation between flat feet and physical injuries in soldiers have been inconclusive, but none suggest that flat feet are an impediment, at least in soldiers who reached the age of military recruitment without prior foot problems.

A 2005 study of Royal Australian Air Force recruits that tracked the recruits over the course of their basic training found that neither flat feet nor high arched feet had any impact on physical capability, injury rates or bipedal aptitude. Although there have been results rendered from military trials that have shown those with flat feet to have fewer injuries.

No current studies have been successful in fully ascertaining the chronic, long-term detriments to health that are caused by the overexertion (of which is necessary for athletes/soldiers performing with flat feet) and other compensating measures commonly enacted by the body during bipedal movement.

Another divergent study of 295 Israel Defense Forces recruits found that those with high arches had almost four times as many stress fractures as those with the lowest arches.

A later study of 449 U.S. Navy special warfare trainees found no significant difference in the incidence of stress fractures among sailors and Marines with different arch heights.

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Category talk:Self-contradictory articles

Please note that Template:Contradict is indeed contradicting itself. Or is it? :-) --82.92.184.196 12:04, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Winterborne Zelston

Winterborne Zelston is a village and civil parish in north Dorset, England. It is situated in a winterbourne valley on the A31 road 8 mi south of Blandford Forum and 10 mi northwest of Poole. The parish had a population of 141 in 2001. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 90.

The first name of "Winterborne" comes from the River Winterborne, which flows from west to east through the village. Zelstone is probably from the name of the Zeals family. The river only flows overground during the winter, hence the name. To the west is Winterborne Tomson and to the north-east is Almer. The river flows through both these villages as well.

The church
The parish church is dedicated to St Mary and is a Grade II listed building, being inscribed in the register on 14 July 1955. The tower dates to the fifteenth century but the rest of the building was rebuilt by the architect Thomas Henry Wyatt in 1866, using some materials from an earlier building. Although the main fabric dates from this rebuild, the building has several older features such as a fourteenth century doorway in the south vestry wall, and some of the windows in the chancel, which are thirteenth century. The tower is of rubble stone while the rest of the church is banded with flint and stone and the roofs are slated. The plan consists of nave, chancel, north aisle, south vestry, south porch and west tower. The tower has three stages, the parapet being battlemented and there being a gargoyle on the west wall. Internally, the nave has an arch-braced collar beam roof while the chancel has a wagon roof with plaster panels and moulded ribs.

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Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology

Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology (MMMUT) is a Premier State Technical University in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established in 2013 by upgrading Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College (MMMEC), which was established in 1962, into a university. The MMMUT was named after Madan Mohan Malaviya, an Indian politician and co-founder of BHU. Its programs have been conferred an autonomous status under the university. The university has a very strong alumni network as it has crossed over 60 years of establishment. It offers Bachelor, Master, and Doctoral programs in engineering, natural sciences and humanities as well as Master programs in Computer Application (MCA) and Business Administration (MBA).

MMMUT is one of the best state government universities in Uttar Pradesh with an impeccable academic and placement record.

History
MMMUT has its roots in Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College (MMMEC), established in 1962. In October 2012, the Government of Uttar Pradesh announced that it will upgrade the college into a residential university, quoting the lack of technical education in Uttar Pradesh since the reorganisation of 2000, when Roorkee University went to Uttrakhand. The university was established a year later through the Uttar Pradesh Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology Act, 2013, which was passed by the government in September 2013.

Admissions
Undergraduate admissions until 2014 were being done through the Uttar Pradesh State Entrance Examinations SEE-UPTU, also known as UPSEE. Post the college was recognized as a State Technical University, the admissions to UG courses were taken through an admission test conducted by MMMUT named as Malaviya Entrance Test (MET). From the session 2021-2022, Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE-MAIN) conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) replaced the MET for future BTech (First Year) admissions in the University.
 * Under Graduate Admissions

Admission to the MTech programme is done based on Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering- GATE Score of the candidate. Admission to courses like MCA and MSc were also taken by the Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur through the Malaviya Entrance Test (MET) till the academic session 2020-2021. The University has finally decided to take future admissions in its BBA, B. Pharm., BTech II (Lateral Entry), MBA, MCA, MTech in 12 specialization streams, and MSc courses through the Uttar Pradesh Combined Entrance Test (UPCET) from the academic session 2021-2022. The UPCET-2021 will also be conducted by National Testing Agency. UPCET is the replacement of UPSEE conducted earlier and is also referred to as Uttar Pradesh Joint Entrance Examinations (UPJEE). Reservation rules are followed in admissions as per the norms of UP Govt./MMMUT, Gorakhpur.
 * Post Graduate Admissions

Accreditation
In 2022, MMMUT was accredited with an A grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), the first state university in Uttar Pradesh to get this rank.

Rankings
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked the university in the 251–300 band (the lowest band) in the engineering ranking of 2022.