text:
Rita Marley

Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Marley ( Anderson; born 25 July 1946) is a Cuban-born Jamaican singer-songwriter and entrepreneur. She is the widow of reggae legend Bob Marley. Along with Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt, Rita was a member of the reggae vocal group the I Threes, the backing vocalists for Bob Marley and the Wailers.

Early life
Rita Marley was born in Santiago de Cuba, to Leroy Anderson and Cynthia "Beda" Jarrett. Her parents moved to Kingston, Jamaica, when she was three months old. In her memoir, No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley, Rita describes how she was raised by her Aunt Viola after her parents separated. She was raised in Trenchtown in Kingston, Jamaica.

Career
Rita was a founding member of the Soulettes with her cousin Constantine Walker, and Marlene Gifford. The Soulettes released recordings including rocksteady tunes such as "Time for Everything", "Turn! Turn! Turn!" (released in 1966, written by folk singer Pete Seeger) and "A Deh Pon Dem". "Friends and Lovers", "One More Chance" and "That Ain't Right" (featuring harmony vocals by the Wailers), as well as a duet by Marley and Bunny Wailer ("Bless You"), which was issued years later on the Lovers and Friends album.

After recording for Studio One and being coached by Bob Marley, Rita married Bob around February 1966, just before he moved to Wilmington, Delaware, for a few months to make a living working at the Dupont Hotel there. Bob was replaced by her cousin Constantine "Vision" Walker, who recorded a few songs as a member of The Wailers during this period, with Rita Marley providing harmonies.

The Wailers
Upon Bob's return at the end of the summer of 1966, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh and Bob created their independent label Wail 'n' Soul'm, which released several records by Bob Marley and the Wailers, as well as Peter Tosh and the Wailers 45RPM single records including Bend Down Low, Hypocrites and Tosh's Dem Haffi Get a Beatin' in 1966–1968.

As Bunny was jailed in 1968 for cannabis possession, Rita joined the Wailers, replacing Bunny for a few months. It is at that time that The Wailers met American singer Johnny Nash, who produced a series of Wailers rocksteady recordings. In April 1968 Nash's manager Danny Sims signed Tosh, Rita Marley and her husband, Bob Marley to exclusive publishing, management, and production contracts in exchange for a few dollars and an opportunity to record in Kingston for the New York-based JAD label owned by Johnny Nash, musician Arthur Jenkins and Sims.

Musicians on this 1968 Wailers session feature Tosh and the Marleys. Rita Marley sang vocals on a dozen fine rocksteady and soul tracks, most of which were not issued at the time. New recordings of Bend Down Low and Mellow Mood got issued as a single in the U.S. under the name "Bob, Rita and Peter".

The original 1968 sessions including all of the original musicians — and without the horns — eventually surfaced on the Freedom Time album issued in 2003 by JAD's partner in France (55 Records) after producer Bruno Blum finally mixed them in Paris from the original four-track tapes. One song, "Play Play Play", features Rita Marley on lead vocals with harmonies sung by Peter and Bob Marley. Another Rita Marley-sung tune, "Lonely Girl", and a pop duet with Bob, "Milk Shake and Potato Chips", were finally released in 2003 on the Rebel JAD/55 long box set.

The I Threes
Following the birth of their second child, Ziggy Marley in 1968, Bob returned to Delaware in 1969 to work on the night shift in a Chrysler factory. Bunny had returned to the Wailers at the end of 1968 and Rita did not record with Bob until 1974, when her husband formed the I Three harmony vocal group featuring Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt to replace Peter and Bunny, who had left the band in 1973.

Together with the I Three, Bob Marley & the Wailers recorded the album Natty Dread in 1974, rising to international stardom with the track "No Woman No Cry". It was followed by the 1976 album Rastaman Vibration featuring the track "Roots, Rock, Reggae". On 3 December 1976 two days before the Smile Jamaica Concert, a large free concert organized by Bob Marley with the support of Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley, Rita, Bob, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault on the Marley home by gunmen affiliated with Manley's enemies. Rita survived a shot to the head and Taylor sustained serious injuries from being shot in the leg. Bob had a bullet skid his chest and wound his arm, but nevertheless played this major show in Kingston with Rita by his side.

Later years
In 1981, Rita Marley purchased Ken Khouri‘s Federal Records recording studio, the island's first pressing plant, and the company subsequently moved from 56 Hope Road to 220 Marcus Garvey Drive, where it continues to operate.

Tuff Gong studio is one of the largest Caribbean studios and features the second-largest live recording space on the island with artists, musicians, producers and tourists traveling from around the world to visit the facility.

In 1986, Rita Marley decided to convert Bob Marley's home into the Bob Marley Museum. She is the founder and chairwoman of the Robert Marley Foundation, Bob Marley Trust, and the Bob Marley Group of Companies.

In 2000, Rita created the Rita Marley Foundation, a non-governmental, not-for-profit, non-partisan organization that works to alleviate poverty and hunger in developing countries. It targets elderly and youth. It has given out a number of scholarships to music students in Ghana. It hosts the annual Africa Unite concerts which strives to spread global awareness about issues that affect Africa and to develop lasting solutions. She adopted 35 children in Ethiopia and has assisted over 200 children in Konkonuru Methodist School in Ghana.

In 1996, Rita Marley was conferred the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government for her contributions to the development of Jamaican music and culture.

In 2010, Rita was conferred with the prestigious Marcus Garvey Lifetime Achievement Award.

On 3 August 2013, she was made an honorary citizen of Ghana by the Ghanaian government after living there for many years. In November 2015 Marley was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of the West Indies. In 2017 she received her second honorary Doctorate degree by University of Fort Hare, South Africa.

In September 2016, Marley suffered a stroke while on a visit to Miami to attend a special event and has kept a low public profile since. She made her first public appearance since then at an award ceremony in Kingston on March 9, 2019, along with her fellow I Three members Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt to accept the Iconic Award (For a Duo/Group), given by the Jamaica Reggae Industry Association.

In 2019, Marley was honoured by the Jamaican Government with its fourth-highest national honour, Order of Jamaica (OJ).

In October 2022, Rita was awarded the Jamaican Consulate General’s Lifetime Achievement Award and was also honored by the South Miami Dade Cultural Arts Center during Jamaica’s National Dance Theatre Company (NDTC)

On 22 March 2024, she was honoured by the International Reggae And World Music Awards (IRAWMA) for her extensive philanthropic work throughout her life. She established the Rita Marley Foundation, which focuses on alleviating poverty and hunger and providing education in Ghana and Jamaica.

In July 1st 2024 on International Reggae Day, Rita received the Winnie Mandela Humanitarian Award at the JulyOne celebrations hosted by the City of Miramar in Florida and Consul General Oliver Mair. For her invaluable service to humanity through her music and philanthropic works in communities from Jamaica to Africa.

Rita has six children, three with Bob and three from other relationships. Bob adopted Rita's two other children as his own and they have the Marley name. Rita's children are, in order of birth:

 * 1) Sharon Marley, born 23 November 1964 (daughter of Rita from a previous relationship but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita)
 * 2) Cedella Marley born 23 August 1967
 * 3) "Ziggy Marley" (David Nesta Marley), born 17 October 1968
 * 4) Stephen Marley, born 20 April 1972
 * 5) Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 (from Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart, a former Jamaican soccer player) Bob adopted her as one of his own, giving her official recognition as one of his children, thereby entitling her to his estate.
 * 6) Serita Stewart, born 11 August 1985 (born after Bob's passing to Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart, Stephanie's biological father)

Discography

 * 1966: Pied Piper, Rio
 * 1967: "Pied Piper" (single, on Club Ska '67), Mango
 * 1980: Rita Marley - Trident
 * 1981: Who Feels It Knows It, Shanachie Records
 * 1982: "Harambe (Working Together for Freedom)", Shanachie Records
 * 1986: “Beginning”, I-Three, EMI / TUFF GONG
 * 1988: We Must Carry On, Shanachie Records
 * 1990: Beauty of God's, Shanachie Records
 * 1990: Good Girls Culture, Shanachie Records
 * 1990: One Draw, Shanachie Records
 * 2003: Sings Bob Marley...and Friends, Shanachie Records
 * 2004: Play Play, Universal Music
 * 2005: Sunshine After Rain
 * 2006: Gifted Fourteen Carnation

Appearances

 * 1966: The Soulettes - Time for Everything (Jamaica All Stars compilation album), Studio One
 * 1968: The Wailers - Pay Play Play and Rhapsody (released on the Freedom Time album in 2003), JAD
 * 1983: John Denver - "World Game" (with The Wailers and Marcia Griffiths), It's About Time, RCA
 * 1996: Khaled - "Ouelli El Darek" (with the I Three), Sahra, Wrasse Records

Collaborations

 * 1995: Rita Marley / Ignacio Scola / Gregorio Paniagua: Spectacles for tribuffalos, Tabata Musica y Letra
 * 2006: Fergie / Rita Marley & The I-3's: "Mary Jane Shoes" - The Dutchess

Books

 * No Woman, No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley (2004) Rita Marley, Hettie Jones, Hyperion ISBN 0-7868-6867-8
 * Harambe for the Holidays: Vibrant Holiday Cooking with Rita Marley (2014) Cedella Marley, Rita Marley

title: Rita Marley


text:
Hōreki

Hōreki (宝暦), also known as Horyaku, was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kan'en and before Meiwa. The period spanned the years from October 1751 through June 1764. The reigning emperor and empress were Momozono-tennō (桃園天皇) and Go-Sakuramachi-tennō (後桜町天皇).

Change of era

 * 1751 Hōreki 1 (宝暦元年): The new era of Hōreki (meaning "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac") was said to have been created to mark the death of the retired Emperor Sakuramachi and the death of the former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune.

The previous era could be said to have ended and the new era is understood to have commenced in Kan'en 4, on the 27th day of the 10th month; however, this nengō was promulgated retroactively. The Keikō Kimon records that the calendar was amended by Imperial command, and the era was renamed Hōreki on December 2, 1754, which then would have become 19th day of the 10th month of the 4th year of Hōreki.

Events of the Hōreki era

 * 1752 (Hōreki 2): An ambassador arrived from the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
 * 1754 (Hōreki 4): The Hōreki River Improvement Incident
 * 1758 (Hōreki 8): The Hōreki incident involved a small number of kuge who favored a restoration of Imperial power; and this was construed as a threat by the shogunate.
 * 1760 (Hōreki 10): Shogun Ieshige resigns and his son, Ieharu, becomes the 10th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 * 1762 (Hōreki 12): The Emperor Momozono abdicated in favor of his sister; and he died shortly thereafter.
 * 1763 (Hōreki 13): A merchant association handling Korean ginseng is founded in the Kanda district of Edo.
 * 1764 (Hōreki 14): Sweet potatoes are exported from Edo to Korea. The food crop in Korea is the result of a diplomatic mission.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hōreki


text:
Talk:Mercedes-Benz 300 SL

Terminology- Please use Gullwing for the doors, Coupe for the covered version and Roadster for the convertible version.--Akrasia25 (talk) 22:08, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

List of important changes by year
--Akrasia25 (talk) 14:34, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

✅
 * The changes were too minor from year to year to be interesting for this article. I have included them in the change to the Roadster--Akrasia25 (talk) 21:22, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

Axle
Where the GW was equipped with a double joint center pivot rear axle, the Roadster had a low pivot (87mm below the center line) single joint rear axle.--Akrasia25 (talk) 14:34, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

The GW came equipped with a center pivot swing axle, the Roadster with a low center pivot axle. Uhlenhaut wanted the new low pivot axle for the GW, but got voted down by the Board of Directors, reminding him that 3000 manufactured axle units remained at the factory, and costs were already getting very high for this car.

The rear axle is a single-pivot axle GW has a double joint swing axle with pivots in axle shaft center line Roadster has a single joint swing axle with pivot 87 mm under axle shaft center line (to avoid flip to positive camber on outer rear wheel)

 * Copied now into article. Maybe too detailed??--Akrasia25 (talk) 21:22, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

✅

Engine placement
As a result, the footwell of the passenger declined slightly. ( I doubt this is correct, will check the source) this is right out of the reference.

Maybe, I can not tell. I am leaving this out for now. --Akrasia25 (talk) 21:22, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

cylinder head/crankcase gasket surface is tilted 20 degrees to passenger side from rectangular to cylinder axis (observed in driving direction)--Akrasia25 (talk) 14:34, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

✅

layout of photos
--Akrasia25 (talk) 14:34, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

✅

Additional famous people not included in article
--Akrasia25 (talk) 14:34, 1 January 2019 (UTC) add Frank Lloyd Wright, Gary Cooper, and Natalie Wood.

According to the book, Fazination SL 300SL Roadster (W198 II), Pg 53., famous owners of the Roadster included:

Tony Randell Elvis Presley Glenn Ford Toni Sailer

Additionally, Sam Posey, Hugh Hefner

Hugh Hefner was quoted in an an article to the L.A Times (cited in the September 28 issue of the Baltimore Sun):

"Through a lifetime, you reinvent who you are," he explained in 2009. "I actually reinvented myself the first time when I was 16, when a girl rejected me. I started referring to myself as Hef, started changing my wardrobe — the same thing I did in 1959-1960 with the magazine, when I came out from behind the desk and started living the life and got the first Playboy mansion, started to drive a Mercedes 300SL.”--Akrasia25 (talk) 20:14, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

 * add the great Chaparral race car engineer, aero innovator, driver, and constructor Jim Hall--bought his 1954 Gullwing on January 1, 1957 from George Tilp. Tilp was in charge of the Mercedes factory team and with driver Paul O'Shea, won the SCCA National D Production Championship in 1956, 1957, and 1958. This dominance put Mercedes engineering and quality automobiles "on the map" for the U.S. market.

 * Don Recardo--Akrasia25 (talk) 17:09, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

Famous names added or reviewed
as recorded in Eric Le Moine 300 SL book regarding exclusively GW:
 * Bruno Sacco, the famous designer, who owned 45.00001
 * Juan Perón, the former President of Argentina, who owned 45.00005
 * Aga Khan, who owned 45.00008
 * Prince Aly Khan, who owned 45.00062
 * Paul Newman, who,owned 45.00071
 * Bernie Ecclestone, who owned both 45.00124 and 55.00677
 * Princess Soraya of Iran, who owned 55.00111
 * Juan Manuel Fangio, who owned 55.00190
 * Clark Gable, who owned 55.00323
 * Royal Thaïland family, who owned 55.00344
 * Herbert von Karajan, who owned 55.00378
 * The King Mohamed Idris of Lybia, who owned 55.00382
 * Ralph Lauren, who owns 55.00386
 * Alfred Krupp, who owned 55.00443
 * The King Ibn Talal Hussein of Jordania, who owned both 55.00596 and 65.00110
 * Adrian Conan Doyle, who owned 55.00717
 * Tony Curtis, who owned 55.00787
 * Paul O'Shea, who owned 65.00021 (to be double checked as I have a big doubt)
 * Yul Brynner, who owned 65.00072
 * Claude Picasso, who owned 65.00116
 * Günter Sachs, married to Brigitte Bardot, who owned 65.00122
 * Dupont de Nemours (who precisely?); they owned 65.00153
 * Howard Hawks, who owned 65.00280
 * The Gulf Oil company (who precisely?); they owned 65.00311
 * Günter Thiel who raced (but did not own)

 * removed due to not notable for English page Herbert von Karajan, Henri Nannen, Gunter Sachs, Tony Parravano, Greek shipping magnate: Stavros Niarchos--Akrasia25 (talk) 17:09, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Noted F1 privateer entrant Rob Walker owned one. He was driving it when overtaken by Mike Hawthorn in his 3.8 litre Jaguar shortly before the latter’s fatal crash on the A3 Guildford Bypass in 1959.  Chris Nixon's book Mon Ami Mate has the details. Mr Larrington (talk) 23:55, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Axle
5 differential ratios available, 3:25, 3:42, 3:64, 3:89, 4:11

using SAE hp for GW and DIN hp for Roadster is confusing for the Torque --Akrasia25 (talk) 17:07, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

"$11,000, later 7,295" ???
This is at the bottom of the specs table. What does it mean? Why did the price drop dramatically? Were they hard to get in the US for the first few years, hence a higher price? --RThompson82 (talk) 02:29, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

fixed with references --Akrasia25 (talk) 17:07, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

photo of the car with it's gullwings open
Any chance that somebody could get a photo of the car with it's gullwings open? It would be more relevant. TimothyPilgrim 00:55, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

There is such a photo now on the page. --Akrasia25 (talk) 19:08, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

Vandalism

 * "Because Kail Sturgess is the best in the world it was intended for customers whose preferences were reported to Hoffman by dealers he supplied in the booming, post-war American market, it was introduced at the 1954 New York Auto Show—unlike previous models introduced at either the Frankfurt or Geneva shows." This sentence is unclear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.169.239.177 (talk) 07:23, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Just some nonsense had been inserted by a vandal. You could have removed it yourself.-- Matthead  Discuß   22:25, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Morons know nothing of Kail Sturgess — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2000:2787:3800:7C10:F273:74FC:E440 (talk) 17:27, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

Curb Weight
Curb weight and dry weight numbers are massively variant in this article: 700 pounds difference. These need to be reconciled. Having driven this car, I find it highly unlikely that the 3000+ pound dry weight number could possibly be correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alkibiades231 (talk • contribs) 14:49, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Good point. There is no dry weight option in the Infobox automobile template. And this article talks about two cars. The roadster is heavier than the gullwing and they changed a little bit over the years. Nevertheless, I am going to put in 3,330 in for curb weight, watch this page, and research a little more. --Akrasia25 (talk) 19:19, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

Film Appearance
If you want to see one of these being rather badly treated, watch the Louis Malle film, Lift to the Scaffold where one gets shunted, and eventually left on a Paris bridge with the engine running - you wouldn't treat one of these cars like that now! There is a brief scene in which the engine is admired, and the lack of a carburettor noted. --Ndaisley (talk) 13:57, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

I added this to film section--Akrasia25 (talk) 03:26, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

Direct Injection
I'm confused ... if the injection system pumps unburnt fuel into the engine after ignition is switched off, why did anyone ever switch off the ignition rather than stall the engine to stop it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Snaxalotl (talk • contribs) 10:56, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

I edited the paragraph as this page is not supposed to be a how to article--Akrasia25 (talk) 13:30, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Translating from German page
I am moving parts over from the much better German page. Mercedes-Benz W198--Akrasia25 (talk) 20:51, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

 * ✅ German translation completed--Akrasia25 (talk) 11:14, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

gas tank
There was a 100-liter gas tank with an optional a 130-liter version. all GWs have 130 ltr tank, all Roadsters 100 ltr tank, no other options This info comes right from the German page…..

The gas tank for the GW was available at 130 Litres only. The Roadster, due to its low pivot swingaxle and extra trunk space got a 100 Litre tank, only.

HP
the standard camshaft for the GW delivered 215HP. The Sports cam shaft delivered 240HP, it was optional, but at no extra cost, when ordered at the factory. The Roadster was delivered with Sports cam shaft only, therefore delivering 240HP. Please note that the HP figures are SAE, the American system of calculation. The Germans use DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm) and show somewhat lower.

The oil capacity for all 300SL engines is 15 Litres, minimum capacity according to Factory is 11 Litres.

Instrument panel
"Tacho on the left and Tacho on the right". On the GW the left instrument is the revolution counter, the right one is the Speedometer.

Design
The eye brows were not for aerodynamic purposes, the front ones deflected rainwater from the upper part of the fenders, and I suppose that the designers added the rear ones for aestetics.

There were no front fender air inlets on the GW nor on the Roadster. The side vents are there to extract the engine heat and to promote better airflow through the radiator.

Fuel Injection
First direct injection Featuring an innovative diagonal aluminum head that allowed for larger intake and exhaust valves, it was canted to the right at forty-five-degrees to fit under the SL's considerably lower hoodline.

Add a timeline of production volumes by year in a table
-maybe do it by compression ratio for the roadsters. I have to find the right reference in my many books at home--Akrasia25 (talk) 16:30, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

done --Akrasia25 (talk) 14:34, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

C111 mention needed
There should be a link to the C111. In many places that is a better known gullwing. I've not heard of the 190/300SL as a kid, but the 10" flywheel toy Mercedes C111 with orange plastic body was sold throughout the soviet satellite states(!), almost every boy had one. 195.70.48.242 11:31, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Videogames and Video Footage
Could someone let me know if its OK to post information about what videogames this car is in? And perhaps a video of the car in a race from the game? Is so is embedded YouTube OK or should I upload the video to Wikipedia. Let me know on my talk page. Thanks Holygamer (talk) 21:19, 22 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Sure -- it would be an 'in popular culture' section. And you're right, the car has been in a lot of different video games. --RThompson82 (talk) 02:29, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

Concept
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LP2-clROMs — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.38.65.148 (talk) 15:24, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Neutrality
The legacy section, but also other sections as well, are written in a partial POV tone, with the writer giving what seems to be their opinion of things. One example being in the legacy section where it goes into detail about if the subsequent SL generations live up to the legacy of the original. This should be changed to a more encyclopedic tone. I've already removed some of the POV stuff in the earlier parts of the article but a decent bit remains. TKOIII (talk) 17:54, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

I will add citations and change that legacy bit. Thanks for going thru the article and please come back to make it better when you can. --Akrasia25 (talk) 20:02, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Article looks good now so I removed the tag. I see you've done a lot of work on this page, it looks great.

Items to fact check, add and cite if possible

 * 1) - HISTORY - the first 300 SL shipped to the US was in August, 1954, not March, 1955.✅
 * 2)   FRAME AND CHASSIS - the Coupe's rear axle was of a two joint design with one joint at each side of the differential at its center line. ✅
 * 3)    INTERIOR - standard trim was vinyl with three, not four, plaid fabric choices. There was never a red/green plaid; leather trim and seats were an extra cost option.✅
 * 4)    CHANGES TO ROADSTER - the Coupe had a double joint rear axle with one joint on each side of the differential at it center line; the Roadster had a single joint arrangement with its pivot point located 87 mm below the differential center line.✅--Akrasia25 (talk) 11:38, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

Above added to article with references--Akrasia25 (talk) 14:20, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Aluminium body
In the history paragraph it states "It could also be ordered with an 80 kg (176 lb) saving all-aluminium outer skin at tremendous added cost", but in the Bodywork paragraph it says "On request and for a relatively small extra charge, the entire body was made of light metal, making the vehicle 80 kg (176 lb) lighter". Which is correct? Yevad (talk) 16:38, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Good catch. I have checked two of my books at home here and have some info but nothing on the price. I will take that qualifier out for now and keep looking for it. Thank you --Akrasia25 (talk) 18:18, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Assessment (July 2019)
I've assessed this article at B-class as is. Thanks to a lot of work done by Akrasia25 and others, it covers the car in sufficient detail and scope, and is well referenced through most of the article. I would say its main obstacle to GA or higher status is primarily organization right now. Compared to an article like the Maserati MC12, the sections that this page has been divided into seem overly specific and/or out of order. For example, I think the first section (Previous version (W 194) in Racing) should instead be a sub-heading under History. Why are there two sections for Technical Description and Technical Data? Most of the data in the table is already listed in the article and infobox. The Super-Leicht or Sport-Leicht section probably should be merged with the history section as well, or perhaps shortened and integrated into the article lead (its prose needs to be cleaned up regardless). Keep up the good work, this is a nice article and an important one to the Auto wikiproject. Aab254 (talk) 15:04, 29 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you Aab254 for the time to assess the article. I will get going on the advice and comments that you have made and improve the article.Thank you also for the encouragement. Nice way to put the advice.--Akrasia25 (talk) 20:01, 29 July 2019 (UTC)

Actions
To Do --Akrasia25 (talk) 22:08, 30 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The sections that this page has been divided into seem overly specific and/or out of order. ✅
 * Most of the data in the table is already listed in the article and infobox. ✅--Akrasia25 (talk) 13:30, 1 August 2019 (UTC)--Akrasia25 (talk) 13:47, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * The Super-Leicht or Sport-Leicht section probably should be merged with the history section as well, or perhaps shortened and integrated into lede✅
 * Super-Leicht prose needs to be cleaned up.✅--Akrasia25 (talk) 13:47, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Move some of the specific sections into a "Reception" section. (like the production number tables)✅
 * Why are there two sections for Technical Description and Technical Data? ✅
 * Reorganize sections along the lines of GA article for Maserati MC12 ✅

Distribution in NA

The distribution of the 300SL (and all MB cars in north america) was shifted from Hoffman to Studebaker because MB was unhappy with Hoffman's business practice. What section of the article would be suitable for this bit? Havlicek stole the ball (talk) 17:57, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

Film section deleted
I deleted section. The choices were old/odd/dead pages/in German/slow to load. Anyone can see better on You tube or Cars in films.--Akrasia25 (talk) 20:52, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Notable owners
I removed this list which got reverted. My rationale for removal is that famous people will always own luxury cars anyway because they can and cannot see what is the relevance of a list for famous owners, especially this. I do not see the point for it and what it does for it. SpacedFarmer (talk) 14:27, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * You've just removed it for a second time, with the rationale "as raised in the talk section". But the fact that you've been talking to yourself here, rather than that anyone else supported your view (you were promptly reverted last time), means that this is still just you edit-warring to have it your way.
 * Obviously I would favour keeping it. This was never a common car, even by expensive luxury car standards. Nor was it even a particularly luxurious car: it's tiny and hard to get in and out of, especially in an evening dress. So the fact that Sophia Loren had one is notable. Von Braun? No real surprise there, not even Von Karajan, but the all-American Briggs Cunningham?  Pablo Picasso?  These are not the names we'd expect to see driving high performance German cars of this era, and so their inclusion here is informative and encyclopedic. Andy Dingley (talk) 15:27, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Racing
The first paragraph of this section mentions a V16 Ferrari. I have never heard of such a beast, and certainly not in Grand Prix racing in 1951, when the 4.5 litre Lampred-drsignedi V12 had developed to the point of giving the Alfas an occasional hard time. Mr Larrington (talk) 18:56, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed, this was the Ferrari 375. I've fixed it. Andy Dingley (talk) 19:37, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mercedes-Benz 300 SL


text: Category:Daft Punk albums

title: Category:Daft Punk albums


text: User talk:69.166.37.174

title: User talk:69.166.37.174


text:
Kan'en

Kan'en (寛延) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Enkyō and before Hōreki. This period spanned the years from July 1748 to October 1751. The reigning emperor was Emperor Momozono (桃園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1748 Kan'en gannen (寛延元年): The era name was changed to Kan'en (meaning "Prolonging Lenience") to mark the enthronement of Emperor Momozono. The previous era ended and the new era commenced in Enkyō 5, on the 12th day of the 7th month.

Events of the Kan'en era

 * 1748 (Kan'en 1): The first performance of the eleven-act puppet play Kanadehon Chushingura (A copybook of the treasury of loyal retainers), depicting the classic story of samurai revenge, the 1702 vendetta of the Forty-seven rōnin.
 * 1748 (Kan'en 1): Ambassadors from Korea and from the Ryukyu Islands were received at court in Heian-kyō.
 * October 7, 1749 (Kan'en 2, 26th day of the 8th month): A terrific storm of wind and rain strikes Kyoto; and the keep of Nijō Castle is burnt after it was struck by lightning.

title: Kan'en


text:
Powell v. Alabama

Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court reversed the convictions of nine young black men for allegedly raping two white women on a freight train near Scottsboro, Alabama. The majority of the Court reasoned that the right to retain and be represented by a lawyer was fundamental to a fair trial and that at least in some circumstances, the trial judge must inform a defendant of this right. In addition, if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, the court must appoint one sufficiently far in advance of trial to permit the lawyer to prepare adequately for the trial.

Powell was the first time the Court had reversed a state criminal conviction for a violation of a criminal procedural provision of the United States Bill of Rights. In effect, it held that the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause included at least part of the right to counsel referred to in the Sixth Amendment, making that much of the Bill of Rights binding on the states. Before Powell, the Court had reversed state criminal convictions only for racial discrimination in jury selection — a practice that violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Powell has been praised by legal scholars for upholding the American adversarial system in respect to criminal law since the system "relies upon attorneys to hold the state to its burden" which is harder to maintain if the defendants have ineffective assistance of counsel.

Background of the case
In March 1931, nine black men—Charlie Weems, Ozie Powell, Clarence Norris, Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Haywood Patterson, Andrew (Andy) Wright, Leroy (Roy) Wright and Eugene Williams, later known as the Scottsboro Boys—were accused of raping two young white women, Ruby Bates and Victoria Price.

The group of young black men were on a freight train with seven white men and two women. A fight broke out, and all of the white men were thrown from the train. The women accused the black men of rape, although one woman later retracted her claim. All the defendants, except for 13-year-old Roy Wright, were sentenced to death in a series of three one-day trials. The defendants, who were under military guard to protect them from any mob violence, were not told they could hire lawyers or even contact their families. They had no access to a lawyer until shortly before trial, leaving little or no time to plan the defense. They appealed their convictions on the grounds that the group was not provided adequate legal counsel. The Alabama Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that the trial was fair. Chief Justice John C. Anderson wrote a strongly worded dissenting opinion. The defendants appealed the Alabama Supreme Court's ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Supreme Court opinion
The Supreme Court reversed and remanded, holding that due process had been violated. Writing for himself and six other Justices, Justice Sutherland explained the Court's ruling as follows: In the light of the ... ignorance and illiteracy of the defendants, their youth, the circumstances of public hostility, the imprisonment and the close surveillance of the defendants by the military forces, the fact that their friends and families were all in other states and communication with them necessarily difficult, and above all that they stood in deadly peril of their lives—we think the failure of the trial court to give them reasonable time and opportunity to secure counsel was a clear denial of due process. But passing that, and assuming their inability, even if opportunity had been given, to employ counsel, ... under the circumstances just stated, the necessity of counsel was so vital and imperative that the failure of the trial court to make an effective appointment of counsel was likewise a denial of due process within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court's holding was quite limited. Justice Sutherland cautioned that Whether this would be so in other criminal prosecutions, or under other circumstances, we need not determine. All that it is necessary now to decide, as we do decide, is that in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble-mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him as a necessary requisite of due process of law; and that duty is not discharged by an assignment at such a time or under such circumstances as to preclude the giving of effective aid in the preparation and trial of the case. ... In a case such as this, whatever may be the rule in other cases, the right to have counsel appointed, when necessary, is a logical corollary from the constitutional right to be heard by counsel.

Subsequent jurisprudence
Whether Powell v. Alabama applied to non-capital cases sparked heated debate. Betts v. Brady initially decided that, unless there were special circumstances such as illiteracy or a complicated trial, there was no need for a court-appointed attorney. That decision was ultimately overturned in Gideon v. Wainwright, which established the right of an indigent felony defendant to be provided a trial attorney. Later Supreme Court cases have considered how early in the criminal process this right attaches, whether it applies to misdemeanors, and whether it applies to appeals from convictions.

title: Powell v. Alabama


text: User talk:24.165.235.20

title: User talk:24.165.235.20


text:
Dr. Weird

Dr. Weird may refer to:

 * Dr. Weird (Aqua Teen Hunger Force), a character from the animated series Aqua Teen Hunger Force
 * Dr. Weird (comics), a character from the fanzine Star Studded Comics that was later incorporated into Big Bang Comics
 * The Strange Dr. Weird, a 1940s radio series

title: Dr. Weird


text:
User:Kickstart70

Kickstart70 is the Wikipedia pseudonym for Greg Webster, more often known as Kickstart.

Greg Webster is a Canadian computer geek married to an American citizen and currently living in Quesnel, British Columbia to work and build a house. He is was the Community Coordinator and Senior Moderator of UserFriendly, a comic strip based on the lives of staff of a small internet service provider. UF gets a buttload of hits every month (around 15 million page views), though that's not really comparable to what Wikipedia gets.

Expert in nothing (by my own estimation, some claim otherwise), but sufficiently knowledgable about Linux, system administration, internet marketing and internet community management to stay gainfully employed. I also created the OmniCode, which is rapidly gaining popularity, so I really need to update the webpage before I release version 1.0.

On Wikipedia I attempt to assume good faith, however I am often disappointed. This has caused me to distrust edits by people who are not logged in, and so the appearance of an IP address in the diffs or history of a page will likely get more scrutiny from me.

 * My contributions
 * My little helper page

People who like me

 * Liked your comments on the main page vote.  Cassavau 04:07, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Amazed at the work on the List of comic book superhero powers page. Keep up the good work! Lyle A. Ruggles 22:20, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Your work on List of comic book superhero powers, as said above, is very impressive! ^_^ Jacobshaven3 09:03, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

People who couldn't give two farts in a windstorm about me

 * Yo. -- Andreas Blixt 13:46, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If I'm allowed to say...XD Gameplayer623
 * Oh, I'm sorry. I just only know you because I clicked on your name after seeing your signature somewhere. Tezkag72 (talk) 18:14, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Edits I think are particularly good

 * Glowimperial on people editing their own bio page.
 * TheGrappler, rationally supporting the WP:JOB proposal

title: User:Kickstart70


text:
1998 DK36

 is a 30-meter sized asteroid and near-Earth object that is possibly the first Apohele asteroid (Atira) – an asteroid that is always closer to the Sun than Earth – detected. It was first observed on 23 February 1998, by David J. Tholen at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, but is now considered a lost minor planet.

Although its orbital elements have not been well established, its aphelion (farthest distance from Sun) was determined to be less than the Earth's distance to the Sun (0.980 ± 0.05 AU). Therefore, it has a claim to title "first Apohele detected", if not "first Apohele confirmed", which goes to 163693 Atira. This asteroid is estimated to measure 30 meters in diameter based on its absolute magnitude 25.0 and an assumed albedo of 0.20, typical for stony S-type asteroid and common among near-Earth objects.

title: 1998 DK36


text:
User:Idiazabal

A brief explanation to say that I'm a Basque and interested mainly in all cultural things related to Basque.

Idiazabal is also the name of a little town that gives name to all the Basque cheese. I was born in it and its mountains were location of my first games.

I'm still learning how to work Wikipedia.

I'm going to write my first article in Wikipedia:

Anti-Basque sentiment
Anti-Basque sentiment

Basque Images
Basque Catalonia Navarre

Guernica bombing images
Guernica (Gernika)

''This historical and sacred Basque town, which was bombed by fascist bomber aircraft on 26 April 1937, immediately became a symbol of pain and the tragedy of war. In part, this was thanks to the famous painting by Pablo Picasso, which was painted at the request of the Republican government in order to be exhibited at the international exposition at Paris the same year (at present the painting is located at Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid).

''It was a Monday - a market day - when at about 4.15 p.m. the first wave of bombers dropped their lethal charges over the town. The tragedy would not finish until three hours latter. Even now, the number and type of aircraft used in the attack is not known for certain. It supposed that there were about 40 aeroplanes, whose types included the Heinkel 111 bomber, Junkers 52, Dornier 17, probably Dornier 57 reconnaissance aircraft, and small Heinkel 51 fighter aircraft (these were all German types). Italian aeroplanes - the Savoia 79 and the Fiat CR 32 fighter - were also involved. It is possible that the new German fighter aircraft, the Messerschmitt Bf 109B, was also tested in the attack, which was unnecessary because the village did not have any kind of defences.

''In total, about 30 tons of bombs were dropped that day, including incendiary bombs, They killed at least 1,650 people (this figure was given by the Basque government), and about 300 buildings were damaged. The strange fact is that no strategic targets, namely the barrio de Renteria bridge and the Unceta arms factory were damaged. The reason for this may have been explained by the retired Italian general Paolo Mocci, who in 1937 was captain of one of the squadrons that took part in the attack. In 1999, Mocci told the Spanish newspaper El País that in fact the attack aimed to cause the population to rebel against the war.

''On 29 April, Guernica was captured by Francoist troops, including some Italian units. Knowing the impact that news of the destruction could have on international opinion, the rebel leadership decided to blame the damage on the Basque soldiers, alleging that in their retreat they had set fire to the town. Today, this suggestion is only believed by the most nostalgic and recalcitrant neo-Nazis it. On 27 April 1997, the president of the Federal Republic of Germany, Roman Herzog, publicly recognised (through his ambassador in Madrid, Henning Wegener) the German involvement in the destruction of Guernica, even asking the survivors for forgiveness.''

Durango bombing

''Durango is an historic town in Biscay, which suffered in particular from effects of rebel air raids. The Bombing of Durango was the first attack in Europe against civilians. On 31 March 1937, after the failure of the rebels in their offensive on Alcarreñas, the attack planned by General Franco to put an end to the northern front began. In order to do this, it was decided that all available firepower be used, as much from the air as the ground, with the objective of undermining the Basques' morale and to cause maximum damage to the town's population, with no distinction between civilians or soldiers. On the same day Durango's population suffered a terrible attack, which according to sources, was led by Italian planes. The death toll reached at least 353 people, although more later died from injuries. In the chapel of Santa Susana alone, fourteen nuns died, and in the church of Santa María, bombs killed the priest who was celebrating mass, Father Morilla, as well as numerous parishioners. Although Durango possessed a significant arms factory, it seems that the objective was nothing other than to terrorise the civil population of the rearguard, which forms a new element in modern military tactics already employed against Madrid and other cities in the South. During the following days, three successive attacks on the town left the factory intact, but caused yet more civilian deaths. ''

Guernica articles
There are a good page with pictures and also articles writen by Gérard Brey and Indalecio Prieto.

Digital Library image pages:

 * [[Image:IMG0044.JPG|thumb|left|Image 1 of The Basque provinces : their political state, scenery, and inhabitants ; with adventures amongst the Carlists and Christinos / by Edward Bell Stephens]]
 * [[Image:IMG0045.JPG|thumb|right|Image 2 of The Basque provinces...]]

 * [[Image:IMG0046.JPG|thumb|left|Image 3 of The Basque provinces...]]
 * [[Image:IMG0047.JPG|thumb|right|Image 4 of The Basque provinces...]]

es:user:Idiazabal eu:user:Idiazabal

title: User:Idiazabal


text:
Enkyō (Edo period)

Enkyō (延享) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kanpō and before Kan'en. This period spanned the years from February 1744 through July 1748. The reigning emperors were Sakuramachi-tennō (桜町天皇) and Momozono-tennō (桃園天皇).

Change of era

 * 1744 Enkyō gannen (延享元年): The new era of Enkyō (meaning "Becoming Prolonged") was created to mark the start of a new 60-year cycle of the Chinese zodiac. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Kampō 4, on the

Events of Enkyō era

 * 1744 (Enkyō 1): A great comet was visible in the sky for many months; this comet is likely to have been what is today identified as C/1743 X1 (De Cheseaux). ...Click link for online Harvard-Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System
 * 1745 (Enkyō 2): Tokugawa Ieshige became shōgun of the Edo bakufu.
 * 1745 (Enkyō 2): First establishment of a market fair in the capital was to be found at the temple of Hirano, in the Ōmi province.
 * 1746 (Enkyō 3, 2nd month): A great fire sweeps through Edo.

title: Enkyō (Edo period)


text:
Talk:Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia

Film Location?
I could have sworn that the film To Die For had a part filmed at Peggys Cove, the scene where they walked across the ice looks like one of the pics in this article. I can't find my DVD of this film however so I can't find the scene to verify and there was no mention of it on IMDB or the Wiki, so I don't want to add it to the article.N9jig (talk) 03:35, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Spelling of Name
The official spelling is without an apostrophe: see National Resources Canada's geographical names site.

St. Margarets Bay and Hacketts Cove also have no apostrophe. Indefatigable 23:23, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I don't know that we can take National Resources Canada's word as definitive. The page referenced above in 2005 has since disappeared, but what I assume to be the current version of that page can be found here and lists both "Peggys Cove" and "Peggy's Cove." Official Web sites for Peggy's Cove Coastal Region and the province of Nova Scotia both prefer "Peggy's Cove" with the apostrophe, and the apostrophed version accounts for more than 70% of Google search results at the moment. Given that the article itself currently prefers "Peggy's Cove," perhaps the title should be updated to reflect that spelling? Secret-HQ (talk) 21:49, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

As far as I can see on the ground, the only instance of Peggys is the highway sign. The Preservation Area sign has Peggy's, as do all the businesses I saw whose signs bore the name. I would be strongly in favour of moving the article (back?) to Peggy's Cove. Awien (talk) 18:09, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Google ngram, very few mentions, but the apostrophe wins.
 * Note also the Peggy's Cove Commission and the related piece of legislation The Peggy's Cove Commission Act, presumably named by those with some local interest.
 * I favour a rename to Peggy's Cove. moogsi(blah) 22:52, 13 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. It should be renamed. Saffron Blaze (talk) 23:35, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

Content
I plan to add some content to this page. also some pictures. the lighthouse is a copy of a painting or a touch up job or taken with a filter. the picture of peggys cove is great but too small.

who is in charge of this page? joe 03:20, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

There is no proof, beyond folklore, of the cove being named after a shipwreck survivor. I have tried to reflect the various theories while still retaining the folkloric detail. Letterofmarque 02:11, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

The section "Site for Best Short Film" does not list the actual film name?! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dawtcalm (talk • contribs) 12:01, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

William deGarthe
I'm thinking the section entitled "William deGarthe" is unnecessary, as it doesn't do much but repeat the information found on the page for the same William E. deGarthe, to which I also added a link in the "History" section. However, I'm not sure whether to completely remove the section or just revamp it slightly. Maybe it could be a section on "Famous Residents" and include a link to deGarthe as well as other well-known residents, if there are any? Oregongirl0407 (talk) 19:45, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Promotional Conflict of Interest
I removed the promotional advertising for the "Peggy of the Cove" attraction from the geography section. The contributor was blatantly promoting his own business which is against Wikipedia policy. Letterofmarque (talk) 03:14, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I have tagged this site for COI as a contributor continues to use this article to promote his books and tourist attraction.Letterofmarque (talk) 02:04, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Whoever it is who keeps putting slogans and promotional notes for Ivan Fraser's gallery and souvenir shop, please stop. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a marketing magazine.Letterofmarque (talk) 21:27, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Monuments
"The site of the crash and the two monuments form a triangle" Two monuments and any location on the planet form a triangle so this is akin to writing that the sea near the crash contains water.. 86.181.83.209 (talk) 16:21, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

In the course of copyediting the section, I removed this sentence. What I suspect is that the editor means an equilateral triangle, but a perfunctory search didn't find a ref. If anyone could find one, it would be good. Awien (talk) 09:19, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

OK, equilateral triangle is indeed what was meant: http://www.st-margaretsbay.com/swissair_memorials.html Restoring the sentence, but don't know how to do the ref. Awien (talk) 17:51, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

swissair flight 111
"It is one of two memorials built to commemorate the victims of the Swissair Flight 111 disaster, which saw the aircraft crash into St. Margarets Bay on 2 September 1998." in this sentence, 'which' does not make any sense. please revise. --96.63.2.100 (talk) 01:03, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

Fixed. Awien (talk) 18:03, 20 July 2014 (UTC)

The Swissair Memorial is not in Peggy's Cove, but in Indian Harbour. Peggy's Cove was the staging area during the disaster. Snowy Badger (talk) 17:59, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

Deaths
There should be a section on all the deaths of people who have gone too close to the water and have been swept out to sea and died. I have been trying to gather a list of the fatalities, but so far the internet has not been very helpful. I will keep looking. In the meantime, I encourage anyone who has such a list to add it here, including: name, age, date of death.

Jamie Quattrocchi, 25, April 2015 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.167.176.229 (talk) 14:48, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia


text:
Down feather

The down of birds is a layer of fine feathers found under the tougher exterior feathers. Very young birds are clad only in down. Powder down is a specialized type of down found only in a few groups of birds. Down is a fine thermal insulator and padding, used in goods such as jackets, bedding (duvets and featherbeds), pillows and sleeping bags. The discovery of feathers trapped in ancient amber suggests that some species of non-avian dinosaur likely possessed down-like feathers.

Description and etymology

The word down comes from the Old Norse word dúnn, which had the same meaning as its modern equivalent. The down feather is considered to be the most "straightforward" of all feather types. It has a short or vestigial rachis (shaft), few barbs, and barbules that lack hooks. There are three types of down: natal down, body down and powder down. Natal down is the layer of down feathers that cover most birds at some point in their early development. Precocial nestlings are already covered with a layer of down when they hatch, while altricial nestlings develop their down layer within days or weeks of hatching. Megapode hatchlings are the sole exception; they are already covered with contour feathers when they hatch. Body down is a layer of small, fluffy feathers that lie underneath the outer contour feathers on a bird's body.

Powder down

Powder down, or pulviplumes, is a special type of down that occurs in a few groups of apparently unrelated birds. In some species, the tips of the barbules on powder down feathers disintegrate, forming fine particles of keratin, which appear as a powder, or "feather dust", among the feathers. These feathers grow continuously and are not moulted. In other species, powder grains come from cells that surround the barbules of growing feathers. These specialized feathers are typically scattered among ordinary down feathers, though in some species, they occur in clusters. All parrots have powder down, with some species (including the mealy amazons) producing copious amounts. It is also found in herons and tinamous. The dust produced from powder down feathers is a known allergen in humans.

Function
The loose structure of down feathers traps air, which helps to insulate the bird against heat loss and contributes to the buoyancy of waterbirds. Species that experience annual temperature fluctuations typically have more down feathers following their autumn moult. There is some evidence that down feathers may also help to decrease the incidence of nestling cannibalism among some colonially nesting species, as the stiffness of the feathers make the young more difficult to swallow. Pollutants can reduce the efficiency of these functions. When oiled, for example, down feathers mat and clump together, which breaks down the bird's insulation and allows water to reach the skin.

Female wildfowl use down feathers plucked from their own breasts to line their scrape nests. This process performs the dual function of helping to insulate the eggs and exposing the female's brood patch—an area of bare skin, rich in blood vessels, which transmits heat very efficiently. Of the various items birds use to line their nests, down feathers provide the most effective insulation, though only when dry; wet down is the least effective insulator. Down may also help camouflage the eggs when the female is away from the nest, particularly as the birds often draw the feathers over their eggs before leaving.

Because a bird can eliminate heavy metals in its feathers and because feathers can be collected non-invasively and stored indefinitely, down feathers can be used to check for evidence of metal contamination in the bird's environment. Studies have shown a high level of correlation between the level of metal contamination in a bird's diet and the level found in its feathers, with the proportion of the chemicals found in its feathers remaining relatively constant (and relatively high for some metals).

Mutation
Mutations in the genes that control the formation of down feathers have been recorded in a German White Leghorn flock. Although the elements of a normal down feather are present, a hyperkeratosis of the feather's horny sheath after 16–17 days of incubation results in the sheath not splitting as it should during the final stages of the feather's growth. Because of that abnormal splitting, the bird's down appears to be matted; chicks with this condition look bristly and singed and tend to be lighter in body weight than normal chicks are.

Human use
Down feathers are used by Indigenous North Americans for religious ceremonies and as powerful symbols. In the stories of some cultures, the down feathers of an eagle are important gifts given by the bird to the story's hero. In the Ghost Dance, a religious movement that has become particularly widespread among the Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies, each dancer holds a painted feather tipped with a down feather painted with another color; the feathers are generally those of a crow, which is sacred to the Ghost Dance, or an eagle, which is ubiquitously sacred. Zuni prayer sticks are also made using eagle down. While eagle feathers belong to the Sun Priest, who plants them to the sun, other priests could use them if rain was needed, as the down is said to suggest "fleecy clouds that gather on the horizon before rain". The Hopi rub eagle down feathers over rattlesnakes collected for Snake Dances, in an effort to soothe and calm the reptiles.

Anglers who fly fish have long used the down feathers of waterfowl for the construction of fishing lures. Because they are white, down feathers can be easily dyed a variety of colours. They are used to make the bodies, tails and wing casings of the flies. Historically, much of the down used for the flies came from the wing and tail of the marabou stork; these feathers were also popular with the millinery and dressmaking trades. Though it is still called by the same name, today's "marabou" (sometimes spelled "marabout"), comes from domestic turkeys, as marabou storks are protected.

For centuries, humans across the globe have used down feathers for insulation. Russian documents from the 1600s list "bird down" among the goods sold to Dutch merchants, and communities in northern Norway began protecting the nests of eider ducks as early as 1890. Eiders are still "farmed" by people in Iceland, Scandinavia and Siberia. The birds are provided with nest sites and protected from predators, and down is collected intermittently during the nesting season without harming the nests or female ducks. The first collection is made roughly halfway through the incubation period, when some 0.75 oz of high quality down is removed per nest. When the eggs have hatched and the young have left the area, the remaining down and breast feathers are gathered, typically resulting in another 0.75 oz of lower quality feathers per nest. In general, 50–60 nests will produce about one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of down feathers. No more than four tonnes of eiderdown is collected from wild nests each year. Approximately 70% of that harvest is from Iceland. According to the International Down and Feather Bureau, eiderdown contributes only a small, but lucrative, portion of the world's total down production, estimated at 175,000 tonnes annually. An eiderdown duvet requires from 600 to 1,600 grams of eiderdown fill; a simple 800 gram duvet sells for about 640,000 Icelandic króna (US$5,116) as of 2021.

In Iceland and Scandinavia, colonies of more than 5,000 birds sometimes develop in "farmed" areas, while in some protected areas of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, nest densities exceed 13,000 /ha. On the other hand, the more nomadic indigenous peoples of Arctic Canada did not see down production as a reasonable source of income and tended to overexploit eider nests with "indifferent" collection of down feathers from the nests. Although the down feathers of various species of wildfowl, gulls and other seabirds have historically been used for insulation, most now come from domestic geese. Some 70 percent of the world's supply comes from China, typically from birds killed for their meat. Most of the rest comes from Europe and Canada, from birds harvested for meat or pâté.

A portion of the world's supply of down feathers are plucked from live birds, a practice condemned as cruel by animal welfare groups. The precise percentage of down harvested in this manner is uncertain; while some references report that it is only a small fraction of the total (less than 1% in 2011), a 2009 Swedish documentary reported that it might be as much as 50–80% of the total supply, a figure supported by IKEA and an industry representative, but disputed by organizations within the industry. The documentary also shows birds lying on the floor with large flesh wounds from the plucking, after which the wounds were stitched using a needle and thread without anesthetic. Although live-plucking is illegal in Canada, the United States and Europe, it is known to occur in two European countries (Poland and Hungary) and in China. Public sentiment against the practice has, in some countries, been strong. IKEA and clothing manufacturer Patagonia have altered product lines to eliminate the use (or possible use) of live-plucked down.

In the United States, Federal Trade Commission regulations require that any product labeled "100% Down" must contain only down feathers, while products labeled simply "Down" can contain a mixture of fiber and feathers. In addition, products labeled as "Goose Down" must contain at least 90% goose down, 10% goose feathers. Down insulation is rated by fill power, which is the number of cubic inches displaced by a given ounce of down (in3/oz). To measure fill power, an ounce of down is placed into a graduated cylinder, and a small weight is dropped in on top of it; the volume below the weight indicates the fill power. Eiderdown has the highest fill power, at 1200. However, even down with a fill power as low as 550 still provides reasonably good insulation. Higher fill-power downs will thus insulate better than lower fill-power downs of the same weight. Insulation in most outdoor equipment ranges from about 400 to(-). Down rated 500 - 650 in3/oz is warm enough and light enough for most conditions, and 800 - 900 in3/oz fill is used for very lightweight and/or very cold-weather gear.

Down is warm, lightweight and packable. If well cared for, it retains its loft up to three times longer than do most synthetics. However, when it is wet, the thermal properties of down are virtually eliminated. Down forms clumps if exposed to dampness or moisture, and will mildew if left damp. In addition, it will absorb and retain odors.

Down feathers tend to become more allergenic as they age, as they become contaminated with molds and dust mites. Pillows provide the most common source of exposure, though mattresses, comforters, outerwear and upholstery can also cause problems. A Finnish study has shown that true feather allergies are rare, with most issues caused by dust mites.

Non-avian dinosaurs
Feathers found in amber in western France, Canada and northeastern China suggest that some non-avian dinosaurs may have had primitive, down-like feathers.

title: Down feather


text: User talk:69.161.75.227

title: User talk:69.161.75.227


text:
Genbun

Genbun (元文) was a Japanese era name (年号) after Kyōhō and before Kanpō.  This period spanned the years from April 1736 through February 1741. The reigning emperor was Sakuramachi-tennō (桜町天皇).

Change of era

 * 1736 Genbun gannen (元文元年): To mark the enthronement of Sakuramachi, the era was changed to Genbun (meaning "Original civility"). The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Kyōhō 21, on the 21st day of the 4th month.

Events of the Genbun era

 * 1736 (Genbun 1): The shogunate published an edict declaring that henceforth, the sole, authorized coinage in the empire would be those copper coins which were marked on the obverse with the character 文 (pronounced bun in Japanese or pronounced wen in Chinese—which is to say, the same character which is found in this era name of Genbun).
 * 1737 (Genbun 2, 11th month): A comet is noticed in the western part of the sky.
 * 1738 (Genbun 3): Esoteric Shinto rituals Daijō-ye (大嘗會,) were performed by the emperor.
 * 1739 (Genbun 4): Some foundrymen in Edo are commanded to create iron coins for use across the empire.
 * 1739 (Genbun 4): Hosokawa Etchū-no-kami of Higo was killed in Edo castle by Itakura Katsukane, and the killer was ordered to commit suicide as just punishment; however, Shōgun Yoshimune personally intervened to mitigate the adverse consequences for the killer's fudai family.
 * August 8, 1740 (Genbun 5, 16th day of the 7th month): Great floods in Heian-kyō. Sanjo Bridge is washed away.
 * January 11, 1741 (Genbun 5, 24th day of the 11th month): The esoteric Niiname-matsuri ceremonies were performed. This specific ceremony had otherwise been held in abeyance for the previous 280 years.

title: Genbun


text: User talk:66.245.29.166

title: User talk:66.245.29.166


text:
Ainori

Ainori (あいのり), literally "love ride" but can also be read "ride together" or "car pool", is a popular television program that runs Monday evenings from 11 pm in Japan on Fuji TV. It debuted on October 11, 1999. The show originally ended on March 23, 2009 but returned under the name "Ainori 2" on December 25, 2010, running through April 30, 2011.

Ainori was revived by Fuji TV and Netflix beginning with Asian Journey, which was first broadcast on the streaming platform in November 2017 and on Fuji TV in January 2018. Both media outlets also aired the second season of Asian Journey as well as the first season of African Journey, which was available on Netflix in late 2019 and on Fuji TV in early 2020.

Description
Ainori is a reality program where seven young men and women travel the world riding a pink bus. The program is reminiscent of a travelogue; as of December 2008, the show has followed the bus across 90 countries as participants explore both famous tourist attractions and more off-the-beaten-path places. The participants are led across each country by a native who serves as tour guide, bus driver, and friend. Upon reaching the border with another country, the bus stops and participants head out to their next destination country to meet their new tour guide and get into their new bus.

The show's twist is that the participants are each young, single people whose goal is to find love with another participant and return to Japan as a couple. When a participant has decided they like someone else, they ask the driver for a ticket back to Japan. They then declare their love to the object of their affection, and ask that the two return to Japan together. After a night's consideration, the person who received the love declaration can either answer with a kiss, after which both participants leave the bus for Japan. Otherwise, the jilted participant is left to return to Japan alone. Besides the love declaration, participants are forbidden from talking openly about their love interests with other participants, but inform the TV audience of their feelings through diaries and confessions to the camera (shot when no other participants are present).

After people leave the bus, new people are added to the program, to keep the total at 7 members. They are seen on the side of the road with a painted cardboard sign (appearing to be hitchhikers) and brought aboard after a self-introduction.

The First Lap Around the World ended in May, 2003, and the Second Lap ended in March, 2007. After that, the bus visits the countries which has never been visited on the show, without the route. The 400th episode was aired on May 5, 2008.

As of March, 2009, 44 couples have found love through the program, and there have been 8 marriages (though one couple has divorced). On March 1, 2005, the first "Ainori Baby" was born, and as of mid-2008 there have been 4 babies born in total.

The First Lap

 * *1 : Paolo is a native person who participants met in the youth hostel in Italy. He could speak Japanese because he had stayed in Japan for one year.
 * *2 : Once Midori had been jilted by Kin-chan, and been back to Japan from Vietnam. After that, she received a letter from him, and visited Thailand to meet him again there.
 * *3 : Once Hisashi had been jilted by Mariko, and been back to Japan. But Mariko gave up the trip to meet Hisashi again in Japan.

The Second Lap

 * *1 : Michele, Pendo, and Andy are native persons. Michele was a special participant as the commemoration of the Second Lap. Pendo and Andy took part in the trip during a single episode.
 * *2 : In the episode #315, Outlaw gave up the trip because of the mistake by the staff, and Goki also did. But in the episode #317, they reported that they had met again in Japan and had started to love each other. Although they are not counted as an official couple of the program.
 * *3 : Once MIE had been jilted by Susan, and been back to Japan from Hungary. But in Switzerland Susan gave up the trip and returned to Japan to meet her again.

Ainori: Asian Journey (Netflix)
 Ainori: Asian Journey Season 2 (Netflix)

Memorable incidents
Although relationships between staff and participants are forbidden, some incidents involving staff have occurred:

 * In South Africa, a female participant fell in love with the tour guide, and when the bus stopped at the country's border (and she realized she'd never get to see him again) she begged the producers to let her confess her love. She did and the two became a couple.
 * In spring of 2006, a female participant got intimate with the audio technician (even though the two had never talked, and the audio technician had a girlfriend). This incident resulted in the female participant, a male participant who was in love with her, the audio technician, and a cameraman all returning to Japan.

Other memorable incidents include:

 * In Costa Rica, three male participants were arrested by the police for exposing their buttocks to children. After five hours they were released by the staff's persuasion.
 * After leaving Costa Rica, the program avoided Nicaragua because of insecurity of the political condition, and visited Jamaica. But the Nicaraguan ambassador in Japan made a protest against the program. So the program visited Nicaragua after leaving Fiji. The participants were welcomed as the sightseeing goodwill ambassadors.
 * A female participant developed a physical ailment for which the doctor prohibited her from riding on the bus, or any other prolonged sitting position. Because of this, the only solution seemed that she would have to be sent home, and be eliminated from the show. However, the group came to the decision that they would ditch the bus, and walk for the rest of the trip (while carrying around all of their baggage), just so the girl could remain with them.
 * In January 2006, a female participant broke down in tears and explained that three days before leaving for her Ainori trip, a male friend who she had long been harboring feelings for had finally confessed his love for her. She explained that she missed him terribly, could not get him out of her mind, and would likely not find love with any of the participants on Ainori, and thus left the show.
 * In the summer of 2006, during a break in shooting when participants were on vacation back home in Japan, a female participant discovered that the male participant that she was in love with had a girlfriend in Japan, and indeed had had a girlfriend when he left for his world trip (strictly against the rules of Ainori). After all the participants were back in Europe shooting the show, the man was confronted, finally confessed the truth to his bus-mates, and left the show to return to Japan.

Fundraising
Since April 2004, the program started the fundraising campaign called Ainori Bokin (Ainori Fundraising). This is a donation for poor countries visited in the program. The money has been mainly used for children living in these countries, and the schools called Ainori Gakko (Ainori School) have been built.

Commentators

 * Masami Hisamoto – October 11, 1999 – 2006
 * Koji Imada – October 11, 1999 – 2006
 * Haruhiko Katō – October 11, 1999 – March 20, 2006
 * Eiji Wentz – April 10, 2006 – 2011
 * Becky – October 2017 – present
 * Mayuko Kawakita – October 2017 – 2018
 * Audrey – October 2017 – 2018
 * Shimon Okura – October 2017 – 2018
 * Asako Ito – November 2018 – July 2019
 * Natsuna Watanabe – November 2018 – July 2019
 * Karina Maruyama – January 2020 – present
 * Ryo Kato – January 2020 – present
 * Kouhei Takeda – January 2020 – present

Trivia

 * To help prevent relationships between the staff and the participants, only staff members who are married or are already involved are chosen to work on the show.
 * Hit tunes such as ELT's "Fragile", Glay's "Way of Difference", and I WiSH's "ashita e no tobira" are used as the main theme music
 * The "Love Wagon", as the bus is nicknamed, is typically a Toyota Hiace, painted pink with Ainori logos on it. However, when the bus breaks down, or local traffic regulations prevent the love wagon from being used, a locally purchased Japanese van painted in the same way will often be substituted.
 * Although typically the couples are "born" on their world trip, in the summer of 2006, two separate couples (Goki/Outlaw and MIE/Susan) were formed after the participants returned to Japan and realized their feelings for each other there, and in February 2007, an "Ainori news special" told the story of another couple (Hide/Kayo) who got together after returning to Japan.

Vietnam
The Vietnamese version is called "Hành trình kết nối những trái tim" ("Journey to match hearts"), or "Love bus", was broadcast in December 2008, becoming a high rated show of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi Television. It is originally aired every Tuesday at 10PM.

title: Ainori


text:
User:The Inedible Bulk/Sand

The Sandbox of Wikipedia is a place where any non-banned individual may test editing a page. If a person were to want to create a new page and see how it acts related to other page, he or she can use the test wiki.

The sandbox provides information on using the sandbox at the top of the page, which is inserted by the sandbox template. It is the job of every Wikipedian to revert the page to an earlier version, preferably this instructional version, in order to restore the sanctity of the sandbox, so that chaos may again take place.

title: User:The Inedible Bulk/Sand


text:
Kyōhō

Kyōhō (享保), also pronounced Kyōho, was a Japanese era name (年号) after Shōtoku and before Genbun. This period spanned the years from July 1716 through April 1736. The reigning emperors were Nakamikado-tennō (中御門天皇) and Sakuramachi-tennō (桜町天皇).

Change of era

 * 1716 Kyōhō gannen (享保元年): The era name of Kyōhō (meaning "Undergoing and Supporting") was created in response to the death of Tokugawa Ietsugu. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Shōtoku 6, on the 22nd day of the 6th month.

Events of the Kyōhō era

 * 1717 (Kyōhō 2): Kyōhō reforms are directed and overseen by Shōgun Yoshimune.
 * 1718 (Kyōhō 3): The bakufu repaired the Imperial mausolea.
 * 1718 (Kyōhō 3, 8th month): The bakufu established a petition-box (目安箱) at the office of the machi-bugyō in Heian-kyō.
 * 1720 (Kyōhō 5, 6th month): The 26th High Priest of Nichiren Shōshū, Nichikan Shōnin, who is considered a great reformer of the sect, inscribed the Gohonzon which the lay Buddhist organisation SGI uses to bestow upon its members, after the Nichiren Shōshū priesthood, under the leadership of 67th High Priest Nikken, refused to do so.
 * 1721 (Kyōhō 6): Edo population of 1.1 million is world's largest city.
 * 1730 (Kyōhō 15): The Tokugawa shogunate officially recognizes the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka; and bakufu supervisors (nengyoji) are appointed to monitor the market and to collect taxes. The transactions relating to rice exchanges developed into securities exchanges, used primarily for transactions in public securities. The development of improved agriculture production caused the price of rice to fall in mid-Kyohō.
 * August 3, 1730 (Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month): A fire broke out in Muromachi and 3,790 houses were burnt. Over 30,000 looms in Nishi-jin were destroyed. The bakufu distributed rice.
 * 1732 (Kyōhō 17): The Kyōhō famine was the consequence after swarms of locusts devastated crops in agricultural communities around the inland sea.
 * 1733 (Kyōhō 18): Ginseng grown in Japan begins to be available in the Japanese food markets.
 * 1735 (Kyōhō 20): Sweet potatoes were introduced into the Japanese diet.

title: Kyōhō


text:
Lemonade and Brownies

Lemonade and Brownies is the debut studio album by the American rock band Sugar Ray, released on April 4, 1995, by Atlantic Records. It was far less successful than the band's later releases on Atlantic. It and the band's next album Floored also featured less of a pop-influenced sound than their later work.

Background
When the band got signed to Atlantic Records in 1994, they had only three to five songs, including "Caboose" and two other songs called "Lick Me" and "Gold Digger". Prior to getting signed, the band had created their own video for "Caboose", which found its way to Atlantic Records executive Doug Morris in late 1993. Drummer Stan Frazier later recalled that "Doug Morris [from Atlantic] saw the live energy in the video and said, 'Sign that band, this is entertaining.'" They agreed to a two million dollar deal with Atlantic, with the deal being signed at a local pizza shop in Newport Beach. California, Recording for Lemonade and Brownies would begin in mid-1994. It was produced by the band's director friend Joseph McGinty "McG" Nichol, who went on to become a director for Hollywood films such as Charlie's Angels. Then-House of Pain member DJ Lethal served as a co-executive producer. Sugar Ray asked DJ Lethal to work on their album as they were a fan of the House of Pain song "Jump Around". DJ Homicide appears on a few of the album's tracks, and was credited as a guest musician, being excluded from a group shot of the band on the back of the album, which shows them riding a rollercoaster. He later became an official touring member of Sugar Ray. In a July 1997 interview promoting their next album Floored, singer Mark McGrath said that "Homicide came in toward the end of the last album and he's a clown like us. We grew up listening to Kiss and AC/DC and he's from a totally different background, so it's a great exchange." Prior to becoming involved with Sugar Ray, DJ Homicide had been working as a hip-hop radio DJ in Los Angeles.

Actress Nicole Eggert is featured on the cover, with the photo of her being taken in 1995. At the time, McGrath was dating Eggert's best friend. He said in October 1997 that the cover art helped the album gain more exposure, saying "I can't tell you how many program directors have told me they played our record because of that photo. They'd tell me that a typical CD that comes across their desk ends up in the trash, but our cover grabbed them and they put it on. And Nicole wouldn't even take a cent for it."

The album title was inspired by an ad in a pornographic magazine, which featured a near-naked woman and the slogan "try our lemonade and brownies". Some believed that the album's title was a reference to urine and feces.

Musical style
Sugar Ray initially began as a hardcore punk band in 1986, but had gone through several style changes by the time they got signed to Atlantic Records, including at one point being a glam metal band. AllMusic describe Lemonade and Brownies as being "sub-Chili Peppers shuck-and-jive." The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (2001) states that on their first two albums, Sugar Ray were influenced by "a variety of sounds: Red Hot Chili Peppers-style punk-funk, reggae grooves, metal, hip hop, and a little bit of retro new wave." In 1999, Corey Moss of the Iowa State Daily compared their sound on this album to Faith No More. In her 2000 Sugar Ray biography book, author Anna Louise Golden states that people at the time considered the band's sound to be "putting the funk into music that was perilously close to metal." She also categorized the song "Big Black Woman" as being a cross between blues rock and speed metal. The song "Danzig Needs a Hug" references the punk/metal singer Glenn Danzig, who is known for his dark image. It features falsetto vocals from McGrath and backing vocals from Janine Harris. Golden describes the song as being "close to disco lite". The album ends with a hidden country-influenced acoustic track, titled "One Brave Cowboy".

Regarding their influences on the album, McGrath said in 2009, "we're such fans of all kinds of music. I love Slayer, I love The Beach Boys and everything in between. When you have five guys who write in the band — like we all do — you're going to get a lot of influences. Back then when we started we were like kids in a candy store. We were just throwing things against the wall." In a 2015 interview, McGrath also reflected on the genre of the album, saying that it was a "pre nu-metal type rap/rock thing." He added, "yes, people look back on it as a 'metal record'. But if you listen to that record, there are [also] R&B songs, soul, I'm singing falsetto on a song. If you hear the record you're hearing a band in its cocoon stage, going 'who are we?' [...] We were kind of a jokey metal/rock/punk/funk/thrash... we were the Chili Peppers with zero talent."

Promotion and commercial performance
The music video for "Mean Machine" was featured in a 1995 Beavis and Butt-Head episode titled "Bang the Drum Slowly Dumbass". In 1996, "10 Seconds Down" was included on the soundtrack for Escape from L.A.. That same year, "Iron Mic" was included on the soundtrack for the Ruby-Spears-produced Mega-Man cartoon. It is rumored that Mark McGrath did voice-over work for one of the show's episodes.

The album experienced some minor success in Europe, where similar bands like downset. and Rage Against the Machine were popular. it did not chart in the United States and was considered a commercial and critical failure for Atlantic Records. For Lemonade and Brownies, the band did seven tours in Europe, but in the United States they did only a single tour. Even though the band had signed a two album deal with Atlantic, the label were considering buying out their contract due to the underperformance of Lemonade and Brownies. Sugar Ray ended up staying on Atlantic, and would go on to experience huge success in the summer of 1997, after the release of their reggae/pop-influenced single "Fly". As a result of their newfound success, sales for Lemonade and Brownies eventually rose to 100,000.

Reception
Lemonade and Brownies received a generally mixed response from critics upon its release. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that the album is "a competent set of alternative funk/metal", but noted that "nothing on Lemonade & Brownies is particularly distinctive." In June 1995, Mike Boehm of the Los Angeles Times labelled it "juvenile", and cited it as having "the dumb-fun appeal that's the essence of frat rock." Boehm adds "with the album’s cheesecake artwork and infantile, toilet-humor title, it’s clear Sugar Ray is factoring its appeal down to lowest denominators with this debut CD." Kirk Miller of The Michigan Daily wrote in September 1995 that "Sugar Ray is the same feeling as having the munchies at 3 a.m. and running out to Denny's." He adds that the album is "a big ooey-gooey-chocolatey binge of phat punk-funk metal. Oh and the singer looks like Brad Pitt. Yum?".

In August 1995, CMJ New Music Monthly wrote that the album "jumps hyperactively between rap, hardcore, arena rock and funk with a lot more skill and strength than you might expect (although, like so many white boys, they sound like they're trying a bit too hard to be funk-ay)". The publication further stated that, "The Beastie Boys (there's even a "Cookie Puss"-style prank phone call), Bad Brains and Van Halen loom large here. Although its Beasties/Peppers personality sometimes overpowers the music, Sugar Ray manages to pull it off throughout most of this LP." In April 1995, David Beran of the Gavin Report similarly wrote, "dangling their feet in the streams of hard rock and funk, Sugar Ray manage to do what the Beasties and Chilis have done." New Zealand publication Rip It Up wrote in their November 1995 review that the album has "excursions into [various] musical genres, combined with a sense of humor and quirkiness." They add that, "shuffled in their deck of harder songs are laidback funk songs 'Danzig Needs a Hug' and 'Hold Your Eyes', which could easily pass as the product of a cheesy combo fitted with polyester lounge suits."

Legacy
In 1999, David Jenison of In Music We Trust reflected that with Lemonade and Brownies, "Sugar Ray only had three things going for them: 1) a good looking singer, 2) punk rock influences, and 3) being from Orange County, home to bands like No Doubt and the Offspring. But Sugar Ray also had a big problem — they didn't have any real songs." In 2021, Louder Sound had a positive view of the album compared to their later pop-influenced material, writing that "[Lemonade and Brownies] and its 1997 follow-up Floored are actually worth investing a little bit of your time to", adding that "we get why they 'sold out', but damn, we could have done with more of this before they went for the big pay day." In 2019, Rani Baker of Grunge.com included Sugar Ray on a list titled "Bands That Don't Sound Anything Like They Used To". She called Lemonade and Brownies a "messy funk-punk effort", and noted that, "to many folks, Sugar Ray was [just] another blonde-frosted late-'90s nothing of a band whose songs showed up in sitcoms and romcoms."

Track listing
All songs written by McGrath, Sheppard, Karges, Frazier & McG
 * 1) "Snug Harbor" – 0:50
 * 2) "Rhyme Stealer" – 2:51
 * 3) "Iron Mic" – 4:40
 * 4) "Hold Your Eyes" – 3:29
 * 5) "The Greatest" – 3:58
 * 6) "Big Black Woman" – 1:43
 * 7) "Mean Machine" – 2:41
 * 8) "Dance Party USA" – 3:18
 * 9) "10 Seconds Down" – 3:39
 * 10) "Danzig Needs a Hug" – 3:07
 * 11) "Drive By" – 1:58 (comedy skit)
 * 12) "Caboose" – 3:13
 * 13) "Scuzzboots" – 3:29
 * 14) "Streaker" – 4:12
 * 15) "One Brave Cowboy" – 1:37 (Hidden bonus track plays after 2 minutes of silence)

 * Japan bonus tracks
 * 1) "White Minority" (Black Flag cover) – 1:03
 * 2) "Wasted" – 0:49
 * 3) "Wango Tango" (Ted Nugent cover) – 3:56
 * 4) "Dr. J" (Live) – 3:11

Sugar Ray

 * Mark McGrath - lead vocals (credited as "Liar")
 * Rodney Sheppard - guitars, backing vocals (credited as "Traitor")
 * Murphy Karges - bass, backing vocals (credited as "Sellout")
 * Stan Frazier - drums, backing vocals (credited as "Cheat")

Additional musicians

 * DJ Lethal - turntables, samples
 * DJ Homicide - additional scratches
 * Janine Harris - additional vocals on "Danzig Needs a Hug"

Production

 * McG - producer
 * DJ Lethal - executive producer
 * Jason Roberts - mixing
 * Ben Wallach - engineer
 * Tom Baker - mastering
 * Barry "Lord" Conley, Steve Gallagher, Mon Agranat, Eric Fischer & John Ewing Jr. - additional engineers
 * Dante Ariola & Jay Papke - art direction and design
 * Stephen Stickler & Dante Ariola - cover photography
 * Melanie Nissen - additional photography

title: Lemonade and Brownies


text:
Chattahoochee Musical Convention

The Chattahoochee Musical Convention is a Sacred Harp singing convention. It is an annual gathering whose purposes are worship, through the singing of Sacred Harp music, and fostering of bonds of fellowship among singers. It bears the distinction of being the oldest surviving Sacred Harp musical convention, having been founded in 1852.

History
Plans were laid for the convention in the fall of 1851 at the home of composer Oliver Bradfield, north of Newnan, Georgia. It was organized in 1852 in western Georgia at Macedonia Baptist Church in Coweta County. The impetus for the Chattahoochee Musical Convention was the success of the original Sacred Harp hymnbook and the Southern Musical Convention that was then affiliated with it. With the northward geographic spread of Sacred Harp singing into the Coweta County region, it was felt that the time had come for the residents of this area to have their own convention. The early sessions were attended by Sacred Harp founder B. F. White and other leading Sacred Harp figures of the day.

In its early period the convention was four days long, ending on the first Sunday in August and beginning the preceding Thursday. Currently it is a two-day convention, ending on the same day.

The convention missed a few sessions during the American Civil War. As Thurman (1952/2002, 34) states, "the progress of the Convention was greatly disrupted by the war. Many of the leading singers were called to arms and it was a serious blow to the body." At the end of the war in 1865 the Convention met again at Mount Zion in Carroll County, Georgia to begin anew; B. F. White and other Sacred Harp luminaries were in attendance. That year, the Chattahoochee Convention began keeping written records of its proceedings, records which have survived to the present time and serve as a historical resource for Sacred Harp scholarship. In 1866, the Convention adopted a written constitution.

The members of the Convention have included some of the creators of the modern editions of The Sacred Harp. According to Thurman, Joseph Stephen James, who headed the committee that created the 1911 edition from which the modern "Denson" edition descends, "had been a member of the Chattahoochee forty-four years when his revised edition was given to the public." The primary creators of the Denson edition (1936), Thomas Denson and Seaborn Denson, also attended the Convention on a number of occasions starting in 1878; and Thomas's son Paine Denson, who completed the work of the 1936 edition, was a member.

The Convention has met every year since resuming after the Civil War, with the sole exception of 1881.

Venue
In the 1930s, Matthew H. & Ada Ward Wilson built a structure near Carrollton, Georgia, called Wilson Chapel, for the express purpose of housing the Chattahoochee Musical Convention. The Convention has met here for most of the years since 1938, and exclusively since 1989. The building continues to be maintained by the Wilson family.

Etymology
"Chattahoochee" is a local place name, notably of the Chattahoochee River, one of the principal streams of Georgia that flows through the region of the convention. It is said to come from an expression in Creek meaning "painted rock."

title: Chattahoochee Musical Convention


text:
User:Chrisu87

Pages that I created

 * Mark DeRosa (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Mike Hampton (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Eddie Perez (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player and coach - page moved for disambiguation)
 * Julio Franco (retired Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Leo Mazzone (retired Atlanta Braves Baseball pitching coach, initial edit made was anonymous)
 * Glenn Hubbard (retired Atlanta Braves Baseball coach, initial edit made was anonymous)
 * Johnny Estrada (ex Atlanta Braves catcher, initial edit made was anonymous)
 * John Thomson (retired Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Bobby Dews (retired Atlanta Braves Baseball coach)
 * Charles Thomas (retired Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Pat Corrales (retired Atlanta Braves Baseball coach)
 * Russ Ortiz (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Kevin Gryboski (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * J. D. Drew (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Antonio Alfonseca (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Marcus Giles (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Eli Marrero (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Nilon Bombers (UK band)
 * Mike Hampton (ex Atlanta Braves Baseball player)
 * Lettermullen (island in western Ireland)
 * Lake Blue Ridge (lake in north Georgia, US)
 * Charlet (old farm, hamlet in southern France)

Pages that my friends(s) made

 * Shallowford Bridge

Other stuff I'm interested in and have (probably) edited

 * a bunch of stuff before I started to keep track of it, and changes to pages I created - plus...
 * Bobby Cox (Oct, 2004) [added bio info, not long after the page was created]
 * Atlanta United
 * MLS Team Stadiums (and other MLS stuff)
 * Decatur and Decatur High School, adding Joey and Ian as professional cyclists to notable people

title: User:Chrisu87


text:
James Fraser

James Fraser or James Frazer may refer to:

Politics

 * James Fraser (businessman) (c. 1760–1822), merchant, judge and politician in New Brunswick
 * James Fraser (Lower Canada politician) (c. 1785–1844), merchant and political figure in Lower Canada
 * James S. Frazer (1824–1893), Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 * James Oliphant Fraser (1826–1904), businessman and political figure in Newfoundland
 * James Harshaw Fraser (1841–1899), lawyer and political figure in Ontario
 * James A. Fraser (1843–1937), gold miner and Canadian politician
 * James Oliphant Fraser Jr. (1858–1896), lawyer and politician in Newfoundland
 * James Fraser (Western Australian politician) (1889–1961), trade unionist and politician
 * Jim Fraser (politician) (1908–1970), Australian politician, member of the Australian Parliament

Sports

 * James Fraser (footballer) (fl. 1880s), Scottish footballer
 * Jim Fraser (Australian footballer) (1896–1975), Australian rules footballer
 * Jim Fraser (American football) (1936–2020), American football linebacker
 * Jimmy Fraser (born 1948), Australian football goalkeeper
 * Jim Fraser (Scottish footballer) (fl. 1960s)
 * James Fraser (rugby union) (1859–1943), Scotland international rugby union player
 * James Fraser (cricketer) (1840–1913), Scottish cricketer and merchant

Others

 * James Fraser of Brea (1639–1699), Scottish Covenanter
 * James Fraser of Castle Leathers (1670–1760), Scottish soldier
 * James Fraser (minister) (1700–1769), Scottish minister
 * James Baillie Fraser (1783–1856), Scottish author
 * James Stuart Fraser (1783–1869), British army officer in the Madras army in India
 * James Fraser younger of Belladrum (died 1832), Scottish slave owner
 * James John Fraser (1789–1834), 3rd Baronet of Leadclune, lieutenant-colonel in the British Army
 * James Fraser (publisher) (died 1841), Scottish publisher associated with Thomas Carlyle
 * James Fraser (bishop) (1818–1885), English religious leader
 * James Earle Fraser (sculptor) (1876–1953), American sculptor
 * James Fraser (administrator) (1861–1936), railways commissioner in New South Wales
 * Sir James Fraser (1863–1936), British psychologist and creator of the Fraser spiral illusion
 * James O. Fraser (1886–1938), Missionary to China, creator of the Lisu alphabet
 * Sir James Fraser, 2nd Baronet (1924–1997), Scottish academic surgeon
 * James Fraser (university administrator) (born 1948), principal of the University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland
 * James E. Fraser (historian) (fl. 2000s), Canadian historian
 * Sir James George Frazer (1854–1941), Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist
 * James Fraser (police officer) (1816–1892), British army officer and police officer
 * James W. Fraser, American educationalist, pastor, and academic administrator

Fictional

 * Jamie Fraser (character), a character in the Outlander series of novels by Diana Gabaldon
 * James Fraser (Home and Away), a character on the Australian soap opera Home and Away
 * Private James Frazer, a character in the TV series Dad's Army

title: James Fraser


text: File:TheyMightBeGiantsMinkCar.jpg

title: File:TheyMightBeGiantsMinkCar.jpg


text:
Nilon Bombers

Nilon Bombers were a Britpop band from Cheltenham, formed in 1992. They split up in November 1996.

The line-up was Drew Norton (vocals, guitar), Gareth Ballard (guitar, vocals, bouzouki, keyboards and violin), Martin Williams (drums), and Kim Dorman (bass).

They released an album titled Bird on Almo Sounds in 1996 which was produced by Kim Fowley. It was described by Roy Wilkinson in Select as combining "Mega City Four's Transit-frequenting worthiness with the everyman rock of Ian McNabb...stultifyingly competent". Their most successful single, "Superstar", reached no. 96 on the UK Singles Chart in May 1996. The band's final single, "I'm Not Built for This", was described by Tania Branigan in Melody Maker as "Two years too late for New Wave of New Wave".

In July 1996 they were a last-minute addition at the T in the Park festival at Strathclyde Country Park where they were first on in the King Tuts Wah Wah tent.

After the band split up, Williams went on to form Silverman.

Albums

 * Nilon Bombers (1995), Almo Sounds
 * Bird (1996), Almo Sounds

Singles

 * "Cleo" (1995), Almo Sounds
 * "Cracked" (1995), Almo Sounds
 * "Superstar" (1996), Almo Sounds – UK no. 96
 * "I'm Not Built for This" (1996), Almo Sounds

title: Nilon Bombers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Enviro Board

Enviro Board
Advertisement for the "Enviro Board Corporation", which is coincidentally the only one whose products meet the definition of "Enviro Board" -- the way that presumably the Enviro Board Corporation is defining it. -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:17, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic, and non-notable. Nadavspi 01:28, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ad. Geogre 15:13, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for reasons above. --Ianb 23:04, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Yuriko Yamamoto

Yuriko Yamamoto (山本 百合子) is a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and narrator from Hino, Tokyo. She is represented by Aoni Production. Her debut role was the title character in Hello! Sandybell in 1981. She has voiced many major roles in 1980s and 1990s anime such as Fight! Iczer One, Gall Force, Saint Seiya, Magical Taruruto-kun, and RG Veda.

Drama audio recordings
Yamamoto has voiced in drama CDs and cassettes.

title: Yuriko Yamamoto