text:
User talk:Oldfarm

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SS John W. Brown
Nice picture. The copyright looks fine. Gdr 22:27, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)

You are correct. For some reason I read it as inner harbor on the ship website. It's been changed back. Thanks. --ScottyBoy900Q 22:21, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Liberty Ships
Okay Oldfarm: Finding out the finer points of the merchant marine pictures that I posted is no longer possible due to the passing of the folks who were there. However asking around [ie, my wife, whose father was there] has revealed that he only sailed on Liberty Ships. I have more pictures and if you email me at xxxxx at yahoo.com I can send them to you and we can continue the discussion about what i know [and don't know]. Carptrash 16:50, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * PS I notice your interest in WWII POW camps. There is a German cemetery in Reykjavik, Iceland for POWs that died there, That i had run out of film when I discovered it and don't have pictures, but it might interest you. There might not have been a camp per se, but there is a small cemetery.  I also discovered a book in my library "Nazi Prisoners of War in America" by Arnold Krammer that you might not be aware of.  I'll see if there are any camps that are not listed in the riolls of camps in the US of A. Carptrash 17:03, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Isetta
Hello- Thanks for your great work on the Isetta page! It's needed it for a while. I've taken a pass through to tidy up some loose ends. Fantastic work! --Milkmandan 02:18, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

Naming conventions (military units)
Hi. My watchlist shows that you were interested enough to work on a military-topic article, so I wanted to make sure you were aware of the new Naming conventions (military units) project, in case you didn't see any of the announcements. — B.Bryant 22:32, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image help
Apparently, the only way to change the name of an image is for you to save it, then re-upload it. Tag the original version with, explaining that you're renaming the image. As for replacing images, I'd suggest simply uploading the new image and calling it Foo2, where Foo was the original image--that way both are preserved. HTH, Meelar (talk) 15:00, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Aircraft
Sorry I didn't get the appropriate info in there for you on the Grumman American AA-1 article. Thanks for your work on it already, it's looking very good! The WikiProject is voluntary, and you don't have to follow the guidelines we use, but I put the aero-stub back for our own reference. I also tend to use stubs a bit liberally, when an article is probably closer to being just incomplete, so some wikipedians would probably jump on me for that.

Anyway, thanks again for your work. I see you used to fly an AA-1 yourself - my father and I are actually looking at perhaps purchasing one this summer. They're beautiful little planes. Have a good one! eric ✈ 04:41, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Tadley
Thanks for the proofing of History - I was a little tired when I typed it. Oldfarm 12:25, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No worries Oldfarm -- thanks for your additions that have considerably enhanced the article. I may do a little more rearranging of text later (when I'm no longer at work!). Don't know if you've been back to the Tadley area in recent years, but Aldermaston village still looks much the same as it did in the picture on your user page. Tadley, on the other hand, has changed beyond recognition, even since my childhood there in the 70s/80s. It even has a public swimming pool now! --Lancevortex 16:07, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RAF Aldermaston
Hi Oldfarm. Actually I wasn't that sure about the name for Aldermaston airfield after your original message but I seem to remember seeing it called RAF Aldermaston somewhere. I think at some time it had Spitfires stationed there but I'm going on memory and don't have any references to hand. BTW, AFAIK all 'US' air bases in the UK were technically known as 'RAF so-and-so' although the 'locals' may not have known them as such. During the expansion at the beginning of WWII the RAF built a considerable number of airfields, intending to have one per-squadron, but when Pearl Harbor occured and the US entered the war the RAF agreed to give-up some of its stations and allow the US to use them. That's why many RAF Bomber Command stations had several squadrons on each airfield. Regards, Ian Dunster 10:54, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Hi Oldfarm, I am currently researching Dr. Henry Rainsford Hulme (1908-1991) and I noticed from your user page that you served a formal, five-year engineering apprenticeship at Aldermaston working under Dr. William Penney, Dr Henry Hulme and John Dolphin between 1953-58. I would be grateful if you would be willing to share your memories of your time at Aldermaston and especially any memories that you have regarding Dr. Hulme. My contact information is on my user page. Stephen Shaw 15:07, 16 July 2015 (UTC) User:Stephenshaw83

Image:StirlingCastle195811.jpg
Hi, you need to update this image's information to indicate who the copyright holder is, and what the license is. If you the copyright holder, you can add GFDL-self. Thanks. --Gmaxwell 11:43, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Swing Riots
To be very honest with you: I can't explain why Swing Riots is considered a stub. As a participant in the WikiProject Stub sorting, I regularly move articles from Category:Stubs to relevant stub categories. Because I come across so many articles, I don't really have the time to assess the stub tags as such. I only remove stub tags when it's very obvious that the article is not a stub. In other cases, I rely on other users. If they consider an article a stub, and it's not obvious that it's not a stub, I simply follow their judgement. In the case of Swing Riots, User:Talrias was the first to add the stub tag, which was swiftly removed by User:Sn0wflake. That was reverted by Talrias the next day. About 15 minutes after that revert, I came across the article, via Category:Stubs. I simply changed the stub tag to the appropriate tag, which was UK-hist-stub. Now that I've read the article, I think the expansion tag is a bit more appropriate than the stub tag. Aecis praatpaal 23:18, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Isetta-iso.jpg
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Image:19450418-Celle-01.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:19450418-Celle-01.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.
 * In order to keep an image on Wikipedia, it has to be sourced and licensed (See Image use policy). The image you uploaded is probably not sourced or licensed. If you took the images, that makes it easy. Please put a summary and license on the image. See Image:Lake austin 2005.jpg for an example of how to document. -ThanksNv8200p talk 17:49, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry I confused you. The example I cited was on Wikimedia Commons not Wikipedia. The template "Information_1" only exists on the Commons. That is why it would not work on Wikipedia. I edited your image so your text is displayed and updated the copyright tags. You can look at WP:ICT for more info about the copyright tags. Also, please take a look at Image:19450418-Celle-01.jpg and see if everything is good. Again, I apologize. Now I can use your image as an example to others of how to source and license! -Thanks -Nv8200p talk 15:34, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Renaming
Hello there. As to the list of POW camps, frankly speaking I was perfectly happy with the previous version. However, currently there's a widespread notion to blame all German WWII camps exclusively on -more or less mysterious - Nazis. Hence, I moved the article to be consistent with List of concentration camps of Nazi Germany (previously List of German concentration camps and other similar articles. You'd have my support if all were to be moved back BTW. Halibutt 02:50, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

The March (1945)
The death march article needs to be cleaned up. The term is not "a deliberate attempt to kill some or all of the marchers". Please see Death marches (Holocaust). I simply have no time now, working on' like, 7 artices at the same time. mikka (t) 02:59, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

MEN and Multiple endocrine neoplasia
How about a redirect (or dab) at MEN since that's the correct acronym for Multiple endocrine neoplasia? Gflores Talk 02:22, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've done the redirect. MEN will now load the Multiple endocrine neoplasia article. Let me know if you have any comments or concerns. :) Gflores Talk 02:28, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Union-Castle Line
Oldfarm, what do the numbers in brackets after some of the ships in the table represent? It's probably obvious to everyone except me :-) -- Ian ≡ talk 02:25, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Charles Stuart William Palmer
I am curious, what was the reason for flagging this article as "This person is not notable."? Regards Oldfarm 16:02, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * A Google search does not provide any results related to him. A Google search, for just his first and last name shows just one result about this guy and numerous results relating to insignificant Charles Palmers. joturn e r 21:02, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

You know a lot
Can I get your e-mail address? I've got several questions to ask about merchant ships used in early WWII (preferably, before Pearl Harbor)? If you want to privately contact me, my e-mail is colmarksman@msn.com. Thanks! Colonel Marksman 03:40, 14 April 2006 (UTC) PS: I'm not sure how many of those articles on ships you wrote or edited, but good job on anything you did!

Tadley
No problem. I think there's scope for more development of this article and those for nearby villages. I can also take some more pictures. Any suggestions welcome. Alan Pascoe 20:54, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Aldermaston
I don't have a picture, but I do intend to take one. The weekend weather hasn't been favourable recently. Regarding your picture, I think it should stay in addition to a new picture. Apart from the gravel road in the foreground, which is now an asphalt road, and the lack of cars, the view has not changed much. I think the two pictures would illustrate well to the reader that Aldermaston changes very little. Alan Pascoe 22:11, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Japanese POW Camp List
Hello there. I have uploaded two images that may be of use for you on the Japanese WW2 POW camps list. They are high quality maps (including index) listing all of the Japanese camps in the Pacific. Arsonal 04:43, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Gunji Koizumi
Could you take a look at the article you wrote on Gunji Koizumi. If you have the time and inclination Wikipedia prefers a prose style rather than a list. CheersPeter Rehse 10:53, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Pls-logo.gif
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Image:Pls-logo.gif
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Fair use rationale for Image:Black Pete USMM WWII mascot.jpg
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regarding license of Image:USS Marlin.jpg
Hi, I noticed that you uploaded the image Image:USS Marlin.jpg. If I'm not mistaken you took this picture yourself, and licensed it as public domain. I was wondering if either you or myself (with your permission), could make this image a PD-self, as seen on Template:PD-self. It's really just a formality so that there is no question later on as to the exact license that is use. Thanks for your time and contributions. -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 21:46, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Done Oldfarm 00:05, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Freedom Park
Please let me know which usage of the photos you are referring to. Both ships are located at Freedom Park in Omaha, and if its simply the matter of writing an article I will put that together very quickly - however, let me know what you are referring to. Thanks. • Freechild   'sup?   02:43, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

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 * Do whatever you want - I do not understand the rules any more Oldfarm (talk) 00:33, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

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 * Do whatever you want - I do not understand the rules any more Oldfarm (talk) 00:34, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Iso_Isettacarro.jpg
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I am sorry but I find your message incomprehensible. Do what ever you want. I give in with the barrage of jargon I am receiving. Thank you for driving me away from Wikipedia. It has become more trouble than it is worth. Oldfarm (talk) 14:59, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Rettetast"

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 * Do what you will, I find the instructions at the media copyright questions page. incomprehensible. I give in. Oldfarm (talk) 04:05, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Partners In Care
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Gunji Koizumi
Hello Oldfarm, thank you for your kind comments regarding the Gunji Koizumi article. I am sorry to hear about your health problems. If you have any troubles with critical feedback or image use, as I see from some messages above, feel welcome to ask me if you think I can be of help. I also ran into some of these issues when I first started contributing to Wikipedia. Thanks again for your note. Janggeom (talk) 00:44, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

SS John W. Brown
Can you tell me why the Category:Freighters and Category:Troopships was/were removed from the SS John W. Brown?
 * Regards, Oldfarm (talk) 01:53, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for your message! Because she's in the category Category:Liberty ships, which is itself in both. Hence putting her in all three is over-categorisation. Rgds, --Trident13 (talk) 14:34, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Oldfarm


text:
Talk:Susan Quilliam

Revision
[| Revision of 30 March] looks like it is a direct lift from SMQ's own website. Is this appropriate? I am too much of a newbie to feel comfortable rolling it back myself.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Susan Quilliam


text:
Talk:Calico

The link "http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/2003/1021jobflight.htm" does not really belong here - I can only see one tiny mention of Calico on the linked page - that hardly counts as a "history"?

Calico definition
It is hard to explain my concerns with offending- but if you read you will see that the Calico Printers Association, a very large employer is mentioned, and maybe you can see where I am coming from. If you were to read The Rise of Calico Printing in Europe and the Influence of Asia in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries  Giorgio Riello there are 146 references to this form of cotton. I find the current article lacking in rigour and erroneous. This is not my field but I will be prepared to be bold if no-one else cares to take up the challenge. --ClemRutter (talk) 01:21, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

US vs Commonwealth terms have inadequate definition
Specifically, the Commonwealth side. "Muslin gauze" is defined simply as "Muslin", and "Cheesecloth" as "Gauze". Right. Because that's so helpful in telling us what meaning the terms are actually meant to convey?

I would suppose whoever wrote it (or altered it to read this way) may have meant to relate the CW terms to the US ones - IE, "Cheesecloth" in the UK means the same as "Gauze" in the United States - but if that's an accurate guess, the meaning isn't actually clear in the text, and it's still a poor way of laying it out even vs just copying and pasting the US "Gauze" definition into the CW "Cheesecloth" line. Plus it also adds a needlessly Americocentric bias to a global resource.

Can someone with a decent knowledge of fabrics clarify for us? Because I came here to find out which was which, so I am unable to actually contribute a meaningful fix :( 193.63.174.211 (talk) 14:56, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

A bit of nonsense
QUOTE: Calico (in British usage, 1505,[1] AmE "muslin") is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, cotton. END of Quote

See this link QUOTE: Calico originated in Calicut, India, by the 11th century, if not earlier, and in the 17th and 18th centuries calicoes were an important commodity traded between India and Europe.END of QUOTE

Certainly the term Calico might not British. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.214.26.99 (talk) 13:16, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calico


text:
Bordertown

Bordertown may refer to:

Film and television

 * Bordertown (1935 film), a film starring Paul Muni and Bette Davis
 * Bordertown (2007 film), a film starring Jennifer Lopez and Antonio Banderas
 * The Border Town, a 1984 Chinese film
 * Bordertown (1989 TV series), a 1989–1991 Canadian-French western drama television series
 * Bordertown (Australian TV series), a 1995 Australian television series
 * Bordertown (American TV series), a 2016 American animated television series
 * Bordertown (Finnish TV series), a 2016 Finnish crime drama television series

Other uses

 * Bordertown, South Australia, a town in Australia
 * Bordertown railway station
 * Tthebacha Náre 196A, also called Border Town, an Indian reserve in Canada
 * Bordertown, the setting of the Borderland book series

title: Bordertown


text:
Simplicial set

In mathematics, a simplicial set is an object composed of simplices in a specific way. Simplicial sets are higher-dimensional generalizations of directed graphs, partially ordered sets and categories. Formally, a simplicial set may be defined as a contravariant functor from the simplex category to the category of sets. Simplicial sets were introduced in 1950 by Samuel Eilenberg and Joseph A. Zilber.

Every simplicial set gives rise to a "nice" topological space, known as its geometric realization. This realization consists of geometric simplices, glued together according to the rules of the simplicial set. Indeed, one may view a simplicial set as a purely combinatorial construction designed to capture the essence of a "well-behaved" topological space for the purposes of homotopy theory. Specifically, the category of simplicial sets carries a natural model structure, and the corresponding homotopy category is equivalent to the familiar homotopy category of topological spaces.

Simplicial sets are used to define quasi-categories, a basic notion of higher category theory. A construction analogous to that of simplicial sets can be carried out in any category, not just in the category of sets, yielding the notion of simplicial objects.

Motivation
A simplicial set is a categorical (that is, purely algebraic) model capturing those topological spaces that can be built up (or faithfully represented up to homotopy) from simplices and their incidence relations. This is similar to the approach of CW complexes to modeling topological spaces, with the crucial difference that simplicial sets are purely algebraic and do not carry any actual topology.

To get back to actual topological spaces, there is a geometric realization functor which turns simplicial sets into compactly generated Hausdorff spaces. Most classical results on CW complexes in homotopy theory are generalized by analogous results for simplicial sets. While algebraic topologists largely continue to prefer CW complexes, there is a growing contingent of researchers interested in using simplicial sets for applications in algebraic geometry where CW complexes do not naturally exist.

Intuition
Simplicial sets can be viewed as a higher-dimensional generalization of directed multigraphs. A simplicial set contains vertices (known as "0-simplices" in this context) and arrows ("1-simplices") between some of these vertices. Two vertices may be connected by several arrows, and directed loops that connect a vertex to itself are also allowed. Unlike directed multigraphs, simplicial sets may also contain higher simplices. A 2-simplex, for instance, can be thought of as a two-dimensional "triangular" shape bounded by a list of three vertices A, B, C and three arrows B → C, A → C and A → B. In general, an n-simplex is an object made up from a list of n + 1 vertices (which are 0-simplices) and n + 1 faces (which are (n − 1)-simplices). The vertices of the i-th face are the vertices of the n-simplex minus the i-th vertex. The vertices of a simplex need not be distinct and a simplex is not determined by its vertices and faces: two different simplices may share the same list of faces (and therefore the same list of vertices), just like two different arrows in a multigraph may connect the same two vertices.

Simplicial sets should not be confused with abstract simplicial complexes, which generalize simple undirected graphs rather than directed multigraphs.

Formally, a simplicial set X is a collection of sets Xn, n = 0, 1, 2, ..., together with certain maps between these sets: the face maps dn,i : Xn → Xn−1 (n = 1, 2, 3, ... and 0 ≤ i ≤ n) and degeneracy maps sn,i : Xn→Xn+1 (n = 0, 1, 2, ... and 0 ≤ i ≤ n). We think of the elements of Xn as the n-simplices of X. The map dn,i assigns to each such n-simplex its i-th face, the face "opposite to" (i.e. not containing) the i-th vertex. The map sn,i assigns to each n-simplex the degenerate (n+1)-simplex which arises from the given one by duplicating the i-th vertex. This description implicitly requires certain consistency relations among the maps dn,i and sn,i. Rather than requiring these simplicial identities explicitly as part of the definition, the short and elegant modern definition uses the language of category theory.

Formal definition
Let Δ denote the simplex category. The objects of Δ are nonempty linearly ordered sets of the form
 * [n] = {0, 1, ..., n}

with n≥0. The morphisms in Δ are (non-strictly) order-preserving functions between these sets.

A simplicial set X is a contravariant functor

 * X : Δ → Set

where Set is the category of sets. (Alternatively and equivalently, one may define simplicial sets as covariant functors from the opposite category Δop to Set.) Given a simplicial set X, we often write Xn instead of X([n]).

Simplicial sets form a category, usually denoted sSet, whose objects are simplicial sets and whose morphisms are natural transformations between them. This is nothing but the category of presheaves on Δ. As such, it is a topos.

Face and degeneracy maps and simplicial identities
The simplex category Δ is generated by two particularly important families of morphisms (maps), whose images under a given simplicial set functor are called face maps and degeneracy maps of that simplicial set.

The face maps of a simplicial set X are the images in that simplicial set of the morphisms $$\delta^{n,0},\dotsc,\delta^{n,n}\colon[n-1]\to[n]$$, where $$\delta^{n,i}$$ is the only (order-preserving) injection $$[n-1]\to[n]$$ that "misses" $$i$$. Let us denote these face maps by $$d_{n,0},\dotsc,d_{n,n}$$ respectively, so that $$d_{n,i}$$ is a map $$X_n \to X_{n-1}$$. If the first index is clear, we write $$d_i$$ instead of $$d_{n,i}$$.

The degeneracy maps of the simplicial set X are the images in that simplicial set of the morphisms $$\sigma^{n,0},\dotsc,\sigma^{n,n}\colon[n+1]\to[n]$$, where $$\sigma^{n,i}$$ is the only (order-preserving) surjection $$[n+1]\to[n]$$ that "hits" $$i$$ twice. Let us denote these degeneracy maps by $$s_{n,0},\dotsc,s_{n,n}$$ respectively, so that $$s_{n,i}$$ is a map $$X_n \to X_{n+1}$$. If the first index is clear, we write $$s_i$$ instead of $$s_{n,i}$$.

The defined maps satisfy the following simplicial identities:

 * 1) $$d_i d_j = d_{j-1} d_i$$ if i < j. (This is short for $$d_{n-1,i} d_{n,j} = d_{n-1,j-1} d_{n,i}$$ if 0 ≤ i < j ≤ n.)
 * 2) $$d_i s_j = s_{j-1}d_i$$ if i < j.
 * 3) $$d_i s_j = \text{id}$$ if i = j or i = j + 1.
 * 4) $$d_i s_j = s_j d_{i-1}$$ if i > j + 1.
 * 5) $$s_i s_j = s_{j+1} s_i$$ if i ≤ j.

Conversely, given a sequence of sets Xn together with maps $$d_{n,i} : X_n \to X_{n-1}$$ and $$s_{n,i} : X_n \to X_{n+1}$$ that satisfy the simplicial identities, there is a unique simplicial set X that has these face and degeneracy maps. So the identities provide an alternative way to define simplicial sets.

Examples
Given a partially ordered set (S,≤), we can define a simplicial set NS, the nerve of S, as follows: for every object [n] of Δ we set NS([n]) = hompo-set( [n], S), the order-preserving maps from [n] to S. Every morphism φ:[n]→[m] in Δ is an order preserving map, and via composition induces a map NS(φ) : NS([m]) → NS([n]). It is straightforward to check that NS is a contravariant functor from Δ to Set: a simplicial set.

Concretely, the n-simplices of the nerve NS, i.e. the elements of NSn=NS([n]), can be thought of as ordered length-(n+1) sequences of elements from S: (a0 ≤ a1 ≤ ... ≤ an). The face map di drops the i-th element from such a list, and the degeneracy maps si duplicates the i-th element.

A similar construction can be performed for every category C, to obtain the nerve NC of C. Here, NC([n]) is the set of all functors from [n] to C, where we consider [n] as a category with objects 0,1,...,n and a single morphism from i to j whenever i ≤ j.

Concretely, the n-simplices of the nerve NC can be thought of as sequences of n composable morphisms in C: a0 → a1 → ... → an. (In particular, the 0-simplices are the objects of C and the 1-simplices are the morphisms of C.) The face map d0 drops the first morphism from such a list, the face map dn drops the last, and the face map di for 0 < i < n drops ai and composes the ith and (i + 1)th morphisms. The degeneracy maps si lengthen the sequence by inserting an identity morphism at position i.

We can recover the poset S from the nerve NS and the category C from the nerve NC; in this sense simplicial sets generalize posets and categories.

Another important class of examples of simplicial sets is given by the singular set SY of a topological space Y. Here SYn consists of all the continuous maps from the standard topological n-simplex to Y. The singular set is further explained below.

The standard n-simplex and the category of simplices
The standard n-simplex, denoted Δn, is a simplicial set defined as the functor homΔ(-, [n]) where [n] denotes the ordered set {0, 1, ... ,n} of the first (n + 1) nonnegative integers. (In many texts, it is written instead as hom([n],-) where the homset is understood to be in the opposite category Δop. )

By the Yoneda lemma, the n-simplices of a simplicial set X stand in 1–1 correspondence with the natural transformations from Δn to X, i.e. $$X_n = X([n])\cong \operatorname{Nat}(\operatorname{hom}_\Delta(-,[n]),X)= \operatorname{hom}_{\textbf{sSet}}(\Delta^n,X)$$.

Furthermore, X gives rise to a category of simplices, denoted by $$\Delta\downarrow{X}$$, whose objects are maps (i.e. natural transformations) Δn → X and whose morphisms are natural transformations Δn → Δm over X arising from maps [n] → [m] in Δ. That is, $$\Delta\downarrow{X}$$ is a slice category of Δ over X. The following isomorphism shows that a simplicial set X is a colimit of its simplices:

 * $$X \cong \varinjlim_{\Delta^n \to X} \Delta^n$$

where the colimit is taken over the category of simplices of X.

Geometric realization
There is a functor |•|: sSet → CGHaus called the geometric realization taking a simplicial set X to its corresponding realization in the category of compactly-generated Hausdorff topological spaces. Intuitively, the realization of X is the topological space (in fact a CW complex) obtained if every n-simplex of X is replaced by a topological n-simplex (a certain n-dimensional subset of (n + 1)-dimensional Euclidean space defined below) and these topological simplices are glued together in the fashion the simplices of X hang together. In this process the orientation of the simplices of X is lost.

To define the realization functor, we first define it on standard n-simplices Δn as follows: the geometric realization |Δn| is the standard topological n-simplex in general position given by

 * $$|\Delta^n| = \{(x_0, \dots, x_n) \in \mathbb{R}^{n+1}: 0\leq x_i \leq 1, \sum x_i = 1 \}.$$

The definition then naturally extends to any simplicial set X by setting

 * X| = limΔn → X | Δn|

where the colimit is taken over the n-simplex category of X. The geometric realization is functorial on sSet.

It is significant that we use the category CGHaus of compactly-generated Hausdorff spaces, rather than the category Top of topological spaces, as the target category of geometric realization: like sSet and unlike Top, the category CGHaus is cartesian closed; the categorical product is defined differently in the categories Top and CGHaus, and the one in CGHaus corresponds to the one in sSet via geometric realization.

Singular set for a space
The singular set of a topological space Y is the simplicial set SY defined by
 * (SY)([n]) = homTop(|Δn|, Y) for each object [n] ∈ Δ.

Every order-preserving map φ:[n]→[m] induces a continuous map |Δn|→|Δm| in a natural way, which by composition yields SY(φ) : SY([m]) → SY([n]). This definition is analogous to a standard idea in singular homology of "probing" a target topological space with standard topological n-simplices. Furthermore, the singular functor S is right adjoint to the geometric realization functor described above, i.e.:

 * homTop(|X|, Y) ≅ homsSet(X, SY)

for any simplicial set X and any topological space Y. Intuitively, this adjunction can be understood as follows: a continuous map from the geometric realization of X to a space Y is uniquely specified if we associate to every simplex of X a continuous map from the corresponding standard topological simplex to Y, in such a fashion that these maps are compatible with the way the simplices in X hang together.

Homotopy theory of simplicial sets
In order to define a model structure on the category of simplicial sets, one has to define fibrations, cofibrations and weak equivalences. One can define fibrations to be Kan fibrations. A map of simplicial sets is defined to be a weak equivalence if its geometric realization is a weak homotopy equivalence of spaces. A map of simplicial sets is defined to be a cofibration if it is a monomorphism of simplicial sets. It is a difficult theorem of Daniel Quillen that the category of simplicial sets with these classes of morphisms becomes a model category, and indeed satisfies the axioms for a proper closed simplicial model category.

A key turning point of the theory is that the geometric realization of a Kan fibration is a Serre fibration of spaces. With the model structure in place, a homotopy theory of simplicial sets can be developed using standard homotopical algebra methods. Furthermore, the geometric realization and singular functors give a Quillen equivalence of closed model categories inducing an equivalence

 * •|: Ho(sSet) ↔ Ho(Top)

between the homotopy category for simplicial sets and the usual homotopy category of CW complexes with homotopy classes of continuous maps between them. It is part of the general definition of a Quillen adjunction that the right adjoint functor (in this case, the singular set functor) carries fibrations (resp. trivial fibrations) to fibrations (resp. trivial fibrations).

Simplicial objects
A simplicial object X in a category C is a contravariant functor

 * X : Δ → C

or equivalently a covariant functor
 * X: Δop → C,

where Δ still denotes the simplex category and op the opposite category. When C is the category of sets, we are just talking about the simplicial sets that were defined above. Letting C be the category of groups or category of abelian groups, we obtain the categories sGrp of simplicial groups and sAb of simplicial abelian groups, respectively.

Simplicial groups and simplicial abelian groups also carry closed model structures induced by that of the underlying simplicial sets.

The homotopy groups of simplicial abelian groups can be computed by making use of the Dold–Kan correspondence which yields an equivalence of categories between simplicial abelian groups and bounded chain complexes and is given by functors

 * N: sAb → Ch+

and

 * Γ: Ch+ → sAb.

History and uses of simplicial sets
Simplicial sets were originally used to give precise and convenient descriptions of classifying spaces of groups. This idea was vastly extended by Grothendieck's idea of considering classifying spaces of categories, and in particular by Quillen's work of algebraic K-theory. In this work, which earned him a Fields Medal, Quillen developed surprisingly efficient methods for manipulating infinite simplicial sets. These methods were used in other areas on the border between algebraic geometry and topology. For instance, the André–Quillen homology of a ring is a "non-abelian homology", defined and studied in this way.

Both the algebraic K-theory and the André–Quillen homology are defined using algebraic data to write down a simplicial set, and then taking the homotopy groups of this simplicial set.

Simplicial methods are often useful when one wants to prove that a space is a loop space. The basic idea is that if $$G$$ is a group with classifying space $$BG$$, then $$G$$ is homotopy equivalent to the loop space $$\Omega BG$$. If $$BG$$ itself is a group, we can iterate the procedure, and $$G$$ is homotopy equivalent to the double loop space $$\Omega^2 B(BG)$$. In case $$G$$ is an abelian group, we can actually iterate this infinitely many times, and obtain that $$G$$ is an infinite loop space.

Even if $$X$$ is not an abelian group, it can happen that it has a composition which is sufficiently commutative so that one can use the above idea to prove that $$X$$ is an infinite loop space. In this way, one can prove that the algebraic $$K$$-theory of a ring, considered as a topological space, is an infinite loop space.

In recent years, simplicial sets have been used in higher category theory and derived algebraic geometry. Quasi-categories can be thought of as categories in which the composition of morphisms is defined only up to homotopy, and information about the composition of higher homotopies is also retained. Quasi-categories are defined as simplicial sets satisfying one additional condition, the weak Kan condition.

title: Simplicial set


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/We believe in human dignity

We believe in human dignity

 * Delete Is there any point in this page? Seems to just be a reference to a non-notable George W Bush speech or alternatively just political campaigning. (And before anyone asks I'm British and don't care who wins the election.) Jongarrettuk 20:49, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete or merge, not worthy of its own article. — David Remahl 21:15, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment, no vote. Famous speeches certainly have a place in the Wikipedia, but I simply don't know if this speech is famous enough; it's too recent to judge its true impact. • Benc • 21:35, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I absolutely agree. However, as far as I can see, the title of the article was not the title of the speech, and it doesn't seem to be more notable than any other presidential / presidential candidate speech. — David Remahl 21:56, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable political propaganda. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 23:51, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 03:06, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Just because you yourselves think the speech is non-notable, does not make it unworthy of inclusion in Wikipedia. It was a speech by a top world leader about weighty issues affecting America, the Middle East, and the rest of the world. This is not a local businessman addressing the Rotary Club on litter in the park. Moreover, articles are not supposed to be deleted, merely because a "consensus" forms among "voters". We have standards for inclusion, and the only question is whether this artice meets the standards -- not whether you agree with the points the politician is making. --Uncle Ed 14:25, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Bush gives such speeches three times a week (hyperbole). Your taking this debate to the mailing list because you don't like how it's going isn't fair pool. -- Cyrius|✎ 14:42, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Cyrius, I read three daily New York papers, plus the Washington Times online, Drudge Report, and Wikipedia's Current events page. This is the FIRST speech I've heard about Bush making on ANY topic, that the media paid any more attention to other than to ignore it as a campaign stop. They never report the contents of stump speeches, but only mention some odd aspect of them, like a heckler gets arrested.
 * Please provide sources for the 3 speeches a week, because either I skim my favorite newspapers too quickly or they simply have NOT BEEN MENTIONING THE SPEECHES that you're talking about. --Uncle Ed 17:00, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't see much mention of this one either. Was my noting that it was hyperbole not blatant enough? However, as it turns out, it wasn't. He has given some sort of speech or press conference almost every day for the last month, according to the White House. They almost invariably start with "Thank you all for being here" or a slight variation thereof. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:17, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's just another speech where Bush says the same things. You could write dozens of these with near-identical content. -- Cyrius|✎ 14:42, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into an article on the Bush administration's relationship with the UN in regards to the Iraq issue. As a speech I'm not sure it's really historically important, but it deserves a brief mention somewhere, perhaps also on the 2004 Presidential campaign page. --Delirium 14:49, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A speech in which some action is announced and where that action is followed up is notable. Content of this speech was non-notable. A speech referred to again and again years later is notable. Only thing notable here is the "stony silence" though even that could be expected. Could be merged into some article on Bush and the UN or into an article on the compaign since it was really a campaign speech. Nothing in the article establishes notability of the speech itself. If enough ever gets written on this speech in some article, then it could be split off again. Jallan 17:26, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * *sighs* I'm a speech geek. I study it in College. but I can't help thinking this speech is not needed on Wikipedia. Why? Notability. It's 8 days old. In 6 months, will the world remember it as a piece of speechwriting? In a year? 10? If so, then we need to write an article about it then. Right now, the speech itself belongs on wikisource, and at most, but I really don't think it needs it, a mention on some George Bush/UN relations article. Delete, otherwise. Lyellin 19:05, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Couple things to add... I'm pretty involved in politics, speech watching etc. I remember hearing about this speech the day it happened. But a large impact on the populance? Not at all. Barely a blip. At the very, very, very least, as my last choice, this should be renamed to something like "George W. Bush speech to UN Sept 21, 2004" or whatever. Lyellin 03:16, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment/no vote: I think there is definitely precedent that famous speeches deserve a Wikipedia article, and a link to a Wikisource transcript. However, not being American, I have no idea how notable this speech was. My suggestion: put the transcript on Wikisource (I assume it's PD since it's on whitehouse.gov), and if the consensus is to delete this article, give it a paragraph and a link in the George W. Bush article and/or the U.S. presidential election, 2004 article. —Stormie 23:40, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Some speeches change the course of history, and this isn't one of them. Gazpacho 03:24, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ambi 03:31, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Politicians make lots of speeches, we can't and shouldn't document them all. Gamaliel [[Image:Watchmensmiley20.gif]] 20:03, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tornedalians

the spear peoples
I removed the parenthetical remark ("the spear peoples") from the first sentence, since I do not understand the remark, and I've no clue how to make it understandable without misinterpretation. --Ruhrjung 20:51, 2004 Sep 29 (UTC)

Wars
The sentence about the wars Finland was involved in being the the chief reason why Tornedalians migrated to southern and middle parts of Sweden, i.e. instead of to Finland, seems strange to me. Couldn't the fact that they are Swedish citizens and also speak Swedish along with their Finnish also have something to do with it? / Habj 15:33, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Not verified tag
The historical claims in this article that need to be verified:
 * - "The last known larger migration of the Tornedalians...": the Kvenland theory is very controversial.
 * - "Eventually, the taxation of the Samis became to be shared..." : need to be verified (I don't think this is accurate).

--Labongo 22:25, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Both claims have been removed so I removed the not verified tag.Labongo 03:07, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Immigrants or settlers?
The Finnish-speaking settlers of Torne valley came from western Finland and Karelia. We can hardly speak about immigrants if the settle a region which has not state. The Tornedalians setteld in the valley at 12th century and perhaps earlier. Not 14th what is written here. Birger Winsa — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.216.52.22 (talk) 12:46, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Finnish and Meänkieli
Finnsh and Mäenkieli are the official minority languages of the region, not only Meänkieli, as it is writtne here.--84.216.52.22 12:52, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Numbers?
The article says:

''The result was that 469,000 individuals in Sweden claim to understand/speak Finnish or/and Meänkieli. Those who can speak/understand Meänkieli is estimated to be 150,000-175,000.''

This would need some refining. Meänkieli and Finnish are mutually understandable so either one of the figures needs to be checked. --Drieakko 06:36, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Överkalix Dialect?
Where did the Överkalix dialect go? It's a variant of Bondska Swedish probably, but a link to this Tornedalen specific dialect might be proper? Said: Rursus 08:55, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Mikael Niemi
The text stated that Mikael Niemi does not speak meänkieli. This is not true, it is in fact his mother tongue and he translated his books into meänkieli himself. He originally wrote them in swedish though, which may did cause this confusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.64.30.184 (talk) 10:17, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

Sourcing and developing
There's no sourcing for the history aspect of this article, making it really hard to trust what's written. The fact is this is a contentious subject among Sámi people, since in the Swedish and Finnish areas there's a post-medieval history of infighting between Tornedalians and Sámi, for political hegemony as the ethnic "people" of the region (during the settlor-colonial time of the swedes). Would be nice to have some sourcing and some discussion on developing the history-aspect of this article for objectivity's sake

For reference/perspective I direct you to the page on Forest Finns

123.3.246.218 (talk) 11:58, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tornedalians


text:
Captain Charles Johnson

Captain Charles Johnson was the British author of the 1724 book A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates, whose identity remains a mystery. No record exists of a captain by this name, and "Captain Charles Johnson" is generally considered a pen name for one of London's writer-publishers. Some scholars have suggested that the author was actually Daniel Defoe, but this is disputed.

A prime source for the biographies of many well known pirates of the era, Johnson gave an almost mythical status to the more colourful characters, and it is likely that the author used considerable artistic licence in his accounts of pirate conversations. First appearing in Charles Rivington's shop in London, the book sold so well that by 1726, an enlarged fourth edition had appeared. English naval historian David Cordingly writes: "It has been said, and there seems no reason to question this, that Captain Johnson created the modern conception of pirates."

Character of the author
Johnson's identity is unknown, but he demonstrates a knowledge of the sailor's speech and life, suggesting that he could have been an actual sea captain. He could also have been a professional writer using a pseudonym who was well versed in the sea. If this is true, the name may have been chosen to reflect playwright Charles Johnson, who had a play called The Successful Pyrate performed in 1712. The play addressed the career of Henry Every, and it had been something of a scandal for seeming to praise a criminal. Following the book, many biographies and catalogs of criminals were published, including catalogs of highwaymen and prostitutes. This theory suggests that the "Charles Johnson" of the pirate catalog was merely taking part in a burgeoning industry in criminal biography.

Identity of author
The author has remained unknown in spite of numerous attempts by historians to discover his identity. There has been no record found of anyone with the name Charles Johnson serving as a captain in any capacity, save forty-two years before the publication of A General History. There was a playwright by that name in the early 18th century, but there are no ties to piracy found in his works. Some have suggested that the "Captain" was in fact a common pirate, but again, there is no record of this man.

Daniel Defoe
In 1932, literary scholar and writer John Robert Moore posited that Daniel Defoe be acknowledged the author of A General History. After years of research in connection with a collection of Defoe's works, Moore published a study of his findings, detailing his argument for Defoe's authorship of this, and other, works. Moore declared that A General History was "substantially" a work of Defoe based on writing style (including frequent meditations on morality similar to in Defoe's work) and content similar to other pieces that have been attributed to Defoe. Moore argued that Defoe's interest in subjects such as "seafaring" and criminals (including pirates) shows that A General History falls squarely into his repertoire. Moore posited that not only could other works be used to confirm that Defoe wrote A General History, but that A General History could be used to endorse his authorship of those same works. Another point that Moore counted on to validate his claims was that many authors, to include historians, had used A General History of the Pyrates as a source of information for their own writings.

Moore's study and his reputation as a Defoe scholar was so convincing that most libraries recataloged A General History under Defoe's name.

Criticism
However, in 1988, scholars P. N. Furbank and W. R. Owens attacked the theory in The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe, in which they point out that there is no documentary evidence linking Johnson to Defoe, and that there are discrepancies between A General History and Defoe's known works.

Disputes between different Defoe biographers called his body of work into question. Based on the accounts of these many biographers, Defoe's attributed canon went from 101 different works to 570 between the years of 1790 and 1970. Most of these additions were made on the basis of internal, "stylistic" evidence. Moore's publication of his Checklist of the Writings of Daniel Defoe added almost 200 works alone. Many questioned not only his attribution of A General History to Defoe, but the general trend of biographers to continually add to the canon. One critic even suggested, based on this trend, that all anonymous works from the early eighteenth century be designated Defoe's.

Furbank and Owens' arguments against Defoe's authorship of A General History address the parallels that are drawn to other works of the time (often also attributed to Defoe) and the logical fallacies that are necessary to subscribe to such a large, diverse catalog. Many of the ideas and phrases that Moore points to as parallels, and therefore as proof of Defoe's continuity in his works, were commonplace in the eighteenth century. According to Furbank and Owens, Moore's attribution of A General History to Defoe was based on no external evidence and only those few circumstantial parallels. They also cite inconsistencies in the accounts of Henry Every and John Gow.

Author Colin Woodard, in The Republic of Pirates, considers attribution of Johnson's work to Defoe to be erroneous.

Nathaniel Mist
The author could have been publisher Nathaniel Mist (or somebody working for him). Woodard considers Mist "far more likely" than Defoe, citing Bialuschewski's 2004 paper Daniel Defoe, Nathaniel Mist, and the "General History of the Pyrates". Specifically, Woodard's reasoning includes that Mist was a former sailor familiar with the West Indies, that he was a journalist and a publisher who lived near to and had a working relationship with Charles Rivington (the first publisher of record of A General History), that Mist was the man in whose name the book was registered at Her Majesty's Stationery Office, and Mist's Jacobitism (which perhaps gave him reason to write somewhat sympathetically about some of the pirates, as in A General History).

Contents of the different editions
The original publisher Charles Rivington emphasized the fact that the catalogue included stories of "the remarkable ACTIONS and ADVENTURES of the two Female Pyrates, Mary Read and Anne Bonny"  A second edition came out within a few months, vastly enlarged and most likely assembled from writings by other authors. German and Dutch translations were published in 1725. These German- and Dutch-language versions greatly played up the salaciousness of the accounts of "Amazon" pirates.

Modern editions and related works
A General History of the Pyrates continues to be reprinted in many different editions, often with additional commentary, sometimes published under Charles Johnson's name and sometimes under Daniel Defoe's name. Nova Scotian author William Gilkerson published the children's novel Pirates Passage (Trumpeter Books, 2006) which was inspired by the life and work of Charles Johnson, reissued as The Brotherhood of Pirates.

title: Captain Charles Johnson


text:
User talk:Shezarainbow~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

P.P.S. I took the liberty of redirecting your article to our existing one on Tangentopoli. Generally, we don't have quote marks around the articles. Best of luck and keep contributing.

The Alex Zanotelli affair
Hi there! I was just reading about the problems with Alex Zanotelli being deleted while you were in the middle of working on it, and needing to be undeleted afterwards, and though I might share a tip - if you're planning to write or translate an article that you know is going to take you a little while, create it as a sub-page of your user page (e.g. User:Shezarainbow/Alex Zanotelli), work on it there, then when you're finished, use the "Move" function to move it to it's proper location. Anyone who sees that will know that it's your "work in progress", and you won't have to worry about people deleting it for being in a foreign language or anything. —Stormie 22:56, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

User categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Italy page as living in or being associated with Italy. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Italy for instructions. --Army1987 21:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Shezarainbow~enwiki


text:
User talk:Ma-games.de~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ma-games.de. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ma-games.de~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:15, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Ma-games.de~enwiki


text:
User:Maxdillon

Added the following

Madge Blake Carole Bouquet Corinne Clery Luke Collingwood Karen Duffy Cassandra Harris Gloria Hendry William Katt Warren Oates Dalvanius Prime Blanche Ravalec Stafford Repp Gertrud Scholtz-Klink (english version) Talisa Soto Renée Soutendijk Eva Rueber-Staier

among others also worked on Magda Goebbels Louis Gossett Jr. Rutger Hauer

title: User:Maxdillon


text:
Birmenstorf

Birmenstorf is a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

History
The first written mention of Birmenstorf dates to 1146. In 1415, the Eidgenossenschaft conquered the Aargau, and Birmenstorf as part of the Habsburg County of Baden came under their sovereignty. During the Reformation, about a third of the population converted to Protestantism. The choir of the old church with frescos dating to 1440 still exists.

For over 600 years, vineyards have been cultivated in Birmenstorf.

Archeology
Archeological findings indicate that the area was inhabited as early as the Stone Age. The village proper was most likely founded by Alamanni settlers probably in the 6th century.

Geography
Birmenstorf has an area,, of 7.7 km2. Of this area, 44% is used for agricultural purposes, while 36.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 15.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (3.4%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Baden district, in the valley of the Reuss near its confluence with the Aare and 4 km west-south-west from Baden. It consists of the village of Birmenstorf and the hamlets of Lindmühle, Muntwil, Müslen and Oberhard as well as a new housing development.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Vert a Garb Or.

Demographics
Birmenstorf has a population (as of ) of. , 19.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 7.1%. Most of the population speaks German (90.3%), with Portuguese being second most common ( 2.0%) and Albanian being third ( 1.6%).

The age distribution,, in Birmenstorf is; 249 children or 10.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 301 teenagers or 12.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 343 people or 13.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 388 people or 15.6% are between 30 and 39, 445 people or 17.9% are between 40 and 49, and 310 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 236 people or 9.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 152 people or 6.1% are between 70 and 79, there are 62 people or 2.5% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 0.2% who are 90 and older.

, there were 71 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 426 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 396 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.51 individuals. there were 486 single family homes (or 45.1% of the total) out of a total of 1,078 homes and apartments.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 35.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (23.1%), the FDP (12.2%) and the SP (11.5%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Birmenstorf about 81% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population, there are 180 students attending primary school, there are 22 students attending secondary school in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Economy
, Birmenstorf had an unemployment rate of 1.68%. , there were 129 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 23 businesses involved in this sector. 330 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 26 businesses in this sector. 328 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 68 businesses in this sector.

there was a total of 1,267 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 1,015 or about 80.1% of the residents worked outside Birmenstorf while 395 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 647 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality.

Religion
From the, 1,108 or 47.9% are Roman Catholic, while 766 or 33.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 7 individuals (or about 0.30% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith.

title: Birmenstorf


text:
User talk:Unknown W. Brackets

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
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 * Remember Neutral point of view
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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Your signature
If you would like the last bracket in your signature to be linked, you can use &#x5d; instead of ] ([Unknown]). Just a heads-up. [ alerante | “” 00:27, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC) ]

 * Thanks very much. Seems so simple now ^_^. -[Unknown] 04:56, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Doubling up links
Thanks for the tip about not needing the underscore in links. --DV 11:10, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Rachelle Waterman as FAC?
Please see the Featured Article Candidate nomination for the Rachelle Waterman article.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Unknown W. Brackets


text:
Lenzburg District

Lenzburg District is a district of the Canton of Aargau in Switzerland, lying at the center of the canton. The district capital is the town of Lenzburg. It has a population of (as of ).

Geography
The Lenzburg district has an area,, of 102.71 km2. Of this area, 42.6 km2 or 41.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 34.14 km2 or 33.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 20.16 km2 or 19.6% is settled (buildings or roads).

Coat of arms
The blazon of the district coat of arms is Argent a Hurt.

Demographics
Bezirk Lenzburg has a population of. , 19.7% of the population are foreign nationals.

Economy
there were 24,407 workers who lived in the district. Of these, 18,072 or about 74.0% of the residents worked outside the Lenzburg district while 14,959 people commuted into the district for work. There were a total of 21,294 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the district.

Religion
From the, 12,952 or 27.9% were Roman Catholic, while 23,937 or 51.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 45 individuals (or about 0.10% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

Education
Of the school age population, there are 3,695 students attending primary school, there are 1,569 students attending secondary school, there are 971 students attending tertiary or university level schooling, and there are 12 students who are seeking a job after school in the municipality.

Municipalities
The district contains a total of 20 municipalities:

title: Lenzburg District


text:
Kansas City Art Institute

The Kansas City Art Institute (KCAI) is a private art school in Kansas City, Missouri. The college was founded in 1885 and is an accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design and Higher Learning Commission. The institute has approximately 75 faculty members and 700 students, and offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree.

History
The school was founded in 1885 when art enthusiasts formed the "Sketch Club" with the purpose of "talking over art matters in general and to judge pictures." Meetings were originally in private homes and then moved to the Deardorf Building at 11th and Main in downtown Kansas City. The club had its first exhibition in 1887 and 12 benefactors stepped forward to form the Kansas City Art Association and School of Design.

In 1927, Howard Vanderslice purchased the August R. Meyer residence, a Germanic castle entitled Marburg and its 8 acre estate at 44th and Warwick Boulevard adjacent to the planned Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. A Wight and Wight addition was added to the building. The residence was later renamed "Vanderslice Hall" and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with another building on the campus—Mineral Hall. The campus has since expanded to 15 acre.

In 1935, painter Thomas Hart Benton left New York City to teach at the school. Among the artists Benton influenced as a teacher at KCAI were Frederic James, Margot Peet, Jackson Lee Nesbitt, Roger Medearis, Glenn Gant, and Delmer J. Yoakum. Though Benton brought attention to the Art Institute, he was dismissed in 1941 after making disparaging references to, as he claimed, the excessive influence of homosexuals in the art world.

In 1992, the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art opened on the west side of the campus. On the occasion of its 130th anniversary in 2015, the Kansas City Art Institute received an anonymous donation of $25 million, one of the largest gifts ever to an American art school. The money will be used to bolster the school's general endowment, improve and renovate its campus adjacent to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art and, in the form of a challenge grant of $6 million, sharply increase the number of scholarships the school is able to give out.

Presidents

 * Lawrence S. Brumidi – (1888)
 * Elmer Boyd Smith – (unknown)
 * J. Franklin Steacy – (unknown)
 * Alfred Houghton Clark – (unknown)
 * Howard Huselton – (1893–1910)
 * Thomas Tyron –
 * Virgil Barker –
 * H.M. Kurtzworth –
 * Robert A. Holland – (1924–1927)
 * Rossiter Howard – (1932–1940)
 * Keith Martin – (1941–1943)
 * Wallace W. Rosenbauser –
 * Dr. J. B. Smith – (1950–1954)
 * David L. Stout – (1955–1958)
 * Richard H. Burnell – (1959)
 * Andrew W. Morgan – (1960–1969)
 * John W. Lottes – (1970–1982)
 * Richard W. Dodderidge – interim president (1983–1985)
 * George Parrino – (1985–1987)
 * Beatrice Rivas Sanchez – (1987–1995)
 * Ronald Cattelino – interim president (1995-1996)
 * Kathleen Collins – (1996-2011)
 * Jacqueline Chanda – (2011–2014)
 * Steve Metzler – interim president
 * Tony Jones – (2015–2022)
 * Ruki Neuhold-Ravikumar – (2022–2023)

Notable faculty

 * Thomas Hart Benton – Leader of Regionalist art movement; KCAI professor, (1935–1941)
 * Anne Boyer – Pulitzer Prize Winning Author and Poet
 * Harold Bruder – Painter (1963–1965)
 * Christiane Cegavske - Guggenheim Fellow in 2019
 * John de Martelly – Regionalist Printmaker, (1934–1941)
 * Jill Downen (‘89 Painting) - Guggenheim Fellow in 2010
 * Dale Eldred – Sculptor, Environmentalist; Professor and Chair of Sculpture at KCAI (1959–1993)
 * Ken Ferguson – Ceramicist, KCAI Professor Emeritus, (1964–1996)
 * Glenn Gant – Regionalist painter, KCAI alumni and student of Benton, KCAI teacher, (1948–1960)
 * Frederic James – Watercolor Painter, KCAI teacher, (1940–1950)
 * Rob Roy Kelly - Graphic Designer and Printmaker, Chair of the Graphic Design Department (1964–1972)
 * Cyan Meeks – Filmmaker and Video Artist
 * Victor Papanek – UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) Designer/Mediator; Author; Chair of Graphic Design Department (1976–1980)
 * John Douglas Patrick – Painter, Draughtsman, KCAI teacher circa 1909–1936, member French Salon 1886–1889, Earned Bronze Medal 1889 Universal Exposition
 * Stephen Sidelinger – Professor of Design (1972–1989)

Notable lecturers

 * Elaine de Kooning – painter and visiting critic (February to March 1965)

Notable alumni

 * R. H. Barlow (Attended 1938)– author, anthropologist
 * Eric Bransby (1942 Painting) – muralist, painter
 * Paul Briggs (1996 Illustration) – animator and storyboard artist for Walt Disney Animation Studios
 * Ellen Carey (1974 Printmaking) – photographer and professor
 * Nick Cave ('82 Fiber) – performance artist
 * Dan Christensen (1964 Painting) – painter
 * James Claussen (1975 Painting) – lithographer
 * Richard Corben (1962 Design) – comic book creator
 * John Steuart Curry (Attended 1914) – painter
 * Marc Davis – (attended 1927) animator, Imagineer at Disney
 * Marisol Deluna (1989 Fiber) – fashion designer
 * Walt Disney – animator, media entrepreneur, (attended Saturday classes as a child) received honorary degree from KCAI
 * Karon Doherty (1979 Ceramics) – ceramicist
 * Angela Dufresne (1991 Painting) – painter
 * Ellen Fullman (1979 Sculpture) – inventor of Long-String instrument
 * Karen Glaser – photographer
 * April Greiman (1970 Graphic Design) – graphic designer, known for bringing the New Wave design style to America
 * Amelia Ishmael (2004, Photography, Art History) – artist, art critic, curator, black metal specialist
 * Jay Jackson (1975 Photo/Video) – animator for Walt Disney Animation Studios
 * Paul Jenkins – painter (attended classes as a child)
 * Christian Holstad (1994 Ceramics)  – conceptual artist
 * Peregrine Honig (2019 Painting) – artist and entrepreneur
 * Dennis Hopper – actor, attended Saturday classes during high school
 * Suzanne Klotz (1964 Painting) – painter, sculptor
 * Barry Kooser (1991 Illustration) – artist, painter, animation filmmaker, background artist for Walt Disney Animation Studios
 * Arthur Kraft (attended 1952) – sculptor and painter
 * Frank S. Land (attended c. 1909), former Imperial Potentate of the Shriners, founder of the Order of DeMolay
 * Ronnie Landfield (1963 Painting) – abstract painter
 * Doris Lee (1925 Painting) – Depression-era figurative painter
 * Roberto Lugo (2012 Ceramics) – potter and educator
 * Jim Mahfood (1997 Illustration)– comic book and graffiti artist
 * Duard Marshall (1940 Painting) - Painter, lithographer, art restorer
 * Susan Mastrangelo (1974) – sculptor and painter
 * Christina McPhee (‘76 Painting) – new media artist
 * Roger Medearis (attended 1938-1941) – Regionalist painter, student of Thomas Hart Benton
 * Cyan Meeks (1995 New Media) – video artist and filmmaker
 * Robert Morris (attended) – sculptor, performance and installation artist
 * Jackson Lee Nesbitt (attended) – artist known for regionalist etchings and lithographs, student of Benton
 * William F. Nolan (attended) – screenwriter, original Twilight Zone co-author
 * Theo Parrish (1995 Photo/Video) – musician and DJ
 * Margot Peet (attended) – painter, student of Thomas Hart Benton
 * Chris Pitman (attended) - musician, Guns N’ Roses member
 * Donna Polseno (1972 Ceramics) – ceramic artist
 * Sam Prekop (attended) – photographer, musician with The Sea and Cake
 * Archer Prewitt (1985 Painting) – illustrator, musician with The Sea and Cake and The Coctails
 * Robert Rauschenberg (attended 1946 -1948) – painter
 * Glen Rounds (attended) – author and illustrator
 * Mikel Rouse (1979 Painting) – musician with Tirez Tirez, developed Totalism (music)
 * Eric Sall (1999 Painting)  – painter
 * Nelson Shanks (attended) – painter
 * Nancy Speir – children's book illustrator
 * Marjorie Strider (1952 Painting) – painter
 * Jim Suptic (attended 1996–1997) – sculptor, musician
 * Akio Takamori (1976 Ceramics) – ceramic artist
 * Robert Templeton (attended) – painter, painted the portrait of President Carter in the National Portrait Gallery
 * Christopher Willits (2000 Photo/New Media) – musician, sound and multimedia artist
 * Kathryn Zaremba (2008 Interdisciplinary Art) - former Full House and Toothless star
 * Arnie Zimmerman (1977 Ceramics) – ceramicist

title: Kansas City Art Institute


text:
Marian Smoluchowski

Marian Smoluchowski (28 May 1872 – 5 September 1917) was a Polish physicist who worked in the territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was a pioneer of statistical physics and made significant contributions to the theory of Brownian motion and stochastic processes. He is known for the Smoluchowski equation, Einstein–Smoluchowski relation and Feynman–Smoluchowski ratchet.

Life
He was born in 1872 into an upper-class family in Vorder-Brühl, near Vienna, to father Wilhelm and mother Teofila (née Szczepanowska). He attended the prestigious Collegium Theresianum and subsequently studied physics at the University of Vienna (1890-95). His teachers included Franz S. Exner and Josef Stefan. Ludwig Boltzmann held a position at Munich University during Smoluchowski's studies in Vienna, and Boltzmann returned to Vienna in 1894 when Smoluchowski was serving in the Austrian army. They apparently had no direct contact, although Smoluchowski's work follows in the tradition of Boltzmann's ideas.

After several years at other universities (Paris, Glasgow, Berlin), in 1899 Smoluchowski moved to Lwów (present-day Lviv), where he took a position at the University of Lwów. He was president of the Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists, (1906–1907).

In 1913 Smoluchowski moved to Kraków to take over a chair in the Experimental Physics Department, succeeding August Witkowski, who had long envisioned Smoluchowski as his successor. When World War I began the following year, the work conditions became unusually difficult, as the spacious and modern Physics Department building, built by Witkowski a short time before, was turned into a military hospital. The possibility of working in that building had been one of the reasons Smoluchowski had decided to move to Kraków. Smoluchowski was now forced to work in the apartment of the late Professor Karol Olszewski. During his lectures in experimental physics, use of even the simplest demonstration equipment was virtually impossible.

Smoluchowski lectured in experimental physics; his students included Józef Patkowski, Stanisław Loria and Wacław Dziewulski.

Smoluchowski was a member of the Copernicus Society of Natural Scientists and the Polish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Smoluchowski died in Kraków in 1917, as a result of a dysentery epidemic. Professor Władysław Natanson wrote in an obituary of Smoluchowski: "With great pleasure I recall the charm of his life, his noble cordiality, combined with exquisite kindness. I wish I could render the curious appeal of his personality, recall how temperate he was, how modest and elegantly diffident, yet always full of a pure, spontaneous joy."

Work
Smoluchowski conducted fundamental research on the kinetic theory of matter. In 1904 he discovered density fluctuations in the gas phase, and in 1908 he was the first physicist to ascribe the phenomenon of critical opalescence to large density fluctuations. His investigations explained the blue color of the sky as a consequence of light scattering in the atmosphere.

In 1906, shortly after Albert Einstein, he independently explained Brownian motion. Smoluchowski presented an equation which became a basis for the theory of stochastic processes.

In 1916 he proposed the equation for diffusion in an external potential field. This equation bears his name.

Personal life
In 1901, he had married Zofia Baraniecka (1881-1959), the daughter of Jagiellonian University Professor Marian Baraniecki. They had two children, Aldona Smoluchowska (1902–84) and Roman Smoluchowski (1910-96). Roman became a notable physicist who worked in Poland, and after World War II settled in the United States (the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton).

His non-professional interests included skiing, mountain climbing in the Alps and the Tatra Mountains, watercolor painting, and playing the piano.

Awards and recognition
In 1901, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow. In 1908, he was awarded the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for his theoretical investigation of Brownian motion. In 1913, he was the Wolfskehl Foundation lecturer at Göttingen. In 1936, he was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

In 1965, the Polish Physical Society established the Marian Smoluchowski Medal, an international award for significant achievements in the field of physics in recognition of Smoluchowski's contributions to science.

In 1970, the International Astronomical Union named one of the craters on the Moon Smoluchowski after the Polish physicist.

The Institute of Physics of the Jagiellonian University bears the name of Smoluchowski in honour of the scientist.

Streets in several Polish cities bear the name of Smoluchowski including in Gdańsk, Lublin, Malbork, Kraków, Poznań and Wrocław.

In 2017, the Senate of Poland passed a special resolution on the 100th anniversary of Smoluchowski's death establishing 2017 as the "Year of Marian Smoluchowski".

Physicist Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski named Smoluchowski among the greatest Polish physicists of the 20th century alongside Marie Curie, Karol Olszewski, Jerzy Pniewski and Marian Danysz.

In 2022, Jan Grzanka published a book Zapomniany geniusz fizyki: rzecz o Marianie Smoluchowskim (The Forgotten Physics Genius: Marian Smoluchowski) devoted to the life and scientific work of Smoluchowski.

Literature

 * A. Teske, Marian Smoluchowski, Leben und Werk. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1977.
 * A. Einstein and M. von Smoluchowski: "Untersuchungen über die Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung. Abhandlung über die Brownsche Bewegung und verwandte Erscheinungen", Harri Deutsch, 1997. (Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften Band 199). ISBN 3-8171-3207-7.
 * S. Chandrasekhar, M. Kac, R. Smoluchowski, "Marian Smoluchowski - his life and scientific work", ed. by R.S. Ingarden, PWN, Warszawa 1999.
 * E. Seneta (2001) Marian Smoluchowski, Statisticians of the Centuries (ed. C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta) pp. 299–302. New York: Springer.
 * S. Ulam (1957) Marian Smoluchowski and the Theory of Probabilities in Physics, American Journal of Physics, 25, 475-481 (ISSN 0002-9505).
 * Abraham Pais, Subtle is the Lord, chapter 5, section 5e. Einstein and Smoluchowski; Critical Opalescence, (pp. 100–103), Oxford University Press, (1982) 2005, ISBN 0-19-280672-6.

title: Marian Smoluchowski