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Thirteen Women

Thirteen Women is a 1932 American pre-Code psychological thriller film, produced by David O. Selznick and directed by George Archainbaud. It stars Myrna Loy, Irene Dunne and Ricardo Cortez. The film is based on the 1930 bestselling novel of the same name by Tiffany Thayer and was adapted for the screen by Bartlett Cormack and Samuel Ornitz.

Several characters were deleted from the film's final version, including those played by Leon Ames, Phyllis Fraser, and Betty Furness (in what would have been Furness's film debut at the age of 16). The film portrays only 11 women, not 13, with Fraser and Furness playing the two characters edited from the film.

The film premiered in October at the Roxy Theater in New York City on October 15, 1932, then released in Los Angeles, and a few other cities in November 1932. A limited national release came in 1933. Originally running 73 minutes, the studio edited 14 minutes from the picture before release. The film was re-released in 1935 (post-Code) by RKO, hoping to turn a profit by cashing on the growing popularity of stars Dunne and Loy. Thirteen Women has been cited as an early "female ensemble" film, as well as an early influence on the "slasher film" genre.

Plot
Thirteen women, who were sorority sisters at the all-girl's college St. Alban's, all write to a clairvoyant "swami" who by mail sends each a horoscope foreseeing swift doom. However, the clairvoyant is under the sway of Ursula Georgi, a half-Javanese Eurasian woman who was snubbed at school by the other women owing to her mixed-race heritage, behavior which eventually forced her to leave school. She now seeks revenge by manipulating the women into killing themselves or each other. She also goads the clairvoyant into killing himself by falling into the path of a subway train.

The victims are set up and killed off one by one until Laura Stanhope, living in Beverly Hills, is one of the few still alive. With the help of Laura's chauffeur, Ursula tries to kill Laura's young son Bobby with both tainted candy and an explosive rubber ball, but is thwarted. Ursula follows Laura and Bobby as they flee by train, unaware that police sergeant Barry Clive is escorting them. After confronting Laura, and hypnotizing her into falling asleep, Ursula enters Bobby's room and is caught by Clive. She then flees to the back of the train and jumps to her death.

Cast

 * Irene Dunne as Laura Stanhope
 * Ricardo Cortez as Police Sergeant Barry Clive
 * Jill Esmond as Jo Turner
 * Myrna Loy as Ursula Georgi
 * Mary Duncan as June Raskob
 * Kay Johnson as Helen Dawson Frye
 * Florence Eldridge as Grace Coombs
 * C. Henry Gordon as Swami Yogadachi
 * Peg Entwistle as Hazel Clay Cousins
 * Harriet Hagman as May Raskob
 * Edward Pawley as Burns, Laura's chauffeur
 * Blanche Friderici as Miss Kirsten, headmistress
 * Wally Albright as Bobby Stanhope
 * Phyllis Fraser as Twelfth Woman (scenes deleted)
 * Betty Furness as Thirteenth Woman (scenes deleted)
 * Lloyd Ingraham as Inspector (uncredited)

Production notes
Thirteen Women features the only film appearance of actress Peg Entwistle. Entwistle became despondent over her career and jumped to her death from the Hollywood Sign on September 16, 1932. The film premiered in New York on October 15 (almost exactly a month after her suicide), and in Los Angeles in November. Entwistle had a supporting role in the original cut, with scenes running approximately sixteen minutes. After the film performed poorly for test audiences, her screen time was cut to four minutes.

The character played by Entwistle, that of Hazel Cousins, is a married woman in the film, who kills her husband and goes to prison. In the book, Hazel is a virgin who remains so simply because she is considered too beautiful; men are either too intimidated to approach her, assume she is married or engaged or believe that she will break their heart. Hazel eventually becomes a lesbian after she is seduced by the wife of the doctor treating her for tuberculosis, and starves herself to death in a sanitarium while suffering the heartache of having been abandoned by her lover Martha. In both the book and movie, May and June Raskob (played by Harriet Hagman and Mary Duncan) are twin sisters who work in a circus, but in the book they are overweight sideshow attractions rather than photogenic trapeze artists as in the film.

In this film, actor Edward J. Pawley received his first screen kiss (from Myrna Loy). He appeared in over 50 movies during his 10-year career in Hollywood, playing mostly "bad guy" roles.

Home media
On February 21, 2012, the 59-minute edit of Thirteen Women was released on manufactured-on-demand DVD through the Warner Archive Collection.

title: Thirteen Women


text:
Metynnis hypsauchen

Metynnis hypsauchen is a species of serrasalmid found in Amazon and Paraguay river basins, as well as rivers of the Guiana Shield. It is one of the fish known as the "silver dollar" in the aquarium trade. It has frequently been confused with the very similar M. argenteus. It reaches a length of 15 cm.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metynnis hypsauchen


text:
Zawisza the Black

Zawisza the Black of Garbów, of Sulima coat of arms (c. 1379 – 12 June 1428), was a Polish knight and nobleman who served as a commander and diplomat under Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło and Hungarian-Bohemian king Sigismund of Luxembourg. During his life, he was regarded as a model of knightly virtues and was renowned for winning multiple tournaments.

Name
Historians propose two possible theories to the origins of Zawisza's nickname Black (Polish: Czarny). According to more popular, and more probable, theory, his nickname came from his black hair. The second theory proposes that the nickname came from his custom-made, black armour.

Origin
Zawisza was born in Stary Garbów, Kingdom of Poland (in modern south-eastern Poland), into a local noble family (of the Sulima), his father Mikołaj being the castellan of Konary-Sieradz (konarsko-sieradzki), while his mother was named Dorota. He had two younger brothers: Jan Farurej, the starost of Spisz; and Piotr Kruczek. In 1397, Zawisza married Barbara of the Piława clan, the niece of Bishop of Kraków Piotr Wysz, and they had four sons.

1410–1419
Briefly in the service of the Teutonic Order, he soon renounced it, and in 1410 he took part in the Battle of Grunwald on the Polish side. After the battle he and his close friend Stibor of Stiboricz proposed a peace treaty between Władisław II Jagiełło of Poland and Sigismund of Luxembourg, then King of Hungary, which came to be known as the Treaty of Lubowla. In 1412 he participated in the conference between Sigismund, Wladyslaw II and Tvrtko II of Bosnia at Buda, where he won the tournament held there, with 1,500 knights present. Zawisza was as much a diplomat as he was a warrior, being an envoy for the Polish king Władysław II and Hungarian-Bohemian king Sigismund of Luxembourg. As one of six diplomats that represented the Polish Kingdom and King Władysław II at the Council of Constance, he was one of very few supporters of Jan Hus, and consequently strongly opposed his condemnation and subsequent execution for heresy.

In 1416, Zawisza participated in a tournament at Perpignan in which he defeated the well-known knight John II of Aragon and Navarre. The following year, he became the starosta of Kruszwica. In 1419, he went to Sigismund again, as a deputy of King Władysław II, to ask for the hand of Sophia of Bavaria, the widow of Sigismund's brother Wenceslaus of Bohemia. Subsequently, Zawisza participated in the Hussite Wars on the side of King Sigismund. During Sigismund's defeat at Kutná Hora (21 December 1421), Zawisza was taken prisoner by the Hussites and subsequently released in return for a high ransom.

War against Ottomans and death
In 1428, Zawisza, with his retinue as a commander of a light cavalry banner of 500 horsemen, joined the forces of Sigismund in the king's war against the Ottoman Turks. During that disastrous campaign he fought them at the Siege of Golubac on the Danube in modern-day Serbia. Sigismund's army was defeated and had to retreat across the Danube, with only a few boats to ferry the troops over to safety. Zawisza's banner was guarding the retreating army. Being a man of importance, he was personally sent for by King Sigismund. Disheartened by the king's apparent cowardice, he allegedly refused to retreat, saying, "There is no boat big enough to lift my honour." He was either killed in combat at Golubac or executed in Ottoman captivity.

Family
Zawisza was survived by his wife Barbara and their children:
 * Marcin, fell at the Battle of Varna in 1444.
 * Stanisław, fell at the Battle of Varna in 1444.
 * Zawisza (II).
 * Jan, starost of Koło, who was killed at the Battle of Chojnice (1454).
 * Barbara.

He had a granddaughter, Barbara of Roznow, who was the mother of the Polish Renaissance military commander, hetman Jan Tarnowski. Among further descendants of Zawisza were Stanisław Koniecpolski, Bogusław Radziwiłł, governor of the Duchy of Prussia, and Henryk Dobrzański, the first guerrilla commander in World War II in Europe.

Legacy
During his life, he was regarded as a model of knightly virtues. After his death, he was praised by the Polish historian Jan Długosz, the poet and Canon of Gniezno Adam Świnka, and by King Sigismund of Luxembourg. Zawisza became a folk hero in Poland, famed for reliability, and loyalty. The Polish Scouts oath reads partly: "...polegać na nim jak na Zawiszy" ('[you can] rely on him as on Zawisza'). Several Polish football clubs and other sports teams were named after him, including, Zawisza Bydgoszcz.

In Serbia, where the Golubac Fortress is located and where he is known as Zaviša Crni (Завиша Црни), he was revered as a brave knight. A monument to Zawisza at Golubac Fortress bears the inscription: "In Golubac, his life was taken by the Turks in 1428, the famous Polish knight, the symbol of courage and honor, Zawisza the Black. Glory to the hero!" Also, in the reconstructed fortress, there is a permanent exhibition celebrating knights who defended the fortress, with a special section dedicated to Zawisza. In Belgrade, Serbian capital, there is a street named after him in the neighborhood of Senjak (Улица Завише Црног/Ulica Zaviše Crnog).

Several dramas have been made based on his life.

title: Zawisza the Black


text:
Metynnis maculatus

Metynnis maculatus, the spotted metynnis, is a species of serrasalmid fish found in Argentina and Brazil, and possibly in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru. It is one of the species of fish known in the aquarium trade as the "silver dollar".

title: Metynnis maculatus


text: User talk:193.117.23.129

title: User talk:193.117.23.129


text:
Talk:Valerian (herb)

Efficacy comment for RLS and anxiety disorders misrepresents the conclusions of the cited studies
The article here states unequivocally that valerian is not effective for treating RLS and anxiety, citing sources 23 and 24. Both of those studies concluded that there was insufficient evidence and recommended randomized clinical trials be undertaken to establish the safety and efficacy of valerian for those indications. The body of research cited in these articles is woefully insufficient to conclude for or against efficacy and safety. One of the cited articles makes that very point, noting that the review they undertook had to rely on a single small study. The article should be changed to properly state that it is not established to be effective or ineffective.

Valerian in Agatha Christie novels
It says citation is needed. I know that one book at least mentions this, Five Little Pigs, and it is mentioned in the article. I am not sure how to cite this properly. I hope to eventually read the 2nd novel, and cite them both here then. olya 05:58, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Cite the page, ISBN, author and name of the book and create a Trivia or In popular culture section and write a relative paragraph. When citing, you can do everything automatically after your written paragraph by using the icon at the top of the edit page. Hope that helps.--78.86.159.199 (talk) 00:36, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

In Agatha Christie's crime novel Murder on the Orient Express, the villain Samuel Ratchett takes valerian in order to fall asleep. Cwkmail (talk) 13:20, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Kierkegaard
I just read that Kierkegaard (the Danish philosopher) took Valerian late in his life, while he was hospitalized: http://www.newyorker.com/critics/books/articles/050328crbo_books

strangeness
An anon keeps putting the following phrase into the article:

 * May produce sensations of "strangeness" in some individuals. These persons should not use valerian.

This statement is also found on several other non-wikipedia websites, word for word or nearly so.

Questions and Answers About Valerian for Insomnia and Other Sleep Disorders Office of Dietary Supplements * National Institutes of Health notes that problems have been reported in clinical trials, but not confirmed as being due to valerian. A very old reference, A Compend of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Prescription Writing by Sam'l O. L. Potter, M.D., M.R.C.P.L., 1902., notes that it can cause "mental disturbance" which can "proceed even to delirium, while hallucinations and excitement are usually produced, together with great restlessness and spasmodic movements of the limbs." -- WormRunner | Talk 20:47, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Effects
Most individuals will find Valerian has little/no effect. It is mainly placebo.

 * Useful how that doesnt have a source.. also, why does it say it isn't linked to Valium? By that standard should it also say that it isn't related to every other drug or herb that it isn't related to? I'm sure the average user isn't going to make a semantic link between them... He who says zonk 14:23, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The idea that valerian is a placebo is ridiculous. The valium/valerian semantic link however is a common mistake among beginner gardeners/herbalists in my experience. -- WormRunner | Talk 19:53, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to say that I always thought that. Calming herb beginning val-, calming drug beginning val-, surely that couldn't be a coincidence? So I think it's worth specifying that it is. Daibhid C 16:28, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

It is not a coincidence. The makers of Valium named it so, to evoke Valerian, a well-known soporific.

Just wanted to say that i have taking valerian recently and it made my mind race with thoughts and left me in a semi-wake state for about for hours.During these hours it felt very relaxing but edgy at the same time.It really does have a strange effect that i havnt felt since the time i took magic mushrooms when i was a teenager.After the high of the mushrooms i went to bed and was in a trance like state half asleep half awake,almost like on a different freq or something.This is the best way i can explain it.For me it keeps me awake.(89.204.203.37 (talk) 05:32, 28 March 2011 (UTC))

Valerian root does have verifiable sedative properties. My own anecdotal experience confirms this, and it also has a tendency to induce vivid dreams.

I'd have to say that the statement "it's just a placebo" is false. I use it to get to sleep when I am stressed out and it's a great alternative to to using Xanax for panic attacks. However when I use Valerian or any other drug/supplement to get me to sleep, I usually don't have or can't remember my dreams, unlike the person who posted above me.

The above comment about "placebo" is nonsense; valerian is one of the few herbal remedies that has had serious scientific studies that consistently show it has at least SOME effect on insomnia and anxiety, although the effects are mild. It occasionally works very well for this commenter. HOWEVER, I find that commercial preparations of valerian vary widely in strength and efficacy. No doubt manufacturers are sometimes "cutting" it with something else that's inert, although I don't know why they would. 128.230.239.88 (talk) 18:23, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There is nothing here to contradict the original poster's suggestion that valerian is no more than a placebo. Indeed, most of the disagreements seem to suggest that the posters don't know how placebos work (and they DO work - very well).
 * For two authoratative reviews of studies which concludes that there is little or no evidence for valerian's effectiveness as a drug, see http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band81/b81-7.html and
 * http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/valerian.asp . Cooke (talk) 20:54, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

It is not a placebo effect; the fact that the analogue of one of its constituents Valeric Acid (valproic acid) is used in pharmaceutical medicine and the effects of Valerenic Acid on the GABA receptors is enough to prove Valerian has chemical activity in the body. Your cross analysis with placebo effects in this case is similar to saying paracetamol's analgesic activity is placebo too. Valerian is extremely noticeable above 2500mg (standardized extract). Although not a recommended dose, for those of you who think it produces a placebo effect, try the aforementioned dose, and you will most certainly change your mind. Many herbal supplement manufacturers always recommend doses that are far lower than the active dose in order to adhere to the regulatory guidelines, the most sensitive people in our society and also to minimize blame based risks associated with higher doses.

Any medication, at a lower than active dose will appear to have little or no effect, even THC at an extremely low dose will impair a right judgment as to whether it is a placebo effect or real. Apart from Valerenic acid there are also many other active alkaloids and acids in Valerian. Whether they help insomnia, cause depression or stimulation is really upto how the subject wishes to welcome the feeling, but one thing that is 100% certain, is that Valerian is certainly not inactive. Placebo studies normally cross compare an active substance with an inactive substance, the latter being the placebo (Normally, flour, Vitamin-C or similar). Valerian is proved active. What can be argued here, is whether it is good for insomnia, or that its chemically active but does not produce any noticeable mood altering effects (e.g. Atenolol is a blood pressure medicine that is active, but does not produce any mood altering effects, similarly Paracetamol is active but does not alter the mood). Many people today still find Paracetamol ineffective against pain, but many find it extremely effective. It's really up to the individual too, some people are mentally strong or meditate regularly with a strong resistance to mood alterations, and some are more chemically dependent on things to get by and notice Valerian's effects more.--78.86.159.199 (talk) 00:54, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Mitch: I just wanted to add my two cents on the topic of Valerian Root being a "Placebo" effect. Anecdotal evidence is exactly that: anecdotal. So you can get mad at me for sharing "anecdotal" evidence, or you could read up and see the two or three other people with the exact same "anecdote", then ask yourself at what point does "anecdotal" evidence become "statistical" evidence. And in my opinion, that point is the point where it becomes profitable for someone to do so. Since Valerian is a plant found commonly in nature, it's hard to get a monopoly on its availability (sound familiar? *cough* Marijuana *cough*). So, in my personal experience, as someone who has been dealing with Anxiety and Insomnia for years, and has tried many different medicines, I can confirm that Valerian root DOES INDEED have an effect on both Anxiety and Insomnia. Valerian root helps me relax and even helps me to go to sleep. Not only do I find it easy to sleep, I find myself wanting to sleep as well. Now, if it was a PLACEBO, then when I used Melatonin, which may or may not be "scientifically" proven, why didn't I have the same results? After all, I'm just popping a pill, believing it will help me sleep, and then thanks to the placebo I'm gonna sleep and it's gonna work! So that explains why it worked with Diphenhydramine, Melatonin, Doxylamine, etc, right? Except it didn't. Those drugs affect me totally different and aren't that effective for me. Does a pill has to be "inert" for it to have a placebo effect? That would be ridiculous... Give me a sugar pill, give me Valerian root, and only one of them will put me to sleep. Checkmate. I think a lot of people judge the effectiveness of substances for particular uses by expecting dramatic results to be shown on some clinical study. If a small standardized dose doesn't instantly knock people out the same way powerful benzodiazepines do, it's considered "ineffective" for use as a sleep aid. But I contend that you don't need a horse tranquilizer to help you sleep, and I GUARANTEE that some people will find exactly what they need out of Valerian root!65.36.45.253 (talk) 15:58, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

Also Mitch: Also, want to note something about the effectiveness of Valerian root, and the studies. In personal experience, Valerian root takes 2-3 hours to begin to affect me. I saw some studies that instructed people to take 30 minutes before bed time and 60 minutes before bed time, and I think that would cause morning grogginess to take valerian at bed time as opposed to a few hours before. And I removed some vulgarity.

-- I changed the wording slightly in the article where it referred to GABA_A receptors as benzodiazepine receptors. That's not strictly true, as only a subset of GABAARs are sensitive to benzos. Just explaining my change. -angrywhiterabbit —Preceding unsigned comment added by Angrywhiterabbit (talk • contribs) 16:03, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Valium
Any reason for the anti-confusion Valium note? I really can't see anyone making this connection, any more than thinking the drug is called "Valium" because it's a good "value". Any objections to removing it? Alvis 02:33, 9 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I object. Just because you can't see anyone making that connection does not mean it has not been made.  I have corrected people confused on this point more than a few times. -- WormRunner 03:16, 9 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I've never ran into anyone who's made that confusion, but if they're out there, then let's leave it in.  Alvis 05:07, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

I took it for the first time last night (9-4-06) on the advice of my mother-in-law. I can confirm the anecdotal report of vivid dreams. The most vivid of my life, the scariest of my life and the first "wet dream" since my adolescent days. I will never take it again as I am still anxious 3 hours after waking.

 * Was that valium or valerian that caused the dreams and the errr accident?--I don't like football 03:45, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

It might be mentioned, that the drug Diazepam was first marketed under the trade-name Valium, chosen for its similarity to the word Valerian (but there is no chemical relationship between the two). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.124.116.101 (talk) 08:32, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

St. Valerian
Is it named after St. Valerian (perhaps because of when it blooms, like St. John's Wort)? That would be a good thing to add to the Valerian/Valium note. Also, the St. Valerian article is a major stub. Snowboardpunk

 * I heard similarly. Try to find some sources and get back. So far, the Latin explanation for Valerian is without a source and could well be false. --78.86.159.199 (talk) 01:13, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the Latin name as the origin as well and doesn't relate it to any specific Valerius (saint or otherwise). aineolach (u ·  d ·  c) 15:51, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Effects on Cats and Rats
Its a small thing I know but i cringe every time I see or hear 'so much so...' as in "Valerian is also very attractive to rats, so much so that it has been used to bait traps." its just sounds like the author (no discredit to you) just couldn't think up the best words to express the sentence. Perhaps ' Rats are highly attracted to it, to the extent that it has been used as rat trap bait' or somthing along those lines maybe. --I don't like football 03:42, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Many people today are using substandard English, whether they are mentally lazy to speak or write properly or whether the media is to be blamed is up for question. But one thing is certain, and that is an encyclopedic article needs to retain subjective lingual correctiveness and to state "is very attractive", "so much so" are incorrect in this context. A more correct way is to state that "Most rats are olfactorily attracted by Valerian odor which is one of the main reasons many rat traps and baits incorporate a valerian derivative as an olfactory attractant". --78.86.159.199 (talk) 01:26, 21 August 2008 (UTC)I agree with this.

I don't believe "so much so" is incorrect here. It just means so "very attractive to rats" (much so) that it has been used to bait traps. It makes more grammatical sense than the first proposed revision, and is far more direct than the second. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.115.56.194 (talk) 01:37, 16 September 2010 (UTC) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Personal Account
My Personal experience with this,

I took it for the first time Sunday, and again today, the calming effect came on smooth and subtle, and faded away a few hours later just the same. I am not taking this to help me sleep, I am taking it to try to prevent another panic/anxiety attack from occuring. which I had went to the ER for a few weeks ago. I want to try an herbal route before I end up having to take some prescription pill like atavan every day for the rest of my life. I dont want that, and I would rather have tried everything else first.

Valerian root, and valium, have NOTHING TO DO WITH EACH OTHER, chemically or otherwise. The only thing similar between the 2 is the letters VAL in the names. thats it.

I'm only on day 2 of this stuff, (500mg Sundown Brand, capsules ) It could be in my head, or it could be physical, but I did feel pretty relaxed about 45 minutes after taking one pill. not to the point of laying down, just ..relaxed.. peaceful. I felt good. Again, it could be in my head, it could be from the pill. A few more days and I will have a better idea if Valerian Root is a joke or has some real effects.

John L

valium and valerian affect the same receptors in the brain, but the names have no relation, if you want natrual valium try a potato. also what if you drank alcohol while on valerian?

 * Yes, Valerian and Valium both affect the GABA receptors, however in detail, they do differ in their mechanism of action, Diazepam does not directly affect GABA levels, but affects the benzodiazepine GABA complex where as Valerenic acid is a GABA agonist. Valerian also has a few active alkaloids and acids whereas Valium (Diazepam) is singular in its method of action, so its comparing a cocktail of active substances (Valerian extract) with just one substance (Diazepam). Well done for sticking with natural remedies, most pharmaceutical remedies for conditions similar to yours are addictive both mentally and physically with withdrawals that sometimes surpass that of an opioid or alcohol withdrawal. I do however think 500mg may be a too of a safe dose, if you feel that you cannot distinguish its effects, then try to up your dose until you can. Good luck, and remember, panic attacks can be cured by mental training, self hypnosis, meditation and changing the way you handle and grasp situations that may induce panic. --78.86.159.199 (talk) 01:35, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

I've just removed the following from the article: ''I have been taking Valerian for over 10 years off and on prior to going to sleep. I have found it to be a wonderful sleep aid. The next morning, wake feeling refreshed and relaxed. Valerian helps you to fall asleep quickly and then to sleep threw the night. It seems to also help calm my IBS slightly. It is the best herb. I take it in large quantities of 6 tablets before going to sleep for years. I strongly recommend this herb for anxiety, PMS, insomnia, agitation, IBS.''

I as going to put up a note for cleanup, but I think it's really something that belongs in the talk pages, if anywhere, as it's simply a personal account from a user. Alphamatrix (talk) 08:35, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Proposed merger
I propose that Valerian (medication) and Valerian (plant) be merged into a new page "Valerian". —  Who 123 18:33, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Due to the clear redundancy of the two articles and lack of response, I will probably proceed with the merger. Any help is appreciated. If the page "Valerian" is not available then "Valerian (herb)" may be used. Any suggestions on the page name would be appreciated. —  Who 123 12:21, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Merger begun under the page name Valerian (herb). —  Who 123 14:14, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Although the merger is complete, there is still cleanup to do. For example, I included all of the articles that linked to the article before the merger in "See also". I will help with this as time allows. —  Who 123 14:51, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Greetings! I'm not sure anyone saw your proposed merger before you completed it. I happened along from patrolling the Plant articles by quality log. Proposed mergers and things of that nature can also be discussed at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Plants. (Why not join our project if you haven't already?) As for the merger, I didn't take the time to see if the two articles were redundant, but in general things of this nature should be guided by the flora naming convention. The preference in this case is to have two separate articles--one to describe the plant product or use in society (such as coffee) and another to describe the species that are used to create the familiar product (i.e. Coffea arabica). For example, aside from the taxobox, this article really doesn't discuss the plant at all. I would remove the taxobox from this page and create the Valeriana officinalis article to discuss the botanical history, taxonomy, species description, etc. there. Durian is another great example of a page that would benefit from splitting. In fact, I should go work on that. Cheers, --Rkitko (talk) 05:57, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi! The two articles were redundant. I suspect that most of the general public interest in Valerian is as an herb rather than as a plant. It is similar to St John's wort in this respect. Although I like plants, my interest leans more to how they can be used in health and nutrition. If you wish to create a Valeriana officinalis article to discuss the pure botanical aspects that seems reasonable. I find it odd to have the boxes at the top of this page saying that this article is part of Plants and Cats projects. Perhaps they should be removed? —  Who 123 16:23, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That's fine, then. For now it can stay as one article, but perhaps it would be pertinent to move toward the goal of having two articles and then removing the taxobox from this one. It doesn't matter what your interests in plants are--it matters more what is considered to be encyclopedic when thinking about inclusion. Botanical information is certainly encyclopedic. The project tags are used by WikiProjects to assess and keep track of article progress. They are very important. Cheers, --Rkitko (talk) 01:50, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Just tried Valerian root - xanax combination for insomnia/anxiety. In my case it resulted in the worst night terrors of my life, and interrupted sleep as a result. It has been suggested that some people cannot absorb the herbal suppliment as others and may cause adverse effects such as those of which i've mentioned. Personally, I'd say use caution. —  Who 123 16:23, 22 April 2007 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.56.244.51 (talk)

 * Valerian should remain synonymous with similar plants such as the St. Johns Wort article. The constituents of Valerian (Valerenic Acid, Valeric Acid) having their own article is enough to explain the activity of each alkaloid/acid in detail with a collective description on the Valerian article in regards to its medicinal values. There is no need for a seperate article in regards to its medicinal purposes. --78.86.159.199 (talk) 02:58, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Section Merger
There's some repetition of information between Mechanism of action and Medicinal use. Perhaps the redundant passages can be edited out and Mechanism of action can be made into a subsection of Medicinal use.--71.105.214.189 (talk) 16:12, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Mechanism of Action
There is a paper out (Khom et al. 2007, Neuropharmacology, doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.04.018) reporting that valerenic acid has a stimulatory effect on GABAA receptors containing β2 subunits, similar to that of barbiturates. In contrast to barbiturates, however, high concentrations of valerenic acid block the receptor. This may explain its mechanism of action and why it is much less toxic than barbiturates. GABA itslef won't cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore the high GABA content in valerian cannot explain its mechanism of action in vivo. 193.171.174.141 13:06, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Please read the Valerenic Acid article. Yes, Valerenic Acid and Valeric Acid (If the Iran study is true) are one of the main active substances in Valerian. It's also scientifically false to base Valerians effects on just valerenic acid when there are further active alkaloids and acids in Valerian. This study would be true for Valerenic Acid and less so for Valerian as a whole. Also, a study in Iran found that Valeric Acid in the body can be transformed into an active acid. And yes, the phenobarbital activity has been proven. --78.86.159.199 (talk) 01:51, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

I just read this http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18066140 it mentions that valerian extract increased glutamic acid decarboxylase activity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.248.192.104 (talk) 07:41, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

booze antidote
i have taken valerian after drinking and it seems to reverse the effects of alcohol, 3 valerians (500mg) seemed to reverse all of the effects of 2 shots of whisky. maybe it antagonises whichever receptor alcohol binds to, it maybe reduce the effects of anxiogenic chemicals in the brain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by The Right Honourable (talk • contribs) 05:57, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

This strikes me as interesting, and I may do some experimenting on myself to verify or deny the claim. Taking a shot at an explanation, I believe it is unlikely that Valerian acts as an antagonist on GABA sites (the same locations at which ethyl alcohol, benzodiazapenes, barbiturates, and other hypnotics are agonists), since everything I have read so far suggests that its effect is agonistic. However, the active compounds may act as competitive agonists, crowding out ethanol at the GABAa receptor sites. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.158.163.100 (talk) 18:53, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Contradiction?
this article says "Typical dosages of the crude herb vary from 2-10 grams per day. Valerian root is non-toxic but may cause side effects in excessive doses."

but then goes on to say

"Large doses (500+mg) or chronic use may result in stomach ache, apathy, and a feeling of mental dullness or mild depression"

this should be cleaned up, I am guessing that it is some confusion between the raw herb and concentrate, but I am not a herbalist.--UltraMagnus (talk) 13:09, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, the 500mg refers to Valerian Extracts, and the gram dosages refer to the raw herb itself. However, even the Valerian Extract (500mg) dose is uncertain, as there exists many different types and potency of extracts, the typical being 30%. 500mg is by no means a large dose for Valerian Extract in the form of capsules/pills. The typical capsule is 450mg itself, so the 500+mg is very doubtful as it would mean 1 pill is already hitting the 500mg "large dose". I guess the chronic use aspect to that sentence may be true, but it certainly is not dependent on the dose but rather the frequency of use. --93.97.181.187 (talk) 23:09, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

isovaltrate
it is stated that isovaltrate is an agonist of the adenosine A1 receptor, which is not strictly true. It is an inverse agonist, and therefore would have the opposite effect, and would reverse the sedating effects of valerian extract as a whole. it has been shown, that hydrophilic extracts show agonist activity at the A1 receptor, where as hydophobic extracts show inverse agonistic activity. isovaltrate is a hydrophobic molecule, and therefore shows inverse agonist activity, so i think someone should mention this. (im no expert, so i think it would be best if someone with more knowledge should put this in)

Interaction of valerian extracts of different polarity with adenosine receptors: Identification of Isovaltrate as an inverse agonist at A1 receptors, Muller et al, 2006

thats the paper i got the info from]

rob

AASM Position Statement, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Self-Help
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASMnet.org) provides accreditation for sleep clinics and academic sleep programs. The December 31, 2006 AASM position statement “Treating Insomnia with Over-the-Counter Sleep Aids” states: “The primary forms of treatment for insomnia are cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and prescription medications. Research shows that both of these treatment options can improve the quality and quantity of sleep for people with insomnia.”

The chapter on insomnia by Kypri and Cunningham in The Handbook of Self-Help Therapies (edited by Patti Lou Watkins and George A. Clum, Routledge, 2007), says that while many people with insomnia find it difficult to access CBT for this problem, studies have shown self-help treatments to be effective. Several popular books, they say, are based on tested principles, including No More Sleepless Nights by Hauri, Say Goodnight to Insomnia by Jacobs, and Can’t Sleep, Can’t Stay Awake: A Woman’s Guide to Sleep Disorders, by Kryger. R Waldo WCU (talk) 15:07, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Science
Could we get some actual science content here rather than a bunch of anecdotes and an article with more "citation needed" than anything I've seen in weeks on Wikipedia?

Yes, I'm sure this works for some people, but I'd like to see some facts to back up how and why it works.

Ddiggler2000 (talk) 11:24, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Valeric acid or Isovaleric acid ?
I have found no scientific evidence that Valeriana officialis contains valeric acid (a.k.a. pentanoic acid); however, many scientific studies confirm the presence of isovaleric acid. (For example: (1)  M. Morvai and I. Molnár-Perl (January 1988) "Gas chromatographic analysis of the carboxylic acid composition of valeriana extracts," Chromatographia, vol. 25, no. 1, page 37-42;  see especially page 40 ; (2)  A. Safaralie, S. Fatemi, and F. Sefidkon (8 February 2008) "Essential oil composition of Valeriana officinalis L. roots cultivated in Iran:  Comparative analysis between supercritical CO2 extraction and hydrodistillation," Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1180, pages 159-164.)  Only herbal medicine Web sites claim that valeric acid is present in Valeriana officialis. Accordng to Houghton, valeric acid appears merely as a breakdown product of valepotriates when the later are heated above 40 C. (See:  Peter J. Houghton, ed., Valerian:  the genus Valeriana (Boca Raton, Florida:  CRC Press, 1997), page 123.)  The confusion between valeric and isovaleric acid may be due to the fact that in the nineteenth century, "valeric acid" referred to any compound having the empirical formula C4H9CO2H, and there are 4 isomers that have that formula -- including both valeric acid (pentanoic acid) and isovaleric acid. (See Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), vol. 27, page 859.)

Cwkmail (talk) 11:55, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

I would add that any "valeric acid" (pentanoic acid) that is found in Valeriana officinalis seems to be an artifact of the extraction process; that is, the complex valpotriates degrade upon exposure to the heat and the strong alkalis that are used during the extraction process, and among the resulting break-down products is pentanoic acid. Furthermore, as early as 1840, French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Jean-Servais Stas produced "acide valérique" from "potato oil" and found it to be identical both to the "acide valérique" that was obtained from Valeriana officinalis and to "l'acide phocénique", a fatty acid which was obtained from dolphins by French chemist Chevreul in 1817 and which is known to be isovaleric acid. (See: J. Dumas and J-S Stas (1840) "Second mémoire:  Sur les types chimiques," Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 2nd series, vol. 73, pages 113-167; see especially pages 131 and 144.)  Thus as early as 1840, the principal fatty acid in Valeriana officinalis was known to be isovaleric acid.

Cwkmail (talk) 18:38, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Addiction
The word gets avoided. Why? Is Valerian addictive or not? The article should address this with proper citations.

Telemachus.forward (talk) 10:14, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * What makes you think it's avoided? aineolach (u ·  d ·  c) 15:39, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Valerian use in Iran?
Have just removed a line that was in History reading 'Also, in Iran it is smoked and injected for recreational purposes.'

Feel free to post again with citation —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.210.96.48 (talk) 23:33, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

"The main some evidence of effectiveness"
"The main some evidence of effectiveness." The sentence is incomplete. JmCor (talk) 03:42, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Comments by 69.60.103.173
NOT an edit, just a comment: The prior section says the "standardized" form is preferable... this section says there is a "lack of standardization". These statements are mutually exclusive.

Also the prior section says "percentage" of valine is the "standard" of quantification (paraphrased). This section uses "grams per day" as the only units of measure. This is a derivative conflict: If % is "standard" or "typical", why list only grams in dosing?

These points of disconnection are confusing at best. References for each section might help to clarify. No offense to prior contributors is intended. Thanks for attempting to add to our knowledge base. Sincerely, Concerned Reader - no sources referenced, just basic reading comprehension. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.60.103.173 (talk • contribs) 9 September 2012

Insomnia
I realize studies can product conflicting results, but there are simply too many contradictions in this subsection for it to be of much use to anyone. Also, as you've probably already noticed, there are tons of unverified claims here without citations. Some have been tagged for over 6 months. If anyone has citations that you can add, please do so before the unverified material is removed from the article. Thank you! 5-HT8 (talk) 22:58, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Content pulled from article, needs verifiable citations
This was good content that could remain in the article if the claims were adequately supported by references and properly cited, and if necessary, re-written to avoid blatant contradictions.

5-HT8 (talk) 23:35, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Fragrance and other nasalities
The article reads "Though some people remain partial to the earthy scent, some may find it to be unpleasant, comparing the odor to that of unwashed feet"

Not only is earthy a misleading adjective, the use of the word scent is also much too polite. Valerian root that has been prepared in a form for oral use has an odor. Other people agree with me that, when incidentally sniffing it after the container was first opened, it has all the characteristics of young and active (i.e. not fully decomposed) vegetable compost. I have no information about the effect it has upon the breath of a person who has taken the root orally. But if the above is anything to go by, it would be unpleasant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.226.103.17 (talk) 07:15, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Valerian etymology
There are some explainations: in Latin "valere"" was a verb that indicates "to be healty" http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/valere/ from which we have "valeo" ("sano") and valerian http://www.etimo.it/?term=valeriana Another explanation is the herb was found richly in Pannonia Valeria today south Hungary http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/valeriana/ Last there was a folk tale about the first user named Valerio http://books.google.it/books?id=VBz8ayaYxfcC&pg=PA355&dq=valeriana+valerio&hl=it&sa=X&ei=KUM0U4PCE-bI4ASgmIGACw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=valeriana%20valerio&f=false --Adriano G. V. Esposito (talk) 15:27, 27 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I have added on that to the article, using other references though. Materialscientist (talk) 00:13, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

Recent edits
is repeatedly adding content to this article which is biomedical in nature yet is not sourced to sources which are WP:MEDRS compliant. Please ensure any such content is backed by good sources. Alexbrn talk 16:31, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Are you saying that I cannot cite from any of the sources I've used? Hkim0488 talk 16:31, 3 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Correct. We can't use primary research to source health information, as it may be unsound. Alexbrn talk 18:14, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

please read the guidelines at WP:MEDRS in regard to the sourcing of medical articles on Wikipedia, especially as regards the identification and use of secondary sources. Most of the sources you have been adding to the article are primary sources. ''A primary source in medicine is one in which the authors directly participated in the research or documented their personal experiences. They examined the patients, injected the rats, filled the test tubes, or at least supervised those who did. Many, but not all, papers published in medical journals are primary sources for facts about the research and discoveries made... Primary sources should generally not be used for health related content, because the primary biomedical literature is exploratory and not reliable - any given primary source may be contradicted by another, and the Wikipedia community relies on the guidance of expert reviews, and statements of major medical and scientific bodies, to provide guidance on any given issue''. Please see also Consensus. Ochiwar (talk) 20:08, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

No evidence, but a substantial body of evidence? Which is it?
Although valerian is a popular herbal medicine used for treating insomnia, there is no good evidence it is effective for this purpose, and there is some concern it may be harmful.[23]

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved the claim that valerian can be used as a traditional herbal medicinal product in order to relieve mild symptoms of mental stress and to aid sleep. The EMA stated that there is a substantial body of evidence available that makes the traditional use of valerian plausible.[26]

these paragraphs directly contradict each other,and lead to a very confusing section of article. 184.170.93.22 (talk) 04:02, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
 * It needs re-writing, but actually these are not entirely contradictory. The EMA says that "traditional use" is not harmful and there's evidence that it's "plausible". There is no good evidence that it's actually "effective". "Plausible" is not "effective". Peter coxhead (talk) 08:02, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
 * EMA has a (very) low bar for accepting a claim, in this instance traditional use. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the EU organization charged with evaluating dietary supplements. As of August 2017, the EFSA has not evaluated valerian. David notMD (talk) 20:49, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Smell
Whether it's a sedative or not, this stuff smells absolutely wonderful IMHO. 24.51.217.118 (talk) 03:45, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

Your experience is atypical. Most of us experience the odour as strongly remini-scent of dirty gym socks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.124.116.101 (talk) 04:43, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Effect on cats in lead
Hi. The cited edit "Its roots and leaves are one of three alternatives for the one-third of domesticated or medium-sized cats who do not feel the effects of catnip." was removed from the lead. A few points in favor of returning the sentence and cites. It summarizes information appearing later in the page, which is the purpose of a good lead. It's an important fact for the readers, as this use is beneficial and interesting, and most cat owners may not know about it (from personal conversations). And it's an appropriate topic for the sentence in the lead which discusses uses of the plant, as it quickly summarizes a major use. I hope the striking editor can reconsider, thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:28, 11 May 2018 (UTC)
 * It's a low-weight topic, WP:UNDUE. --Zefr (talk) 15:35, 11 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Seems like a very good topic in terms of uses, inter-species social connections, and potential reader interest. Doesn't seem undue, unless you have a source which refutes the statement. And if you need to put more uses in the lead, please do so (I see you've trimmed the lead quite a bit), but this one seems appropriate for lead mention. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:39, 11 May 2018 (UTC)
 * No response in this discussion in eight days, so I added it back (again, with asked-for sources) and promptly deleted it. Not only not low-weight, but not UNDUE. Will get back to this tomorrow. Randy Kryn (talk) 22:44, 19 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that it doesn't belong in the lede, but it does belong in the cats section. Readding. MarshallKe (talk) 15:29, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Regulation
Need to remove "Regulation" section, as it deceives the lay user into believing that the substance is "approved" Also, the entry is not properly cited. 4Cancer (talk) 01:38, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Done. In addition, a valid "Regulation" section would need to address not just U.S. David notMD (talk) 02:51, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

De Quincey
"...I derived no benefit from any medicine, except one prescribed to me by an Edinburgh surgeon of great eminence, viz., ammoniated tincture of valerian."

-Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium Eater

2601:188:C501:6494:20DC:2404:1618:6CD (talk) 19:13, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Valeriana officinalis_-_Niitvälja.jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for May 31, 2023. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2023-05-31. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! — Amakuru (talk) 14:24, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

phytochemicals
I have merely been trying to add a peer reviewed published article that expands the list of known alkaloids from this herb. This is relevant information to anyone interested in this plant. However, a single editor keeps revoking my changes, saying that MDPI journals are predatory. This is in spite of the fact that the article alleging that MDPI was predatory has been retracted. Are we now going to value retracted work over credible work because of one users opinion?@Zefr 128.115.190.39 (talk) 22:33, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Find more reliable sources. This revert was justified because Molecules is a MDPI journal suspected of predatory publishing - see disclaimer on WP:CITEWATCH #1, i.e., it does not have sufficient evidence of quality editing to be trusted, may require authors to pay to be published, and has a history of low-quality, non-trustworthy publications. See predatory publishing and the MDPI article. Zefr (talk) 22:42, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The article alleging that MDPI is predatory has since been retracted. Moreover, MDPI Molecules specifically (I cannot speak for all MDPI journals) has been around for a while and is generally considered trustworthy in the field of natural products chemistry.  See the following link to retraction watch:
 * https://retractionwatch.com/2023/05/08/article-that-assessed-mdpi-journals-as-predatory-retracted-and-replaced/ 128.115.190.39 (talk) 22:50, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Valerian (herb)


text:
.455 Webley

.455 Webley is a British handgun cartridge, most commonly used in the Webley top break revolvers Marks I through VI. It is also known as ".455 Eley" and ".455 Colt".

The .455 cartridge was a service revolver cartridge, featuring a rimmed cartridge firing a .455 in (11.5 mm) bullet at the relatively low velocity of 650 ft/s (190 m/s). The result was a cartridge and handgun combination with comparatively mild recoil. The .455 MK III "cupped" cartridge was rated superior to the .45 Colt in stopping power in the disputed United States Thompson-LaGarde Tests of 1904 that resulted in the adoption by the U.S. of the .45 ACP cartridge.

The .455 Webley cartridge remained in service with British and Commonwealth forces until the end of the Second World War.

Variants
Six main types of .455 ammunition were produced:

 * .455 Webley Mk I [11.55×21.7mmR]: Introduced in 1891. 265 grain (17.2 g) solid lead round-nosed bullet propelled by black powder. All subsequent .455 designs used cordite propellant. In 1894 some Mark I cartridges were loaded with cordite (identified by a case cannelure and "C" headstamp) but it was found combustion was more efficient in a shorter case.
 * .455 Webley Mk II [11.55×19.3mmR]: Introduced in 1897. 265 grain (17.2 g) solid lead round-nosed bullet propelled by 6.5 gr cordite. With the change to cordite propellant, case lengths were reduced. There are minor differences between the Mk I and II bullet shape, though these concern the internal dimensions and so are not immediately apparent.
 * (1900-1912) Replaced the Mk III until it was replaced by the Mk IV. The bullet is made of a 12:1 ratio lead-tin alloy.
 * (1914-1939) Replaced the Mk V until it was replaced by the Mk VI. The bullet is made of a 99% lead and 1% antimony alloy.
 * .455 Webley Mk III [11.55×19.3mmR]: Introduced in 1898. The famous "Manstopper" bullet intended for police, civilian and colonial use. Essentially, the Mk III was a 218 grain lead "hollowpoint" design, propelled by cordite. The cylindrical bullet had hemispherical hollows at each end: one to seal the barrel, the other to deform on impact. This bullet was soon prohibited for use by the military because it was not compliant with the Hague Convention of 1899. The Mark III was withdrawn from service in 1900 and the Mark II was reintroduced.
 * .455 Webley Mk IV [11.55×19.3mmR]: Introduced in 1912. 220 grain, flat-nosed wadcutter with cordite propellant. Designed with the goal of producing a more effective bullet than the Mark II without violating the terms of the Hague Convention.
 * .455 Webley Mk V [11.55×19.3mmR]: Introduced in 1914. Identical to the Mk IV bullet, but cast from a harder lead-alloy containing more antimony with cordite propellant. This cartridge was only in use from April to November 1914. Upon its withdrawal the Mark II cartridge was returned to service. Remaining stocks were designated for target practice and unloaded cases were loaded with Mark II bullets.
 * .455 Webley Mk VI [11.55×19.3mmR]: Introduced in 1939. A 265-grain full-metal-jacketed bullet intended for military purposes, designed to comply with the Hague Conventions. This cartridge was used during World War II. The propellant was 5.5 - 7.5 gr cordite or 5.5 gr nitro-cellulose. Cordite-loaded cartridges bear a "VI" on the headstamp while nitrocellulose-loaded cartridges are indicated with a "VIz".

In addition to the Webley revolvers, the British and Canadian armies also ordered several thousand Smith & Wesson .44 Hand Ejector revolvers, chambered in .455 Webley, in a rush to equip their troops for the Great War. The urgency was such that the earliest of these were converted from revolvers already completed and chambered for .44 Special. Approximately 60,000 Colt New Service revolvers were also purchased, in .455.

The Italian firm Fiocchi and American firm Hornady are currently the only commercial manufacturers of the .455 Webley cartridge (in Mk II).

.455 Webley Auto
The .455 Webley Auto Mk I cartridge was produced from 1913 to about the middle of World War II. This is a semi-rimmed cartridge for the Webley & Scott Self Loading pistols.

The early version of the cartridge (c.1904) had a shorter 21.7 mm semi-rimmed case with a narrow rim and a pointed bullet. A later improved version of the cartridge (c.1910) was similar except it had a 23.54 mm long case and a round-nosed bullet. The Mk 1 service round (c.1913) was identical to the 1910 version of the cartridge except it had a thicker rim.

The Mk 1 cartridge's bullet headspaced on the rim. It was loaded with a 224 gr cupro-nickel-jacketed bullet with a muzzle velocity of 700 ft/s.

Various sub machine guns were tested using this cartridge however none were adopted.

World War One use
The Webley & Scott pistol was sold to the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Navy during World War I. There were also some Colt M1911 pistols chambered in .455 Auto purchased by the Royal Navy. Although not a standard sidearm or a standard service cartridge, a few Colt M1911 "British service models" chambered in .455 Auto were sold commercially to British navy and army officers through outfitters. The service ammunition came packed in seven-round boxes stamped "not for revolvers" to prevent confusion.

.476 Enfield
Despite the apparent difference in calibre name, .476 Enfield was quite similar to the .455 Webley. The .476 had a 0.05 mm shorter case than the .455 Mark I and could be fired in weapons regulated and marked as safe for the calibre, such as the Webley "WG Army" model. This had a cylinder that was long enough to accommodate the significantly longer cartridge in which the bullet swelled out to .476" beyond the case. It would not chamber in any government-issue .455 Webley Marks I–VI. The .450 Adams (1868), .476 Enfield (1881), and .455 Webley Mk.I (1891) British service cartridges all featured a case diameter of .476 inch [12.09mm].

title: .455 Webley


text:
August Kundt

August Adolf Eduard Eberhard Kundt ( 18 November 1839 – 21 May 1894) was a German physicist.

Early life
Kundt was born at Schwerin in Mecklenburg. He began his scientific studies at Leipzig, but afterwards went to Berlin University. At first he devoted himself to astronomy, but coming under the influence of H. G. Magnus, he turned his attention to physics, and graduated in 1864 with a thesis on the depolarization of light.

In 1867 he became privatdozent in Berlin University, and in the following year was chosen professor of physics at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zürich, where he was the teacher of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen; then, after a year or two at Würzburg, he was called in 1872 to Strasbourg, where he took a great part in the organization of the new university, and was largely concerned in the erection of the Physical Institute.

Finally in 1888 he went to Berlin as successor to Hermann von Helmholtz in the chair of experimental physics and directorship of the Berlin Physical Institute. He died after a protracted illness at Israelsdorf, near Lübeck, on 21 May 1894.

Career
As an original worker, Kundt was especially successful in the domains of sound and light. In 1866, he developed a valuable method for the investigation of aerial waves within pipes, based on the fact that a finely divided powder, lycopodium for example, when dusted over the interior of a tube in which is established a vibrating column of air, tends to collect in heaps at the nodes, the distance between which can thus be ascertained. An extension of the method renders possible the determination of the velocity of sound in different gases. This experimental apparatus is called a Kundt's Tube.

In 1876, at Strasbourg in collaboration with Emil Warburg, Kundt proved that mercury vapour is a monatomic gas. In light, Kundt's name is widely known for his inquiries in anomalous dispersion, not only in liquids and vapours, but even in metals, which he obtained in very thin films by means of a laborious process of electrolytic deposition upon platinized glass.

He also carried out many experiments in magneto-optics, and succeeded in showing what Faraday had failed to detect, the rotation under the influence of magnetic force of the plane of polarization in certain gases and vapours.

Work was performed by Kundt on plant physiology and chlorophyll light frequencies absorption (Kundt's rule), centred on wavelengths of 6800 Å. This work may or may not have been complementary to E. Warburg work and theories. It was subsequently refined and expanded by R. Houston and O. Biermacher and others.

title: August Kundt


text:
Aleksandr Ptushko

Aleksandr Lukich Ptushko (Александр Лукич Птушко, 19 April 1900 – 6 March 1973) was a Soviet animation and fantasy film director, and a People's Artist of the USSR (1969). Ptushko is frequently (and somewhat misleadingly) referred to as "the Soviet Walt Disney," because of his prominent early role in animation in the Soviet Union, though a more accurate comparison would be to Willis H. O'Brien or Ray Harryhausen. Some critics, such as Tim Lucas and Alan Upchurch, have also compared Ptushko to Italian filmmaker Mario Bava, who made fantasy and horror films with similarities to Ptushko's work and made similarly innovative use of color cinematography and special effects. He began his film career as a director and animator of stop motion short films, and became a director of feature-length films combining live action, stop motion, creative special effects, and Russian mythology. Along the way he would be responsible for a number of firsts in Russian film history (including the first feature-length animated film, and the first film in color), and would make several extremely popular and internationally praised films full of visual flair and spectacle.

Puppet animation era
Born as Aleksandr Lukich Ptushkin into a peasant family of Luka Artemyevich Ptushkin and Natalya Semyonovna Ptushkina. He studied in the realschule, then worked as an actor and decorator at the local theater. In 1923 he enrolled into the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics which he finished in 1926.

Aleksandr Ptushko began his film career in 1927 by gaining employment with Moscow's Mosfilm studio. He began as a maker of puppets for stop motion animated short films made by other directors, and rapidly became a director of his own series of silent puppet films featuring a character called Bratishkin. From 1928 to 1932, Ptushko designed and directed several of these "Bratishkin shorts." During these years, Ptushko experimented with various animation techniques, including the combination of puppets and live action in the same frame, and became well known for his skills in cinematic effects work. Virtually all of these short films are now lost.

In 1933, Ptushko, along with the animation crew he had assembled over the years, began work on his first feature film entitled The New Gulliver. Written and directed by Ptushko, The New Gulliver was one of the world's first feature length animated films, and was also one of the first feature-length films to combine stop motion animation with live-action footage. (Many claim that it was the first to do this, but Willis H. O'Brien had made The Lost World in 1925 and King Kong in 1933. The New Gulliver was, however, far more complex, as it featured 3,000 different puppets.) The story, a Communist re-telling of Gulliver's Travels, is about a young boy who dreams of himself as a version of Gulliver who has landed in Lilliput suffering under capitalist inequality and exploitation. The New Gulliver was released in 1935 to widespread acclaim and earned Ptushko a special prize at the International Cinema Festival in Milan.

After the success of The New Gulliver, Ptushko was allowed by Mosfilm to set up his own department, which became known as "the Ptushko Collective," for the making of stop motion animated films. This group of filmmakers would produce another fourteen animated shorts from 1936 to 1938. The direction of these shorts was rarely handled by Ptushko, though he would always act as the artistic supervisor for the group. These shorts were also frequently based on folktales and fairy-tales, a genre which was to become the source of Ptushko's greatest success. He personally directed two of them: an adaptation of The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish fairy tale (1937) and Merry Musicians (1938). Both films were made in full color utilizing the newly invented three-color method by the Russian cinematographer Pavel Mershin.

In 1938, Ptushko began work on The Golden Key, another feature-length film combining stop motion animation with live action. An adaptation of The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino fairy tale by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, which, at the same time, was a retelling of the Pinocchio story, it predated the Disney version by two years. The film was also highly successful in the Soviet Union, and did achieve limited released outside the country. Despite its success, The Golden Key was to be Ptushko's last foray into animation.

During World War II, most of Moscow's film community, including Aleksandr Ptushko, were evacuated to Alma-Ata in Kazakhstan. He continued working in special effects, but would not direct another film until the end of the war.

Mythological epic era
At the end of World War II, Ptushko returned to Moscow and created his first feature-length folktale adaptation, The Stone Flower using the three-color Agfa film stock which had been seized in Germany. It was a more progressive and less complex method of shooting a color film than the one by Pavel Mershin, and the film apparently won a "special prize for the use of color" at the first Cannes Film Festival in 1946. With its plotline featuring a focus on character over effects and the use of mythology as a primary source, The Stone Flower set the tone for the next twelve years of Ptushko's career.

He followed The Stone Flower with Sadko (the film, which was heavily recut and retitled The Magic Voyage of Sinbad for American release, is an adaptation of a Russian bylina [epic tale] with no connection to Sinbad), Ilya Muromets (retitled The Sword and the Dragon for American release), and Sampo (an adaptation of the Finnish national epic Kalevala retitled The Day the Earth Froze for American release). Each film in the sequence was a theatrical retelling of epic mythology, and each was extremely visually ambitious. Sadko won the "Silver Lion" award at the Venice Film Festival in 1953. Ilya Muromets was another of Ptushko's famous 'firsts' in Soviet cinema, being the first Soviet film to be made using widescreen photography and stereo sound. Ilya Muromets is also widely claimed to hold the record for most people and horses ever to be used in a film (the IMDB lists the tagline for the film as: "A cast of 106,000! 11,000 Horses!").

Late career
After Sampo, Ptushko briefly abandoned epic fantasy for more realistic scripts. His first work in this vein was Scarlet Sails, a romantic adventure story set in the late 19th century. It retained much of the visual power of Ptushko's previous films, but greatly reduced the fantastical elements and the amount of special effects whilst focusing on character interaction and development to an extent not seen since The Stone Flower. Following Scarlet Sails, Ptushko made A Tale of Time Lost, a story about children whose youth is stolen by elderly mages, reintroducing a fantastical element. Uniquely for Ptushko, the film featured a modern-day, real world Moscow setting.

In 1966 Ptushko returned to the genre of epic fantasy, creating The Tale of Tsar Saltan. In 1968 he began work on the largest film project of his career Ruslan and Ludmila, which was also to prove his last. Running for 149 minutes (split into two feature-length segments), Ruslan and Ludmila was a film adaptation of Alexander Pushkin's epic poem of the same name, and was filled with the sumptuous visuals and technical wizardry for which Ptushko had become known. The film took four years to complete, and was released in 1972.

Aleksander Ptushko died a few months after its release, aged 72. He spent his last months writing a script for The Tale of Igor's Campaign adaptation which he was going to direct despite already been seriously ill. He was survived by his daughter from the first marriage Natalia Ptushko who worked as an assistant director at Mosfilm.

American re-edits of Ptushko's films
When Ptushko's films were released in the United States, they were dubbed and re-edited, and the names of most of the cast and crew members were replaced with pseudonyms. While these practices were common at the time for releases of foreign films in the United States that were aimed at a mainstream audience, these modifications also served to obscure the Russian origin of these films to improve their commercial prospects during the Cold War.

 * Valiant Pictures distributed a version of Ilya Muromets in 1960 under the title The Sword and the Dragon. In this version the total running time was reduced from 95 to 83 minutes, and the stereo soundtrack was removed during the English redub. The character names were also made less 'Russian-sounding': 'Svyatogor' was changed to 'Invincor', and 'Vladimir' to 'Vanda'. The name 'Ilya Muromets' was, however, left unchanged.
 * Roger Corman's Filmgroup released Sadko in 1962 under the title The Magic Voyage of Sinbad. The Filmgroup version reduced the total running time from 89 to 79 minutes, re-dubbed it into English, and the character name 'Sadko' was replaced with 'Sinbad.' Notably, the "Script Adaptor" for this version of the film was a young Francis Ford Coppola. In this opening credits of this version, the direction of the film is credited to "Alfred Posco."
 * American International Pictures released a drastically shortened version of Sampo in 1964 retitled The Day the Earth Froze. The most heavily altered of the three, The Day the Earth Froze had a running time of only 67 minutes, down 24 minutes from the 91 minute runtime of the Soviet original. It was also re-dubbed into English. This film, while not having its character names altered, still had its credits heavily 'de-Russified': Ptushko was credited as "Gregg Sebelious," Andris Oshin was listed in the pressbook as 'Jon Powers' (and was described as a Finno-Swiss ski-lift attendant), and Eve Kivi was listed as 'Nina Anderson' (a half Finnish, half American beauty queen, figure skater, and stamp collector).

Mystery Science Theater 3000
The works of Aleksandr Ptushko are now perhaps best known to native English speakers for their inclusion in the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. The three re-edited films from Ptushko's epic fantasy period, The Magic Voyage of Sinbad, The Sword and the Dragon, and The Day the Earth Froze were used as fodder for the show's humorous wisecracks in its fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons (episodes 422, 505, and 617).

Though it may be considered a dubious distinction for a film to be aired as part of the Mystery Science Theater 3000 series, it is worth mentioning that the versions of Ptushko's films which were used were the heavily re-edited and dubbed versions created specifically for American release, radically different from Ptushko's originals in all but their visuals.

It is also worth noting that he has also received some rare praise from the crew; Kevin Murphy, one of the stars of the program, has professed a love for the "breathtaking" visual style and "stunning photography and special effects" of Sampo and Sadko in multiple interviews (though he erroneously credited Alexander Rou's Jack Frost, to Ptushko.) Paul Chaplin, another writer of the show, has also expressed admiration.

Sadko and Ilya Muromets have since been fully restored and released on DVD in their original Russian versions by RusCiCo (with English subtitles).

Filmography
Original Russian titles noted where possible. See discussion page for source information.

Feature films directed

 * The New Gulliver (1935) – director, script writer
 * The Golden Key (1939) – director, producer
 * The Stone Flower (1946) – director, production designer
 * Sadko (1952) – director
 * Ilya Muromets (1956) – director
 * Sampo (1959) – director
 * Scarlet Sails (1961) – director
 * Tale About the Lost Time (1964) – director
 * The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1966) – director, script writer
 * Ruslan and Ludmila (1972) – director, script writer

Other feature film work

 * Aerograd (1935) – director of combination shots
 * The Children of Captain Grant (1936) – cinematographer and director of combination shots
 * Batyri Stepey (Batyri of the Steppes, 1942) – special effects director
 * Paren iz nashego goroda (A Lad From Our Town, 1942) – special effects production director
 * Sekretar raykoma (Regional Party Secretary, 1942) – special effects production director
 * Front (1943) – special effects
 * Nebo Moskvy (The Skies of Moscow, 1944) – director of combination shots
 * Zoya (1944) – special effects
 * Nashe Serdtse (Our Heart, 1946) – special effects
 * Three Encounters (1948) – co-director
 * My Friend, Kolka! (1961) – artistic director
 * Beat Up, Drum! (1962) – artistic director
 * Fuse#3 (1962) – script writer
 * Viy (1967) – script writer, artistic director, director of combination shots

Short films

 * Propavshaya Gramota (The Missing Certificate, 1927) – animator
 * Sluchay na stadione (An Incident at the Stadium, 1928) – director, designer
 * Shifrovanny dokument (The Coded Document, 1928) – director, script writer, animator
 * Sto priklyucheni (One Hundred Adventures, 1929) – director, script writer, animator
 * Kino v derevnyu! (Cinema to the Countryside!, 1930) – director, designer
 * Krepi oboronu (Strengthen Our Defenses, 1930) – director, script writer, animator
 * Vlastelin byta (The Lord of Family Life, 1932) – director, script writer, animator
 * Repka (The Little Turnip, 1936) – script writer, artistic supervisor
 * Volk i Zhuravl (1936) – artistic supervisor
 * Lisa i Vinograd (1936) – artistic supervisor
 * Rodina Zovet (The Motherland Calls, 1936) – artistic supervisor
 * Vesyolye muzykanty (The Merry Musicians, 1937) – director, script writer
 * Skazka o rybake i rybke (The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish, 1937) – director, script writer, animator
 * Zaveshchaniye (The Testament, 1937) – script writer
 * Lisa i Volk (The Fox and the Wolf, 1937) – script writer, artistic supervisor
 * Malenky-Udalenky (The Mighty Mite, 1938) – script writer
 * Pyos i kot (The Dog and the Cat, 1938) – script writer

Awards and honors

 * Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1935)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour (1940)
 * Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (one in 1944)
 * Stalin Prize, 1st class (1947) – for the film The Stone Flower (1946)
 * People's Artist of the RSFSR (1957)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1969)

title: Aleksandr Ptushko


text:
User talk:80.212.131.45

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. You might have noticed that I reverted most of your contributions and placed your article on Ole Petter Fossum on VfD. Now, please don't take this as a personal attack, but I couldn't find any evidence anywhere on the web that Ole Petter Fossum is a notable author. I might be wrong, so if there's any evidence that Fossum has ever published anything, please enlighten me. Otherwise, please refrain from adding references to Fossum to literature articles - I have a gut feeling that you are the author in question, and Wikipedia is not meant as a tool for self-promotion.

Thanks for your consideration. -- Ferkelparade π 13:37, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.212.131.45


text:
Herbert S. Walters

Herbert Sanford Walters (November 17, 1891 – August 17, 1973) was a Democratic United States Senator from Tennessee from 1963 to 1964.

Early life and education
Walters was a native of Jefferson County, Tennessee. He was a graduate of the former Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee, and attended Carson–Newman University in Jefferson City, Tennessee, and the University of Tennessee.

Career
Walters earned his fortune as a highly successful contractor in roadbuilding. He became a prominent banker in East Tennessee. He served a term in the Tennessee House of Representatives (1934 to 1936) prior to serving in the state cabinet as Tennessee Commissioner of Highways.

Walters was appointed to the Senate on August 20, 1963, by Tennessee Governor Frank G. Clement, upon the death of Senator Estes Kefauver. He was widely viewed as a much more conservative voice than Kefauver, who "was regarded one of the most liberal of Southern Democrats". Only three months shy of 72 when assuming office, Walters was immediately assumed to be a caretaker who would show no interest in running for the balance of Kefauver's term in 1964, which proved to be correct. Political observers felt that Clement took this action in part because he intended to run for the office himself in 1964, which also proved to be correct, but was unwilling to face the consequences of appointing himself to the office in the interim, which would also led to his succession as governor by lieutenant governor Jared Maddux, an event which would have entailed additional consequences of its own. However, Clement failed to capture the Democratic nomination for the seat in the August 1964 Democratic primary, losing to Congressman Ross Bass.

Walters served his time in the Senate rather quietly, very much in the shadow of the state's senior senator, Albert Gore, Sr. He supported most of the initiatives of Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson, who became President only three months after Walter's appointment to the Senate with the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Walters voted against civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Walters' term of service in the Senate ended on November 3, 1964, immediately after the election of his successor, Ross Bass, which is traditional with appointed senators who do not seek election.

Walters also served as a trustee of the University of Tennessee. A biography of Walters, The Herbert Walters Story by author Howard Hill, was published at about the time of his Senate service. Walters is buried at Emma Jarnagin Cemetery in Morristown, Tennessee. Walters State Community College in Morristown is named in his honor. The museum in Morristown's Rose Center is named after him.

title: Herbert S. Walters


text:
The Famous Five (disambiguation)

The Famous Five is a series of novels by Enid Blyton

The Famous Five may also refer to:

Adaptations of the novel series

 * Famous Five (film), a 2012 German adaptation
 * The Famous Five (1978 TV series), a TV adaptation
 * The Famous Five (1995 TV series), another TV adaptation
 * The Famous Five (2023 TV series), a TV adaptation
 * Famous 5: On the Case, an animated series

Other uses

 * The Famous Five (Canada), a group of Canadian women who were proponents in a landmark women's rights case
 * The Famous Five (football), a Hibernian Football Club forward line during the late 1940s and early 1950s
 * Famous Five (Greyfriars School), schoolfellows of Billy Bunter
 * Famous Five, a group of United States Senators honored with their portraits in the United States Senate Reception Room
 * Spiro (band), formerly The Famous Five, a music group based in Bristol, England
 * The Famous Five, a music group based in Bath, England during the 1980s

title: The Famous Five (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Tokaji

Imperial Tokay
This is only mentioned in the "Popular Culture" section. What is it? It sounds like the best of the best, but there is no definition of it in the article. 95.149.54.104 (talk) 10:31, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

Discussion header
Juro, OK if you insist then include the Slovak terms for types of wine in this article Scott Moore 13:38, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This Juro guy is sick. Slovakian Tokaji - muhahahahaha forditas (Slovakian: forditas) :))))))

Why are you blaming ME???????? I am just collecting informations and opinions here, that's all. And ... maybe you should read newspapers and books occasionally...Juro 00:17, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Szamorodni is Polish??? Xixixixi. Just note that there is no such word in the Polish language. On the other hand, in Slovak "samorodny" means something like "grown on its own" or "self-bearing" or "self-growing". If you want to adopt samorodne into Hungarian, you end up with szamorodni. But this interpretation would not fit Hungarian national myth. And note that Tokaj means a place where two rivers conflux. In old slavic it was Stokaj. Note that there is a confluence of two rivers at Tokaj village. And a hill named Tokaj in the Slovak part of the Tokaj region. Again where two rivers conflux. Anyway, Hungarian nationalism hinges on things like palinka (palenka==distilate in Slovak, from palit == to distil), Tokaji (partly Slovak), Petofi (serbo-croat origin) etc etc...Looks like a nation with pretty low confidence...BTW note how many loan words from the Slavic languages and German the Hungarian language has. great many (Takacs = Tkac = weaver, Meszaros = Mesiar = butcher, Kovacs= Kovac=smith are some of the most common surnames in Hungary. Nr. 3 is Toth = Slovak, Nr 5 or 6 is Horvath = Croat.....) Best, AladarP

 * I just don't understand how you could make such an assumption about the confidence of a nation based upon a natural method (loanwords) by which language changes. --Stacey Doljack Borsody 16:44, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

sorry for that, it was an unintended implication. The point was that if one has low confidence in him/her-self, only then he/she comes up with national myths to justify things. And what's most funny is that many hungarian sources of national pride are actually not genuine. (similar for Czech: slivovica is a plum destilate but in Czech plum is "svestka", not sliva, like in SLovak. Or take SLovakia: bryndza is a typical Slovak sheep-cheese, but the word is of Rumanian origin with the meaning as trivial as - cheese.) The loanword issue was just a marginal note. What I really hate is the penetration of national myths into national histories.AladarP

NOTE: samorodny exists in Polish: meaning: natural. szamorodni basically is a hungarized version of samorodny of Slovak or Polish origin. But what did Poles do in the Tokaji region??? There were none (excpet for visitors, of course)! It was rather the Slovak indigenous population that named this kind of wine samorodny. AladarP

 * You don't know what did the Poles did in Tokaji?? They bought the wine (or more specifically, significant exports went to Poland and hence Polish traders visited Tokaj). If the word szamorodni came from Slovak rather than Polish then why wasn't it recorded before the 19th century (after all, Slovaks had lived in the region since before szamorodni wine even existed)? Scott Moore 15:44, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I definitely agree with you about national myths. Everyone has their national myths that get in the way of objectively studying their history and with Hungarians it is doubly difficult :) .  --Stacey Doljack Borsody 18:05, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Juro, why mixing viti/viniculture with other ongoing Hungarian-Slovakian disputes? Fifuszfc (talk) 20:48, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Aladar, the point is Scott's it was the Polish who bought the most amount of Tokaji wine in the 15-16th century. Of course, there is a similarity between the Polish and Slovakian versions of the word 'szamorodni': both are Slavic languages. Fifuszfc (talk) 20:48, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Sborsody, it is also diffucult with you, Slovakians. I wonder when can we agree even on very basic things like the continuity between the Hungarian Kingdom and the Hungarian Republic... The Slovakians are equal to Hungarians, this fact has nothing to do with the language, the viticulture or the form of rule. Sorry for being off. Fifuszfc (talk) 20:48, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Could I remind my fellow editors that this is not a discussion site. Please keep material and postings not related to writing an encyclopedic article on Tokaji wines out of this talk page. I would appreciate it if you instead invested your time in providing this article with appropriate inline citations to reliable sources. Thank you for your understanding. Tomas e (talk) 21:27, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Is Aszú berries a term for botrytised grapes? The section on Aszú wine says the process starts with picking those berries, but there's no explanation of what they are and I find very little reference to them on Google.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.177.29.74 (talk) 17:35, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Gustav III of Sweden & Tokaji wine
This article claims that Gustav III, King of Sweden, never had any other wine to drink. Now, since it was a well-known luxury product of its times, I don't have any problems in believing that he did drink the stuff, and probably liked it. But saying that he never drank any other wine is a pretty strong statement, and one that needs to be backed up with an inline reference, with page number if it refers to a book, which has to be credible. (Remember that many wine books and articles are more marketing-oriented than well-researched, and that some of their statements may need to be read with skepticism when forming the basis of an encyclopedic article.) What I do know is that Gustav III was a great francophile (French was probably the only language spoken at court), and that the wine most commonly imported to Sweden at the time was Rhenish, along with some French and various fortified wines. (I.e., a situation not entirely unlike the UK, but with probably more focus on Rhenish wine.) The contemporary poet Carl Michael Bellman, who had close connections with the court and whose lyrics frequently are about drinking, drank French wine the first time he was dead drunk, and has frequent references to Rhenish wine in his lyrics, but to the best of my knowledge, never to Tokaji. With that background, I would be very surprised if French and Rhenish wine weren't served at Gustav III's court, but a quick online search unearthed no Swedish web sources about his drinking habits. Come to think of it, some of the other claims of Tokaji drinkers should also be backed up with inline references, because this whole section is bordering on being non-encyclopedic. Tomas e (talk) 17:46, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Made a small start with citations, but RS yet to back up that Gustaf III was anything like an exclusive drinker :P  Just a small add to the Bellman note above, *somewhat* off-topic, just because it touches on an interest of mine..  it's my impression that his vast lyric references to beverages are mostly as generic as "vin" and "Bränvin" (although several mentions of "Rödt Vin" and more specific  "Hoglands vin" (Bordeaux), Frontignac (Muscat de Frontignan?) quite a bit "Mjöd" and "dubbelt Öl" and otherwise only 1 mention of Rhine I've found as in "friends [bottles] from Mosel and Rhen")  M URGH   disc.  19:02, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Manual of style
The article should begin with a straightforward, declarative sentence that, as briefly as possible, provides the reader who knows nothing at all about the article's subject with the answer to two questions:

And NOT with a big bottle. Warrington (talk) 20:16, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Not 'másolás'
This is 'máslás', a derivated form of 'másolás', his "pair" is the 'fordítás'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.224.38.121 (talk) 13:38, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Re: Famous consumers of Tokaji
This wine is famous, at least in English, as Tokay, not Tokaji. Are all, or most, of these "Tokaji drinkers" in fact Tokay drinkers?

That is almost certainly true of any of them who speak English.

Varlaam (talk) 22:07, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

hitlers wedding
i believe that at hitlers wedding in the bunker, after the wedding in the reception, hitler and his guests at the wedding in the bunker drank tokai. can anyone else find this or know of this? thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mackdiesel5 (talk • contribs) 21:55, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

http://www.tokaj.hu/dl/media/group_47ce7dc01a102/group_47ce7de4b8b15/group_47cff55dbab69/item_815.pdf <- according to that John Toland, a Hitler biographer, claimed that the wine was present at Hitler's wedding (it's on page 8) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.120.184.122 (talk) 21:56, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Where it also says: "not supported by other Hitler sources" 99.37.120.34 (talk) 15:22, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Wine of all varieties is served at plenty of weddings, and considering Hitler was a teetotaler, this probably speaks more to the wine that was on hand in his bunker in Berlin and the tastes of those around him, rather than any specific Hitlerian preference for Hungarian wine. Also, the link above states Hitler biographer John Toland mentions Tokay on Hitlers wedding (not supported by other Hitler sources).  I'd say it's way too unencyclopedic and lacks proper sources to include. -Ich (talk) 21:01, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Famous consumers of Tokaji: "In 1703, Francis Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania, gave King Louis XIV of France some Tokaji wine from his Tokaj estate as a gift. The Tokaji wine was served at the French Royal court at Versailles, where it became known as Tokay. Delighted with the precious beverage, Louis XIV of France offered a glass of Tokaji to Madame de Pompadour, referring to it as "Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum" ("Wine of Kings, King of Wines"). This famous line is used to this day in the marketing of Tokaji wines."

Madame de Pompadour was not yet born in 1703. Although the quote is truly associated to King Luis XIV, there is no way he could offer it to Madame Pompadour. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.75.158.251 (talk) 15:10, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tokaji


text:
Talk:Imaste dio

needs: Project2501a 13:39, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * lyrics in greek/english
 * ogg
 * i think that the Greek state tv has a video of mikis performing the song. i would LOVE to get my hands on all the state tv archives.... mmm, the avis i could create...

title: Talk:Imaste dio