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Liverpool Road

Liverpool Road is a street in Islington, North London. It covers a distance of 1+1/4 mi between Islington High Street and Holloway Road, running roughly parallel to Upper Street through the area of Barnsbury. It contains several attractive terraces of Georgian houses and Victorian villas, many of which are listed buildings. There are a number of pubs, small businesses and restaurants along its route, as well as some secluded garden squares. The vast majority of the street is residential, with a bustling shopping and business area at the southern, Angel, end.

History
Liverpool Road was formerly named the Back Road, one of a trio of roads with Upper Street and Lower Street (later renamed Essex Road) meeting at the Angel Inn. By the late 16th century the Back Road ran mostly through open country from Holloway Road at a point named Ring Cross to the High Street in Islington village. It bypassed Upper Street and connected with lanes across the western part of the parish. The Back Road was primarily a drovers' road where cattle would be rested before the final leg of their journey to Smithfield Livestock Market. Pens and sheds known as layers or lairs were erected along the road to accommodate the animals.

Around 1761, a turnpike tollgate was erected just beyond the Angel Inn at the entrance to Islington village at the end of White Lion Street. It was moved in about 1800 nearer to Liverpool Road, but proving a cause of accidents because of a sharp turn, in 1808 it was moved again to a final position midway between the two sites. In 1766, an Act of Parliament fixed a site for a tollgate at the northern end of Liverpool Road at the junction with Holloway Road.

Suburban development began to the south of Holloway Road around the late 1760s with the construction of Paradise Row at the northern end of Liverpool Road.

During the period after the Napoleonic Wars, a rapid rise in population put a premium on building land contiguous to London. Starting in the 1820s, plots in Barnsbury were sold on building leases and a flood of speculative building followed.

The developments along Liverpool Road were mostly on fields belonging to different owners, leading to a remarkable number of subsidiary names, including:
 * Bride, Anns, Barford, Manchester, Park, Barnsbury, Barnsbury Park, King Edward, Wellington, Strahan, Cloudesley, Elizabeth, Felix, Liverpool and Paradise Terraces
 * Felix, Seymour, Morgans, Park, Chapel and Trinidad Places; Park Place West
 * Albion, Felix, Oldfield and Lowther Cottages
 * Barnsbury and Albion Villas
 * Paradise and Mount Rows
 * Nowells Buildings

The Back Road became known as Liverpool Road in 1826, taking its name from the Tory Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, known for his repressive measures to maintain order after the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. The name change was formalised in 1868 when the Vestry decided that "the Liverpool Road be so called from the Upper Street to Holloway Road and the houses re-numbered alternately". Many of the subsidiary names continued to be used for years afterwards.

The house building developments were originally planned for the "comfortably off", wanting to move from congested central London to the more rural suburb of Islington. However, from the 1850s the new railways tempted suburban dwellers to more distant and still countrified areas. Barnsbury was gradually abandoned by the prosperous, and its houses turned into tenements and flats with absentee landlords. The 1860s saw an influx of clerks, schoolmasters, printers, jewellers, milliners, dressmakers, servants and bricklayers. Censuses show house occupancy changing from single households with a servant, to multiple household occupancy, although Charles Booth's poverty map of c.1890 still shows most Liverpool Road households as "Fairly comfortable. Good ordinary earnings". In the first half of the 20th century the street, as with much of Islington and its population, became impoverished.

Liverpool Road suffered damage from high explosives during the Second World War, including:
 * Nos. 309/311/313 Liverpool Road took a direct hit during a bombing raid on the night of 19 October 1940 and were completely destroyed. The present Wynn Court was later built on the site.
 * St Mary Magdalene school and the surrounding area were destroyed by a bomb on 7/8 October 1940.
 * Granary Square 1940/41
 * London Fever Hospital
 * On 6 December 1944 a V-2 rocket landed close to Liverpool Road at the junction of Mackenzie and Chalfont Roads, on the site of the present Paradise Park. The Prince of Wales pub was devastated, killing 68 and injuring 99 people, in the worst V-2 attack on Islington.

After the Second World War much housing in Islington was chronically neglected and damaged, and was taken into local authority ownership. Many older properties were demolished and replaced with council housing, including in Liverpool Road.

Starting about 1960 middle class and professional householders began returning to Islington, to houses which were once elegant but now, more often than not, were endowed with Victorian plumbing hardly suited for modern living. Journalists, architects, lawyers, accountants, teachers and designers were attracted by the style and size of the Regency and Victorian houses and squares and the opportunity to acquire large, characterful properties at prices they could afford, with easy access to the City of London, Westminster and the West End. Consequently, house values soon soared, a trend which has continued to the present.

Liverpool Road today houses a diverse community of different ethnicities and varying levels of income, occupying a mixture of houses and flats, which are owned or rented, both privately and as social housing.

Famous residents
No. 379 Liverpool Road was the residence of Robert Seymour, known for his caricatures and for his illustrations for The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. In 1836 he had several disagreements with Dickens over the illustrations for Pickwick, and may also have been depressed about his finances and career. In the early hours of 20 April, he walked out into the summer-house in the garden behind his home (then named 16 Park Place West) and wrote a farewell to his "Best and dearest of wives", blaming only his "own weakness and infirmity". He set up his fowling piece (shotgun) with a string on its trigger, and shot himself dead.

A commemorative plaque at no. 60 Liverpool Road marks a top floor studio where Derek Jarman, English film director, gay rights activist and author lived between 1967 and 1969. It was here he worked on artwork and costumes for Sadler’s Wells Opera’s production of Don Giovanni in 1968.

No. 533 Liverpool Road displays a blue plaque unveiled by the Huguenot Society in 2017, commemorating the British artist Peter Paillou, best known for his paintings of birds. The terrace was built in 1766 as Paradise Row, and Paillou lived in the house between 1776 and 1780.

Other residents have included:

 * Jenny Logan (1942- ), actress, most familiar as the Shake n' Vac lady, lived at no. 323
 * Anton Rodgers (1933-2007), actor, lived at no. 323
 * Jane Tryphoena Stephens (1812?-1896), actress, kept a tobacconist’s shop at no. 39 before taking to the stage in 1840
 * Laurence Edmondson (1986-present), Formula 1 Journalist, owns a flat, which he uses when not travelling with the F1 grand prix circuit.

Pubs
Liverpool Road is supplied with several pubs, formerly to refresh cattle drovers and visitors to the Royal Agricultural Hall, more recently for local residents, including:
 * The Pied Bull (no. 1; 1797, now closed)
 * The Islington Town House, originally the Agricultural Hotel (no. 13; 1865)
 * The Angelic (named after the 1985 film The Angelic Conversation directed by Derek Jarman who lived opposite in the 1960s), originally the George (no. 57; 1817)
 * The Pig and Butcher, originally the White Horse Hotel (no. 80; 1827)
 * The Regent, originally the Prince Regent (no. 201; 1823)
 * The Foxglove, originally the Windsor Castle (nos. 209–211; 1856, rebuilt 1937)
 * The Rainbow (no. 200; 1833, rebuilt 1879, now closed)
 * King’s Arms (no. 264; 1793, now closed)
 * The Adelaide Arms (no. 385; 1839, now closed)
 * Gallagher's, originally the Albion (no. 412; 1856, now demolished)
 * The Duchess of Kent, originally the Fox and Fiddle (no. 441; 1843)
 * Adam and Eve (no. 475; 1805, now closed)
 * The Victoria Tavern (junction with 203 Holloway Road; 1841)

Chapel Market and Angel Central
At its southern, Angel end, Liverpool Road parts from Islington High Street at the former Pied Bull pub. Moving northwards, the street passes Chapel Market, Angel Central shopping centre, and other shops and supermarkets until reaching Tolpuddle Street. From there onwards, the remaining 90% of the length of the street is primarily residential, with a few small businesses.

Royal Agricultural Hall
The Royal Agricultural Hall (originally named the Agricultural Hall) was the primary exhibition site for London until the Second World War and the largest building of its kind, holding up to 50,000 people.

It was built in 1862 by the Smithfield Club on the site of William Dixon's cattle lairs, at a cost of £32,000. The construction was inspired by the Crystal Palace, which had been designed for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The original purpose of the Agricultural Hall and its location were related specifically to its proximity to Smithfield, the great livestock market, and took advantage of Liverpool Road’s function as a cattle route. The hall was 75 ft high and the arched glass roof spanned 125 ft. It was built for the first annual Smithfield Show in December 1862 but was subsequently popular for other purposes, including recitals and the Royal Tournament. The most glamorous event to take place was the Grand Ball held for the Belgian Volunteer regiments during their visit to England in July 1867. Other events at the "Aggie" included military tournaments, walking matches, missionary exhibitions, musical recitals, dairy shows, balls, mule and donkey shows, revivalist meetings, circuses, dog shows, motorcycle and cycle shows, trade fairs, and in 1870 a bullfight. In 1884 the prefix "Royal" was added because of the number of visits by Queen Victoria and members of the Royal Family.

In 1943, after the nearby Mount Pleasant sorting office was bombed, the building was requisitioned for use during World War II and never re-opened to the public. It continued as a sorting office until 1971, then lay empty and deteriorating until eventually the main hall was redeveloped as the Business Design Centre in the 1980s. The remainder of the building was demolished and the main entrance moved from Liverpool Road to the Upper Street side.

The Royal Agricultural Hall features as the location for a Victorian walking match in Peter Lovesey's 1970 novel Wobble to Death, and its BBC Radio's Saturday Night Theatre adaptation.

Liverpool Road is unusual in being one of the few streets in London to have a "high pavement". This was constructed in the 1860s to protect pedestrians from being splashed by the large numbers of animals using the road to reach the then-new Agricultural Hall. As a consequence, the pavement is approximately 1 m above the road surface for some lengths of the street.

London Fever Hospital
Old Royal Free Place and Old Royal Free Square were originally the London Fever Hospital, and then from 1948 an annexe to the Royal Free Hospital. The London Fever Hospital moved to Kettle Field on Liverpool Road in 1848 from its earlier premises at King's Cross when the site was needed as part of the site for the Great Northern Railway terminus at King's Cross Station. Despite much local opposition, Liverpool Road was believed to be a much better position for a fever hospital because it was on the top of a gravel ridge, high and well drained, and thought likely to be free of the miasma, or bad air, held to cause disease.

The architect for the new hospital was Charles Fowler, who received the commission due to the influence of the Earl of Devon. The circumstances caused some controversy: a competition had been held to choose a design, and one by David Mocatta had been formally decided upon by the committee, but it was set aside and Fowler was brought in to carry out the work. Fowler designed the red-brick, colonnaded façade in Palladian style, with two wings. The front façade consisted of the front elevation with three blocks linked by single-storey colonnades very much as seen today. The central block and colonnades were intended to house offices, stores and the committee room. The Victorians used this design to disguise the wards of typhoid and scarlet fever patients, who were admitted from 1849. Behind were two flanking blocks which were occupied by 'superior class wards', incorporating the latest ideas of the time for healthy nursing.

In 1862 Charles Dickens described the hospital as "not only the single hospital of its kind in London but probably the best hospital of its kind in Europe".

The hospital suffered bomb damage during World War II, became part of the Royal Free in 1948, and eventually closed in 1975. From 1990 the surviving buildings were converted to residential use.

Holy Trinity Church
Islington is known for its large (about 30) number of garden squares, and Liverpool Road’s route is near to several, including Cloudesley, Gibson, Milner, Lonsdale, Barnsbury, and Arundel Squares. The squares mostly date to the early 19th century when they were included in building plans as an attractive and fashionable amenity to justify charging higher rents from wealthier occupants of the surrounding houses. Cloudesley Square is accessed between nos. 141 and 143 Liverpool Road, from where Holy Trinity Church is visible.

Cloudesley Square was the earliest Barnsbury square to be built, in 1826–9. The centre is occupied by Holy Trinity Church, which was designed by the young Charles Barry in the newly fashionable Perpendicular style and recognisably copying King’s College Chapel, Cambridge. A handsome painted window commemorates Richard Cloudesley who died in 1517 and bequeathed to the parish the piece of ground called the "Stony Field" (hence nearby Stonefield Street) upon which the church is built, asking that thirty requiem masses a year should be said for the repose of his soul forever. He bequeathed in his will an allowance of straw for the prisoners of Newgate, King's Bench, Marshalsea prisons and the mad inmates of Bedlam, gowns valued at 6s 8d each for the poor and a number of bequests. These are still administered by the Cloudesley charity.

The church was declared redundant in the 1960s and remained empty until 1980 when it was leased by a Nigerian Pentecostal community, the Celestial Church of Christ. Possession was returned to the Diocese of London in 2018.

Islington workhouse
Islington workhouse was formerly located off Liverpool Road. A workhouse had been operating at nearby locations since 1729, until the first purpose-built building was constructed in 1777 in spacious grounds off the passage then known as "Cut Throat Lane", now the west range of Barnsbury Street, at the junction with Liverpool Road. It ceased to be a workhouse in 1872 and the buildings were demolished and a new block erected at the south-east of the site as the district relieving offices, labour bureau and smallpox vaccination centre. No. 281 Liverpool Road, the curious asymmetrical turreted building of 1872 at the corner, was used until 1969 as the Registrar’s Office for Births, Deaths and Marriages. All the surviving buildings have now been converted to residential use.

The original Liverpool Road route passed along the present Lonsdale Place, off Barnsbury Street. Topographer Samuel Lewis wrote in 1842 that "the course of [Liverpool] road, which once passed in a direct line from the south to the front of the workhouse, and thence turned, easterly, to the top of Barnesbury-street, was changed into its present route in 1796; and by this alteration two dangerous angles, the cause of frequent accidents, were removed".

College Cross
Between nos. 220 and 222 Liverpool Road, a short road leads into College Cross. Here the Church Missionary College stood from 1825 to 1915 on the site of the present Sutton Dwellings. The college was built by the Church Missionary Society on the site of a large 18th century botanic garden.

Thomas Cubitt houses
Nos. 230-254 Liverpool Road, part of the former Manchester Terrace (c.1827) and backing on to College Cross, is one of the few developments in this area known to be by Thomas Cubitt, with segmental arched windows.

Samuel Lewis Trust Dwellings and Laycock Green

The Samuel Lewis Trust Dwellings and adjacent Laycock Green (formerly the site of the Liverpool Buildings) are on the former Laycock Farm.

"Laycock’s Farm & Cattle Lairs" started as early as 1720. Charles Laycock, Jnr. who died in 1777 was "one of the greatest goose-feeders and wholesale poulterers in the kingdom". Richard Laycock, who died in 1834 was the proprietor of one of the largest dairies in the country and one of the richest dairy-farmers of his day. Over 500 acres were farmed around Liverpool Road and Upper Street, stretching south as far as what is now Islington Park Street, formerly known as Kettle Lane. Cattle being driven to Smithfield would often feed and rest overnight in the cattle lairs which remained until the 1890s in the street named after him. His lairs were covered, and hence more profitable than many others along Liverpool Road.

In 1882 the Improved Industrial Dwellings Co. Ltd. built four sets of model dwellings, Liverpool Buildings, on part of the farm site at the western end of Highbury Station Road. These had been demolished by 1990, and the land was landscaped as a public park named Laycock Green.

Samuel Lewis was a wealthy financier and philanthropist, who left an endowment of £670,000 for the purpose of establishing a charity to provide housing for the poor. The Samuel Lewis Trust was set up in 1901 and the Samuel Lewis Trust Dwellings at Liverpool Road was the first of eight London housing projects. The estate of 323 dwellings opened on 4 April 1910 and was built by Wallis and Sons Ltd at a cost of £101,000. The buildings were designed by C S Joseph and Smithem and consist of five rows of blocks with trees between them, including notable pollarded planes, and small island gardens set in paved areas. Nikolaus Pevsner described the estate as "the best illustration in Islington of the tremendous improvement in standards of planning and humane appearance that became apparent in the best working class housing around 1900". The units each had a coal bunker, and there was a bath underneath a wooden top in the kitchens.

In 2001, the Trust celebrated its centenary year and changed its name to Southern Housing Group.

St Mary Magdalene Church and Gardens
St Mary Magdalene Church is situated in gardens between Liverpool Road and Holloway Road. It was built in 1814 to a design by William Wickings as a chapel of ease to the parish church of St. Mary's farther south on Upper Street. The site chosen had space for both the church and a churchyard and burial ground. However, its final cost, £32,636, was so high that a committee of investigation was appointed, which found that much of it was wasted thanks to an absence of a specific contract. Its design drew little praise. It became a parish church in its own right in 1894, and is now part of the parish of Hope Church Islington.

The actress Jane Russell attended a couple of services at the church in November 1954, while she was filming Gentlemen Marry Brunettes.

The church gardens are the church's old burial ground. As the land approached the end of its useful life as a burial plot at the end of the 19th century, an Act of Parliament was passed to allow the transition from remembrance gardens into a public park. Many of the tombs and headstones were removed, the land enlarged and formal rose gardens added.

St Mary Magdalene Academy
A welcome benefit of the building of St Mary Magdalene Church was a new parochial school, built at the rear alongside what became Liverpool Road, opening in 1815 on half an acre of land and catering for 400 children. It ran on the Madras System (hence the nearby Madras Place), reducing costs by using the abler pupils as "helpers" to the teacher, passing on the information they had learned to other students. On 7th/8 October 1940, a bomb destroyed the school and the surrounding area. A new building was opened in 1954, as a voluntary aided Church of England primary school, junior mixed and infants. The building was rebuilt in 2007, and the school became St Mary Magdalene Academy, with a primary school and a secondary school including sixth form.

Ring Cross
Liverpool Road ends at Holloway Road, at the junction formerly known as Ring Cross. Historian John Nelson wrote in 1811: "The wide part of the highway where the Back Road terminates has been timeout of mind called RING CROSS, probably from a cross standing here antecedent to the Reformation". A gibbet is alleged to have been in this area where criminals were publicly exhibited in chains, and may have been executed by hanging.

Transport
Liverpool Road crosses the railway lines which form part of London Underground's Victoria line and Great Northern's Northern City Line, as well as London Overground's East and North London lines. The bridge over the railway lines marks the change from the N1 to the N7 postcode.

The first tramway in Islington was opened in 1871 by the North Metropolitan Tramways Co. from the Nag's Head, Holloway Road, to the Angel via both Upper Street and Liverpool Road, and on to Finsbury Square. It was extended to Archway Tavern and Finsbury Park in 1872. Liverpool Road proved to be "probably the least revenue-providing thoroughfare of any length in London through which trams operated", and the service was halted in 1913. There has been no tram or bus service along the road since.

In 2003, traffic calming measures were introduced along the road to reduce the volume and speed of traffic. After changes in 2019 to the layout of Highbury Corner, there was a substantial increase in vehicles rat running along Liverpool Road and other nearby roads to avoid the disruption caused by the new layout, resulting in significantly increased noise and pollution. Residents are lobbying Islington Council for mitigation measures.

title: Liverpool Road


text: User talk:64.178.99.12

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:64.178.99.12


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Lftp

lftp is a command-line program client for several file transfer protocols. lftp is designed for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It was developed by Alexander Lukyanov, and is distributed under the GNU General Public License.

lftp can transfer files via FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, FISH, SFTP, BitTorrent, and FTP over HTTP proxy. It also supports the File eXchange Protocol (FXP), which allows the client to transfer files from one remote FTP server to another.

Among lftp's features are transfer queues, segmented file transfer, resuming partial downloads, bandwidth throttling, and recursive copying of file directories. The client can be used interactively or automated with scripts. It has Unix shell-like job control, and a facility for scheduling file transfers for execution at a later time.

Development history
lftp was initially developed as part of the ftpclass package. Subsequently it grew and became a more capable program (e.g., mirroring capability was added), and was renamed to lftp in February 1997. The initial goals of development were robustness, automatic resuming of transfers, and increasing transfer speed by transferring parts of a file in parallel using several connections as well as by protocol pipelining. Version 2.0 introduced HTTP and IPv6 support in 1999, more protocols were added later.

title: Lftp


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User:Freezincurtain

Christophe Lejeune is a researcher in the fields of mediated collectives, ethnomethodology and Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software. He developed Cassandre Free Software aimed to help social scientists to conduct rigorous qualitative analysis.

He also contributes to the French branch of Wikipedia and to the Open Directory Project.

title: User:Freezincurtain


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Nevsky Prospekt (story)

"Nevsky Prospekt" (Невский Проспект) is a short story by Nikolai Gogol, written between 1831 and 1834 and published in the collection Arabesques in 1835.

Summary
Influenced strongly by the sentimental movement, the protagonist of "Nevsky Prospekt" is a pathetic and insignificant romantic, the narrator is chatty and unreliable (along the lines of Tristram Shandy, the definitive sentimental novel), and realism dominates. The story is organized symmetrically; the narrator describes Nevsky Prospekt in great detail, then the plot splits to follow in turn two acquaintances, each of whom follows a beautiful woman whom he has seen on the street. The first story follows the romantic hero, the second follows his realistic foil. The story closes with the narrator once more speaking generally of Nevsky Prospekt.

The introduction describes Nevsky Prospekt, the central avenue of St. Petersburg, and its population at different times of the day. The narrator revels in the delights of the street, but he is filled with Poshlost, (defined by literary historian D. S. Mirsky as "'self-satisfied inferiority,' moral and spiritual." ) This is exemplified in the repeated admiring descriptions of mustaches, "to which the better part of a life has been devoted." The description of the street ends abruptly, and the story shifts to the conversation of two acquaintances who have decided to split up to each pursue a different woman seen on the street.

The first story told is of a young, romantic painter, Piskarev, who follows a dark-haired woman (whom he likens to Perugino's Bianca) to what turns out to be a brothel. However, his interest in the woman is completely innocent and chaste, so he is shocked by her true nature and flees. Back in his room, Piskarev dreams of her as a woman of wealth and virtue. Living only for his dreams, he develops insomnia and turns to opium to restore his ability to sleep and to dream. After dreaming of the woman as his wife, he decides to marry her, but when he returns to the brothel to propose the woman mocks him. Piskarev returns to his lodging and cuts his throat. His funeral is unattended.

The second story is of an officer, Lieutenant Pirogov. Crude and realistic, he is the romantic Piskarev's foil. Pirogov follows a blonde woman to her home, but she turns out to be the wife of a German tinsmith. Returning when the husband is out, Pirogov attempts to seduce the woman, but he is caught with the woman in his arms and is flogged. Pirogov is at first furious and determined to seek revenge, but he is mollified by eating puff pastries, reading a reactionary newspaper and spending an evening dancing.

The story concludes with the narrator's warning that "Nevsky Prospekt deceives at all hours of the day, but the worst time of all is at night... when the devil himself is abroad, kindling the street-lamps with one purpose only: to show everything in a false light."

In popular culture

 * The fourth season of "Infinity Train" was inspired by Nevsky Prospekt. Particularly, the main characters, Ryan Akagi and Min-Gi Park, were based on romantic Piskarev and realist Pirogov. In the first episode of the season, the short story is even referenced when Min suggests "Nevsky and the Prospekts" as a band name for them.

title: Nevsky Prospekt (story)


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Arnold Geulincx

Arnold Geulincx (31 January 1624 – November 1669), also known by his pseudonym Philaretus, was a Flemish philosopher, metaphysician, and logician. He was one of the followers of René Descartes who tried to work out more detailed versions of a generally Cartesian philosophy. Samuel Beckett cited Geulincx as a key influence and interlocutor because of Geulincx's emphasis on the powerlessness and ignorance of the human condition.

Life
Geulincx was born in Antwerp. He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Leuven and was made professor of philosophy there in 1646. He lost his post in 1658, possibly for religious reasons, or (as has been suggested) a combination of unpopular views and his marriage in that year. In September 1658, Geulincx became a medical doctor. He then moved north to the University of Leiden and converted to Calvinism. Initially he gave private lessons in philosophy. He was appointed reader in logic there in 1662 and professor by special appointment in 1665. Until 1662, Geulincx lived in poverty. He died in Leiden in November 1669, leaving most of his works, all written in Latin, to be published after his death. They were edited by Cornelis Bontekoe.

Reputation
Despite Geulincx's thesis that God cannot act without an instrumentality of variety, he was strongly attacked in the early eighteenth century, for example, by Ruardus Andala and Carolus Tuinman, as a Spinozist. This criticism had originated from Christian Thomasius in 1710. The attack from Andala was on behalf of the "true" Cartesians, classing Geulincx as pernicious, with Burchardus de Volder, Jean LeClerc, Frederik van Leenhof, Pontiaan van Hattem and Willem Deurhoff. Geulincx was also attacked by the Pietist Joachim Lange, as part of a campaign against Christian Wolff; and regarded with Pierre Bayle as insidiously anti-Christian by Johann Franz Buddeus.

Philosophy
Geulincx summarized his philosophy in the phrase "ita est, ergo ita sit" ("it exists, therefore it is so"). He believed in a "pre-established harmony" as a solution to the mind–body problem, dying 25 years before Leibniz's better-remembered formulation of the idea. In Leibniz's philosophy, the doctrine of pre-established harmony was linked with optimism, the notion of this world as the "best of all possible worlds". But Geulincx made no such linkage.

The occasionalism of Geulincx is ethical rather than cosmological in its inception. The first tract of his Ethics is a study of what in his terms are the cardinal virtues. Virtue according to Geulincx is the love of God and of Reason (III, 16–17; 29). The cardinal virtues are the properties of virtue which immediately flow from its very essence and have nothing to do with externals: diligence, obedience, justice, humility (III, 17). Humility divides his view of the world into two parts: one, the understanding of our relation to the world; and the other, the concept of our relation to God. Humility consists in the knowledge of self and the forsaking of self. I find in myself nothing that is my own but to know and to will. I therefore must be conscious of all that I do, and that of which I am not conscious is not the product of my own causality. Hence the universal principle of causality – quod nescis quo modo fiat, non facis –  if you do not know how a thing is done, then you do not do it. He also states a form of this principle in his Metaphysica vera. Since, then, the movements of my body take place without my knowing how the nervous impulse passes to the muscles and there causes them to contract, I do not cause my own bodily actions. "I am therefore a mere spectator of this machine. In it I form naught and renew naught, I neither make anything here nor destroy it. Everything is the work of someone else" (III, 33). This one is the Deity who sees and knows all things. The second part of Geulincx's philosophy is connected with Occasionalism as the effect with the cause. Its guiding principle is: Where you can do nothing there also you should desire nothing (III, 222). This leads to a mysticism and asceticism which however must not be taken too seriously for it is tempered by the obligation of caring for the body and propagating the species.

Works
All published in Latin, the works appearing in his lifetime were:
 * Quaestiones Quodlibeticae (1653) with later edition Saturnalia;
 * Disputatio medica inauguralis de febribus (1658);
 * Logica fundamentis suis restituta (1662)
 * Methodus inveniendi argumenta (1663)
 * De virtute (1665).
 * Opera philosophica Edited by J. P. N. Land, The Hague, Martinum Nijhoff, 1891–1893 (3 vol.)

The De virtute was the first part of the Ethica, which ran to six parts when published posthumously.

English editions of Geulincx's works:
 * Metaphysics, trans. Martin Wilson, Christoffel Press, 1999.
 * Ethics, trans. Martin Wilson, Brill, 2006.

Influence
He is cited by Samuel Beckett, whose character Murphy remembers the "beautiful Belgo-Latin of Arnold Geulincx" and in particular the gloomy nostrum (frequently repeated by Beckett to inquisitive critics) Ubi nihil vales, ibi nihil velis (roughly: "Where you are worth nothing, there you should want nothing"). In the novel Molloy (1950), Beckett's eponymous character describes himself as "I who had loved the image of old Geulincx, dead young, who left me free, on the black boat of Ulysses, to crawl towards the East, along the deck". Geulincx is also mentioned in Beckett's short story "The End".

A citation of Geulincx's method of despectus sui appears in the "Third Essay" of Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morals.

A quotation from his Ethics (In hoc mundo me extra me nihil agere posse, roughly "In this world I can do nothing outside myself") is used as the epigraph to, and in a sense the title of, A.G. Mojtabai's novel Mundome (1974).

title: Arnold Geulincx


text: User talk:65.71.70.49

title: User talk:65.71.70.49


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Étienne Gilson

Étienne Henri Gilson (13 June 1884 – 19 September 1978) was a French philosopher and historian of philosophy. A scholar of medieval philosophy, he originally specialised in the thought of Descartes; he also philosophized in the tradition of Thomas Aquinas, although he did not consider himself a neo-Thomist philosopher. In 1946 he attained the distinction of being elected an "Immortal" (member) of the Académie française. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In 2009, the International Étienne Gilson Society was created “to promote the thought of Étienne Gilson and classical philosophy in the academy and culture.” It publishes a journal, Studia Gilsoniana.

Biography
Born in Paris into a Roman Catholic family originally from Burgundy, Gilson attended the minor seminary at Notre-Dame-des-Champs, then finished his secondary education at the Lycée Henri IV. After finishing his military service, during which he began to read René Descartes, he studied for his licence (bachelor's degree), focusing on the influence of scholasticism on Cartesian thought. After studying at the Sorbonne under Victor Delbos (1862–1916), and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl and at the Collège de France under Henri Bergson, he finished his degree in philosophy in 1906. In 1908, he married Thérèse Ravisé of Melun, and he taught in the high schools of Bourg-en-Bresse, Rochefort, Tours, Saint-Quentin and Angers.

In 1913, while employed in teaching at the University of Lille, he defended his doctoral dissertation at the University of Paris on "Liberty in Descartes and Theology" ("La Liberté chez Descartes et la Théologie"). His career was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I, as he was drafted into the French Army as a sergeant. He served on the front and took part in the Battle of Verdun as second lieutenant. He was captured in February 1916 and spent two years in captivity. During this time he devoted himself to new areas of study, including the Russian language and St. Bonaventure. He was later awarded the Croix de Guerre for bravery in action.

In 1919, he became professor of the history of philosophy at the University of Strasbourg. From 1921 to 1932, he taught the history of medieval philosophy at the University of Paris. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929. As an internationally renowned thinker, Gilson was first, along with Jacques Maritain, to receive an honorary doctorate in philosophy from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) in 1930.

He also taught for three years at Harvard. At the invitation of the Congregation of St. Basil, he set up the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies in Toronto in conjunction with St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto, which hosts an annual Étienne Gilson Lecture. He was elected to the Académie française in 1946. In 1948, he was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society.

With the death of his wife, Thérèse Ravisé, on 12 November 1949, Gilson endured a considerable emotional shock.

In 1951, he relinquished his chair to Martial Gueroult at the Collège de France to devote himself completely to the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies until 1968. He knew the Jesuit theologian and cardinal Henri de Lubac. Their correspondence has been published. Although Gilson was primarily a historian of philosophy, he was also at the forefront of the 20th century revival of Thomism, along with Jacques Maritain. His work has received critical praise from Richard McKeon.

Work
Gilson undertook to analyze Thomism from a historical perspective. To Gilson, Thomism is certainly not identical with scholasticism in the pejorative sense, but indeed rather a revolt against it. Gilson considered the philosophy of his own era to be deteriorating into a science which would signal humanity's abdication of the right to judge and rule nature, humanity made a mere part of nature, which in turn would give the green light for the most reckless of social adventures to play havoc with human lives and institutions. Against "systems" of philosophy, Gilson was convinced that it was the revival of the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas that opened the way out of that danger zone.

In his time, Gilson was the leading scholar of the history of medieval philosophy as well as a highly regarded philosopher in his own right. His works continue to be reprinted and studied today – perhaps alone among "Thomist" philosophers, his work and reputation have not suffered from the general decline of interest in and regard for medieval philosophy since the 1960s.

Publications

 * La Liberté chez Descartes et la Théologie, Alcan, 1913 (reprint: Vrin, 1982).
 * Index scolastico-cartésien, Alcan, 1913 (second revised edition: Vrin, 1979).
 * Le thomisme, introduction au système de saint Thomas, Vrin, 1919. Chapter from English translation on Faith & Reason.
 * Études de philosophie médiévale, Université de Strasbourg, 1921.
 * La philosophie au moyen-âge, vol.I : De Scot Erigène à saint Bonaventure, Payot, 1922.
 * La philosophie au moyen-âge, vol.II : De saint Thomas d'Aquin à Guillaume d'Occam, Payot, 1922.
 * La philosophie de saint Bonaventure, Vrin, 1924.
 * René Descartes. Discours de la méthode, texte et commentaire, Vrin, 1925.
 * Saint Thomas d'Aquin, Gabalda, 1925.
 * Introduction à l'étude de Saint Augustin, Vrin, 1929.
 * Études sur le rôle de la pensée médiévale dans la formation du système cartésien, Vrin, 1930.
 * L'esprit de la philosophie médiévale, Vrin, 1932.
 * Les Idées et les Lettres, Vrin, 1932.
 * Pour un ordre catholique, Desclée de Brouwer, 1934.
 * La théologie mystique de saint Bernard, Vrin, 1934.
 * Le réalisme méthodique, Téqui, 1935.
 * Christianisme et philosophie, Vrin, 1936.
 * The Unity of Philosophical Experience, Scribner's, 1937.
 * Héloïse et Abélard, Vrin, 1938.
 * Dante et la philosophie, Vrin, 1939.
 * Réalisme thomiste et critique de la connaissance, Vrin, 1939.
 * Théologie et histoire de la spiritualité, Vrin, 1943.
 * Notre démocratie, S.E.R.P., 1947.
 * L'être et l'essence, Vrin, 1948.
 * Saint Bernard, textes choisis et présentés, Plon, 1949.
 * Being and Some Philosophers (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1952)
 * L'École des Muses, Vrin, 1951.
 * Jean Duns Scot, introduction à ses positions fondamentales, Vrin, 1952.
 * Les métamorphoses de la cité de Dieu, Vrin, 1952.
 * Being and Some Philosophers, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1952)
 * History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages (London: Sheed and Ward, 1955)
 * Peinture et réalité, Vrin, 1958.
 * Le Philosophe et la Théologie, Fayard, 1960.
 * Introduction à la philosophie chrétienne, Vrin, 1960.
 * La paix de la sagesse, Aquinas, 1960.
 * Trois leçons sur le problème de l'existence de Dieu, Divinitas, 1961.
 * L'être et Dieu, Revue thomiste, 1962.
 * Introduction aux arts du Beau, Vrin, 1963.
 * Matières et formes, Vrin, 1965.
 * Les tribulations de Sophie, Vrin, 1967.
 * La société de masse et sa culture, Vrin, 1967.
 * Hommage à Bergson, Vrin, 1967.
 * Linguistique et philosophie, Vrin, 1969.
 * D'Aristote à Darwin et retour, Vrin, 1971.
 * Dante et Béatrice, études dantesques, Vrin, 1974.
 * Saint Thomas moraliste, Vrin, 1974.
 * L'athéisme difficile, Vrin, 1979

Translations

 * The Philosophy of St Thomas Aquinas, edited by G. A. Elrington, translated by Edward Bullough (Cambridge: W. Heffer, 1924)
 * The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosophy, translated by A. H. C. Downes (London: Sheed and Ward, 1936)
 * Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1939)
 * The Mystical Theology of Saint Bernard, translated by A. H. C. Downes (London: Sheed and Ward, 1940)
 * The Philosophy of St Bonaventure, translated by Illtyd Trethowan and F. J. Sheed (London: Sheed and Ward, 1940)
 * History of Philosophy and Philosophical Education, Marquette University Press, 1948.
 * Dante the Philosopher, translated by David Moore (London: Sheed and Ward, 1952)
 * Choir of Muses, translated by Maisie Ward (London: Sheed and Ward, 1953)
 * The Christian Philosophy of St Thomas Aquinas, translated by L. K. Shook (London: Gollancz, 1957)
 * Gilson's "Painting and Reality" (1957), was also published in English.
 * The Christian Philosophy of Saint Augustine translated by L. E. M. Lynch (New York: Random House, 1960)
 * Heloise and Abelard (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1960)
 * The Arts of the Beautiful (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965)
 * The Terrors of the Year Two Thousand, University of St. Michael's College, 1984.
 * Christian Philosophy: An Introduction, translated by Armand Maurer (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1993)
 * The Metamorphoses of the City of God, translated by James G. Colbert (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2020)

title: Étienne Gilson


text:
USS Gurnard (SS-254)

USS Gurnard (SS-254), a Gato-class submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the gurnard.

Construction and commissioning
Gurnard′s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut, on 2 September 1941. She was launched on 1 June 1942, sponsored by Miss Suzanne Slingluff, and commissioned on 18 September 1942.

Atlantic Patrol
Following shakedown from New London, Connecticut, Gurnard sailed for Rosneath, Scotland, 2 November 1942 and reached that port 13 days later. Her first war patrol, 28 November to 27 December 1942, brought her to the Bay of Biscay where she lay off the Spanish coast awaiting German blockade runners bound for Spanish ports. The patrol was uneventful; no enemy ships were sighted and subsequently Gurnard returned to New London 9 February 1943 for repairs and alterations.

Second, third, and fourth war patrols, May 1943 – January 1944
After reaching Pearl Harbor 26 May, the submarine got underway 12 June for her second war patrol. She patrolled off Toagel Mlungui Passage and on 29 June saw action for the first time, damaging two Japanese merchantmen and surviving 24 depth charges thrown by an enemy destroyer. Varied damage was inflicted on other ships in these waters before Gurnard made her first kill, sinking cargo ship Taiko Maru at 12.88333°N, 131.81667°W. on 11 June 1943. Having expended all torpedoes, the submarine returned via Midway Island to Pearl Harbor, arriving 26 July for refit.

On 6 September, she set sail once again, this time heading towards the South China Sea for her third war patrol. In the early hours of 7 October, a five-ship convoy came into view, prompting Gurnard to initiate a pursuit. By 01:39 on 8 October, Gurnard had closed in on the convoy and successfully sunk the cargo ship Taian Maru and the passenger-cargo ship Dainichi Maru west of Luzon. This highly successful patrol concluded on 28 October when Gurnard arrived at Pearl Harbor.

One month later she sailed on her fourth patrol to prowl off the southeast coast of Honshū and soon found good hunting. A convoy was sighted 24 December and at 07:10 Gurnard attacked. Two minutes later cargo ship Seizan Maru No. 2 had broken in two and sunk; she was soon joined by cargo ship Tofuku Maru. Japanese destroyers attacked the submarine with over 80 depth charges without success. After damaging another merchantman on 27 December, Gurnard returned to Pearl Harbor 7 January 1944. From there she was sent Stateside for overhaul.

Fifth, sixth, and seventh war patrols, April – November 1944
Following overhaul at San Francisco Gurnard departed Pearl Harbor 16 April on her fifth war patrol, bound for the eastern Celebes Sea. On this patrol she chalked up one of the highest single-patrol tonnage scores of the Pacific war, attacking the Take Ichi convoy on 6 May and sinking 6,886-ton cargo ship Tenshinzan Maru, 6,995-ton passenger-cargo vessel Taijima Maru, and 5,824-ton passenger-cargo ship Aden Maru. Nearly a hundred depth charges rained down around her but she eluded the hunters and escaped undamaged. This vital convoy carried 40,000 troops intended to oppose Gen. MacArthur in New Guinea, and the embarked units suffered losses of nearly 50 percent. Gurnard's next kill occurred 24 May when several torpedoes sent to the bottom the 10,090-ton tanker Tatekawa Maru. No further opportunities presented themselves; and Gurnard put in at Fremantle, 11 June 1944 with the completion of the patrol.

The submarine stood out on her sixth patrol 8 July for the Banda, Molucca, Celebes, Sulu, and Mindanao Seas. After topping off at Darwin she patrolled off the Peleng Straits and damaged one merchantman before returning to Fremantle 5 September.

Gurnard's seventh patrol commenced 9 October after refit. While cruising off Borneo, she detected a five-ship enemy convoy. A successful attack was pressed home 3 November at the end of an 18-hour hunt, and two torpedoes demolished cargo ship Taimei Maru. Gurnard returned to her Australian port 17 November after this victory.

Eighth and ninth war patrols, December 1944 – May 1945
The submarine's eighth and ninth patrols (11 December 1944 – 1 February 1945 and 10 March – 9 May 1945) included reconnaissance off Camranh Bay and patrols with submarines USS Hammerhead (SS-364) and USS Boarfish (SS-327), but hunting was poor and no ships were sunk. Gurnard finished her final patrol at Pearl Harbor 9 May and put in at Mare Island, California, nine days later for a major overhaul. Following a round-trip voyage thence to Pearl Harbor and Midway, she returned to San Francisco 11 September 1945 and decommissioned there 27 November 1945.

Gurnard remained in reserve until 1 July 1949 when she reported to the San Francisco Naval Shipyard for activation as an armory for naval reserve submarine training. Towed to Pearl Harbor 27 November to 9 December 1949, the submarine served there until returning under tow to Tacoma, Wash., 18 May 1953 to continue reserve training duties in that port until June 1960. She was then inactivated in preparation for disposal. Her name was stricken from the Navy List 1 May 1961. She was sold for scrapping 26 September 1961 to the National Metal and Steel Corporation, Terminal Island, Los Angeles, California

Awards

 * U.S. Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg Navy Unit Commendation
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with six battle stars for service in World War II

Gurnard′s war patrols numbers two through seven were designated "successful."

title: USS Gurnard (SS-254)


text:
User talk:Freezincurtain

Hi Christophe, please be aware that your Userpage in enWikipedia ist called User:Freezincurtain not Utilisateur:Freezincurtain. Greets guety is talking english bad 08:01, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

== Proposed deletion of Cassandre software ==

The article Cassandre software has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No indication that this software is notable. No significant secondary sources. Web hits are all lists and download sources. Zhou reference does not apparently support Cassandre. Article has not passed review."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Rhadow (talk) 16:56, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

Dear Rhadow,

Thank you for noticing me about this warning. I am currently working to improve the page (namely in matter of notability). I am going to remove the message announcing the deletion in order to avoid that the article is deleted while I am working on it. Given September is extremely busy, this will take a bit more then 7 days. Please do not hesitate to give me piece of advice if I am doing something wrong.

Thank you for your help, Christophe

title: User talk:Freezincurtain


text:
Imperium (disambiguation)

Imperium refers to a legal concept of authority in Roman antiquity

Imperium may also refer to:
 * the authority of an imperator, as a special class of official in the Roman Republic
 * during the Roman Empire, the authority of the Roman emperors
 * Imperium Romanum, the Roman Empire
 * Imperium Romanum Sacrum, the Holy Roman Empire
 * any Empire

Film and television

 * Imperium (film series), TV movie series on the Julio-Claudian Dynasty
 * Imperium (TV series), 2012 Spanish TV series
 * Imperium (2016 film), film starring Daniel Radcliffe as an undercover FBI agent

Games

 * Imperium (board game), a science fiction board wargame
 * Imperium: Third Millennium, a new edition of the Imperium board game
 * Imperium (Warhammer 40,000), a galactic empire in the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe
 * Imperium (Traveller), a galactic empire in the fictional Traveller role-playing game universe
 * Imperium (1990 video game), developed by Electronic Arts for the Amiga, Atari ST and DOS
 * Imperium (1992 video game), developed by Vic Tokai for the Super NES/Super Famicom system
 * Imperium Galactica, a 1997 videogame developed by Digital Reality for DOS and Windows systems, which in turn spawned a sequel: Imperium Galactica II: Alliances (1999 video game).

Literature

 * Imperium (Harris novel), a 2006 novel by Robert Harris
 * Imperium (play cycle), 2017 theatre adaptation of the novel and its two sequels
 * Imperium (Kapuściński book), a 1993 book by Ryszard Kapuściński
 * Imperium (Kracht novel), a 2012 novel by Christian Kracht
 * Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics, a 1947 book by Francis Parker Yockey (using the pen name Ulick Varange)
 * The Imperium, a fictional race in the novel Worlds of the Imperium by Keith Laumer

Music

 * Imperium (Current 93 album)
 * Imperium (Blouse album), 2013
 * Imperium (Hunter album), 2013
 * "Imperium" (Madeon song), 2014
 * "Imperium" (Machine Head song)

Other uses

 * Imperium, play by the Austrian writer and director Götz Spielmann
 * Imperium (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling stable in WWE

title: Imperium (disambiguation)


text:
User:Urban-b

(Note: Please do not edit this page. Direct all comments to my User talk page.)

Being part of Wikipedia since June 22, 2004 I work on articles dealing with Berlin, Public Transport, Lighthouses and Australia.

urban-b 13:46, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Urban-b


text:
Category:Requested moves

This category is for pages being discussed on Requested moves. Please do not move any articles without approval from that page. This category is populated by Requested move/dated and User:RMCD bot/multimove. Please do not directly add this category to a page (other than Requested moves and its subpages).

title: Category:Requested moves


text:
Scientific essentialism

Scientific essentialism, a view espoused by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam, maintains that there exist essential properties that objects possess (or instantiate) necessarily. In other words, having such and such essential properties is a necessary condition for membership in a given natural kind. For example, tigers are tigers in virtue of possessing a particular set of genetic properties, but identifying (or appearance-based) properties are nonessential properties. If a tiger lost a leg, or didn't possess stripes, we would still call it a tiger. They are not necessary for being a member of the class of tigers.

It is important, however, that the set of essential properties of an object not be used to identify or be identified with that object because they are not necessary and sufficient, but only necessary. Having such and such a genetic code does not suffice for being a tiger. We wouldn't call a piece of tiger tail a tiger, even though a piece of tiger tail contains the genetic information essential to being a tiger.

Other advocates of scientific essentialism include Brian Ellis, Caroline Lierse, John Bigelow, and Alexander Bird.

title: Scientific essentialism


text:
User talk:Cialis~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 08:06, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cialis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cialis~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:06, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cialis~enwiki


text: User:Jhertel

title: User:Jhertel


text:
Template talk:Bio-stub

formatting
Does this really need a  tag inside the  ? It seems to make an awfully big dead space above it. --Phil | Talk 08:11, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

Protected
When I edited this it still said WARNING: This page has been locked so that only administrators can edit it. which is not quite true... pfctdayelise 21:59, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the protection log, the protection level was modified earlier today. It was changed to only block new and unregistered users. --TheParanoidOne 22:37, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I know, since I am not an admin, and I requested the unprotection. :P But the warning message is not accurate. I don't know where that comes from so perhaps this is actually a problem on all semi-protected pages? pfctdayelise 23:02, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Sortkey
I saw some stubs with a parameter, and realized that could be used as a sortkey for the categories. Of course this would require changing all the other biological stub types. The appropriate section would be changed to  (for some reason using &#124 didn't work). (I'm sure there's a better place for this, let me try to figure out where.) TimBentley (talk) 02:25, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Request
Could you please add this link el:Πρότυπο:Βιογραφία-επέκταση  to the list of interwikis? Thank you in advance. Atlantia (talk) 11:10, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

Unlink request
Please remove the link to 'biography', which is just an ordinary dictionary word, per WP:OVERLINK. Colonies Chris (talk) 17:27, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Reaper Eternal (talk) 14:39, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 21 September 2015
Alhallak (talk) 20:48, 21 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Please also find a WP:CONSENSUS before using the edit template-protected. Qed237 (talk) 20:55, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

Could a Bio-stub be created for Wilmot Max Ramsay "Jamaican American politician and Civil Rights leader"? Brett125 (talk) 19:16, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 19 March 2023
Change "File:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.png" to "File:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.svg". --Minorax «¦talk¦» 08:43, 19 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅.  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'er there 13:30, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Bio-stub


text: Category:Finnish scientists

title: Category:Finnish scientists


text:
User:Nortexoid

I enjoy cheese and symbols.

Interests

 * logic (philosophical, mathematical, philosophy of)
 * philosophy and foundations of mathematics
 * proof and model theory
 * philosophy of language
 * ontology (of mathematics and modality)

Created articles

 * Branching quantifier
 * Predicate abstraction
 * Empty domain
 * Truth-value semantics
 * Computation problem
 * Free logic
 * Proof procedure
 * Trakhtenbrot's theorem
 * Conditioned disjunction
 * Lindenbaum's lemma
 * Lindstrom's theorem
 * Cyclic negation
 * Supervaluationism
 * Effectively calculable
 * Craig's theorem
 * Conditional quantifier
 * Beth definability
 * Classical modal logic
 * Regular modal logic
 * Finite model property
 * Window operator

title: User:Nortexoid


text:
Talk:List of mobile telephones running Linux

Motorola a780 should be added

 * If it runs linux, pls add. Maybe I will after a few days.--Jondel 09:22, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Merge
This should be merged with smartphone, because there are currently only a few Linux based phones


text:
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum

Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum is a museum and art gallery in Glasgow, Scotland, managed by Glasgow Museums. The building is located in Kelvingrove Park in the West End of the city, adjacent to Argyle Street. Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum is one of Scotland's most popular museums and free visitor attractions.

The art gallery and museum opened in 1901, and the collection encompasses natural history, Egyptian antiquities, design, architecture, medieval arms and armoury, Scottish history and the history of Glasgow. The building also houses one of Europe’s great civic art collections, including Scottish, European, African, Asian and Oceanic fine and decorative arts.

Kelvingrove re-opened in 2006 after a three-year, £27 million refurbishment and restoration, with the collections re-organised into two halves: Life and Expression. The Life galleries represent natural history, human history and prehistory. The Expression galleries include the fine art collections. The 22 galleries display over 8,000 objects. Notable exhibits include Salvador Dali’s Christ of St John of the Cross, Sir Roger the Asian elephant, the Avant armour, and paintings by the Glasgow Boys and the Scottish Colourists.

Original museum
The original Kelvingrove Museum opened in 1870 as the City Industrial Museum, Glasgow's first municipal museum. It was housed in Kelvingrove House, a mansion which was built in 1783 and was originally the home of Lord Provost Patrick Colquhoun. Kelvingrove House stood to the east of the present art gallery museum, on the site now occupied by Kelvingrove Park's skatepark. The Kelvingrove Museum's growing collection led to a new wing being added to the house between 1874 and 1876. The original Kelvingrove House was demolished in 1899, with the museum wing being demolished in 1911.

Creation (1888–1901)
The construction of Kelvingrove was partly financed by the proceeds of the 1888 International Exhibition held in Kelvingrove Park. The gallery was designed by Sir John W. Simpson and E.J. Milner Allen, and opened in 1901 as the Palace of Fine Arts for the Glasgow International Exhibition held in that year. It is built in a Spanish Baroque style, follows the Glaswegian tradition of using Locharbriggs red sandstone, and includes an entire program of architectural sculpture by George Frampton, William Shirreffs, Francis Derwent Wood and other sculptors.

The centrepiece of the Centre Hall is a concert pipe organ constructed and installed by Lewis & Co. The organ was originally commissioned as part of the Glasgow International Exhibition, held in Kelvingrove Park in 1901. The organ was installed in the concert hall of the exhibition, which was capable of seating 3,000 people. The Centre Hall of the then newly completed Art Gallery and Museum was intended from the beginning to be a space in which to hold concerts. When the 1901 exhibition ended, a Councillor urged the Glasgow Corporation (now Glasgow Council) to purchase the organ, stating that without it, "the art gallery would be a body without a soul". Purchase price and installation costs were met from the surplus exhibition proceeds, and the organ was installed in the Centre Hall by Lewis and Co. The present case front in walnut with non-functional display pipes was commissioned at this time from John W. Simpson. Simpson was the senior partner of Simpson & Milner Allen, architects of the gallery building.

There is an urban myth in Glasgow that the building was accidentally built back-to-front, and the architect jumped from one of the towers in despair upon realising his mistake. In reality, the grand entrance was always intended to face into Kelvingrove Park.

Refurbishment (2003–2006)

Kelvingrove was reopened by Queen Elizabeth II on 11 July 2006 after a three-year closure for major refurbishment and restoration. The work, which cost around £35million, was one-third funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and one-third by public donations to the appeal and included a new restaurant and a large basement extension to its display space to accommodate the 8,000 exhibits now on display. A new layout and wayfinding scheme was introduced to make the building more visitor-friendly, which was designed and executed by London-based museum design company, Event Communications. As part of the renovations a Spitfire (serial LA198) that had previously been operated by the No. 602 Squadron RAF (City of Glasgow) was hung from the ceiling above the life gallery.

Immediately after its 2003–2006 refurbishment, the museum was the most popular free-to-enter visitor attraction in Scotland, recording 2.23million visitors in 2007. These numbers made it the most visited museum in the United Kingdom outside London that year. From 2006 to 2009 the museum had 5 million visitors.

Collections
The museum's collections came mainly from the original Kelvingrove Museum and the McLellan Galleries. It has one of the finest collections of arms and armour in the world and a vast natural history collection. The art collection includes many outstanding European artworks, including works by the Old Masters (Vecellio's Madonna and Child with Saint Jerome and Saint Dorothy, Rembrandt van Rijn, Gerard de Lairesse, and Jozef Israëls), French Impressionists (such as Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Vincent van Gogh and Mary Cassatt), Dutch Renaissance, Scottish Colourists and exponents of the Glasgow School.

The museum houses Christ of Saint John of the Cross by Salvador Dalí. The copyright of this painting was bought by the curator at the time after a meeting with Dalí. Between 1993 and 2006, the painting was moved to the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art.

The museum also contains a large gift of the decorative arts from Anne Hull Grundy, an art collector and philanthropist, covering the history of European jewellery in the 18th and 19th centuries.

title: Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum


text:
Talk:Land law

Land Laws Expansion
I added a subsection to Land Laws: Land Rights. Land Rights address the social enforcement and provision of land ownership which is critical for land laws to take hold in society. I propose that someone with extensive knowledge of the legal aspects of land ownership contribute to this article in order to create a well-rounded representation of land ownership. This would include the policies which advocate and ristrict land ownership. The social and legal facets of land ownership fully encompass Land Law. Nikidesai26 (talk) 20:21, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Can i ask something pls or can i have your advice?
 * We have a situation in Philippines that we are living in a land for 25 years and we thought that the owner of this land is my grandfather and we don't have the title of this land.5months ago,someone claiming this land and they only shown to my parents was the land survey map,what shall we do now,?thank u for your consideration to answer my questions ♥ 58.152.247.73 (talk) 07:15, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Land law


text:
Talk:Vulgarism

Comments
The assertion that vulgar words are not vulgarisms is nonsense, and contradicts how dictionaries define the word.

From the American Heritage Dictionary:

 * Vulgarism. 1. Vulgarity. 2a. A crudely indecent word or phrase; an obscenity. b. A word, phrase, or manner of expression used chiefly by uneducated people.

From the Merriam-Webster Dictionary:

 * Main Entry: vul·gar·ism
 * Pronunciation: 'v&l-g&-"ri-z&m
 * Function: noun
 * 1 : VULGARITY
 * 2 a : a word or expression originated or used chiefly by illiterate persons b : a coarse word or phrase : OBSCENITY

From the Oxford English Dictionary: Vulgarism:
 * 1. A common or ordinary expression. Obs.1
 * 2. A vulgar phrase or expression; a colloquialism of a low or unrefined character.
 * b. A popular corruption of a name. rare1.
 * 3. The quality or character of being vulgar; vulgarity.
 * b. An instance of vulgarity; a vulgar action, practice, habit, etc.

08:17, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * When you work this material into the entry, I hope you'll distinguish better between vulgarisms and coarseness. Wetman 08:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems there are two major senses (meanings) for the word "vulgarism". Certainly the one described in the bulk of the article article is one of them (corresponding roughly to AHD 2b, M-W 2a, and OED 2), but the others appear to be equally valid. Ideally the article will explain both senses, as they are both important. Nohat 09:14, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

doubts
Man, that article isn't really saying vulgarism to me. But I'm in the position of being a complainer rather than a helper here. As is often the way. Sigh. --bodnotbod 09:43, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

NPOV/accuracy/etc.
This article is terrible. The meaning of "vulgarism" we deal with in this article is obscure, and I'm guessing it's not the first definition in any major dictionay. As for the article itself, it is written pedantically, and pretentiously, and is not proper for Wikipedia. Total rewrite? I'm down. Or should we have articles on more obscure meanings of common words? Seems like either a note at the bottom of the main article or a trip over to wikitionary would be excellent in such cases. --Tothebarricades July 4, 2005 06:17 (UTC)

 * You're down indeed, I'm sure! The shifting meanings of "vulgarism" are just an introduction to the phenomenon, which is what makes an encyclopedia something more than a dictionary. If this is still just an expanded dicdef it's not doing its job yet. Is a vulgarism just imagined, or is it a fact in life? One that is perhaps even more real than a character from Final Fantasy? A shifting cluster of phenomena. But perhaps one is not really thinking of adding and refining enriching with quotes etc, so much as running big lines through text with a big crayon, leaving only what's "proper for Wikipedia"... --Wetman 4 July 2005 06:39 (UTC)

 * Here's a useful brief essay on "vulgarism" to compare to the Wikipedia entry: http://www.ranez.ru/article/id/133 Make it an External link? --Wetman 4 July 2005 07:19 (UTC)

why the hell should Objects D'Art be merged with Vulgarism?

Merging of Vulgarism and Vulgar
Vulgarism and Vulgar should be merged (bet you didn't see that one coming). Scorpi0n 03:27, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

I agree, they are pretty much exactley the same thing. Coocooforcocopuffs 20:22, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Based on what seems to be a consensus, starting merge of Vulgar into Vulgarism. -- DSGruss 02:52, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge is done, but still can be cleaned up. -- DSGruss 03:10, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

list of vulgar words website
This is a website that features all the vulgar words. Can this be put in the article so the article can list some examples of vulgar words?69.218.220.86 15:13, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No, you may not. Whoever authored that website clearly needs to get a job. We do not condone the unemployed on Wikipedia (despite the fact that many of the contributors clearly have no job). See these: job, employment, workshy for more information. Thanks. 82.163.46.227 15:32, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Besides, the referenced web page has now been disabled. Job done. Darkonc (talk) 12:40, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Re: Literature in "vulgar", i.e. the vernacular
I have removed the following claim from the article: One of the earliest pieces of great European literature written in vulgar was Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

For this reason, it's a misuse of an adjective "vulgar" as if it were a proper noun refering to a particular language; and then the claim doesn't seem to be correct as there are many other, earlier pieces of non-Latin European literature that "great". For example, Beowulf, the Old Norse Prose and Poetic Eddas, the Icelandic Sagas...all "great European literature"...all in Non-Romance languages...all written hundreds of years before Chaucer. And surely there is great Russian and Greek literature that pre-dates Chaucer, to say nothing of whatever might have been written in French, Spanish and Italian, Gothic and other Germanic languages...

There are also some problematic conceptualiztions here: If it's vernacular but non-Romance, is it non-vulgar? If so, then Chaucer doesn't count either... He wrote in English...NOT a Romance language the last we heard...

Seems to me that if there is to be a section that deals with "vulgar" as in vernacular languages, it should be worked out and sufficiently separated from the idea of "vulgarity" and "vulgar language" as it is meant today.

Emyth (talk) 18:31, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Worst page ever. POV, weasel words, original research, dubious definition...wow. I'm impressed. 71.86.123.248 (talk) 22:28, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Please feel free to pitch in and make it better. Anyone can do that. Rodhull  andemu  22:31, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vulgarism


text:
Ludwig von Pastor

Ludwig Pastor, ennobled as Ludwig von Pastor, Freiherr von Campersfelden (31 January 1854 – 30 September 1928), was a German historian and diplomat for Austria. He became one of the most important Roman Catholic historians of his time and is most notable for his History of the Popes. He was raised to the nobility by the Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1908 and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature six times.

Early life
Born in Aachen to a Lutheran father and a Catholic mother, Pastor was converted to Catholicism at ten, after his father's death. He attended a Frankfurt gymnasium, where his teacher was Johannes Janssen who introduced him to historical studies.

Pastor studied in 1875 at Leuven, in 1875/76 at Bonn, where he became a member of the student corporation Arminia, and in 1877/78 at Vienna. Pastor taught at the University of Innsbruck, first as a lecturer (1881–87), then as professor of modern history (1887). His dissertation was titled "Die kirchlichen Reunionsbestrebungen während der Regierung Karls V" (The Church's Attempts at Reunion During the Reign of Charles V). Pastor edited his mentor Janssen's eight-volume Geschichte des deutschen Volkes (History of the German People) and published it from 1893 to 1926.

History of the Popes
Janssen had made him aware of Leopold von Ranke's History of the Popes. This determined the field he would take for his own, becoming in a sense a Catholic anti-Ranke. His approach was that the apparent shortcomings of the Papacy reflected flaws of their times. Pastor consulted archives throughout Catholic Europe and, during his first trip to Italy in 1881, his seriousness ensured the patronage of Pope Leo XIII, who opened to him the contents of the Vatican Library, which had previously been held unavailable to scholars.

He was granted privileged access to the Secret Vatican Archives, and his history, largely based on hitherto unavailable original documents, superseded all previous histories of the popes in the period he covered, which runs from the Avignon Papacy of 1305 to Napoleon's entrance in Rome, 1799. He also investigated the archives of public and private libraries and archives in Italy and Europe, demonstrating an extraordinary capacity for work and rare sagacity in discovering interesting documents.

Pastor decided to begin his work with the papacy of Pope Clement V (1305–1314) and the onset of the Avignon Papacy, so that he could concentrate his research on surviving documents. His dispassionate and frank papal history concentrated on individual popes rather than on the developments of papal institutions. Pastor's tomes span the pontificates of 56 popes, from Clement V to Pius VI.

He combined painstaking scholarship with erudition. The result of his research was his Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters in sixteen volumes. The opus magnum was subsequently translated into English and published as History of the Popes From the Close of the Middle Ages.

Pastor began his work in 1886 and wrote throughout the pontificates of Leo XIII, Pius X, Benedict XV and Pius XI, publishing fifteen volumes. The 16th and final volume was published posthumously in 1930. The English translations were published between 1899 and 1953.

Academic memberships, honours and offices
In 1901, Pastor was appointed director of the Austrian Historical Institute in Rome, which he headed (with an interruption 1914-1919) until his death.

He also was a member of the Emperor Franz-Joseph Academy in Prague, corresponding member of the Società Colombaria in Florence, member of the Papal Academy in Rome, of the Academy of Cracow and the Académie Royale d'Archéologie de Belgique in Antwerp. He achieved an honorary membership of the Academy of St Luke in Rome, an honorary doctorate at the University of Leuven, and membership in the historical section of the Görres Society.

He received the positions of Commander of the Papal Order of St Sylvester Pope and Martyr, of Knight of the Papal Order of Saint Pius IX, of Commander of the Austrian Order of Franz Joseph and of the Royal Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.

Emperor Francis Joseph I elevated him to the nobility in 1908 and gave him the title Freiherr von Campersfelden in 1916. In 1921 he was appointed the Republic of Austria's ambassador to the Holy See, and died in Innsbruck in 1928.

Works
All forty volumes of The History of the Popes are available from the Internet Archive. Volumes I to VI are translated and edited by Frederick Ignatius Antrobus, volumes VII to XXIV by Ralph Francis Kerr, volumes XXV to XXXIV by Ernest Graf and volumes XXXV to LX by E. F. Peeler. The publishers vary and include K. Paul, Trench Trübner, & Co., Routledge, and K. Paul.

 * Vol. I, 1305–1447, Popes at Avignon, The Schism, Councils of Pisa and Constance, Martin V and Eugenius IV
 * Vol. II, 1447–1458, Nicholas V and Calixtus III
 * Vol. III, 1447–1464, Pius II
 * Vol. IV, 1464–1483, Paul II and Sixtus IV
 * Vol. V, 1484–1497, Innocent VIII and Alexander VI
 * Vol. VI, 1492–1511, Alexander VI, Pius III and Julius II
 * Vol. VII, 1513–1521, Leo X (Book I)
 * Vol. VIII, 1513–1521, Leo X (Book II)
 * Vol. IX, 1522–1527, Adrian VI and Clement VII
 * Vol. X, 1523–1534, Clement VII
 * Vol. XI, 1534–1540, Paul III
 * Vol. XII, 1534–1549, Paul III
 * Vol. XIII, 1550–1555, Julius III
 * Vol. XIV, 1555–1559, Marcellus II and Paul IV
 * Vol. XV, 1559–1565, Pius IV
 * Vol. XVI, 1559–1565, Pius IV
 * Vol. XVII, 1566–1572, Pius V
 * Vol. XVIII, 1566–1572, Pius V
 * Vol. XIX, 1572–1585, Gregory XIII
 * Vol. XX, 1572–1585, Gregory XIII
 * Vol. XXI, 1585–1590, Sixtus V
 * Vol. XXII, 1585–1591, Sixtus V, Urban VII, Gregory XIV and Innocent IX
 * Vol. XXIII, 1592–1605, Clement VIII
 * Vol. XXIV, 1592–1605, Clement VIII
 * Vol. XXV, 1605–1621, Leo XI and Paul V
 * Vol. XXVI, 1605–1621, Leo XI and Paul V
 * Vol. XXVII, 1621–1644, Gregory XV and Urban VIII
 * Vol. XXVIII, 1621–1644, Gregory XV and Urban VIII
 * Vol. XXIX, 1621–1644, Gregory XV and Urban VIII
 * Vol. XXX, 1644–1655, Innocent X
 * Vol. XXXI, 1655–1676, Alexander VII, Clement IX and Clement X
 * Vol. XXXII, 1676–1700, Innocent XI, Alexander VIII and Innocent XII
 * Vol. XXXIII, 1700–1721, Clement XI
 * Vol. XXXIV, 1721–1740, Innocent XIII, Benedict XIII and Clement XII
 * Vol. XXXV, 1740–1758, Benedict XIV
 * Vol. XXXVI, 1740–1769, Benedict XIV and Clement XIII
 * Vol. XXXVII, 1758–1769, Clement XIII
 * Vol. XXXVIII, 1769–1774, Clement XIV
 * Vol. XXXIX, 1775–1799, Pius VI
 * Vol. XL, 1775–1799, Pius VI

title: Ludwig von Pastor


text:
Land law

Land law is the form of law that deals with the rights to use, alienate, or exclude others from land. In many jurisdictions, these kinds of property are referred to as real estate or real property, as distinct from personal property. Land use agreements, including renting, are an important intersection of property and contract law. Encumbrance on the land rights of one, such as an easement, may constitute the land rights of another. Mineral rights and water rights are closely linked, and often interrelated concepts.

Land rights are such a basic form of law that they develop even where there is no state to enforce them; for example, the claim clubs of the American West were institutions that arose organically to enforce the system of rules appurtenant to mining. Squatting, the occupation of land without ownership, is a globally ubiquitous phenomenon.

National sovereignty
Sovereignty, in common law jurisdictions, is often referred to as absolute title, radical title, or allodial title. Nearly all of these jurisdictions have a system of land registration, to record fee simple interests, and a land claim process to resolve disputes.

Land rights
Indigenous land rights are recognized by international law, as well as the national legal systems of common law and civil law countries. In common law jurisdictions, the land rights of indigenous peoples are referred to as aboriginal title. In customary law jurisdictions, customary land is the predominant form of land ownership.

Land reform refers to government policies that take and/or redistribute land, such as a land grant.

Land rights refer to the inalienable ability of individuals to freely obtain, use, and possess land at their discretion, as long as their activities on the land do not impede on other individuals' rights. This is not to be confused with access to land, which allows individuals the use of land in an economic sense (i.e. farming). Instead, land rights address the ownership of land which provides security and increases human capabilities. When a person only has access to land, they are in constant threat of expulsion depending on the choices of the land owner, which limits financial stability.

Land rights are an integral part of Land Laws, as they socially enforce groups of individuals' rights to own land in concurrence with the land laws of a nation. Land Law addresses the legal mandates set forth by a country in regards to land ownership, while land rights refer to the social acceptance of land ownership. Landesa takes the stance that although the law may advocate for equal access to land, land rights in certain countries and cultures may hinder a group's right to actually own land. Laws are important, but they must be backed up by cultural tradition and social acceptance. Therefore, laws concerning land ownership and land rights of a country must be in agreement.

Globally, there has been an increased focus on land rights, as they are so pertinent to various aspects of development. According to Wickeri and Kalhan, land ownership can be a critical source of capital, financial security, food, water, shelter, and resources. The UN Global Land Tool organisation has found that rural landlessness is a strong predictor of poverty and hunger, and negatively impacts Empowerment and the realisation of Human rights. In order to home in on this critical problem of inadequate land rights, The Millennium Development Goal 7D strives to improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers. This includes increased land rights for impoverished people, which will ultimately lead to a higher quality of life.

Although land rights are fundamental in achieving higher standards of living, certain groups of individuals are consistently left out of land ownership provisions. The law may provide access to land, however, cultural barriers and poverty traps limit minority groups' ability to own land. In order to reach equality, these groups must obtain adequate land rights that are both socially and legally recognised.

Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
{{legend|#90ff90|full national jurisdiction and sovereignty}} {{legend|yellow|restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty}} {{legend|#ff9090|international jurisdiction per common heritage of mankind}}

Land rights and women
Several scholars argue that women's lack of sufficient land rights negatively affects their immediate families and the larger community, as well. With land ownership, women can develop an income and allocate this income more fairly within the household. Tim Hanstad claims that providing sufficient land rights for women is beneficial because, once women can exercise those rights the following will be promoted:
 * Women will be less likely to contract and spread HIV/AIDS as they do not have to resort to prostitution
 * Women will be less likely to be victims of Domestic violence
 * Their children will be more likely to get an education and stay in school longer
 * Women will be better positioned to get access to Microcredit

In many parts of the world, women have access to land in order to farm and cultivate the land; however, there are traditions and cultural norms which bar women from inheriting or purchasing land. This puts women in a place of dependence on their husbands, brothers, or fathers for their livelihood and shelter. Should there be an illness, domestic violence, or death in the family, women would be left landless and unable to either grow crops for food, or rent land for profit. Land ownership for women is a crucial form of security and income, increasing Empowerment and decreasing Poverty.

India
Kanakalatha Mukund makes the important point that although women in India have the legal right to own land, very few actually do as a result of the patriarchal practices which dominate the nation. Up until recently, Indian women have been left out of laws regarding the distribution of public land and were forced to rely on the small possibility of obtaining private land from their families. Inheritance laws which cater towards men are one of the key issues behind inequality in land rights. According to Bina Agarwal, land ownership defines social status and political power in the household and in the village, shaping relationships and creating family dynamics. Therefore, inheritance of land automatically puts men above women both in the household, and in the community. Without political pull in the village, and with limited bargaining powers within the household, women lack the voice to advocate for their own rights.

Another issue with land rights in India is that they leave women completely dependent on the lives of their husbands. A study by Bina Agarwal found that in West Bengal, prosperous families turn destitute when the male head of the household dies, as women are not permitted to take over their husband's land. Also, due to cultural tradition, the higher the status of the woman, the less likely she is to have any developed skills that would be useful in finding work. These women are forced to beg for food and shelter once their husbands die because they have not been allowed to gain work experience.

Bina Agarwal argues that land ownership significantly decreases the chance of domestic violence against Indian women. Owning property elevates women to a higher status within the household, allowing more equality and bargaining power. In addition, owning property separately from their husbands allowed women an opportunity of escape from abusive relationships. Agarwal concluded that the prospect of a safe shelter outside of the main household decreases the longevity of domestic violence.

Land rights are critical for women in India due to the heavily patriarchal society in which they live. Cultural perspectives play a key role in the acceptance of equality within land ownership. Women owning land ultimately benefits the household and society as a whole.

The most recent advance towards equality in land rights in India was the Hindu Succession Act of 2005. This act aimed to remove the gender discrimination which was present in the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. In the new amendment, daughters and sons have equal rights to obtain land from their parents. This act was both a legally and socially important move for women's rights to land. Not only did it legally mandate equality in land succession, it also validated women's roles as equals in society.

Uganda
Uganda's 1995 Constitution enforces equality between men and women, including the acquisition and ownership of land. However, research from Women's Land Link Africa reveals that women remain excluded from land ownership due to customs and deeply ingrained cultural habits. Even when women save up enough money to purchase land, the land is signed in their husband's name, while women sign as the witness. Inheritance practices are a particular obstacle which reduces women empowerment, as well. Land is passed down through male lineage which reinforces women's exclusion from land ownership. Another detriment to equality, pointed out by Women's Land Link Africa, is that women lack sufficient knowledge about the rights they have under the law to own land. Rural, illiterate women do not even have access to the new constitution which guarantees them land rights.

Although the 1995 Constitution provides for equality between men and women, there are still gaps in the law which affect women's rights to land. The law protects the rights to land of wives in marriage; however, it does not address the needs of widows or divorcees. Consequentially, these women are left landless and without the protection land offers. Also, women have a difficult time taking cases to court due to corruption and expensive trials. The trials concerning land take so long to process that many women do not even attempt to seek legal assistance.

Women's Land Link Africa provides suggestions to alleviate inequality in land ownership. Rural women can be educated about their rights through radio campaigns, community discussions, educational outreach programs, and public forums. The cultural nuances must be addressed in policies and community leaders can be educated about inclusion of minority groups. Also, the law itself can address the rights of widows and divorcees in addition to the rights of married women.

Navigating the Ground Rules: An Introduction to Land Law
Land, a seemingly permanent fixture, is constantly changing hands through purchase, inheritance, and development. Land law governs these interactions, establishing a framework for ownership, use, and dispute resolution. Understanding its core principles is crucial for anyone involved in land transactions.

The Foundation: Property Rights and Interests At the heart of land law lies the concept of property rights. These rights, as defined in Law No. 27/2021 of Rwanda Governing Land [2], empower individuals or entities to possess, use, enjoy the benefits of, and dispose of land. Ownership, the most comprehensive right, allows for complete control over the land. However, land law recognizes various other interests, such as: Easements: These grant specific rights to use another's land, such as a right of way for access (s. 102, Law No. 27/2021 [2]). Leases: Leases grant temporary possession and use of land for a specified period (s. 132, Law No. 27/2021 [2]). Balancing Rights and Responsibilities Land ownership comes with responsibilities. Landowners must comply with zoning regulations and environmental protection laws (s. 61, Law No. 27/2021 [2]). Additionally, they have a duty to avoid causing harm to neighboring properties (Section 101, The Cabinet Approved Orders to Implement New Land Law [1]).

The Intricacies of Transferring Land Land transactions require adherence to specific legal procedures. Law No. 27/2021 [2] outlines the process for transferring ownership rights, ensuring a smooth and secure exchange. This typically involves registration with the land authority and the creation of a title deed (National Land Authority [3]).

Dispute Resolution Land disputes are inevitable. Land law provides mechanisms for resolving them, such as mediation or litigation. Courts play a crucial role in adjudicating ownership claims, boundary disagreements, and breaches of land use restrictions (Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the Civil, Commercial, Labour and Administrative Procedure [4]).

Conclusion Land law is a complex but vital area of law. It underpins the foundation of real estate transactions, promotes responsible land use, and ensures fairness in resolving disputes. By understanding its core principles, individuals and entities can navigate the legal landscape of land ownership with confidence.

International law

 * Colonialism and imperialism
 * British Empire
 * Sovereignty and Common heritage of mankind, territorial dispute
 * Right to property
 * Australian property law
 * South African property law
 * Land ownership in Canada
 * Land acquisition in India
 * Israeli land and property laws
 * Chinese property law
 * Slum and right to housing
 * Mabo case
 * Water right and mineral rights
 * Indigenous land rights
 * Aboriginal title
 * Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997)

title: Land law


text:
Talk:Tiger-Tree Hash

 * My suggestion on how to write the Use in software section: "Tiger-Tree Hashes are frequently used in file sharing applications like Direct Connect and BearShare." I don't feel there is a need to explain what the Tiger-Tree Hashes are being used for, as it is explained in the first part of the article.

Hi! I am thinking of merging the Tiger-Tree Hash article into a subsection of Hash tree. I thought it might interest you. Please respond on the talkpage of Hash tree if you have any comments. --David Göthberg 01:58, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiger-Tree Hash


text:
Palace of Sports, Kyiv

The Palace of Sports (Палац Спорту) is an indoor sport-concert complex situated in the center of Kyiv, Ukraine. The complex is an independent state enterprise.

History
It was built between 1958 and 1960, to design of Mykhailo Hrechyna and Oleksiy Zavarov, as a major indoor sports arena and was opened on 9 December 1960. Constructivism Architecture, an artistic movement sporting mostly simple geometric forms was used in the design.

In the first 50 years, the Sports Palace was the venue for 16 world championships, 28 European championships, 42 championships of the USSR and more than 4,000 concerts and theatre shows as stage performances. In addition, there were around 400 exhibitions and fairs. The events attracted more than 24 million visitors.

Renovations
In 1980–1982, the Palace of Sport was reconstructed (by the Kyivproject Institute and the Kyiv Zonal Scientific Research Institute for Experimental Design). The lighting and technical facilities were almost completely modernized, the interiors and halls were expanded and otherwise illuminated, the palace was equipped with numerous changing rooms and sideboards.

The Palace of Sports was confirmed by officials as the host venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 in September 2004. However, in order to host the contest, the facilities had been brought up to the standard required by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). At the end of December 2004, work began on the renovation of the hall, for which approximately 4 million francs were allocated. Renovation works were to be finished by 20 April, however, they were completed at the beginning of May. The arena could accommodate over 5,000 seated spectators. Additionally 2,000 press delegates were catered for.

A further reconstruction took place from October 2010 in preparation to host matches for the 2011 IIHF World Championship Division I. As part of the reconstruction, the backstage space was completely re-equipped, six sports locker rooms were installed, the hall lighting was modernized, and the ventilation, air-conditioning, heating and fire safety systems were completely replaced. In addition, a modern quadrilateral display appeared above the arena. In the stands, plastic seats were installed in the colors of the national flag: the total number of seats is 6,900 for sporting events, increased to 9,800 when in concert-mode.

Events
The venue hosts indoor sports games, concerts, major exhibitions and trade fairs.

Sport
The hall hosts ice hockey, basketball and boxing competitions. The home teams have included the ice hockey club Sokil Kyiv and the basketball clubs BC Kyiv and BC Budivelnyk.

Major sporting events to be held at the arena include the 2012 Professional Hockey League All-Star Game, 2013 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship and 2013 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

Eurovision
It hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, which required the facilities to be brought up to the standard stipulated by the European Broadcasting Union. Four years later, the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009 was hosted in the venue. It is one of the two venues to have hosted both the junior and adult versions of the song contest (The other being Rotterdam Ahoy which hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 and the Eurovision Song Contest 2021).

Concerts
The Sports Palace is also a popular venue for concerts, having been the venue for Didier Marouani and Space on 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 of July 1983, Ace of Base, Backstreet Boys, Black Eyed Peas, Britney Spears, Deep Purple, Judas Priest, A-ha, Jamiroquai, Jean Michel Jarre, Moby, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Muse, Placebo, Limp Bizkit, The Rasmus, Christina Aguilera, Anastacia, Lenny Kravitz, Chris Rea, Lara Fabian, Depeche Mode, Sting, Marilyn Manson, The Prodigy and others.

Business
The Sports Palace hosts annual business events, such as: Megatraining, Dream Big Forum, Big Money Forum, Business Concentrate, and Online Business Laboratory.

title: Palace of Sports, Kyiv