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Clandon Park House

Clandon Park House is an early 18th-century grade I listed Palladian mansion in West Clandon, near Guildford in Surrey.

It stands in the south east corner of Clandon Park, a 220 ha agricultural parkland estate which has been the seat of the Earls of Onslow for over two centuries. The house and gardens were given to the National Trust in 1956, but the park remains in private ownership. Some of the house's contents have also been acquired by the Trust in lieu of estate duty.

Construction of the house, designed by Italian architect Giacomo Leoni, began about 1730, and the interiors were finished by continental sculptors and plasterers in the 1740s. It replaced an Elizabethan house. The park was landscaped by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown in 1781, and there are two formal gardens on either side of the house. On the Epsom Road, leading to the park and house, are the Grade II* 18th century wrought iron gates with armorial overthrow, which Brown installed, and the gatehouses (1776), designed by Brown himself.

Near the house is a Māori meeting house, one of only four outside New Zealand, that was brought to England in the late 19th century. After being transferred to the National Trust, the house underwent restoration before it was opened to the public, and later became a wedding venue and filming location for period dramas.

Clandon Park House was badly damaged by fire in April 2015, probably caused by an electrical fault in the basement, leaving it "essentially a shell", with only one room, the Speaker's Parlour, intact. Thousands of historic artefacts, paintings, and items of furniture were lost in what has been described as a national tragedy. In January 2016, the National Trust announced that some of the principal rooms on the ground floor would be fully restored to the original 18th-century designs, and upper floors will be used for exhibitions and events. However, the Trust has since announced in 2022 its intention to restore only the Speaker's Parlour, the external walls, the roof and the windows and conserve the rest of the house in its ruined state while making it accessible to the public.

History
The estate and Elizabethan house, together with Temple Court Farm at Merrow, was purchased in 1641 from Sir Richard Weston of nearby Sutton Place, by Sir Richard Onslow, MP for Surrey in the Long Parliament and great-grandfather of Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow, who rebuilt it. Many members of the Onslow family followed political careers; three of them, including Arthur Onslow, were Speakers of the House of Commons. Their portraits would later hang in the Speaker's Parlour at Clandon House.

The house was built, or perhaps thoroughly rebuilt, in about 1730–33 (the latter date is on rainwater heads) by Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow to the design of the Venetian architect Giacomo Leoni. It is a rectangular building of red brick and stone dressings. Clandon House interiors, completed in the 1740s, featured a two-storey Marble Hall, containing marble chimney pieces by the Flemish sculptor Michael Rysbrack, and a rococo plasterwork ceiling by Italian-Swiss artists Giuseppe Artari and Bagutti.

Clandon Park was landscaped by Lancelot 'Capability' Brown in 1776–81, replacing a French garden and transforming part of a disused canal into an ornamental lake. A porte-cochère was added to the principal facade in 1876. A sunken Dutch garden was created by Frances, Countess of Onslow at the north front of the house in the late 19th century. In 1895, the house was investigated for paranormal activity by the Marquess of Bute and Ada Goodrich Freer on behalf of the Society for Psychical Research. During World War I, the Onslow family created and managed a hospital in Clandon House for the war injured.

Slavery
The house has been described as having been built in part with the profits from slavery. Elizabeth Knight inherited her wealth from Charles Knight, her uncle. Charles was a slave trader and plantation owner. Elizabeth inherited a plantation called Whitehall in St Thomas-in-the-East, Jamaica, and the enslaved workers who worked there, producing sugar and rum. Elizabeth's husband Thomas Onslow was the founder of a ship insurance company that dealt with slave ships. The slave plantation was passed down the generations of the Onslow family. At any one time between 87 and 150 enslaved people were captive on the plantation.

Acquisition by the National Trust
In 1945, ownership of Clandon House was passed in trust to William Onslow, 6th Earl of Onslow on the death of his father, who had offered Clandon House to be used by the Public Record Office to protect government documents from destruction by bombs in the war. The family moved out to facilitate this. In 1956, the Earl decided that he wished to donate Clandon House to the nation. The house could not be donated directly by the Onslows, so the Earl arranged for his aunt, Gwendolen, Countess Iveagh, the daughter of William Hillier, 4th Earl of Onslow and a former MP herself, to purchase Clandon House from the Onslows for £1. The National Trust would only accept the house if it also received a substantial monetary endowment. This was arranged, and Clandon House with seven acres of land – including Hinemihi – were donated to the National Trust.

Historian James Lees-Milne described the house in 1942 as "dirty and in decay", and Merlin Waterson, former director of historic properties at the National Trust, said it was "much depleted when it came to the Trust". Its state rooms were almost empty, but as well as many paintings and items of furniture belonging to the Onslow family, the house also contained some 18th-century porcelain, textiles and furniture donated by Hannah Gubbay, a member of the Sassoon family.

1968 – 2014
It was extensively restored and redecorated between 1968 and 1970 by the interior designer John Fowler, who set out to "capture the spirit of the rooms and its period rather than to replicate exact historical detail". Other pieces were acquired from the National Trust's extensive collections, and notable antiques that had a long-standing association with the property were also bought for display in the house. Many historians have criticised Fowler's design choices at Clandon House. Merlin Waterson admits "he was not given clear enough guidance on what was historically appropriate". However, Neil Cossons, a historian and museum director, has noted "[Fowler] was ever anxious to avoid the "dead hand of the restorer". In these interiors nothing jarred and they were completely in keeping with the romantic taste of the period". In 1978, a parterre designed by John Fowler and Paul Miles was laid out on the south front, replacing early 20th-century flower beds.

By the 2000s, the house contained, among other things, the Ivo Forde Meissen collection of Italian comedy figures, Mortlake tapestries, and other rich textiles and carpets. Due to its extensive costs of upkeep, the National Trust gained a marriage licence for the property, and it had become a popular local wedding venue. It was also in part or whole rented out occasionally to the media for various productions, including 2008's The Duchess starring Keira Knightley.

In their 2012 At Risk Register, English Heritage described the park still owned by the Earl of Onslow as highly vulnerable, with extensive significant problems, and "unsympathetically managed thus affecting the overall integrity of the design and the setting of the house". Discussions about the development of a proposed business park were ongoing.

2015 fire
On the afternoon of 29 April 2015, a fire started in the house's basement and quickly spread to the roof. At 16:09, Surrey Fire and Rescue Service received an emergency call, and the fire was subsequently attended by a total of 16 fire engines and more than 80 personnel. While fire fighters tackled the blaze, National Trust volunteers were joined by conservators in salvaging furniture and works of art. Items were first stored on the lawns then placed in bubble wrap and sent to a local storage unit. After the fire around 600 "significant items" were rescued. The fire and rescue service remained at the property for a further ten days until the fire had been fully extinguished and then began an investigation into the cause of the fire.

A significant number of items were salvaged, but the house was left "essentially a shell" according to Dame Helen Ghosh, director general of the National Trust, with the roof, ceilings and floors having fallen into the basement, leaving just one room intact. One of the footballs kicked across no-man's land on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916 was among the thousands of historic items destroyed, but the six Victoria Crosses thought to have been destroyed were replicas – the originals were held in a bank vault. Although some paintings and furniture were rescued by staff, many tapestries and some items of porcelain were heavily damaged. A large portrait of Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow who was Speaker of the House of Commons in the early 18th century, was saved after being cut from its frame. Among the items workers prioritised to rescue were the regimental colours. An official investigation concluded that the fire was probably caused by a fault on an electrical distribution board in the basement.

Restoration project
In January 2016, the National Trust announced that a number of the principal rooms were going to be restored to the original 18th-century designs, and the "less architecturally significant" upper floors were to be fully modernised for holding exhibitions, events and performances. The cost of the restoration work is being funded by an insurance payout estimated at £65 million. A spokesman for the trust said it would also be asking supporters for donations to cover any shortfall in the budget.

Rupert Onslow, the 8th Earl of Onslow who owns and manages Clandon Park (Seat of the Earls of Onslow), whose family were the last private owners of Clandon House, criticised the decision to build "a replica" of the house, saying the money might be better spent on adding properties in need of genuine conservation to the National Trust's collection as opposed to creating a replica of Clandon House. The Earl said, "Clandon is lost. It's a ruin now. It decayed instantly. If the National Trust wants a replica, let them build it somewhere else." He also said that the last thing he wanted was a "Vulgar mock-Georgian footballers' wives house." However, the trust said the insurance policy did not allow it to spend the money elsewhere, and it could only be spent at Clandon. The Georgian Group welcomed the decision, calling the fire a national tragedy, and lending support for the restoration project, but reversed its position in September 2017 when the shortlist of design teams being considered for the restoration, and their initial proposals, were revealed.

In December 2017, architects Allies and Morrison were unanimously chosen as the winner of an international design competition to restore Clandon Park House.

In 2022, the Trust announced its intention to drop the previously announced restoration project, on account of few original features surviving, in favour of only restoring the Speaker's Parlour (the only room to survive the fire intact), the external walls and the windows and conserve the rest of the house in its ruined state and make it accessible to the public with new walkways to provide a unique insight into the construction of an 18th century stately home. The Trust also plans to add a new rooftop terrace, with the possibility of a new refreshment stand, to offer views of the surrounding countryside.

Maori meeting house
A Māori meeting house or wharenui named Hinemihi stands in the gardens. It was originally situated near Lake Tarawera in New Zealand and provided shelter to the people of Te Wairoa village during the eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886. The building was covered in ash and surrounded by volcanic debris, but its occupants survived. It remained half buried until 1892 when William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow, then Governor General of New Zealand, bought it and had it fully restored and shipped to England. There are only three other Māori meeting houses outside New Zealand.

The National Trust has refurbished the Maori meeting house, replacing the roof, cleaning and repainting carvings, and replacing carvings that were lost. The roof is thatched, based on a misinterpretation of a photograph of the house covered in ash. Its original roof was of shingles. The New Zealand Historic Places Trust and the British Museum were consulted over this work. The meeting house is still important for cultural activities among the Maori. The nature of Hinemihi and its meaning for the local and expatriate Maori community in London was explored by Cecilie Gravesen in her experimental film Between Humans and Other Things (2010). During the 2012 Summer Olympics, the New Zealand team visited Hinemihi.

Surrey Infantry Museum
Colonel JW Sewell reached agreement with the National Trust to re-establish the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment Museum at Clandon House. The museum opened in 1981 with exhibits including uniforms, medals, weapons, regalia, photographs and memorabilia. The regiment's archives and library are located at the Surrey History Centre in Woking. After being upgraded in 2001, in July 2011 with part funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund the museum merged with those of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment and the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment to become the Surrey Infantry Museum. The museum's displayed medal collection included six Victoria Crosses, including those awarded to: Lieutenant Wallace Duffield Wright; Lance Corporal Leonard James Keyworth; Corporal John McNamara; Second Lieutenant Arthur James Terence Fleming-Sandes. The museum, housed in the basement, was totally destroyed in the fire.

title: Clandon Park House


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Young Maylay

Christopher Bellard (born June 17, 1979), also known by his stage name Young Maylay, is an American rapper, record producer and actor based in Los Angeles. He is best known for his portrayal of Carl "CJ" Johnson, the main character of the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.

Early life
Christopher Bellard was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Growing up in poverty, in a crime-ridden neighborhood, amid gang violence and gangsta rap inspired his rapping career. He grew up with close affiliates of the Crips gang. Bellard is the younger cousin of actor and rapper Shawn Fonteno, who played Franklin Clinton, one of the protagonists of Grand Theft Auto V.

Early years: 2000–2005
His rapping career eventually took off in 2000, at the age of 21. With help from King T, Maylay made his first appearance in Killa Tay's Thug Thisle, with the song #1 Hottest Coast (Killa Cali) in 2000. Later he appeared in Rodney O & Joe Cooley's Summer Heat in 2002. Since then, he has been featured on many releases across the West Coast. Maylay wrote the majority of King T's album Ruthless Chronicles. He founded his independent label in 2005 with the money from GTA San Andreas and released his debut mixtape in the same year.

Pre-Lench Mob: 2006–2008
In 2006, Maylay was featured in Deeyah's single "What Will It Be" with a music video. In the same year, he appeared in DJ Crazy Toones' CT Experience, it was the first collaboration of the trio DJ Crazy Toones, WC and Young Maylay. In 2007 the trio began working in Maylay's album The Real Coast Guard. The album was released in 2008 and later that year, WC signed Young Maylay to Bigg Swang/Lench Mob.

Lench Mob days: 2008–present
Lench Mob Records were set in 2006 to put out Ice Cube's and WC's records, but later other artists were signed, like Young Maylay, who is considered a veteran by Ice Cube. DJ Crazy Toones created two blogs for Maylay, the first is called ''Who's Young Maylay? Mix Blog and the second is called Young Maylay, WC & Bad Lucc Mix Blog''.

Young Maylay is working on three albums, by himself, WC and Crazy Toones. Young Maylay is featured on two tracks by Ice Cube called "Y'all Know Who I Am" and "Too West Coast" on the album I Am the West.

In 2010 Young Maylay was featured on two tracks on the album DJ Premier Presents Year Round Records - Get Used To Us. The track "Temptation" is a solo performance, while the track "Ain't Nuttin' Changed (remix)" is a collaborative effort with Blaq Poet and MC Eiht.

In an interview, when asked about a new album, Maylay said:

Yeah, I'm working on an album. But I will not tell the title again! (laughs) And we gonna know when we're gonna drop it. But I got something that I wanna put out. I was gonna call it "Brushfires and Earthquakes", cause that's California all day. On the brushfire side I come with just straight heat spittin'. And then on the earthquake side I'm coming for that like to get out there in traffic and show you they got some sounds. But that's gonna be more or less like a mixtape. The album is in the works. I'm not trying to just take songs that I didn't use off my mixtape and put it on a CD and call it my album. I can't really put no timeline on it, we're working everyday. So it ain't the fact about getting songs done or nothing like that, timing is everything man.

OBG Rider Clicc
OBG Rider Clicc is Young Maylay's rap trio (with Young Dre The Truth and Killa Polk) the group first appeared in Young Dre's album called Revolution In Progress The Movement with the single Let's Get The Game Bacc Right. and later appeared with Compton Cavie, Dresta and BG Knocc Out with the song Wes Indeed in the Cali Luv mixtape.

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Maylay was working in New York when he received a phone call from DJ Pooh, who was in a meeting with staff from Rockstar Games. They started a regular conversation about music which, unknown to Maylay, occurred on speakerphone. Rockstar staff heard the conversation, and after the conversation between the two ended, they encouraged Pooh to bring Maylay in to audition. A few weeks after the audition, Rockstar reviewed the tapes and decided on Maylay for the role of the main character of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Carl "CJ" Johnson. When asked in 2021 if he would consider reprising the role of CJ in any future Grand Theft Auto titles if given the opportunity, Maylay stated that he would never voice CJ again due to conflicts with Rockstar Games.

Maylaynium Muziq
Malaynium Muziq is Young Maylay's own independent record label based in Studio City, California. His mixtapes were released on this label.

Discography

 * Mixtapes
 * San Andreas: The Original Mixtape (2005)
 * The Real Coast Guard (2008)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Young Maylay


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Mare Nostrum (board game)

Mare Nostrum is a board game for 3 to 5 players, designed by Serge Laget and published in 2003 by Eurogames. It was also the name of a 1983 board game in the Fronte Mare series.

Gameplay
Players assume the roles of one of five Mediterranean empires - Rome, Greece, Babylon, Egypt or Carthage. Units are placed on a game board representing the Mediterranean and the surrounding area, divided into provinces which contain one or more resources.

Players take turns in rounds of three phases:

 * Commerce Phase
 * Players receive cards for each resource they control. Once the players have taken their resources, the player who controls most caravans and markets (the Director of Commerce) chooses how many cards will be traded, and each player puts down that many resource cards from their hand.  The Director of Commerce then chooses a card from an opponent's face-up cards and adds it to their hand.  That player picks an opponent's card, and so on until all cards have been taken.

 * Political Phase
 * The player who controls the most cities and temples (the Political Leader) chooses the order in which players may make purchases. Players may buy buildings which improve resource production, military units (see Military Phase, below), or buy Heroes or Wonders which confer special advantages and count towards winning the game.

 * Military Phase
 * The player with the most military units on the board (the Military Leader) chooses the order in which players may make military moves. Players may move units around the board in order to control provinces or to attack other players' units.  Travel by sea is accomplished using ships as bridges.  Combat is resolved by rolling one six-sided dice per unit attacking, adding them together, and then dividing by five (rounding down).  That many of the opponent's units are destroyed.

The first player to do any of the following wins the game:
 * hold four Hero and/or Wonder cards
 * build the Pyramids

Game interest
Mare Nostrum is intended by the designer to be a more playable version of Civilization. The goal of the game is to bring glory to your civilization by acquiring great heroes and by building architectural wonders in your kingdom. Prominently featured in the game are historic personalities such as Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Hammurabi, as well as the Seven Wonders of the World.

The game incorporates many features found in other games, for example:
 * Resource production, management and trading (The Settlers of Catan)
 * Military strategy (Risk)
 * Diplomacy and sea travel bridging (Diplomacy)
 * Player asymmetry (Citadels)

The game itself supports three to five players, but it is best played with all five.

The game has been criticised as being too inflexible in the player's roles; for example, Rome must play aggressively while Egypt must trade. Further, players are forced (to a certain extent) into certain actions early in the game; if Egypt is allowed to acquire too many resource cards they will quickly build the Pyramids; if Rome is not then held in check they will achieve military victory. However, once the game has been played a few times these strategies become less effective and the game opens out again.

Expansions
Mare Nostrum: Mythology Expansion adds mythological and religious elements to the game. These include:

 * A sixth civilization (the legendary Atlantis), including an add on map board and pieces for a sixth player
 * Gods such as Isis and Baal who grant powerful favors
 * A High Priest role and phase in which offerings can be made to the gods
 * Mythological creatures such as the griffin, the centaur, and the phoenix
 * A variety of mythological heroes such as Ulysses, Medusa, and Hercules
 * A thirteenth resource (Pottery)
 * A thoroughly revised rulebook

title: Mare Nostrum (board game)


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Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Portugal)

The Portuguese Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (pt: Túmulo do Soldado Desconhecido) is located in the Sala do Capitulo at the Monastery of Batalha, near Leiria.

It holds the bodies of two soldiers of World War I – one from the battlefields of Flanders, and one from the African theatre – who were buried there on 6 April 1921.

title: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Portugal)


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Harold Keen

Harold Hall "Doc" Keen  (1894–1973) was a British engineer who produced the engineering design, and oversaw the construction of, the British bombe, a codebreaking machine used in World War II to read German messages sent using the Enigma machine. He was known as "Doc" Keen because of his habit of carrying tools and paperwork in a case resembling a doctor's bag. After the war he was awarded the O.B.E.

Career before World War II
Keen was born in the borough of Shoreditch in east London in 1894. By age 18 he had moved to Kentish Town and began studying Electrical Engineering. In 1912 he joined the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM), established to import and assemble American punched card technology. In 1916, Keen joined the Royal Flying Corps and was assigned to the ground staff of a bomber squadron in northern France. In 1919 he returned to BTM and married an Eva Burningham. In 1921, Keen moved with BTM to Letchworth in Hertfordshire. Two years later, he was appointed head of the Experimental Department, and his innovations there gained him the reputation as the leading British innovator of punched-card technology; Keen was granted more than sixty patents. In the 1930s he became Chief Engineer.

World War II – British bombes

A machine called the cryptologic bomb (Polish: bomba kryptologiczna) had been produced by the Polish codebreakers in their successful breaking of Enigma before 1939. It was, however, useful only as long as the Germans continued with particular weaknesses in operating procedure, which they gradually tightened up, so that the Polish success rate diminished dramatically. Alan Turing designed the British bombe on a more general principle, the assumption of the presence of text, called a crib, that cryptanalysts could predict was likely to be present at a defined point in the message. This technique is termed a known plaintext attack and had been used to a limited extent by the Poles, e.g., the Germans' use of "ANX" — German for "To," followed by "X" as a spacer.

As chief engineer at the British Tabulating Machine Company at Letchworth Keen was approached to turn these ideas into a working reality. The first bombe, which was based on Turing's original design, was installed in Hut 1 at Bletchley Park on 18 March 1940 and was named "Victory". The second bombe, named "Agnus dei", later shortened to "Agnes", or "Aggie", was equipped with an important additional feature, the diagonal board that had been designed by Gordon Welchman. It was installed on 8 August 1940; "Victory" was later returned to Letchworth to have a diagonal board fitted.

During 1940, 178 messages were broken on the two machines, nearly all successfully. Because of the danger of bombes at Bletchley Park being lost if there were to be a bombing raid, five bombe outstations were established, at Adstock, Gayhurst, Wavendon, Stanmore, and Eastcote. The bombe was referred to by Group Captain Winterbotham as a "Bronze Goddess" because of its colour. The devices were more prosaically described by operators as being "like great big metal bookcases".

title: Harold Keen


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Châtellerault

Châtellerault (Poitevin-Saintongeais: Châteulrô/Chateleràud; Chastelairaud) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in France. It is located in the northeast of the former province Poitou, and the residents are called Châtelleraudais.

Geography
Châtellerault lies on the river Vienne, a few km downstream from its confluence with the Clain in Cenon-sur-Vienne.

History
Châtellerault was an important stronghold on the northern march of Poitou, established by the Count of Poitiers to secure his borders in the early 10th century. The count's local representative, the Vicomte de Châtellerault was established as a hereditary appointment by the time of Airaud who was probably a kinsman of the counts of Auvergne and dukes of Aquitaine; his heirs were vicomtes (viscounts) until the mid-11th century.

The daughter of Aymeric I, Ænor of Châtellerault (c. 1103 – c. 1130), whose mother had been the "mistress" in the new courtly love poetry of the troubadour lord William, sixth Count of Poitiers and ninth Duke of Aquitaine, who lodged in his tower the "Dangereuse de Châtellerault", married his son, William X of Aquitaine, and was mother of Eleanor of Aquitaine.

The title, Vicomte de Châtellerault, passed in turn to each of three great French noble families: La Rochefoucauld, Lusignan and, from the thirteenth century until the French Revolution, to the family of Harcourt.

However, in return for services offered to the Crowns of Scotland and France, the title of Duc de Châtellerault (1548) was presented to James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, Chief of the Name, and regent of Scotland during the infancy of Mary, Queen of Scots, and of France. This title, though now without any benefices, remains in contention between the heir male and the heir general of Arran, respectively the Duke of Abercorn and the Duke of Hamilton. (See Chatelherault Country Park, Lanarkshire.)

Economy
From medieval times, Châtellerault was known for its cutlery and swordmaking industry, and in 1816 the commune became a center for arms manufacture for the French government. The Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault was one of France's four principal state-owned arms manufacturers, providing most of the infantry small arms used by the French Army and Navy. MAC was created in 1819, and operated continually until it was closed as a weapon manufacturing facility in 1968. It saw the creation in 1886, and later the mass production, of the Lebel rifle which was the main French infantry weapon used during the First World War (1914–1918). It also was the source of the first 500,000 production Model 1891 Mosin–Nagant rifles, as the Russian armament industry could not tool up quickly enough to produce them for the rearmament of the Imperial Russian Army.

The facility has now been transformed into the central repository (Centre des Archives de l'Armement et du Personnel) of all the French military archives related to armament matters. Archived and declassified MAC records are open to bona fide scholars and researchers upon written request.

Births
Châtellerault was the birthplace of:
 * Aénor de Châtellerault (1103–1130), Duchess of Aquitaine
 * Clément Janequin (c. 1485–1558), composer of the Renaissance
 * Jean Daillé (1594–1670), French Huguenot and Calvinist theologian
 * Charles Sabourin (1849–1920), pulmonologist
 * Gilbert Chinard (1881–1972), author, historian
 * Rodolphe Salis (1851–1897), creator, host and owner of Le Chat Noir ("The Black Cat")
 * Marie-Louise Carven (1909–2015), Fashion Designer, Recipient of the Highest French Civilion Honor, Commander of the Legion of Honor
 * Bernard Panafieu (born 1931), archbishop of Marseille and Cardinal Priest of the Roman Catholic Church
 * Benoît Cauet (born 1969), former footballer
 * Sylvain Chavanel (born 1979) and Sébastien Chavanel (born 1981), professional cyclists

Notable residents

 * Édith Cresson (born 1934), French politician
 * Jean-Pierre Thiollet (born 1956), writer

Twin towns – sister cities
Châtellerault is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Velbert, Germany, since 1965
 * 🇧🇫 Kaya, Burkina Faso, since 1976
 * 🏴 Corby, England, United Kingdom, since 1979
 * 🇨🇦 Bouctouche, Kent County, New Brunswick, Canada, since 1984
 * 🇪🇸 Castellón de la Plana, Spain, since 1987
 * Hamilton, Scotland, United Kingdom, since 1993
 * 🇵🇱 Piła, Poland, since 1994

title: Châtellerault


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Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles/Name order

The question of the order to use for Japanese names, how to present them, etc, in Wikipedia has been under discussion for more than a year; we have been debating a new policy regarding these issues. This page has been created to: Once we have settled what to do (if we manage to do so at all), then this page will remain as a historical note.
 * summarize the problems and proposed solutions
 * preserve the discussion for those who are new to the issue and are looking for justification for whatever the policy is or not at present.

[For the archive of the original voting page, see Manual of Style for Japan-related articles/Naming order/archived votes]

Poll
This poll will be closed on December 31, 2004. To vote, put your name at an option, using #, so it's easy to count the number of people who support any given option. You can indicate that you find several different options acceptable, but if so please add some text to give some more detail - e.g. "either this one or that one is OK with me, but I prefer this one". You can freely change your vote at any time.

Question 1 (order in the title)
SN=Surname, Family name or Clan name; GN=Given name or Penname

SN-GN without exception:
 * pro: simple; consistent with Japanese name order; consistent with academic books and articles (this is the method the Encyclopedia Britannica uses, except that for people who are primarily known by a single name, such as Basho or  Shiki, where they use a single name).
 * con: inconsistent with the English name order, violates current Wikipedia article naming policy in some modern cases
 * 1) Jiang there's no reason to be Western/Anglo-centric.
 * 2) Exploding Boy 17:05, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Davejenk1ns 12:23, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) Any sort of half-effort requires more effort on everyone's part: the poster, the reader, the indexer.  A Meiji division requires an explanation at every turn, a GN-SN for "popularly known" persons is subjective and inconsistent.  NOTE: As this is an English language encyclopaedia, we write the names in romaji and we explain things in English.  However, that should not extend to making everything conform to English (as in England) rules.  As hyperbole, what if this were an ancient Aramaic website-- would we go through and add "Yoritomo, son of Yoshitsune, son of..." or "George Bush, son of George Bush, son of ..." to every reference, just to conform to that language's cultural rules?  I would submit that the "current Wikipedia article naming policy" is as flexible with revision as any other element of the Wiki (thank $Diety).
 * 4) Taku. Being correct is more important than being looking conventional. We know that the underpinning contract of wikipedia is NPOV not conventionality. The use of the name order that better suits some writing system is planinly POV and cannot be an option. -- Taku 15:39, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Josh 21:44, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC): We need a more concrete standard than the one we have now, and this seems to be the more correct one. I would also be okay with GN-SN only, but I prefer this option.
 * 6) gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 05:16, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC) After careful consideration of all the options, and reevaluating some of my earlier opinions, this has become my first choice. I have listed a second choice below, but I also have strong objections to either of the two GN-SN defaults.
 * 7) —wwoods 09:02, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)  Simple, clear, and as correct as it gets. It may be confusing the first time, but people will likely appreciate not having to guess whether an article's subject was/wasn't famous in America, or was born before/after a half-remembered deadline. Every biography article needs a redirect from the GN-SN equivalent (equivalents—both with and without any macrons or other diacritics) to catch searches and links. However, there's no need to track down and fix every use of a GN-SN name in other articles.
 * 8) [[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 12:53, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC) English is one of the most flexible and adaptable languages.  First name, last name is a matter of Western tradition, not of an English language tradition.  Therefore, it is not necessary to write it first name, last name.  If clarification really needed to be made, a simple comma would suffice.  However, not having the name in Last name (suriname), first name (given name) order can be insulting to people, and especially of the person in which the article is written about.  Additionally, not having it as LN FN order makes this English version of Wikipedia culturally biased.  I say it is better for a reader to learn that typical Japanese/Chinese/Korean names are written Last name (suriname) first, then First name (given name) last.
 * 9) CES 00:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) We need a consistant standard.  SN-GN is the way to go (see the discussion section for an expanded version of my ideas)
 * 10) Kowloonese 01:28, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC) I support using the person's own native convention, not the English convention.  Since wikipedia allows redircts, the English convention title can point back to the Encyclopedia Britannica convention.

'''SN-GN for historical figures (pre-Meiji people) and some others related to traditional activities (namely, Charles Matthews's idea). Otherwise, GN-SN:'''
 * pro: least surprise (perhaps). e.g. names Junichiro Koizumi and Oda Nobunaga can live happily together.
 * con: no simple rule (case by case); issue with hundreds of figures who cross the Meji division; it could also be a problem for living people who may be well known in Japan, but relatively unknown outside of Japan.

 * 1) WhisperToMe 03:15, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) R ADICAL B ENDER  ★  04:29, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC) (wow, we've been going back and forth about this for a long time. :))
 * 3) I vote for this, and offer a simple rule: anyone born from the dawn of time up to December 31, 1867 is SN-GN; anyone born from January 1, 1868 to Armageddon is GN-SN. If you don't know, then don't be surprised if someone moves the article. That rule takes away one con. Fg2 09:40, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) See (article removed) for an article that would explain the system to users. Fg2 00:59, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Mdchachi|Talk 18:25, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC) - my second choice. I don't like a strict Meiji cut-off but think it's a good general guideline.
 * 6) Edwinstearns 16:45, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC) This is the least surprising option for me and it reflects most common english usage.
 * 7) Sekicho 04:54, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC) - This is the convention we used on E2 and it works pretty well.

'''SN-GN, with the exception of those who are usually known in the English-speaking world in GN-SN order. This is essentially the suggestion in the Manual of Style for Japan-related articles - "use the form of a person's name that is most widely known and used by English speakers" '''
 * pro: The is the order that a Japanese person's name will usually be found in reading books, newspapers, etc.; no invention of new order
 * con: no simple rule (case by case); issue with Japanese names because English-speakers usually assume that everybody's name is in GN-SN order

 * 1) gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 05:16, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC) This is my second choice, but I could live with any of the SN-GN defaults. However, I have strong objections to any of the GN-SN defaults that follow this choice.
 * 2) --Menchi 03:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) →Raul654 04:37, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)

GN-SN, with the exception of those who are usually known in the English-speaking world in SN-GN order
 * pro: consistent with English name order
 * con: no simple rule (case by case); issue with obscure historical figures; e.g. there would be Oda Nobunaga, who is well known but Nobusada Oda, who is not.

 * 1) Noel - If we systematize SN-GN, people who don't know anything about Japan (the majority of our readers) get it horribly wrong. (Which is exactly why newspapers write about Japanese politicians, etc using GN-SN, I suspect.) We aren't writing the names the way Japanese people would, either - we are transliterating them into English characters - and this is an English-language encyclopaedia. I spent all day recently being interviewed by a reporter from a Japanese magazine - and on his bilingual business card the English side gives his name in GN-SN order (which is the standard on all of these I can recall seeing) - for the exact reason that that is the standard in the English-speaking world. But I could live with any of them except GN-SN without exceptions ("Nobunaga Oda"?) or SN-GN without exceptions ("Kurosawa Akira"?)
 * 2) Mdchachi|Talk 18:21, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC) - I think the end result of this option and the one above are essentially the same but I prefer the wording of this one better because it implies that the default is GN-SN which is in keeping with the rest of the wiki ie if somebody not yet widely known is mentioned, they should be put in GN-SN order.
 * 3) Revmachine21 14:24, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) My second choice if the GN-SN option fails to pass. Redirects should be used in case people invert names.

GN-SN without exception:
 * pro: simple; consistent with English name order
 * con: how to put historical names like Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, violates Naming conventions (use English) in some cases

 * 1) Revmachine21 14:24, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) - My first vote is here for the following reasons  - When an English speaking person reads about Japanese people, most of the time the naming order is GN SN.  See examples in the Japan Times, Mainichi Shimbum and Asahi news online.  Even some, but admittedly not all, scholarly works follow the GN SN convention.  Furthermore many, but again admittedly not all, Britannica being the major exception, online encyclopedias follow GN SN.  Assuming that an English speaking person knows about the different naming convention for Japanese names means that many English speaking people won't find the information they are looking for.  Finding information easily is the whole point of an encyclopedia and redirects should be used for those topics where inversions might occur due to familiarity with the Japanese naming convention.  Why complicate this for the masses?

Question 2 (first sentence)
I think we need to clear something up with the GN-SN options below. Are we talking GN-SN:
 * Without exception?
 * With the "Meiji split"?
 * Going by "common convention" on a name-by-name basis?

And does it make sense that we might have a different convention for article name and first sentence? CES 15:09, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Junichiro Koizumi (小泉 純一郎; Koizumi Jun'ichirō):
 * pro: common use in the Wikipedia at present; clear about the order to those familiar with the Japanese order
 * con: less clear about the order to those unfamiliar with the Japanese name order

 * 1) Noel - Strongly prefer this one or the next one - either with or without superscript link is OK with me.
 * 2) Mdchachi|Talk 15:12, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Junichiro Koizumi (小泉 純一郎; Koizumi Jun'ichirō)1: (note the link can be Japanese name or something else.)
 * pro: very similiar to current Wikipedia usage; link will show the person how a Japanese name is ordered in Japan. (that is, mitigate the problem in the option above)
 * con: the link is not prominent and it may be unclear about where the link will lead.

 * 1) gK
 * 2) WhisperToMe 03:13, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) R ADICAL B ENDER  ★  04:29, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) I vote for this, and propose that we put the link in the See also section (a footnote is acceptable, but I prefer See also). Fg2 09:48, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) *See (article removed) for an idea of an what such an article might look like. Fg2 01:02, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Sekicho 04:54, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC) - I am opposed to "see also" sections in general because people use them for unrelated or marginally related links. (If there's no way to link the article from the text, it's probably not appropriate to link it from a separate list.) But the footnote idea looks good to me.
 * 7) Revmachine21 14:28, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC) I vote here.  Clean looking, easy to read, the English convention GN SN is followed, the Japanese kanji is also displayed with Japanese naming convention SN GN, the kanji is very helpful to those studying Japanese.  'Strongly' recommend this format to avoid the debate above.

Junichiro Koizumi (小泉 純一郎; Koizumi Jun'ichirō or Koizumi Jun'ichirō ):
 * pro: relatively clear about the order
 * con: non-standard in wikipedia and elsewhere; not clear about the order to those who don't know about what the underline indicates.
 * 1) Jiang - as long as surname is clear

KOIZUMI, Jun'ichirō or Koizumi, Jun'ichirō (小泉 純一郎):
 * pro: clearest to see which one is a surname and which one is a given name; standard in many places, especially for some non-English, non-Japanese languages; no need to repeat the name
 * con: non-standard in wikipedia, a person still needs to know that ALL CAPITALS is the standard for the last name

 * 1) Jiang - as long as surname is clear
 * 2) --Menchi: very clear

K OIZUMI Jun'ichirō (小泉 純一郎) or George Walker B USH :
 * pro: S MALL C AP Convention used by CIA's Factbook of the World. A variation of option above except dropping the comma.  Convention works well for both Western or Eastern ordering.
 * con: non-standard in wikipedia; Font display of the small caps loses boldface; require HTML code unless a special wiki surname tagging is developed.
 * 1) Kowloonese 01:47, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Koizumi Jun'ichirō (小泉 純一郎):
 * pro: no need to repeat; predominant in historical figure articles
 * con: not clear about the name order; inconsistent with the English name order

 * 1) Exploding Boy 17:05, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Taku
 * 3) Josh 21:44, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) CES 00:31, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) I'm not sure I agree with those "cons" ... if the title is SN-GN but the first line is GN-SN (as the trend in voting is so far) wouldn't that confuse people even more?  Also, as we've seen over and over again "English name order" is always up for debate.  I think no matter what we decide for the first line, adding a link to Japanese name or something similar might be a good idea.

Jun'ichirō Koizumi (小泉 純一郎):
 * pro: clean; the format is consistent with any other articles about people
 * con: no information about the name order

Question 3 (editorial notes)
Put some linked notice about the name order and other editiorial notes using a template to

Every Japan-related article:
 * pro: at least one can figure out the order and any other convention used in the articles.
 * con: not everyone is willing to read notes before reading the article; there are few problems other than the name order

 * 1) every article containing Japanese names Exploding Boy 17:05, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Josh 21:44, Nov 11, 2004 (UTC): Regardless of what standard we use, we need to let people know.
 * 3) Sekicho 04:57, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC) - I approve of this as long as the link is discreet. However, putting a big prominent link on every Japan-related page is a bad idea.
 * 4) WhisperToMe 23:01, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC) The name order discreet footnote as outlined above.
 * 5) CES 12:35, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC) If it's something that'll take up a small amount of space and clear up (potentially) a large amount of confusion, then it's a great idea.

Every article about a Japanese figure:
 * pro: a reader who doesn't know about the Japanese name order can know about it
 * con:

 * 1) Noel - I lean slightly toward this one, but would be OK with any of them

Every article about a contemporary and modern Japanese figure:
 * pro:
 * con:

None of articles
 * pro: no need to read anything besides the article itself
 * con: problem remains

 * 1) Taku
 * 2) R ADICAL B ENDER  ★  04:29, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Jiang
 * 4) Mdchachi|Talk 15:20, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC) - I need to see some example of a templated article before I could vote for it
 * 5) Kowloonese 01:49, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC) - if one of the ALL CAP convention is used on Surnames, there is no need to add any note because it is a well known international standard.

Final Results
This topic seems to have lost its momentum, unless a dialogue is going on somewhere I don't know about. Anyone want to talk about the results? Should we implement them? To me at least, it doesn't really make sense that we'd go SN-GN in the article title but GN-SN in the first sentence, but what do others think? CES 13:52, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I know. I guess the unfortunate fact is that the results were not conclusive and thus are not quite implementable. As pointed out, Q1 and Q2 seem to conflict and Q3 got tie result! (This is to say I have not forgetten about this; but not sure what we are gonna do.) -- Taku 15:55, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is unfortunate. I am not really sure how to resolve this either, though. Does this mean we should just keep things the way they are? Josh 19:12, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, by my count,

 * there was a strong preference for SN-GN for historical figures, and a split for modern ones.

The table shows a better than 2:1 preference for SN-GN for pre-modern people. I suggest we go with that. Then, for modern people, maybe we should narrow the choices—preferably, to only two—and vote again. It's normal to have inconclusive results when there are lots of choices, but if we narrow it to two, we have a better chance (but still no guarantee) of a clear winner. Fg2 00:42, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think so too. I will update Manual of Style for Japan-related articles. -- Taku

If I can make a point. It has been official Monbusho (Ministry of Education etc) policy to write Japanese names in English as given-name family-name order since Meiji times. All the English language media uses GN-FN order, all the newspapers, the offical broadcaster NHK and all radio stations. I believe it has changed recently to make this optional but the number of people doing this is low (eg Utada Hikaru). In my opinion this just makes it confusing. Korean and Chinese names are usually kept in their traditional order but if they become citizens of English speaking nations they have to change. My name gets swapped around in Japanese, surname, firstname middlename and I don't complain, when in Rome... Brettr 11:35, 2005 Mar 30 (UTC)

 * The complication we have is that encyclopedia is not this "English language media". In newspaper or magazines, modern figures' names are given in GN-FN order. On the other hands, in academics it is common to use FN-GN. See Japanese name for more. (Or you can expand the article, of course!) -- Taku 03:43, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * I know of an American textbook that uses Western order for two figures in World War II (Isoroku Yamamoto and a photographer of the aftermath of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: McDougal Littel's World History textbook. (All of the other Japanese figures that I know of in that book are historical, and we all know what that convention is) WhisperToMe 18:15, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way, do any of you guys mind if I add the superscript links leading to "Japanese name"? WhisperToMe 05:07, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I've never actually seen, even "in academics", a consistent use of FN-GN order for famous modern figures; if it's used at all, it's definitely a minority usage. Writers on the subject of musical history write Yoko Ono, not Ono Yoko, and academic discussions of Japanese politics (e.g. in political-science journals) discuss Junichiro Koizumi, not Koizumi Junichiro. --Delirium 21:22, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately I wasn't able to find any good reference, but if I remember correctly the current policy ot the Mombusho is that names should be written in FN-GN order when writing romaji. However, as a cursory check can tell you, this policy has not spread to the wider population yet although it should be implemented on official documents. -- Tore July 27, 2005

I think that the Japanese name article does a pretty good job of discussing current usage on Japanese names in English. What I think that it comes down to is that the original policy of using the version of a person's name for which they are best known in English is probably a much better policy for the Wikipedia than trying to use any sort of arbitrary cutoff date for switching from Surname Given name order to Given name Surname order. I know that for what I am most familiar with, haiku and tanka poets, the names of Japanese poets are almost always given in the traditional Japanese order UNLESS that person also publishes in English. Blank Verse  ∅  14:03, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem of this method is that how to handle cases when a person's name is unheard in English writing. But I agree this sounds more workable. -- Taku 01:23, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Use of footnote
There has been a development (who ever imagined!) regarding putting a footnote in an article. Wikipedia is a good example. This seems to become a standard way of annotating an article, and I don't see why we cannot benefit from this in putting a note about the name order, romanization (e.g., tessaiga v.s., tetsusaiga) and such. Please use Manual of style for Japan-related articles/sample for polishing wording and the style. -- Taku 03:56, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

Here is a footnote: Japanese_names WhisperToMe 03:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Retention
I see was added to this page recently. But this is an ongoing issue as long as en.wikipedia has, and keeps on adding, many Japan-related articles. In my opinion, just three months of the polling period in 2004 is hardly sufficient to address this ongoing issue. Is there a possibility of re-opening the poll for a much longer period (e.g. 1-2 years), or better yet, creating recurring polls once every one or two years (preferably until the issue is resolved)? Yiba (talk | contribs) 08:45, 6 April 2022 (UTC)