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Talk:Copper(II) sulfate

Disappearing Mg?
"It can also be prepared by electrolysis of magnesium sulfate [Epsom salts] solution at moderate voltage with a copper anode: this reaction produces hydrogen, copper sulfate solution, and copper hydroxide precipitate."

what happens to the magnesium? MgSO4(aq) + Cu(S) --dc--> h2(g) + Mg(OH)2(s) + CuSO4(aq) would make more sense.
 * Sounds reasonable; added to the article. Materialscientist (talk) 23:40, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Random questions
The article states: "In an illustration of a "single metal replacement reaction," iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulfate. Upon standing, iron dissolves and copper precipitates. Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu"

Can anyone tell me if any similar reactions occur with stainless steel or other metals (brass, copper, chrome, etc...), pure or otherwise, in a natural state (i.e. not through electrolysis or other method)? Many thanks - Yes, it is a process called transmetalation (I think). It is essentially a battery, where initially there is no Iron salt, and no copper electrode. In a typical battery, as it looses energy, one electrode is degraded with the metal going into solution, and the other one is built up, with metal coming out of solution. This is essentially a short circuited version of that. Electrolysis would push this the other way, so you could get iron out and put copper in. With any 2 metals, one will go into the solution and precipitate the other out (assuming there is some of the metal to go into solution and some metal to precipitate out). Electrolysis will reverse this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Black.jeff (talk • contribs) 01:08, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

________________

does copper(II) sulphate conduct electric current?why?

 * Copper sulfate dissolved in water will dissociate into ions (Cu++ and SO4 --).  These ions can conduct electric current. See ionization.  Solid copper sulfate would be a poor conductor at best, . RJFJR 00:41, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

How can you turn Copper(II) sulfate into copper?

 * Why would you want to? It would be easier, cheaper, and safer to just buy copper in bulk.

 * Darrien 07:06, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)

 * Electrolysis will work. Also see the entry for copper which will point you to smelting for how to use a reducing agent to do it. RJFJR 00:41, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * put a piece of aluminium in the copper sulfate, you should get aluminium sulfate and copper precipitate, filter off the copper, its very high mesh copper powder.

Does someone have the balanced equation for that decomposition of Copper(II) sulfate into the oxides? RJFJR 00:41, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Assuming this isn't a homework problem...

 * CuSO4 · 5 H2O + Heat (~100°C) → CuSO4 + 5 H2O

 * 2 CuSO4 + Heat (~800°C) → 2 CuO + 2 SO2 + O2

 * 4 CuO + Heat (~1200°C) → 2 Cu2O + O2

 * The temperatures required are from memory. I wouldn't trust them enough to include in the article.

 * Darrien 12:36, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)

Not homework. I've been out of school too long to remember some of this. First equation easy. Second I got with some work. Didn't think of the third one. The article says the the products of decomposition are CuO and Cu2O. I read that the first time thought: shouldn't that be CuO and SO 2 (and O 2)? Thank you for clearing that up for me. RJFJR 14:22, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

I checked Handbook of Physics and Chemistry 34th edition, Chemical Rubber Company, 1952 (was my dad's) RJFJR 14:38, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * CuSO4 · 5 H2O  loses 4 H2O  at 110 C, loses 5 H2O  at 150 C
 * CuSO4 decomposes to CuO at 650 C
 * CuO decomposes at 1026 C

The above description is right. You get CuSO4 -> CuO + SO3 as it decomposes. First of all, I've done this one before and can attest that you can't get copper. Second, the current equation has O2 and Cu metal as products. This is two reductions and nothing being oxidized. It violates the rules of redox chemistry and can't possibly be correct. If, for example, carbon was added to the reactants, it could feasibly steal an oxygen from the CuO and SO3 to make CO2, and the reduction of the CuO to copper metal would balance with the oxidation of carbon to CO2. I will change the equation. Dormroomchemist 05:20, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Move

 * Support standardization is benefit Tobias Conradi 05:34, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone mind if I move this page to Copper(II) sulfate (i.e., the IUPAC name)? Currently this is a redirect. Thought I'd better ask since this has been a busy page, although all of the text in this page conforms to the IUPAC name. Walkerma 20:36, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You mean just remove the space in front of the left parenthesis? So far no one seems to have raised an objection. RJFJR 00:11, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

Yes I do- it may seem a minor thing, but I'm trying to get all pages standardised on the IUPAC system- nearly all of them are now (see List of inorganic compounds. That way if you type in the correct name, you find the compound.  I have added a move request to the page since I was unable to do the move myself.  Walkerma 23:01, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 18:00, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Americanisation
Can someone please change Sulfate to Sulphate, im not being anti-american but its internationally rcognised as sulphur/sulphate/sulphate etc., my credential to prove my knowledge is that im studying chemistry to AS-Level (hopefully beyond that too) at college I'm also studying AS Chemistry, and I know about sulfate being the IUPAC name, but am confused as to why ethanoic acid is incorrect, as it is ethane with a carboxylic acid group on the end, 'ethan' + 'oic acid', no? (I know this isn't relevant to the page, but just confused). Also if you are really british, the title would have no z! changing.
 * Sorry, it's internationally recognized as sulfate, including in UK scientific publications. I can't believe the A-level boards haven't caught up with this: they have been incorrectly ramming "ethanoic acid" down everone's throat for years. "Sulphate" is still an acceptable British use, but not in scientific contexts. Physchim62, M.A.(Cantab), Ph.D (Essex) 15:53, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Acetic acid is simply the preferred name, as it is far more established. Walkerma 04:07, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

i am currently studying chemistry at A2 level, my teacher mentioned that the name Sulphate is officially being changed to sulfate at some point soon here in britain, also Acetic acid is the 'given' name for the chemical, Ethandioic acid is the name if you break it down for naming so to speak, both can be interchangeable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.241.30 (talk) 23:58, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

[Copper(I) sulfate] ?
What's up with the [Copper(I) sulfate] under "Related compounds"? It's just a redirect to [Copper(II) sulfate] anyways... Jamie 09:13, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Copper(I) sulfate does exist, but we haven't got round to writing an article on it yet... Physchim62 (talk) 11:30, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

What does the (II) stand for? I imagine it's some kind of secret chemistry handshake, but I found no explanation or link in this article. Pergelator. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.43.12.61 (talk) 03:53, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

 * It is common knowledge in the field of chemistry that it is used to refer to the oxidation state. In this case, it is that of copper in this compound. Plasmic Physics (talk) 08:04, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Eating copper(II) sulfate or throwing it into the sea?
My Biology teacher once told me that copper(II) sulfate displaces iron in the haemoglobin of the blood, causing anaemia. Is this true, or just a misinterpretation of what's already up on the Wiki about copper(II) sulfate being used in tests for anaemia? Is this behind its 'harmful' rating?

On a similar note, why is it harmful to the environment? What regulations are there for its disposal? Firefly99 10:27, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I doubt this is true, as I have been informed that it is one of the most toxic compounds we use in A-Level chemistry. I think five grams is enough to kill you almost instantly. It may be possible that the copper ions (its them that's poisonous) displace the iron ions in haemoglobin, but it would have to be very thermodynamically favourable, as there is a lot of iron in blood, and as far as I know anaemia is a big dent in the natural amount. Plus, it is locked quite securely in there. In any case, if it did displace the iron, I would think it very unlikely to cause anaemia, more likely asphyxiation.

 * As for the disposal; if its harmless to haemoglobin molecules, its a fair assumption it kills most animals, what with haemoglobin being a bit on the common side. Except in lobsters. I guess they're immune. mastodon 20:41, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

The reason behind its blue and white colour
What is the reason behind the change of colours when it has full water content (blue) and when it has been dehydrated, without water (white)?

 * Crystal field theory. —Keenan Pepper 21:02, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Toxic
This chemical is toxic, when taken internally, right? Shouldn't the article say so?
 * I've just found a good article describing toxicological effect of copper sulfate on humans and animals. You should read it - Extension Toxicology Network —Preceding unsigned comment added by Healthycare (talk • contribs) 20:47, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Feeding Copper Sulphate to Pigs
I don't know if this contradicts the supposed toxic effects of this compound, but they feed this stuff to pigs http://www.cda.org.uk/megab2/general/cuFarm/sec12.htm. I remember when i was a boy my friends dad had a pig farm, and he had a big bag of blue copper sulphate to feed the pigs with. Surely this needs to be mentioned in the article? I used to get jars of it to take home and grow crystals with.

It could be used as a supplement mixed into the food, in trace quantities to prevent copper deficiency, much like ferrous sulfate is used to prevent iron deficiency. Dormroomchemist 07:13, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It might not have been a feed supplement; if the pigs got their water from a pond, the copper sulphate might have been kept there to put into the pond to kill algae. Copper in the body is needed in such tiny amounts that scooping some out of a big sack to give to animals could very easily lead to a catastrophic mistake. TooManyFingers (talk) 16:01, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Making Copper Sulphate
Why do you add excess copper oxide to te sulpuhric acid in the production of copper sulphate? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 222.152.21.198 (talk • contribs).

 * I'm not going to do your homework for you, so just think about it. Why would extra copper oxide be easier to separate than extra sulfuric acid? Hint: solubility. —Keenan Pepper 21:52, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Poisonous?
The article says that copper sulphate is poisonous. However, I am told that it is used against algues in a pond where people are supposed to swim in and where they actually do. Of course it is not completely contradictory to being poisonous, but it should be put in perspective: it seems not to be that poisonous that you cannot swim in water with copper sulphate (a hand full in 50 m3), taking into account that most people swallow quite some water during swimming.

Am I correct?

Ingel 07:50, 8 July 2006 (UTC) (discussion moved to bottom of page by Dirk Beetstra T C 08:25, 8 July 2006 (UTC))

 * Definition of poisonous is always difficult, it is all a matter of dose, even water is poisonous. And people in general don't drink from the pond, and indeed, the concentration is very low.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 08:25, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The NFPA rating is completly off. All MSDS I have on hand say it is 2-0-0. I will change as soon as I find out how to do that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xenofonos (talk • contribs) 17:54, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

I am trying to ensure that it says that is to poisonous, but someone else keeps undoing it and I have no idea why. I am sure that there are plenty of children thinking of having a nice copper sulphate lick.

 * We made a policy decision at WP:Chem that we would not give detailed safety information on any chemical, since this lies outside the scope of an encyclopedia. We do allow links to professional MSDS's and safety information, and if you look in the external links, these are available.  What this page really needs is an expansion of the structural information and the chemical properties, if you can find some suitable source material.  Thanks, Walkerma (talk) 02:44, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

the change of the color.
why does this substance change color from blue to green when water is added?

 * It shouldn't. Copper (II) Sulfate forms a light blue solution. If the water has a lot of chloride ions in it, a complex ion may be formed that would make the solution green. --24.16.154.50 00:05, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Fire resistant?
I read that during the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, soldiers who guarded the Federal Mint building, tore the tar roofing off the wooden rafters and dipped the rafters with "blue vitriol". What for? Is it fire resistant? Kraxler 17:00, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably because they had heard that it preserves wood. Copper(II) sulfate has long been used as a (somewhat inefficient) fungicide. Copper chromate stays longer in the wood, but has been banned for a long time because it is highly carcinogenic. Tearing the roof tarring off would obviously remove the water-resistance of the wood timbers, increasing their vunerability to fungal rot, but would also mke them more difficult to set fire to: in dipping them in "blue vitriol", the soldiers were trying to avoid rot (which was probably not the most urgent problem at that moment :), but also increased the water content of the timber (reducing the risk of fire). Physchim62 (talk) 16:06, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Ionic or Covalent
Is copper sulfate a ionic compound or a covalent/molecular compound? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.100.176.25 (talk) 22:43, 10 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Ionic.

 * Ben 23:02, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks, i was trying to find it.

"Sulfate" vs. "Sulphate"
The article uses both frequently. Isn't one form or the other standardized by IUPAC? toll_booth 01:22, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Sulfate is the correct IUPAC spelling.Lostandcold 01:43, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Effect on algae
I deleted this sentence from the paragraph on the use of CuSO4 in aquaria: "The algae cell dries out due to copper(II) sulphate being a desiccant." This must be a prank, right? --Jorge Stolfi 143.106.23.149 13:29, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Image rm
In one of my edits, I removed this image. It is left here is others think that it should be moved back. I just did not see the relevance of the image.--Smokefoot 22:45, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Copper Sulfate Solution
Can we have a bit about Copper Sulfate in solution please, there isn't much about it on the page and i think there probably should be more, as it can be used as a micronutrient in low molarity, also my coursework is based on the effect of copper sulfate solution on the germination of mung beans, so it obviously has other applications than those listed.

Action as an inhibitor to Catalase
Can someone provide some information on whether Copper Sulphate is a (non)competitive and (non)permanent inhibitor to Catalase. Some websites say it is comptitive, but some say otherwise. Can someone give some clarification to this, and also add it to the article? Matwilko (talk) 12:06, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Structural Formula
Does anybody know the structural formula of copper sulfate? I've seen:

O Cu-O-S-O O

But it doesn't seem to work: it fails in terms of fulfilling the Lewis structure

NOTE: in that diagram above, the two floating Oxygens should be beneath and above the Sulfur atom

I have another stupid question - is copper sulfate a polar molecule?

Noahdabomb3 (talk) 23:39, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Copper sulfate is not a molecule, that's your problem.--Smokefoot (talk) 02:24, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Baby Formula?
For real, or is this vandalism? It seems unlikely they'd put poisonous copper compounds in that is all. 88.106.19.97 (talk) 21:26, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

add this please
a pirahna solution of H2SO4 and H2O2 (super acid be careful) will oxidise copper into CuO and react with the H2SO4 to make CuSO4. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.101.30.173 (talk) 18:54, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Use in organic farming
Is it true that this compound is allowed in most schemes of organic farming? Badagnani (talk) 05:18, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Antidote
Why is there nothing on this page about use of CuSO4 as an antidote, considering that it is listed on the antidote template that also appears at the bottom? Mr0t1633 (talk) 16:53, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Available commercially
This sentence seems a bit odd.

"Since it is available commercially, copper sulfate is usually purchased, not prepared in the laboratory."

Surely many compounds are available commercially. ??

Wanderer57 (talk) 18:08, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

I find that important. That something may be commercially available does not imply that the synthetic chemist will prefer to buy it. Examples include lithium diisopropylamide, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. These compounds are either used on a small scale, are easily prepared, or do not keep well, among other things. On the other hand, some compounds are not available widely, or at all. While we use different headers, "preparation" usually refers to a semi-large scale - gram-<1 kg scale. "Synthesis" refers to small quantities, perhaps less than 1 gram. "Production" refers to industrial scale - tons, perhaps. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 18:34, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I'm guessing here but would it be closer to the mark if the sentence was:

 * "Since it is available commercially at very low cost, copper sulfate is usually purchased, not prepared in the laboratory."
 * Wanderer57 (talk) 18:54, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Not archaic terms?
"Archaic names for copper(II) sulfate are "blue vitriol" and "bluestone"." Except the source given only describes these other names as "Synonyms". "Bluestone" is still very much in use - Google gives 127,000 hits for bluestone copper. SmithBlue (talk) 07:43, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

 * In the field of chemistry, those terms are certainly archaic; a chemistry text would correctly call them archaic, if they were even mentioned there. But in some other fields, older terms are still used. The reason is probably always the same: "That's what we've always called it, few or none of us are chemists, and if we changed the name (even to make it clearer or more correct) we believe the change would cause confusion." They are choosing to use an archaic term for convenience, and in their context that's not wrong. TooManyFingers (talk) 16:17, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The other way to look at it is that these are simply the common names, just as water isn't normally called an IUPAC name. That raises an interesting question: if a common name becomes somewhat uncommon, what is its status? TooManyFingers (talk) 16:37, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Solubility
In Some Properties of Copper Sulfate they say that copper sulfate is pretty soluble and if the pH is kept less than 7, the pH would have a small unpredictable effect. If a lot of sulfuric acid is used the solubility will be decreased by the addition of a common ion "(SO4)^-2" but this would require a very low pH. On the other hand if the pH is significantly greater than 7 copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2 would precipitate but under more or less neutral conditions, i.e. pH ~7, pH has little effect on the solubility of copper sulfate.

As per TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR COPPER, copper sulfate is soluble in methanol and slightly soluble in ethanol. If anyone finds this information worth for inclusion into the main article, please include it. J.D. (talk) 20:39, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Paramagnetism
The Ferrofluid article claims copper(II) sulfate is paramagnetic. If so, it should be mentioned in the article. JKeck (talk) 02:06, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It says it about aqueous solution. Ionic solutions are paramagnetic in general. What is remarkable about it? Also many inorganic solids are paramagnetic because of non-stoichiometry (e.g. intrinsic fluctuations of vacancies and interstitials). Materialscientist (talk) 02:32, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

History
Has anyone information on the use of the compound in agriculture in the past? I found the history of the Bordeaux mixture and there is copper sulphate indicated already in use in 19th century. I think it would an interesting addition to the article.--Dia^ (talk) 12:13, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

Merge from copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Closed as merge. --John (talk) 20:23, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

We usually do not separate articles based on the degree of hydration. The present article on the copper(II) sulfate is mostly about the hydrate. Not sure how to handle the chem boxes, but we should lead with the pentahydrate since this appears to dominate usage. The anhydrous form is more of a curiosity. Just a thought. --Smokefoot (talk) 13:17, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

I agree. Copper (II) sulfate almost always refers to the pentahydrate. There is no need for a separate article. I didn't see anything in the separate article that wasn't already in the main article. Most chembox's list all hydrates in order of lowest hydrate to most hydrated form; this article should follow the same procedure to remain consistent with other articles. Explodo-nerd (talk) 15:59, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Chemboxes shouldn't list information on the hydrates unless they are important. It's time we seperate the two, have Copper(II) sulfate cover the topic in a general sense, and have Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate cover the pentahydrate in more detail. It's not a reason to get rid of the article, because we don't usually write ones on hydrates. Plasmic Physics (talk) 22:00, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Could you tell us how you intend to expand this article, and how it would be viable as a stand-alone? I can't think of much to say about this compound which should not belong in copper(II) sulfate. Talk about color and dehydration? That goes in the structure and properties section of copper(II) sulfate. Talk about this compound as a mineral? Goes into the occurrence section of copper(II) sulfate. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 23:17, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Instead of copying all the details across, I was hoping to gradually move it over. Make Copper(II) sulfate about the anhydrous and aqeuous forms, only summarizing the hydrated forms. Make Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate about the more systems, and behaviour of the hydrate. Plasmic Physics (talk) 00:03, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The copper sulfate article is not excessively long. Why do we need to split it off? --Rifleman 82 (talk) 00:33, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

 * To clarify to the lay person that there is a difference, lest they should think it is one and the same. For instance, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate may cause skin burns due to it hydrating exothermically. It is supposed to clear confusion like that which exists between Hydrochloric acid and Hydrogen chloride. Plasmic Physics (talk) 01:21, 4 October 2011 (UTC)
 * In terms of process: Plasma, it might be a good idea to stop the editing these articles until we achieve some sort of consensus. Otherwise we have a moving target. There are thousands of other articles to work on, so if you are feeling in an editing mood, there's lots of material.  With respect to the discussion at hand, we do not separate the hydrates for other metal salts from their anhydrous forms.  The precedents are probably in the hundreds (most of the late metal halides, nitrates, sulfates, etc).  In my opinion, such a separation would confuse most readers.  We would not subdivide articles based on the exothermicity of their hydration reaction, so that comment is probably not relevant in my opinion.  But let's see if we can get some other input? --Smokefoot (talk) 02:34, 5 October 2011 (UTC)
 * With no disrespect to anyone, I consider most splits and merges as waste of time, unless the articles are too long or overlap too much. My wild guess is the split is simply driven by the efforts of Plasmic Physics to tidy the chemboxes. Materialscientist (talk) 02:41, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I see no need for two articles. IMHO the article should focus on the pentahydrate, as the anhydrate is just a curiosity - people typing 'Copper sulfate' into WP are looking for the pentahydrate. Chris (talk) 07:58, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Nobody's commented for about 2 weeks. I've asked an uninvolved admin to close this discussion. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 16:44, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Image
Is it correct to call the image a crystal or is it some crystals? Rich Farmbrough, 19:11, 7 February 2012 (UTC).

Citation needed
I added a Citation Needed tag in the Chromated Copper Arsenate paragraph of the "herbicide, fungicide and pesticide" section. No citation was listed, and most MSDS that I could find for CCA treated wood list Copper Oxide as the copper source, and most Copper Quaternary and Copper Azole (used now instead of CCA as CCA is being phased out) MSDS list Copper Carbonate as the copper ingredient. All other MSDS that I could find simply listed "proprietary copper compound" or simply "copper". I couldn't find any MSDS listing Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate as an ingredient in Chromated Copper Arsenate, Copper Quaternary, or Copper Azole treated lumber. Harperska (talk) 04:50, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

small typo in side bar
in the side bar it says "< 650 °C decomp"

this should be be written with "> 650 °C decomp"
 * "< 650 °C decomp" means "decomposes at temperatures below 650 C" (i.e. the decomposition temperature is unknown and 650 is an upper estimate), whereas "> 650 °C decomp" means "decomposes at temperatures above 650 C"; both are Ok logically, so please provide a reference for your correction. Materialscientist (talk) 02:11, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Removed the '<'. VMS Mosaic (talk) 01:51, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I found a reference for the decomposition of copper(II) sulfate at 560 deg. C. I am unsure how to properly cite it for the purposes of this page but I found the information via my institutions access to the online version of the CSC (which the side bar references anyways). For others with access it can be found under "Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds" 4-62 and entry number 998.

Solubility in Water
On this Wikipedia page pentahydrate solubilities in water are 316 g/L (0 °C), 2033 g/L (100 °C) and anhydrate solubilities in water are 243 g/L (0 °C), 320 g/L (20 °C),  618 g/L (60 °C) and   1140 g/L (100 °C). I think these data should be changed and the reasons are as follows. First of all, the data are expressed in g/L but we are not sure if it is the weight of solute present in a given volume of solution or solvent and we also need to know the density. Besides, volume measures depend on temperature. Secondly, at 0 °C and 100 °C  copper sulfate may not exist as pentahydrate. According to Mullin’s book, the transition CuSO4•5H2O⇌ CuSO4∙3H2O occurs at 95.9 °C and above that temperature the solid phase consists of mixture of pentahydrate and trihydrate or only trihydrate. Finally, according to the solubility data from Detherm, the anhydrate solubilities on Wikipedia page are not correct.

I downloaded all the solubility data of copper sulfate from Detherm and converted all the units to molal. To avoid confusion in the case of hydrated salts dissolved in water the solute concentration always refers to the anhydrous salt. The Figure 1 is the comparison of data from DETHERM and the data from Wikipedia and the average solubility at each temperature based on Detherm data were calculated to give the solubility curve in Figure 2. Finally the solubility data I obtained based on data from DETHERM are 1.09 molal (10°C), 1.31 molal (20°C), 1.56 molal (30°C), 1.80 molal (40°C), 2.12 molal (50 °C), 2.48 molal (60°C ), 2.95 molal (70°C ), 3.42 molal (80 °C). --Baihuiqian (talk) 17:22, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

Conventionally, solubility is expressed in g/mL which are units of molarity. Grams are always a unit of mass, never of weight; thus, density seems to be irrelevant (solubility is a measure of concentration anyway). Volume does vary by temperature; thus the solubility at different temperatures is reported. The second point seems sound, but changing the units to molals will not change the properties of Copper(II) Sulfate. As for the inaccuracies, such things can be corrected.

Pertaining to the first graph, the y-axis label states that the units are molals (molality); whereas, the legend states the units are g/L (molarity). I know not which units the data are and must therefore discard the graphs as an irrelevant comparison. If I have erred in any part of this statement, please do not hesitate to tell me. 184.155.150.103 (talk) 04:10, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

The average reader of this article wants to know what mass of copper sulphate crystals will make a saturated solution in 1L of water at room temperature. I had to go elsewhere for this information which was extremely frustrating. What the hell is a molal anyway? Polymath uk (talk) 20:49, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Will add solubility of the pentahydrage in g/100 mL, thank you. Keres🌕Luna edits! 20:28, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

5300 Reports on copper sulfate (pentahydrate) and counting...
As of today, according to Chemical Abstracts. --Smokefoot (talk) 17:40, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

Melting Point
The melting point listed is not really accurate, or rather, is presented in an awkward way. The Chemical properties section does address this a bit, but not clearly. Google searches are spitting back "cards" with 230F listed as the melting point. This value is closely related to water loss (dehydration), but not melting. Emphasis should be placed on anhydrous CuSO4 decomposing BEFORE it has a chance to melt. This should be fixed by someone with more time on their hands and experience editing wikipedia. Thanks! --??

The decomposition temperatures in the "Chemical properties" section are inconsistent with those in the chembox. Another source confirms 650 C as the decomposition temperature, but says that the products are CuO, SO2 and O2 rather than CuO and SO3. Which is correct? --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 00:49, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

Copper(II) or copper (II)?
The article seems to be inconsistent in its usage of Copper(II) and Copper (II) to describe the charge of the copper ion in this compound. Should the space be present in all occurrences or be deleted from all occurrences? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.91.12.78 (talk) 02:03, 7 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The manual of style says no space ie copper(II). Graeme Bartlett (talk) 03:53, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

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Images of rare forms
Today I moved the pictures of anhydrous copper sulfate to a gallery at the bottom. The vast majority of readers will be seeking information on the pentahydrate. Also the mineral forms are more esoteric than anything seriously impacting the everyday world. But in case anyone objects, that's what happened and all can be reversed or discussed. --Smokefoot (talk) 21:43, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Niche Uses: Antisepctic Concrete additive
"in building it is an additive to concrete to provide water resistance and to make it antiseptic."

The article on Antiseptics states that antiseptics are applied to the skin or other living tissue.

Who in the world decided it would be a good idea to disinfect their wounds with concrete?

I'm changing it to "in building it is used as an additive to concrete to provide water resistance and disinfectant qualities." I don't really like the wording, so hopefully one of you could figure out a better way to say it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wertyu739 (talk • contribs) 16:21, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Copper sulphate powder
How can we get copper sulphate powder instead of crystal Vikas bafna (talk) 20:57, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

Copper sulfate pentahydrate dissolution is endothermic not exothermic
Currently the article states "The pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue. It exothermically dissolves in water." Dissolving the pentahydrate in water decreases the temperature of the overall solution, i.e. the dissolution is endothermic. This is discussed in various chemistry lab texts online, like http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/chemistry/energy/cuso4soln.html and https://chemrevise.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/3-12-hesses-law.pdf. In contrast, the anhydrous CuSO4 salt dissolves exothermically, i.e. the solution gets hot. Mccomstock (talk) 14:59, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

and copperhydrogen sulfate?
copper hydrogen sulfate must exist as Potassium hydrogen sulfate exists. how does that look like? maybe one needs a freezer to crystalline it. use a 1mol hydrate and 1mol concentrated h2so4. sour copper sulfate. what is it Wikistallion (talk) 07:08, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Just because a different substance exists, it has a name, appears in patents or even in databases does not mean that the substance actually exists or has ever been made. It may be that copper sulfate and supfuric acid are more stable separate. I did a search for this substance and it does not appear to be real. It may be termed a bisulfate (or with ph) or acid sulfate. The atom work structure database does not show any acid salts, but there are basic copper sulfate salts. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 04:11, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Environmental toxicity section
In the "Environmental toxicity" section, there is nothing about it's Environmental toxicity ! It only talks about distribution. Please would someone knowledgeable add this information ? Darkman101 (talk) 16:59, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

Datasheets redirecting to a for sale domain
Currently the domains of the websites that are in the Safety Data Sheets section are no longer active and are for sale.

(Just now made a wikipedia account, don't know how, or even if I can change this) BlitzTheSquishy (talk) 00:11, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

 * . Bernanke's Crossbow (talk) 03:18, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

Spelling of Sulfate/Sulphate
A number of IP interventions, which I assume to be from the same editor in Tamil Nadu, have been made to cyhange the spelling of Sulfur and related words to the tradional British spelling of Sulphur. Whatever the variety of English that has been chosen for the article as a whole, scientific articles follow IUPAC conventions when using names of elements. In this case the conventional spelling was also adopted by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1992. This is not a dispute about England versus America but of general scientific clarity, consistency and consensus.  Velella  Velella Talk 16:53, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

 * The Chemistry naming conventions match what you have said. This shouldn't even be a matter of debate based on our current guidelines: WP:SULF is the direct link. Recon  rabbit  18:06, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Obviously, per SULF wikipedia site consensus based on multiple national and international standards from relevant organizations. DMacks (talk) 18:31, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copper(II) sulfate


text:
Arrhenius (lunar crater)

Arrhenius is a lunar impact crater that is located just on the far side of the Moon, near the southwest limb. In this location the vicinity of the crater can be viewed during favorable librations, although it is viewed from on edge. To the south-southeast is the worn crater Blanchard, and De Roy lies further to the west.

This crater was named after Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius by the IAU in 1970.

The outer wall of Arrhenius has been somewhat worn and eroded due to a history of minor impacts, leaving the rim rounded and low. There is a notch in the rim to the north-northwest, and an outward bulge along the southeast face. A small craterlet lies across the southwestern rim. The inner floor is relatively flat and free of features of interest. The midpoint lacks a central peak.

This crater lies within the Mendel-Rydberg Basin, a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Arrhenius.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Arrhenius P — See Blanchard (crater).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arrhenius (lunar crater)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Recipes proposal

I moved this from List of recipes/Proposal since that was in the article namespace. Angela. 03:26, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

--

I found the links !
List of recipes

Talk:List of recipes/Delete

 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010882.html (optim)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010885.html (Fred)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010881.html (Mark)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010883.html (David)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010903.html (Geoff)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010907.html (Ec)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010904.html (Ec)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010889.html (Mark)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010891.html (Theresa)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010895.html (JIMBO)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010899.html (Erik)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010902.html (dpb)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010913.html (Elian)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010916.html (Ec)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010936.html (Ec)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010929.html (Cimon)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010931.html (Mav)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010938.html (Ec)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010932.html (Mav)

Most agree they could be moved (see Jimbo, Elian and Ec opinion though), but most also consider content should be moved (not deleted) and links should be preserved.

 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010944.html (Theresa)
 * http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2004-February/010945.html (Fred)

 * Wikipedia is not the mailing list. February is not October. In the last few months, no "article" that is just a recipe has survived VfD, but many have become actual articles and been kept. As I've said before, an article that is just a recipe doesn't give encyclopedic information about a dish, like it's history, useage, significance, how widespread it is, etc. It would be like if our article on OpenOffice.org was just the source code of the application printed out as text.  It's just a set of instructions with no context, and I think that is not the purpose of an encyclopedia.

 * Come on Gentgeen, you know very well that this is also a lot in Talk:List of recipes/Delete as well. Also, if consensus made 6 months before are not valid any more just from the decision of those working on the topic 6 months later, then I fear that most rules followed in Wikipedia should just disappear :-)
 * We also already had this discussion you and I, and you know well that we agreed that just recipee could be moved, while those articles with a bit of encyclopedic content, cultural background, fame etc... could stay here, and this is exactly why you agree that meatball should stay I think. So, you and I have no disagreement.
 * Again, these discussions show that there is no evidence it is commonly agreed that everything should just disappear as some editors seem to consider here. SweetLittleFluffyThing 02:27, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * There was no consensus 6 months ago. I stopped talking because every time I tried to reach a compromise with you, you changed what you wanted.  I'll only bang my head against the same wall so many times before I decide it's not worth it. Gentgeen 03:02, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

--

transwiki
There is something bugging me in the transwiki system.

Here is an example.
 * A user create a recipee
 * Later, someone list it on vfd, some suggest it be transwikied to wikibooks, while other try to keep it in the encyclopedia. Nevertheless, the article is transwikies, but a stub kept, WITH a link to wikibooks
 * Later, someone finds the stub and list it on vfd (or even suggests it for speedy deletion). In spite of those supporting keeping recipee, the stub is deleted. The link to the recipee subsequently disappear. Those deleting it do not particularly attempt to keep the link active somewhere, so, it is likely that all traces of the initial recipee is deleted.
 * This is called a forced consensus but well :-)

Now... here is what is bugging me. In deleting not only the content, but also the link to the wikibooks article and references to it, I consider there is a big loss of information. Other answer me it is not a loss at all since the information is kept... well stored somewhere else.

Except... that... wikipedia is FAR MORE known than wikibooks. Actually, I still am waiting to see big articles on wikibooks. I still wait to see google search leading me to wikibooks. I suspect that for many people, Wikipedia could become the everyday encyclopedia, and at least for some of us, the everyday encyclopedia should contain recipees. When the recipees are deleted entirely, the reader coming to Wikipedia and typing a recipee name... will get ... nothing. Not the recipee, nor the link to a recipee. He will not even get a more generalist article where the link to wikibooks could be. He will get just nothing at all.

Information *may* exist somewhere, but it is "hidden". The link has been broken. The network does not exist.

And I think the network should exist. Our goal is to GIVE access to information to readers. Not only to CREATE information. We must create the information, organise it, categorize it, link it, and make it accessible. Each time we delete information links from one project to another, we may not hurt the content itself, but we reduce the networkability (does that word exist ? If not, here it is) : we limit access to information. We hid it.

When information exists, but can not be found easily by readers, then we have failed. Imho. SweetLittleFluffyThing 23:59, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree. There are many types of information in the world, but only a limited subset is of interest to an encyclopedia. We are not, for example, an atlas, nor a guide to the interesting parts of your local park. We are not the floor plans to your building, nor a video game strategy guide. We're also not your homepage. There is appropriate scope to Wikipedia, and some things fall outside it. It doesn't matter that wikipedia is far better known than wikibooks -- it has a scope, and it's a well put-together project. Wikibooks is too. Keep things where they belong. People can use google for nonencyclopedic content -- it's not as if anyone is going to lose out on information entirely just because wikipedia doesn't have it. --Improv 18:37, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

My main problem with your answer, which I respect, is that you appear to have decided what was encyclopedic and what was not encyclopedic for everyone. Sorry, but many of us consider that some recipees belong here, that how-to belong here, that atlas information belongs here etc... If I may dare say, I think that comparing this to "my homepage" or the "floor plans of my building" is bordering rudeness, if not plain rudeness, and I would appreciate that you approach other opinions than yours with a little bit more of consideration.

 * Have you not done the same? It's unavoidable, and unless you assume that "keep" is a default of some kind, there's no value-neutral way to avoid that. I may, for example, turn your paragraph around entirely.

My main problem with your answer, which I respect, is that you appear to have decided what was encyclopedic and what was not encyclopedic for everyone. Sorry, but many of us consider that recipies don't belong here, etc. You're not giving our idea proper consideration. ...

Previous encyclopedia, such as the one by Diderot and D'Alembert, had understood what was important to be reported, and food as well as food preparation was certainly included in it. Because people just do not live only from internet, Bush and last football results. They first of all need a couple of basic things, such as decent, nutritious food, suitable water and clean and fresh air. If you consider that these are not appropriate topics for an encyclopedia, then neither should football results be. Nor yu-gi-ho games. Nor mangas. Nor many of the thousands of computer articles.

 * Guess what, I agree! Football results should not be on here, nor should most of the fancruft you mention. It is possible for computer articles to be encyclopedic, but we also have a lot of nonencyclopedic information on those topics too. I hope to see them removed as well.

The scope of this project is to gather all human knowledge, AND it is to provide people with this information.

 * I *strongly* disagree. All human knowledge actually includes information that you suggested I was rude for comparing your proposal to. Specifically, when I walk down the street in my neighborhood, I eventually learn where the stop signs are, what colour my neighbor's car is, and all that. I learn what restaurants are good here, I find out what clothes look good on me, what foods my pet likes to eat, and similar. All these are human knowledge, part of the wonder of life. At the very same time, they're all nonencyclopedic. That's perfectly ok -- Wikipedia doesn't need that human knowledge. We don't need to share it. If I decide to share such information, I have a webpage outside of Wikipedia where I can keep it and people can google for it if they like. It's no shame if they don't happen to find it either. Wikipedia has a scope, and some things don't fit. Again, specifically for recipies, I would support making a seperate mediawiki site, perhaps Wicipies/Wikipies, where recipies could be shared, so long as the main namespace doesn't need links to every single article there. I just don't think it belongs on Wikipedia. On a more personal note, please stop pretending I'm on a witchunt against you. We can discuss this in a more mature way than what you've been doing. --Improv 21:42, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It is not to decide for readers what is important and what is not. Each time you delete a recipee, even a redirect, or a link to another wikimedia project, and thus remove access to information, you take the decision for other people of what is important and what is not important. You decide for people what they should read, and what they should not read. This is your pov, do not impose it on readers. Leave people decide what is important for them, themselves. To insure this, you must not delete information, nor hide in other places, nor delete links that allow access to that information. You must leave people the opportunity to decide by themselves. Not feed them what you want to be fed with. SweetLittleFluffyThing

Incidently, this is what this user supports :

''I think food may have a value, but they're not at all encyclopedic, and so I support deletion of all articles on food, especially recipies. --Improv 08:36, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)''

I personally think deleting all food articles is vandalism. SweetLittleFluffyThing

I started a policy discussion here Recipes proposal. Please give your opinion. Thanks. SweetLittleFluffyThing

title: Wikipedia talk:Recipes proposal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ernst Oswald Johannes Westphal

Ernst Oswald Johannes Westphal was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep. Cool Hand Luke  06:58, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Keep almost no results for this person on google. name is not familiar. 1 line bio... nuff said Enough content to keep now. Alkivar 03:27, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Unresolved/lost VfD. Delete unless article is improved and shows some slight note. Hard to dig through mirrors online. Cool Hand Luke  03:11, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Keep. Seems to be a consensus here, hide discussion behind link? Cool Hand Luke  22:00, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted as being a substub from which nothing could grow. It merely gave birth/death dates and said "professor of African languages."  Where?  What did he do?  Why important?  Without a general web search giving a result, there isn't a way for the stub to be filled in, unless there is an expert.  An expert will not be spurred by such a substub, since the article was also an orphan. Geogre 13:23, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Apologies and change of vote to keep the rewrite. I am happy to be proven wrong but stand by my initial argument that a figure with just dates and "a professor" is not sufficient for growth, if web sources don't offer the unsubscribed any material.  I'm glad that Uppland had access to proprietary sources of information. Geogre 18:15, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I wasn't sure if there was any policy on this, but it could perhaps be pointed out that JSTOR (the repository of electronic journals to which the link points) is widely available through library and university networks. // u◦p◦p◦l◦a◦n◦d 10:02, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I'm no expert but I wrote a stub on Westphal. He wasn't that difficult to find on the web really, but I had to resort to an obituary in a subscription-only electronic journal to get something more than bibliographical references. / u◦p◦p◦l◦a◦n◦d 16:46, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks like it belongs here now. --jpgordon{gab} 17:10, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Clear keep and clear evidence why that should not be grounds for speedy deletion. Free materials on the internet do not constitute the full universe of valid sources. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:09, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:BonzoESC

go away

Speedy deletion nomination of Das Modul

A tag has been placed on Das Modul requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. WWGB (talk) 05:09, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:BonzoESC


text:
Artemʹev (crater)

Artemev is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. The rim of this crater has been modified by subsequent impacts in the vicinity, with an inward bulge along the southwest edge and a worn impact lying across the north rim. The satellite crater Artemev G is partly overlain by the southeast rim of Artemev. The crater interior is relatively flat, and marked only by tiny craterlets.

The crater Tsander lies to the southwest of Artemev. Further to the southeast is the huge walled basin Hertzprung.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Artemev.

title: Artemʹev (crater)


text:
William Gowers (neurologist)

Sir William Richard Gowers (20 March 1845 – 4 May 1915) was a British neurologist, described by Macdonald Critchley in 1949 as "probably the greatest clinical neurologist of all time". He practised at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptics, Queen Square, London (now the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery) from 1870–1910, ran a consultancy from his home in Queen Anne Street, W1, and lectured at University College Hospital. He published extensively, but is probably best remembered for his two-volume Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System (1886, 1888), affectionately referred to at Queen Square as the Bible of Neurology.

Education and early life
William Richard Gowers, son of Hackney ladies' bootmaker William Gowers, was born above his father's shop in Mare Street, Hackney. By the time he was 11 his father and all three of his siblings had died, and his mother returned to live in Doncaster leaving the boy with Venables relatives in Oxford, where he attended Christ Church school. When he left school he tried farming, working for a family friend in Yorkshire, but this was not a success.

On a visit to Coggeshall, Essex, where his paternal grandmother lived, his aunt introduced him to the local doctor, and suggested that he might become a medical apprentice. Rather unwillingly he agreed, and spent the next three years apprenticed to Thomas Simpson. Gowers' parents both came from congregationalist backgrounds, as did Simpson. Gowers was persuaded to try to take the University of London matriculation, as it was a university established for Nonconformists and others excluded under the Test Act from most other universities. During 1862–3, while an apprentice, he kept a shorthand diary, largely to practice writing Pitman's shorthand, a skill he decided to master before going to university. Two congregationalist ministers at Coggeshall, first the Rev. Brian Dale and then the Rev. Alfred Philps provided guidance to the young man, who studied for his matriculation using the resources of the local Mechanics Institute. He passed his matriculation examination in 1863 in the First Class Division.

Career and research
Philps took Gowers to London to meet William Jenner, who took the young man under his wing, encouraged him, and employed him as his secretary. Gowers achieved an outstanding university record, studying under both Jenner and John Russell Reynolds. It was probably Reynolds who persuaded Gowers to apply for the newly created position of Medical Registrar at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, a position he held from 1870–1872. He was then promoted to Assistant Physician at Queen Square, and spent the rest of his career at the hospital, retiring in 1910.

In 1875, he married Mary Baines, a relative by marriage of Reynolds. Her family were proprietors of the Leeds Mercury, a prominent Nonconformist newspaper promulgating liberal reforms. They had two sons, Sir William Frederick Gowers and Sir Ernest Arthur Gowers, who went to school at Rugby and then read Classics at Cambridge. In due course both joined the recently formed Administrative Class of the civil service: William Frederick went into the Colonial Civil Service, ending his career as Governor of Uganda. Ernest joined the Home Civil Service. He had an eminent career, after which he made his name as author of Plain Words, a book originally written as a civil service training pamphlet, and finally, undertaking the first revision of Fowler's Modern English Language.  Their two sisters, Edith and Evelyn, developed retinitis pigmentosa in early adult life. Ernest was grandfather of the composer Patrick Gowers and great-grandfather of the mathematician Sir Timothy Gowers.

Gowers produced the majority of his major works, including the two-volume Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System, in the years between 1870 and 1890. The book is still used today by medical professionals as a primary reference for this disease. A master of diagnosis, his clinical teaching at Queen Square earned him an international reputation. He was appointed Professor of Clinical Medicine at University College London in 1887. He was a self-taught artist, and skilled etcher, an accomplishment he enjoyed both as a hobby and in his work. One of his holiday etchings was exhibited at the Royal Academy, much to his great pride.

Overwork caused his health to deteriorate rapidly from the 1890s onwards. Both he and his wife succumbed to pneumonia in 1913, from which Mary died. Gowers died two years later, in 1915. He was 70.

Gowers was knighted in 1897.

Research methods
Gowers was an early convert to statistical collection, and based his research on his own case records rather than secondary sources. Working in an era before the development of computers or recording devices, he used his shorthand as a tool for collecting comprehensive records of his cases. In later life he formed the Society of Medical Phonographers and the shorthand journal The Phonographic Record of Clinical Teaching and Medical Science. He became a figure of fun to some of his students for his advocacy of shorthand, but it clearly served him well throughout his life, from his days as a medical student, in drafting his major publications, and in collecting his case records.

Contributions to neurology
The Lancet wrote that 'It may be stated without fear of contradiction that Gowers was an extraordinary observer, accurate and painstaking, with a wide horizon and a sound judgment which made his deductions from observations both definite and reliable. He had a marvellous power of what might be called intensive deduction'. The British Medical Journal stated 'There can be no doubt that in neuropathology Gowers was a very remarkable teacher, and that both in that capacity and as an original investigator he did very much to enlarge its bounds and to improve its practice'.

He was also renowned for the clarity of his writing, a skill which added considerably to the impact of everything he wrote. He also disseminated the great insights of Hughlings Jackson, explaining to the medical world the dense and confusing writings of the man he referred to as his 'master'. Gowers gave his name to Gowers' sign (a sign of muscular weakness), the Gowers' tract (tractus spinocerebellaris anterior) in the nervous system, Gowers' syndrome (situational vasovagal syncope), and Gowers' Round (the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery's weekly case presentation and clinical teaching session).

In 1892, Gowers was one of the founding members of the National Society for the Employment of Epileptics (now the Epilepsy Society), along with Sir David Ferrier and John Hughlings Jackson.

Selected books (first editions)

 * A Manual and Atlas of Medical Ophthalmoscopy, (London: J & A Churchill, 1879).
 * Pseudo-Hypertrophic Muscular Paralysis, (London: J & A Churchill, 1879).
 * The Diagnosis of Diseases of the Spinal Cord, (London: J & A Churchill, 1880).
 * Epilepsy and other Chronic Convulsive Disorders, their Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, (London: J & A Churchill, 1881).
 * Lectures on the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain, (London: J & A Churchill, 1885).
 * A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System, Vol 1, (London: J & A Churchill, 1886).
 * A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System, Vol 2, (London: J & A Churchill, 1888).
 * Syphilis and the Nervous System, (London: J & A Churchill, 1892).
 * The Dynamics of Life, (London: J & A Churchill, 1894).
 * Diagnosis of the Nature of Organic Brain Disease, (London: Isaac Pitman, 1897).
 * Subjective Sensations of Sight and Sound, Abiotrophy and other lectures, (London: J & A Churchill, 1904).
 * The Borderland of Epilepsy : Faints, Vagal Attacks, Vertigo, Migraine, Sleep Symptoms, and their treatment, (London: J & A Churchill, 1907).

title: William Gowers (neurologist)


text:
Functional genomics

Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing). Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throughput methods rather than a more traditional "candidate-gene" approach.

Definition and goals
In order to understand functional genomics it is important to first define function. In their paper Graur et al. define function in two possible ways. These are "selected effect" and "causal role". The "selected effect" function refers to the function for which a trait (DNA, RNA, protein etc.) is selected for. The "causal role" function refers to the function that a trait is sufficient and necessary for. Functional genomics usually tests the "causal role" definition of function.

The goal of functional genomics is to understand the function of genes or proteins, eventually all components of a genome. The term functional genomics is often used to refer to the many technical approaches to study an organism's genes and proteins, including the "biochemical, cellular, and/or physiological properties of each and every gene product" while some authors include the study of nongenic elements in their definition. Functional genomics may also include studies of natural genetic variation over time (such as an organism's development) or space (such as its body regions), as well as functional disruptions such as mutations.

The promise of functional genomics is to generate and synthesize genomic and proteomic knowledge into an understanding of the dynamic properties of an organism. This could potentially provide a more complete picture of how the genome specifies function compared to studies of single genes. Integration of functional genomics data is often a part of systems biology approaches.

Techniques and applications
Functional genomics includes function-related aspects of the genome itself such as mutation and polymorphism (such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis), as well as the measurement of molecular activities. The latter comprise a number of "-omics" such as transcriptomics (gene expression), proteomics (protein production), and metabolomics. Functional genomics uses mostly multiplex techniques to measure the abundance of many or all gene products such as mRNAs or proteins within a biological sample. A more focused functional genomics approach might test the function of all variants of one gene and quantify the effects of mutants by using sequencing as a readout of activity. Together these measurement modalities endeavor to quantitate the various biological processes and improve our understanding of gene and protein functions and interactions.

Genetic interaction mapping
Systematic pairwise deletion of genes or inhibition of gene expression can be used to identify genes with related function, even if they do not interact physically. Epistasis refers to the fact that effects for two different gene knockouts may not be additive; that is, the phenotype that results when two genes are inhibited may be different from the sum of the effects of single knockouts.

DNA/Protein interactions
Proteins formed by the translation of the mRNA (messenger RNA, a coded information from DNA for protein synthesis) play a major role in regulating gene expression. To understand how they regulate gene expression it is necessary to identify DNA sequences that they interact with. Techniques have been developed to identify sites of DNA-protein interactions. These include ChIP-sequencing, CUT&RUN sequencing and Calling Cards.

DNA accessibility assays
Assays have been developed to identify regions of the genome that are accessible. These regions of accessible chromatin are candidate regulatory regions. These assays include ATAC-seq, DNase-Seq and FAIRE-Seq.

Microarrays
Microarrays measure the amount of mRNA in a sample that corresponds to a given gene or probe DNA sequence. Probe sequences are immobilized on a solid surface and allowed to hybridize with fluorescently labeled "target" mRNA. The intensity of fluorescence of a spot is proportional to the amount of target sequence that has hybridized to that spot and therefore to the abundance of that mRNA sequence in the sample. Microarrays allow for the identification of candidate genes involved in a given process based on variation between transcript levels for different conditions and shared expression patterns with genes of known function.

SAGE
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is an alternate method of analysis based on RNA sequencing rather than hybridization. SAGE relies on the sequencing of 10–17 base pair tags which are unique to each gene. These tags are produced from poly-A mRNA and ligated end-to-end before sequencing. SAGE gives an unbiased measurement of the number of transcripts per cell, since it does not depend on prior knowledge of what transcripts to study (as microarrays do).

RNA sequencing
RNA sequencing has taken over microarray and SAGE technology in recent years, as noted in 2016, and has become the most efficient way to study transcription and gene expression. This is typically done by next-generation sequencing.

A subset of sequenced RNAs are small RNAs, a class of non-coding RNA molecules that are key regulators of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, or RNA silencing. Next-generation sequencing is the gold standard tool for non-coding RNA discovery, profiling and expression analysis.

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays (MPRAs)
Massively parallel reporter assays is a technology to test the cis-regulatory activity of DNA sequences. MPRAs use a plasmid with a synthetic cis-regulatory element upstream of a promoter driving a synthetic gene such as Green Fluorescent Protein. A library of cis-regulatory elements is usually tested using MPRAs, a library can contain from hundreds to thousands of cis-regulatory elements. The cis-regulatory activity of the elements is assayed by using the downstream reporter activity. The activity of all the library members is assayed in parallel using barcodes for each cis-regulatory element. One limitation of MPRAs is that the activity is assayed on a plasmid and may not capture all aspects of gene regulation observed in the genome.

STARR-seq
STARR-seq is a technique similar to MPRAs to assay enhancer activity of randomly sheared genomic fragments. In the original publication, randomly sheared fragments of the Drosophila genome were placed downstream of a minimal promoter. Candidate enhancers amongst the randomly sheared fragments will transcribe themselves using the minimal promoter. By using sequencing as a readout and controlling for input amounts of each sequence the strength of putative enhancers are assayed by this method.

Perturb-seq

Perturb-seq couples CRISPR mediated gene knockdowns with single-cell gene expression. Linear models are used to calculate the effect of the knockdown of a single gene on the expression of multiple genes.

Yeast two-hybrid system
A yeast two-hybrid screening (Y2H) tests a "bait" protein against many potential interacting proteins ("prey") to identify physical protein–protein interactions. This system is based on a transcription factor, originally GAL4, whose separate DNA-binding and transcription activation domains are both required in order for the protein to cause transcription of a reporter gene. In a Y2H screen, the "bait" protein is fused to the binding domain of GAL4, and a library of potential "prey" (interacting) proteins is recombinantly expressed in a vector with the activation domain. In vivo interaction of bait and prey proteins in a yeast cell brings the activation and binding domains of GAL4 close enough together to result in expression of a reporter gene. It is also possible to systematically test a library of bait proteins against a library of prey proteins to identify all possible interactions in a cell.

MS and AP/MS
Mass spectrometry (MS) can identify proteins and their relative levels, hence it can be used to study protein expression. When used in combination with affinity purification, mass spectrometry (AP/MS) can be used to study protein complexes, that is, which proteins interact with one another in complexes and in which ratios. In order to purify protein complexes, usually a "bait" protein is tagged with a specific protein or peptide that can be used to pull out the complex from a complex mix. The purification is usually done using an antibody or a compound that binds to the fusion part. The proteins are then digested into short peptide fragments and mass spectrometry is used to identify the proteins based on the mass-to-charge ratios of those fragments.

Deep mutational scanning
In deep mutational scanning, every possible amino acid change in a given protein is first synthesized. The activity of each of these protein variants is assayed in parallel using barcodes for each variant. By comparing the activity to the wild-type protein, the effect of each mutation is identified. While it is possible to assay every possible single amino-acid change due to combinatorics two or more concurrent mutations are hard to test. Deep mutational scanning experiments have also been used to infer protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Deep Mutational Scanning is an example of a multiplexed assays of variant effect (MAVEs), a family of methods that involve mutagenesis of a DNA-encoded protein or regulatory element followed by a multiplexed assay for some aspect of function. MAVEs enable the generation of ‘variant effect maps’ characterizing aspects of the function of every possible single nucleotide change in a gene or functional element of interest.

Mutagenesis and phenotyping
An important functional feature of genes is the phenotype caused by mutations. Mutants can be produced by random mutations or by directed mutagenesis, including site-directed mutagenesis, deleting complete genes, or other techniques.

Knock-outs (gene deletions)
Gene function can be investigated by systematically "knocking out" genes one by one. This is done by either deletion or disruption of function (such as by insertional mutagenesis) and the resulting organisms are screened for phenotypes that provide clues to the function of the disrupted gene. Knock-outs have been produced for whole genomes, i.e. by deleting all genes in a genome. For essential genes, this is not possible, so other techniques are used, e.g. deleting a gene while expressing the gene from a plasmid, using an inducible promoter, so that the level of gene product can be changed at will (and thus a "functional" deletion achieved).

Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is used to mutate specific bases (and thus amino acids). This is critical to investigate the function of specific amino acids in a protein, e.g. in the active site of an enzyme.

RNAi
RNA interference (RNAi) methods can be used to transiently silence or knockdown gene expression using ~20 base-pair double-stranded RNA typically delivered by transfection of synthetic ~20-mer short-interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) or by virally encoded short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). RNAi screens, typically performed in cell culture-based assays or experimental organisms (such as C. elegans) can be used to systematically disrupt nearly every gene in a genome or subsets of genes (sub-genomes); possible functions of disrupted genes can be assigned based on observed phenotypes.

CRISPR screens
CRISPR-Cas9 has been used to delete genes in a multiplexed manner in cell-lines. Quantifying the amount of guide-RNAs for each gene before and after the experiment can point towards essential genes. If a guide-RNA disrupts an essential gene it will lead to the loss of that cell and hence there will be a depletion of that particular guide-RNA after the screen. In a recent CRISPR-cas9 experiment in mammalian cell-lines, around 2000 genes were found to be essential in multiple cell-lines. Some of these genes were essential in only one cell-line. Most of genes are part of multi-protein complexes. This approach can be used to identify synthetic lethality by using the appropriate genetic background. CRISPRi and CRISPRa enable loss-of-function and gain-of-function screens in a similar manner. CRISPRi identified ~2100 essential genes in the K562 cell-line. CRISPR deletion screens have also been used to identify potential regulatory elements of a gene. For example, a technique called ScanDel was published which attempted this approach. The authors deleted regions outside a gene of interest(HPRT1 involved in a Mendelian disorder) in an attempt to identify regulatory elements of this gene. Gassperini et al. did not identify any distal regulatory elements for HPRT1 using this approach, however such approaches can be extended to other genes of interest.

Genome annotation
Putative genes can be identified by scanning a genome for regions likely to encode proteins, based on characteristics such as long open reading frames, transcriptional initiation sequences, and polyadenylation sites. A sequence identified as a putative gene must be confirmed by further evidence, such as similarity to cDNA or EST sequences from the same organism, similarity of the predicted protein sequence to known proteins, association with promoter sequences, or evidence that mutating the sequence produces an observable phenotype.

Rosetta stone approach
The Rosetta stone approach is a computational method for de-novo protein function prediction. It is based on the hypothesis that some proteins involved in a given physiological process may exist as two separate genes in one organism and as a single gene in another. Genomes are scanned for sequences that are independent in one organism and in a single open reading frame in another. If two genes have fused, it is predicted that they have similar biological functions that make such co-regulation advantageous.

Bioinformatics methods for Functional genomics
Because of the large quantity of data produced by these techniques and the desire to find biologically meaningful patterns, bioinformatics is crucial to analysis of functional genomics data. Examples of techniques in this class are data clustering or principal component analysis for unsupervised machine learning (class detection) as well as artificial neural networks or support vector machines for supervised machine learning (class prediction, classification). Functional enrichment analysis is used to determine the extent of over- or under-expression (positive- or negative- regulators in case of RNAi screens) of functional categories relative to a background sets. Gene ontology based enrichment analysis are provided by DAVID and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), pathway based analysis by Ingenuity and Pathway studio and protein complex based analysis by COMPLEAT.

New computational methods have been developed for understanding the results of a deep mutational scanning experiment. 'phydms' compares the result of a deep mutational scanning experiment to a phylogenetic tree. This allows the user to infer if the selection process in nature applies similar constraints on a protein as the results of the deep mutational scan indicate. This may allow an experimenter to choose between different experimental conditions based on how well they reflect nature. Deep mutational scanning has also been used to infer protein-protein interactions. The authors used a thermodynamic model to predict the effects of mutations in different parts of a dimer. Deep mutational structure can also be used to infer protein structure. Strong positive epistasis between two mutations in a deep mutational scan can be indicative of two parts of the protein that are close to each other in 3-D space. This information can then be used to infer protein structure. A proof of principle of this approach was shown by two groups using the protein GB1.

Results from MPRA experiments have required machine learning approaches to interpret the data. A gapped k-mer SVM model has been used to infer the kmers that are enriched within cis-regulatory sequences with high activity compared to sequences with lower activity. These models provide high predictive power. Deep learning and random forest approaches have also been used to interpret the results of these high-dimensional experiments. These models are beginning to help develop a better understanding of non-coding DNA function towards gene-regulation.

The ENCODE project
The ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA elements) project is an in-depth analysis of the human genome whose goal is to identify all the functional elements of genomic DNA, in both coding and non-coding regions. Important results include evidence from genomic tiling arrays that most nucleotides are transcribed as coding transcripts, non-coding RNAs, or random transcripts, the discovery of additional transcriptional regulatory sites, further elucidation of chromatin-modifying mechanisms.

The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project
The GTEx project is a human genetics project aimed at understanding the role of genetic variation in shaping variation in the transcriptome across tissues. The project has collected a variety of tissue samples (> 50 different tissues) from more than 700 post-mortem donors. This has resulted in the collection of >11,000 samples. GTEx has helped understand the tissue-sharing and tissue-specificity of eQTLs. The genomic resource was developed to "enrich our understanding of how differences in our DNA sequence contribute to health and disease."

The Atlas of Variant Effects Alliance
The Atlas of Variant Effects Alliance (AVE), founded in 2020, is an international consortium aiming to catalog the impact of all possible genetic variants for disease-related functional genomics by creating variant effect maps that reveal the function of every possible single nucleotide change in a gene or regulatory element. AVE is funded in part through the Brotman Baty Institute at the University of Washington and the National Human Genome Research Institute, via funding from the Center of Excellence in Genome Science grant (NHGRI RM1HG010461).

title: Functional genomics


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Artamonov (crater)

Artamonov is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. Its eroded outer rim does not have the circular shape of most lunar craters, but the overall shape of three or four merged craters. The largest is in the south, with smaller circular bulges to the north and east.

The crater's interior floor has been resurfaced by subsequent flows of basaltic lava, leaving a relatively flat, featureless floor that appears darker due to lower albedo. It is faintly marked by lighter-hued ejecta from the crater Giordano Bruno to the north.

A linear formation of craters designated Catena Artamonov is alongside its northeast rim, following a course to the southeast. Nearby craters of note include Maxwell and Lomonosov to the northwest, and Edison to the west. To the east-northeast is the smaller crater Espin, while the small Malyy formation is to the south-southeast.

Artamov's name was approved by the IAU in 1970.

title: Artamonov (crater)


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Talk:Free world

Comment
The term was used to contrast the supposed greater freedom enjoyed by citizens of self-styled democratic countries, such as the United States and Western Europe, with the Soviet Union and its East European allies.

The expression "self-styled" is incorrect, because the Soviet Union and its satellite states claimed to be democratic too, so they were par excellence self-styled democratic countries. Boraczek 03:35, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

As nobody answered, I feel free to make changes in the article. Boraczek 12:13, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Self-styled is accurate. If you have anything to say about the Soviet Union, say it. Shorne 18:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Couldn't this article be shortened to just #REDIRECT United States of America ? J I P | Talk 14:34, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No, because the Free World encompasses ALL non-Communist nations. Read the article.  However, the title should be capitalized as "Free World", as it appears in the article, not as "Free world". Canonblack 12:33, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This term is still used - it hasn't died with the Cold War. Esn 16:17, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

free market world
I think the term free market world (in contrast to the "free world") deserves its own article. (Igny (talk) 19:15, 12 February 2009 (UTC))

FN FAL
the FN FAL is called "The right arm of the free world."--LandonJaeger (talk) 20:35, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free world


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Hinchinbrook Island

Hinchinbrook Island (or Pouandai to the Biyaygiri people) is an island in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It lies east of Cardwell and north of Lucinda, separated from the north-eastern coast of Queensland by the narrow Hinchinbrook Channel. Hinchinbrook Island is part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and wholly protected within the Hinchinbrook Island National Park, except for a small and abandoned resort. It is the largest island on the Great Barrier Reef. It is also the largest island national park in Australia.

Natural heritage
Hinchinbrook Island is made up of late Palaeozoic igneous rocks. The main 16 km pluton in the east of the island, the Hinchinbrook Granite, is composed of various hypersolvus granites and intrudes volcanics, granodiorites, and granites. The island and coastal ranges are thought to have been thrust up as blocks with subsidence between them to form the coastal plain with the summit level of the island being an older dissected surface that has been uplifted to approximately 1 km or more above sea level. The Hinchinbrook Channel that separates the island from the mainland is considered to be fault controlled.

Since the last Ice Age 18,000 years ago sea level has risen. Once there was a significant rugged coastal range, now there is Hinchinbrook Island. To the west is the mangrove-fringed Hinchinbrook Channel with 164 km2 of robust mangrove estuaries. The channel is the valley of the Herbert River flooded following the last glacial period. The island is only separated from the mainland at times of high sea-level such as the present and is thought to have had dry land connections to the mainland for most of the past few million years. Further west is the Cardwell Range Escarpment rainforest. East of Hinchinbrook Island lies the Coral Sea, Great Barrier Reef Lagoon and Great Barrier Reef.

To the north of Hinchinbrook Island, Rockingham Bay hosts densely vegetated continental islands, e.g., Garden Island, Goold Island, Brook Islands Group, Family Island Group, Bedarra Island and Dunk Island east of Mission Beach. South of Hinchinbrook Island, the Cardwell Range gives way to the Herbert River floodplain and delta.

Missionary Bay is at the northern end of Hinchinbrook Island National Park. Natural features of this biodiverse area include 50 km2 of dense mangrove communities lining the shoreline. Many botanists believe the mangrove forests along the island's western coast are the most diverse in the country. 31 different species of mangrove has been identified. A shallow subhorizontal tidal zone has extensive offshore sea grass beds grazed by dugong. The beach stone-curlew thrives on the island, unlike on mainland beaches because vehicles are banned.

The eastern coastline of Hinchinbrook Island is punctuated with headland outcrops, incised drainage conduits, forest, secluded sandy pocket beaches and sand dunes. Mangroves are in proximity to freshwater streams. At Ramsay Bay on the northeast coast, a transgressive dune barrier or tombolo links Cape Sandwich, a granite outlier at the northeastern tip of the island, to the main part of the island. The barrier is widest in the north with a maximum width of about 1 km and narrows to the south to a width of about 100 to 200 m. The barrier, which consists mainly of aeolian sands, extends more than 30 m below the present sea level in places. It is thought to have been formed in two major episodes, the older dunes being partly drowned during an early Holocene marine transgression (9500-6000 C-14 years BP) with the later generation of dunes forming within the last 900 C-14 years BP.

Hinchinbrook Island is described as a "wilderness area," wild and rugged with soaring mountainous peaks. Hinchinbrook Island's highest mountain is Mount Bowen, 1,121 m above sea level. Other notable mountain summits are The Thumb (981 m), Mount Diamantina (953 m) and Mount Straloch (922 m). Terrestrial vegetation types include thick shrubs, heath, bushland and forest. The island habitat provides refuge for numerous endangered species, both flora and fauna such as the giant tree frog.

The local climate is tropical, warm to mildly cool and dry during the winter months. The summer monsoon wet is warm to hot and humid, coinciding with the tropical cyclone season. The island has no reefs in the waters surrounding it, most likely due to fresh water runoff from the island.

History
Hinchinbrook Island or Pouandai was originally inhabited by the indigenous Biyaygiri people.

Warrgamay (also known as Waragamai, Wargamay, Wargamaygan, Biyay, and Warakamai) is an Australian Aboriginal language in North Queensland. The language region includes the Herbert River area, Ingham, Hawkins Creek, Long Pocket, Herbert Vale, Niagara Vale, Yamanic Creek, Herbert Gorge, Cardwell, Hinchinbrook Island and the adjacent mainland.

Shell middens and fish traps are evidence of their activities. Fish were an important source of food for Aboriginal people living in the area. The Bandjin fish trap rock formations exploited the cyclic tidal regime, not only capturing fish, but also holding their catch alive for days. At times, many fish would be caught in the traps. These fish would not be killed nor eaten, instead they were left for the birds. To this day the traps still capture fish, which feed the local birds.

In 1770, British Captain James Cook on HMS Endeavour sailed past at some distance to the east, naming Mount Hinchinbrook without realising that it was an island. Lieutenant Phillip Parker King on his surveying voyage in 1819 suspected it was separated from the mainland but could not confirm this. It was not until 1843, when Captain Blackwood on HMS Fly (1831) stayed two weeks in the area, that the British were able to verify that it was a distinct landmass, naming it Hinchinbrook Island. The name is from Hinchingbrooke House, in Huntingdon, England, as John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich was First Lord of the Admiralty, and the naming of Hinchinbrook Island, Brampton Island and Montague Island in the South Sandwich Islands are evidence of the early explorers' gratitude to the 4th Earl.

Early interactions between British navigators and the Biyaygiri were mostly amicable. Lieutenant Jeffreys of HMS Kangaroo (1805) landed there in 1815 as did Lieutenant P.P. King in 1819 and both reported friendly dealings with the indigenous population. In his 1843 voyage, Captain Blackwood of HMS Fly also had peaceful communications with the Biyaygiri initially, but conflict occurred on several occasions when the sailors were pelted with rocks, resulting in a number of islanders being shot.

Following the establishment of the township of Cardwell in 1864 on the mainland across from Hinchinbrook, relations with the Biyaygiri soon deteriorated. Inspector John Murray of the Native Police led a group of settlers and troopers on a month long expedition through the island in 1867, bringing some Aboriginal people back to their camp and ship to question them for information about some possible shipwreck survivors. In 1872, after the murder and mutilation of two white fishermen at nearby Goold Island, a large expedition led by sub-Inspector Robert Arthur Johnstone scoured Hinchinbrook Island to locate the perpetrators, returning with three captured young Indigenous children. A visitor to Cardwell at the time reported that one of these children was violated by the police and that the settlers openly talked of "the slaughter of whole camps not only of men, but of women and children". Through violent incidents such as these, the population of Hichinbrook Island was rapidly reduced to a handful of survivors. Reverend Edward Fuller attempted to set up a mission on the island in 1874 but was forced to abandon it after being informed of the massacres and consequently not seeing any Aboriginal people in nine months living there.

In the following decades Europeans settled on Hinchinbrook Island. Their main activities were fishing, farming and mining. In 1932, Hinchinbrook Island was declared a national park. In 1942, during World War II, an American B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Force crashed into Mount Straloch, a mountain on the island, killing all 12 crewmen on board. After World War II, commercial crocodile hunting in the area reduced numbers nearly to the point of extinction by the 1960s.

The 2008 feature movie Nim's Island was partly filmed on the island.

Tourism
The island had a single provider of accommodation called the Hinchinbrook Island Wilderness Lodge; however, it closed in 2010 as a result of financial difficulties caused by the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Several months later it was struck by Cyclone Yasi. The infrastructure has since been looted and left to decay. It is located on the northeastern corner of the island at Cape Richards.

Destinations and regulations
Hinchinbrook Island, Hinchinbrook Channel and the coastal plain south to the Herbert River Delta(Lucinda) is a unique biogeographical region.

Along the east coast of the island is the 32 km long Thorsborne Trail, which is typically done over 3–4 days. The trail was named in honour of environmental activists Arthur and Margaret Thorsborne.

Marine nature based activities include sightseeing cruises, sailing, outrigger canoeing, swimming, snorkelling and scuba diving. Sea kayaking is possible east of Hinchinbrook Island; west, the island is known saltwater crocodile habitat.

Hinchinbrook Island camping is by permit only. Visitor numbers to the island is restricted. The aim is to preserve the island's biodiversity and limit environmental degradation. Open fires are not permitted.

Access
The Bruce Highway connects Townsville, Lucinda, Cardwell, and Cairns. Locally the Bruce Highway within Cardwell town limits is known as Victoria Street. Regular scheduled coach services operate from the transit zone in Brasenose Street, Cardwell and Townsville Road in Ingham. Hinchinbrook resorts and Helloworld in Ingham run bus shuttles to Townsville and return to Lucinda for people hiking the Thorsborne Trail. Queensland Rail has regular services operating, transiting from the Cardwell Rail Station in Bowen Street.

Shipwreck
In 2011, the shipwreck of a 30 m longboat was discovered on the shores of Ramsay Bay by a fisherman. It is thought that the wreck is about 130 years old and was uncovered by Cyclone Yasi.

title: Hinchinbrook Island


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Asclepi (crater)

Asclepi is a heavily eroded lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged southern highlands of the Moon. The outer rim has been worn down and rounded by many millions of years of subsequent impacts, so that it is now nearly level with the surrounding terrain. As a result, the crater is now little more than a depression in the surface. The interior is nearly flat and relatively featureless.

The rim of Asclepi is marked only by a small crater across the western rim, and several tiny craterlets. The satellite crater Hommel K is a more recent impact that is attached to the southeast rim. This is a bowl-shaped formation with a sharp edge and a small central floor.

Nearby craters of note include Pitiscus to the north-northeast, Hommel due east, and Baco to the northwest. To the west-southwest is the smaller crater Tannerus.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Asclepi.

title: Asclepi (crater)