text:
User talk:PockyChoc

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes). Hi., just letting you know I listed your on requests for Arbitration, Requests_for_arbitration with the following complaint "User:Reithy has a request for comments open: Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Reithy detailing his vandalism spree and his attack on other users. Since this every single day he has been creating a new account to insult me on his user/page talks pages, Talk about what a vandal I i'm, Revert other editors edits with his different accounts to make it seem like he has concenus. etc...(please see request for comments for basis for major problems.

He has been conducting a general campaign against me in the past week, with a different account per day to make it seem as if I have a large base of hatred from different users being directed at how awful I am.

Impossible to talk/reason with because he actually seems to like to believe that he's a sockpuppet and a unique indivudal any time you try to confront him.

His accounts he has created in just the past week are: User:Chuckschneider User:Schweppes42 User:144.132.89.151 user:Guido1970 user:ReithySockPuppet (pay particular attention to this one's user page) User:Lukewilson user:CorporalPunishment user:MunchieRonnie and user:PockyChoc."

please respond if you wish to. Chuck F 08:55, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:PockyChoc


text: Talk:The Corn Years

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Corn Years


text: User talk:64.107.88.142

title: User talk:64.107.88.142


text:
Pilgrim Fathers Memorial

The Pilgrim Fathers Memorial is located on the north bank of The Haven at the site of the former Scotia Creek, Fishtoft, seaward of Boston in Lincolnshire, England, and consists of a small granite obelisk mounted on a granite block. It commemorates the attempt at finding religious freedom in September, 1607 by the Scrooby Congregation, a group of English Separatist Protestants who left for Holland. They were precursors of the Pilgrims who later crossed the Atlantic to New England.

Connection to the Pilgrim Fathers

The men from Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, chartered a Dutch vessel to transport them to the Netherlands in 1607, but the attempt was thwarted when the captain betrayed them to the local authorities. They were arrested and taken by boat to attend a hearing by the magistrates in the Boston Guildhall, and they were imprisoned in the cells there for about a month.

In 1608, after their release, they made a second, this time successful, attempt from the Humber first arriving in Amsterdam. The Scrooby congregation moved to Leiden in 1609, before setting sail in 1620 for the New World via Southampton and Plymouth.

The memorial
The memorial was erected by the former Boston Borough Council in 1957, on the 350th anniversary of the event. The work was carried out by Leake's Masonry. The ceremony was attended by several members of the General Society of Mayflower Descendants, who made a donation towards the cost of the monument. Its design is a tapering shaft rising from a base-block, intended to symbolise the urge which drove a small band of men and women to leave their country and kinsfolk for conscience's sake. The material used typifies by its strength the power and stability of their faith.

The inscription on the front of the memorial used to read:

 * "Near this place in September 1607 those later known as "The Pilgrim Fathers" set sail on their first attempt to find religious freedom across the seas. Erected 1957"

It has since been updated to the following:
 * ''"Near this place in September 1607 those later known as the Pilgrim Fathers were thwarted in their first attempt to sail to find religious freedom across the seas.
 * Memorial re-worded by the generous gift of the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches and The First Congregational Church of Wauwatosa WI USA - 2009"

title: Pilgrim Fathers Memorial


text:
Krishna Janmashtami

Krishna Janmashtami (कृष्णजन्माष्टमी), also known simply as Krishnashtami, Janmashtami, or Gokulashtami, is an annual Hindu festival that celebrates the birth of Krishna, the eighth avatar of Vishnu. In certain Hindu texts, such as the Gita Govinda, Krishna has been identified as supreme God and the source of all avatars. Krishna's birth is celebrated and observed on the eighth day (Ashtami) of the dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) in Shravana Masa (according to the amanta tradition) or Bhadrapada Masa (according to the purnimanta tradition). This overlaps with August or September of the Gregorian calendar.

It is an important festival, particularly in the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism. The celebratory customs associated with Janmashtami include a celebration festival, reading and recitation of religious texts, dance and enactments of the life of Krishna according to the Bhagavata Purana, devotional singing till midnight (the time of Krishna's birth), and fasting (upavasa), amongst other things. It is widely celebrated across India and abroad.

Etymology
The meaning of Sanskrit word Janmashtami can be understood by splitting it into the two words, "Janma" and "Ashtami." The word "Janma" means birth and the word "Ashtami" means eight; thus, Krishna Janmashtami is the celebration of Krishna's birth on the eighth day of the dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) in the month of Bhadrapada (August–September).

History
Information about Krishna's life is noted in the Mahabharata, the Puranas, and Bhagavata Purana. Krishna is the eighth son of Devaki (mother) and Vasudeva (father). Surrounding the time of his birth, persecution was rampant, freedoms were being denied, and King Kamsa's life was threatened. Krishna was born within a prison in Mathura, India where his parents were constrained by his uncle, Kamsa. During Devaki's wedding, Kamsa was warned by a celestial voice that Devaki's eighth son would be the cause of his death. In an effort to defy this prophesy, Kamsa imprisoned his sister Devaki and her husband and promptly killed the first six of her newborns after their birth. The guards responsible for keeping watch over Devaki's cell fell asleep and the cell doors were miraculously opened at the time of Krishna's birth. These events allowed Vasudeva to send Krishna across the Yamuna River to his foster parents, Yashoda (mother) and Nanda (father). This legend is celebrated on Janmashtami by people keeping fasts, singing devotional songs of love for Krishna, and keeping a vigil into the night.

Throughout Krishna's childhood and young adult life, Balarama, Krishna's half-brother, was a "constant companion" for him. Balarama joined Krishna in the major events that are celebrated in Vraja, Brindavan, Dravarka, and Mathura such as stealing butter, chasing calves, playing in the cow pens, and participating in wrestling matches.

Observance and celebrations
Krishna Janmashtami holds significant importance to Hindus around the world, and it is celebrated in diverse forms depending on their regional and cultural customs. Hindus celebrate Janmashtami by fasting, singing, praying together, preparing and sharing special food, night vigils, and visiting Krishna or Vishnu temples. The places of Mathura and Vrindavan are visited by pilgrims. Some mandirs organize recitation of Bhagavad Gita in the days leading up to Janmashtami. Many northern Indian communities organize dance-drama events called Rasa Lila or Krishna Lila. The tradition of Rasa Lila is particularly popular in the Mathura region, in northeastern states of India such as Manipur and Assam, and in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is acted out by numerous teams of amateur artists, cheered on by their local communities, and these drama-dance plays begin a few days before each Janmashtami. People decorate their houses with flowers and light. On this day, people chant "Hare Krishna hare Krishna, Krishna- Krishna Hare Hare". The Janmashtami celebration is followed by Dahi Handi, which is celebrated the next day.

After Krishna's midnight hour birth, forms of baby Krishna are bathed and clothed, then placed in a cradle. The devotees then break their fast by sharing food and sweets. Women draw tiny footprints outside their house doors and kitchen, walking towards their house, a symbolism for Krishna's journey into their homes.

Northern India
Janmashtami is the largest festival in the Braj region of north India, in cities such as Mathura where Hindu tradition states Krishna was born, and in Vrindavan where he grew up. Vaishnava communities in these cities in Uttar Pradesh, as well as others in the state, as well as locations in Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Himalayan north celebrate Janmashtami. Krishna temples are decorated and lighted up, they attract numerous visitors on the day, while Krishna devotees hold bhakti events and keep night vigil.

The festival typically falls as the monsoons in north India have begun retreating, fields laden with crops and rural communities have time to play. In the northern states, Janmashtami is celebrated with the Raslila tradition, which literally means "play (Lila) of delight, essence (Rasa)". This is expressed as solo or group dance and drama events at Janmashtami, wherein Krishna related compositions are sung, music accompanies the performance, while actors and audience share and celebrate the performance by clapping hands to mark the beat. The childhood pranks of Krishna and the love affairs of Radha-Krishna are particularly popular. According to Christian Roy and other scholars, these Radha-Krishna love stories are Hindu symbolism for the longing and love of the human soul for the divine or Brahman.

Poetry describing the feats of Krishna became popular in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries within the Braj region, and is written according to a vernacular called "Braj basha" (present-day "Hindi"). The Braj basha poems of Surdas (collectively known as the Sursagar) are popularly recalled, some of which describe the birth and childhood of Krishna.

Jammu Region
In Jammu region, Janmashtami is popularly known by the name "Thogre/Thakure da Vrat" (meaning Vrat dedicated to Thakur i.e. Shri Krishna). Observing a Phalaahari Vrat for complete one day is the major ritual in the festival. The day is marked by numerous Phalaahari Dhaams or Bhandaras in the streets of Jammu region's prominent towns.

Janmashtami marks the beginning of the kite-flying season in the Jammu region whereby locals gather and fly decorated kites from their rooftops. While on the other hand, girls and women decorate their palms by applying Teera, dye of an indigenous plant.

Another ceremony associated with Janmashtami in Jammu region is "Deyaa Parna" in which Dogras donate cereal grains in the name of their ancestors & Kuldevtas. A holy tree called jand is worshipped by women on this day. Special rotis called draupads are prepared and offered to cows and deities.

Kashmir
Janmashtami is celebrated as Zaram Satam (Janam Saptami) by the native Kashmiri Pandits of Kashmir. The festival is associated with observing a vrat the whole day and visiting the Thokur Kuth (Krishna Mandir) at midnight. At night, puja is performed in the temples which includes performing abhishek (ritual bath) to the murti of Krishna, and singing bhajans (devotional songs). Food items appropriate for fasting, such as gaer or singhada lapsi (made from waterchestnut flour), fruits, and dried fruits are consumed on this day.

Maharashtra
Janmashtami (popularly known as "Dahi Handii" in Maharashtra) is celebrated in cities such as Mumbai, Latur, Nagpur and Pune. It is a celebration of joy and facilitator of social oneness. Dahi Handi is an enactment of how Krishna, during his childhood, would steal butter. This story is the theme of numerous reliefs on Hindu temples across India, as well as literature and dance-drama repertoire, symbolizing the joyful innocence of children, that love and life's play is the manifestation of god.

It is common practice for youth groups to celebrate the festival by participating in Dahi Handi, which involves hanging a clay pot, filled with buttermilk, at a significant height. Once hung, several youth groups compete to reach the pot by creating a human pyramid and breaking it open. The spilled contents are considered as prasada (celebratory offering). It is a public spectacle, cheered and welcomed as a community event.

Gujarat and Rajasthan
In Dwarka, Gujarat – where Krishna is believed to have established his kingdom – people celebrate the festival with a tradition similar to Dahi Handi, called Makhan Handi (pot with freshly churned butter). Others perform folk dances such and garba and raas, sing bhajans, and visit Krishna temples such as at the Dwarkadhish Temple or Nathdwara. In the Kutch district region, farmers decorate their bullock carts and take out Krishna processions, with group singing and dancing. The day is of special importance to followers of the Pushtimarg and the Swaminarayan movement.

The works of Gujarati poets, Narsinh Mehta (1414–1480 c.e.), Dayaram (1777–1852) and Rajasthani poet Mirabai (c.1500), are popularly revisited and sung during Janmashtami. Their works are categorized as part of the bhakti tradition, or devotional poetry dedicated to Krishna.

South India
In Kerala, people celebrate in September, according to the Malayalam calendar.

In Tamil Nadu, people decorate the floor with kolams (decorative pattern drawn with rice batter). Geetha Govindam and other such devotional songs are sung in praise of Krishna. Little footprints, representing Krishna as an infant, are drawn from the threshold of the house till the pooja (prayer) room, which depicts the arrival of Krishna into the house. Reciting from the Bhagavad Gita is also a popular practice. The offerings made to Krishna include fruits, betel and butter. Milk-based items, such as sweet seedai and verkadalai urundai, are prepared. The festival is celebrated in the evening as Krishna was born at midnight. Most people observe a strict fast on this day.

In Andhra Pradesh and Telengana, recitation of shlokas and devotional songs are the characteristics of this festival. Another unique feature of this festival is that young boys are dressed up as Krishna and they visit neighbours and friends. The people of Andhra Pradesh observe a fast too. Various kinds of sweets such as chakodi, murukku, and seedai are offered to Krishna on this day. Joyful chanting of Krishna's name takes place in quite a few temples of the state. The number of temples dedicated to Krishna are few. The reason being that people have taken to worship him through paintings and not idols.

Popular south Indian temples dedicated to Krishna are Rajagopalaswamy Temple in Mannargudi in the Tiruvarur district, Pandavadhoothar temple in Kanchipuram, Sri Krishna temple at Udupi, and the Krishna temple at Guruvayur are dedicated to the memory of Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna. It is believed that the murti (idol) of Krishna installed in Guruvayur is originally from his kingdom in Dwarka – which is believed to be submerged in the sea.

Eastern and Northeastern India
Janmashtami is widely celebrated by Hindu Vaishnava communities of eastern and northeastern India. The widespread tradition of celebrating Krishna in these regions is credited to the efforts and teachings of 15th and 16th century Sankardeva and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Sankardeva introduced the musical composition, Borgeet, and dance-drama styles – Ankia Naat  and Sattriya - that is now popular in West Bengal and Assam. In Manipur state, a traditional dance - Raas Leela - inspired by the theme of love and devotion between Krishna, Radha and the gopis, is enacted using the Manipuri dance style. The contextual roots of these dance drama arts are found in the ancient Hindu text Natya Shastra, but with influences from the culture fusion between India and southeast Asia.

On Janmashtami, parents dress up their children as Krishna or the gopis. Temples and community centers are decorated with regional flowers and leaves, while groups recite or listen to the tenth chapter of the Bhagavata Purana, and the Bhagavata Gita.

Janmashtami is a major festival celebrated with fasts, vigil, recitation of scriptures and Krishna prayers in Manipur. Dancers performing Raslila are a notable annual tradition during Janmashtami in Mathura and Vrindavan. Children play the Likol Sannaba game in the Meetei Vaishnava community.

The Shree Govindajee Temple and the ISKCON temples particularly mark the Janmashtami festival. Janmashtami is celebrated in Assam at homes, in community centers called Namghars (Assamese: নামঘৰ). According to the tradition, the devotees sing the Nam, perform pujas and sharing food and Prasada.

Odisha and West Bengal
In the eastern state of Odisha, specifically the region around Puri and in Nabadwip, West Bengal, the festival is also referred to as Sri Krishna Jayanti or simply Sri Jayanti. People celebrate Janmashtami by fasting and worship until midnight. The Bhagavata Purana is recited from the 10th chapter, a section dedicated to the life of Krishna. The next day is called "Nanda Ucchhaba" or the joyous celebration of Krishna's foster parents Nanda and Yashoda. Devotees keep fasting during the entire day of Janmashtami. They bring water from Ganga to bathe Radha Madhaba during their abhisheka ceremony. A grand abhisheka is performed at midnight for the small Radha Madha. In Odisha, the Jagannath Temple in Puri, best known for its grand Ratha Yatra celebrations, perform a Ratha Yatra during Janmashtami.

Nepal
About eighty percent of the population of Nepal identify themselves as Hindus and celebrate Krishna Janmashtami. They observe Janmashtami by fasting until midnight. It is a national holiday in Nepal. The devotees recite the Bhagavad Gita and sing religious songs called bhajans and kirtans. The temples of Krishna are decorated. Shops, posters and houses carry Krishna motifs.

Bangladesh
Janmashtami is a national holiday in Bangladesh. On Janmashtami, a procession starts from Dhakeshwari Temple in Dhaka, the National Temple of Bangladesh, and then proceeds through the streets of Old Dhaka. The procession dates back to 1902, but was stopped in 1948. The procession was resumed in 1989.

Fiji
At least a quarter of the population in Fiji practices Hinduism, and this holiday has been celebrated in Fiji since the first Indian indentured laborers landed there. Janmashtami in Fiji is known as "Krishna Ashtami". Most Hindus in Fiji have ancestors that originated from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, making this an especially important festival for them. Fiji's Janmashtami celebrations are unique in that they last for eight days, leading up to the eighth day, the day Krishna was born. During these eight days, Hindus gather at homes and at temples with their 'mandalis,' or devotional groups at evenings and night, and recite the Bhagavat Purana, sing devotional songs for Krishna, and distribute Prasadam.

Pakistan
Janmashtami is celebrated by Pakistani Hindus in the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Karachi with the singing of bhajans and delivering of sermons on Krishna. It is an optional holiday in Pakistan.

Others
In Arizona, United States, Governor Janet Napolitano was the first American leader to greet a message on Janmashtami, while acknowledging ISKCON. The festival is also celebrated widely by Hindus in the Caribbean countries of Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Suriname. Many Hindus in these countries originate from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; descendants of indentured immigrants from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, and Orissa.

title: Krishna Janmashtami


text:
Talk:Amesbury Middle School

 * This article was on votes for deletion. No consensus was reached, therefore the article was kept. See the archived discussion for further details.

-

Assessment
I've assessed the article as Low importance and kept the Start rating. The "At A Glance" table needs to be put into an infobox (See infobox section at WP:WPSCH). The School Snapshot is unnecessary, that information belongs in an infobox. The History section needs to be split into more than one paragraph; nobody wants to read a large block of text. Probably the biggest concern, however, is that no information is referenced (See WP:V). Other aspects of the school other than the history obviously also need to be addressed. Cheers «O73» 05:09, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Amesbury Middle School


text:
Dalvanius Prime

Maui Dalvanius Prime (16 January 1948 – 3 October 2002) was a New Zealand entertainer and songwriter. His career spanned 30 years. He mentored many of New Zealand's Māori performers, and was a vocal and forthright supporter of Māori culture.

Early life
Born and raised in Patea, Prime was of Tainui, Ngāpuhi, Ngati Ruanui, Tuwharetoa, Ngā Rauru, Pakakohi and Ngāi Tahu descent. The sixth of 11 children, Prime grew up in a musical household. He attended the Church College of New Zealand located in Temple View, Hamilton during his high school years.

Career
In the late 1960s, Prime moved to Wellington and worked as a cook by day and musician at night. His involvement with the Shevelles, a Māori female vocal trio from Porirua, lead to several trips to Australia.

In 1970, Prime travelled to Australia and performed at the opening of the Sydney Opera House. The dismissal of Australia's Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975 inspired the song Canberra, We're Watching You, a cover of Washington, We're Watching You by the Staple Singers with lyrics adapted to the situation.

In 1983 he formed his own production company, Maui Records. And he became increasingly involved with Māori music. In 1984, Prime recorded Poi E with the Pātea Māori Club. The album was very popular in New Zealand, attaining platinum certification.

He appeared in the film Te Rua in 1990 and sang the theme song "Chudka Pā Poy", which is about apartheid.

He also worked closely with Ngoi Pēwhairangi, who helped develop Te Kohanga Reo, Māori language pre-school system. He provided the music for many of her lyrics.

Advocacy
Later, Prime became a campaigner for the return of mokomokai (preserved, tattooed human heads) from overseas museums.

Prime was an advocate for young people involved in court cases and victims of domestic violence.

At the 1999 general election, Prime stood for the Piri Wiri Tua Movement in the Te Tai Hauāuru electorate, placing seventh. During the campaign he endorsed Ken Mair who was running for the affiliated Mana Māori Movement.

Death
Prime died in 2002 in Hāwera after a long battle with cancer. He was buried in his family urupa at Nukumaru, South Taranaki, New Zealand.

title: Dalvanius Prime


text:
Togo national football team

The Togo national football team (French: Équipe nationale de football du Togo) represents Togo in international football and is controlled by the Togolese Football Federation. The national football team of Togo made their debut in the FIFA World Cup in 2006. Their team bus underwent a fatal attack in Angola prior to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations. They withdrew and were subsequently banned from the following two tournaments by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). In 2013 for the first time in history, Togo reached the quarter-finals of the Africa Cup of Nations. The team represents both FIFA and the Confederation of African Football (CAF).

History
They made their first FIFA World Cup appearance in their history in 2006, having been coached throughout the qualifying campaign by Stephen Keshi; German coach Otto Pfister managed the team at the finals, despite having resigned three days before their first match over a players' bonuses dispute, only to be persuaded by the players to return. Prior to gaining independence in 1960, the team was known as French Togoland.

2006 World Cup
Togo lost their opening game of the World Cup, despite having taken the lead against South Korea through a goal by Mohamed Kader. In the second half, Jean-Paul Abalo was sent off after 55 minutes, and goals from Lee Chun-Soo and Ahn Jung-Hwan sealed a 2–1 defeat for Togo.

Togo's next opponents in Group G were Switzerland, with the match scheduled for the afternoon of 19 June. However, the Togo squad and manager Pfister threatened to refuse to fulfill the fixture and take strike action. The squad and manager had been quoted as requesting payments from the Togolese Football Federation for participating in the tournament of around €155,000 (US$192,000) with added bonuses for victories or draws. FIFA negotiated with the squad and manager on 17 June, persuading them to travel to Dortmund in time to fulfill the fixture; goals from Alexander Frei and Tranquillo Barnetta resulted in a 2–0 defeat. FIFA subsequently imposed a CHF100,000 fine on the Togolese federation for "behaviour unworthy of a participant in the World Cup."

Togo's final group game against France ended in a 2–0 defeat.

Sierra Leone air disaster
After a 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier away to Sierra Leone on 3 June 2007, 20 members of a delegation of sports officials from Togo, including Togolese Sports Minister Richard Attipoe, were killed when their helicopter exploded and crashed at Lungi International Airport. No players of the Togo national team were among the victims. The Togo players and officials of the team had been waiting to take the next helicopter flight to the island on which the airport is located.

2010 bus ambush and ban
On 8 January 2010, the Togo team bus was attacked by gunmen as it travelled to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament, killing three and injuring several others. The separatist group Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) claimed responsibility for the attack. Goalkeeper Kodjovi Obilalé was reported dead a day after the attack, though he actually survived. Such reports were later dismissed by his club GSI Pontivy in a press announcement, stating the player was actually undergoing surgery in South Africa.

Following the bus ambush attack, the Togolese Football Federation stated that they would withdraw from the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations; despite claims that the team had since reversed the decision and would compete "to show our national colours, our values and that we are men" (as announced by Thomas Dossevi), the government later ordered that the team return home.

Following the team's withdrawal, The Confederation of African Football (CAF) banned Togo from participating in the next two editions of the Cup of Nations and fined them US$50,000 because of the "decision taken by the political authorities". The CAF executive Committee considered that the Togolese team was in "forfeit notified less than twenty days before the start or during the final competition" (Art. 78 of the Regulations for the Africa Cup of Nations), rather than having withdrawn (Art. 80), and refused to consider the circumstances as force majeure (Art. 87). Togo's government immediately said they would sue as CAF "have no consideration for the lives of other human beings" and this is further "insulting to the family of those who lost their lives and those traumatized because of the attack". FIFA has yet to comment on the issue. Togo footballer Thomas Dossevi said, "We are a group of footballers who came under fire and now we can't play football anymore. They are crushing us". Togolese captain Emmanuel Adebayor described the decision as "outrageous" and said that CAF President Issa Hayatou had "completely betrayed" the Togo squad.

As a result of the events, Emmanuel Adebayor announced his retirement from international football on 12 April 2010. But on 22 March 2011, Adebayor announced that he was again available for the national team.

Fake Togo Team
On 7 September 2010, Togo allegedly played Bahrain in a friendly losing the match 3–0. However, on 14 September, the Togo FA claimed that a fake team had played against Bahrain. Togo's Sports Minister Christophe Tchao said to the Jeune Afrique magazine that nobody in Togo had "ever been informed of such a game". On 20 September 2010, it was revealed that former Togo manager Bana Tchanilé was the culprit and the Togo FA have given him a three-year ban in addition to the two-year ban he got in July 2010 for taking Togo players to play a tournament in Egypt. The match fixing has been linked to Wilson Raj Perumal and the Singaporean match-fixing syndicate allegedly run by Tan Seet Eng.

2014 World Cup Qualification
Togo began qualification for the 2014 World Cup on 11 November 2011, against Guinea-Bissau. They drew in the first leg 1–1. On 15 November 2011, they won the return leg 1–0. On 3 June 2012, they played Libya in Lome and drew 1–1. Shortly after on 10 June they played Congo DR at Kinshasa and lost 2–0. They resumed on 3 March 2013, and played Cameroon in Yaounde and lost 2–1. They met again on 9 June in Lome and Togo won 2–0. In the end, Togo failed to qualify for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaches

 * Caretaker managers are listed in italics.

 * 🇫🇷 Jean Robin (1965)
 * 🇩🇪 Gottlieb Göller (1970–1974, 1984, 1996–1997, 1998–2000)
 * Boško Antić (1987–1989)
 * Julien Dovi Aguiar (1992)
 * Baboima Ergot (1993)
 * Paul Messan Zougbédé (1997)
 * 🇩🇪 Eberhard Vogel (1997–1998)
 * Kodjovi Mawuéna (2000)
 * Bana Tchanile (2000–2002)
 * 🇫🇷 🇮🇹 Diego Garzitto (2002)
 * 🇧🇷 Antônio Dumas (2002–2004)
 * Stephen Keshi (2004–2006, 2007–2008, 2011)
 * 🇩🇪 Otto Pfister (2006)
 * 🇫🇷 Henri Stambouli (2008)
 * Kodjovi Mawuéna (2008–2009)
 * 🇧🇪 Jean Thissen (2009)
 * 🇫🇷 Hubert Velud (2009–2010)
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Froger (2010–2011)
 * 🇫🇷 Didier Six (2011–2014)
 * Tchakala Tchanilé (2014)
 * 🇧🇪 Tom Saintfiet (2015–2016)
 * 🇫🇷 Claude Le Roy (2016–2021)
 * Jonas Komla (2021)
 * Paulo Duarte (2021–present)

Current squad
The following players were selected for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against South Sudan and DR Congo on 5 and 9 June 2024.

Caps and goals correct as of 5 June 2024, after the match against South Sudan.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for Togo in the last twelve months.

DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up.

INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.

PRE Preliminary squad.

RET Player has retired from international football.

SUS Suspended from the national team.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Togo.

Honours

 * West African Nations Cup
 * Runners-up (4): 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986
 * Fourth place (1): 1987

title: Togo national football team


text:
User talk:Rob Thomas

Hi Rob, and welcome to Wikipedia. Concerning what you say on your user page, we've had people from all over the world rectifying myths, prejudices or just plain wrong information about their own countries. That's exactly what an encyclopaedia is for: to provide objective, NPOV information on any given subject.

Unfortunately, although you have only just started you have already encountered Wikipedia's strict side, as one of the articles you created, Johannesburg's Mall Culture, has been put on Votes for deletion. I'm sorry for that, but there's nothing much I can do about it.

Please try as best as you can to stick to the rules laid down on, well, ever so many pages. And don't let people discourage you. All the best,  21:26, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

- Hi Rob,

Good to have another Jo'burger here (although I grew up in Natal). I read your plea on Votes for deletion and agree with you (Pssst don't tell anyone that we have a pride of lions in our neighbourhood Douglasdale). I would also like to see more truthful articles about South Africa here writen by South Africans and not foreigners who never been here and disalussional expats.--Jcw69 14:53, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Rob when you get a chance wander over to Wikipedians/South Africa and put your name down--Jcw69 14:22, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

South African Collaboration of the Week!
Hello, this is just a brief, friendly announcement to let you know that there is now a South African Collaboration of the Week where we vote every two weeks to select an article about South Africa that is either a stub or nonexistent and attempt make it featured article quality by the end of the week. Your comments, voting, and participation would be very welcome! PZFUN 17:50, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Heidelberg
Hi Rob, I was wondering why you changed Heidelberg, Gauteng to Heidelberg, South Africa because there are two Heidelbergs in South Africa. Anyway thanks all your hard work so far.--Jcw69 11:59, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

World Citizen userbox,
Hi, I noticed the message saying you're a World Citizen, I would like to invite you to add to your user page if you wish to proclaim it in a more effective way, and this template will also add you automatically to the Wikipedians with World Citizenship category. :) --Mistress Selina Kyle 00:04, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Didn't get the t-shirt
Rob. Happy New Year. Loved the t-shirt, where can I get one? lol.--Suidafrikaan 18:43, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Nomination of Greater Johannesburg for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Greater Johannesburg is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Greater Johannesburg until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Batternut (talk) 00:14, 7 November 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rob Thomas


text:
User talk:Jaxed

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

File:Mlc4 source.PNG listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Mlc4 source.PNG, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. -- A Certain White Cat chi? 23:24, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

File:Mlc4.JPG listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Mlc4.JPG, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. -- A Certain White Cat chi? 23:24, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaxed


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burøy

Burøy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 4 votes to delete. Postdlf 06:27, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Burøy
The article/stub is correct in that Burøy is not a well-known holiday resort, but that's pretty much all...there appear to be several places by that name in Norway, none of which seems to be notable in any way (don't let lots of google hits confuse you: Burøy is also a pretty common Norwegian family name). -- Ferkelparade π 21:28, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I wonder if this is the prelude or prologue to the creation of a vanity article on the guy who was born there? Not notable. Geogre 00:29, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. --*drew 00:30, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable. Nadavspi 00:44, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burøy


text:
Talk:Trojan (brand)

Untitled

 * This article was on votes for deletion, the consensus was to keep it. See the archived discussion for further details.

-

You all should think about coming out with a flavored condom Christina1973 (talk) 04:55, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

WikiProject Companies Importance
I believe that it would be beneficial to upgrade the stance of the article's importance in regard to the "WikiProject Companies" as this brand of condoms is the largest brand of its kind in the United States. It is not difficult to assume that many Americans interested in learning either more about the brand itself, or about this form of contraception, would find this page through research. DigitalDaiquiri (talk) 05:28, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

naming - Meaning For "Trojan"

 * Does anybody know why the condoms are so named? For me, "Trojan" conjures an image of a package full of little men waiting to burst out, so it doesn't seem that apt for the product. -- Twinxor
 * I never thought of it that way. XD Acetic Acid 07:25, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's always the first thing that came to my mind when I first heard of the brand (I'm not american). Any idea anyone? -- 82.76.30.78 22:05, 2 January 2006
 * I've been wondering about this for years. Did the creators have a really twisted sense of humor? -Hawk 05:24, 7 February 2006
 * maybe it is resembling the wooden horse that the greeks used to capture Troy, in the Iliad, by homer- User:Fgouzios11:03, 8 March 2006

 * The Trojan Warriors were the elite phalanxes or spearmen of some of the Greek armies in ancient times. They were used to protect vital positions such as cities and strategic locations on the battle-field and were known to hold an impenetrable line of defence against all types of attackers e.g. swordsmen, cavalry etc. The product is so named because the makers want to imply that their brand of condom offers a form of protection as good as the Greek Trojan Warriors did. -- 82.40.117.168 03:48, 21 August 2006

 * Thats not quite right all Greeks used the Phalanx formation which is a group of Greek hoplites. And the Spartans were better known for their skill in that style of fighting. There are two explanations for the name. First Merle Leland Youngs the founder of Trojan favored packaging emblazoned with nothing but a Trojan helmet, a symbol meant to connote protection and virility. The other reason is explained in a quote from Slate.com that came later ..."was the same reason as many schools are Trojans: Troy had the strongest defense ever seen in the ancient world. Its walls could not be destroyed. It was a huge city that survived against one of the largest onslaughts for over 10 years without any problems. The only way it could be destroyed was through subterfuge.  In terms of protection, Troy had the best." Hope this helps some -- Trey 03:06, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Has anyone from Trojan given an official answer? To anyone with a rudimentary knowledge of mythology, it seems a very stupid name with no explanation...  Tu rk ey ph an t 22:53, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

It's because Troy was impenetrable — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:602:9881:5C88:F5EA:86CF:BC82:EC14 (talk) 07:23, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

By-word
Someone asserted that "Trojan" can be used as slang to refer to any condom. If you can provide a source or a notable example, feel free to add it back. Isopropyl 05:45, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Trojan Tales
If anyone can find better, more specific information on the site they launched, I'll be very appreciative. Madoom 03:55, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Possible Plagiarism
Seems like the sentence concerning 70.5% market shares is word-for-word from http://www.slate.com/id/2150552/. Perhaps it should be restructured? Or am I just overreacting? 129.237.90.15 (talk) 06:06, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * If it's that bad, remove it. I just came across another article with 90% copyvio. I would say, IMO, just remove it and leave a message on the talk page so other eyes can see it. Good catch. Restructuring from a single source, in academia still = plagiarism. You are correct in calling this out. XF Lawtalk at me 06:27, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Update: I went ahead and quoted it - you were right. I think now quoted, it should be OK, however a refactor would really be much better than such a large quote, IMO. XF Lawtalk at me 06:34, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

owned by the catholic church
this girl at my work says that trojan is owned by the catholic church, is that true?220.130.130.142 (talk) 00:37, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

no.Trey (talk) 01:19, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Trojan Man?
Curious that there's no mention of the "Trojan Man" mascot and advertising campaign, as it appears regularly on TV programming. What sort of reference would be needed for a short section? Enigmatic2k3 (talk) 16:23, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

University of Southern California?
What has USC got to do with Trojan condoms? If there was some controversy surrounding Trojan and USC, the original author should explain it, along with appropriate citations. I've removed the section for the mean time. Simoncpu (talk) 06:14, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

National Debate Tournament
What does that advertising campaign have to do with the National Debate Tournament? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.206.161.54 (talk) 04:14, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

"Gaarbage" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Gaarbage. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Talk 03:54, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

"Elexa" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Elexa. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Talk 03:57, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trojan (brand)


text:
Operation Hummingbird (album)

Operation Hummingbird is a studio album by Death In June, released in 1999.

The album contains seven new songs recorded with Albin Julius of Der Blutharsch. It is considered a smaller, sister album to Take Care & Control.

Critical reception
AllMusic thought that "led by chanting vocals, 'The Snows of the Enemy (Little Black Baby)' and 'Let a Wind Catch a Rainbow on Fire' are eerily reminiscent of Britain's pre-Christian past."

Track listing

 * 1) "Gorilla Tactics" – 1:45
 * 2) "Kapitulation" – 3:09
 * 3) "Flieger" – 6:02
 * 4) "The Snows of the Enemy (Little Black Baby)" – 6:15
 * 5) "Hand Grenades and Olympic Flames" – 2:58
 * 6) "Winter Eagle" – 3:53
 * 7) "Let the Wind Catch a Rainbow on Fire" – 4:07

title: Operation Hummingbird (album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Northumberland Park

Northumberland Park was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 4 votes to delete.

Northumberland Park
It's a housing development. -Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 21:30, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Page doesn't make it clear where on earth it is. There is a Northumberland Park area in London which I would say is more famous (it's just north of Tottenham Hale). Delete. Dbiv 21:58, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well Shiremoor, mentioned in the article, is near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. All the same I don't think this is worthy enough: delete. -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 23:01, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Definitely non-notable, almost an ad. Nadavspi 00:45, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
4-2-0

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle and no trailing wheels. This type of locomotive is often called a Jervis type, the name of the original designer.

Overview
The 4-2-0 wheel arrangement type was common on United States railroads from the 1830s through the 1850s. The first 4-2-0 to be built was the Experiment, later named Brother Jonathan, for the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad in 1832. It was built by the West Point Foundry based on a design by John B. Jervis. Having little else to reference, the manufacturers patterned the boiler and valve gear after locomotives built by Robert Stephenson of England. A few examples of Stephenson locomotives were already in operation in America, so engineers did not have to travel too far to get their initial ideas.

In England, the 4-2-0 was developed around 1840 from the 2-2-2 design of Stephenson's first Long Boiler locomotive, which he had altered to place two pairs of wheels at the front to improve stability, with the outside cylinders between them.

In the United States, the design was a modification of the 0-4-0 design, then in common use. The 0-4-0 proved to be too rigid for the railroads of the day, often derailing on the tight curves and rapid elevation changes of early American railroads. For the 4-2-0, Jervis introduced a four-wheel leading truck under the locomotive's smokebox. It swiveled independently from the main frame of the locomotive, in contrast to the English 4-2-0 engines which had rigid frames. The pistons powered a single driving axle at the rear of the locomotive, just behind the firebox. This design resulted in a much more stable locomotive which was able to guide itself into curves more easily than the 0-4-0.

This design proved so effective on American railroads that many of the early 0-4-0s were rebuilt as 4-2-0s. The 4-2-0 excelled in its ability to stay on the track, especially those with the single driving axles behind the firebox, whose main virtue was stability. However, with only one driving axle behind the firebox, the locomotive's weight was spread over a small proportion of powered wheels, which substantially reduced its adhesive weight. On 4-2-0 locomotives which had the driving axle in front of the firebox, adhesive weight was increased. While this plan placed more of the locomotive's weight on the driving axle, it reduced the weight on the leading truck which made it more prone to derailments.

One possible solution was patented in 1834 by E.L. Miller and used extensively by Matthias W. Baldwin. It worked by raising a pair of levers to attach the tender frame to an extension of the engine frame, which transferred some weight from the tender to the locomotive frame and increased the adhesive weight. An automatic version was patented in 1835 by George E. Sellers and was used extensively by locomotive builder William Norris after he obtained rights to it. This system used a beam whose fulcrum was the driving axle. On flat and level surfaces, the beam would be slightly raised, but upon starting or on grades, the resistance made the beam assume a horizontal position which caused the locomotive to tip upward.

A more practical solution, first put into production by Norris, relocated the driving axle to a location on the frame in front of the locomotive's firebox. This was done because Baldwin refused to grant rights to Norris to use his patented "half-crank" arrangement. Cantilevering the weight of the firebox and the locomotive crew behind the driving axle placed more weight on the driving axle without substantially reducing the weight on the leading truck. However Norris's design led to a shorter wheelbase, which tended to offset any gains in tractive force on the driving axle by reducing the locomotive's overall stability. A number of Norris locomotives were imported into England for use on the Birmingham and Bristol Railway since, because of the challenges presented by the Lickey Incline, British manufacturers declined to supply.

Once steel became available, greater rotational speeds became possible with multiple smaller coupled wheels. Five years after new locomotive construction began with the 0-4-0 Best Friend of Charleston of 1831, at the US West Point Foundry, the first 4-4-0 locomotive was designed by Henry R. Campbell, at the time the chief engineer for the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railway. Campbell received a patent for the design in February 1836 and soon set to work building the first 4-4-0. Campbell's 4-4-0 was a giant among locomotives for the time. Its cylinders had a 14 in bore with a 16 in piston stroke, it boasted 54 in diameter driving wheels, could maintain 90 psi of steam pressure and weighed 12 ST. Campbell's locomotive was estimated to be able to pull a train of 450 ST at 15 mph on level track, outperforming the strongest of Baldwin's 4-2-0s in tractive effort by about 63%. However, the frame and driving gear of his locomotive proved to be too rigid for the railroads of the time, which caused Campbell's prototype to be derailment-prone.

As the 1840s approached and more American railroads began to experiment with the new 4-4-0 locomotive type, the 4-2-0 fell out of favor since it was not as capable when pulling a load. 4-2-0s continued to be built into the 1850s, but their use was restricted to light-duty trains since, by this time, most railroads had found them unsuitable for regular work.

In England four-coupled and six-coupled engines performed well with freight work. However, the aim for passenger work was greater speed. Because of the fragile cast iron connecting rods, "singles" continued to be used, with the largest driving wheels possible.

For unclear reasons, British manufacturers did not take up the idea of mounting the forward wheels on a bogie for some years. There were possibly fears about their stability and with a long rigid frame, greater speed was achieved, albeit at the cost of a very rough ride and damage to the track. The culmination of this approach was seen in the Crampton locomotive where, to make the driving wheels as large as possible, they were mounted behind the firebox.

South Africa
In 1923, the South African Railways conducted trials with a prototype petrol-paraffin powered road-rail tractor and, in 1924, placed at least two Dutton steam road-rail tractors in service on the new narrow gauge line between Naboomspruit and Singlewood in Transvaal. The petrol-paraffin prototype and one of the latter had a 4-2-0 wheel arrangement.

The prototype was a modified Dennis tractor which was fitted with a removable bogie between the front wheels to lift them high enough to prevent ground contact. A ball pin on the bogie fit into a socket in the front axle, and the bogie could easily be removed or replaced by running the tractor up a pair of ramps, placed on both sides of the track.

The production model was a modified Yorkshire steam tractor, fitted with jacks at the front to allow a separate bogie to be manoeuvred into position underneath the front axle to guide it on the rails. Without the bogie, the vehicle could still be driven on ordinary roads and had the advantage of being able to be detached and run around the train, without requiring special loops for that purpose. For reversing on the track, as when shunting, the rear wheels were modified to be steerable.

United States
The first railroad locomotive to operate in Chicago, Illinois was a 4-2-0, the Pioneer, which was built in 1837 by Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Utica and Schenectady Railroad in New York. It was later purchased used by William B. Ogden for the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, the oldest predecessor of the Chicago and North Western Railway. The locomotive arrived in Chicago by schooner on 10 October 1848 and it pulled the first westbound train out of the city fifteen days later, on 25 October 1848.

title: 4-2-0


text:
Talk:Peaceful coexistence

Delirium
The author of the peaceful coexistence concept was Stalin, not Khrushchev.--Nixer 06:18, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I do not know if that is true or not but if you notice the wording in the article it says that Khrushchev "Promoted" the idea. It never says he authored it.--Peace237 21:40, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The Russian articles says it was Khrushchev that formulated what we know as peaceful coexistence (being the first Soviet leader visit NATO countries) but that its ideological foundations go back much further. --Hegumen (talk) 06:44, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

I would have to disagree, because i am currently learning that in history. The history book says that Khrushchev was the one that created it. It also says that the Chinese Dictator was not happy with that decision. And i am aware that History books don't lie. all of it is a fact from the past. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.117.0.27 (talk) 15:19, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

Foreign Policy Opinions
While the idea of peaceful coexistence is a good one, it will never work, because communism just doesn't work. Springerjkreb 19:15, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Communism can work if it adopts American style brainwashing, McCarthyism, and Newspeak. And install the deadly fear of loosing job in the citizens. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.168.142.146 (talk) 04:46, 8 April 2009 (UTC) Even thought I still Love You!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.41.234.123 (talk) 23:18, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Definition
The definition is OK, but too vague. It wasn't that communist and capitalist states could peacefully coexist but rather that they could avoid conflict (specifically a nuclear one) if they refrained from interfering in each others' spheres of influence (as the important Cold War boundaries were already outlined by the 60s). --Hegumen (talk) 06:35, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

if they refrained from interfering in each others Sphere of influence - this is an overkill. Interference with someone's sphere of interests would lead to conflict regardless of the ideology. All belligerents in the WWI had the same capitalist ideology. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.168.142.146 (talk) 05:15, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

"coexist"
The usage of is under discussion, see Talk:Coexist (album) -- 70.51.44.60 (talk) 04:27, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peaceful coexistence


text:
User talk:BCRCornet

Hello, "BCRCornet" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 21:32, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

January 15 Seattle meetup
Just wanted to let you know we are planning another Seattle meetup on January 15, 2005. We're trying to get a sense of who will attend, so please drop by that page & leave a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:54, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

Wikimania 2006
In the course of informal discussions at Wikimania in Frankfurt the possibility of having Wikimania 2006 in Vancouver was raised. What makes Canada desirable for such a meeting is the capacity to draw delegates from the United States. For many overseas delegates, however, U.S. visa requirements make that country less attractive. All else being equal, Europeans see Vancouver as a more interesting Canadian city to visit than Toronto, the only other Canadian city to receive significant consideration.

Preliminary bids from various cities need to be made by Sept. 30, 2005. A short list will be drawn from those bids. Is there enough interest and energy to put together such a conference in Vancouver for August 2006? The people in Frankfurt put on a tremendous gathering, with a core organizational group of about a dozen people. Some 400 people attended from 52 different countries.

I expect that a North American Wikimania could be a little smaller, but we would still need a suitable facility. It would be good to know that such a facility is available for a conference; the type of youth hostel facility that was used in Frankfurt does not exist in North America. What would be the cost of hosting such a conference at UBC?

I'm looking for interest and commitment. To that end I am proposing a Vancouver meetup for Saturday, Sept. 24. If someone has a reasonably accesible place for such a meeting please let me know. (I live in Richmond, but something in the city of Vancouver would be more appropriate.)

I am spammiong this to all Vancouver area Wikipedians that I can find. Please reply to my talk page. Eclecticology 21:50:16, 2005-09-03 (UTC)

User categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Canada page as living in or being associated with Canada. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in British Columbia for instructions. --Doviende 18:44, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 17:11, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Telus Article
Your help is requested on the Telus article, as it seems to be under siege once again by Telus employees violating NPOV. Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Markbaker2 (talk • contribs) 08:44, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia 10

''The Interior cordially invites you to the Vancouver Wikipedia 10th Anniversary Meetup! It is being held at Benny's Bagels at 2505 W Broadway. Meetup will start at 6:30pm. Drop by for some Wikipedia-style conviviality and free gear! Feel free to forward this invitation to any Wikipedians who might be able to attend, and visit the discussion page to suggest activities. Hope to see you there and have a Happy 2011!

title: User talk:BCRCornet


text:
Susumu Tonegawa

Susumu Tonegawa (利根川 進) is a Japanese scientist who was the sole recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1987 for his discovery of V(D)J recombination, the genetic mechanism which produces antibody diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training and he again changed fields following his Nobel Prize win; he now studies neuroscience, examining the molecular, cellular and neuronal basis of memory formation and retrieval.

Early life and education
Tonegawa was born in Nagoya, Japan and attended Hibiya High School in Tokyo. While a student at Kyoto University, Tonegawa became fascinated with operon theory after reading papers by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, whom he credits in part for inspiring his interest in molecular biology. Tonegawa graduated from Kyoto University in 1963 and, due to limited options for molecular biology study in Japan at the time, moved to the University of California, San Diego to do his doctorate study under Dr. Masaki Hayashi. He received his Ph.D. in 1968.

Career
Tonegawa conducted post-doctoral work at the Salk Institute in San Diego in the laboratory of Renato Dulbecco. With encouragement from Dr. Dulbecco, Tonegawa moved to the Basel Institute for Immunology in Basel, Switzerland in 1971, where he transitioned from molecular biology into immunology studies and carried out his landmark immunology studies.

In 1981, Tonegawa became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1994, he was appointed as the first Director of the MIT Center for Learning and Memory, which developed under his guidance into The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory. Tonegawa resigned his directorship in 2006 and currently serves as a Picower Professor of Neuroscience and Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.

Tonegawa also served as Director of the RIKEN Brain Science Institute from 2009 to 2017.

Immunology
Tonegawa's Nobel Prize work elucidated the genetic mechanism of the adaptive immune system, which had been the central question of immunology for over 100 years. Prior to Tonegawa's discovery, one early idea to explain the adaptive immune system suggested that each gene produces one protein; however, there are under 19,000 genes in the human body which nonetheless can produce millions of antibodies. In experiments beginning in 1976, Tonegawa showed that genetic material rearranges itself to form millions of antibodies. Comparing the DNA of B cells (a type of white blood cell) in embryonic and adult mice, he observed that genes in the mature B cells of the adult mice are moved around, recombined, and deleted to form the diversity of the variable region of antibodies. This process is known as V(D)J recombination.

In 1983, Tonegawa also discovered a transcriptional enhancer element associated with antibody gene complex, the first cellular enhancer element.

Neuroscience
Shortly following his Nobel Prize, Tonegawa again changed fields from immunology to neuroscience, where he has focused his research in the ensuing years.

Tonegawa's lab pioneered introductory transgenic and gene-knockout technologies in mammalian systems. He was involved in early work demonstrating the importance of CaMKII- (1992) and the NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity (1996) in memory formation.

Tonegawa's lab discovered that dendritic neuronal spines in the temporal cortex are a likely target for treatment of Fragile X Syndrome. With one dosage of the inhibitor drug FRAX586, Tonegawa showed a marked reduction of FXS symptoms in the mouse model.

Tonegawa was an early adopter of optogenetics and biotechnology in neuroscience research, leading to his groundbreaking work identifying and manipulating memory engram cells. In 2012, his lab demonstrated that the activation of a specific sub-population of mouse hippocampal neurons, labelled during a fear conditioning paradigm, is sufficient to evoke a behavioral response correlated with a precise memory trace. This demonstrated for the first time that memory information is stored in specific cellular ensembles in the hippocampus, now frequently called memory engram cells.

More recently, his lab continues to employ optogenetic technology and virus injection techniques to expand their findings on the engram cell ensemble. Notably, Tonegawa has uncovered the role of memory engram cell ensembles in memory valence, social memory, as well as their role in brain disorders such as depression, amnesia, and Alzheimer's disease. These works provide proofs of concept for future medical treatments in humans through the manipulation of memory engram ensembles.

Personal life
Tonegawa currently resides in the Boston area with his wife, Mayumi Yoshinari Tonegawa, who worked as an NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) director/interviewer and is now a freelance science writer. The Tonegawas have three children, Hidde Tonegawa, Hanna Tonegawa, and Satto Tonegawa (deceased).

Tonegawa is a fan of the Boston Red Sox, and threw out an opening pitch during their 2004 World Series championship season.

Selected awards and honors

 * 1982 – Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
 * 1983 – Gairdner Foundation International Award
 * 1984 – Order of Culture (Bunkakunsho), Emperor of Japan
 * 1984 – Foreign Associate, American Academy of Arts and Sciences of the United States
 * 1986 – Foreign Associate, National Academy of Sciences of the United States
 * 1986 – Robert Koch Prize
 * 1987 – Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
 * 1987 – Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
 * 1995 – honored on a stamp (Scott No. 1635c) issued by Gambia
 * 2004 – Honorary Degree, Kyoto University
 * 2006 – Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * 2007 – RIKEN Fellow
 * 2009 – Honorary Degree, City University of Hong Kong
 * 2010 – David M. Bonner Lifetime Achievement Award, UCSD

Selected publications

 * List of publications by Susumu Tonegawa
 * Tonegawa, S. (1983). Somatic generation of antibody diversity. Nature, 302(5909), 575-581.
 * Gillies, S. D., Morrison, S. L., Oi, V. T., & Tonegawa, S. (1983). A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Cell, 33(3), 717-728.
 * Mombaerts, P., Iacomini, J., Johnson, R. S., Herrup, K., Tonegawa, S., & Papaioannou, V. E. (1992). RAG-1-deficient mice have no mature B and T lymphocytes. Cell, 68(5), 869-877.
 * Silva, A. J., Stevens, C. F., Tonegawa, S., & Wang, Y. (1992). Deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice. Science, 257(5067), 201-206.
 * Haas, W., Pereira, P., & Tonegawa, S. (1993). Gamma/delta cells. Annual review of immunology, 11(1), 637-685.
 * Poss, K. D., & Tonegawa, S. (1997). Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(20), 10925-10930.
 * Shen, J., Bronson, R. T., Chen, D. F., Xia, W., Selkoe, D. J., & Tonegawa, S. (1997). Skeletal and CNS defects in Presenilin-1-deficient mice. Cell, 89(4), 629-639.
 * Nakazawa, K., Quirk, M. C., Chitwood, R. A., Watanabe, M., Yeckel, M. F., Sun, L. D., Kato, A., Carr, C.A., Johnston, D., Wilson, M.A., & Tonegawa, S. (2002). Requirement for hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors in associative memory recall. Science, 297(5579), 211-218.
 * Liu, X., Ramirez, S., Pang, P. T., Puryear, C. B., Govindarajan, A., Deisseroth, K., & Tonegawa, S. (2012). Optogenetic stimulation of a hippocampal engram activates fear memory recall. Nature, 484(7394), 381-385.
 * Ramirez, S., Liu, X., Lin, P. A., Suh, J., Pignatelli, M., Redondo, R. L., Ryan, T.J., & Tonegawa, S. (2013). Creating a false memory in the hippocampus. Science, 341(6144), 387-391.
 * Ramirez, S., Liu, X., Lin, P. A., Suh, J., Pignatelli, M., Redondo, R. L., Ryan, T.J., & Tonegawa, S. (2013). Creating a false memory in the hippocampus. Science, 341(6144), 387-391.

title: Susumu Tonegawa


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Talk:4-2-0

delisted GA
lack of inline cites; arguably lack of broad coverage. --Ling.Nut 21:42, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Too old! 2603:7000:6E3B:9266:313D:BACA:C7C9:4F08 (talk) 14:53, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:4-2-0


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Category:Cities in Hawaii

This category contains articles about cities in the U.S. state of Hawaii.

Honolulu is the only city in Hawaii.

title: Category:Cities in Hawaii


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Woodvale

Woodvale may refer to:

Australia

 * Woodvale, Victoria
 * Woodvale, Western Australia

Canada

 * Woodvale, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
 * Woodvale, Nova Scotia
 * Woodvale, Prince Edward Island

United Kingdom

 * Woodvale, Belfast, a ward of Belfast, Northern Ireland
 * Belfast Woodvale (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)
 * Belfast Woodvale (UK Parliament constituency), a constituency from 1918 to 1922
 * Woodvale, Merseyside, England
 * RAF Woodvale, a Royal Air Force airfield

United States

 * Woodvale Historic District, Pennsylvania, United States

Other uses

 * Woodvale F.C. (Northern Ireland), a football club in Belfast, Northern Ireland
 * Woodvale F.C. (Scotland), a former association football club from Thornliebank, Renfrewshire, Scotland, that existed from 1883 to 1889.
 * Woodvale, a codename for Folklore (Taylor Swift album)

title: Woodvale


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Category:Neo-Nazi websites

This category is for articles about Neo-Nazi websites.

title: Category:Neo-Nazi websites


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cidershire

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Carried out at 19:50, 1 Jan 2005 by User:Francs2000

Cidershire
It seems there was a VfD consensus to delete this article. It still exists, and I don't think it was recreated. It looks like it simply wasn't deleted. --BM 16:47, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Should be speedied. Xezbeth  17:15, Jan 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * It should be speedied in either case. Rje 19:20, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied as vfd consensus to delete has already been reached once. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 19:52, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Previous VfD Discussion
Cidershire was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 6 votes to delete. Postdlf 06:18, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * All of 4 google hits to the same game-related website, nothing links there, and none of the pages it links to say anything about it. Fails to identify which fiction it belogs to. Suspect it is not notable. - Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 21:35, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Never heard of it. Delete. Deb 21:41, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Quaint idea, sadly made up. Delete -- Graham ☺ | Talk 21:45, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: I suspect this is "fiction" in the sense of "Rust belt" and "Bible belt" in the US are fictional names for areas.  I.e. I think this is a neologism, rather than a fiction breakout. Geogre 00:31, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --*drew 00:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mmmkay. Non-notable (made up) and odd. Nadavspi 00:46, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:4-2-0/to do

 * Add a photo or two of 4-2-0 locomotives

title: Talk:4-2-0/to do


text:
Talk:Festung

 * This article was on votes for deletion, the consensus was to keep it. See the archived discussion for further details.

title: Talk:Festung


text:
Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2

The Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2 (ГШ-30-2) or GSh-2-30 is a Soviet dual-barrel autocannon developed for use on certain ground attack military aircraft and helicopters.

The cannon is not related to the Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1, but is a recoil-operated cannon using the Gast principle, like the Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23L.

The GSh-30-2 was designed for the Sukhoi Su-25 ground attack plane, it can also be carried in external gun pods and mounted on the Pakistani-Chinese JF-17 Thunder. It measures 2,044 × 222 × 195 mm, with a barrel length of 1500 mm and a weight of 105 kg. The GSh-30K is a modified version with 2400 mm long water-cooled barrels, a variable rate of fire, and dimensions of 2,944 × 222 × 195 mm. It is used on a fixed mounting on late model Mil Mi-24 helicopters, e.g. the Mi-24P.

Variants

 * GSh-30-2
 * GSh-30-2K

Specifications (GSh-30-2)

 * Manufacturer: KBP Instrument Design Bureau
 * Type: dual-barrel autocannon
 * Caliber: 30×165 mm, electrically primed
 * Operation: recoil operation
 * Length: 2,044 mm
 * Barrel Length: 1,500 mm
 * Weight (complete): 105 kg
 * Rate of fire: 1,000–3,000 rpm
 * Muzzle velocity: 870 m/s
 * Projectile weight: 390 g
 * Mounting platforms: Sukhoi Su-25 "Frogfoot"

Specifications (GSh-30-2K)

 * Manufacturer: KBP Instrument Design Bureau
 * Type: dual-barrel autocannon
 * Caliber: 30×165 mm
 * Operation: recoil operation
 * Length: 2,944 mm
 * Barrel Length: 2,400 mm
 * Weight (complete): 126 kg
 * Rate of fire: 300 rpm (low) – 2,000–2,600 rpm (high)
 * Muzzle velocity: 940 m/s
 * Projectile weight: 390 g
 * Mounting platforms: Mil Mi-24P "Hind", Sukhoi Su-25 “Frogfoot”

Users

 * Soviet Union
 * Russian Federation

title: Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-2


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GSM services

GSM services are a standard collection of applications and features available over the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to mobile phone subscribers all over the world. The GSM standards are defined by the 3GPP collaboration and implemented in hardware and software by equipment manufacturers and mobile phone operators. The common standard makes it possible to use the same phones with different companies' services, or even roam into different countries. GSM is the world's most dominant mobile phone standard.

The design of the service is moderately complex because it must be able to locate a moving phone anywhere in the world, and accommodate the relatively small battery capacity, limited input/output capabilities, and weak radio transmitters on mobile devices.

Accessing a GSM network
In order to gain access to GSM services, a user needs three things:
 * A billing relationship with a mobile phone operator. This is usually either where services are paid for in advance of them being consumed (prepaid), or where bills are issued and settled after the service has been consumed (postpaid).
 * A mobile phone that is GSM compliant and operates at the same frequency as the operator. Most phone companies sell phones from third-party manufacturers.
 * A subscriber identity module (SIM card), which is activated by the operator once the billing relationship is established. After activation the card is then programmed with the subscriber's Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN) (the telephone number). Personal information such as contact numbers of friends and family can also be stored on the SIM by the subscriber.

After subscribers sign up, information about their identity (telephone number) and what services they are allowed to access are stored in a "SIM record" in the Home Location Register (HLR).

Once the SIM card is loaded into the phone and the phone is powered on, it will search for the nearest mobile phone mast (also called a Base Transceiver Station/BTS) with the strongest signal in the operator's frequency band. If a mast can be successfully contacted, then there is said to be coverage in the area. The phone then identifies itself to the network through the control channel. Once this is successfully completed, the phone is said to be attached to the network.

The key feature of a mobile phone is the ability to receive and make calls in any area where coverage is available. This is generally called roaming from a customer perspective, but also called visiting when describing the underlying technical process. Each geographic area has a database called the Visitor Location Register (VLR), which contains details of all the mobiles currently in that area. Whenever a phone attaches, or visits, a new area, the Visitor Location Register must contact the Home Location Register to obtain the details for that phone. The current cellular location of the phone (i.e., which BTS it is at) is entered into the VLR record and will be used during a process called paging when the GSM network wishes to locate the mobile phone.

Every SIM card contains a secret key, called the Ki, which is used to provide authentication and encryption services. This is useful to prevent theft of service, and also to prevent "over the air" snooping of a user's activity. The network does this by utilising the Authentication Center and is accomplished without transmitting the key directly.

Every GSM phone contains a unique identifier (different from the phone number), called the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This can be found by dialing *#06#. When a phone contacts the network, its IMEI may be checked against the Equipment Identity Register to locate stolen phones and facilitate monitoring.

All Outgoing
Once a mobile phone has successfully attached to a GSM network as described above, calls may be made from the phone to any other phone on the global Public Switched Telephone Network.

The user dials the telephone number, presses the send or talk key, and the mobile phone sends a call setup request message to the mobile phone network via the nearest mobile phone base transceiver station (BTS).

The call setup request message is handled next by the Mobile Switching Center, which checks the subscriber's record held in the Visitor Location Register to see if the outgoing call is allowed. If so, the MSC then routes the call in the same way that a telephone exchange does in a fixed network.

If the subscriber is on a prepaid tariff (sometimes known as Pay As You Go (PAYG) or Pay & Go), then an additional check is made to see if the subscriber has enough credit to proceed. If not, the call is rejected. If the call is allowed to continue, then it is continually monitored and the appropriate amount is decremented from the subscriber's account. When the credit reaches zero, the call is cut off by the network. The systems that monitor and provide the prepaid services are not part of the GSM standard services, but instead an example of intelligent network services that a mobile phone operator may decide to implement in addition to the standard GSM ones.

Gateway MSC contact
When someone places a call to a mobile phone, they dial the telephone number (also called a MSISDN) associated with the phone user and the call is routed to the mobile phone operator's Gateway Mobile Switching Centre. The Gateway MSC, as the name suggests, acts as the "entrance" from exterior portions of the Public Switched Telephone Network onto the provider's network.

As noted above, the phone is free to roam anywhere in the operator's network or on the networks of roaming partners, including in other countries. So the first job of the Gateway MSC is to determine the current location of the mobile phone in order to connect the call. It does this by consulting the Home Location Register (HLR), which, as described above, knows which Visitor Location Register (VLR) the phone is associated with, if any.

Routing the call
When the HLR receives this query message, it determines whether the call should be routed to another number (called a divert), or if it is to be routed directly to the mobile.

 * If the owner of the phone has previously requested that all incoming calls be diverted to another number, known as the Call Forward Unconditional (CFU) Number, then this number is stored in the Home Location Register. If that is the case, then the CFU number is returned to the Gateway MSC for immediate routing to that destination.
 * If the mobile phone is not currently associated with a Visited Location Register (because the phone has been turned off) then the Home Location Register returns a number known as the Call Forward Not Reachable (CFNRc) number to the Gateway MSC, and the call is forwarded there. Many operators may set this value automatically to the phone's voice mail number, so that callers may leave a message. The mobile phone may sometimes override the default setting.
 * Finally, if the Home Location Register knows that the phone is roaming in a particular VLR area, then it will request a temporary number (called an MSRN) from that VLR (using the IMSI as the reference number). This number is relayed back to the Gateway MSC, and then used to route the call to the MSC where the called phone is roaming.

Locating and ringing the phone
When the call arrives at the Visited MSC, the MSRN is used to determine which of the phones in this area is being called, that is the MSRN maps back to the IMSI of the original phone number dialled. The MSC pages all the mobile phone masts in the area that the IMSI is registered in order to inform the phone that there is an incoming call for it. If the subscriber answers, a speech path is created through the Visiting MSC and Gateway MSC back to the network of the person making the call, and a normal telephone call follows.

It is also possible that the phone call is not answered. If the subscriber is busy on another call (and call waiting is not being used) the Visited MSC routes the call to a predetermined Call Forward Busy (CFB) number. Similarly, if the subscriber does not answer the call after a period of time (typically 30 seconds) then the Visited MSC routes the call to a predetermined Call Forward No Reply (CFNRy) number. Once again, the operator may decide to set this value by default to the voice mail of the mobile so that callers can leave a message.

If the subscriber does not respond to the paging request, either due to being out of coverage, or their battery has gone flat/removed, then the Visited MSC routes the call to a predetermined Call Forward Not Reachable (CFNRc) number. Once again, the operator may decide to set this value by default to the voice mail of the mobile so that callers can leave a message.

A roaming user may want to avoid these forwarding services in the visited network as roaming charges will apply.

Voice charges
In the United States and Canada, callers pay the cost of connecting to the Gateway MSC of the subscriber's phone company, regardless of the actual location of the phone. As mobile numbers are given standard geographic numbers according to the North American Numbering Plan, callers pay the same to reach fixed phones and mobile phones in a given geographic area. Mobile subscribers pay for the connection time (typically using in-plan or prepaid minutes) for both incoming and outgoing calls. For outgoing calls, any long distance charges are billed as if they originate at the GMSC, even though it is the visiting MSC that completes the connection to the PSTN. Plans that include nationwide long distance and/or nationwide roaming at no additional charge over "local" outgoing calls are popular.

Mobile networks in Europe, Asia (except Hong Kong, Macau (Macao) and Singapore), Australia, and Argentina only charge their subscribers for outgoing calls. Incoming calls are free to the mobile subscriber with the exception of receiving a call while the subscriber is roaming as described below. However, callers typically pay a higher rate when calling mobile phones. Special prefixes are used to designate mobile numbers so that callers are aware they are calling a mobile phone and therefore will be charged a higher rate.

From the caller's point of view, it does not matter where the mobile subscriber is, as the technical process of connecting the call is the same. If a subscriber is roaming on a different company's network, the subscriber, instead of the caller, may pay a surcharge for the connection time. International roaming calls are often quite expensive, and as a result some companies require subscribers to grant explicit permission to receive calls while roaming to certain countries.

Speech encoding
During a GSM call, speech is converted from analogue sound waves to digital data by the phone itself, and transmitted through the mobile phone network by digital means. (Though older parts of the fixed Public Switched Telephone Network may use analog transmission.)

The digital algorithm used to encode speech signals is called a codec. The speech codecs used in GSM are called Half-Rate (HR), Full-Rate (FR), Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR), Adaptive Multirate (AMR) and Wideband AMR also known as HD voice. All codecs except AMR operate with a fixed data rate and error correction level.

Data transmission
The GSM standard also provides separate facilities for transmitting digital data. This allows a mobile phone to act like any other computer on the Internet, sending and receiving data via the Internet Protocol.

The mobile may also be connected to a desktop computer, laptop, or PDA, for use as a network interface (just like a modem or Ethernet card, but using one of the GSM data protocols described below instead of a PSTN-compatible audio channel or an Ethernet link to transmit data). Some GSM phones can also be controlled by a standardised Hayes AT command set through a serial cable or a wireless link (using IRDA or Bluetooth). The AT commands can control anything from ring tones to data compression algorithms.

In addition to general Internet access, other special services may be provided by the mobile phone operator, such as SMS.

Circuit-switched data protocols
A circuit-switched data connection reserves a certain amount of bandwidth between two points for the life of a connection, just as a traditional phone call allocates an audio channel of a certain quality between two phones for the duration of the call.

Two circuit-switched data protocols are defined in the GSM standard: Circuit Switched Data (CSD) and High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD). These types of connections are typically charged on a per-second basis, regardless of the amount of data sent over the link. This is because a certain amount of bandwidth is dedicated to the connection regardless of whether or not it is needed.

Circuit-switched connections do have the advantage of providing a constant, guaranteed quality of service, which is useful for real-time applications like video conferencing.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-switched data transmission protocol, which was incorporated into the GSM standard in 1997. It is backwards-compatible with systems that use pre-1997 versions of the standard. GPRS does this by sending packets to the local mobile phone mast (BTS) on channels not being used by circuit-switched voice calls or data connections. Multiple GPRS users can share a single unused channel because each of them uses it only for occasional short bursts.

The advantage of packet-switched connections is that bandwidth is only used when there is actually data to transmit. This type of connection is thus generally billed by the kilobyte instead of by the second, and is usually a cheaper alternative for applications that only need to send and receive data sporadically, like instant messaging.

GPRS is usually described as a 2.5G technology; see the main article for more information.

Short Message Service (SMS)
Short Message Service (more commonly known as text messaging) has become the most used data application on mobile phones, with 74% of all mobile phone users worldwide already as active users of SMS, or 2.4 billion people by the end of 2007.

SMS text messages may be sent by mobile phone users to other mobile users or external services that accept SMS. The messages are usually sent from mobile devices via the Short Message Service Centre using the MAP protocol.

The SMSC is a central routing hubs for Short Messages. Many mobile service operators use their SMSCs as gateways to external systems, including the Internet, incoming SMS news feeds, and other mobile operators (often using the de facto SMPP standard for SMS exchange).

The SMS standard is also used outside of the GSM system; see the main article for details.

Supplementary Services
See also GSM codes for supplementary services.

 * Call forwarding.
 * Barring of Outgoing Calls.
 * Barring of Incoming Calls.
 * Advice of Charge (AoC). This GSM service estimates the call cost for display on the user's mobile phone. This helps users by preventing bill shock and reduces the load on the mobile network operator's customer service department. However, in practice, this GSM service is rarely used because the calculation is more complex than the standard allows. Instead, some operators provide subscribers with balance and/or call-cost notifications sent at predetermined times, such as at the beginning or end of every call. These notifications may be read out loud using a speech-synthesis system, or may be transmitted in textual form.
 * Call Hold.
 * Call Waiting.
 * Multiparty service.
 * Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP)/ Restriction (CLIR).
 * Closed User Group (CUG).
 * Explicit Call Transfer (ECT). This service allows a user who has two calls to connect these two calls together and release its connections to both other parties.

title: GSM services


text:
All Pigs Must Die (album)

All Pigs Must Die is an album by Death in June, released in 2001. The record consists of two parts: the first half of the album bears the typical later Death in June neofolk sound, whereas the second half of the album has a much more chaotic and noise-infused experimental sound to it.

The album was originally released as a limited edition LP on coloured vinyl; most copies of the 2000 released were pressed on a colour dubbed "piggy pink", but a portion of these were pressed on pink vinyl with red spatters, in a variant dubbed "bloody piggy". The album was also released on CD, and has since been made available on cassette and picture disc.

Track listing

 * 1) "All Pigs Must Die" - 3:00
 * 2) "Tick Tock" - 3:16
 * 3) "Disappear in Every Way" - 2:47
 * 4) "The Enemy Within" - 3:43
 * 5) "We Said Destroy II" - 3:51
 * 6) "Flies Have Their House" - 4:11
 * 7) "With Bad Blood" - 4:12
 * 8) "No Pig Day (Some Night We're Going to Party Like it's 1969)" - 3:28
 * 9) "We Said Destroy III" - 4:09
 * 10) "Lords of the Sties" - 2:56
 * 11) "Ride Out!" - 3:46

Personnel

 * Douglas P - vocals, guitars, noise, keyboards
 * Andreas Ritter - accordion, flute (tracks 1 to 6)
 * Campbell Finley - trumpet (tracks 1, 3, 5, and 6)
 * Boyd Rice - vocals (spoken word) (tracks 2 and 5)

title: All Pigs Must Die (album)