text:
Great Emigration

The Great Emigration (Wielka Emigracja) was the emigration of thousands of Poles and Lithuanians, particularly from the political and cultural élites, from 1831 to 1870, after the failure of the November Uprising of 1830–1831 and of other uprisings such as the Kraków uprising of 1846 and the January Uprising of 1863–1864. The emigration affected almost the entirety of political elite in Congress Poland. The exiles included artists, soldiers and officers of the uprising, members of the Sejm of Congress Poland of 1830–1831 and several prisoners-of-war who escaped from captivity.

Polish emigration after the partitions
From the end of the 18th century, a large portion of the Polish political landscape was dominated by those who carried out their activities outside of the country as émigrés. Their exile was the result of the Partitions of Poland, which completely divided the lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy of Austria.

Because of the emigration of political elites, much of the political and ideological activity of Polish intelligentsia in the 18th and the 19th centuries took place outside of the regions of partitioned Poland. Most of the political émigrés based themselves in France.

After the November Uprising
The most important wave of emigration came after the November Uprising of 1830–1831.

According to Rolf Malte, in the fall of 1831, around 50,000 people were forced to emigrate from Congress Poland. J. Zubrzycki estimates that the number of political refugees likely wasn't larger than 5,000–6,000 at any point in the period between 1831 and the last quarter of the 19th century.

Those Poles later fought and provided valuable support during the 1846 and 1848 revolutions in Poland. Their resistance was not limited to Polish revolutionary activity, as they also participated in various lands during the Revolutions of 1848, including France, the small principalities of Germany and Italy, Austria, Hungary, and the Danubian principalities Wallachia and Moldavia, the South American countries Argentina and Uruguay (participating in the "Guerra Grande" of 1839–1852) and in the Crimean War of 1853–1856. Additional waves of émigrés left the Polish lands after the failures of the attempted 1848 revolution and the January Uprising of 1863–1864.

Notable Poles and Lithuanians of the Great Emigration included Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, leader of the Polish government-in-exile in Paris (with embassies in London and Istanbul); politician Joachim Lelewel; composer Fryderyk Chopin; national bards Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, and Zygmunt Krasiński; as well as Leonard Chodźko, Ignacy Domeyko, Maurycy Mochnacki, Piotr Michałowski, Seweryn Goszczyński, Jozef Bohdan Zaleski, Aleksander Mirecki, Emil Korytko, Antoni Patek, Casimir Gzowski, Aleksander Jełowicki, Ignacy Szymanski and Adolf Zytogorski.

title: Great Emigration


text:
File:Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord bei Nacht - Gesamt.jpg

Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord at Night

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Slowking Man

Slowking Man
Vote here
 * (37/1/0) ends 10:08, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is truly one of those "I can't believe he's not a sysop" moments. Chris is a careful and conscientious contributor, doing heaps of WikiChores and VandalBusting. I took a long browse through his more recent contributions and couldn't find anything negative at all to dissuade me from listing him on RfA. In fact, I saw so many hand-performed reversions that I felt he would have a good use for the sysop rollback feature. Chris has been here on Wikipedia since April, and as I write this, he has 1439 edits. - Mark 10:08, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I gratefully accept Mark's nomination. --Slowking Man 15:08, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Mark 10:08, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) David Cannon 11:23, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC): I've seen Slowkingman around, and I like what I see. Give it to him.
 * 3) For sure. --  ℛ yan! |  Talk  13:14, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Of course, great guy. :-) --Conti|✉ 15:55, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) CryptoDerk 16:48, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Some names just give that feeling of a trusted editor. JFW | T@lk  20:14, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) WHAT? SLOWKING IS NOT AN ADMIN? Seriously, I've seen him forever on the IRC channel, and I never doubted for a moment that he (subst. she if female) was a long-standing administrator, who undoubtedly received a unanimous RFA, only to discover that he was on RFA at this moment... very long-winded and most noble support :) ugen64 22:40, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Please sign in properly. Anonymous votes cannot be counted. David Cannon 20:56, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Argh, missed that... sorry :) ugen64 22:40, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) ffirehorse 22:07, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Agree with Ugen (at least, for the first sentence! :). -- Grunt 🇪🇺 22:41, 2004 Oct 5 (UTC)
 * 3) Definitely. RickK 22:52, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Michael Snow 22:56, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I, too, thought he was already an administrator. --John Kerry + John Edwards 2004 23:41, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) By all means. Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 00:17, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Mike H 01:13, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) I would have bet the house that he was already one! Even more surprising is his low edit count.  But I will waive my standards here, coz I like the chap.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  01:41, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4)  — Kate Turner | Talk 01:46, 2004 Oct 6 (UTC)
 * 5) Absolutely. Mackensen 04:59, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Of course!  – Andre ( talk )  14:49, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Acegikmo1 17:09, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Fire Star 18:55, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) squash 21:09, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC) Apart from 'trout slapping' in the IRC room :- ... I think you are O.K and should be an admin :-)
 * 10) "I can't believe it's not a sysop!" (TM) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 22:16, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 04:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Sjc 05:03, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) [[User:Noisy|Noisy | Talk]] 21:59, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) I think Slowking is trustworthy. →Raul654 02:14, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) Tuf-Kat 03:05, Oct 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Completely agree with Mark. I had actually considered nominating him a few days prior (no, really!) but feared his relatively low edit count would be a criticism (one which I do not hold). He does great work. -- Hadal 06:56, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) Checking edit history... hmm, further back...  further... Mop! Bucket!  Keyring!  Now!  :-)  SWAdair | Talk  07:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Man, he should be working double shifts with Kingturtle. +sj +  08:51, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Ambi 15:30, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) At the risk of sounding cliche...whaddayamean he ain't an admin?!? There.  Cliche has passed.  I still support! - Lucky 6.9 01:06, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) GeneralPatton 20:57, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Graham ☺ | Talk 21:17, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) • Benc • 10:12, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) {Ανάριον} 11:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) -JCarriker 05:21, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Looks like he has the makings of a good admin, but I have to have doubts about whether his judgement of article value has developed enough. Short on edits (~1550), with a large number of those spent on VFD and RFA and on very simple fixes.  Viewing his contribs, and excluding minor edits and all non-article namespace edits, gives about 500 entries.  Those entries are mostly simple "Recent changes" wikify and  insertion.  Sorting his contribs another way (by article title) shows no long-term committments to any - rarely more than 2 edits at most.  I would support at 2000 edits if he spent some time away from Recent changes (*gasp*) and worked on the main focus of the project - the encyclopedia articles. -- Netoholic @ 16:14, 2004 Oct 7 (UTC)
 * I don't feel strongly one way or the other about your first point (# of edits), but I strongly disagree with your second point (too much recent changes/lack of article commitment) on a host of levels: 1) A few weeks ago, when I checked here, I was very bothered that people were being nominated that only contributed article content--why distract someone who has never shown an interest in helping keep Wikipedia tidy by making them an admin? At least some RC and/or VfD (or similar interest) work should be required, to be nominated as an admin, IMHO. 2) I think Wikipedians should edit based on their strengths and interests--some people have a lot to say, and some are better suited to fix grammar, formatting, etc. problems, and other tidying activities. 3) Based on the number of articles slipping thru unchecked, we need more people on RC and NP patrol, not fewer. 4) I have about 8000 edits (~6000 in article namespace), in the six months I've been here, but most are housekeeping--RC or NP patrol, creating disamb pages, taking things to cleanup, fixing things off cleanup, creating redir pages, avoiding redir and disamb pages, VfD participation, deleting speedies, cleaning up formatting, grammar, punctuation, fixing image display problems, responding to queries on VP, etc. Other than Seattle, Washington, Shaw Island, and Drunk driving (and the last is mostly because I wasn't using Preview as much as I should), I doubt I have more than 2 edits on any other articles, and have only started about 20, tops. However, I'd like to think that my housekeeping work adds value overall to Wikipedia, enabling people who want to contribute content to do so freely, even if formatting, grammar, etc. aren't their strengths, etc. I also think my interest in housekeeping is my strongest asset as an admin. Niteowlneils 03:56, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nite - Basically, I look for balance when I evaluate a candidate. I agree that people should edit to their strengths and weaknesses, but when someone wants to become an admin, they need to be familiar with the breadth of activity here.  I find that when someone has spent some time expanding and improving articles gives the admin candidate the ability to properly understand that not everything is about the "bad articles" and makes it more likely they will evaulate article worth more fairly; which ultimately means they show greater respect for other editors' efforts. See User:Netoholic/Admins for my other thoughts on adminship. -- Netoholic @ 06:21, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments Questions for the candidate
 * Slowking Man's contributions, for your perusal. - Mark 10:08, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I spend a fair deal of time policing Recent changes for new users and articles, as well as vandalism. As Mark mentioned, I would find the abilities of sysop rollback, deleting redirects (for page moves) and nonsense articles, and blocking vandals as useful.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I think SubSpace and portions of The 20th century in review represent some of my better work.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I had one disagreement with Anthony over National Park and what it should redirect to, but we talked it out. Vfd causes me stress sometimes, but if it does, I usually just take a break.


text:
Talk:Kristiansund

US or UK English?
It seems to me that UK English would be more appropriate for the topic. Any opinions/comments? -- Olve 10:12, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, could be. I think it was me who recently made the article consistently US E., mostly just to keep things -eh- consistent. IMO, whatever E. variant will do. Generally I wouldn't say geographical location should determine this, but perhaps our being part of Europe (heh -- more or less, I guess) makes UK E. the most fitting choice? --Wernher 15:47, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I wasn't thinking of Kristiansund's general location in Europe as much as local culture of the Kristiansund area. There are strong links to the UK (esp. England and Scotland) and a high number (I don't have exact statistics) of British immigrants occupy important positions in the local cultural life. Anyway — since you don't seem to object to the idea, I will start UKify the language now. :-) -- Olve 16:51, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. BTW (OT), tnx for joining the 'NorWikipedian'-list -- we're now 2 more than the Swedes. :-) --Wernher 17:59, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Notable people: what abour Ole Gunnar Solskjær? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.177.253.226 (talk) 01:12, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kristiansund


text:
Nadia Davy

Nadia Davy (born 24 December 1980) is a Jamaican American track and field athlete, competing internationally for Jamaica. She was a bronze medalist in the 4 x 400 meter relay at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

Early life
Davy was born in Jamaica but grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey. She graduated from Bridgeton High School, where she ran track, in 1999. She set a Bridgeton High School record in the 400 meter dash with a time of 54.04 seconds. She earned six state titles in high school, including ones in the 1999 indoor and outdoor 400 meter championships.

College
Davy went to Louisiana State University to run track after high school. She was a seven-time All American at LSU and currently holds the school record in the Women's 400 meters with a time of 50.66 seconds, which she set in 2003 in her junior year.

Davy qualified for the 2004 Jamaican Olympic team after a first-place finish in the 400 meter (50.76 seconds) at the JAAA/Supreme Ventures National Senior Championships in Kingston, Jamaica.

Olympics
Davy ran two events in Athens, the 400 meter individual and the 4x400 meter relay. In the 400 meter, she ran a time of 52.04 seconds and did not place.

She won a bronze medal for the 4 x 400 meter relay (3:22:00). Davy contributed a time of 50.24 seconds during the third leg.

Today
Davy no longer lives in Bridgeton, New Jersey where she worked at her high school as an instructional aide and assistant track coach. She has a son and a daughter. She also has her master's degree in counseling from Wilmington University in Delaware.

title: Nadia Davy


text:
File:Duke of Berry coa 1360.png

Duke of Berry coat of arms, 1360

title: File:Duke of Berry coa 1360.png


text:
User talk:Prog~enwiki

yo prog, i am not thoroughly aware of wikipedia's corresponding policies, but brandt's paper (in addition to being the original work, in a way) is quite excellent and should definitely be referenced, if that's possible (although i agree that linking jstor might be questionable).

suggestions?

cheers, v.

I completely agree that the paper is worth being referenced. My only issue was that I was actually unable to view the paper at home because I did not have a subscription for JSTOR (only in my office can I see the paper). That is why I killed the link. I think it was a good idea to add the reference again. --Prog 19:45, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Welcome, and thanks
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Thank you for your contributions on John Hancock. Your summarizing was instrumental in the current rewrite. JRM 21:55, 2004 Nov 12 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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title: User talk:Prog~enwiki


text:
Lyttelton

Lyttelton may refer to:

Places

 * Lyttelton, New Zealand, a town in New Zealand
 * Lyttelton Harbour
 * Lyttelton road tunnel, New Zealand
 * Lyttelton (New Zealand electorate)
 * Lyttelton, Gauteng, a suburb of Centurion in Gauteng Province, South Africa

People

 * Lyttelton (surname)

Other

 * Baron Lyttelton, title in the British peerage
 * Leyton Cricket Ground (Lyttelton Ground), a cricket ground in Leyton, London
 * Lyttelton Engineering Works, now Denel Land Systems, a South African arms manufacturer
 * Lyttelton/Hart-Davis Letters, the published correspondence of George Lyttelton and Rupert Hart-Davis
 * Lyttelton Line, a train line between Lyttelton and Christchurch
 * Lyttelton Theatre, part of the British Royal National Theatre
 * Lyttelton Times, a New Zealand newspaper

title: Lyttelton


text:
Monash Freeway

The Monash Freeway is a major urban freeway in Victoria, Australia, linking Melbourne's CBD to its south-eastern suburbs and beyond to the Gippsland region. It carries up to 180,000 vehicles per day and is one of Australia's busiest freeways. The entire stretch of the Monash Freeway bears the designation M1.

The freeway is named in honour of General Sir John Monash, an esteemed Australian military commander for the allies during World War I.

History
The Monash Freeway is an amalgamation of two initially separate freeways: the Mulgrave Freeway (initially designated Freeway Route 81) linking Warrigal Road, Chadstone to the Princes Highway in Eumemmerring; and the South Eastern Freeway (initially designated Metropolitan Route 80, then Freeway Route 80) linking Punt Road, Richmond and Toorak Road, Hawthorn East.

Mulgrave Freeway
Plans for a "Mulgrave By-pass Road and Eumemmerring By-pass Road" had been made as far back as 1966, between Warrigal Road in Chadstone and Princes Highway at Eumemmerring. The Country Roads Board started construction in the 1969/70 financial year, with the initial section of road opened to traffic in late 1972 with two names: as Mulgrave Freeway (from Stud Road in Dandenong North to Doveton), and Eumemmerring Freeway (from Doveton to Princes Highway at Eumemmerring); Eumemmerring Freeway was later separated and renamed South Gippsland Freeway in April 1974, and extended further south to Hampton Park in 1976. Through the 1970s and the early 1980s, the Mulgrave Freeway was progressively extended westward to Springvale Road in 1974, Blackburn Road in 1976, Forster Road in 1977, Huntingdale Road in 1979, and finally to Warrigal Road in Chadstone. The Freeway Route 81 designation was removed in 1988, coinciding with the opening of the South Eastern Arterial and its replacement by National Route 1.

At this time the Tullamarine Freeway also carried the Freeway Route 81 shield. This was due to the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan having the two freeways linked to each other from around East Malvern (at the Mulgrave Freeway end) and at Flemington (at the Tullamarine Freeway end), sweeping through the St Kilda area. The plan never came to fruition, but the two freeways have since been linked by the West Gate Freeway extension and the CityLink project.

Mulgrave Freeway timeline of construction

 * 1972: Mulgrave and Eumemmerring Freeways, total 3.5 mi from Princes Highway, Eumemmerring to Stud Road, Dandenong North, opened by the Governor of Victoria Sir Rohan Delacombe, 21 November 1972, total cost A$6.8mil.
 * 1974: Mulgrave Freeway, extended 4.7 mi from Stud Road to Springvale Road, Mulgrave, opened 10 April 1974, costing A$9.3mil.
 * 1976: Extended 2 km from Springvale Road to Blackburn Road, Glen Waverley, opened 15 December 1976.
 * 1977: Extended 1.6 km from Blackburn Road to Forster Road, Mount Waverley, opened 5 April 1977 by Minister for Transport, the Hon J A Rafferty (this section, along with the previous section opened in 1976, cost a total of A$13m).
 * 1979: Extended 2.1 km from Forster Road to Huntingdale Road, Oakleigh, with three lanes each direction plus emergency stopping lanes, opened by Minister for Transport, the Hon Rob Maclellan MLA, 12 December 1979, at a cost of $8.7 million.
 * 1981: Extended 1.6 km from Huntingdale Road to Warrigal Road, Malvern, with two lanes each direction plus emergency stopping lanes, opened by Minister for Transport, the Hon Rob Maclellan MLA, 24 June 1981, at a cost of $11 million. ‘Opened one week after the 20th anniversary of the opening of Victoria's first freeway, the Maltby Bypass Road near Werribee, on 16 June 1961'.

South Eastern Freeway
Construction of the initial section of the South Eastern Freeway by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works had been completed and opened in 1962, connecting Burnley at Burnley Street, through Cremorne via Harcourt Parade, over Punt Road using a new overpass (known as the Morshead Overpass during construction ) to end at Anderson Street and the Morell Bridge, with an at-grade intersection with Brunton Avenue and a single-carriageway feeder road to the Swan Street bridge (and Batman Avenue) 800 metres beyond. The freeway was eventually further extended east from Burnley under the MacRobertson Bridge along the Yarra River to Toorak Road in 1970, with a single-carriageway feeder road taking excess traffic to Tooronga Road. The Punt Road overpass and elevated section of road over the Yarra River and Gardiners Creek were designed by Melbourne engineer Bruce Day. Responsibility for the freeway was transferred from the MMBW to the Country Roads Board on 1 July 1974.

Initially designated Metropolitan Route 80 in 1965, it was later signed as Freeway Route 80 in 1970 when the extension to Kooyong opened.

South Eastern Freeway timeline of construction

 * 1962: Opened 1.8 mi from the Swan Street bridge to Burnley, 31 May 1962
 * 1970: Extended 2.5 mi from Burnley to Toorak Road, Kooyong, 22 May 1970, by Minister for Local Government Rupert Hamer

South Eastern Arterial road link
The resulting gap between the Toorak Road end of the South Eastern Freeway and the Warrigal Road end of the Mulgrave Freeway frustrated drivers for many years; motorists had to rely on inadequate feeder roads to connect between the two freeways. Plans to link the two freeways dated from August 1978, while still extending the Mulgrave Freeway, from a Steering Committee appointed by the government in 1976 to carry out the "Gardiners Creek Valley Study": the study involved the Ministries for Planning, of Transport and for Conservation, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works, Town and Country Planning Board, Malvern, Camberwell and Hawthorn City Councils and the Country Roads Board, with an extensive process of public consultation. The subsequent route agreed to was referred to as the "South Eastern Freeway, Malvern Section" and was ultimately the alignment constructed.

Construction of the link as a dual-carriageway road began in 1985, opening to traffic in late 1988, originally with two lanes in each direction, and declared a State Highway. The link road, as well as the South Eastern and Mulgrave Freeways, were all renamed the South Eastern Arterial. This road assumed the National Route 1 route number from the Princes Highway, which became an alternative route. The project attracted a great deal of controversy just before it opened and well afterwards: in order to save costs, only one freeway-style interchange had been constructed (underneath High Street in Glen Iris). Every other interchange with major roads along the route (Toorak, Burke, Tooronga and Warrigal Roads) was an at-grade intersection controlled by traffic-lights, and because the road was constructed through residential areas, reduced speed limits were also enforced. This led to heavy congestion, frequently kilometres long, on the freeway, fuelling anger and frustration, and attracting a moniker of "the South-Eastern Carpark".

With a change of government some years later and a lot of political showmanship, more money was poured into the road: ramps connecting Police Road (to complement the existing ramps at Jacksons Road) opened in 1993, to improve traffic flow to Waverley Gardens and AFL Park; and on the link road, construction of an overpass across Warrigal Road in 1994, and underpass interchanges at Toorak and Burke Roads (and just an underpass at Tooronga Road) soon afterwards. The name changed from South Eastern Arterial back to South Eastern Freeway for the full length of the freeway after upgrade works (including noise reduction measures, new landscaping and improvements to the adjacent cycle path) were completed in early 1997. The improved road dramatically improved the rate of outbound traffic; however, the bottleneck at the Swan Street Bridge still remained and the queues only got longer.

The previous Freeway Route designations (Freeway Route 80 along the South Eastern Freeway, and Freeway Route 81 along the Mulgrave Freeway) were removed in 1988 with the opening of the South Eastern Arterial, and replaced by National Route 1.

South Eastern Arterial timeline of construction

 * 1988: South Eastern Arterial, 6.7 km from Toorak Road to Warrigal Road, opened 21 December 1988, at a cost of $152 million
 * 1993: Police Road ramps, opened June 1993, at a cost of $2.2 million
 * 1994: Warrigal Road overpass, opened June 1994, at a cost of $15 million
 * 1996: Tooronga Road overpass, opened January 1996
 * 1997: Conversion to freeway completed, and renamed South Eastern Freeway, official "opening" on 20 March 1997, at a total cost of $112m

Monash Freeway
The name changed yet again two years later to the current Monash Freeway in 1999, so named by Premier Jeff Kennett after General Sir John Monash, a renowned Australian soldier, engineer, scholar and nation builder. In the late 1990s, construction of CityLink's Southern Link project began, with the aim of linking the north-western end of the freeway (then terminating at Batman Avenue) to the eastern-end of the West Gate Freeway by way of tunnels underneath the city, allowing for an uninterrupted voyage past the CBD. A portion of the existing Monash Freeway at the city end (from Toorak to Punt Roads) was subsumed into the Southern Link, and while this portion was widened and upgraded, as part of the CityLink project it was also tolled, attracting criticism from road users. The Southern Link fully opened and tolling commenced on 28 December 2000.

With Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s, the freeway's former National Route 1 designation began conversion to the M1 in late 1996, and was completed in 1997.

Hallam Bypass
Before this bypass was constructed, the sweeping curve of the freeway at the Hallam end that became the South Gippsland Freeway had its capacity reduced from three lanes to two, resulting in a notorious bottle-neck at peak hours, especially for outbound traffic exiting at the Princes Highway interchange outside Dandenong; the extension finally bypassed the entire problem.

Construction on the 7.5 km Hallam Bypass, linking the Monash Freeway to the Princes Freeway in Berwick, began in the 1999/2000 financial year, and was completed after 3 years of construction to open in July 2003, 17 months ahead of schedule and $10 million under budget for a total cost $165 million. This was due to the omission of one key interchange that should have linked the South Gippsland Freeway with the Hallam Bypass at Eummemmering. This omission causes unnecessary congestion on neighbouring roads as northbound South Gippsland Freeway traffic must exit the freeway at Princes Highway only to join the same freeway again from Belgrave-Hallam Road eastbound.

The Monash Freeway allows travel from Morwell in the central Latrobe Valley, to Colac south-west of Geelong – via CityLink, the West Gate, the Geelong Ring Road and Princes Freeways. Motorists can cover over 260 km and only encounter traffic lights at Yarragon and Trafalgar, which are yet to be bypassed. The construction of the bypass also included the Hallam Bypass Trail shared path.

Road classification
The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared Monash Freeway (Freeway #1000) from the "Southern Link Tollway" (CityLink's Southern Link) at Kooyong to Princes Highway in Narre Warren.

The freeway was originally shown in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as part of the F9 and F14 Freeway corridors.

2007–10
In 2007, the state government announced a major upgrade widening the lanes from Glenferrie Road through to Heatherton Road. Prior to this, over 160,000 vehicles per day used this freeway resulting in congestion during peak hours. The upgrade started in late 2007 and was completed in 2010. The entire project was known as the Monash-CityLink-West Gate upgrade, and was carried out by VicRoads and Transurban.

2016–22
The Monash Freeway (and parts of the Princes Freeway continuing eastward) are to be upgraded to accommodate an extra lane in each direction between Warrigal Road in Chadstone and Cardinia Road in Officer. Stage 1, completed between 2016 and 2018, added extra lanes between EastLink and Clyde Road in Berwick. Stage 2, completed between 2020 and 2022, added extra lanes in the remaining segments, re-connected Police Road with its own outbound ramp and added dedicated ramps to Eastlink from Jacksons Road, upgraded the entire section to use VicRoads' traffic management system, and upgraded and extended O'Shea Road to join the Beaconsfield Interchange.

Route and conditions
The freeway officially begins at the southern end of CityLink, at Toorak Road. Here the freeway is five lanes wide. The opposing carriageways of the freeway are relatively near to each other and are separated by a concrete barrier. This section has overhead lighting. This first section of freeway runs through the south-eastern suburbs of Malvern, Glen Iris and Malvern East.

After Warrigal Road, the freeway is built within a much wider road reserve, allowing for a wide grass centre median with steel barrier separating the carriageways. This section does not have overhead lighting and carries four or five lanes on each carriageway. This section runs through south-eastern metropolitan Melbourne, including the suburbs of Chadstone, Mount Waverley, Mulgrave, and Dandenong to Doveton. Finally, the newest portion of the freeway, the Hallam bypass, carries three lanes each way and runs past Hallam to Narre Warren, where it becomes the Princes Freeway.

The M1 route also carries the recently developed VicRoads Traffic Management System which included Freeway On-Ramp metering (with road loops and signals), over-head speed limit and lane signs and electronic message boards; there are also various CCTV cameras and traffic sensors to monitor traffic flow and conditions constantly. Electronic 'Estimated Travel Time' boards are also used in conjunction with the sensors.

Standard travel time for Monash Freeway/CityLink (Southern link), in both directions, is 32 minutes: 7 minutes between Clyde Road and the South Gippsland Freeway, 5 minutes between the South Gippsland Freeway and EastLink, 8 minutes between EastLink and Warrigal Road, 5 minutes between Warrigal Road and Toorak Road and 7 minutes between Toorak Road and Kings Way (which is outside the Domain Tunnel on the West Gate Freeway).

The usual peak period travel time with traffic congestion is between 45 and 70 minutes. Some of the slowest intersections at these times include the EastLink and South Gippsland Freeway interchanges. In times of extreme congestion or traffic accidents, the travel time can quickly increase to as high as 110 minutes.

title: Monash Freeway


text:
Talk:Charles Bridgeman

Untitled
I removed "Landscape Architect" in the opening because this late 19th century term in anachronistic. All I did was wikify it. Wetman 10:22, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This article is not written in the conventional Wikipedia style, but to anyone interested in the subject concerned it is invaluable. It is never going to be featured article; so I suggest do nothing, say nothing and appreciate the information.Giano 20:36, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Charles Bridgeman


text:
Majokko Megu-chan

Majokko Megu-chan (魔女っ子メグちゃん) is a popular magical girl anime series. The manga was created by Tomô Inoue and Makiho Narita, while the 72-episode anime series was produced by Toei Animation between 1974 and 1975. This series is considered an important forerunner of the present day magical girl genre, as the series' characterization and general structure exerted considerable influence over future shows in the same genre. Most notably, several of the show's recurring motifs were recycled in Toei's Sailor Moon, AIC's Pretty Sammy, and (to a lesser degree) Wedding Peach.

Synopsis
Megu-Chan follows the experiences of a powerful (but accident-prone) young witch who comes to Earth as part of her initiation into larger society. Megu is a contender for the throne of the Witch World but knows very little of human relationships. Sent to Mid-World (Earth) in her early teens, she is adopted by Mammi Kanzaki, a former witch who gave up her royal ambitions to wed a mortal. Mammi bewitches her husband and their two children, Rabi and Apo, into believing that Megu has always been the eldest child of the family (the concept of using magic to alter memory would turn up again in future magical girl series, such as Majokko Tickle and Sailor Moon). Under Mammi's tutelage, Megu learns to control both her abilities and impulses in order to prove her worthiness for the crown.

This rite-of-passage subtext is continued throughout the series. A free spirit in the purest sense of the word, Megu-chan discovers emotions she'd never known existed – loneliness, compassion, grief, love, desperation, and (perhaps most importantly) self-sacrifice. As the story progresses, she proves the nobility of her character through the various trials and tribulations of youth, evolving from a willful and rather selfish little girl into a kind, generous, loving young woman. She battles monsters, demons, and rival sorcerers (including her nemesis, Non), but quickly realizes that her true enemy is the darker side of human nature.

Characters

 * Megu Kanzaki (神崎 メグ)
 * Initially, Megu experiences severe difficulties adapting to 'normal' society, even at the simplest levels. Family relationships are completely beyond her. She argues with her Father and squabbles constantly with her younger siblings, Rabi and Apo, who love to play tricks on her. She confronts Boss, the school bully, in an escalating battle of wills and gets into trouble with her teachers. She falls in love with the new boy and weeps in secret when he returns to his home country. Basically, her behavior resembles that of any other girl her age, given the social norms in mid-seventies Japan. As with the magical girl programs of the sixties, the main focus was on family and friendship; domestic disputes were normally handled with light hearted humor. In the last episode, she and Non are summoned back to the magic world to conclude their training.

 * Non Go (郷 ノン)
 * Blue-haired and pale-skinned, Non is Megu's main contender for the crown. Setting a precedent for many later mahou shōjo anime, Non attempts to murder Megu during their very first meeting and continues to plague her throughout the series. Eventually, Non comes to admire her rival's innate courage, even joining forces with her against mutual enemies in several episodes. While true friendship is never an option (in Non's view anyway), the two reach an uneasy truce by the middle of the series, agreeing to hold off their final confrontation (for possession of the throne) as long as possible, and by the end of the series, Non becomes far frequently a source of help than hindrance to Megu.

 * Mami Kanzaki (神崎 マミ)
 * Megu's adopted mother. Like Megu, she is a witch who once competed to become the next queen but fell in love with a human.

 * Papa Kanzaki (パパ)
 * Megu's adopted father. Founder of Kanzaki Promotion.

 * Rabi Kanzaki (神崎 ラビ)
 * Megu's adopted brother. Rabi is a bit of troublemaker, always pulling pranks on Megu. He doesn't know how to swim.

 * Apo Kanzaki (神崎 アポ)
 * Megu's adopted sister. She has a tendency to hit her siblings with a toy hammer. She's very close with a St. Bernard named Gonbei, which the Kanzaki family eventually adopts.

 * Kiran Go (キーラン)
 * Non's adoptive mother. Extremely uptight and proper. Like Mami, she gave up her chances of becoming queen to marry a human.

 * Chousan (チョーサン)
 * An investigator of the witch queen sent to keep an eye on Megu and Non. He intends to sabotage Megu's chances of winning the throne. Occasionally he'll team up with Megu's enemies, such as the evil Saturn. In the final episode he is formally punished by the Queen. His name is a pun on the term "chousakan" (調査官) or "examiner."

 * Furu-Furu (フルフル)
 * A talking cat who acts as Chousan's underling.

 * Crow (クロー)
 * A talking crow who acts as Chousan's underling.

 * Boss (ボス)
 * The school gang leader and Megu and Non's classmate.

 * Roko (ロコ)
 * Megu's first friend, her family owns a bakery. She stops appearing halfway through the series and is replaced by Emi.

 * Emi (エミ)
 * She first appears in episode 30. She unknowingly used hypnosis which caused men to hit her. Eventually this was fixed by Minster Joseph. She was brought into the series to promote a fashion doll called "Fushigiko Emi-chan."

 * Mr. Daimatsu (大松先生)
 * Megu's homeroom teacher.

 * Yuta (ユウタ)
 * Rabi's friend who is good at making paper planes. Appears in episodes 38 and 63.

 * The Queen of the Witch World (魔女の国の女王)
 * The supreme ruler of all witches. She will ultimately choose her successor.

 * Saturn (サターン)
 * An evil witch and the self-proclaimed "Queen of Darkness." She wants to eliminate Megu and Non, so she can inherit the throne. At the end of the series she teams up with a few of Megu's other enemies. Appears in episodes 27, 33, 56, and 71. She is likely based on Saturn from Roman Mythology.

 * Patra (パトラ)
 * Attorney general of the magic world. She visits the human world following a negative report on Megu by Chousan. Appears in episodes 11.

 * Sanda (サンダ)
 * An evil witch who lost a battle against the queen and now lives deep in a forest. Appears in episodes 14.

 * Leon (レオン)
 * A younger witch who looks up to Megu. She disguises herself as Megu and causes trouble in the human world. In episode 71, she helps Megu defeat Saturn.

 * Chuck (チャック)
 * An old woman who used to be a witch but now sells ice cream. 50 years ago she left the magic world to start a family but both her husband and child died during a war. Mami and Megu help her practice magic again. Appears in episodes 21.

 * Joker (ジョーカー)
 * An examiner from the magic world. He originally appeared in episode 32 to test Megu and Non. In episode 71, he becomes one of Saturn's subordinates and reveals Megu's true identity to her family. He is then destroyed by Megu.

 * Rosa (ローザ)
 * Saturn's minion. She is sent to kill Megu and Non but is quickly defeated. Megu nurses Rosa back to health and teaches her compassion. Appears in episode 33.

 * Penny (ペニー)
 * She is Mami's former classmate. Penny visits the Kanzaki household with her fellow witches Cent, Franc, Mark, and Ruble. Penny and the others appear again in episode 71 to help fight Saturn.

 * Toto and Tyty (トットとチッチ)
 * Twin witches who were exiled for playing pranks. They both appear in episode 37.

 * Samusa (サムサ)
 * The winter witch. Originally appearing in episode 46, she returns in episode 71 working under Saturn. She is destroyed by Mami's spell.

 * Lou (ルウ)
 * The spring fairy. Once she regains her power, she defeats Samusa. Appears in episode 46.

 * Yuri (ユリ)
 * A flower fairy who longed to live in the human world. She poses as a transfer student in Megu's class. Saturn blackmails her into killing Megu and Non. Ultimately, Yuri sacrifices herself to save Megu. Appears in episode 56.

 * Belle (ベル)
 * An elderly woman who sells pinwheels. She's actually a witch and a former queen candidate. She was banished for abusing her powers and her daughter, Mimi, was taken from her. Thanks to Megu's courage, Mimi and Belle are reunited. Appears in episode 49.

 * Mimi (ミミ)
 * Belle's daughter who was taken from her. She will be pardoned by the Queen and live on earth as a human. Appears in episode 49.

 * Tsuyusukii (ツユスキー)
 * Umbrella craftsman from the magic world. Appears in episode 61.

 * Ziron (ジロン)
 * An outlaw witch. She poses as substitute teacher at Megu and Non's school. Appears in episode 69.

Social commentary
The series dealt with subject matter considered too mature for young children at the time. Complicated social issues such as domestic violence, substance abuse and extramarital relationships were introduced, while loss and mortality frequently underscored Megu's hijinks. This was a major break from the traditional juvenile animation in both Asia and the West, perhaps explaining why the series did not find a European market until the early eighties.

Another point of departure was the series’ subtle eroticism. Majokko Megu-chan was born of a proposal by Hiromi Productions, which had previously produced the less successful magical girl series Miracle Shoujo Limit-chan (1973–74) with Toei, to create a magical-girl series with a slightly naughtier edge than previous shows of the genre. The influence of Megu-chan's Toei stablemate, Go Nagai's Cutie Honey, was apparent in several aspects, from the somewhat racy lyrics of the opening theme song (performed, as was Cutie Honey's, by Yoko Maekawa) to the fact that the two series shared many of the same staff. While not as overtly sexualized as Nagai's heroine, Megu-chan was surprisingly voyeuristic for its period. Megu was frequently depicted in various states of undress and the series featured scenes which anticipated the rise of so-called fan service anime; the opening theme song itself features lyrics in which Megu boasts about her breasts and her way of manipulating boys with her looks and coquettish behaviors. (The theme song lyrics were penned by lyricist Kazuya Senke, known for writing hit songs with similarly suggestive lyrics in 1973-74 for then-teenage J-pop idol Momoe Yamaguchi.)

Later kogaru heroines would capitalize on Megu's sexuality; it would, in fact, become a hallmark of the genre. There were numerous scenes in which Megu wore sheer nightgowns through which her underwear was plainly visible. Rabi had an arsenal tricks aimed at catching his "big sister" disrobed, from yanking the sheets off Megu's bed in the morning to using a fishing rod to lift her skirt.

Rabi was not the only voyeur Megu was forced to contend with; there was the vile Chou-san, an agent of the witch queen sent to sabotage Megu's chances of winning the throne. A stereotypical pervert in every sense of the term, Chou spent most of his time spying on Meg and devising ways to publicly humiliate her. In a memorable scene in episode 23, Chou-san rigged Megu's bathtub with wheels, causing it to race around the city while Megu was bathing. Earlier in that same episode, Chou attempted to trick Megu into taking off all of her clothes by hypnotizing her with a magical cuckoo clock; only Non's intervention at the last minute saved Megu from stripping herself totally naked. In another sequence, Chou-san breaks into the Kanzaki residence, hoping to abduct Megu in her sleep (fortunately she woke up in time and chased him out of the house). While his intentions were never stated explicitly, his underlying motivations were always made obvious.

Influence on Japanese popular culture
Megu-Chan was not the first magical girl anime, but it has been described as the first modern anime series to fall into the genre. Initially overlooked as a minor effort due its relative obscurity following its airing in the seventies, it nonetheless formed a template on which many later scenarios were based. Significantly, many of the show's plot devices were recycled in the enormously successful Sailor Moon (Toei, 1992–1997) – indeed, two later episodes of Megu-chan were directed by Yuji Endo, who later became one of the chief episode directors on Sailor Moon – and echoes of Meg's tempestuous rivalries can be perceived in seinen parodies such as the Project A-Ko franchise. The "fan service" angle would turn up again in countless other future series, such as Gainax's Neon Genesis Evangelion.

The program's impact on Japanese popular culture should not be underestimated; thematic descendants include the entire magical girl genre, along with some degree of bishōjo, lolicon and hentai material. Megu's effect on Japan's burgeoning manga industry has yet to be documented, but considering the vast number of shōjo titles currently available, it is safe to assume that Majokko Megu-Chan's animated adventures must have inspired at least a few of them.

International distribution and reception
The series gained moderate recognition after it reached the European market (with the heroine's name Anglicized to Meg in the French dub, and changed to Bia in the Italian, Portuguese, and Polish versions), but remains largely unknown in the English-speaking world, as it has never been officially translated into English.

The show also received a Spanish dub for the Latin American market, under the name of "Maggie, la brujita". The show, however, had little to no success in the region. It was broadcast in Peru and Venezuela in the early 80s, after which it was never aired again, and currently only a handful of episodes can be found with this dub.

Outside Japan, the series achieved its greatest popularity in Italy in the early 1980s (as Bia - la sfida della magia, or Bia - The Magical Challenge); however, the Italian dub skipped seven of the 72 episodes (hence the reason why some sources list the series as consisting of only 65 episodes) and also made a few edits for content in the extant episodes. The undubbed episodes were fairly dark, most of them dealing with suicide. The edits made in the Italian version carried over into the Polish and Portuguese versions, which were adapted from the Italian and not from the original Japanese.

Episodes
Of the anime's 72 episodes, 7 episodes were omitted from international releases and were never broadcast outside of Japan due to their controversial nature.

 * 1) Here Comes the Pretty Witch (April 1, 1974)
 * 2) That Girl's a Rival (April 8, 1974)
 * 3) Lots of Witches (April 15, 1974)
 * 4) Light of Our Home (April 22, 1974)
 * 5) Witch of Love (April 29, 1974)
 * 6) Papa Can't Afford to Laugh (May 6, 1974)
 * 7) My Longing for Meg (May 13, 1974)
 * 8) A Genius at Venting His Anger (May 20, 1974)
 * 9) Song of Sincerity (May 27, 1974)
 * 10) Marvelous Balloon Trip (June 3, 1974)
 * 11) Messenger From the Moon (June 10, 1974)
 * 12) Bow-Wow Riot (June 17, 1974)
 * 13) Duel! The Magical Mansion! (June 24, 1974)
 * 14) The Phantom Harp (July 1, 1974)
 * 15) Papa's Lover?! (July 8, 1974)
 * 16) From the Sky with Love (July 15, 1974)
 * 17) Meg Times Two (July 22, 1974)
 * 18) The Old Castle's Love Story (July 29, 1974)
 * 19) Goodbye, Mr. Ghost (August 5, 1974)
 * 20) Walk, Mill! (August 12, 1974)
 * 21) Ex-Witch Granny Chuck (August 19, 1974)
 * 22) When Do the Stars Fall Into the Sea? (August 26, 1974) (Japan-only)
 * 23) The Great Tearful Humiliation Operation (September 2, 1974)
 * 24) The Stolen Dress (September 9, 1974)
 * 25) The Phantom Boy (September 16, 1974) (Japan-only)
 * 26) The Great Magical Battle (September 23, 1974)
 * 27) The Curse of Scorpio (September 30, 1974)
 * 28) The Baby Scandal (October 7, 1974) (Japan-only)
 * 29) Tears of an Angel (October 14, 1974) (Japan-only)
 * 30) The Mysterious Abused Girl (October 21, 1974)
 * 31) Yodel of Love (October 28, 1974)
 * 32) Shadow of a Witch Fluttering Her Wings (November 4, 1974)
 * 33) Saturn's Messenger (November 11, 1974)
 * 34) Uninvited Guests (November 18, 1974)
 * 35) The White Horse, Upstairs in Our House (November 25, 1974)
 * 36) The Dolls That Left (December 2, 1974)
 * 37) The Strange Transfer Student (December 9, 1974)
 * 38) Paper Planes Bound Far Away (December 16, 1974)
 * 39) Santa's Name is Apo (December 23, 1974)
 * 40) The Great Tomboy Race! (January 6, 1975)
 * 41) The Lost Polar Bear (January 13, 1975)
 * 42) Friendship at the Snow Festival (January 20, 1975)
 * 43) The Snow Bird's Secret (January 27, 1975)
 * 44) The Age of Rebellion is Here (February 3, 1975)
 * 45) Red Shoes of Friendship (February 10, 1975)
 * 46) Tale of North Spring Winds (February 17, 1975)
 * 47) Spring in a Yacht (February 24, 1975)
 * 48) A Doll's Poem (March 3, 1975)
 * 49) Pinwheel's Song (March 10, 1975)
 * 50) The Flying Bag (March 17, 1975)
 * 51) Please Take Care of Taro (March 24, 1975)
 * 52) Gonbei Has Returned (March 31, 1975)
 * 53) The Magic World's Failure (April 7, 1975)
 * 54) Missing Cat (April 14, 1975)
 * 55) Who's the Criminal? (April 21, 1975)
 * 56) Secret of The White Lily (April 28, 1975) (Japan-only)
 * 57) Carp Streamers High in the Sky (May 5, 1975)
 * 58) Where Are You, Gonbei? (May 12, 1975)
 * 59) The Girl in The Rain (May 26, 1975) (Japan-only)
 * 60) Young Master's Great Circus (June 2, 1975)
 * 61) The Rainy Man (June 16, 1975)
 * 62) Due by Midnight, Bound for The Witch Kingdom (June 23, 1975)
 * 63) The Blue Star of Tanabata (July 7, 1975)
 * 64) The Fuss of Not Swimming (July 14, 1975)
 * 65) The Dreamy Trolley Car (July 21, 1975)
 * 66) Foggy Morning Paper, Taro (August 4, 1975) (Japan-only)
 * 67) The Guitar and the Boy (August 18, 1975)
 * 68) Nya-Nya! Summer Vacation! (August 25, 1975)
 * 69) Revenge Dog Sigma (September 8, 1975)
 * 70) Great Kite, Fly Me with the Sea Wind (September 15, 1975)
 * 71) Final Battle: The Greatest Magic! (September 22, 1975)
 * 72) Farewell, Meg (September 29, 1975)

Music
In episode 27, Megu watches Misty Honey from Cutie Honey on TV singing the Cutie Honey theme. The same vocalist, Yoko Maekawa, performed the theme songs for both Cutie Honey and Megu-chan.

The series also reused some incidental music from an earlier magical-girl series by Toei, 1970's Mahō no Mako-chan. Takeo Watanabe composed the music for both series.

 * Opening theme:
 * Majokko Megu-chan / Little Meg the Witch Girl
 * Lyrics: Kazuya Senke
 * Composition: Takeo Watanabe
 * Arrangement: Yuji Matsuyama
 * Performance: Yoko Maekawa

 * Ending theme:
 * Hitori Bocchi no Megu / Megu is All Alone
 * Lyrics: Toru Okato
 * Composition: Takeo Watanabe
 * Arrangement: Yuji Matsuyama
 * Performance: Yoko Maekawa

title: Majokko Megu-chan


text:
K. J. Bishop

Kirsten Jane Bishop is an Australian writer and artist. In 2004, her first book, The Etched City, was nominated for a World Fantasy Award for Best Novel. She is a recipient of the Aurealis Award for best collection.

Novels

 * The Etched City (2003)

Collections

 * That Book Your Mad Ancestor Wrote (e-book publication in 2012)

Short fiction

 * "The Art of Dying" (1997)
 * "The Love of Beauty" (1999)
 * "The Memorial Page" (2002)
 * "On the Origins of the Fragrant Hill" (2002)
 * "Beach Rubble" (2003)
 * "Maldoror Abroad" (2003)
 * "Reminiscence" (The Thackery T Lambshead Pocket Guide to Eccentric & Discredited Diseases, 2003)
 * "Alsiso" (The Alsiso Project, 2004)
 * "We the Enclosed" (2004)
 * "Vision Splendid", in Baggage (published by Eneit Press run by Sharyn Lilley)(2010)

Awards

 * 2004 	William L. Crawford Award for Best First Novel
 * 2004 	Ditmar Award for Best Novel
 * 2004 	Ditmar Award for Best New Talent

title: K. J. Bishop


text: User talk:220.244.224.8

title: User talk:220.244.224.8


text:
Iron sights

Iron sights are a system of physical alignment markers (usually made of metallic material) used as a sighting device to assist the accurate aiming of ranged weapons (such as a firearms, airguns, crossbows, and bows (mainly found on recurve bows and compound bows), or less commonly as a primitive finder sight for optical telescopes. Iron sights are the earliest type of sighting device, as it relies completely on the viewer's naked eye (mostly under ambient lighting), and is distinctly different to optical sights such as telescopic sights, reflector (reflex) sights, holographic sights, and laser sights, which make use of optical manipulation and/or active illumination.

Iron sights are typically composed of two components mounted perpendicularly above the weapon's bore axis: a rear sight nearer (or proximally) to the shooter's eye, and a front sight farther forward (or distally) near the muzzle. During aiming, the shooter aligns their line of sight past a gap at the rear sight's center towards the top edge of the front sight (which is usually shaped as a small post, bead, ramp, or occasionally, a ring), forming a line of aim that points straight at the desired target. Open sights are iron sights whose rear sight uses a notch of some sort, while aperture sights use some form of a circular hole. Most civilian, hunting, and police long guns and nearly all handguns feature open sights, while many military battle rifles usually employ aperture sights.

The earliest and simplest iron sights were fixed and could not be easily readjusted. Many modern iron sights are designed to be adjustable for sighting in firearms by adjusting the sights for elevation or windage. On many firearms it is the rear sight that is adjustable.

For precision shooting applications such as varminting or sniping, the iron sights are usually replaced by a telescopic sight. Iron sights may still be fitted alongside other sighting devices (or in the case of some models of optics, incorporated integrally) for back-up usage, if the primary sights are damaged or lost.

Principles

In the case of firearms, where the projectile follows a curved ballistic trajectory below the bore axis, the only way to ensure it will hit an intended target is by aiming at the precise point on the trajectory at that target's intended distance. To do that, the shooter aligns their line of sight with the front and rear sights, forming a consistent line of aim (known as the sight axis) and in turn producing what is known as the point of aim (POA) within their own field of view, which then gets pointed directly (i.e. aimed) at the target. The physical distance between the front and rear sights is known as the sight radius, the longer of which produces smaller angular errors when aiming.

"Sighting in" is a process in which the sight axis is adjusted to intersect the trajectory of the bullet at a designated distance (typically at 100 yards/meters), in order to produce a pre-determined point of impact (POI) at that distance, known as a "zero". Using that "zero" as a default reference, the point of aim can be readily re-calibrated to superimpose with the bullet's point of impact when shooting at different distances. Modern iron sights can all provide some horizontal and vertical adjustments for sighting-in, and often have elevation markings that allow the shooter to quickly compensate (though with rather limited precision) for increasing bullet drops at extended distances. Because the sight axis (which is a straight line) and the projectile trajectory (which is a parabolic curve) must be within the same vertical plane to have any chance of intersecting, it will be very difficult to shoot accurately if the sights are not perpendicularly above the gun barrel (a situation known as canting) when aiming or sighting-in.

Rear sights on long guns (such as rifles and carbines) are usually mounted on a dovetail slot on the back part of the barrel or the receiver, closer to the eye of the shooter, allowing for easy visual pick-up of the notch. Front sights are mounted to the front end of the barrel by dovetailing, soldering, screwing, or staking very close to the muzzle, frequently on a "ramp". Some front sight assemblies include a detachable hood intended to reduce glare, and if the hood is circular, then this provides a reference where the eye will naturally align one within the other.

In the case of handguns, the rear sight will be mounted on the frame (for revolvers, derringers, and single-shots) or on the slide (for semi-automatic pistols). Exceptions are possible depending on the type of handgun, e.g. the rear sight on a snub-nose revolver is typically a trench milled into the top strap of the frame, and the front sight is the to-be-expected blade. Certain handguns may have the rear sight mounted on a hoop-like bracket that straddles the slide.

With typical blade- or post-type iron sights, the shooter would center the front sight's post in the notch of the rear sight and the tops of both sights should be level. Since the eye is only capable of focusing on one focal plane at a time, and the rear sight, front sight and target are all in separate planes, only one of those three planes can be in focus. Which plane is in focus depends on the type of sight, and one of the challenges to a shooter is to keep the focus on the correct plane to allow for best sight alignment. The general advice, however, is to focus on the front sight.

Due to parallax, even a tiny error in the angle of sight alignment results in a trajectory that diverges from the target on a trajectory directly relative to the distance from the target, causing the bullet to miss the target; for example, with a 10 meter air rifle shooter trying to hit the 10 ring, which is merely a 0.5 mm diameter dot on the target at 10 m and with a 4.5 mm diameter pellet, an error of only 0.2 mm in sight alignment can mean a complete miss (a 3 mm point of impact miss). At 1000 m, that same misalignment would be magnified 100 times, giving an error of over 300 mm, 1,500 times the sight misalignment. Increasing the sight radius helps to reduce eventual angular errors and will, in case the sight has an incremental adjustment mechanism, adjust in smaller increments when compared to a further identical shorter sighting line. With the front sight on the front end of the barrel, sight radius may be increased by moving the rear sight from the barrel onto the receiver or tang.

Sights for shotguns used for shooting small, moving targets (such as skeet shooting, trap shooting, and clay pigeon shooting) work quite differently. The rear sight is completely discarded, and the rear reference point is provided by the correct and consistent positioning of the shooter's head. A brightly colored (generally the bead is made of a polished metal such as brass and silver, or a plastic fluorescent material, such as green and orange) round bead is placed at the end of the barrel. Often, this bead will be placed along a raised, flat rib, which is usually ventilated to keep it cool and reduce mirage effects from a hot barrel. Rather than being aimed like a rifle or handgun, the shotgun is pointed with the focus always on the target, and the unfocused image of the barrel and bead are placed below the target (the amount below depends on whether the target is rising or falling) and slightly ahead of the target if there is lateral movement. This method of aiming is not as precise as that of a front sight/rear sight combination, but it is much faster, and the wide spread of shots can allow an effective hit even if there is some aiming error. Some shotguns also provide a mid-bead, which is a smaller bead located halfway down the rib, which allows more feedback on barrel alignment. Some shotguns may also come equipped with rifle-style sights. These types of sights are typically found on shotguns intended for turkey hunting.

Open sights
Open sights generally are used where the rear sight is at significant distance from the shooter's eye. They provide minimum occlusion of the shooter's view, but at the expense of precision. Open sights generally use either a square post or a bead on a post for a front sight. To use the sight, the post or bead is positioned both vertically and horizontally in the center of the rear sight notch. For a center hold, the front sight is positioned on the center of the target, bisecting the target vertically and horizontally. For a 6 o'clock hold, the front sight is positioned just below the target and centered horizontally. A 6 o'clock hold is only good for a known target size at a known distance and will not hold zero without user adjustment if these factors are varied. From the shooter's point of view, there should be a noticeable space between each side of the front sight and the edges of the notch; the spaces are called light bars, and the brightness of the light bars provides the shooter feedback as to the alignment of the post in the notch. Vertical alignment is done by lining up the top of the front post with the top of the rear sight, or by placing the bead just above the bottom of the V or U-notch. If the post is not centered in the V or U notch, the shot will not be accurate. If the post extends over the V or U-notch it will result in a high shot. If the post does not reach the top of the V or U-notch it will result in a low shot.

Patridge sights, named after inventor E. E. Patridge, a 19th-century American sportsman, consist of a square or rectangular post and a flat-bottomed square notch and are the most common form of open sights, being preferred for target shooting, as the majority of shooters find the vertical alignment is more precise than other open sights. V-notch and U-notch sights are a variant of the patridge which substitute a V- or U-shaped rear notch.

Other common open sight types include the buckhorn, semi-buckhorn, and express. Buckhorn sights have extensions protruding from either side of the rear sight forming a large ring which almost meets directly above the "V" of the notch. The semi-buckhorn is similar but has a wider gently curving notch with the more precise "V" at its center and is standard on classic Winchester and Marlin lever-action rifles. Express sights are most often used on heavy caliber rifles intended for the hunting of dangerous big game, and are in the form of a wide and large "V" with a heavy white contrast line marking its bottom and a big white or gold bead front sight. These sights do not occlude the target as much as some other styles which is useful in the case of a charging animal. In cases where the range is close and speed far outweighs accuracy (e.g. the shooter is being charged by dangerous big-game), the front sight is used like a shotgun bead; the rear sight is ignored, and the bead is placed on the target. When more time is available, the bead is placed in the "V" of the rear sight.

Open sights have many advantages: they are very common, inexpensive to produce, uncomplicated to use, sturdy, lightweight, resistant to severe environmental conditions, and they do not require batteries. On the other hand, they are not as precise as other forms of sights, and are difficult or impossible to adjust. Open sights also take much more time to use—the buckhorn type is the slowest, patridge, "U" and "V" type notch sights are only a bit quicker; only the express sight is relatively fast. In addition, open sights tend to block out the lower portion of the shooter's field of view by nature, and because of the depth of field limitations of the human eye, do not work as well for shooters with less than perfect vision.

Shotgun sights
Among those utilizing shotguns for hunting of upland game, directing a shotgun toward its target is considered a slightly different skill than aiming a rifle or pistol. Shotgunners are encouraged to "point" a shotgun versus the accurate aiming of a rifle. Some even espouse a mentality that eliminates the concept of "aim" altogether. Because much of shotgunning involves putting a scatter pattern in the path of moving targets, the concept of a sight is considered a subconscious aid. The front sight of a shotgun is a small spherical "bead" attached to the muzzle, acts as a reference, while the "rear sight" is nothing more than a narrow longitudinal groove on the receiver and barrel rib. When shooting, aligning the rear groove with the front bead is not to be consciously considered, as it comprises only a rough reference allowing the shooter to use their natural point of aim to make the shot.

In the tactical environment, where targets aren't moving across the visual field as quickly, sights do have a role. For many, a fiberoptic front sight is the preferred sighting reference in conjunction with a rear leaf. In this instance, the shotgun is used more like a rifle, allowing intentionally aimed shots. Some even equip their shotguns with open or aperture sights akin to a rifle.

Many shotgun bead sights are designed for a "figure 8" configuration, where a proper sight picture uses a bead mounted at the midpoint of the barrel in conjunction with a front bead mounted toward the muzzle. Many shotgun manufacturers, such as Browning, calibrate these sighting systems to produce a shotgun pattern that is "dead-on" when the front bead is stacked just above the mid-bead, producing the figure-8 sight picture.

Aperture sights

Aperture sights, also known as "peep sights", range from the "ghost ring" sight, whose thin ring blurs to near invisibility (hence "ghost"), to target aperture sights that use large disks or other occluders with pinhole-sized apertures. In general, the thicker the ring, the more precise the sight, and the thinner the ring, the faster the sight.

The theory of operation behind the aperture sight is often stated that the human eye will automatically center the front sight when looking through the rear aperture, thus ensuring accuracy. However, aperture sights are accurate even if the front sight is not centered in the rear aperture due to a phenomenon called parallax suppression. This is because, when the aperture is smaller than the eye's pupil diameter, the aperture itself becomes the entrance pupil for the entire optical system of target, front sight post, rear aperture, and eye. As long as the aperture's diameter is completely contained within the eye's pupil diameter, the exact visual location of the front sight post within the rear aperture ring does not affect the accuracy, and accuracy only starts to degrade slightly due to parallax shift as the aperture's diameter begins to encroach on the outside of the eye's pupil diameter. An additional benefit to aperture sights is that smaller apertures provide greater depth of field, making the target less blurry when focusing on the front sight.

In low light conditions the parallax suppression phenomenon is markedly better. The depth of field looking through the sight remains the same as in bright conditions. This is in contrast to open sights, where the eye's pupil will become wider in low light conditions, meaning a larger aperture and a blurrier target. The downside to this is that the image through an aperture sight is darker than with an open sight.

These sights are used on target rifles of several disciplines and on several military rifles such as the Pattern 1914 Enfield and M1917 Enfield, M1 Garand, the No. 4 series Lee–Enfields, M14 rifle, Stgw 57, G3 and the M16 series of weapons along with several others. Rifle aperture sights for military combat or hunting arms are not designed for maximal attainable precision like target aperture sights, as these must be usable under suboptimal field conditions.

Ghost ring
The ghost ring sight is considered by some to be the fastest type of aperture sight. It is fairly accurate, easy to use, and obscures the target less than nearly all other non-optical sights. Because of this, ghost ring sights are commonly installed on riot and combat shotguns and customized handguns, and they are also gaining ground as a backup sighting system on rifles. The ghost ring is a fairly recent innovation, and differs from traditional aperture sights in the extreme thinness of the rear ring and the slightly thicker front sight. The thin ring minimizes the occlusion of the target, while the thicker front post makes it easy to find quickly. Factory Mossberg ghost ring sights also have thick steel plates on either side of the extremely thin ring. These are to protect the sight's integrity in cases where, if the shotgun were to fall and impact a surface in a way that could potentially damage or distort the shape of the ring.

Target aperture sights

Target aperture sights are designed for maximum precision. The rear sight element (often called "diopter") is usually a large disk (up to 1 inch or 2.5 cm in diameter) with a small hole in the middle, of approximately 1.2 mm or less, and is placed close to the shooter's eye. High end target diopters normally accept accessories like adjustable diopter aperture and optical filter systems to ensure optimal sighting conditions for match shooters. Typical modern target shooting diopters offer windage and elevation corrections in 2 mm to 4 mm increments at 100 m. Some International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) (Olympic) shooting events require this precision level for sighting lines, since the final score of the top competitors last shots series is expressed in tenths of scoring ring points.

The complementing front sight element may be a simple bead or post, but is more often a "globe"-type sight, which consists of a cylinder with a threaded cap, which allows differently shaped removable front sight elements to be used. Most common are posts of varying widths and heights or rings of varying diameter—these can be chosen by the shooter for the best fit to the target being used. Tinted transparent plastic insert elements may also be used, with a hole in the middle; these work the same way as an opaque ring, but provide a less obstructed view of the target. High end target front sight tunnels normally also accept accessories like adjustable aperture and optical systems to ensure optimal sighting conditions for match shooters. Some high end target sight line manufacturers also offer front sights with integrated aperture mechanisms.

The use of round rear and front sighting elements for aiming at round targets, like used in ISSF match shooting, takes advantage of the natural ability of the eye and brain to easily align concentric circles. Even for the maximum precision, there should still be a significant area of white visible around the bullseye and between the front and rear sight ring (if a front ring is being used). Since the best key to determining center is the amount of light passing through the apertures, a narrow, dim ring of light can actually be more difficult to work with than a larger, brighter ring. The precise sizes are quite subjective, and depend on both shooter preference and ambient lighting, which is why target rifles come with easily replaceable front sight inserts, and adjustable aperture mechanisms.

Front aperture size selection
Front aperture size is a compromise between a tight enough aperture to clearly define the aiming point and a loose enough aperture so as to not cause 'flicker'. When the aperture is too small, the boundary between the target and front aperture outline becomes indistinct, requiring the shooter to consciously or subconsciously generate small eye movements to measure the distance around the target. USA Shooting recommends a front aperture that creates at least 3 Minutes of Angle (MOA) of boundary space. In research performed by Precision Shooting, it was found that this increased shooter confidence, reduced hold times, and created more decisive shots. There may be an upper bound to the front aperture size that improves performance, however. In 2013, researchers performed experiments with the game of golf, specifically the skill of putting which is another skill that combines visual alignment with motor skills. They found that by manipulating the perceived size of the target (the golf hole) by surrounding it with concentric rings of various sizes, there was a phenomenon that improved performance when the target was surrounded by smaller circles thereby increasing its perceived size. They found that when the target was perceived as larger, performance increased.

Non-target aperture sights
Aperture sights on military rifles use a larger aperture with a thinner ring, and generally a simple post front sight.

Rifles from the late 19th century often featured one of two types of aperture sight called a "tang sight" or a "ladder sight". Since the black powder used in muzzleloaders and early cartridges was not capable of propelling a bullet at high speed, these sights had very large ranges of vertical adjustments, often on the order of several degrees, allowing very long shots to be made accurately. The .45-70 cartridge, for example, was tested by the military for accuracy at ranges of up to 1500 yd, which required 3$1⁄3$ degrees of elevation. Both ladder and tang sights folded down when not in use to reduce the chance of damage to the sights. Ladder sights were mounted on the barrel, and could be used as sights in both the folded and unfolded states. Tang sights were mounted behind the action of the rifle, and provided a very long sight radius, and had to be unfolded for use, though rifles with tang sights often had open sights as well for close range use. Tang sights often had vernier scales, allowing adjustment down to a single minute of arc over the full range of the sight.

Flip up sights
Assault rifles and sporterized semi-automatic rifles can have foldable rear and front sight elements that can be readily flipped up or down by the user. Such iron sights are often used as secondary sighting systems in case the main weapon sight (typically an optical sight such as a telescopic sight or red dot sight) malfunctions or becomes unsuitable for the tactical situation at hand, and are therefore referred to as backup iron sights (BUIS). Backup sights are usually mounted via Rail Integration Systems (most often Picatinny rails) in tandem with optical aiming devices, although "offset" BUISs that are mounted obliquely from the bore axis also exist. When used with non-magnifying optics (e.g. reflex or holographic sights), the flip-up rear and front elements often are designed to appear in the same sight picture, known as cowitnessing, as the primary optical sights.

Adjustment
Fixed sights are sights that are not adjustable. For instance, on many revolvers, the rear sight consists of a fixed sight that is a groove milled into the top of the gun's receiver. Adjustable sights are designed to be adjustable for different ranges, for the effect of wind, or to compensate for varying cartridge bullet weights or propellant loadings, which alter the round's velocity and external ballistics and thus its trajectory and point of impact. Sight adjustments are orthogonal, so the windage can be adjusted without impacting the elevation, and vice versa. If the firearm is held canted instead of level when fired, the adjustments are no longer orthogonal, so it is essential to keep the firearm level for best accuracy.

The downside to adjustable sights is the inherent fragility of the moving parts. A fixed sight is a solid piece of metal, usually steel, and if firmly attached to the gun, little is going to be able to damage it beyond usefulness. Adjustable sights, on the other hand, are bulkier, and have parts that must move relative to the gun. Solid impact on an adjustable sight will usually knock it out of adjustment, if not knock it right off the gun. Because of this, guns for self defense or military use either have fixed sights, or sights with "wings" on the sides for protection (such as those on the M4 carbine).

Iron sights used for hunting guns tend to be a compromise. They will be adjustable, but only with tools—generally either a small screwdriver or an allen wrench. They will be compact and heavily built, and designed to lock securely into position. Target sights, on the other hand, are much bulkier and easier to adjust. They generally have large knobs to control horizontal and vertical movement without tools, and often they are designed to be quickly and easily detachable from the gun so they can be stored separately in their own protective case.

The most common is a rear sight that adjusts in both directions, though military rifles often have a tangent sight in the rear, which a slider on the rear sight has pre-calibrated elevation adjustments for different ranges. With tangent sights, the rear sight is often used to adjust the elevation, and the front the windage. The M16A2 later M16 series rifles have a dial adjustable range calibrated rear sight, and use an elevation adjustable front sight to "zero" the rifle at a given range. The rear sight is used for windage adjustment and to change the zero range.

Enhancements
While iron sights are very simple, that simplicity also leads to a staggering variety of different implementations. In addition to the purely geometric considerations of the front blade and rear notch, there are some factors that need to be considered when choosing a set of iron sights for a particular purpose.

Glare reduction
Glare, particularly from the front sight, can be a significant problem with iron sights. The glare from the front sight can increase the apparent brightness of the light bar on one side of the sight, causing windage errors in aiming, or lower the apparent height of the front sight, causing elevation errors in aiming. Since the direction of the ambient light is rarely constant for a shooter, the resulting changing glare can significantly affect the point of aim.

The most common solution to the problem of glare is a matte finish on the sights. Serrating or bead blasting the sight is a common solution for brightly finished sights, such as blued steel or stainless steel. Matte finishes such as parkerizing or matte black paint can also help. "Smoking" a sight by holding a match or cigarette lighter under the sight to deposit a fine layer of soot is a technique used by many shooters, and special soot-producing lighters are sold for use by competition shooters. Even a thin layer of mud or dirt applied to the sight will help kill the glare, as long as the coating is thin and consistent enough not to change the shape of the sights.

Many target sights are designed with vertical or even undercut front sight blades, which reduces the angles at which light will produce glare off the sight—the downside of these sights is that they tend to snag on clothing, branches, and other materials, so they are common only on target guns. Sight hoods reduce the chances of snagging an undercut sight and are common on some types of rifles, particularly lever-action rifles, but they are prohibited in some shooting disciplines.

Contrast enhancements

While target shooters generally prefer a matte black finish to their sights, to reduce the chance of glare and increase the contrast between the sights and the light bars, black sights don't offer good visibility with dark targets or in low light conditions, such as those often encountered in hunting, military, or self-defense situations. A variety of different contrast enhancements to the basic Patridge type sight and others have been developed to address this deficiency. The contrast enhancement of the front sight has to be somewhat larger compared to the contrast enhancement(s) used for the rear sight if all contrast enhancements should appear about equally large from the shooters perspective.

 * Three-dot: On semi-automatic handguns, the most common type of enhancement is a bright white dot painted on the front sight near the top of the blade, and a dot on each side of the rear sight notch. In low lighting conditions the front sight dot is centered horizontally between the rear sight dots, with the target placed above the middle (front) dot. Some sight vendors offer differently colored dots for the front and rear sights.
 * White outline rear: A contrast variation which uses a dot front sight with a thick and bright white outline around the rear sight notch.
 * Straight eight: Heinie Specialty Products produces a variant of high visibility sights in which a single dot front sight and a rear notch with a dot below can be lined up vertically to form a figure eight.
 * Sight inserts: Popular on revolvers, this enhancement consists of a colored plastic insert in the front sight blade, usually red or orange in color.
 * Bar / dot or express sight: Similar to the straight eight type, this type of sight is traditional on express rifles and is also found on some handguns. The open, V-shaped rear allows for faster acquisition and wider field of view, though less accurate for longer range precision type shooting. The dot on the front sight is aligned or set directly above the vertical bar on the rear sight, commonly referred to as "dotting the 'I'".
 * Gold bead: Preferred by many competitors in IPSC and IDPA shooting.
 * Night sights: On tactical firearms, the contrast enhancements can consist of small vials containing tritium gas whose radioactive decay causes a fluorescent material to glow. Self-luminous tritium sights provide vital visibility in extremely low light situations where normal sights would be degraded or even useless. The tritium glow is not noticeable in bright conditions such as daylight however. As a result, some manufacturers have started to integrate fiber optic sights with tritium vials to provide bright, high-contrast firearms sights in both bright and dim conditions.
 * Fiber optic: A growing trend, started on air rifles and muzzleloaders, is the use of short pieces of optical fiber for the dots, made in such a way that ambient light falling on the length of the fiber is concentrated at the tip, making the dots slightly brighter than the surroundings. This method is most commonly used in front sights, but many makers offer sights that use fiber optics on front and rear sights. Fiber optic sights can now be found on handguns, rifles, and shotguns, both as aftermarket accessories and a growing number of factory guns.

title: Iron sights


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Ogwr

The Borough of Ogwr was one of six districts of Mid Glamorgan in Wales, which existed from 1974 to 1996.

History
It was formed under the Local Government Act 1972 from the urban districts of Bridgend, Maesteg, Ogmore and Garw and Porthcawl, along with Penybont Rural District from the administrative county of Glamorgan. The district took its name from the Welsh name of the main river through the district, the River Ogmore (Afon Ogwr).

In 1996 most of Ogwr became part of Bridgend County Borough, with the Vale of Glamorgan taking the communities of Wick, St Brides Major and Ewenny.

Ogwr Borough Council
Ogwr Borough Council was a second tier district council of Mid Glamorgan. County councillors were elected from the borough to Mid Glamorgan County Council.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council from 1974 until its abolition in 1996 was held by the following parties:

Ogwr Borough Council comprised 58 councillors at its first elections in 1973, elected from 25 wards. The final full elections were in May 1991.

Premises
When the council was created in 1974 it was initially based at new offices called the Municipal Buildings, which had been built as part of The Rhiw shopping centre on Queen Street in Bridgend. In 1986 it moved to a new building called the Civic Offices on Angel Street in Bridgend, on the banks of the river which gave the district its name. Following the council's abolition in 1996 the Civic Offices became the headquarters for the new Bridgend County Borough Council.

title: Ogwr


text:
World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction

The World Fantasy Awards are given each year by the World Fantasy Convention for the best fantasy fiction published in English during the previous calendar year. The awards have been described by book critics such as The Guardian as a "prestigious fantasy prize", and one of the three most prestigious speculative fiction awards, along with the Hugo and Nebula Awards (which cover both fantasy and science fiction). The World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction is given each year for fantasy short stories published in English. A work of fiction is defined by the organization as short fiction if it is 10,000 words or less in length; awards are also given out for longer pieces in the Novel and Novella categories. The Short Fiction category has been awarded annually since 1975, though before 1982—when the category was instated—it was named "Best Short Fiction" and covered works of up to 40,000 words. It was then renamed "Best Short Story" until 2016, when it was renamed to the "Short Fiction" category.

World Fantasy Award nominees and winners are decided by attendees and judges at the annual World Fantasy Convention. A ballot is posted in June for attendees of the current and previous two conferences to determine two of the finalists, and a panel of five judges adds three or more nominees before voting on the overall winner. The panel of judges is typically made up of fantasy authors and is chosen each year by the World Fantasy Awards Administration, which has the power to break ties. The final results are presented at the World Fantasy Convention at the end of October. Winners were presented with a statue in the form of a bust of H. P. Lovecraft through the 2015 awards; more recent winners receive a statuette of a tree.

During the 49 nomination years, 182 authors have had works nominated; 50 of them have won, including ties and co-authors. Only five authors have won more than once: Ramsey Campbell and James Blaylock with two wins out of four nominations each, Stephen King won two out of three, and Tanith Lee and Fred Chappell won both times they were nominated. Of authors who have won at least once, Jeffrey Ford and Kelly Link have the most nominations at five, followed by Dennis Etchison and Avram Davidson, who along with Campbell and Blaylock received four nominations. Charles de Lint has the most nominations without winning at five; he is followed by Michael Swanwick, who has had four nominations without winning.

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was first published. Each year links to the corresponding "year in literature". Entries with a blue background and an asterisk (*) next to the writer's name have won the award; those with a white background are the other nominees on the shortlist.

* Winners

title: World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction


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MC Frontalot

Damian Alexander Hess (born December 3, 1973), better known by his stage name MC Frontalot, is an American rapper and web designer. Hess began releasing music as MC Frontalot in 1999. His first successes came through Song Fight!, an online songwriting and recording competition, where he became known for consistently beating opponents. Throughout his history at Song Fight!, he has never lost a competition as MC Frontalot, although he has entered only seven entries in that name. In one such song fight, entitled "Romantic Cheapskate", he likens Song Fight! to a neglected lover who favors him regardless of how he treats her. The song went on to garner a total of 614 votes, while the next closest song ended the round with 28.

Early days
In 2000, Frontalot released the song "Nerdcore Hiphop". The song became an immediate hit in the geek and nerd communities. The rap subgenre of nerdcore, which had already been in development by various performers, embraced the title and has since been expanding rapidly.

Many consider Hess the founder of nerdcore. However, he has pointed out on his information webpage that many artists came before whom he considers his peers.

Hess released his first studio album on August 27, 2005. Entitled Nerdcore Rising, the album contained six new songs, along with 10 remixed versions of past tracks. Some of the new tracks are produced by popular online musicians from Song Fight!, including indie rock and hip hop artist Doctor Popular.

Spotlight
On March 18, 2002, popular webcomic Penny Arcade (whose creators were long-time fans of Hess) declared Frontalot their rapper laureate, directing fans to his website. He has acknowledged that single act made his popularity skyrocket.

He appeared at every Penny Arcade Expo from 2004 to 2013. "Penny Arcade Theme" and "Which MC Was That?" both appear in the dance video game In the Groove. He is featured on the Baddd Spellah track "Rhyme of the Nibelung", which won CBC Radio 2's Remix the Ring contest.

A new track 'Final Boss' featured over the end credits in the 2008 game Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness- Episode 1.

MC Frontalot appears occasionally in the webcomic Overcompensating by Jeffrey Rowland.

MC Frontalot has also been seen on commercials for G4 TV, as well as being on the show Freestyle 101 where he sang parts of his songs with freestyle lines connecting them.

Additionally, comic book illustrator Tony Moore became a fan of both Frontalot and fellow nerdcore artist MC Hawking, drawing both of them as zombies in an early issue of The Walking Dead series. Hess appears in a white shirt, tie and glasses, with the word "Front" written on his pocket protector; he is seen eating a deer.

A song written and performed by Frontalot based on the webcomic Achewood titled "Living At the Corner of Dude and Catastrophe" has been that website's theme song since 2006. On September 2, 2008, as part of a Penny Arcade download pack, "Living At the Corner of Dude and Catastrophe" was chosen for inclusion as a downloadable track for the video game Rock Band. The week of September 14, 2009 saw the release of "Origin of Species" (a satire of Creation Science) which was included in the Penny Arcade Expo track pack.

Live performances
Although most of his fanbase is online, Hess gave a handful of live performances while living in San Francisco, and several more after moving to New York City. His first official tour started on May 12, 2006, with shows mostly in the Southeast United States. When he performs, he plays with a full ensemble, including keyboardist and frequent collaborator Gminor7, bassist Blak Lotus, and drummer The SturGENiUS. Other occasional band members include G.LATINusKY00B, The Categorical Imperative, Vic 20, and 56K. He finished a tour with Schäffer The Darklord as of 25 November 2007 and started another tour on 1 November 2008 with MC Lars and YTCracker. As of June 2010, he's been touring with alternative rock musicians, Wheatus, on their UK leg of their 10th anniversary tour; on occasion providing guest vocals on some of their live jams, as well as Wheatus offering musical accompaniment on some of his tracks.

Film and television
Hess starred as "TP Factory Rapper" in the Sesame Street direct-to-video movie Elmo's Potty Time.

Nerdcore Rising is a documentary/concert film starring Hess and various other nerdcore artists such as MC Chris, Optimus Rhyme and MC Lars with contributors such as "Weird Al" Yankovic, Prince Paul and Brian Posehn. The film, directed and produced by Negin Farsad, premiered at the 2008 South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas. It combines interviews about nerdcore and its origins, with footage of Frontalot's 2006 Nerdcore Rising national tour.

Hess was interviewed in Alexandre O. Philippe's documentary, The People vs. George Lucas, which premiered at the 2010 South by Southwest Film Festival. Hess attended the festival as a musician and panelist.

Hess made an appearance as a judge on the sixth episode of the first season of TBS's King of the Nerds, originally aired February 21, 2013.

Musical influences
Much of his earlier music features samples from other artists' works, many times using music acquired from famous artists such as Paul Simon, They Might Be Giants, James Brown, Fiona Apple, and many others. He addresses his borrowing of various drum beats in the song "Good Old Clyde", a song commenting on and using the popular "Funky Drummer" drum break by Clyde Stubblefield.

Since he began selling his albums commercially, Hess has collaborated on almost all his tracks with Baddd Spellah, an electronic musician and hip-hop beatsmith, and Gaby 'Gminor7' Alter, a composer and keyboardist whose playing was the basis for many of Frontalot's earlier songs. Hess has also collaborated with fellow rappers such as MC Hawking and Canadian rapper Jesse Dangerously.

Studio albums

 * Nerdcore Rising (2005)
 * Secrets from the Future (2007)
 * Final Boss (2008)
 * Zero Day (2010)
 * Solved (2011)
 * Question Bedtime (2014)
 * Net Split, or the Fathomless Heartbreak of Online Itself (2019)

Other releases

 * Nerdcore Hiphop (freely available demo)
 * Favoritism (greatest hits collective available exclusively in the Humble Music Bundle)
 * Front's Humble Remix Addendum EP (remix collective available exclusively in the Humble Music Bundle)

Non-album tracks

 * "24 Hours" (abandoned demo)
 * "Bitchslap" (by MC Hawking)
 * "My Sister" (by Duboce Triangle with The JBB)
 * "Oh, the Hilarity" (from Indie Pop Cares a Lot)
 * "Rappers We Crush" (with Kompressor)
 * "Rhyme of the Nibelung" (with Baddd Spellah)
 * "Romantic Cheapskate" (with Baddd Spellah for Song Fight!)
 * "Soda Water" (by Jess Klein)
 * "Oneonta (Eli Porter)" (with YTCracker and MC Lars on The Digital Gangster LP)
 * "O.G. Original Gamer (with MC Lars on the MC Lars album This Gigantic Robot Kills)
 * "Don't Wear Those Shoes" (for the "Weird Al" Yankovic tribute album Twenty-Six and a Half)
 * "Another First Kiss" (for the They Might Be Giants "Mink Car" tribute album marking the 10th anniversary of the World Trade Center attacks.)
 * "Challenge Your Audience (Featuring MC Frontalot & More or Les" (by Mikal kHill)

title: MC Frontalot