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Quinn Martin

Quinn Martin (born Irwin Martin Cohn; May 22, 1922 – September 5, 1987) was an American television producer. He had at least one television series running in prime time every year for 21 straight years (from 1959 to 1980). Martin is a member of the Television Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 1997.

Early life
Born on May 22, 1922, in New York City, Martin was the second of two children. His father, Martin Goodman Cohn, was a film editor and producer at the studios of Metro Goldwyn Mayer; his mother was Anna Messing Cohn. He was of Jewish descent. From the age of 4, he was raised in Los Angeles, California. He graduated from Fairfax High School, then served five years in the United States Army during World War II, enlisting in the Signal Corps at Fort MacArthur in San Pedro, California on September 10, 1940, and achieving the rank of sergeant. He later changed his name to Quinn Martin.

While attending the University of California at Berkeley, Martin majored in English studies but did not graduate. Martin started his career in television as a film editor at MGM, joining his father and also worked as manager of post-production for various organizations, including Universal Studios (1950–1954). By the mid 1950s he had become an executive producer for Desilu Studios, founded by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. His first wife, Madelyn Pugh Davis, was one half of the writing team behind I Love Lucy. In 1959, he produced "The Untouchables", a two-part special that appeared in season 1 of the Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse. The Untouchables later became a weekly television show on the ABC television network, which would win two Emmy Awards in 1960.

QM Productions
In 1960, Martin established his own production company, QM Productions. It produced a string of successful television series during the 1960s and 1970s. The company had kicked off when he signed a deal with ABC to produce television programs, with The New Breed being one of the first QM programs. He then scored big when The Fugitive premiered in 1963, becoming QM's first hit. He then proceeded to sue ABC in 1968, only to be settled two years later in a non-exclusive agreement. In 1976, QM was one of the four television producers who tried launching a syndicated division.

Quinn Martin Television Series
Besides producing sixteen one-hour television network series, he also produced twenty "made-for-TV" movies, including House on Greenapple Road (1970), Incident in San Francisco (1971), Murder or Mercy (1974), The FBI Story: The FBI vs. Alvin Karpis, Public Enemy Number One (1974), Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan (1975), and Brink's: The Great Robbery (1976). Some TV movies, like Code Name: Diamond Head (1977), and The Hunted Lady (1977), were originally filmed as pilots for new television dramas which were never picked up by the networks. His only feature film was The Mephisto Waltz (1971), released by 20th Century Studios.

In 1978, a duo of investors purchased his wholly self-owned QM Productions; they subsequently sold it to Taft Broadcasting in 1979. In 1980, the company launched a pay television division hiring HBO executive Harlem Kleiman as executive. In 1984, QM Productions became Taft Entertainment Television, with the sitcom The Lucie Arnaz Show being the first program to carry the new name.

Typical format of a QM program
Shows produced by the company were usually introduced by announcer Dick Wesson or Hank Simms reading the title of the series and saying, "A Quinn Martin Production." Images of the stars of the show, followed by the guest stars for that week, were shown and their names announced, followed by "Tonight's episode", and the name of the episode, with various to-black effects. In some series, such as The Fugitive and The Invaders, its backstory that led to the plot of the series, narrated by the announcer or the star, was told before the show's guest stars were announced. While episodes were structured into the usual four "acts" and an "epilogue," each was explicitly labelled at the start of each segment with the show title and the act number (or "epilogue" near the end of the program).

Later life
Martin worked as an adjunct professor at the University of California at San Diego's Earl Warren College, where he also endowed a professorial chair in drama. He also established a scholarship for theater arts and communications students at Santa Clara University Martin moved to Rancho Santa Fe, California, near San Diego where he became president of the La Jolla Playhouse and the Del Mar Fair board of directors. He was involved with developing motion pictures for Warner Bros. with a new company named QM Communications.

Death
Martin died of a heart attack on September 5, 1987, in his home in Rancho Santa Fe, California.

title: Quinn Martin


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MTS (telecommunications)

MTS (Мобильные ТелеСистемы, МТС, "Mobile TeleSystems"), headquartered in Moscow, is the largest mobile network operator in Russia, operating on GSM, UMTS and LTE standards. Apart from cellular network, the company also offers local telephone service, broadband, mobile television, cable television, satellite television and digital television.

As of Q1 2021, the company serves over 84.9 million subscribers in Russia, Armenia and Belarus.

Branding
In May 2006, MTS changed their logo as a part of rebranding campaign performed by their parent company, JSFC Sistema. The logo now has two red squares next to each other. The left one, common in form (but not colour) to all JSFC Sistema's telecom subsidiaries, contains a white egg which symbolises simplicity and genius, while the right square bears the name of the company: МТС (MTS). In 2010, MTS announced acquisition of Sistema Telecom, the owners of the MTS "egg" logo, for $380 million, thus becoming the sole owner of the logo.

In 2008, the MTS brand was included in the Top 100 World's Most Powerful Brands list by Financial Times/Millward Brown ranking, becoming the most valuable Russian brand. According to this ranking, in 2010 MTS brand was 72nd most valuable brand worldwide with the brand value of $9.7 billion. In 2010, MTS also became the most valuable Russian brand according to the Interbrand ranking.

MTS Russia

In 1994, a joint venture of Moscow City Telephone Network, T-Mobile and Siemens, which later MTS GSM became part of Mobile TeleSystems (MTS), offered Russia's MTS GSM first mobile phone service Мобильные ТелеСвязи

for the public in Moscow. In the same year in June, VimpelCom also started Beeline mobile phone service. MTS having started MTS in the Moscow license zone in 1994, MTS in 1997 received licenses for further areas and began expansion across Russia, later entering other countries of the CIS.

In 2009, MTS acquired several independent mobile retail chains, creating MTS monobrand retail network of 3300 stores — the second largest retail network in Russia. Also in 2009 MTS started marketing MTS-branded mobile handsets. Already in 2010 MTS became the 5th best selling handset brand in Russia, after Nokia, Samsung, LG and SonyEricsson.

In 2010, MTS announced acquisition of 62% of the stock of Comstar, the biggest Russian fixed internet and cable TV provider with 7.5 million of passed households. Comstar products were re-branded to MTS in 2010, forming the largest Russian mobile and fixed telecommunications brand. Until this purchase, MTS was presented at the fixed telephony market through its subsidiary Moscow City Telephone Network (MGTS).

In November 2013, the company has launched the "Home phone MTS" in Ryazan, Oryol, Kirov, Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don and Yekaterinburg. The subscription fee for the wired telephone is 100 rubles. Per month, it includes unlimited calls to numbers of local fixed-line operators. The cost of calls to mobile numbers range from 1.1 rubles per minute depending on the region. Prior to that, in several cities such services are also provided by Comstar, a subsidiary of MTS.

During 2012–2013, MTS deployed FTTB network in nearly twenty new cities of the Far East, Siberia, Central, Volga and Ural federal districts. In 2012, MTS launched in all the cities where the DTV signal standard DVB-C, and in December 2013 a project to provide fixed telephony services to the mass market in the regions.

In 2013, Interregional TransitTelekom won a tender held by MTS to provide IPX services, and became one of the service providers for the company in the international telecommunications market. In November 2013 MTS began offering their Russian customers LTE roaming service, after such agreement were signed first with South Korean operator SK Telecom and then with Saudi Arabia and Great Britain. Along with the construction of the fixed network, the company launched in 2013 DVB-C digital television standard in Ulan-Ude, Blagoveshchensk, Ussuriisk and Nakhodka. In November 2013 MTS completely switched to digital TV by connecting new subscribers, ending the connection to analogue television.

In March 2019, MTS launched an interactive media platform for cyber athletes and gamers WASD.TV and a mechanism for selecting players from the Gambit League to professional e-sports teams.

On September 17, 2019, it was revealed that a storage device containing 1.7 terabytes of information related to MTS was exposed to the public internet in a data leak.

In 2022, the company's revenue amounted to 392 billion rubles.

In January 2024, MTS, which previously owned a minority stake, increased its stake to 80.58% in the capital of the Urent scooter rental service, which provides services in more than a hundred cities in Russia.

VivaCell-MTS Armenia

In Armenia, services under the MTS brand are provided by K-Telecom CJSC, under the brand name "VivaCell-MTS", 80% of which are owned by MTS OJSC. The number of subscribers of VivaCell-MTS in Armenia as of 31 March 2011 was 2.55 million. As of May 2011, VivaCell-MTS occupied more than 60% of the mobile market in Armenia, and as of December 2017 VivaCell-MTS had 2.1 million subscribers.

MTS Belarus
In Belarus, the MTS trademark renders services of cellular communication and data transmission of "Mobile TeleSystems JLLC". The founders of this company are Beltelecom (51% of shares) and The Russian Mobile TeleSystems OJSC (49% of shares).

As of December 2017, MTS had 5.2 million subscribers in Belarus.

MTS Turkmenistan
On 25 July 2012, MTS signed an agreement with the TurkmenTelecom enterprise of Ministry of Communications of Turkmenistan which says that MTS Turkmenistan will on a monthly basis pay to TurkmenTelecom 30% of its net profit derived from operations in Turkmenistan. This agreement is for five years and may be extended another five years subject to some conditions. The company has also been granted GSM and 3G licenses for a three-year term.

MTS Turkmenistan in September 2017 faced termination of the permit to use the dedicated radio frequency spectrum and some other required resources, the provision of communication services to subscribers in Turkmenistan was suspended. As of 2016, MTS-Turkmenistan had 1.7 million subscribers at its peak.

MTS Uzbekistan
Uzdunrobita was the largest mobile phone operator in Uzbekistan in the 1990s and 2000s. Uzdunrobita was founded in 1991, as a joint venture between a group of American investors, the International Communications Group, with a 45% stake; and the government of what was then the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, with a 55% stake. When Uzbekistan declared independence several weeks later, the registration of the joint venture was shifted from Moscow to Tashkent, with the government stake taken over by the independent Uzbek government.

The company first turned a profit in 1993. By 1996, it had $50 million in annual revenues, 7,000 subscribers, and employed 224 staff. Gulnora Karimova gained control of the firm in the late 1990s or early 2000s, and by 2005 it was 74% owned by Russia's MTS, which paid $121 million for the stake. In 2006 it was reported to have 250,000 subscribers, ahead of Daewoo Unitel, which had 100,000, and a number of much smaller firms.

The company launched an LTE network on 2.6 GHz in July 2010, and receive a license to expand it on 700 MHz in December 2010.

Brand UMC in Uzbekistan existed until mid-2007, when major rebranding campaign occurred turning UMC into MTS. In July 2012, authorities in Uzbekistan announced the suspension of the operating license of MTS's subsidiary Uzdunrobita. Officials argued MTS-Uzbekistan has been responsible for a series of technical violations, and its operations have been suspended beginning on the evening of July 17. According to the MTS, the suspension could affect millions of Uzbek mobile phone users. An MTS statement said the firm has some 10 million clients among Uzbekistan's population of 28 million.

In August 2012, the government of Uzbekistan revoked the company's operating license and arrested several of its top management, citing repeated regulatory violations. MTS protested the action as a "shakedown", but was unable to effectively oppose it, and moved to write down its stake. At the completion of the case in September 2012, the company's assets were seized, and some of its executives sentenced to prison terms.

The Russian Foreign Ministry reacted and declared his country is concerned about the situation with Mobile TeleSystems’ Uzbekistan subsidiary Uzdunrobita, after Uzbek authorities suspended the mobile operator's license and put a senior official into custody. The dispute, which analysts fear may lead to MTS exiting the market, broke out at the beginning of 2012 when Uzbek authorities launched a near $1.3 million back-tax claim against MTS. MTS said in an e-mailed statement that the actions of the Uzbek authorities may be interpreted as “baseless attacks on the business of the Russian investor.” However, In 2019 US Department of justice charged the firm for bribery to secure contracts in Uzbekistan. MTS agreed to pay a penalty of $850 million.

MTS India
In 2008, Sistema formed 74:26 joint venture with India's Shyam Group to form Sistema Shyam Teleservices (SSTL), and acquired a pan-India licence to provide CDMA services in the country. In March 2009, SSTL launched the MTS India brand in the state of Tamil Nadu, followed by neighbouring states Kerala and West Bengal in April and May respectively. Following the cancellation of its licences by the Supreme Court of India, MTS is present in 9 circles out of 22 telecom circles of India. Media reports suggest that the Russian government was planning to buy a 20% stake in SSTL for about $700000 million.

MTS India was acquired by Reliance Communications (RCom) on 14 January 2016 in an all-stock deal, in which SSTL received a 10% share in RCom. SSTL was merged into RCom on 31 October 2017.

MTS Ukraine
On 31 October 2008, Vodafone announced a partnership deal with MTS, whereby Vodafone services will be available to MTS subscribers and both companies have noted the potential for more efficient purchasing, starting with operations in Ukraine.

In October 2015 Mobile TeleSystems and Vodafone expanded their strategic partnership; this resulted in the rebranding of MTS Ukraine to Vodafone Ukraine.

MTS sold its Ukraine operations in 2019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MTS (telecommunications)


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Kokborok

Kokborok (or Tripuri) is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Indian state of Tripura and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh. Its name comes from kok meaning "verbal" and borok meaning "people" or "human", It is one of the ancient languages of Northeast India.

Etymology
Its name comes from kok meaning "verbal" and borok meaning "people" or "human".

History
Kokborok was formerly known as Tripuri and Tipra kok, with its name being changed in the 20th century. The names also refer to the inhabitants of the former Twipra kingdom, as well as the ethnicity of its speakers.

Kókborok has been attested since at least the 1st century AD, when the historical record of Tripuri kings began to be written down. The script of Kókborok was called "Koloma". The Chronicle of the Tripuri kings were written in a book called the Rajratnakar. This book was originally written down in Kókborok using the Koloma script by Durlobendra Chontai.

Later, two Brahmins, Sukreswar and Vaneswar translated it into Sanskrit and then again translated the chronicle into Bengali in the 19th century. The chronicle of Tipra in Kókborok and Rajratnakar are no longer available. Kokborok was relegated to a common people's dialect during the rule of the Tripuri kings in the Kingdom of Tipra from the 19th century till the 20th century.

Kokborok was declared an official language of the state of Tripura, India by the state government in the year 1979. Consequently, the language has been taught in schools of Tripura from the primary level to the higher secondary stage since the 1980s. A certificate course in Kokborok started from 1994 at Tripura University and a post graduate diploma in Kokborok was started in 2001 by the Tripura University. Kokborok was introduced in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in the colleges affiliated to the Tripura University from the year 2012, and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Kokborok was started by Tripura University from the year 2015.

There is currently a demand for giving the language recognition as one of the recognized official languages of India as per the 8th schedule of the Constitution. The official form is the dialect spoken in Agartala, the state capital of Tripura.

Classification and related languages
Kokborok is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Bodo–Garo branch.

It is related to the Bodo and Dimasa languages of neighboring Assam. The Garo language is also a related language spoken in the state of Meghalaya and neighboring Bangladesh.

Kókborok consists of several dialects spoken in Tripura. Ethnologue lists Usoi (Kau Brung), Riang (Kau Bru), and Khagrachari ("Trippera") as separate languages; Mukchak (Barbakpur), though not listed, is also distinct, and the language of many Tripuri clans has not been investigated. The greatest variety is within Khagrachari, though speakers of different Khagrachari varieties can "often" understand each other. Khagrachari literature is being produced in the Naitong and Dendak varieties.

Phonology
Kókborok has the phonology of a typical Sino-Tibetan language.

Vowels
Kokborok has six (monophthong) vowel phonemes: /i u e ə o a/.

Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use the letter w as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English. In some localities, it is pronounced closer to [ɨ], and in others, it is pronounced closer to o.

In Kokborok spelling, u is used for the sound in the diphthongs  (used initially, spelled ua) and  (used finally, spelled uo). It is also used for the diphthong (spelled wi) after m and p.

Consonants
Ch is used for, while kh, ph, chh and th are used for , , and  respectively.

N' is the pronunciation of the nasal sound, e.g., in' (yes).

Ng is a digraph and is generally used in the last syllable of a word, e.g., aming (cat), holong (stone).

Ua is often used initially, e.g., uak (pig), uah (bamboo), uatwi (rain).

Uo is often used finally, e.g., thuo (sleeping), buo (beat).

Diphthongs
A diphthong is a group of two vowels. The wi diphthong is pronounced ui after /m/ and /p/. Two examples are chumui (cloud) and thampui (mosquito). The ui diphthong is a variation of the wi diphthong. Other less frequent diphthongs, such as oi and ai, are closing diphthongs.

Syllables
Most words are formed by combining the root with an affix:
 * kuchuk is formed from the root chuk (to be high), with the prefix, ku.
 * phaidi (come) is formed from the root phai (to come), with the suffix di.

There are no Kókborok words beginning with ng. At the end of a syllable, any vowel except w can be found, along with a limited number of consonants: p, k, m, n, ng, r and l. is found only in closing diphthongs like ai and wi.

Clusters
"Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like phl, ph + l, in phlat phlat (very fast), or sl in kungsluk kungsluk (foolish man). Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as phran (to dry) which is actually phw-ran. These are very common in echo words: phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc.

Tone
There are two tones in Kókborok: high tone and low tone. To mark the high tone, the letter h is written after the vowel with the high tone. These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes the meaning:
 * 1) lai easy laih crossed
 * 2) bor senseless bohr to plant
 * 3) cha correct chah to eat
 * 4) nukhung family nukhuhng roof

Grammar
There is a clear-cut difference between nouns and verbs. All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes, which are placed not randomly but according to definite rules.

Morphology
Morphologically Kókborok words can be divided into five categories. They are the following.

 * 1) Original words: thang-go; phai-come; borok-nation; bororok-men kotor-big; kuchuk-high; kwrwi-not; etc.
 * 2) Compound words, that is, words made of more than one original words: nai-see; thok-tasty; naithok-beautiful; mwtai-God; nok-house; tongthar-religion; bwkha-heart; bwkhakotor-brave; etc.
 * 3) Words with suffixes: swrwng-learn; swrwngnai-learner; nukjak-seen; kaham-good; hamya- bad; etc.
 * 4) Naturalized loan words: gerogo-to roll; gwdna-neck; tebil- table; poitu-faith; etc.
 * 5) Loan words: kiching-friend; etc.

Numbers
Counting in Kókborok is called lekhamung.

Dialects
There are many Kokborok-speaking people in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Mizoram. But, there are also speakers in the neighboring provinces in the country of Bangladesh, mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

There are three main dialects of Kokborok, which are mutually intelligible. The standard one is Debbarma (Puratan Tripuri), which is spoken by the royal family and is understood by all the dialect groups. It is the medium of instruction up to class five and is taught as a subject up to graduate level. The two other major dialects are Riang (or Reang) and Noatia. Smaller dialects are Jamatia, Koloi and Rupini.

Literature
The first efforts of writing Kokborok were made by Radhamohan Thakur. He wrote the grammar of Kokborok named "Kókborokma" published in 1900, as well as two other books: "Tripur Kothamala" and "Tripur Bhasabidhan". Tripur Kothamala was the Kokborok-Bengali-English translation book published in 1906. The "Tripur Bhasabidhan" was published in 1907.

Daulot Ahmed was a contemporary of Radhamohan Thakur and was a pioneer of writing Kókborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar. The Amar jantra, Comilla published his Kókborok grammar book "KOKBOKMA" in 1897.

On 27 December 1945 the "Tripura Janasiksha Samiti" came into being, and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura.

The first Kókborok magazine "Kwtal Kothoma" was edited and published in 1954 by Sudhanya Deb Barma, who was a founder of the Samiti. "Hachuk Khurio" (In the lap of Hills) by Sudhanya Deb Barma is the first modern Kókborok novel. It was published by the Kókborok Sahitya Sabha and Sanskriti Samsad in 1987. One major translation of the 20th century was the "Smai Kwtal", the New Testament of the Bible in Kókborok language, published in 1976 by the Bible Society of India.

The 21st century began for Kókborok literature with the monumental work, the Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary compiled by Binoy Deb Barma and published in 2002 A.D. by the Kókborok tei Hukumu Mission. This is the 2nd edition of his previous groundbreaking dictionary published in 1996 and is a trilingual dictionary. Twiprani Laihbuma (The Rajmala – History of Tripura) translated by R. K. Debbarma and published in 2002 by KOHM.

The full Holy Bible in Kokborok language was finally published for the first time in the year 2013 by the Bible Society of India. The Baibel Kwthar is currently the largest work and biggest book published in the language with more than 1,300 pages and is now the benchmark for publications in the language.

The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages.

Educational institutions
There are two universities in Tripura which provide Kokborok language courses as part of Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degrees. There are more than 16 colleges in Tripura state where Kokborok is taught as part of the undergraduate courses. Also, there are more than 30 Government schools where Kokborok is taught in the higher secondary school level under the Tripura Board of Secondary Education.

Department of Kokborok, Tripura University
The Department of Kokborok in Tripura University, Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature and started functioning in 2015.

It runs an M.A (Master of Arts) in Kokborok language, a one-year PG Diploma and a 6-month Certificate course.

The university grants Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degrees with Kokborok as an elective subject in its various constituent colleges since 2012. The colleges affiliated to the university where Kokborok is taught in the B.A degree are:

 * Holy Cross College, Agartala

 * Ramthakur College, Agartala
 * Government Degree College, Khumulwng
 * NS Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur
 * Government Degree College, Dharmanagar
 * RS Mahavidyala, Kailasahar
 * Government Degree College, Kamalpur
 * Government Degree College, Teliamura
 * Government Degree College, Santirbazar
 * Government Degree College, Longtharai Valley
 * SV Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur
 * MMD Government Degree College, Sabroom
 * RT Mahavidyalaya, Bishalgarh
 * Dasarath Deb Memorial College, Khowai

Department of Kokborok, Maharaja Bir Bikram (MBB) University
The Department of Kokborok in Maharaja Bir Bikram University, Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature. This was made a State University in 2015.

MBB university has two affiliated colleges where Kokborok courses are available:
 * BBM College, Agartala
 * MBB College, Agartala

2011 Census of India
The details as per the Census of India, 2011 regarding Tripuri language is given as follows:

Tripuri 1,011,294
 * 1) Kokborok 917,900
 * 2) Reang 58,539
 * 3) Tripuri 33,138
 * 4) Others 1,717

2001 Census of India
Tripuri 854,023
 * 1) Kokborok 761,964
 * 2) Reang 76,450
 * 3) Tripuri 15,002
 * 4) Others 607

Script
Kokborok had a script known as Koloma, developed in the 1st century CE and used by the Royal Family of Tripura. The Rajratnakar is believed to have originally been written in Koloma. This script fell out of use after the 14th century, and is widely considered to have been lost.

From the 19th century, the Kingdom of Twipra used the Bengali script to write in Kokborok, but since the independence of India and the merger with India, the Roman script is being promoted by non-governmental organizations. The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council government made regulations in 1992 and 2000 for adoption of the Roman script in the school education system in its areas.

The script issue is highly politicized, with the Left Front government advocating usage of the Bengali script and all the regional indigenous parties and student organizations (INPT, IPFT, NCT, Twipra Students Federation, etc.) and ethnic nationalist organizations (Kokborok Sahitya Sabha, Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission, Movement for Kokborok etc.) advocating for the Roman script. Both scripts are now used in the state in education as well as in literary and cultural circles. Proposals have previously been made for the adoption of scripts other than the Bengali or Roman scripts, such as Ol Chiki. There have also been scripts created specifically for Kokborok in modern times.

title: Kokborok


text:
Mike Connors

Krekor Ohanian (August 15, 1925 – January 26, 2017), known professionally as Mike Connors, was an American actor. He was best known for playing private detective Joe Mannix in the CBS television series Mannix from 1967 to 1975. This role earned him a Golden Globe Award in 1970, the first of six straight nominations, as well as four consecutive Emmy nominations from 1970 to 1973. He starred in the short-lived series Tightrope! (1959–1960) and Today's FBI (1981–1982). Connors' acting career spanned 56 years. In addition to his work on television, he appeared in numerous films, including Sudden Fear (1952), Good Neighbor Sam (1964), Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious (1965), Stagecoach (1966), Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die (1966), and Too Scared to Scream (1985), which he also produced.

Early life
Connors was born Krekor Ohanian Jr. (կրեկոր ոհանիան) on August 15, 1925, in Fresno, California, to Armenian parents Krekor and Alice (née Surabian) Ohanian. His father had escaped the Armenian genocide. They married in 1915 and had six children: Paul I (died in childhood), Paul II, Dorothy M., Arpesri A., Krekor, and Eugene. His father was an attorney and represented many Armenians who had little money and could not speak English. Connors spoke three languages: Armenian, English, and French. Connors was a cousin of French-Armenian singer Charles Aznavour.

Connors was an avid basketball player in high school, nicknamed "Touch" by his teammates. During World War II, he served as an enlisted man in the United States Army Air Forces. After the war, he attended the University of California at Los Angeles on both a basketball scholarship and the G.I. Bill, where he played under coach John Wooden. Connors went to law school, where he studied to become an attorney, taking after his father. He was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity.

After a basketball game, coach Wilbur Johns introduced Connors to his friend, director William A. Wellman, who liked Connors' voice and expressive face while he was playing basketball, and encouraged him to consider acting. He was considered for the role of Tarzan by casting director Ruth Burch, who found him an acting coach.

After Connors became an actor, his agent Henry Willson thought the name "Ohanian" was too similar to the actor George O'Hanlon and gave him the stage name "Touch Connors" based on his basketball nickname. Willson considered "Connors" to be a "good all-American name." Connors later stated he hated the name "from day one" and considered not using his real name the only big regret of his career. After getting the starring role in Tightrope!, Connors wanted to be credited as Ohanian, but Columbia Pictures told him that he had already done too much work as Connors, though he was allowed to change his first name to Mike.

Early roles
Connors's film career started in the early 1950s, when he made his acting debut in a supporting role opposite Joan Crawford and Jack Palance in the thriller Sudden Fear (1952). He had initially been rejected for an audition by producer Joseph Kaufman due to his lack of experience, but after sneaking into Republic Pictures and meeting director David Miller, Connors was given a chance to read the script and was offered the part.

Connors was cast in the John Wayne film, Island in the Sky in which he played a crewman on one of the search-and-rescue planes. In 1956, he played an Amalekite herder in Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments.

Connors appeared in numerous television series, including the co-starring role in the 1955 episode "Tomas and the Widow" of the anthology series Frontier. He guest-starred on the early sitcoms, Hey, Jeannie! and The People's Choice and in two Rod Cameron syndicated crime dramas, City Detective and the Western-themed State Trooper, and played the villain in the first episode filmed (but second one aired) of ABC's smash hit Maverick, opposite James Garner in 1957.

Connors had roles in several of the earliest films Roger Corman directed: Five Guns West (1955), The Day the World Ended (1955), Swamp Women (1956), and The Oklahoma Woman (1956). Connors starred in and was the executive producer of Flesh and the Spur (1956). He raised $117,000 for the film.

In 1958, Connors appeared in the title role of the episode "Simon Pitt", the series finale of the NBC Western Jefferson Drum, starring Jeff Richards as a frontier newspaper editor. He appeared in another NBC Western series, The Californians. That same year, Connors was cast as Miles Borden, a corrupt US Army lieutenant bitter over his $54 monthly pay, on NBC's Wagon Train in the episode "The Dora Gray Story" with Linda Darnell in the title role. About this time, he also appeared on an episode of NBC's Western series Cimarron City.

Other syndicated series in which he appeared were The Silent Service, based on true stories of the submarine section of the United States Navy; Sheriff of Cochise, a Western series; Whirlybirds, an aviation adventure series; and Rescue 8, based on stories of the Los Angeles County Fire Department. An episode of Studio 57 starring Connors and titled "Getaway Car" was proposed as a pilot for a series about the CHP to be called Motorcycle Cop.

Connors starred as an undercover police officer who infiltrated organized crime in Tightrope! (1959–1960). Despite the show's popularity, it was canceled after only one season. Connors stated in an interview that the show's primary sponsor, J.B. Williams, refused CBS president James Aubrey's request to move it to a later time slot on a different day. The sponsor dropped Tightrope! and underwrote another program on another network. Connors also did not agree with the suggested change to add a sidekick, to be played by Don Sullivan. He thought the program would lose the suspense element, "Because the whole premise was this guy, all by himself, 'on a tightrope.' ... When he gets a sidekick, it loses the threat and the danger, and the whole premise is in the toilet."

Later, he was cast in the episode "The Aerialist" of the anthology series, Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond. In 1963, he guest-starred as Jack Marson in the episode "Shadow of the Cougar" on the NBC modern Western series, Redigo, starring Richard Egan. In 1964, Connors appeared in a pinch-hit role for Raymond Burr as attorney Joe Kelly in the Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Bullied Bowler". Connors was invited to take on a lead role in the series on an ongoing basis, but the producers had actually wanted to pressure Burr into resigning his contract with the series.

In 1964, Connors had a role in the Jack Lemmon comedy Good Neighbor Sam and was the leading man to Susan Hayward and Bette Davis in Where Love Has Gone. He co-starred with Robert Redford in one of his earliest film roles, the World War II black comedy Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious (1965), in which Connors and Redford played American soldiers taken prisoner by a German villager played by Alec Guinness. Connors played the card sharp in the remake of Stagecoach (1966).

Connors was strongly considered to play Matt Helm in The Silencers (1966), but that role had eventually gone to Dean Martin. However, his audition had impressed Columbia Pictures, so Connors was instead cast in the similar James Bond spoof film Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die (1966). Connors himself performed the stuntwork of dangling from a rope ladder attached to a helicopter flying off the Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro when the local stuntman refused to do it.

Mannix
Connors became best known for playing the private investigator Joe Mannix in the detective series Mannix. The series ran for eight seasons from 1967 to 1975. During the first season of the series, Joe Mannix works for Intertect, a large Los Angeles detective agency run by his superior Lew Wickersham (Joseph Campanella). From the second season onward, Mannix opens his own detective agency and is assisted by his secretary Peggy Fair (Gail Fisher).

Mannix was originally produced by Desilu Productions (later absorbed by Paramount Television). Then-president Lucille Ball pushed for CBS to keep the show on the air by removing the high-tech computers and making Mannix an independent detective. This move enabled the show to become a long-running hit for the network. Connors performed his own stunts on the series. During the filming of the pilot episode, he broke his wrist and dislocated his shoulder.

Joe Mannix was an Armenian-American, like Connors. He spoke Armenian in a number of episodes and often quoted Armenian proverbs.

In 1970, Connors won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama. He was nominated for the Golden Globe Award six times from 1970 to 1975 and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times from 1970 to 1973. When discussing the success of the series in an interview, Connors stated: "The show itself started a whole new era of detective shows, because this wasn't the usual cynical private eye à la Humphrey Bogart. It was more a show about an all-round normal human being. The character of Joe Mannix could be taken advantage of by a pretty face, he could shed a tear on an emotional level, he was very close to his father and his family, so he was more a normal personality with normal behavior."

Connors was able to work with his boss Lucille Ball on-screen during a cross-promotion episode of her Here's Lucy series in 1971. The episode, which opened Lucy's fourth season, is titled "Lucy and Mannix are Held Hostage". This was notable as the first episode shot at Universal Studios, after Ball ceased producing her program at Paramount Studios.

Mannix remained a hit show through its final season. The show was taken off the air due to a dispute between CBS and Paramount. Paramount had sold the rights to air Mannix reruns to rival network ABC without informing CBS. When CBS discovered the deal, the executives quickly decided to cancel Mannix to avoid losing viewership for new episodes to the reruns.

He later reprised the role of Joe Mannix in a 1997 episode of Diagnosis: Murder and in the 2003 comedy film Nobody Knows Anything!

Later career
He narrated J. Michael Hagopian's 1975 documentary film The Forgotten Genocide, one of the first full-length features on the Armenian genocide. The documentary was nominated for two Emmys. In 1995, Connors narrated another Armenian documentary by Hagopian, Ararat Beckons.

In 1976, Connors played Karl Ohanian in the television film The Killer Who Wouldn't Die. Producers and writers Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts, who were also producers for Mannix, wanted the character to have Connors' real last name. The film was intended to be the pilot for a new ABC series titled Ohanian, about an Armenian-American former homicide detective who is now a charter-boat skipper. However, the series was not picked up.

Connors had roles in the thriller films Avalanche Express (1979) and Nightkill (1980). He starred as a bureau veteran who mentors a team of agents in Today's FBI (1981–1982). The series only lasted one season. Connors both starred in and produced the independent horror film Too Scared to Scream (1985).

He played Colonel Harrison "Hack" Peters in the 1988 miniseries War and Remembrance. Connors hosted the 1989 series Crimes of the Century. He voiced the character Chipacles in the Disney animated series Hercules from 1998 to 1999.

Connors' final appearance was in a 2007 Two and a Half Men episode, as a love interest of Evelyn Harper (Holland Taylor).

Personal life
Connors married Mary Lou Willey on September 10, 1949, when they were both UCLA students. They had two children, a son, Matthew Gunnar Ohanian, and a daughter, Dana Lee Connors. Matthew was diagnosed with schizophrenia at age 15. Matthew predeceased his father, dying of heart failure in 2007. Through his daughter Dana, he had one granddaughter.

After his son's diagnosis, Connors became active in charitable organizations for patients diagnosed with mental disorders. He was a spokesperson for the National Alliance on Mental Illness. In 1998, the UC Irvine College of Medicine's Brain Imaging Center Committee awarded Connors the Silver Ribbon Award for his contributions.

Connors made a public service announcement for the Armenian Eye Care Project.

Connors was a Republican. He endorsed Ronald Reagan for President in 1980 and 1984 and endorsed George Deukmejian for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986.

Death
Connors died in Tarzana, California, at the age of 91 on January 26, 2017, a week after being diagnosed with leukemia.

title: Mike Connors


text: Category:Marche

title: Category:Marche


text:
Algorithmic

Algorithmic may refer to:
 * Algorithm, step-by-step instructions for a calculation
 * Algorithmic art, art made by an algorithm
 * Algorithmic composition, music made by an algorithm
 * Algorithmic trading, trading decisions made by an algorithm
 * Algorithmic patent, an intellectual property right in an algorithm
 * Algorithmics, the science of algorithms
 * Algorithmica, an academic journal for algorithm research
 * Algorithmic efficiency, the computational resources used by an algorithm
 * Algorithmic information theory, study of relationships between computation and information
 * Algorithmic mechanism design, the design of economic systems from an algorithmic point of view
 * Algorithmic number theory, algorithms for number-theoretic computation
 * Algorithmic game theory, game-theoretic techniques for algorithm design and analysis
 * Algorithmic cooling, a phenomenon in quantum computation
 * Algorithmic probability, a universal choice of prior probabilities in Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference

title: Algorithmic


text:
Alexander Gray (RAF officer)

Air Vice Marshal Alexander Gray, (8 September 1896 – 16 May 1980) was a senior Royal Air Force leader during the Second World War.

RAF career
Gray was commissioned into the 7th Battalion of the Princess Louise's (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) in 1915 having briefly served as a private soldier in the Highland Light Infantry in the early days of the First World War. He was appointed Officer Commanding No. 55 Squadron in December 1917. He went on to command No. 12 Squadron from 1923 and No. 7 Squadron from 1934 before becoming Deputy Director of Training at the Air Ministry in 1936.

During the Second World War he was Station Commander at RAF Manston becoming a group captain at Headquarters 9 (Fighter) Group in 1940. He continued his war service as Air Officer Commanding No. 223 (Composite) Group from 1942, Air Officer Commanding No. 224 Group from 1943 and Air Commander at Eastern Air Command from 1944. From February 1945 he was Director of Training at the Air Ministry. He was awarded the United States Distinguished Flying Cross for his service in the Second World War.

After the war he served as Air Officer Commanding AHQ Iraq before retiring in 1949.

title: Alexander Gray (RAF officer)


text:
Adams-Wilson Hobbycopter

The Adams-Wilson Hobbycopter (later named the Adams-Wilson Choppy) is a small, single-seat, open-framework helicopter designed for homebuilding, to be powered by a motorcycle engine.

Design and development
The Adams-Wilson company was formed by T.G. Adams and Paul Wilson to market plans for a simple single-seat helicopter named the HobbyCopter, of which they have built a prototype. This prototype flew successfully for the first time in November 1958. Plans were first marketed in 1958 and have been revised and revived by various designers over the years.

The Hobbycopter, (also colloquially known as the Flying Triumph), was designed to use commonly found materials that were readily available to customers. The Hobbycopter was designed to use a motorcycle engine of about 50 hp and a variety engines have been used, including a snowmobile motor and more recently, an ultralight 2-cycle Rotax 503 engine developing 52 hp.

The aircraft is available in the form of plans and some key parts for amateur construction from Vortech of Fallston, Maryland.

Variants

 * Hobbycopter XH-1: The prototype of the one-man open framework homebuilt helicopter powered by a 34 hp Triumph motorcycle engine.
 * Hobbycopter 101:Production version of the XH-1 offered as a kit for $900, or as plans for $35 to homebuilders.
 * Hobbycopter 102:Strengthened Model 101 with 34 hp Triumph and a fibre-glass cockpit enclosure.

title: Adams-Wilson Hobbycopter


text:
Charles Percy

Charles Percy may refer to:

 * Charles H. Percy (1919–2011), United States Senator and businessman
 * Charles "Don Carlos" Percy (1704–1794), founder of a wealthy lineage in the southern United States
 * Charles Percy (MP), British Member of Parliament for Tynemouth, 1918–1922

title: Charles Percy


text:
Talk:Chancellor of Switzerland

Gottlieb Ringier was probably born in 1837 not 1937. I can't figure out how to edit the table, so someone else will have to do it.
 * Done

Chancellor's term of office
Does the Chancellor have a fixed term of office ? How often are elections to appoint a new Chancellor held ?
 * The term is 4 years, elections are held during the same day as the Federal Council itself. MLauba (talk) 17:56, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

FDP
I notice on the list that almost all the chancellors seem to come from the FDP? I can't imagine this is purely by chance so I was wondering if someone could explain this? --CTerry 20:22, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The FDP (and its liberal and radical precedents) was dominating Swiss politics since its foundation in 1848. The first Federal Counciler (minister) not belonging to the their camp was not elected until 1892. The FDP hold a (absolute) majority in parliament until 1919, and in federal council until 1943 and continued to be the moust powerful and influential party until well into the 1990ies.--85.6.2.220 (talk) 19:49, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Swiss Federal Council seal.png
The image File:Swiss Federal Council seal.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --14:18, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Is the Chancellor like Speaker in the Commonwealth?
The article does not really make clear what the role of the Chancellor is. Its not clear if they are a head of state or what. The best I can gather is that they are an intermediary between the Federal Council and the Assembly, which is kind of like the Speaker of Parliament role in the Commonwealth, where the Speaker is supposed to bring the wishes of Parliament to the King. If this is correct, then it should be mentioned somehow to help explain it better.--Metallurgist (talk) 16:46, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The Federal Council as a group is the head of state. The chancellor is their chief of staff. No relationship with the Speaker. MLauba (Talk) 20:55, 25 July 2015 (UTC)

Election
We need an "Election" section explaining how a candidate for this office is nominated, who is and isn't eligible, what electoral system is used, etc. And this should be the first section. --Criticalthinker (talk) 06:24, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Nevermind. I was able to find the answer. --Criticalthinker (talk) 11:12, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

Applying for third country
36.50.31.25 (talk) 06:29, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chancellor of Switzerland


text:
Victor Plarr

Victor Gustave Plarr (21 June 1863 – 28 January 1929) was an English poet; he is probably best known for the poem Epitaphium Citharistriae.

Life
He was born near Strasbourg, France, of a French father from Alsace, Gustave Plarr, and an English mother, Mary Jane Tomkins, third daughter of the banker Samuel Tomkins. He was brought up in Scotland and England after his family moved at the time of the Franco-Prussian War. He was educated at Madras College, St Andrews and Tonbridge School. He matriculated at the University of Oxford in 1882. He went on to read history at Worcester College, graduating B.A. in 1886.

Plarr worked as a librarian, first (from 1890) at King's College London, then at the Royal College of Surgeons of England from 1897 until his death. The following year, the first two volumes of Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons were published under the editorship of D'Arcy Power. Often known as Plarr's Lives of the Fellows, the biographies of the original 300 fellows are considered an early social history of English medicine.

In 1891 Plarr edited the 13th edition of Men of the Time, changing its title to Men and Women of the Time.

Plarr was a founding member of the Rhymers' Club. A generally uncongenial figure, he was befriended in 1909 by Ezra Pound, who enjoyed Plarr's tales of the "decadent nineties".

Works

 * In the Dorian Mood (1896)
 * A School History of Middlesex including London (1905) (with Francis W. Walton)
 * The Tragedy of Asgard (1905)
 * Ernest Dowson 1888-1897 (1914)
 * Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons (1930)

title: Victor Plarr


text:
Province of Mantua

The province of Mantua (provincia di Mantova; Mantuan, Lower Mantuan: pruvincia ad Mantua; Upper Mantuan: pruinsa de Mantua) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Mantua. It is bordered to the north-east by the province of Verona, to the east by the province of Rovigo, to the south by the province of Ferrara, province of Modena, province of Reggio Emilia and province of Parma, to the west by the province of Cremona and to the north-west by the province of Brescia.

History
Founded in the tenth century BC on the plain formed by meanders of the River Mincio, Mantua became an Etruscan town and important trading post for pottery and agricultural products. Despite its defensible position, it was unable to withstand the Celtic invaders in the sixth and fifth centuries BC who overwhelmed it, and the whole area was later conquered by the Romans.

By the fifth century AD, the Western Roman Empire was collapsing. Mantua was overrun by a series of invaders, including the Visigoths, Vandals, and Ostrogoths. After 568 the Lombards seized control of the part of northern Italy which is now known as Lombardy and included Mantua.

The current administrative boundaries of the province have deep historical roots, corresponding largely to the Duchy of Mantua, which was a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. The Napoleonic Department of the Mincio became the Province of Mantua at the birth of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia in 1815. Following the Battle of Solferino on 24 June 1859, Franco-Piedmontese troops conquered Lombardy up to the right bank of the Mincio, and the resulting Armistice of Villafranca of 11 June 1859 between France and Austria called for the new provincial boundaries, splitting in two the part of the previous Province of Mantova that was crossed by the new international border. Following the Third Italian War of Independence all of Mantua passed to the Kingdom of Italy. The new provincial boundaries came into effect after laws enacted in 1868. The coat of arms of the province, containing the symbols of Mantua, Bozzolo and Castiglione delle Stiviere, embodies the union of those three areas and was adopted in place of the previous one.

Geography
The Province of Mantua  is   bounded by several rivers. To the west, the River Oglio provides the border with the Province of Cremona. To the south it is bounded by the River Po, on the other side of which are the provinces of Ferrara, Modena, Reggio Emilia and Parma. To the east the River Mincio provides the border with the Province of Verona and the Province of Rovigo, and to the northwest lies the Province of Brescia. The total area of the province is 2340 km2. The River Po is subject to flooding and much of the bank is raised by levees.

Protected areas
There are a number of nature reserves and protected areas in the province. The Parco regionale del Mincio was established on 8 September 1984 with an area of approximately 16,000 hectares. It includes several nature reserves and has a range of habitats including moraines, hills, plains, and the meandering riverbeds in the complex of lakes of Mantua. Birds found in the park include storks, herons, purple herons, egrets, night herons, kingfishers, bee-eaters, coots, moorhens, peregrine falcons, hawks, great crested grebe and black kite.

The Parco dell'Oglio Sud is another regional park that lies on the boundary of the province with the province of Cremona. It was established in 1988 and has an area of about 12,800 hectares. It is a river park that runs along the stretch of the river Oglio which forms the boundary. It lies to the south of Lake Iseo and the administrative centre is at Calvatone. Birds present in this park include great egret, grey heron, Montagu's harrier, Eurasian scops owl, bearded reedling, woodcock, barred warbler, crested lark, sedge warbler, moustached warbler, little egret, Eurasian hobby and ferruginous duck.

The Riserva naturale Bosco Fontana is a state nature reserve with an area of about 23,300 hectares. It is a wooded area that is a remnant of the natural forests that covered the Po valley in ancient times. It is a dense marshy forest composed mainly of Turkey oaks, pedunculate oaks, hornbeams, limes, poplars, elms and alders, which are accompanied by numerous species of shrubby undergrowth. There are glades with abundant wildflowers and fungi flourish among the trees, an important factor being the richness of the groundwater. Among the mammals found in the reserve are the least weasel, beech marten and European polecat, and the birds include the common buzzard, the great spotted woodpecker and the Eurasian wryneck.

Government

The Province of Mantua is an administrative body of intermediate level between a municipality (comune) and Lombardy region.

The three main functions devolved to the Province of Mantua are:
 * local planning and zoning;
 * provision of local police and fire services;
 * transportation regulation (car registration, maintenance of local roads, etc.).

As an administrative institution, the Province of Mantua has its own elected bodies. From 1948 to 1993 the President of the Province of Mantua was chosen by the members of the Provincial Council, elected every five years by citizens. From 1993 to 2016, under provisions of the 1993 local administration reform, the President of the Province was chosen by popular election, originally every four, then every five years.

On 3 April 2014, the Italian Chamber of Deputies gave its final approval to the Law n.56/2014 which involves the transformation of the Italian provinces into "institutional bodies of second level". According to the 2014 reform, each province is headed by a President (or Commissioner) assisted by a legislative body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body, the Provincial Executive. President (Commissioner) and members of Council are elected together by mayors and city councilors of each municipality of the province respectively every four and two years. The Executive is chaired by the President (Commissioner) who appoint others members, called assessori. Since 2016, the President (Commissioner) and other members of the Council do not receive a salary.

In each province, there is also a Prefect (prefetto), a representative of the central government who heads an agency called prefettura-ufficio territoriale del governo. The Questor (questore) is the head of State's Police (Polizia di Stato) in the province and his office is called questura. There is also a province's police force depending from local government, called provincial police (polizia provinciale).

This is a partial list of the Presidents of the Province since 1975:
 * Notes

Economy
Despite Mantuan landscape is primarily an agricultural one and the primary sector accounted for the 6% of local GDP in 2003, much above Italian average, the province has an historically strong industrial sector, which accounts for 37% of the GDP, while the tertiary sector holds the remaining 56%. Overall, the gross domestic product of the province was estimated in 2003 at over €10 billion.

The productivity of agriculture is enhanced by a well-developed use of fertilizers and the traditional abundance of water. It is largely flat and the soil is very fertile and is intensively irrigated, boosted since the Middle Ages by the construction of a wide net of irrigation canals which were partly designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Crops grown include wheat, maize, rice, sugar beet, potatoes and vegetables. Olives, grapes, chestnuts and many other sorts of fruit are grown; mulberry plants are grown for their contribution to silk production, or sericulture. The lower plains are characterized by fodder crops, which are mowed up to eight times a year. Cattle are also bred and cheese and other dairy products are manufactured. The main exports from the province include cereals, rice, cheese and silk, but most industrial goods need to be imported.

Municipalities
Here is a list of the most populated municipalities of the province.

Municipal government
Here is a list of the municipal government in cities and towns with more than 15,000 inhabitants:

title: Province of Mantua


text:
User:Dr. Bacchus

Greetings
I'm Dr. Bacchus. I joined October 2004. I edit a little bit of everything, and tend to spend a lot of time around VfD.

title: User:Dr. Bacchus


text:
La Garenne-Colombes

La Garenne-Colombes is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.6 km from Notre Dame de Paris, France's kilometre zero.

Name
The city used to be part of the neighbouring city of Colombes. At this time, before 1910, it was called La Garenne de Colombes, literally "the warren of doves".

The explanation for the city being called "warren" is that it used to be a warren where people would hunt. But this dates back to the French monarchy, in the 18th century and before.

Geography
La Garenne-Colombes is usually simply called "La Garenne", and nicknamed "petit Neuilly".

Surroundings
Four towns surround La Garenne-Colombes: Colombes (North), Bois-Colombes (East), Courbevoie (South) and Nanterre (West). The city is quite small compared with the other cities in the Hauts-de-Seine, it is more or less as small as the first arrondissement of Paris. Very close to La Garenne-Colombes are La Défense and the Île de la Jatte island (Bowl Island).

Transportation
La Garenne-Colombes is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line: La Garenne-Colombes and Les Vallées (this last station is located at the border between the commune of La Garenne-Colombes and the commune of Bois-Colombes, with a postal address in La Garenne-Colombes). The train has been used there since 1837.

The two stations directly join Paris's most important urban station (Gare Saint-Lazare) in 10 minutes and the largest university in Paris (Paris Ouest La Défense University, Western Paris University La Défense) in 2 minutes.

In 1935, five Tramway lines crossed La Garenne-Colombes.

Many RATP Bus lines also cross the city: lines 73, 161, 163, 164, 176, 178, 262, 272, 278, 358 and 378.

Two RATP Noctilien night Bus lines cross the city: N24 and N152.

In 2012, the line 2 of the Parisian Tramway will cross La Garenne-Colombes, with two stations: Les Fauvelles (French for Wildcats) and Charlebourg. To join the center of the CBD, 2 to 4 minutes will be required by tramway.

History
It was named in 1240 as "La Garenne dépendant de Colombes" ("La Garenne depending on Colombes"). After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, the estate was bought by Peter Urban Sartoris, a Genevois banker who had lived in London for many years. On his death in 1833 it was inherited by his 6 children, who urbanised it and named the rue Sartoris. They sold the last of their interests in 1865.

The commune of La Garenne-Colombes was created on 2 May 1910 by detaching its territory from the commune of Colombes.

Demography
As the commune's territory is entirely built up, population can only grow if buildings are demolished and replaced by bigger buildings for more people (higher, less gardens). Thereby the population will grow certainly over the 30,000 after many reconstructions in the "Champs-Philippe" neighbourhood, with a density over 17,000 /km2.

According to statistics, La Garenne-Colombes is an average city of the Hauts-de-Seine department (Paris region), which is one of the richest places in Europe.

Economy
The landscape looks like an American CBD (Central Business District). But this is in the suburbs of Paris, which do not look like the downtown Paris districts surrounding the Eiffel Tower or the Champs-Elysées. Paradoxically, the most advanced part of the city of Paris, geographically speaking, is on the outskirts of the city itself.

There used to be many workshops in La Garenne-Colombes, as in a large part of the Hauts-de-Seine department. Today, it is mainly a residential city. However, some 1200 business units are there.

Tertiary activity
The service industry is paramount in the economy of La Garenne-Colombes. The proximity of La Défense increases this phenomenon. There is:

 * Peugeot study offices
 * Boston Scientific International
 * RATP's Charlebourg center

The arrival of the Tramway in 2012 resulted in a redevelopment of a part of the city, and should bring a new breath of life to the local economy.

The city

In spite of the proximity of La Défense and Paris which has applied a strong pressure, no big buildings were built in La Garenne. Residential buildings (detached homes and apartment buildings) account for the majority of the building stock in La Garenne-Colombes. Many of these buildings were constructed in the early 1900s. In a large part of the town, new construction is limited to 4 floors.

The neighbourhood of the place de Belgique and National boulevard, which is the entry of La Défense, is being redeveloped.

Green ways
Eight green ways are in La Garenne-Colombes, exactly:
 * two public squares
 * two gardens
 * four parks

Commonly known places

 * Place de la Liberté (Freedom square), known under the name of place du marché (market) or place de l'Eglise (church)
 * Place du Général Leclerc, known under the name of place de la Fontaine (Fountain plaza)
 * Place de Belgique (Belgium square)
 * Rond-point du Souvenir français, known under the name of place Jean Baillet
 * Rond-point de l'Europe (Europe's plaza)

Twin towns - sister cities
La Garenne-Colombes is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Wangen im Allgäu, Germany
 * 🇮🇱 Yokneam Illit, Israel
 * Harissa-Daraoun, Lebanon
 * Valpaços, Portugal

Education
The commune has four public preschools and five public elementary schools.
 * Primary schools: René Guest, André Marsault, Ernest Renan (built in 1905), Sainte Geneviève, Sagot Voltaire
 * Junior high school: Les Vallées
 * Junior high school: Champs-Philippe (previously named after Kléber Haedens, the name was revoked by the Hauts-de-Seine general council due to Haedens having been a nazi collaborationist)
 * Vocational senior high school: Lycée La Tournelle

Students wishing to attend a general high school may go to Lycée Albert-Camus in Bois-Colombes or Lycée Paul-Lapie in Courbevoie.

The city owns a castle in Normandy where students are sometimes sent for class-holidays.

Life in La Garenne-Colombes

According to statistics published by the Figaro newspaper, La Garenne-Colombes is the Hauts-de-Seine's city with the lowest crime rate, without forgetting that the Hauts-de-Seine is a very quiet part of the Paris region.

Born in La Garenne-Colombes

 * Guy-Elphege Anouman (1994), athlete
 * Patrick Chesnais (1947), French actor
 * Émilie Lepennec (1987), French gymnast
 * Fernand Oury (1920), French pedagogue and creator of modern French schooling
 * Catherine Picard (1952), French politician
 * Steven Nzonzi (1988), French soccer player

Lived in La Garenne-Colombes

 * William Klein, American painter, film-maker and photographer
 * Cédric Mongongu, Footballer
 * Deng Xiaoping, Chinese political leader

Died in La Garenne-Colombes

 * Jean Mitry (1907–1988), French film theorist, critic and filmmaker

title: La Garenne-Colombes


text:
Bad Company (drum and bass group)

Bad Company, Bad Company UK or simply BC (stylized as ᑐᗴ|ᗱᑕ) is the stage name of the English drum and bass record producers Jason Maldini (Maldini), Michael Wojcicki (Vegas), Dan Stein (DJ Fresh) and Darren White (dBridge).

The abbreviation of the name, ᑐᗴ|ᗱᑕ, is the group's logo as used on singles and album covers: the letters BC are mirrored on a vertical line (written as the letter I or as the pipe symbol |), where the reversed B looks like the number three or letter E, and the reversed C looks like an open-backed D or a right parenthesis. It is not uncommon to find the band referred to by the malaprop "DEIBC." More recent releases have doubled the upright bar of the B, resulting in ᑐᗴ||ᗱᑕ.

History
They formed in 1998 as "Bad Company" from the ashes of Renegade Hardware acts Future Forces Inc (dBridge and Maldini) and Absolute Zero (DJ Fresh), although they had also worked together in various configurations: Stein, White and Maldini released The Code as Absolute Zero & Subphonics on Renegade Hardware; Stein and Wojcicki released Otto's Way as Fresh & Vegas on Metro Recordings,

The group is known in the drum and bass industry for their 12" single, "The Nine" / "The Bridge" (BCR001), which was later remastered and released again as "The Nine (Remastered)" in 2014. Bad Company went on to produce four albums and various singles which were acclaimed with similar success.

 * Inside the Machine (2000)
 * Digital Nation (2000)
 * Shot Down on Safari (2002)
 * Ice Station Zero (2018)

"Book of the Bad" (2001), a compilation album of their three Book of the Bad vinyl EPs, featuring "Miami Flashback", "Planet Dust" (originally released on Prototype Recordings), and "Mind Games".

The name Bad Company has been in disuse since about 2005, but the artists still work in the scene. Fresh had left Bad Company to pursue several solo projects under different record labels, such as Breakbeat Kaos, Ram Records, V Recordings, and Valve. D-Bridge kept producing alone as well, and started his own record label.

Maldini continued to cooperate with Vegas, recording under the name "Bad Company UK", a change which was needed because of a legal battle with the band formed in the 1970s with the same name. Their main label is Bad Taste Recordings. In 2010 the two producers formed the trio Blokhe4d along with Swiss producer Uman. Maldini and Vegas also created the Unique Artists record label, with the participation of a variety of producers from the scene.

The group had a fan forum on their website, which later became Dogs on Acid.

In 2008, readers of Knowledge Magazine voted "The Nine" as the number 1 drum and bass track of all time. Other significant tracks are "Nitrous" and "Planet Dust".

Comeback
On 8 February 2016, UKF officially announced that the group was reuniting along with the new material being released that month. They released the single Equilibrium on 25 February 2016. Two performances in Bristol and London followed in March. In June, the group gave two concerts in the United States, Las Vegas for EDC and Baltimore for 3D Productions. They also performed at several festivals, including Dour, Paradiso and Nu Forms. In August, they performed at Imagine Festival in Atlanta. They are scheduled to perform at the New Years festival Northern Bass in New Zealand.

In September 2016, they released a remix of The Prodigy's "The Day Is My Enemy" which was also uploaded onto UKF's YouTube page. The remix was nominated for the Drum & Bass Arena Awards in the category Best Remix. The single "Nomad" followed in November.

In April 2018, the group announced their first album in 16 years, Ice Station Zero, which was released at May 11, via Ram Recordings.

Since 2018 the group has continued playing live shows and going on tour. Most recently playing in February 2022, with more shows planned throughout 2022.

title: Bad Company (drum and bass group)


text: File:Kjv-hebrews.png

title: File:Kjv-hebrews.png


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A-B Helicopters A/W 95

The A-B Helicopters A/W 95 is an American helicopter, produced by A-B Helicopters in the form of plans for amateur construction.

By 2012 the A-B Helicopters website had been taken down and plans are no longer available.

The design was developed into the Vortech A/W 95 and plans for that version remain available from Vortech.

Design and development
The A/W 95 is a development of the Adams-Wilson Choppy, which the A/W designation acknowledges. The A/W 95 was designed to comply with the US Experimental Amateur-built rules, since the empty weight is too heavy for the FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, which stipulates a maximum empty weight of 254 lb. The aircraft has a standard empty weight of 271 lb. It features a single main rotor, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, skid landing gear and a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition 50 hp Rotax 503 engine.

The aircraft fuselage is an open frame made from bolted-together and gusseted aluminum tubing. Its 19.5 ft diameter two-bladed extruded aluminum rotor has a chord of 7 in and employs a symmetrical airfoil. The transmission is constructed from a belt and chain mechanism. With its standard empty weight of 271 lb and a gross weight of 490 lb, the useful load is 219 lb. Fuel tank capacity is 5 u.s.gal, rendering a full-fuel payload of 189 lb.

While the A/W 95 is primarily plans-built, during the time that A-B Helicopters was in business some pre-fabricated parts were available.

Operational history
By January 2013 two examples had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.

title: A-B Helicopters A/W 95


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Stellar structure

Stellar structure models describe the internal structure of a star in detail and make predictions about the luminosity, the color and the future evolution of the star. Different classes and ages of stars have different internal structures, reflecting their elemental makeup and energy transport mechanisms.

Heat transport
For energy transport refer to Radiative transfer.

Different layers of the stars transport heat up and outwards in different ways, primarily convection and radiative transfer, but thermal conduction is important in white dwarfs.

Convection is the dominant mode of energy transport when the temperature gradient is steep enough so that a given parcel of gas within the star will continue to rise if it rises slightly via an adiabatic process. In this case, the rising parcel is buoyant and continues to rise if it is warmer than the surrounding gas; if the rising parcel is cooler than the surrounding gas, it will fall back to its original height. In regions with a low temperature gradient and a low enough opacity to allow energy transport via radiation, radiation is the dominant mode of energy transport.

The internal structure of a main sequence star depends upon the mass of the star.

In stars with masses of 0.3–1.5 solar masses, including the Sun, hydrogen-to-helium fusion occurs primarily via proton–proton chains, which do not establish a steep temperature gradient. Thus, radiation dominates in the inner portion of solar mass stars. The outer portion of solar mass stars is cool enough that hydrogen is neutral and thus opaque to ultraviolet photons, so convection dominates. Therefore, solar mass stars have radiative cores with convective envelopes in the outer portion of the star.

In massive stars (greater than about 1.5 ), the core temperature is above about 1.8×107 K, so hydrogen-to-helium fusion occurs primarily via the CNO cycle. In the CNO cycle, the energy generation rate scales as the temperature to the 15th power, whereas the rate scales as the temperature to the 4th power in the proton-proton chains. Due to the strong temperature sensitivity of the CNO cycle, the temperature gradient in the inner portion of the star is steep enough to make the core convective. In the outer portion of the star, the temperature gradient is shallower but the temperature is high enough that the hydrogen is nearly fully ionized, so the star remains transparent to ultraviolet radiation. Thus, massive stars have a radiative envelope.

The lowest mass main sequence stars have no radiation zone; the dominant energy transport mechanism throughout the star is convection.

Equations of stellar structure
The simplest commonly used model of stellar structure is the spherically symmetric quasi-static model, which assumes that a star is in a steady state and that it is spherically symmetric. It contains four basic first-order differential equations: two represent how matter and pressure vary with radius; two represent how temperature and luminosity vary with radius.

In forming the stellar structure equations (exploiting the assumed spherical symmetry), one considers the matter density $$\rho(r)$$, temperature $$T(r)$$, total pressure (matter plus radiation) $$P(r)$$, luminosity $$l(r)$$, and energy generation rate per unit mass $$\epsilon(r)$$ in a spherical shell of a thickness $$\mbox{d}r$$ at a distance $$r$$ from the center of the star. The star is assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) so the temperature is identical for matter and photons. Although LTE does not strictly hold because the temperature a given shell "sees" below itself is always hotter than the temperature above, this approximation is normally excellent because the photon mean free path, $$\lambda$$, is much smaller than the length over which the temperature varies considerably, i.e. $$\lambda \ll T/|\nabla T|$$.

First is a statement of hydrostatic equilibrium: the outward force due to the pressure gradient within the star is exactly balanced by the inward force due to gravity. This is sometimes referred to as stellar equilibrium.
 * $$ {\mbox{d} P \over \mbox{d} r} = - { G m \rho \over r^2 } $$,

where $$m(r)$$ is the cumulative mass inside the shell at $$r$$ and G is the gravitational constant. The cumulative mass increases with radius according to the mass continuity equation:
 * $$ {\mbox {d} m \over \mbox{d} r} = 4 \pi r^2 \rho .$$

Integrating the mass continuity equation from the star center ($$r=0$$) to the radius of the star ($$r=R$$) yields the total mass of the star.

Considering the energy leaving the spherical shell yields the energy equation:
 * $$ {\mbox{d} l \over \mbox{d} r} = 4 \pi r^2 \rho ( \epsilon - \epsilon_\nu )$$,

where $$\epsilon_\nu$$ is the luminosity produced in the form of neutrinos (which usually escape the star without interacting with ordinary matter) per unit mass. Outside the core of the star, where nuclear reactions occur, no energy is generated, so the luminosity is constant.

The energy transport equation takes differing forms depending upon the mode of energy transport. For conductive energy transport (appropriate for a white dwarf), the energy equation is
 * $$ {\mbox{d} T \over \mbox{d} r} = - {1 \over k} { l \over 4 \pi r^2 },$$

where k is the thermal conductivity.

In the case of radiative energy transport, appropriate for the inner portion of a solar mass main sequence star and the outer envelope of a massive main sequence star,
 * $$ {\mbox{d} T \over \mbox{d} r} = - {3 \kappa \rho l \over 64 \pi r^2 \sigma T^3},$$

where $$\kappa$$ is the opacity of the matter, $$\sigma$$ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, and the Boltzmann constant is set to one.

The case of convective energy transport does not have a known rigorous mathematical formulation, and involves turbulence in the gas. Convective energy transport is usually modeled using mixing length theory. This treats the gas in the star as containing discrete elements which roughly retain the temperature, density, and pressure of their surroundings but move through the star as far as a characteristic length, called the mixing length. For a monatomic ideal gas, when the convection is adiabatic, meaning that the convective gas bubbles don't exchange heat with their surroundings, mixing length theory yields
 * $$ {\mbox{d} T \over \mbox{d} r} = \left(1 - {1 \over \gamma} \right) {T \over P } { \mbox{d} P \over \mbox{d} r},$$

where $$\gamma = c_p / c_v$$ is the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats in the gas. (For a fully ionized ideal gas, $$\gamma = 5/3$$.) When the convection is not adiabatic, the true temperature gradient is not given by this equation. For example, in the Sun the convection at the base of the convection zone, near the core, is adiabatic but that near the surface is not. The mixing length theory contains two free parameters which must be set to make the model fit observations, so it is a phenomenological theory rather than a rigorous mathematical formulation.

Also required are the equations of state, relating the pressure, opacity and energy generation rate to other local variables appropriate for the material, such as temperature, density, chemical composition, etc. Relevant equations of state for pressure may have to include the perfect gas law, radiation pressure, pressure due to degenerate electrons, etc. Opacity cannot be expressed exactly by a single formula. It is calculated for various compositions at specific densities and temperatures and presented in tabular form. Stellar structure codes (meaning computer programs calculating the model's variables) either interpolate in a density-temperature grid to obtain the opacity needed, or use a fitting function based on the tabulated values. A similar situation occurs for accurate calculations of the pressure equation of state. Finally, the nuclear energy generation rate is computed from nuclear physics experiments, using reaction networks to compute reaction rates for each individual reaction step and equilibrium abundances for each isotope in the gas.

Combined with a set of boundary conditions, a solution of these equations completely describes the behavior of the star. Typical boundary conditions set the values of the observable parameters appropriately at the surface ($$r=R$$) and center ($$r=0$$) of the star: $$P(R) = 0$$, meaning the pressure at the surface of the star is zero; $$m(0) = 0$$, there is no mass inside the center of the star, as required if the mass density remains finite; $$m(R) = M$$, the total mass of the star is the star's mass; and $$T(R) = T_{eff}$$, the temperature at the surface is the effective temperature of the star.

Although nowadays stellar evolution models describe the main features of color–magnitude diagrams, important improvements have to be made in order to remove uncertainties which are linked to the limited knowledge of transport phenomena. The most difficult challenge remains the numerical treatment of turbulence. Some research teams are developing simplified modelling of turbulence in 3D calculations.

Rapid evolution
The above simplified model is not adequate without modification in situations when the composition changes are sufficiently rapid. The equation of hydrostatic equilibrium may need to be modified by adding a radial acceleration term if the radius of the star is changing very quickly, for example if the star is radially pulsating. Also, if the nuclear burning is not stable, or the star's core is rapidly collapsing, an entropy term must be added to the energy equation.

title: Stellar structure


text:
User:SpeedyGonsales

"...when every child was educated to the level that his intelligence and aptitudes permitted. Now that civilization needed all the talent that it could find, merely to maintain itself, any other educational policy would have been suicide..."

A.C.Clarke "A fall of moondust"

Babel

de:Benutzer:SpeedyGonsales hr:User:SpeedyGonsales

meta:User:SpeedyGonsales

title: User:SpeedyGonsales


text:
Skibladner

PS Skibladner is the world's oldest paddle steamer in timetabled service, and the only paddle steamer operating in Norway, sailing on lake Mjøsa.

Skibladner is a side-wheel paddle steamer, and her maiden voyage was on 2 August 1856. Originally built to provide passage from the railway station in Eidsvoll to the towns of Hamar, Gjøvik, and Lillehammer along Mjøsa, she still operates the same route, but now offers sightseeing tours, dining, entertainment and cultural events during the summer months.

She was built by Motala Verkstad in Sweden and transported in pieces by rail and horse carts to Minnesund, where she was assembled and riveted together. She was originally equipped with twin-cylinder oscillating steam engines. In 1888, she was extended by 20 feet to provide more space and to allow for the installation of triple-expansion diagonal paddle engines built by Akers Mek. in Oslo, increasing her power to 606 h.p. She was then the fastest vessel in Norway with a top speed of 15 knots. She was converted from coal to oil-firing in the 1920s, and received new boilers in the 1980s. Today she is still powered by steam generated with fuel-oil burners in her twin boilers, and her normal operating speed is now 12 knots.

The ship sank twice while laid up for winter, the first time in 1937, and again in 1967, due to heeling caused by her moorings. On both occasions she was raised and underwent significant renovation with strong support from the Norwegian public.

The ship is often referred to locally as Mjøsas Hvite Svane, which translates to The White Swan of Mjøsa.

The ship’s home port is Gjøvik, where she is also laid up each winter beneath a specially built glass-covered construction. Her sailing season is from May to September, and the timetabled season is from late June to mid August.

On 14 June 2005, the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage made Skibladner subject to a preservation order. This was the first time in Norway that an operating vehicle had been listed.

The steamer is named after Skíðblaðnir, the ship of Freyr in Norse mythology.

title: Skibladner


text:
Larsen Jensen

Larsen Alan Jensen (born September 1, 1985) is an American former competition swimmer and a two-time Olympic medalist.

Career
At the 2003 World Championships, Jensen earned a silver medal in the 800-meter freestyle, his first medal at the international level.

He competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics, winning silver in the 1,500-meter freestyle race, as well as competing in the 400-meter freestyle, where he finished fourth. At the 2005 World Aquatics Championships, he won silver medals in the 800 and 1,500-meter freestyle races.

Jensen completed his degree in political science with a minor in business at the University of Southern California in 2007.

Jensen competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he won the bronze medal in the 400-meter freestyle, and also placed fifth in the 1,500-meter freestyle.

Jensen is the current American record holder in the 400-meter freestyle and former American record holder in the 1,500-meter freestyle.

After Larsen Jensen's career in swimming, he took a career in the military enlisting in the United States Navy and becoming a Navy SEAL from 2009 to 2015.

Following his retirement from the military, Larsen enrolled into Stanford Graduate School of Business and obtained a MBA.

title: Larsen Jensen


text:
ATA Cruiser

The Adams-Toman Cruiser was a US-built civil utility aircraft of the 1920s. It was a three-seat, high-wing monoplane with an enclosed cabin, and possibly a variant of the Grays Harbor Activian. Only one of this model of aircraft was ever built.

title: ATA Cruiser


text:
Talk:Arnolfini Portrait

Size
The information in this article lists the size as 82.2 x 60 centimeters. However, my copy of Janson's History of Art lists the size as 83.7 x 57 centimeters. Can anyone verify either of these two sizes or even have completely different measurements. If nobody responds, I will go to the National Gallery for information. --Sophitus 11:30, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

I have checked the National Gallery's website and it confirms the size as 82.2 x 60 centimeters. And because they actually own the painting, obviously my Janson is wrong. --Sophitus 20:44, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

actually it is probably giving board size, not the image size - I have now added both (slightly different figures) per the NG to the template Johnbod 00:37, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Arnolfini Wedding
A substub by troll User:Haydes. It seems to be about a painting, and I'm listing it here because I'm unsure whether this deserves an article of its own. Maybe merge and redirect to Jan van Eyck? jni 13:41, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, it was a requested article, and it's a famous painting, so it really should be on cleanup or something, not here. Adam Bishop 16:46, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Clean up and expand - It was a requested article after all... ClockworkTroll 17:29, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and list on cleanup, but make sure that Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami are redirects, and not the substubs that Haydes wants to keep them as. RickK 19:50, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep valid topic. D AVODD  [[User_talk:Davodd|« TALK »]] 23:59, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Joyous 01:23, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, clean up and expand this stub by the Renaissance Painting Bandit. Antandrus 01:30, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * There, I tried to make it a bit more respectable. 01:48, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That is much better than the original that looked like a typical troll pile to me. After some reading, I concur this is a valid topic and therefore change my initial vote to keep. If there is a process for de-listing items from VFD before lag time runs out, I support doing that and listing this article on cleanup instead. I like RickK's suggestion and hope others will help keep any further Haydes' substubs at bay. jni 08:10, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Now Anthony DiPierro has taken it upon himself to revert the redirection and make the substubs on the husband and wife in the painting into non-notable stubs and doesn't even bother to put a stub notice on the pages. If the two articles about the people are not kept as redirects, I intend to list THEM on VfD.  RickK 22:53, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I only did it with the article on Arnolfini, which is more interesting than the article on the portrait. Go ahead and list it on VfD.  No one will support you, because the Arnolfini page is perfectly fine. anthony (see warning) 02:11, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Now that you've made it more than a two sentence substub, I guess it's worth keeping, though he isn't really notable. RickK 21:55, Oct 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's worth keeping, but he's not notable? That's contradictory. anthony (see warning) 22:01, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I added the pic (already existed at Jan van Eyck and somehow not added already).  Remarkable how the existence of a pic makes me immediately think an article is not ripe for deletion.  Tempshill 20:35, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. I recall reading something about how this painting served as a sort of painted marriage certificate, which is interesting—I'll see if I can dig up that article. —No-One Jones (m) 22:27, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That would be a very useful addition. RickK 22:49, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * The description of that is in the reference I've added to the Arnolfini biography. "Panofsky didn't just see this painting as a portrait of a married couple. He saw it as a marriage certificate." anthony (see warning) 21:58, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a no brainer.  Incredibly notable. Gamaliel 08:46, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course. — Bill 17:49, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

-- What in the world does "most unique" mean?

I believe it refers to the fact that this painting is unusual, practically alone in western art history, with regard to its themes, symbols, design, and complexity. --Sophitus 05:09, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

"Most unique" makes no sense; something is unique or it is not. Such nonsensical overstatement leads a reader to wonder if the writer knows what he is talking about.

Pregnant... NOT!
As an art historian, I find this a very good article. And my following remark is certainly not a quibble, but rather a thought told aloud.

The author says: "The wife <...> holds herself in a way as if she is pregnant, as she is erroneously often assumed to be by viewers".

Indeed. And we (= art history graduates/undergraduates) have been told since day one that she is NOT.

But does her actual state really matter? Is it really a case of MODERN (mis)reading of 1430s fashion (as usually the argument goes)? I don't think so.

Isn't it more plausible that van Eyck himself deliberately set her up in a pose suggesting pregnancy (I am willing to bet that it suggested pregnancy to contemporary viewers as well - or we would see many more works of the era depicting such a peculiar pose)), to weave into the portrait some vital piece of information that was certainly known to those who commissioned the painting? Add the supposed depiction of the patron saint of childbirth and - voila!

So, the "naive" reading, typical of art history freshmen (and "lay" people), might be spot-on after all... once again. ;)

 * You might be right, but in the absence of any published WP:RS to that effect (that I'm aware of), to say so in the article would be WP:OR. Johnbod 11:20, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Anyone with eyes in his or her head can look at that portrait and see that the woman is supposed to be pregnant. It's a portrait of a young married couple expecting their first child. There is such a thing as too much interpretation. Sometimes it IS what it looks like. --Bookworm857158367 (talk) 00:29, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

 * And sometimes the apparently obvious can be interpreted in various ways. Here's what the National Gallery of London maintains: . JNW (talk) 00:37, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Of course it can be interpreted various ways; by its very nature it is ambiguous. She is holding her heavy dress up and in front of her belly, which could conceivably conceal a pregnancy but at the same time there could be nothing special to conceal! It's really up to the imagination, since her stomach is entirely shrouded. Speaking with absolute certainty on this issue is nonsensical.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 01:31, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * There is no way her belly would stick out that far, not matter what dress she was wearing, unless she was pregnancy or had some other medical issue.--Jack Upland (talk) 09:40, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Couple's reflections in the mirror are not holding hands.
A point added to the article today, which I've removed for style & lack of refs. But it does seem to be the case. I can't see Campbell mentions this. Do any other sources comment? Johnbod (talk) 14:25, 22 June 2017 (UTC)

"Disguised symbolism" is alluded to but not elaborated
The Scholarly Debate section discusses 2 things: does the painting depict a marriage contract and is Panofsky right about this disguised symbolism?

But the article doesn't summarize that symbolism or even name the objects in question:

″Panofsky also argues that the many details of domestic items in the painting each have a disguised symbolism attached to their appearance. While Panofsky's claim that the painting formed a kind of certificate of marriage is not accepted by all art historians, his analysis of the symbolic function of the details is broadly agreed, and has been applied to many other Early Netherlandish paintings. ..

Johannes de eyck fuit hic 1434 (Jan van Eyck was here. 1434). Jan Baptist Bedaux agrees somewhat with Panofsky that this is a marriage contract portrait in his 1986 article "The reality of symbols: the question of disguised symbolism in Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait." However, he disagrees with Panofsky's idea of items in the portrait having hidden meanings. Bedaux argues, "if the symbols are disguised to such an extent that they do not clash with reality as conceived at the time ... there will be no means of proving that the painter actually intended such symbolism."[20] He also conjectures that if these disguised symbols were normal parts of the marriage ritual, then one could not say for sure whether the items were part of a "disguised symbolism" or just social reality.[20]

Craig Harbison takes the middle ground between Panofsky and Bedaux in their debate about "disguised symbolism" and realism.″

Questions
1. "There existed a friendship between Giovanni Arnolfini and Philip the Good who sent his court painter Jan van Eyck to portray Arnolfini Double"; is 'Arnolfini Double' this painting? The authority cited (which seems to be a Google Translate production) does not provide any evidence that van Eyck was sent by Philip to paint it.

2. The dog. "Unlike the couple, he looks out to meet the gaze of the viewer". How is it known that the dog is male?

3. What is the significance of the discarded footwear? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.200.7.72 (talk) 13:43, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

Lead edits
Given @Johnbod's recent revert of my suggestion for the second paragraph in the lead section, I wanted to bring the conversation here to discuss edits for the following sentence: It is considered one of the most original and complex paintings in Western art, because of its beauty, complex iconography, geometric orthogonal perspective, and expansion of the picture space with the use of a mirror.
 * As for the "most original and complex paintings in Western art", that sounds very ambiguous, doesn't really inform the reader about anything specific, and is not supported by any of the currently cited sources. Is there opposition to the "one of the most recognized works of Early Netherlandish art"? It is not a huge improvement, but historically accurate and can be sourced to Carol M. Richardson Locating Renaissance Art. United Kingdom: Yale University Press, 2007, p. 66. I am happy to discuss alternatives.
 * The use of "beauty" does not serve any educational purpose here and is purely subjective; it is also, understandably so, not discussed in any of the sources currently cited to the sentence. I do think that the term should be removed entirely.
 * Regarding "complex iconography", I think it's accurate, though I wonder whether "equivocal" would also be a good addition considering current sources cited
 * The way "geometric orthogonal perspective" is used now seems to simplify the debates about the use of perspective in the cited sources; perhaps describing it as "inventive" or something along those lines would fit better (see currently cited article John L. Ward, "On the Mathematics of the Perspective of the Arnolfini Portrait and Similar Works of Jan van Eyck" The Art Bulletin, Dec., 1983, Vol. 65, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 680-686)
 * Same with the use of mirror; the article above goes into great detail about the use of mirror; if we are to simplify it, I think it should be cited to a different, perhaps less scholary source.
 * I also believe it would be great to mention the intricate detail of the work as another reason for its popularity, a statement supported by several of the above sources.

Looking forward to hearing everyone's thoughts! Ppt91   talk   21:08, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Of the two bits you changed, the first changed the content significantly, but left the ref exactly the same. Does the ref actually say what you are now claiming? It also seems less interesting to me. I don't mind the 2nd bit, about the mirror. "complex iconography" = "intricate detail" here - an odd term to use of a painting, i'd have thought. Johnbod (talk) 22:11, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Does the ref actually say what you are now claiming? for "one of the most recognized works of Early Netherlandish art" the reference used would be "The best-known Netherlandish fifteenth-century painting is probably the celebrated Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck." (Carol M. Richardson Locating Renaissance Art. United Kingdom: Yale University Press, 2007, p. 66). I am not married to it by any means, but it is much more specific even though it changed the meaning of the original sentence.
 * It also seems less interesting to me. the current phrasing about it "most original and complex" has no reference, so I am open to alternatives that would be informative
 * as for "complex iconography" = "intricate detail" here -- unsure what you mean by this as I am not equating them and the second one is a new suggestion; why is "intricate detail" an odd term to describe a painting? This is directly connected to the possibilities afforded by oil paint and mentioned even in some of the sources currently cited. It can also be "minute detail" if that sounds better.
 * Tbh, your response feels quite curt and not very cordial given my genuine effort to have a constructive conversation and improve content.
 * Ppt91   talk   22:41, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * So your edit summary of "some lead edits to remove ambiguous language and puffery" was cordial, and a "genuine effort to have a constructive conversation"? Johnbod (talk) 23:24, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @Johnbod An edit summary is not directed at anyone in particular. Is that what upset you in the first place? You reverted, so I brought it here to clarify any confusions and explain my reasoning to find a satisfactory solution. How is that not a genuine effort to build WP:CONS? It's fine if you're unhappy with my suggestions, but this isn't a very productive editorial conduct. I hope we can find a way to work together to improve the content of the article.  Ppt91    talk   23:50, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

Debate in regards to the person being depicted
Can we really be certain that the person being depicted is actually Arnolfini? To me, it appears that the man is in fact the painter himself, I am no art historian but given the similarities with the self portraits I am inclined to believe so. Styl. Sa. (talk) 18:02, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

"The hennin (French: hennin /ˈhɛnɪn/;[1] possibly from Flemish Dutch: henninck meaning cock or rooster)[N 1] was a headdress in the shape of a cone, steeple, or truncated cone worn in the Late Middle Ages by European women of the nobility.[2] They were most common in Burgundy and France,[citation needed] but also elsewhere, especially at the English courts,[3] and in Northern Europe,[citation needed] Hungary and Poland. They were little seen in Italy." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Styl. Sa. (talk • contribs) 18:52, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arnolfini Portrait