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John Kitto

John Kitto (4 December 1804 – 25 November 1854) was an English biblical scholar of Cornish descent.

Biography
Born in Plymouth, John Kitto was a sickly child, son of a Cornish stonemason. The drunkenness of his father and the poverty of his family meant that much of his childhood was spent in the workhouse. He had no more than three years of erratic and interrupted education. At the age of twelve John Kitto fell on his head from a rooftop, and became totally and permanently deaf. As a young man he suffered further tragedies, disappointments and much loneliness. His height was 4 ft 8 in, and his accident left him with an impaired sense of balance. He found consolation in browsing at bookstalls and reading any books that came his way.

From these hardships he was rescued by friends who became aware of his mental abilities and encouraged him to write topical articles for local newspapers, arranging eventually for him to work as an assistant in a local library. Here he continued to educate himself.

One of his benefactors was the Exeter dentist Anthony Norris Groves, who in 1824 offered him employment as a dental assistant. Living with the Groves family, Kitto was profoundly influenced by the practical Christian faith of his employer. In 1829 he accompanied Groves on his pioneering mission to Baghdad and served as tutor to Groves's two sons. In 1833 Kitto returned to England via Constantinople, accompanied by another member of the Groves mission, Francis William Newman. Shortly afterwards he married, and in due course had several children.

A London publisher asked Kitto to write up his travel journals for a series of articles in the Penny Magazine, a publication read at that time by a million people in Britain, reprinted in America and translated into French, German and Dutch. Other writing projects followed as readers enquired about his experiences in the East amidst people living in circumstances closely resembling those of Bible times.

Scholarship
Kitto had been a careful observer of physical detail – the topography, the animals, architecture, agricultural methods, the manner of interaction between people. His retelling of Bible stories in the light of what he had seen brought the narratives to life and confirmed the accuracy of the ancient texts. He showed how the activities described by the prophets and apostles accorded with the realities of Eastern culture. He supplemented his own observations with details from the journals of other travellers, and helped the Bible reader to understand many things previously obscure or contradictory to the Western mind. His careful research into the geography, biology and archaeology of Bible lands served to support and encourage confidence in the accuracy of the Bible.

In his generation Dr Kitto was a most significant contributor to Christian scholarship, and he provided much help for Evangelicals defending the Bible against the attack of liberal critics. He eventually wrote a total of twenty-three books, of which Charles Spurgeon considered the Daily Bible Illustrations to be "more interesting than any novel that was ever written, and as instructive as the heaviest theology."

Inevitably, Kitto's encyclopedic works have been superseded by the researches of later generations of scholars. Yet his Pictorial Bible and Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature held, for almost a century, a unique and valued place on the academic library shelf, and his Daily Bible Illustrations encouraged the faith of readers of all ages and backgrounds, and stimulated the imagination of many a Sunday school teacher.

The sensible style that made Kitto so popular can be seen in this brief passage, written at a time when attempts to reconstruct the design of the Temple of Solomon on paper, in scale models, and in the architecture of churches, synagogues and Masonic Halls was a serious scholarly pursuit:
 * "These descriptions (found in Kings and Chronicles) enable us to realize a tolerably clear idea of many important details of this glorious structure; but they do not suffice to afford us a distinct notion of the architectural elevation of the principal buildings. If any proof of this fact were wanting, it would be found in the circumstance that almost every scholar or architect who has attempted to make a design of the fabric, from the description which exist in the Scripture and in Josephus, has furnished something very different from what has been produced by others making the same attempt."

John Kitto summed up his life in the following words:
 * "I perhaps have as much right as any man that lives, to bear witness that there is no one so low but that he may rise, no condition so cast down as to be really hopeless, and no privation which need, of itself, shut out any man from the paths of honourable exertion or from the hope of usefulness in life. I have sometimes thought that it was possibly my mission to affirm and establish these great truths."

Tributes
In 1844 the University of Giessen conferred upon him the degree of D.D. In 1850 he received a pension for life from the British government. He died on 25 November 1854 at Cannstatt in Germany.

Kitto Road in New Cross (South London), built in the late 19th century by the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, is believed to have been named after John Kitto.

In 1989 the Burrington Secondary Modern School in Plymouth was renamed the John Kitto Comprehensive School in his honour, and later, the John Kitto Community College. In September 2010 it became the All Saints Church of England Academy, Plymouth.

Family
John Kitto's son, John Fenwick Kitto, was an Anglican priest who served as Rector of Whitechapel, Rector of Stepney, and Vicar of St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Selected works

 * Uncle Oliver's travels in Persia (1838)
 * The Pictorial History of Palestine and The Holy Land including a Complete History of the Jews (1839–40)
 * Vol. I. Biblical History.
 * Vol. II. Biblical History, Continued. Natural History And Geography.

 * Palestine: the Physical Geography and Natural History of the Holy Land, Illustrated with Woodcuts (1841)
 * The History of Palestine, From the Patriarchal Age to the Present Time (Textbook 1843)
 * STANDARD SCHOOL BOOK - Price 3s. 6d., or with Map of Palestine, 4s.
 * THE HISTORY OF PALESTINE, FROM THE PATRIARCHAL AGE TO THE PRESENT TIME; With Introductory Chapters on the Geography and Natural History of the Country And on the Customs and Institutions of the Hebrews. By JOHN KITTO, D.D., F.S.A., Editor of the "Pictorial Bible", &c., &c. With Questions for Examination. By ALEX REID, A.M., Rector of Circus Place School.    This work has been undertaken with the view of supplying what has long been felt as a desideratum in Schools, —a History of Palestine, with Accounts of the Geography of the country, and of the Customs and Institutions of its ancient inhabitants, such as have been introduced with much advantage in recent school histories of other nations.     The History has been written expressly for its present use, and is in no respect an abridgment of the author's larger work, the Pictorial History of Palestine. In its preparation simplicity and precision of style qualifications so essential to the usefulness of a School-book have been steadily kept in view; and the descriptive portion of the work is liberally embellished with Wood Engravings, representing Landscapes, Buildings, Plants, Illustrations of Manners and Customs, and whatever can be more clearly displayed by pictorial than by written description, or by which the written text may be in any degree elucidated.     Although primarily intended for the use of Schools, the book will be found well suited for general purposes, being a complete Manual of Jewish History and Antiquities, and as such, proper to accompany the Sacred Volume as a popular digest of, and commentary on, all its material facts.

 * The Gallery of Scripture Engravings (1843)
 * A Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature (appeared in two volumes in 1843–1845 and edited under his superintendence); nearly all the geographical articles on places in Palestine were by Josias Leslie Porter
 * The Lost Senses: Deafness And Blindness (1845)
 * Ancient Jerusalem (1846)
 * Modern Jerusalem (1847)
 * The Olive, Vine and Palm (1848)
 * The Court and People of Persia (1848)
 * The Tabernacle and its Furniture (1849)
 * Daily Bible Illustrations (8 vols. 1849–1853)
 * The Bible history of the Holy Land (1850)
 * Domestic Arrangements of the Orientals (1853)
 * The Pictorial Bible – being the Old and New Testaments according to authorized versions. Illustrated with Steel Engravings and Woodcuts representing landscape scenes, and subjects of natural history, costume and antiquities with Original Notes by John Kitto, D.D., F.S.A. – New edition, with additional notes, based on discoveries of recent travellers (4 volume set); London: W & R Chambers (1866)

title: John Kitto


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Muscle dysmorphia

Muscle dysmorphia is a subtype of the obsessive mental disorder body dysmorphic disorder, but is often also grouped with eating disorders. In muscle dysmorphia, which is sometimes called "bigorexia", "megarexia", or "reverse anorexia", the delusional or exaggerated belief is that one's own body is too small, too skinny, insufficiently muscular, or insufficiently lean, although in most cases, the individual's build is normal or even exceptionally large and muscular already.

Muscle dysmorphia affects mostly men, particularly those involved in sports where body size or weight are competitive factors, becoming rationales to gain muscle or become leaner. The quest to seemingly fix one's body consumes inordinate time, attention, and resources, as on exercise routines, dietary regimens, and nutritional supplementation, while use of anabolic steroids is also common. Other body-dysmorphic preoccupations that are not muscle-dysmorphic are usually present as well.

Although likened to anorexia nervosa, muscle dysmorphia is especially difficult to recognize, since awareness of it is scarce and persons experiencing muscle dysmorphia typically remain healthy looking. The distress and distraction of muscle dysmorphia may provoke absences from school, work, and social settings. Compared to other body dysmorphic disorders, rates of suicide attempts are especially high with muscle dysmorphia. Researchers believe that muscle dysmorphia's incidence is rising, partly due to the recent cultural emphasis on muscular male bodies.

Signs and symptoms
Although body dissatisfaction has been found in boys as young as age six, muscle dysmorphia's onset is estimated at usually between ages 18 and 20. According to DSM-5, muscle dysmorphia is indicated by the diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder via "the idea that his or her body is too small or insufficiently muscular", and this specifier holds even if the individual is preoccupied with other body areas, too, as is often the case.

Further clinical features identified include excessive conduct of efforts to increase muscularity, activities such as dietary restriction, overtraining, and injection of growth-enhancing drugs. Persons experiencing muscle dysmorphia generally spend over three hours daily pondering increased muscularity, and may feel unable to limit weightlifting. As in anorexia nervosa, the reverse quest in muscle dysmorphia can be insatiable. Those suffering from the disorder closely monitor their body and may wear multiple clothing layers to make it appear larger.

Muscle dysmorphia involves severe distress at having one's body viewed by others. Occupational and social functioning are impaired, and dietary regimes may interfere with these. Patients often avoid activities, people, and places that threaten to reveal their perceived deficiency of size or muscularity. Roughly half of patients have poor or no insight that these perceptions are unrealistic. Patient histories reveal elevated rates of diagnoses of other mental disorders, including eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorder, as well as elevated rates of suicide attempts.

Risk factors
Although muscle dysmorphia's development is unclear, several risk factors have been identified.

Trauma and bullying
Versus the general population, persons manifesting muscle dysmorphia are more likely to have experienced or observed traumatic events like sexual assault or domestic violence, or to have sustained adolescent bullying and ridicule for actual or perceived deficiencies such as smallness, weakness, poor athleticism, or intellectual inferiority. Increased body mass may seem to reduce the threat of further mistreatment.

Sociopsychological traits
Low self-esteem is associated with higher levels of body dissatisfaction and of muscle dysmorphia. Vulnerable narcissism has also been linked to heightened muscle dysmorphia risk. Increased body size or muscularity may seem to enhance the masculine identity.

Media exposure
As Western media emphasize physical attractiveness, some marketing campaigns now exploit male body-image insecurities. Since the 1980s, the number of fitness magazines and of partially undressed, muscular men in advertisements have increased. Such media provoke bodily comparisons and pressure individuals to conform, yet increase the gap between men's perceptions of their own muscularity versus their desired muscularity. In college-aged men, a strong predictor of a muscularity quest is internalization of the idealized male bodies depicted in media.

Athletic participation
Athletes tend to share some psychological factors that may predispose to muscle dysmorphia, factors including high levels of competitiveness, need for control, and perfectionism, and athletes tend to be more critical of their own bodies and body weight. Athletes who also fail to their sports performance goals may escalate efforts to modify their builds, efforts that overlap those of muscle dysmorphia. Involvement in sports where size, strength, or weight, whether higher or lower, imply competitive advantage associates with muscle dysmorphia. Athletic ideals reinforce the social ideal of muscularity. Conversely, those already disposed to muscle dysmorphia may be more likely to participate in such sports.

Sexual orientation
It has been observed that men who have sex with men (MSM) have a unique relationship with the development of muscle dysmorphia symptoms. MSM are at increased risk for experiencing internalized heterosexism, which can lead to dissatisfaction with one's body and the internalizing of standards for attractiveness. Men who conform to conventional ideals of masculinity often report increased stress from not meeting the imposed standard of a masculine and muscular body. In a sample of 2,733 MSM who reported body dissatisfaction, only one in every 10 reported feeling no dissatisfaction with their muscularity. Dissatisfaction with muscularity had a stronger relationship with quality of life impairment when compared to dissatisfaction with body fat, height, and penis size.

Those who identify as a sexual minority are at increased risk for victimization due to their identity. Having been a victim of homophobic bullying is associated with more symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. A possible cause for this relationship can be the increased feelings of paranoid ideation that a MSM individual can experience following homophobic bullying.

Treatment
Treatment of muscle dysmorphia can be stymied by a patient's unawareness that the preoccupation is disordered or by avoidance of treatment. Scientific research on treatment of muscle dysmorphia is limited, the evidence largely in case reports and anecdotes, and no specific protocols have been validated. Still, evidence supports the efficacy of family-based therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, and pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Also limited is research on prognosis of the untreated.

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates for muscle dysmorphia have greatly varied, ranging from 1% to 54% of men in the studied samples. Samples of gym members, weightlifters, and bodybuilders show higher prevalence than do samples from the general population. Rates even higher have been found among users of anabolic steroids. The disorder is rare in women but does occur, and has been noted especially in female bodybuilders who have experienced sexual assault.

Muscle dysmorphia has been identified in China, South Africa, and Latin America. Nonwestern populations less exposed to western media show lower rates of muscle dysmorphia.

History
Muscle dysmorphia was first conceptualized by healthcare professionals in the late 1990s. In 2016, 50% of peer-reviewed articles on it had been published in the prior five years.

Although muscle dysmorphia was initially viewed as anorexia nervosa's inverse—questing to be large and muscular instead of small and thin —later researchers fit the subjective experience to body dysmorphic disorder.

The American Psychiatric Association recognized muscle dysmorphia with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which classifies it under body dysmorphic disorder. Muscle dysmorphia is absent from the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems' present edition, the tenth, published in 1992.

Reclassifications
Muscle dysmorphia's classification has been widely debated, and alternative DSM classifications have been proposed.

 * Eating disorder: Many of muscle dysmorphia's traits overlap with those of eating disorders, including focus on body weight, shape, and modification, whereas body dysmorphic disorder otherwise usually lacks such dietary and exercise components. Also, persons experiencing muscle dysmorphia tend to score high on the Eating Attitudes Test and Eating Disorder Inventory,  while muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa share diagnostic crossover. Muscle dysmorphia and disordered eating correlate more to each other than either correlates to body dysmorphic disorder.  Treatment for eating disorders may also be effective for muscle dysmorphia.
 * Behavioral addiction: Some researchers seek muscle dysmorphia's reclassification as a behavioral addiction.   Muscle dysmorphia's effort to maintain body image is enacted through activities such as exercise, diet, and related shopping, which may cause conflicts with others. Moreover, compulsive muscle building and dietary restriction can escalate these conflicts. Further, abstinence from these activities can provoke withdrawal symptoms, returning the individual to compulsive behavior.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Muscle dysmorphia


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Henry Gally Knight

Henry Gally Knight, F.R.S. (2 December 1786 – 9 February 1846) was a British politician, traveller and writer.

Biography
Knight was the only son of Henry Gally (afterwards Gally Knight), barrister, of Langold, and was educated at Eton and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He succeeded in 1808 to estates at Firbeck and Langold Park which his father had inherited in 1804 from his brother John Gally Knight.

Knight was appointed High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1814–1815. He also held the office of deputy-lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. He was a Member of Parliament for the constituencies Aldborough (12 August 1814 - April 1815), Malton (1831–1832; 31 March 1835 - 9 February 1846), North Nottinghamshire (1835 and in 1837). In parliament he was a fluent but infrequent speaker. He was also a member of the commission for the advancement of the fine arts. Knight was the subject of the 1818 satirical poem "Ballad to the Tune of Salley in our Alley" by Lord Byron, in which Byron facetiously accuses him of being not only a poetaster, but a dandy as well.

Knight owned Firbeck Hall in Rotherham. Sir Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe is set nearby, and Knight may have been Scott's source of local information when he was writing the book. He was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society on 20 May 1841.

Family
Knight was the nephew of the novelist Frances Jacson. He married Henrietta, the daughter of Anthony Hardolph Eyre of Grove Park, Nottinghamshire and the widow of John Hardolph Eyre. They had no children.

Works
Knight was the author of several Oriental tales, Ilderim, a Syrian Tale (1816), Phrosyne, a Grecian Tale, and Alashtar, an Arabian Tale (1817).

He was also an authority on architecture, and wrote various works on the subject, including Hannibal in Bithynia, An architectural tour in Normandy (1836), The Normans in Sicily (1838), and The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Italy (1842-4), described by Pevsner as a "sumptiously illustrated sequel to The Normans in Sicily". These books brought him more reputation than his fictions.

title: Henry Gally Knight


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Sega Net Link

Sega Net Link (also called Sega Saturn Net Link) is an attachment for the Sega Saturn game console to provide Saturn users with internet access and access to email through their console. The unit was released in October 1996. The Sega Net Link fit into the Sega Saturn cartridge port and consisted of a 28.8 kbit/s modem, a custom chip to allow it to interface with the Saturn, and a browser developed by Planetweb, Inc. The unit sold for US$199, or US$400 bundled with a Sega Saturn. In 1997 Sega began selling the NetLink Bundle, which included the standard NetLink plus the compatible games Sega Rally Championship and Virtual On: Cyber Troopers NetLink Edition, for $99.

The Net Link connected to the internet through standard dial-up services. Unlike other online gaming services in the US, one does not connect to a central service, but instead tells the dial-up modem connected to the Saturn's cartridge slot to call to the person with whom one wishes to play. Since it requires no servers to operate, the service can operate as long as at least two users have the necessary hardware and software, as well as a phone line.

In Japan, however, gamers did connect through a centralized service known as SegaNet, which would later be taken offline and converted for Dreamcast usage.

History
According to Yutaka Yamamoto, Sega of America's director of new technology, the Saturn's design allowed it to access the internet purely through software: "Sega engineers always felt the Saturn would be good for multimedia applications as well as game playing. So they developed a kernel in the operating system to support communications tasks."

While the Net Link was not the first accessory which allowed console gamers in North America to play video games online (see online console gaming), it was the first to allow players to use their own Internet Service Provider (ISP) to connect. While Sega recommended that players use Concentric, the Sega Net Link enabled players to choose any ISP that was within its technical specifications. The device was capable of connecting at a 28.8 kilobit/s connection in America and 14.4 kbit/s in Japan. However, it suffered from memory limitations; the modem's static RAM could store only account information and bookmarks, leaving only the Saturn's limited internal RAM for any downloaded data. This makes it impossible to download audio or video clips, save e-mail messages, or put previously loaded web pages into cache.

In Japan, the Net Link required the use of smartcards with prepaid credits. The Saturn had a floppy drive and printer cable converter (both Japan only) which could be used with the Net Link. A web browser from Planetweb was included, and a mouse and keyboard adapter were available to simplify navigation. Sega also released a dedicated Saturn mouse and Saturn keyboard. In addition, to allow users to browse with just the Saturn joypad, Sega produced a series of CDs containing hundreds of website addresses. The browser included a space magnifying function.

The Planetweb browser was written in C, and runs on just 570 KB, whereas a typical PC browser of the time used up about 6 MB. At the time most television screens ran at a lower resolution than computer monitors, so the browser used anti-aliasing to smooth out the edges of onscreen text characters. The browser could not properly display web sites which use frames.

Five games were released that supported the NetLink. All five were released in late 1997, nearly a year after the NetLink itself. Players could search for other players either on the Internet or using the XBAND matchmaking system, then connect peer-to-peer via modem, or alternatively, use two NetLinks to connect two Saturns and two televisions set up in the same room (thus eliminating the need for a phone line and essentially using the NetLink to emulate the Saturn Link Cable).

Launching at 15,000 yen in Japan and $199 in the USA, it was considered very inexpensive compared to competing online services. It was a runner-up for Electronic Gaming Monthly's Best Peripheral of 1996 (behind the Saturn analog controller). Despite the media excitement over the device and its prominent appearance in Sega's marketing campaign, less than 1% of Saturn owners purchased the NetLink in 1996. Over its lifetime, an estimated 50,000 NetLink units were sold in North America, half of Sega's original goal. Another 1,100 units were donated by Sega of America to schools, in partnership with the nonprofit group Projectneat.

In 2017, fans were able to make the NetLink work a modern highspeed connection with VoIP.

Net Link Zone
The Net Link Zone connected to an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) server irc.sega.com which was changed to the server irc0.dreamcast.com on the release of Sega's Dreamcast. These servers were originally run by Sega employees but were given over to be run by Net Link chat users Leo Daniels and Mark Leatherman.

Successor
SegaNet was launched in 2000 for the Dreamcast, carrying the same name in Japan. The European counterpart was called Dreamarena.

Games compatible with Net Link
The following games are compatible with the Net Link:

 * Daytona USA CCE NetLink Edition
 * Duke Nukem 3D
 * Saturn Bomberman
 * Sega Rally Championship Plus
 * Virtual On: Cyber Troopers NetLink Edition

title: Sega Net Link


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Herbert Knowles

Herbert Knowles (1798–1817) was an English poet.

Knowles was the author of the well-known Stanzas written in Richmond Churchyard, which gave promise of future excellence. However, he died a few weeks after he had been enabled, through the help of Robert Southey to whom he had sent some of his poems, to go to the University of Cambridge.

title: Herbert Knowles


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User talk:Mdraughn

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkTroll 16:26, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mdraughn


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Puducherry Makkal Congress

The Pondicherry Makkal Congress, or Puducherry Makkal Congress (Puducherry Popular Congress), was a political party in the Indian union territory Puducherry (formerly known as Pondicherry). The PMC was formed as a splinter group of the Tamil Maanila Congress. The leader of the PMC was Abar Elumalai. In the assembly elections of Puducherry in 2001, the PMC won four seat (out of 30). Until 2001, the PMC supported the National Democratic Alliance, but then it started to support Indian National Congress. In August 2002 the PMC merged with the INC.

However, P. Kannan left Congress after that Democratic Progressive Alliance had allotted the Puducherry seat to Pattali Makkal Katchi ahead of the 2004 Lok Sabha elections.

As of 2005, P.Kannan had formed a new party, the Puducherry Munnetra Congress.

title: Puducherry Makkal Congress


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User talk:Reto Knaak

Hello, "Reto Knaak" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

Cheers, -- Infrogmation 16:27, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:Reto Knaak


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Vicesimus Knox

Vicesimus Knox (1752–1821) was an English essayist, headmaster and Anglican priest.

Life
Knox was born 8 December 1752, at Newington Green, Middlesex, the son of Vicesimus Knox (1729–1780), a cleric and schoolmaster, and his wife Ann Wall, daughter of Devereux Wall. He was educated at St John's College, Oxford, matriculating in 1771 graduating in 1775. Meanwhile, his father became headmaster of Tonbridge School in 1772. Knox became a Fellow of his college, and was ordained by Robert Lowth, becoming deacon in 1775 and priest in 1776.

Knox replaced his father, who was in poor health, as headmaster of Tonbridge School in 1778. He was successful in raising the number of pupils, from around 20 to around 80. Among Knox's students were Charles Girdlestone and John Mitford.

During the 1790s Knox was critical of British foreign policy, towards France and Poland, in articles written for the Morning Chronicle. The pupil numbers at the school fell back again, after his unpopular views became known.

Knox accumulated some livings: Shipborne (1800, a chapelry, as bequest from William Holles Vane, 2nd Viscount Vane), Ramsden Crays (1801), and Runwell (1807). But he did not become vicar of Tonbridge when the incumbent Henry Harpur died in 1790, the advowson passing out of the Vane family (to David Papillon), and John Rawstorn Papillon being appointed. Theophilus Lindsey had an account from Henry Austen of West Wickham of Knox acting as stand-in after Harpur's death, as a showy preacher who made pointed remarks about Unitarians that Austen took personally.

Views
As an essayist Knox wrote extensively on morals and literature, and as a minister he preached often on behalf of philanthropic causes and against war.

War and peace
Knox argued that

"'If the Christian religion in all its purity, and in its full force, were suffered to prevail universally, the sword of offensive war must be sheathed for ever, and the din of arms would at last be silenced in perpetual peace'."

and that

"'The total abolition of war, and the establishment of perpetual and universal peace, appear to me to be of more consequence than any thing ever achieved, or even attempted, by mere mortal man, since the creation'."

Novels
Knox's Essays Moral and Literary, Volume II, contains Essay XVIII "On Novel Reading", which begins "If it is true, that the present age is more corrupt than the preceding, the great multiplication of Novels probably contributes to its degeneracy." He considered that contact with Gil Blas or Devil Upon Two Sticks, picaresque novels by Alain-René Lesage, could cause a schoolboy to lose the taste for Latin classics.

The sentimental novel was explicitly linked by Knox to solitary vice. An early critic of Laurence Sterne, he took issue with the morality of A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy. He complained that Sterne and Elizabeth Draper, of Journal to Eliza, had too many imitators. Winter Evenings has a story of Belinda who was too fond of "pathetic" novels. Knox approved of travel writing.

Works
Knox wrote:

 * Essays Moral and Literary, anon. London ; 2nd edition, corrected and enlarged, London 1779; Volume the Second, with 39 additional essays, was published in 1779, London, after the second edition of the original volume had appeared with Knox's name on the title-page; 12th edition, New York, 1793, 2 vols.; another edition, Basil, 1800; 17th edition, Lond. 1815, 3 vols.; in James Ferguson's British Essayists, 2nd edition, vols. xxxv–vii. London 1823; new edition, London 1823, 3 vols., a duplicate of the preceding, without the collective title-pages; another edition in Robert Lynam's British Essayist, vol. xxii. and xxiii., London 1827. Other editions are given in William Thomas Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manua (Bohn).
 * Liberal Education, or a Practical Treatise on the Methods of acquiring Useful and Polite Learning, Lond. 1781; 10th edition, Lond. 1789, 2 vols., with a letter to Lord North. Answered in An Examination of the Important Question whether Education at a Great School or by Private Tuition is preferable (1782) by Percival Stockdale.
 * Elegant Extracts, or Useful and Entertaining Passages in Prose, selected for the improvement of Scholars at Classical and other Schools in the Art of Speaking, in Reading, Thinking, Composing, and in the Conduct of Life, anon. Lond. 1783; 10th edition, anon. Lond. 1816, 2 vols. ‘The Prose Epitome, or Elegant Extracts abridged,’ anon. Lond. 1791.
 * Winter Evenings, or Lucubrations on Life and Letters, anon. Lond. 1788, 3 vols.; 2nd edition, Lond. 1790, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd edition, Lond. 1795, 3 vols.; new edition, Basil [printed], Paris, 1800, 2 vols.; new edition, Lond. 1823, 3 vols.; another edition is contained in Robert Lynam's British Essayists, vols. xxix. and xxx., Lond. 1827.
 * Elegant Extracts, or Useful and Entertaining Pieces of Poetry, selected for the improvement of Youth, anon. London 1789; other editions, anon. Lond. 1801, 1805, and 1816; The Poetical Epitome, or Elegant Extracts abridged, anon. London 1807
 * Elegant Epistles, or a copious Collection of Familiar and Amusing Letters, selected for the improvement of young Persons, and for general Entertainment, Lond. 1790; another edition, Dublin, 1791. The ‘Elegant Extracts,’ both in prose and verse, and the ‘Elegant Epistles’ were frequently reprinted together; an edition was published by Sharpe in 1810 (18 vols.); ‘a new edition … prepared by J. G. Percival,’ 1842, Boston, Mass., (6 vols.); sometimes the ‘Family Lectures’ were added.
 * Family Lectures, or Domestic Divinity; being a copious Collection of Sermons, selected from … Divines of the present century, for the Use of Schools, anonymously edited by Knox, London 1791–5, 2 vols.; the second, or "new volume", has an altered title; reprinted in 1815, and subsequently published in 1 vol. to match the Elegant Extracts. The preachers included Thomas Newlin.
 * Sermons, chiefly intended to promote Faith, Hope, and Charity, London 1792; 2nd edition, corrected, London 1793. The first edition contained some adverse remarks about Unitarians in the preface, and John Disney published a pamphlet Letters to Vicesimus Knox, D. D. occasioned by his Reflections on Unitarian Christians. Henry Barry Peacock then defended Knox.
 * Personal Nobility, or Letters to a young Nobleman on the Conduct of his Studies and the Dignity of the Peerage, anon. Lond. 1793; dedicated to Charles James Fox.
 * Antipolemus, or the Plea of Reason, Religion, and Humanity against War; a Fragment, translated from Erasmus and addressed to Aggressors, anon. Lond. 1794. The extracts were from the Dulce bellum inexpertis, Adagia and Querela Pacis of Desiderius Erasmus. Knox wrote a lengthy introduction against the War of the First Coalition, which had set Great Britain against France.
 * The Spirit of Despotism … London, printed in the year 1795; Philadelphia, reprinted … Nov. 28, mdccxcv; it blames exploitation in Britain on returning nabobs. There were four later editions, "dedicated to Lord Castlereagh",’ and "edited by the author of the "Political House that Jack Built"" (i.e. William Hone), published in 1821, Lond.; another edition by the same editor appeared in 1822, Lond. with Knox's name on the title-page; the 10th edition appeared in the fifth volume of Knox's Works; 11th edition, with A Preliminary Dissertation on Government, Law, and Reform, and the Life and Character of Dr. Knox, the Author, London 1837, with portrait. Hone states that the book was first privately printed in London, in 1795, but was suppressed by Knox; but the American edition may have been the first.
 * Christian Philosophy, or an Attempt to Display the Evidence and Excellence of Revealed Religion, Lond. 1795, 2 vols.; 3rd edition, with an appendix on Mr. Paine's "Pamphlet on Prayer, on Psalmody, and a short List of Books for the use of the … unlearned reader", London 1798. First American edition, Philadelphia, 1804; another edition, with an introductory essay by the Rev. Henry Stebbing, appeared in vol. xix. of Cattermole and Stebbing's Sacred Classics, London 1835; and later editions, London 1854, &c.
 * Considerations on the Nature and Efficacy of the Lord's Supper, Lond. 1799; 2nd edition, abridged, Lond. 1800.
 * Remarks on the tendency of certain Clauses in a Bill now pending in Parliament to degrade Grammar Schools. With cursory Strictures on the national importance of preserving inviolate the Classical discipline prescribed by their Founders, London 1821; second edition corrected, in The Pamphleteer for 1822.
 * The Works of Vicesimus Knox, D.D.: With a Biographical Preface (1824)

Also single sermons and anonymously issued editions of Juvenal and Persius (1784) and of Catullus (1784; reprinted 1824). Thomas De Quincey called Knox "a writer now entirely forgotten" in a footnote to his Philosophy of Herodotus (1842).

Family
Knox in 1778 married Mary Miller (died 1809). Their children were:

 * Holles Josiah, died young
 * Vicesimus (d. 1855), a barrister, married in 1845 Lucy, third daughter of Ralph Bernal; after his death she married Seymour Tremenheere
 * Thomas (1784–1843), who succeeded his father as headmaster of Tonbridge School in 1812
 * Sarah.

title: Vicesimus Knox


text:
Königsberger Klopse

Königsberger Klopse, also known as Soßklopse, are a German specialty of meatballs in a creamy white sauce with capers.

Name
The dish is named for the former German city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), and is one of the highlights of historical East Prussian cuisine. In the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the dish was officially called Kochklopse ("boiled meatballs") to avoid any reference to its namesake city, which in the aftermath of World War II had been annexed by the Soviet Union. The city's German inhabitants had been expelled, and the city had been repopulated with Russians and other Soviet citizens and renamed after Mikhail Kalinin, a close ally of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet leadership. Königsberger Klopse were jokingly referred to as Revanchistenklopse. Königsberger Klopse are still a popular dish in present-day Germany. In 2022, it was featured on CNN as one of the best German dishes.

Preparation
The meatballs are made from very finely minced veal, though less expensive beef or pork is often substituted, along with onions, eggs, a few (white) bread crumbs, and spices, chiefly white pepper. The traditional recipe uses anchovy. If herring is substituted, the dish is called Rostocker Klopse. If both anchovy and herring are omitted, it may be generically called Soßklopse (sauced meatballs).

The meatballs are carefully simmered in salt water, and the resulting broth is mixed with roux, cream, and egg yolk to which capers are added. A simpler version of the recipe thickens the sauce with flour or starch only, omitting the egg yolk. A refined version uses only egg yolk as a thickener. Capers are an essential ingredient in all these versions.

The dish is traditionally served with beetroot and boiled potatoes or, less often, with rice.

title: Königsberger Klopse


text:
William Knox (Scottish poet)

William Knox (17 August 1789 – 12 November 1825) was a Scottish poet. He is known for writing Abraham Lincoln's favourite poem, Mortality (O, Why Should The Spirit Of Mortal Be Proud?), which Lincoln often recited by memory.

Early life and agricultural career
William Knox was born on 17 August 1789 in the small estate of Firth, in the parish of Lilliesleaf, in the county of Roxburghshire, in southern Scotland. He was the eldest child (of three sons and three daughters) of Thomas Knox, an agricultural and pastoral farmer in Roxburghshire and the neighbouring Selkirkshire, and Barbara Turnbull, the eldest daughter of Walter Turnbull, Esquire of Firth. He was educated first in the parish school of Lilliesleaf (to age 14), then in Musselburgh Grammar School. The Knox family lived in a farm (Todrig) which his mother had inherited when her first husband, also a farmer, died.

From an early age William was considered to have powers of acute observation and steady attention, and a mind keen, active and susceptible of deep impressions. He also had a peculiarly retentive memory. By age 14, he was a good English scholar with a considerable knowledge of Latin. He was also passionately fond of music and liked to draw. At an early age William started writing songs and other poetical pieces, humorous and satirical, chiefly in the Scottish dialect. After his return from Musselburgh to Firth to assist his father, poetry became more than just an amusement for him.

In 1812 he leased the farm of Wrae, near Langholm, Dumfriesshire, and farmed unsuccessfully - mainly due to the lack of a capital needed to render the farm sufficiently productive - from 1812 to 1817; then he turned to writing poems, encouraged by both Christopher North and Sir Walter Scott.

Despite having farmed for only five years, he earned the approbation of the intelligent agriculturists in Dumfriesshire, who considered Knox as a man well fitted to excel as a farmer. He was greatly esteemed and highly praised by all of his neighbours: for his generosity as a man and for his worth as a friend. During his farming years, Knox never lost his interest in poetry and literature. By 1817 - when he ceased farming - William was deeply read in the British poets, both ancient and contemporary. In 1817 he composed the greater number of the pieces contained in his first work, The Lonely Hearth and other Poems. By that time he also had become a good literary critic, not only of poetry but also of other English literature, and had exercised his talents in different styles of composition. At about that time, he wrote unpublished poems entitled The Influence of Love over the other Passions and The Father's Cottage.

Later life
He wrote several books of poetry: The Lonely Hearth (1818); The Songs of Israel (1824), which contains Mortality (O, Why Should The Spirit Of Mortal Be Proud?); The Harp of Zion (1825); and latterly was a journalist in Edinburgh.

Both Sir Walter Scott and Professor John Wilson (Christopher North) of Edinburgh, had a high opinion of Knox as a man and as a poet with "fascinating conversational powers and general literary information". In the year 1820 Knox moved to Edinburgh. From then until shortly before his death many of his small works of prose and verse appeared in various periodicals. He was a frequent contributor to the Literary Gazette. He wrote a Christmas tale entitled Marianne or the Widower's Daughter and also A Visit to Dublin.

At the beginning of 1823 he visited his brother Walter in Ireland, and remained there for about twelve months. During that visit he composed The Songs of Israel, published soon after his return to Edinburgh in 1824. His next and last publication was The Harp of Zion, published in April 1825 and written only a few months before its publication.

The memory of William Knox was so powerful that once, when a bookseller mislaid the manuscript of The Harp of Zion, he is said to have sat down and in two or three days re-written the whole poem from his recollection (the only trouble it cost him being the manual labour). He scarcely ever altered the first draft of his compositions, as he believed that the first draft was generally the best.

Robert Southey, a Romantic English poet and Poet Laureate from 1813 until 1843, wrote to Knox on 19 August 1824: ''“Your little volume has been safely delivered to me by your friend Mr G. Macdonald, and I thank you for it. It has given me great pleasure. To paraphrase sacred poetry is the most difficult of all tasks, and it appears to me that you have been more successful in the attempt than any of your predecessors. You may probably have heard that the Bishop of Calcutta ... was engaged in forming a collection of hymns and sacred pieces, with the hope of having them introduced into our English churches. Some of yours are so well adapted to that object that I will send out a copy of your book to him. … I cannot but wish that talents and feelings such as yours were employed in the ministry of the gospel, where you would find your happiness in the performance of your duty – you are young enough to think of this.”''

William Knox suffered a stroke, and died three or four days later in Edinburgh on 12 November 1825. He is buried in the New Calton Cemetery in its upper east section.

O, Why Should The Spirit Of Mortal Be Proud?
The poem “O, Why Should The Spirit Of Mortal Be Proud?” was a particular favorite of Abraham Lincoln. American painter F. B. Carpenter wrote that while he was engaged in painting his large picture at the White House, he was alone one evening with the president in his room when President Lincoln said: "There is a poem, which has been a great favorite with me for years, which was first shown to me when a young man, by a friend, and which I afterwards saw and cut from a newspaper, and learned by heart. I would,” he continued, “give a great deal to know who wrote it, but I have never been able to ascertain.”

title: William Knox (Scottish poet)


text:
NLC

NLC may refer to:

Places

 * Naliya Cantt, the station code for a railway station in Northern India
 * New London (Amtrak station), Connecticut, United States; Amtrak station code NLC.

Fictional locations

 * "New Leaf City", a part of the MMORPG MapleStory.

Schools

 * North Lake College, a Dallas County Community College.
 * Northeast Lakeview College, a community college and member college of the Alamo Colleges in the San Antonio, Texas metropolitan area.
 * Northwest Lineman College

Companies, organizations, departments

 * The National Labor Committee, an American NGO working for sweatshop labor reform in Asia and Central/South America
 * National Leadership Conference, the largest conference of the year of FBLA-PBL
 * National League of Cities, an advocacy organization in the United States representing 19,495 cities
 * National Liaison Committee for International Students in Australia
 * National Liberal Club, a London gentlemen's club
 * National Liberation Council, the government in Ghana from 1966 to 1969
 * National Library of China, the national library in Beijing
 * National Logistics Corporation, Pakistani logistics company
 * National Lottery Commission, a non departmental public body which regulates and licenses the UK National Lottery
 * National Lutheran Council, a former association of Lutheran churches in the United States
 * Ndola Lime Company Limited, a Zambian company
 * Nebraska Library Commission
 * Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation
 * Neo-Luciferian Church
 * New Leaders Council Leading progressive leadership training institute in North America
 * New Line Cinema film studio
 * Neyveli Lignite Corporation, a lignite mining and power generating company in India
 * Nigeria Labour Congress
 * Northern Land Council, an Aboriginal organisation in the Northern Territory of Australia

Other uses

 * National League Central, a division in Major League Baseball
 * National Location Code, a numerical code assigned to revenue-generating locations on the British railway network for accounting and ticket-issuing purposes
 * Natural language and computation
 * Nematic Liquid Crystal
 * Newton's Law of Cooling
 * Next Level Chef (American TV series)
 * Next Linear Collider
 * Noctilucent cloud, rare bright cloudlike atmospheric phenomena visible in a deep twilight
 * Numerical Library Collection, a collection of mathematical libraries that supports the development of numerical simulation programs by NEC
 * Nurse Licensure Compact, a multi-state agreement allowing some nurses in the United States to practice outside of their home state
 * Nutrition and Lifestyle Coach

title: NLC


text: Category:Rocket fuels

title: Category:Rocket fuels


text:
William Laidlaw (poet)

William Laidlaw (1780–1845) was a Scottish poet. The son of a border farmer, he became steward and amanuensis to Walter Scott, and was the author of a well-known ballad, Lucy's Flittin.

Life
He was born 19 November 1780, at Blackhouse, Selkirkshire, where his father was a sheep-farmer. After receiving an elementary education at Peebles he assisted his father for a time. James Hogg, whose mother was his distant cousin, was employed at Blackhouse for ten years, and formed a lasting friendship with Laidlaw.

In 1801, Hogg and Laidlaw helped Scott with materials for the Border Minstrelsy. After two unsuccessful attempts at farming, in Peeblesshire and Midlothian, Laidlaw in 1817 became steward to Sir Walter Scott at Abbotsford. In 1819, when Scott was recovering from an illness, Laidlaw and Ballantyne wrote to his dictation most of The Bride of Lammermoor, and subsequently A Legend of Montrose, and nearly all Ivanhoe. St. Ronan's Well may have been due to Laidlaw's suggestion that Scott should devote a novel to "Melrose in July 1823", according to John Gibson Lockhart.

Scott suffered financial ruin; but after an interval, Laidlaw again became his amanuensis, retaining the post till Scott's death in 1832. Subsequently he was factor to Sir Charles Lockhart-Ross, 8th Baronet, at Balnagowan, Ross. Retiring in poor health, he died in the house of his brother at Contin, near Dingwall, 18 May 1845.

Works
Laidlaw is remembered only for his tender song, Lucy's Flittin, published in Hogg's Forest Minstrel, 1810. After 1817 he compiled, under Scott's management and direction, part of the Edinburgh Annual Register, and contributed articles to the Edinburgh Monthly Magazine. He is also said to have written on the geology of Selkirkshire. The University of Glasgow has posted the poem in its entirety.

title: William Laidlaw (poet)


text:
Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School

Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School, formerly Vaughan Secondary School, is a public secondary school in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. It opened in 1989 by the York Region Board of Education and is currently overseen by the York Region District School Board.

The school was originally named after the City of Vaughan, which was named after Benjamin Vaughan. After complaints that Benjamin Vaughan had associations with slavery, the York Region District School Board renamed this school in honour of Hodan Nalayeh, a Somali-Canadian journalist. The school services a very diverse and multicultural community. Its motto is "Ficta Fiunt Res Gestae" (Turning dreams into action).

History
Vaughan Secondary School was officially opened in 1989 by the York Region Board of Education and consists of three floors of classrooms and portables.

With district reorganization in 2006, a number of regions previously associated with Vaughan Secondary School were reassigned to Stephen Lewis Secondary School (Block 10). Students entering Grade 9 and 10 in 2006 residing in Block 10 were transferred from Vaughan Secondary School to Stephen Lewis Secondary School. This reorganization reduced Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School's student body from about 2,000 students to about 1,100 students.

In September 2020, the York Region District School Board voted to have the name Vaughan removed from its name for historical links to slavery. The school renaming comes after the murder of George Floyd months prior and had been named after the city in which it is located, which in turn was named after Benjamin Vaughan, a British Parliamentarian who owned Jamaican slaves and was once an opponent of abolitionism. As a result, the school was temporarily named "Secondary School".

In March 2021, the school was officially renamed to Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School after Somali-Canadian media executive Hodan Nalayeh, who was murdered in Somalia in 2019 in the Asasey Hotel attack.

French Immersion
Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School is one of six schools in the York District to offer a French immersion curriculum. Upon successful completion of the requisite French Immersion courses, students are eligible to receive a French Immersion Certificate.

Advanced Placement
Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School offers the Advanced Placement Program to its students. The school offers AP courses in Science (Chemistry, Biology and Physics), English, History and Math (Advanced functions, Calculus and Vectors). Like other AP programs, students who complete the Grade 12 AP courses are eligible to write the AP exam.

Radio Station
Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School is home to 90.7 RAV-FM, one of four licensed high school radio stations in Ontario and part of Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School's broadcasting course.

Building
Architecturally, Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School has a modern exterior and interior design. The school consists of a three-storey building and portables. The building's first floor consists of the main lobby, principal stage, 2 gymnasiums, and the cafeteria. The second floor houses the library and the radio station.

Notable alumni

 * Nickeil Alexander-Walker, drafted 17th overall in the 2019 NBA draft by the New Orleans Pelicans
 * Adam Hadwin, professional golfer
 * Andrew Nembhard, drafted 31st overall in the 2022 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers
 * Ben Silverman, professional golfer
 * Andrew Wiggins, drafted 1st overall in the 2014 NBA draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers

title: Hodan Nalayeh Secondary School


text:
Malcolm Laing

Malcolm Laing (1762 – 6 November 1818) was a Scottish historian, advocate and politician.

Life
He was born to Robert Laing and Barbara Blaw at the paternal estate of Strynzia or Strenzie, on Stronsay, Orkney; Samuel Laing and Gilbert Laing Meason were his brothers. He attended the grammar school in Kirkwall, and was a student at Edinburgh University. He joined the Speculative Society in 1782.

In 1785 Laing was admitted advocate, and from 1789 for five years was advocate for poor litigants. During 1790 he was working on the electoral roll in Orkney, in the Whig interest. In 1794, with Adam Gillies, he defended Joseph Gerrald in his sedition case. Sir James Mackintosh, a friend, regarded Laing's delivery as far too fast, and an impediment to his legal career; Henry Cockburn, Lord Cockburn commented quite positively on his "hard, peremptory, Celtic manner and accent".

Laing signed the declaration of the Society of Friends of the People in 1794, and joined the Whig Club. A personal friend of Charles James Fox, he was one of a group of advisers of Fox during the first years of the 19th century on his work of British history, with William Belsham, Samuel Heywood and James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale. He was Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland from 1807 to 1812, brought in by the Ministry of All the Talents.

In 1808 Laing suffered a breakdown, and withdrew from public life. He introduced merino sheep on the islands of Eday and Sanday, purchasing a flock from Tweeddale that had belonged to Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet. At the end of his life he tried to introduce the brown hare.

History
Laing finished Robert Henry's History of Great Britain with a final volume in 1793, and wrote a History of Scotland from the Union of the Crowns to the Union of the Kingdoms (1800). In a second edition of the History in 1804 half the work was devoted to a Dissertation on the participation of Mary Queen of Scots in the Murder of Darnley and the Casket Letters, hostile to Mary, Queen of Scots. Like George Brodie and Ebenezer Marshal, Laing dwelled on negative feudal and other features of early modern Scottish history. In 1804 also Laing edited The Historie and Life of King James the Sext.

By modern standards, Laing erred by endorsing a "Scottish Gothic" theory of the Picts: that this founding group of the Kingdom of Scotland were not Celts, but had a Teutonic origin. He endorsed the views of John Pinkerton on the matter, as did John Jamieson and James Sibbald.

Ossian critic
In 1805 Laing published in two volumes Poems of Ossian, containing the Poetical Works of James MacPherson in Prose and Verse, with Notes and Illustrations. It contained juvenilia by James Macpherson, collector of the Ossian poems, who had died in 1796. It also described how they might be dependent on modern sources that had been borrowed. Laing's flawed criticism was seminal for a far fetched theory that Macpherson had used Robert Lowth's study of Hebrew verse to construction his own alleged translations.

For Charles James Fox, as explained in a letter to Laing, Macpherson was in the ranks of politically mischievous historians, led by David Hume and his A History of England. Others they attacked were Sir John Dalrymple, 4th Baronet and Thomas Somerville. The underlying issue was Tory and Jacobite revisionism of the fabricated Whig historical narrative.

The "Ossian debate", on the poems' authenticity to supposed ancient sources, was coming to a head that year. Via Robert Anderson, Laing claimed he was in possession of a confession by Macpherson of the complete fabrication to another party, Sir John Elliott, who had mentioned it to Thomas Percy. On the other hand, the Report of the Highland Society (1805) upheld the authenticity claims. Percy took the eirenic view that the blame game, at least, should cease.

Family
On 10 September 1805 Laing married Margaret Dempster Carnegy, daughter of Thomas Carnegy of Craigo and Mary Gardyne. Margaret's sister was married to Adam Gillies, Lord Gillies.

title: Malcolm Laing


text:
William Ros, 1st Baron Ros

William Ros or Roos, 1st Baron Ros of Helmsley (c. 1255 – 6 or 8 August 1316), was one of the claimants of the crown of Scotland in 1292 during the reign of Edward I.

Family
William Ros was the eldest son of Robert de Ros (d. 17 May 1285) of Helmsley, Yorkshire, and Isabel d'Aubigny (c. 1233 – 15 June 1301), daughter and heiress of William D'Aubigny of Belvoir, Leicestershire, and granddaughter of William d'Aubigny. He had four brothers and three sisters:

 * Sir Robert Ros of Gedney, Lincolnshire.
 * John Ros.
 * Nicholas Ros, a cleric.
 * Peter Ros, a cleric.
 * Isabel Ros, who married Walter Fauconberg, 2nd Baron Fauconberg.
 * Joan Ros, who married John Lovel, 1st Baron Lovel, as his second wife.
 * Mary Ros, who married William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose.

Career
On 24 December 1264, William's father, Robert de Ros (d. 1285), was summoned to Simon de Montfort's Parliament in London as Robert de Ros, and for some time it was considered that the barony was created by writ in that year, and that Robert de Ros was the 1st Baron Ros. According to The Complete Peerage:

"In 1616, the barony of Ros was allowed precedence from this writ [of 24 December 1264], a decision adopted by the Lords in 1806 (Round, Peerage and Pedigree, vol. i, pp. 249-50); but these writs, issued by Simon in the King's name, are no longer regarded as valid for the creation of peerages."

Accordingly, the barony is now considered to have been created when William Ros was summoned to Parliament from 6 February 1299 to 16 October 1315 by writs directed Willelmo de Ros de Hamelak.

William Ros succeeded to the family honours and estates on the death of his mother. He was an unsuccessful competitor for the crown of Scotland, founding his claim on his descent from his great-grandmother, Isabel, a bastard daughter of William I of Scotland. He was buried at Kirkham Priory. He was involved in the wars of Gascony and Scotland. He discovered that his kinsman Robert de Ros, Lord of Werke, intended to give up his castle to the Scots. William notified the king of this, who sent him with a thousand men to defend that place. The place was then forfeited because of the treason of Robert de Ros. William Ros then took possession of it. William was appointed warden of the west Marches of Scotland.

Through his marriage to Maud de Vaux, the patronage of Penteney and Blakeney Priories in Norfolk and of Frestun in Lincolnshire came into the Ros family.

Marriage and issue
William Ros married before 1287 Maud de Vaux (born c. 1261), younger daughter and coheiress of John de Vaux, by his 2nd wife, Sibyl, by whom he had four sons and four daughters.

 * William Ros, 2nd Baron Ros.
 * Sir John Ros (d. before 16 November 1338), who married Margaret de Goushill (d. 29 July 1349).
 * Thomas Ros.
 * George Ros.
 * Agnes Ros, who married firstly Sir Pain de Tibetot, and secondly Sir Thomas de Vere.
 * Alice Ros, who married Sir Nicholas de Meinill. Their daughter, Elizabeth de Meinill, married Sir John Darcy, 2nd Lord Darcy of Knayth.
 * Margaret Ros.
 * Lucy Ros.

title: William Ros, 1st Baron Ros