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Estudiantes de La Plata

Club Estudiantes de La Plata ( lit. "Students from La Plata"), simply referred to as Estudiantes de La Plata, is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Plata. The club's football team currently competes in the Primera División, where it has spent most of its history.

The club is a successful team in Argentina. In 1967, Estudiantes was the first team outside the traditional "big five" to win a professional league title. It has won four additional league titles and has had greater international success, having won six international titles. Estudiantes' international title championships are four Copa Libertadores (including three straight from 1968 to 1970), an Intercontinental Cup, and an Interamerican Cup.

The club was founded in 1905 when a group of players and fans decided to break away from Gimnasia de La Plata, which favored indoor sport rather than football. Matches between the two clubs are known as the Clásico Platense.

Other sports where Estudiantes competes are basketball, team handball, field hockey, golf, swimming, judo, and volleyball.

First years
In 1905, a group of football players and fans in the city of La Plata decided to break away from Gimnasia y Esgrima, the major club in the city, since Gimnasia's management neglected football after the closure of their field on 13th and 71st streets.

Thus, on August 4, 1905, in the shoestore "New York" on 7th Street, between 57 and 58 of the city of La Plata, the club was founded under the name "Club Atlético Estudiantes". Its first president, Miguel Gutiérrez, was elected on the very same night, when the club charter was drafted by card-carrying member #1, Alfredo Lartigue. Since its inception, the organization primarily was dedicated to football, but over the years the club expanded and incorporated basketball, handball, field hockey, tennis, swimming and golf, among others.

In those days, teams like Lomas A.C., Quilmes, Belgrano A.C., Estudiantil Porteño, San Isidro and Argentino de Quilmes, among others, faced each other in successive tournaments organized by the Argentine Football Association with Alumni (graduates of the Buenos Aires English High School) being one of the most successful.

On 28 February 1906 Estudiantes adopted a jersey design of striped red and white, in honor of Alumni, that had won ten championships between 1900 and 1911. However, during the early years, Estudiantes had to use a red shirt with a white stripe in the chest, because league authorities decided the uniform was too similar to Alumni's.

First title

The first pitch of the club was located at the intersection of 19th and 53rd streets in La Plata (now Plaza Islas Malvinas), with the first match being played on November 7, 1905, when Estudiantes faced Nacional Juniors from Buenos Aires. A year later, Estudiantes enrolled in the Associación Amateurs de Football (AAF). The stadium on 1st Avenue opened on 25 December 1907.

Estudiantes' first achievement was the 1911 Primera B title which allowed the team to play at the top tier of Argentine football, Primera División. Just two years later Estudiantes won its first title in Primera, playing at the dissident Federación Argentina de Football (FAF). That season the team disputed 18 matches, winning 14 with only 1 lost and scoring 64 goals (with an average of 3,55 goals per match).

In 1914 Estudiantes made another great campaign but the team finished second to Porteño. 1919 saw Estudiantes finishing second to champion Boca Juniors although the Association put an end to the tournament with 14 fixtures still to be played. The Association alleged that "the championship took longer than expected" so it was suddenly finished.

In subsequent years, Estudiantes made irregular campaigns, in some cases finishing at the bottom of the table. Nevertheless, the team made a great performance in 1928 when finishing third to champion Huracán and Boca Juniors. The last year of amateur era saw Estudiantes being runner-up to Boca Juniors. The team totalized 56 points in 35 matches, with 27 won and 7 losses.

"The Professors"
When professionalism was adopted in Argentine football in 1931, Estudiantes had a famous offensive lineup: Miguel Ángel Lauri, Alejandro Scopelli, Alberto Zozaya, Manuel Ferreira and Enrique Guaita, known as Los Profesores ("The Professors"), and still regarded as one of Argentina's all-time finest. Alberto Zozaya scored the first goal of professional football in Argentina and was the top goalscorer of the first professional tournament. Ferreira played for the national team in the 1928 Olympic Games and the 1930 World Cup; Guaita and Scopelli played for Italian national team that won the 1934 FIFA World Cup. Saúl Calandra, the Sbarra brothers (Raúl and Roberto) and Armando Nery were feared defensive players.

In 1937, a pioneering lighting system was installed in the stadium, allowing night games to be played.

The 1940s saw the emergence of goalkeeper Gabriel Ogando, and players such as Walter Garcerón, Alberto Bouché, Juan Urriolabeitía, Ricardo Infante, Héctor Antonio, as well as the final seasons of striker Manuel Pelegrina, who remains Estudiantes' all-time top scorer with 221 goals. Following a confrontation with the Peronist government of Buenos Aires Province, the club's management was removed by authorities (allegedly for refusing to distribute copies of Eva Perón's book to club members) The government-appointed management disbanded the team: top scorers Infante and Pelegrina signed with Huracán. The decimated team was relegated in 1953, but after the return of Pelegrina (who tricked Huracán by becoming a free agent without the club's consent), Estudiantes was promoted the following year. The club was allowed to govern itself soon thereafter.

In the 1960s, Miguel Ignomiriello coached the Estudiantes under-19 team known as La Tercera que Mata ("The Killer Juveniles"), which would evolve, with a few acquisitions, into the team coached by Osvaldo Zubeldía that won the 1967 Metropolitano championship. With this title, Estudiantes became the first club outside the "big five" (Boca Juniors, River Plate, Racing Club, Independiente and San Lorenzo) to obtain a professional title. This opened the floodgates, and soon other "small" clubs would do likewise (Vélez Sársfield in 1968, Chacarita Juniors one year later, and soon other teams joined as well).

International success
Estudiantes went on to win the Copa Libertadores three years in a row (1968, 1969 and 1970), and the 1968 Intercontinental Cup against Manchester United. The latter game is still remembered for the violent behaviour of Estudiantes' players. They lost the Intercontinental title against A.C. Milan (1969) and Feyenoord (1970). Estudiantes won the maiden edition of the Copa Interamericana in a three-legged final against the reigning CONCACAF title-holders, Mexican club Toluca (the games were played in 1969, but official references call it the 1968 edition).

The last part of the Zubeldía era was marred by the antics of some players. Following a violent Intercontinental match against Milan, the entire team was arrested on orders from Argentine President Juan Carlos Onganía. In an unprecedented step, goalkeeper Alberto Poletti was suspended for life (he was later pardoned) and did time in jail, together with teammates Ramón Aguirre Suárez and Eduardo Luján Manera. Because of these events, it became a cliché to refer to Zubeldía's football as el antifútbol ("the anti-football"), because of its physical violence, and its frequent resort to timewasting tactics. The Times commented that Estudiantes is "one of the most despicable teams ever to emerge from South America."

Zubeldía hired former referees to lecture the team on regulations, so that his players would be able to exploit every loophole in the book. Also, he incorporated tactics that were unheard of at the time, such as playbook drills for free-kicks and corner kicks, the offside trap, and double-marking opponents.

The Zubeldía team counted two physicians among its stars: Carlos Bilardo and Raúl Horacio Madero graduated from the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Medicine during their playing days. Juan Ramón Verón was a gifted player who could play left wing, but would also join the midfielders or attack from the right. He profited from the no-nonsense playing of Marcos Conigliaro, Juan Miguel Echecopar and Madero, and the tactical guidance provided by Bilardo. Right-back Eduardo Luján Manera was a very talented player, but suffered from repeated injuries and did not reach his full potential. Fullback Aguirre Suárez was noted for his often violent play, and so was Luis Medina.

After the 1970 season, Carlos Bilardo retired from play and got involved in his family's furniture business. As the team's fortunes were declining and relegation seemed a possibility, he was called by management in mid-1971 to coach the team. Under his guidance, Estudiantes lost the 1975 Nacional title in the last day of play and made it to the 1976 Copa Libertadores.

Carlos Bilardo era
In the ensuing years, Bilardo alternated between coaching Estudiantes and Colombian teams. He was briefly the coach of the Colombia national team, but was called again by Estudiantes in 1982. Soon after, the team won the 1982 Metropolitano championship. Under his successor Eduardo Luján Manera, also a member of the Zubeldía's team, Estudiantes won the 1983 Nacional tournament as well. Both wins were at the expense of a star-studded Independiente.

Those championship teams were anchored by a solid defense (Julián Camino on the right and Abel Ernesto Herrera on the left were also fearsome attackers, and José Luis Brown provided security as a sweeper), and also had three creative midfielders (José Daniel Ponce, Alejandro Sabella and Marcelo Trobbiani, with Miguel Ángel Russo to guard their backs) and two top-notch strikers (Hugo Gottardi and Guillermo Trama).

Bilardo went on to coach the Argentina national football team, that won the 1986 FIFA World Cup. The captain of Estudiantes' 1982 champions, José Luis Brown, scored the opening goal in the final match against West Germany. Four years later, Bilardo's Argentina reached the final of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Madero was team physician for both events, and Ricardo Echevarría, also from Estudiantes, was fitness coach.

Decline and return to success
Estudiantes was relegated for the second time after the 1993–94 season, and again returned to the first division the very next season, which was the breakout year for Juan Sebastián Verón (son of former player Juan Ramón). In the ensuing years, the club had irregular results, and became known mostly as the breeding ground for strikers such as Martín Palermo, Luciano Galletti, Bernardo Romeo, Ernesto Farías and Mariano Pavone, as well as other quality players such as José Ernesto Sosa and Pablo Piatti.

Bilardo returned as coach in 2003, with new management bent on rebuilding the club in his winning ways. Some young players were promoted, such as Marcos Angeleri and José Ernesto Sosa. When Bilardo departed, the team remained a contender under coaches Reinaldo Merlo and Jorge Burruchaga. The team made history when it came from behind (0–3 at half-time) to win 4–3 against Peruvian Sporting Cristal in a Libertadores match played on 21 February 2006.

On May 18, 2006, Burruchaga was replaced by another former Argentine international, Diego Simeone, who built the team around Juan Sebastián Verón, who returned to Estudiantes after 11 years. Simeone's team was eliminated by São Paulo in a penalty shoot-out in the quarter-finals of the 2006 Copa Libertadores, but went on to an impressive campaign in the local league during the 2006 Apertura. It amassed ten consecutive wins (tying the club record), including an unprecedented 7–0 win against Gimnasia in the La Plata derby, played 15 October 2006. Estudiantes finished the regular season tied for first place with Boca Juniors (per Argentine league rules, goal difference is not used to determine the champion). A winner-take-all final match was played on December 13, 2006. Estudiantes came from behind to defeat Boca Juniors 2–1, thus securing its first division title in 23 years. During this campaign, Estudiantes defeated all the "big five", allowed the fewest goals, and three of their players (Pavone, Verón and Braña) were ranked as the league's top three by sports diary Olé.

Simeone left the team after the 2007 Apertura, and was replaced by former S.S. Lazio teammate Roberto Sensini. After a weak finish in the 2008 Clausura, Sensini was replaced with Leonardo Astrada. Under his guidance, Estudiantes reached the final of the 2008 Copa Sudamericana, which it lost to Brazilian side SC Internacional. Shortly thereafter, a string of bad results caused Astrada's departure.

In March 2009, former player Alejandro Sabella became head coach, his first such engagement (his coaching experience was limited to being an assistant to Daniel Passarella). The team improved their standing in the local league and advanced to the final of the 2009 Copa Libertadores, winning 2–1 on aggregate over Cruzeiro after a goal-less draw in La Plata and an away win on 15 July 2009. Verón was chosen as the competition's most valuable player, and Mauro Boselli was its top goalscorer, with a decisive header in the final match. Thus, Estudiantes earned the right to play the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup in Abu Dhabi.

In that event, Estudiantes won their semifinal match against Pohang Steelers 2–1, and lost the final against FC Barcelona 2–1 in extra time, after a 1–1 tie in regulation time.

After the Club World Cup participation, Estudiantes finished second in the 2010 Clausura (with local favorite José Sosa playing on loan), and won the 2010 Apertura after a protracted battle against Vélez Sarsfield. The team was in transition following the departure of Sosa and the sales of Boselli, right back Marcos Angeleri, and other key players.

Facilities
Jorge Luis Hirschi Stadium is located on 1st Avenue, between 55th and 57th Streets, in La Plata. It has a capacity for 32,530 people after the last addition of a new corner stand that was added in March 2022.

In its previous incarnation (1907 to 2005) the stadium had room for 23,000. The wooden stands behind the goal-lines were standing-room only. The stands next to the avenue were sitting-room, and were separated from the avenue by a row of tile trees. The opposite side was roofed and had the best seating arrangements. The noisiest fans used to occupy the 55th Street popular, while visiting fans were often directed to the 57th St. popular, opposite a technical high school (whose inconvenient location was responsible for the relatively small size of the pitch, at 105 x 68 m).

For some international games in the Zubeldía era, Estudiantes played in Boca Juniors' La Bombonera, noted for its intimidating acoustics.

With the erection of Estadio Ciudad de La Plata in the 1990s, both Estudiantes and Gimnasia decided initially against relocating their home games. However, Estudiantes's field was closed down in September 2005 because of new safety regulations which forbid standing-only wooden stands. This began a sequence of political infighting between the club and City Hall. Estudiantes played some home games in the nearby Gimnasia stadium, and later used Quilmes Atlético Club's Centenario field. There, Estudiantes made history with a come-from-behind 4–3 Libertadores win against Sporting Cristal.

In April 2006 a court decree allowed the re-opening of 1 y 57, but mayor Julio Alak intervened again to prevent this from happening. Renovation work on the stadium started in 2007, and met with opposition from several groups, notably the "Hoja de Tilo" NGO, who claims that the works would damage the environmental balance of the park behind the stadium.

While using the city stadium, Estudiantes earned five consecutive derby wins, and had a streak of 37 games undefeated in the local league (2007–2009). When roofing work began in August 2009 to install a new roof in the city stadium, Estudiantes moved once again to Quilmes, and alternated both locations until the stadium was re-opened in November 2019. The new stadium has LED lighting, playmaster surface, and features amenities such as shopping and restaurants underneath the stands.

Estudiantes' training grounds are located in the Country Club premises in City Bell, north of La Plata.

Supporters
Within the La Plata area, Estudiantes was traditionally regarded as the club of the middle class, while rival side Gimnasia y Esgrima was identified with the working class. This characterization is not necessarily anchored in reality. While the two clubs have roughly the same pull in La Plata, Estudiantes has more of a nationwide following, especially after its international successes in the 1960s. There used to be much discussion about which club has the larger following, but Estudiantes seems to have pulled forward.

For several periods in the club's history, a group of supporters from Buenos Aires (los porteños) were a powerful element within the fan base. One of the fans from 1960s to the 1990s was Raúl Bernechea, known as el pelapapas (the "potato peeler") after his job as a kitchen hand; he was noted for lighting bonfires during games, juggling and performing other stunts.

Author Ernesto Sabato was an Estudiantes sympathizer, and was honored with a ceremony where he was awarded a No. 10 jersey. Political essayist Arturo Jauretche mentioned Estudiantes in one of his books.

Other noted fans include tennis player Juan Mónaco, actors Jorge and Federico D'Elía, philosopher Darío Sztajnszrajber, journalist Mauro Szeta, human rights activist Estela de Carlotto, filmmaker and politician Fernando Solanas, and sports journalist Osvaldo Príncipi.

In the 1983 presidential election, Estudiantes fans were, together with their peers from Vélez Sársfield, the first to voice their support for eventual winner Raúl Alfonsín in his bid against the Peronistas. The friendship with Vélez supporters has since vanished, especially after an Estudiantes win denied Vélez the 2003 championship.

Estudiantes is on friendly terms with several clubs from the South side of Greater Buenos Aires; especially Quilmes and Témperley. Platense, from the North side of Greater Buenos Aires, held a special place in the hearts of Estudiantes fans for some time, as it cemented Gimnasia's relegation in 1979.

Estudiantes is also friendly with the Uruguayan fan base of Peñarol, once their classic Libertadores rivals.

Colors and badge
The Estudiantes' colors (red and white) were originally taken from the shirt of legendary Alumni, the team which they admired. Apart from Estudiantes, other clubs (such as Unión de Santa Fe, Barracas Central, Talleres (RE), or Instituto (C)) would also adopt the red and white colors as a tribute to the Brown Brothers' team, the most winning club in Argentina until its dissolution in 1911.

Estudiantes also shares colors with Spanish side Athletic Bilbao, and during a period in the 1950s, both institutions shared a reputation for confronting the government (Bilbao as a Basque nationalist side against the Franco regime, and Estudiantes against Peronism). During these times, Bilbao donated a set of jerseys to Estudiantes. The relationship has been rekindled in the 2000s through Argentine expatriates and partisan blogs.

The traditional badge has suffered minor modifications in its history since its inception in 1920, sometimes alternating with a design that resembled a pennant (introduced in 1934) with an "E" at the center and oak leaves at background.

Nicknames
The nickname pincharratas (rat stabbers), often shortened to pinchas, comes from the nickname of Felipe Montedónica, who spent much time chasing after rats in the La Plata market in the 1910s and 1920s, and hence was known as "el pincharratas". Pictures exist of Montedónica with some of the players, where his nickname is mentioned. Traditionally, the nickname is also associated with the laboratory work done by the many Medicine students among the club's early members.

This nickname extends to the fans. It is common to hear fans say "soy del pincha" ("I am pincha").

Fans also call the team el león (the lion), el orgullo de la ciudad (the pride of the city), los capos de La Plata (the bosses of La Plata), and el único campeón de la ciudad (the only one champion of the city), because they are the only team in the city that has won an official tournament.

For several years, many chants incorporated the word Tricampeón (three-time champion) because of the Libertadores three-peat. After the 2009 Libertadores final, some of the newer lyrics use the word Tetracampeón (four-time champion).

Top goalscorers in Primera
Players who have been top scorers in Primera División seasons:

Managers
Estudiantes de La Plata has had a long list of managers come up through its ranks who have gone on to become some of most influential and successful Argentine coaches. These include Guillermo Stábile, Osvaldo Zubeldía, Carlos Bilardo, Diego Simeone and Alejandro Sabella.

 * 🇦🇷 Guillermo Stábile (1940 – 1941)
 * 🇦🇷 Alberto Zozaya (1945 – 1949)
 * 🏴 Neil McBain (1949 – 1951)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Fortunato (1954 – 1955)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Lauri (1955)
 * 🇦🇷 Manuel Ferreira (1955)
 * 🇦🇷 Saúl Ongaro (1956)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Infante (1960)
 * 🇦🇷 Saúl Ongaro (1962 – 1963)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Aldabe (1963 – 1964)
 * 🇦🇷 Osvaldo Zubeldía (Jan 1965 – Dec 1970)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Bilardo (1971)
 * 🇦🇷 José María Silvero (1972)
 * 🇦🇷 Omar Sívori (1972)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Bilardo (1973 – 1976)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Luján Manera (1977)
 * 🇪🇸 Héctor Rial (1978)
 * 🇦🇷 José Yudica (1980)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Pachamé (1981)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Bilardo (1982 – 1983)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Luján Manera (1983 – 1985)
 * 🇦🇷 Humberto Zuccarelli (July 1985 – Jun 1986)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Luján Manera (1986)
 * 🇦🇷 José Ramos Delgado (1987)
 * 🇦🇷 Oscar Malbernat (1987 – 1988)
 * 🇦🇷 Humberto Zuccarelli (Jul 1990 – 1991)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Flores (1991 – 1992)
 * 🇺🇾 Luis Garisto (1992 – 1993)
 * 🇦🇷 Enzo Trossero (1993 – 1994)
 * 🇦🇷 Héctor Vargas (1994)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo & 🇦🇷 E. Luján Manera (1994 – 1995)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcos Conigliaro (1995)
 * 🇦🇷 Patricio Hernández (1998 – 1999)
 * 🇦🇷 Néstor Craviotto (2000 – 2002)
 * 🇦🇷 Oscar Malbernat (2002 – 2003)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Pachamé (2003)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Bilardo (2003 – 2004)
 * 🇦🇷 Reinaldo Merlo (Jul 2004 – Apr 2005)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Burruchaga (Jul 2005 – Jun 2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Simeone (May 2006 − Dec 2007)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Sensini (Jan 2008 – Sep 2008)
 * 🇦🇷 Leonardo Astrada (Sep 2008 – Mar 2009)
 * 🇦🇷 Alejandro Sabella (Mar 2009 − Feb 2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Berizzo (Feb 2011 – May 2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (Jul 2011 − Nov 2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Azconzábal (Nov 2011 – Apr 2012)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Cagna (Jul 2012 − Apr 2013)
 * 🇦🇷 Mauricio Pellegrino (Apr 2013 – Apr 2015)
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Milito (Apr 2015 – Dec 2015)
 * 🇦🇷 Nelson Vivas (Dec 2015 – Jun 2017)
 * 🇺🇾  Gustavo Matosas (Jun 2017 – Sep 2017)
 * 🇦🇷 Lucas Bernardi (Sep 2017 – May 2018)
 * 🇦🇷 Leandro Benítez (Jun 2018 – Feb 2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Milito (11 Mar 2019–5 Mar 2020)
 * 🇦🇷 Leandro Desábato & 🇦🇷 Rodrigo Braña (2020 (interims))
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Dominguez (6 Mar 2023 - present)

League

 * Primera División (6): 1913 FAF, 1967 Metropolitano, 1982 Metropolitano, 1983 Nacional, 2006 Apertura, 2010 Apertura
 * Primera B Nacional (1): 1994–95
 * Primera B (2): 1935, 1954
 * Intermedia (1): 1911

National cups

 * Copa de la Liga Profesional (1): 2024
 * Copa Argentina (1): 2023
 * Copa Adrián C. Escobar (1): 1944
 * Copa Gral. P. Ramírez (1): 1945

Other cups

 * Copa Bullrich (1): 1919

International

 * Copa Libertadores (4): 1968, 1969, 1970, 2009
 * Intercontinental Cup (1): 1968
 * Copa Interamericana (1): 1968

title: Estudiantes de La Plata


text:
1995 New Brunswick general election

The 1995 New Brunswick general election was held on September 11, 1995, to elect 55 members to the 53rd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada.

The Liberals were again victorious. McKenna's personal popularity allowed the Liberals to maintain a large majority while the Tories managed only 6 seats, while the CoR lost all theirs. The combined PC-CoR vote exceeded that of the Liberals in an additional 10 ridings (Albert, Fundy Isles, Kings East, Mactaquac, Petitcodiac, Saint John-Fundy, Southwest Miramichi, Victoria-Tobique, Western Charlotte and Woodstock).

Also of note, there were 55 ridings in this election, as opposed to 58 in previous elections. It was the first time boundaries were redrawn in New Brunswick since 1974.

Background
Valcourt, a popular politician from Edmundston, had served as an MP from 1984 to 1993, and served in the cabinets of Prime Ministers Brian Mulroney and Kim Campbell. The New Brunswick Tories had been in shambles for the better part of a decade. They were shut out of the legislature in 1987, and won only three seats and third place in 1991. The internal meltdown of the CoR party had left them much room on the right, and polls showed that there would be a competitive race.

The election marked the debut of Bernard Valcourt as a provincial politician, and as leader of a reinvigorated Progressive Conservative Party. Frank McKenna sought a third term for his Liberal government, while the Confederation of Regions (CoR) party struggled to survive after considerable internal strife. Elizabeth Weir tried to expand her New Democratic Party's foothold in the legislature.

Results
* Natural Law did not contest the 1991 election.

Candidates
Many new and changed districts were used for the first time in this election as a result of an electoral redistribution.

Legend
 * bold denotes a party leader
 * italics denotes a potential candidate who has not received his/her party's nomination
 * † denotes an incumbent who is not running for re-election
 * * denotes an incumbent seeking re-election in a new district

Northern New Brunswick
Laurent Maltais (Natural Law) 93 Chris Jensen (Natural Law) 81
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|1. Restigouche West
 * Jean Paul Savoie 3,745
 * Luc LeBrun 3,230
 * Wendy Martin 200
 * Marcelle Lamontagne (Natural Law) 93
 * Jean-Paul Savoie
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|2. Campbellton
 * Edmond Blanchard 4,831
 * Florent Jim Levesque 1,207
 * Louis Renaud 425
 * Harold I. Hargrove (CoR) 368
 * Jean-Paul Savoie
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|2. Campbellton
 * Edmond Blanchard 4,831
 * Florent Jim Levesque 1,207
 * Louis Renaud 425
 * Harold I. Hargrove (CoR) 368
 * Florent Jim Levesque 1,207
 * Louis Renaud 425
 * Harold I. Hargrove (CoR) 368
 * Harold I. Hargrove (CoR) 368
 * Harold I. Hargrove (CoR) 368
 * Edmond Blanchard
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|3. Dalhousie-Restigouche East
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Carolle de Ste. Croix 4,006
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Gail Walsh 743
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Aurèle Ferlatte 2,753
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Charles Gendron Stewart (Ind.) 220
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Charles Gendron Stewart (Ind.) 220
 * Allan Maher†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Rayburn Doucett†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|4. Nigadoo-Chaleur
 * Albert Doucet 4,421
 * Maxime Lejeune 2,555
 * Ulric DeGrâce 662
 * Francine Richard (Natural Law) 126
 * Albert Doucet
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|5. Bathurst
 * Marcelle Mersereau 4,956
 * Graham Wiseman 695
 * Kim Power 824
 * William Parker (Natural Law) 88
 * Marcelle Mersereau
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|6. Nepisiguit
 * Alban Landry 3,715
 * Anne-Marie Gammon 1,953
 * Normand Savoie 690
 * Andie Haché (Natural Law) 87
 * Frank Branch†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|7. Caraquet
 * Bernard Thériault 4,367
 * Bernard Haché 1,804
 * Jean-Marie Nadeau 1,792
 * Marc Boulay (Natural Law) 68
 * Bernard Thériault
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|8. Lamèque-Shippagan-Miscou
 * Jean-Camille DeGrâce 4,124
 * Paul Robichaud 4,096
 * Daniel Brindle 222
 * Gilles Godin 56
 * Jean Gauvin†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|9. Centre-Péninsule
 * Denis Landry 3,448
 * Roland Mallais 2,749
 * Pierre Cousineau 373
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|10. Tracadie-Sheila
 * George McLaughlin 3,803
 * Elvy Robichaud 4,214
 * Aldoria Noël 172
 * Elvy Robichaud
 * }
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|7. Caraquet
 * Bernard Thériault 4,367
 * Bernard Haché 1,804
 * Jean-Marie Nadeau 1,792
 * Marc Boulay (Natural Law) 68
 * Bernard Thériault
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|8. Lamèque-Shippagan-Miscou
 * Jean-Camille DeGrâce 4,124
 * Paul Robichaud 4,096
 * Daniel Brindle 222
 * Gilles Godin 56
 * Jean Gauvin†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|9. Centre-Péninsule
 * Denis Landry 3,448
 * Roland Mallais 2,749
 * Pierre Cousineau 373
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|10. Tracadie-Sheila
 * George McLaughlin 3,803
 * Elvy Robichaud 4,214
 * Aldoria Noël 172
 * Elvy Robichaud
 * }
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|9. Centre-Péninsule
 * Denis Landry 3,448
 * Roland Mallais 2,749
 * Pierre Cousineau 373
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|10. Tracadie-Sheila
 * George McLaughlin 3,803
 * Elvy Robichaud 4,214
 * Aldoria Noël 172
 * Elvy Robichaud
 * }
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|10. Tracadie-Sheila
 * George McLaughlin 3,803
 * Elvy Robichaud 4,214
 * Aldoria Noël 172
 * Elvy Robichaud
 * }
 * Aldoria Noël 172
 * Elvy Robichaud
 * }
 * Elvy Robichaud
 * }
 * Elvy Robichaud
 * }

Eastern New Brunswick
Gayer Holmes (Ind.) 147
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|11. Miramichi Bay
 * Danny Gay 3,504
 * Jim Gordon 3,334
 * Mary M. Parker 237
 * Allison Furlotte (CoR) 91
 * Danny Gay
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|12. Miramichi-Bay du Vin
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Frank McKenna 5,089
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Scott Hickey 2,114
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Debbie McGraw 617
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Brian E. Farrah (Natural Law) 92
 * Frank McKenna
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Reg MacDonald
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|13. Miramichi Centre
 * John McKay 4,081
 * Paul Dawson 3,803
 * Terry Carter 353
 * John McKay
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|14. Southwest Miramichi
 * Reg MacDonald* 3,227
 * Andy Dawson 2,326
 * Allan Goodfellow 337
 * Gerald Stewart (CoR) 1,055
 * Reg MacDonald
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|13. Miramichi Centre
 * John McKay 4,081
 * Paul Dawson 3,803
 * Terry Carter 353
 * John McKay
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|14. Southwest Miramichi
 * Reg MacDonald* 3,227
 * Andy Dawson 2,326
 * Allan Goodfellow 337
 * Gerald Stewart (CoR) 1,055
 * John McKay
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|14. Southwest Miramichi
 * Reg MacDonald* 3,227
 * Andy Dawson 2,326
 * Allan Goodfellow 337
 * Gerald Stewart (CoR) 1,055
 * Andy Dawson 2,326
 * Allan Goodfellow 337
 * Gerald Stewart (CoR) 1,055
 * Allan Goodfellow 337
 * Gerald Stewart (CoR) 1,055
 * Gerald Stewart (CoR) 1,055
 * Brent Taylor†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|15. Rogersville-Kouchibouguac
 * Kenneth Johnson 3,530
 * Hermel Mazerolle 2,728
 * Charles Richard 493
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|16. Kent
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Alan Graham 4,318
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Stéphane Comeau 903
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|John LaBossiere 522
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Percy R. Beers (CoR) 387
 * Alan Graham
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Conrad Landry†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|17. Kent South
 * Camille Thériault 6,313
 * Charles Ryan 1,774
 * Clifford Meunier 740
 * Camille Thériault
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|18. Shediac-Cap-Pélé
 * Bernard Richard 6,963
 * Jean-Claude Bourque 1,006
 * John Gagnon 543
 * Bernard Richard
 * }
 * Conrad Landry†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|17. Kent South
 * Camille Thériault 6,313
 * Charles Ryan 1,774
 * Clifford Meunier 740
 * Camille Thériault
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|18. Shediac-Cap-Pélé
 * Bernard Richard 6,963
 * Jean-Claude Bourque 1,006
 * John Gagnon 543
 * Bernard Richard
 * }
 * Camille Thériault
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|18. Shediac-Cap-Pélé
 * Bernard Richard 6,963
 * Jean-Claude Bourque 1,006
 * John Gagnon 543
 * Bernard Richard
 * }
 * John Gagnon 543
 * Bernard Richard
 * }
 * Bernard Richard
 * }
 * Bernard Richard
 * }

Southeastern New Brunswick

 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|19. Tantramar
 * Marilyn Trenholme 3,414
 * Eric Wheeler 654
 * Berkeley Fleming 844
 * Julia Stevens 553
 * Marilyn Trenholme Counsell
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|20. Dieppe-Memramcook
 * Greg O'Donnell 6,639
 * Bernard Lord 2,181
 * Bernice Butler 577
 * Robert Henry 177
 * Greg O'Donnell
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|21. Moncton East
 * Ray Frenette 4,466
 * Brian Donaghy 1,302
 * Gérard Snow 854
 * Gerry Fullerton 604
 * Ray Frenette
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|22. Moncton South
 * Jim Lockyer 4,332
 * Bob Leighton 1,236
 * Blair McInnis 577
 * Don Freeman 861
 * James E. Lockyer
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|23. Moncton North
 * Gene Devereux 4,333
 * Marc LeBlanc 1,139
 * Mark Robar 608
 * Cyril Flanagan 945
 * Michael Boucher (Natural Law) 40
 * vacant
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|24. Moncton Crescent
 * Kenneth R. MacLeod 3,832
 * Barbara Winsor 1,489
 * Richard Hay 426
 * Dean Ryder 1,017
 * Richard Mullins 227
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|25. Petitcodiac
 * Hollis Steeves 2,398
 * Charles Harmer 1,650
 * Jennifer Stairs 310
 * Tom Taylor 1,673
 * Dennis Cochrane†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|26. Riverview
 * Al Kavanaugh 4,090
 * Scott MacGregor 1,712
 * David Bailie 317
 * Doug Roper 1,436
 * Gordon Wilden*
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|27. Albert
 * Harry Doyle 2,871
 * Wayne Steeves 1,964
 * Elizabeth Venart 353
 * Doug Duff 1,350
 * Beverly Brine†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|28. Kings East
 * LeRoy Armstrong 3,074
 * Hazen Myers 3,030
 * Brian Stone 325
 * Gordon Willden* 548
 * Brian A. Chown (Ind.) 193
 * Hazen Myers
 * }
 * Cyril Flanagan 945
 * Michael Boucher (Natural Law) 40
 * vacant
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|24. Moncton Crescent
 * Kenneth R. MacLeod 3,832
 * Barbara Winsor 1,489
 * Richard Hay 426
 * Dean Ryder 1,017
 * Richard Mullins 227
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|25. Petitcodiac
 * Hollis Steeves 2,398
 * Charles Harmer 1,650
 * Jennifer Stairs 310
 * Tom Taylor 1,673
 * Dennis Cochrane†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|26. Riverview
 * Al Kavanaugh 4,090
 * Scott MacGregor 1,712
 * David Bailie 317
 * Doug Roper 1,436
 * Gordon Wilden*
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|27. Albert
 * Harry Doyle 2,871
 * Wayne Steeves 1,964
 * Elizabeth Venart 353
 * Doug Duff 1,350
 * Beverly Brine†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|28. Kings East
 * LeRoy Armstrong 3,074
 * Hazen Myers 3,030
 * Brian Stone 325
 * Gordon Willden* 548
 * Brian A. Chown (Ind.) 193
 * Hazen Myers
 * }
 * Al Kavanaugh 4,090
 * Scott MacGregor 1,712
 * David Bailie 317
 * Doug Roper 1,436
 * Gordon Wilden*
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|27. Albert
 * Harry Doyle 2,871
 * Wayne Steeves 1,964
 * Elizabeth Venart 353
 * Doug Duff 1,350
 * Beverly Brine†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|28. Kings East
 * LeRoy Armstrong 3,074
 * Hazen Myers 3,030
 * Brian Stone 325
 * Gordon Willden* 548
 * Brian A. Chown (Ind.) 193
 * Hazen Myers
 * }
 * Doug Duff 1,350
 * Beverly Brine†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|28. Kings East
 * LeRoy Armstrong 3,074
 * Hazen Myers 3,030
 * Brian Stone 325
 * Gordon Willden* 548
 * Brian A. Chown (Ind.) 193
 * Hazen Myers
 * }
 * Hazen Myers 3,030
 * Brian Stone 325
 * Gordon Willden* 548
 * Brian A. Chown (Ind.) 193
 * Hazen Myers
 * }
 * Brian A. Chown (Ind.) 193
 * Hazen Myers
 * }
 * Hazen Myers
 * }

Greater Saint John & Fundy Coast
Allison Pring (Natural Law) 60 Christopher Collrin (Natural Law) 49
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|29. Hampton-Belleisle
 * Georgie Day* 3,310
 * Ronald Hatfield 2,837
 * Shirley Short 870
 * Ben Macaulay 456
 * Neil Dickie (Natural Law) 69
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|30. Kennebecasis
 * Peter LeBlanc 3,279
 * John van Kralingen 2,069
 * Elizabeth Thompson 1,522
 * Bob Ross 471
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|31. Saint John-Fundy
 * Stuart Jamieson 2,447
 * Rodney Weston 2,263
 * Aubrey Fougere 968
 * Bernard Toole 224
 * Phyllis Johnston (Natural Law) 49
 * Stuart Jamieson
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|32. Saint John-Kings
 * Laureen Jarrett 3,176
 * Bill Artiss 2,561
 * Pam Coates 825
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|31. Saint John-Fundy
 * Stuart Jamieson 2,447
 * Rodney Weston 2,263
 * Aubrey Fougere 968
 * Bernard Toole 224
 * Phyllis Johnston (Natural Law) 49
 * Stuart Jamieson
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|32. Saint John-Kings
 * Laureen Jarrett 3,176
 * Bill Artiss 2,561
 * Pam Coates 825
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * Stuart Jamieson
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|32. Saint John-Kings
 * Laureen Jarrett 3,176
 * Bill Artiss 2,561
 * Pam Coates 825
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * Bill Artiss 2,561
 * Pam Coates 825
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * Pam Coates 825
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * Gary Ewart (Ind.) 497
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|33. Saint John Champlain
 * Roly MacIntyre 2,222
 * Lisa Keenan 1,547
 * Paula Tippett 1,888
 * Christina Green 200
 * George Jenkins†
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|34. Saint John Harbour
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Robert A. Higgins 1,813
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Lloyd Betts 702
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Elizabeth Weir 2,901
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Roland Griffith 137
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Janice MacMillan (Natural Law) 52
 * John Mooney†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Elizabeth Weir
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|35. Saint John Portland
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Leo McAdam 2,454
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Trevor Holder 2,113
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Greg Barry 1,507
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Terry Van Duzee 209
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * Leo McAdam
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Shirley Dysart†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|36. Saint John Lancaster
 * Jane Barry 2,954
 * Norm McFarlane 2,673
 * Kenneth Wilcox 1,030
 * Peter Whitebone 215
 * Richard Gerrior (Ind.) 188
 * rowspan=3|Greg Barry 1,507
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Terry Van Duzee 209
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * Leo McAdam
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Shirley Dysart†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|36. Saint John Lancaster
 * Jane Barry 2,954
 * Norm McFarlane 2,673
 * Kenneth Wilcox 1,030
 * Peter Whitebone 215
 * Richard Gerrior (Ind.) 188
 * Jane Barry 2,954
 * Norm McFarlane 2,673
 * Kenneth Wilcox 1,030
 * Peter Whitebone 215
 * Richard Gerrior (Ind.) 188
 * Kenneth Wilcox 1,030
 * Peter Whitebone 215
 * Richard Gerrior (Ind.) 188
 * Richard Gerrior (Ind.) 188
 * Richard Gerrior (Ind.) 188
 * Jane Barry
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|37. Grand Bay-Westfield
 * Edward Kelly 1,583
 * Milt Sherwood 2,332
 * Julie Dingwell 1,471
 * Colby Fraser 527
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|38. Charlotte
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Sheldon Lee 3,645
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Sharon Tucker 1,269
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Eugene Dugas 124
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Lynn Mason 107
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Teresa James (Ind.) 54
 * Sheldon Lee
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Eric Allaby
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|39. Fundy Isles
 * Eric Allaby* 1,201
 * Bob Jackson 1,111
 * Bill Barteau 77
 * John Cunningham 171
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|40. Western Charlotte
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Ann Breault 3,076
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Ken Stevens 1,752
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|John Alexander 257
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Tony Huntjens 1,590
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * Reid Hurley†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Ann Breault
 * }
 * John Cunningham 171
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|40. Western Charlotte
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Ann Breault 3,076
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Ken Stevens 1,752
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|John Alexander 257
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Tony Huntjens 1,590
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * Reid Hurley†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Ann Breault
 * }
 * Reid Hurley†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Ann Breault
 * }
 * Ann Breault
 * }
 * Ann Breault
 * }

Greater Fredericton

 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|41. Oromocto-Gagetown
 * Vaughn Blaney* 3,537
 * Jody Carr 1,861
 * Sandra Burtt 390
 * Ab Rector 914
 * Ab Rector
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|42. Grand Lake
 * Doug Tyler* 3,743
 * Stephen McCready 2,177
 * Danny Young 420
 * Connie Webber 1,501
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|43. Fredericton North
 * Jim Wilson 4,235
 * Walter Brown 1,778
 * Elaine Perkins 1,074
 * Ross Ingram 1,569
 * Ed Allen†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|44. Fredericton-Fort Nashwaak
 * Greg Byrne 3,241
 * Brent Bishop 1,464
 * Patricia Kennedy 929
 * Nancy Curtis 857
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|45. Fredericton South
 * Russ King 4,141
 * David Peterson 1,980
 * Dick Grant 1,042
 * Dave O'Brien 776
 * Jeanne Geldart (Natural Law) 108
 * Russ King
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|46. New Maryland
 * Joan Kingston 3,719
 * Robert Penney 1,759
 * Eric Keating 636
 * Max White* 1,873
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|47. York
 * John Flynn 3,632
 * Martin MacMullin 1,815
 * Mary van Gaal 546
 * Stephen Little 1,350
 * Patricia Carlson (Natural Law) 56
 * Danny Cameron†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|48. Mactaquac
 * David Olmstead 3,106
 * Donald Parent 2,131
 * Thomas Steep 505
 * Greg Hargrove 1,755
 * Greg Hargrove
 * }
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|45. Fredericton South
 * Russ King 4,141
 * David Peterson 1,980
 * Dick Grant 1,042
 * Dave O'Brien 776
 * Jeanne Geldart (Natural Law) 108
 * Russ King
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|46. New Maryland
 * Joan Kingston 3,719
 * Robert Penney 1,759
 * Eric Keating 636
 * Max White* 1,873
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|47. York
 * John Flynn 3,632
 * Martin MacMullin 1,815
 * Mary van Gaal 546
 * Stephen Little 1,350
 * Patricia Carlson (Natural Law) 56
 * Danny Cameron†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|48. Mactaquac
 * David Olmstead 3,106
 * Donald Parent 2,131
 * Thomas Steep 505
 * Greg Hargrove 1,755
 * Greg Hargrove
 * }
 * colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|47. York
 * John Flynn 3,632
 * Martin MacMullin 1,815
 * Mary van Gaal 546
 * Stephen Little 1,350
 * Patricia Carlson (Natural Law) 56
 * Danny Cameron†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|48. Mactaquac
 * David Olmstead 3,106
 * Donald Parent 2,131
 * Thomas Steep 505
 * Greg Hargrove 1,755
 * Greg Hargrove
 * }
 * Danny Cameron†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|48. Mactaquac
 * David Olmstead 3,106
 * Donald Parent 2,131
 * Thomas Steep 505
 * Greg Hargrove 1,755
 * Greg Hargrove
 * }
 * Thomas Steep 505
 * Greg Hargrove 1,755
 * Greg Hargrove
 * }
 * Greg Hargrove
 * }
 * Greg Hargrove
 * }

Upper Saint John River Valley
Carter Edgar (Ind.) 109
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|49. Woodstock
 * Bruce Smith 3,306
 * Fred Hanson 3,058
 * David Kennedy 530
 * Lynn Avery (CoR) 687
 * Bruce Smith
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|50. Carleton
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Butch Green 3,216
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Dale Graham 4,016
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Deanna Grant 220
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|David Kilcollins (CoR) 438
 * Allison DeLong†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Dale Graham
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|51. Victoria-Tobique
 * Larry Kennedy 2,845
 * Greg Inman 2,838
 * Leslie Ferguson 114
 * Kevin Jensen (CoR) 592
 * Allison DeLong†
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Dale Graham
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|51. Victoria-Tobique
 * Larry Kennedy 2,845
 * Greg Inman 2,838
 * Leslie Ferguson 114
 * Kevin Jensen (CoR) 592
 * Larry Kennedy 2,845
 * Greg Inman 2,838
 * Leslie Ferguson 114
 * Kevin Jensen (CoR) 592
 * Leslie Ferguson 114
 * Kevin Jensen (CoR) 592
 * Kevin Jensen (CoR) 592
 * Kevin Jensen (CoR) 592
 * Larry Kennedy
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|52. Grand Falls Region
 * Paul Duffie 4,583
 * Jean-Guy Laforest 2,301
 * André Faust 264
 * Paul Duffie
 * rowspan=3 bgcolor=whitesmoke|53. Madawaska-la-Vallée
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Gérald Clavette 2,908
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Percy Mockler 3,964
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|Jean-Marie St. Onge 118
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * Gérald Clavette
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke colspan=2 align=center|merged district
 * Percy Mockler
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|54. Edmundston
 * Roland Beaulieu 2,803
 * Bernard Valcourt 4,215
 * Maureen Michaud 102
 * Roland Beaulieu
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|55. Madawaska-les-Lacs
 * Georges Corriveau 3,085
 * Jeannot Volpé 4,060
 * John Nowlan 103
 * Georges Corriveau
 * }
 * Percy Mockler
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|54. Edmundston
 * Roland Beaulieu 2,803
 * Bernard Valcourt 4,215
 * Maureen Michaud 102
 * Roland Beaulieu
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|55. Madawaska-les-Lacs
 * Georges Corriveau 3,085
 * Jeannot Volpé 4,060
 * John Nowlan 103
 * Georges Corriveau
 * }
 * Roland Beaulieu
 * bgcolor=whitesmoke|55. Madawaska-les-Lacs
 * Georges Corriveau 3,085
 * Jeannot Volpé 4,060
 * John Nowlan 103
 * Georges Corriveau
 * }
 * Jeannot Volpé 4,060
 * John Nowlan 103
 * Georges Corriveau
 * }
 * Georges Corriveau
 * }
 * Georges Corriveau
 * }
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1995 New Brunswick general election


text: Talk:You've Got to Believe in Something

title: Talk:You've Got to Believe in Something


text:
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces

Humorous Phases of Funny Faces is a 1906 short silent animated cartoon directed by James Stuart Blackton and generally regarded by film historians as the first animated film recorded on standard picture film.

Content
In the cartoon, animated hand-drawn scenes appear on a chalkboard, including a clown playing with a hat and a dog jumping through a hoop. In the beginning, though, the cartoonist's hands are included, too, as he draws the first several lines on the chalkboard in standard live action. From there, the stop-motion technique is used to show what appears to be drawings completing—and then moving—by themselves with no artist on screen.

Techniques
Stop-motion as well as cutout animation are used, just as Edwin Porter moved his letters in How Jones Lost His Roll, and The Whole Dam Family and the Dam Dog. However, there is a very short section of the film where things are made to appear to move by altering the drawings themselves from frame to frame.

The film moves at 20 frames per second.

title: Humorous Phases of Funny Faces


text:
Face to Face

Face to Face or Face 2 Face may refer to:

Films

 * Face to Face (1914 film), an American silent short film starring Miriam Nesbitt
 * Face to Face (1922 film), an American silent mystery film starring Marguerite Marsh
 * Face to Face (1952 film), an American two-part film
 * Face to Face (1963 film) (Licem u Lice), a Croatian film
 * Face to Face (1967 film) (Faccia a faccia), an Italian spaghetti western
 * Face to Face (1976 film) (Ansikte mot ansikte), a Swedish film by Ingmar Bergman
 * Face to Face (1979 film) (Ballë për Ballë), an Albanian drama
 * Face to Face (1984 film) (Mukhamukham), a Malayalam film
 * Face to Face (1990 film), a TV film presented by the Hallmark Hall of Fame
 * Face to Face, a 2001 American film featuring Meat Loaf
 * Face to Face (2011 film), an independent Australian film directed by Michael Rymer
 * Face 2 Face (2012 Malayalam film), a mystery film starring Mammootty
 * Face 2 Face (2012 American film), a documentary-styled film directed by Katherine Brooks
 * Face 2 Face (2016 film), an American film starring Daniela Bobadilla
 * Face to Face (2019 Sri Lankan film), an action thriller film by Harsha Udakanda
 * Face 2 Face (2019 Indian film), a romantic thriller film by Sandeep Sanardhan

Literature

 * Face to Face (Kulin novel), a novel by Ayşe Kulin
 * Face to Face (play), a 2000 play by David Williamson
 * Face to Face, a novel by Ellery Queen
 * Face to Face, a novel by Hall Bartlett
 * Face to Face, a 1949 short story collection by Nadine Gordimer
 * Face to Face, a novel by Robert Grant
 * "Face to Face", a 1980s Sunday Times (South Africa) column by Jani Allan
 * Face to Face: Polar Portraits, a photography and exploration book by Huw Lewis-Jones

Tours

 * A series of tours by Elton John and Billy Joel from 1994 to 2010, starting with Face to Face 1994

Groups

 * Face to Face (new wave band), a 1980s band from Boston
 * Face to Face (punk band), a band from California

Albums

 * Face to Face (The Angels album), 1978
 * Face to Face (Baby Face Willette album), 1961
 * Face to Face (Barclay James Harvest album), 1987
 * Face to Face (Cissy Houston album), 1996
 * Face to Face (Evelyn King album), 1983
 * Face to Face (1984 Face to Face album)
 * Face to Face (1996 Face to Face album)
 * Face to Face (GQ album), 1981
 * Face to Face (The Kinks album), 1966
 * Face to Face (Oscar Peterson and Freddie Hubbard album), 1982
 * Face to Face (Tete Montoliu and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen album), 1982
 * Face to Face (Trevor Rabin album), 1979
 * Face to Face (Westlife album), 2005
 * Face to Face: A Live Recording, by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, 1977
 * Face 2 Face (2face Idibia album), 2004
 * Face 2 Face (EP), by Cassidy, 2010
 * Face2Face (Babyface album), 2001
 * Twin Fantasy (Face to Face), Car Seat Headrest, 2018
 * Face to Face, by 999, 1985
 * Face to Face, by Bob Kilpatrick, 2000
 * Face to Face, by Bounty Killer, 1994
 * Face to Face, by Chemistry, 2008
 * Face to Face, by The Dells, 1979
 * Face to Face, by Frank Duval, 1982
 * Face to Face, by Gary Burton and Makoto Ozone, 1995
 * Face to Face, by Gino Soccio, 1982
 * Face to Face, by Jagjit Singh, 1994
 * Face to Face, by John Lee Hooker, 2004
 * Face to Face, by Kevin Eubanks, 1986
 * Face to Face, by Klinik, 1989
 * Face to Face, by Richard Galliano and Eddy Louiss, 2001
 * Face to Face, by Rick Derringer, 1980
 * Face to Face, by Tiger Okoshi, 1989
 * Face to Face, by Wayman Tisdale, 2001
 * Face 2 Face, by Refugees of Rap, 2010

Songs

 * "Face to Face" (Alabama song), 1987
 * "Face to Face" (Barry Gibb and Olivia Newton-John song), 1984
 * "Face to Face" (Daft Punk song), 2003
 * "Face to Face" (Gary Barlow song), 2014
 * "Face to Face" (Goodbye Mr. Mackenzie song), 1987
 * "Face 2 Face" (Juice Wrld song), 2022
 * "Face to Face" (KAT-TUN song), 2013
 * "Face to Face" (Ruel song), 2019
 * "Face to Face" (Sevendust song), 2004
 * "Face to Face" (Siouxsie and the Banshees song), 1992
 * "Face to Face", by 2 Unlimited from Real Things, 1994
 * "Face to Face", by Loudness from Lightning Strikes, 1986
 * "Face to Face", by Quiet Riot from Quiet Riot II, 1978
 * "Face to Face", by Rex Orange County from Pony, 2019
 * "Face to Face", by Yes from The Ladder, 1999
 * "Face to Face", by the Vels from House of Miracles

Television

 * Face to Face (Australian TV program), a 1990s Australian political talk program
 * Face to Face (British TV programme), a 1959–1962 British interview programme, revived 1989–1998
 * Face to Face (game show), a 1946–1947 American game show that aired on NBC
 * Face 2 Face (talk show), a 2010 Philippine talk show program
 * "Face to Face", an episode of I Love Lucy

Other uses

 * Face-to-face, also known as Face-me-I-face-you, a type of residential real estate, where a group of one-room apartments have their entrances facing each other.
 * Face to Face (photograph), a photograph of two warriors staring each other down during the Oka Crisis
 * Face-to-face (philosophy), a philosophical concept described by Emmanuel Lévinas based on the idea that people are responsible to one another in their face-to-face encounters
 * Face-to-face interaction, a concept in sociology, linguistics and communication studies involving social interaction carried out without any mediating technology
 * face2face (software), a software application to help mobile users identify when members of their social networks are nearby within walking distance
 * Face to Face, in Christianity, a type of three-day movement

title: Face to Face


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Haifa Oil Refinery massacre

The Haifa Oil Refinery massacre took place on 30 December 1947 in Mandatory Palestine. After six Arabs were killed by grenades thrown by the Irgun militia, 39 Jewish refinery workers were killed by their Arab coworkers in a mass lynching.

Six Arabs were killed and 42 were wounded after Irgun members threw a number of hand grenades at a crowd of about 100 day-labourers waiting at a bus stop outside the main gate of the then British-owned Haifa Oil Refinery. Minutes after the Irgun attack, Arab refinery workers and others began attacking the Jewish refinery workers, resulting in 39 deaths and 49 injuries, before the British Army and Palestine Police units arrived to put an end to the violence. This came to be known as the "Haifa Oil Refinery massacre". Haganah later retaliated by attacking two nearby Arab villages in what became known as the Balad al-Shaykh massacre, where between 21 and 70 Arabs were killed, while skirmishes followed in Haifa.

Background
Relations between Jews and Arabs at the refinery had been known to be good. However, tensions rose in 1947–48 in the wake of the 1947 UN Partition Plan. On 30 December 1947, Irgun militants hurled two bombs from a passing car into a crowd of Arab workers, 6 workers were killed and 42 wounded. Irgun, who planned and carried out the attack on the day-laborers, said it was in retaliation for recent attacks elsewhere on Jews in Palestine. Arab workers stormed the refinery armed with tools and metal rods, beating 39 Jewish workers to death and wounding 49. British forces arrived only an hour after the riot started. According to the Jewish Agency, some Arab workers helped their Jewish co-workers hide or escape.

The Jewish Agency condemned the Irgun for the "act of madness" that preceded the killing of Jewish workers at the Haifa oil refinery, but at the same time authorized retaliation. The Haganah mounted a retaliatory raid which became known as the Balad al-Shaykh massacre on the villages of Balad al-Shaykh and nearby Hawassa, where some of the Arab refinery workers lived. They fired into and blew up houses. Some women and children were injured when, according to Haganah accounts, Arabs returned fire from the houses. Haganah estimates of the number of Arabs killed varied from 21 to 70, including one woman. In addition, two Haganah soldiers were killed during the fight. Zachary Lockman wrote that, "... the Jewish attackers killed some sixty men, women, and children and destroyed several dozen houses.

title: Haifa Oil Refinery massacre


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Category:Middlesex County, New Jersey

Articles and categories related to Middlesex County, New Jersey.

title: Category:Middlesex County, New Jersey


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Curler

Curler may refer to:

 * a sportsperson who plays curling
 * a curling iron
 * a hair roller

title: Curler


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Hepcat (band)

Hepcat is a ska and reggae band formed in southern California in 1989. Their soulful harmonies and mellow rhythms were unlike those of contemporaries and more akin to musicians from the heyday of 1960s Jamaican ska (also referred to as the first wave) with elements of soul, jazz and R&B.

Career
Hepcat's debut album, Out of Nowhere was released in 1993 on the New York-based ska label Moon Records. Two years later, they followed it up with Scientific on BYO Records. In 1998, after signing with Epitaph Records subsidiary HellCat Records, they released Right on Time, scoring a modest hit with the swinging "No Worries" and scored a spot on the Vans Warped Tour. 2000 saw the release of Push n' Shove, their first album without founding members Raul Talavera and Alex Désert, although the latter appears as a guest vocalist on two tracks. He rejoined the band in 2003.

By the early 2000s, the ska scene became oversaturated and commercially less interesting, so the band was dropped by their label. Hepcat went on a hiatus, then reunited in 2003 and continued touring. In 2007, the long-time bassist David Fuentes died, which resulted in the band being less active again. In 2015, the guitarist Aaron Owens died as well. Hepcat continues performing at concerts and festivals, but infrequently.

A few members of Hepcat have also participated in other endeavors. Trumpeter Kincaid Smith formed Soul Traffic, a five-piece funk band. Vocalist Alex Désert has had a successful career in film and television, appearing in the movies PCU, Swingers, and High Fidelity; and the television shows Boy Meets World and Becker.

The term "Hepcat" originates from an early slang term (1930–35) pertaining to an admirer or devotee of jazz, esp. swing, or one that was "hep", or a hipster. The band is actually named after a cat once owned by vocalist Alex Desért, named "Hep."

Singer Greg Lee suffered a massive brain aneurysm and cardiac arrest at his home on March 17, 2024, and died in the hospital two days later on March 19, 2024, at the age of 53.

Discography

 * Out of Nowhere (1993), Moon Ska Records
 * Scientific (1996), BYO Records
 * Right on Time (1998), Hellcat Records
 * Push 'n Shove (2000), Hellcat Records
 * Out of Nowhere (Hellcat re-release with two bonus tracks) (2004)
 * Live at The Whiskey a Go-Go (2011), Whatevski Records

Band members
Current members
 * Alex Désert – vocals
 * Deston Berry – keys and vocals
 * Efren Santana – tenor sax (joined on Scientific)
 * Kincaid Smith – trumpet, flugelhorn (joined on Scientific)
 * Lino Trujillo – guitar (from Scientific)
 * Greg Narvas – drums and percussion (Out of Nowhere and Scientific)

Former members
 * Greg Lee – vocals (died in 2024)
 * David Fuentes – bass, E. upright (died in 2007)
 * Aaron Owens – guitar (credited as an additional musician on Right on Time, joined on Push n' Shove) (died in 2015)
 * Joey "Pepe" Urquijo – bass ("Nigel" and "Club Meditation" — first single)
 * Raul Talavera – alto sax (through Right on Time)
 * Dave Hillyard – tenor sax (Out of Nowhere)
 * Joey Aguilera – guitar (Scientific Tour)
 * Dennis Wilson – guitar (Out of Nowhere)
 * Jeremiah BenZion (Settles) – tenor sax (Out of Nowhere)
 * Chris Castanon – drums (in between Scientific and Push n' Shove)
 * Scott Abels – drums and percussion (credited as an additional musician on Right on Time, joined on Push n' Shove)

title: Hepcat (band)


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Big Boss (Metal Gear)

Big Boss (ビッグ・ボス) is a fictional character from the Metal Gear series created by Hideo Kojima and developed and published by Konami. He was first introduced in the 1987 Metal Gear game as the commanding officer and father of Solid Snake, featuring in a twist as the game's main antagonist. He is later featured in the prequel games (starting with Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater) as Naked Snake (ネイキッド・スネーク), an American Special Forces Operator and decorated war hero. Political manipulations cause him to be disillusioned when facing his own mentor, and he gradually develops his own private mercenary company while growing into the original Big Boss persona and being referred to as simply Snake (スネーク).

The concept of Naked Snake was an attempt to distance him from Solid Snake, despite both being physically similar through their characterizations. He has been voiced by Akio Ōtsuka and Chikao Ōtsuka in the Japanese version, and by David Hayter, Kiefer Sutherland and Richard Doyle in the English translation. Critical reception to Big Boss has been positive, due to his role as a villain and his enmity with Solid Snake. His younger persona has been praised as likeable, with critics generally enjoying the execution of his character development in the series designed to shape him into a villainous icon.

Creation and design
In Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, Big Boss's visual appearance was inspired by actor Sean Connery, but for the ports of the game's re-released version, the original design was replaced by Yoji Shinkawa's design. During the making of Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, Hideo Kojima asked Shinkawa to make Naked Snake similar to Solid Snake, but with the differences that unlike Solid Snake, Naked Snake was a rookie and thus acted more naive. Shinkawa stated having no difficulties in designing Naked Snake as basically a revised version of Solid Snake. As a result, Naked Snake is virtually identical to Solid Snake from the previous Metal Gear Solid games in terms of appearance. The love scene between Naked Snake and EVA was inspired by the first Pink Panther. Kojima and Shinkawa watched the movie but the former stated it might have come different from the original version. Since the game's trailers did not state that Naked Snake was Big Boss, Kojima often gave vague answers to the character's true identity. Although the ending of Metal Gear Solid 3 reveals Naked Snake was given the Big Boss title, Kojima stated "he's not really the Big Boss yet". With Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, he wanted to explain how Naked Snake turned into the man who appeared in the original Metal Gear games as Solid Snake's enemy.

Naked Snake as portrayed in Metal Gear Solid 3 shares the same voice actor as Solid Snake did in the first two Metal Gear Solid games, being voiced by Akio Otsuka in the Japanese version and David Hayter in the English version. Both actors would return to provide the character's voice in Portable Ops and Peace Walker. The elderly version of Big Boss who appears in Metal Gear Solid 4 was voiced by Chikao Otsuka (Akio Otsuka's real-life father) in Japanese and by Richard Doyle in English. Originally, Naked Snake was planned to have been voiced by Kurt Russell due to Kojima's request but the actor refused.

On June 6, 2013, during Konami's third annual pre-E3 show, it was announced that Kiefer Sutherland would be replacing Hayter as the character in Metal Gear Solid V; Akio Otsuka was unaffected by this casting change and continued to portrayed the character in the Japanese dub. Sutherland plays the original Big Boss (who serves as the playable character in the stand-alone prologue Ground Zeroes), as well as Venom Snake (a new version of the character who serves as the protagonist in the main game The Phantom Pain). In addition to the voice, Sutherland also provided facial capture for the character. Sutherland was assigned the role after a suggestion to Kojima from Hollywood producer and director Avi Arad; Kojima's reason was to "have a more subdued performance expressed through subtle facial movements and tone of voice rather than words", and that he "needed someone who could genuinely convey both the facial and vocal qualities of a man in his late 40s".

Main video games
Big Boss is introduced in the original Metal Gear game as the Special Forces Unit FOXHOUND's leader and Solid Snake's commanding officer. He initially acts as a radio contact who provides Snake with information about mission objectives involving Outer Heaven, a mercenary nation in South Africa. After Snake destroys the TX-55 Metal Gear, the villain confronts Snake, acting as a twist villain. The leader is defeated and Outer Heaven is destroyed, but Big Boss vows revenge. He reappears in the game's sequel Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, where Big Boss has taken control of Zanzibar Land, a fortified nation in Central Asia. Snake confronts Big Boss once again while escaping from Zanzibar Land's detention camp, with Snake incinerating Big Boss.

Despite his apparent death, Big Boss features prominently in Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty where his DNA was revealed to have been used to create genetically-altered clones as part of the secret "Les Enfants Terribles" government project, with Solid Snake, Liquid Snake, and Solidus Snake

The prequel Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, set in 1964, depicts a younger incarnation of the character, under the codename of Naked Snake, as a member of the CIA special forces unit FOX headed by Major Zero. Snake is sent on assignment in the Soviet Union to thwart the uprising of GRU colonel Volgin, rescue weapons researcher Nikolai Sokolov, destroy the Shagohod prototype, and kill The Boss to avert a nuclear war while having a rivalry with Ocelot and receiving assistance from fellow spy EVA. Snake completes his mission and kills The Boss, but learns that the defection was orchestrated by the US government and who had ordered his mentor's death to prevent war. The political motives behind the operation do not sit well with him, especially after he is awarded the "Big Boss" title for his actions which he initially rejects, and prompts him to retire from active service.

In Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops (dubious canonicity and not considered part of the timeline), he is still under his former codename, believing that he has yet to surpass The Boss as a warrior. Having spent six years wandering the globe, Snake finds himself involved in an armed uprising caused by Gene's rogue FOX unit in the San Hieronymo peninsula in Colombia and learns that he has been convicted for instigating the revolt. Hoping to clear his name, Snake forms his own team of specialists, FOXHOUND, by recruiting both old allies and defecting enemy soldiers to his cause. He faces not only the members of the FOX unit, but also Metal Gear's first prototype. After he learns that The Boss's death had been planned all along, Snake eventually defeats Gene and obtains the funds for Army's Heaven.

Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, set years after Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2, reveals that Big Boss and Zero were divided over how to realize The Boss's final will: a world where soldiers are free to choose and fight their own battles on their own terms, and not at the whim of a government. Big Boss initially sided with Zero before being discouraged Zero interpreting the will as imposing order and control over the world. Big Boss further despises his role as a figurehead since Zero's vision places no value on loyalty to ideals and people, which The Boss treasured above all else. Big Boss ultimately leaves when he learns that his own DNA was used for the "Les Enfants Terribles" project. He later stages the coup d'état with Outer Heaven and Zanzibar Land against Zero's organization. Big Boss survived Zanzibar Land and was placed in an artificially induced coma with his genetic code used for an ID recognition system, the use of which allows access to the AIs that make up the Patriots. His body is recovered and reconstructed using parts from the bodies of both Liquid and Solidus, and he awakens from his coma after the fall of the Patriots' AIs. Big Boss appears before Old Snake with the elderly catatonic Zero to reveal the truth about the Patriots, before shutting off Zero's life support system, killing the latter. He comes to terms with his feelings regarding The Boss, and reconciles with his son before dying from exposure to the new strain of FOXDIE virus.

In Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, set after Metal Gear Solid 3 and Portable Ops, Naked Snake establishes the mercenary force Militaires Sans Frontières with Kazuhira "Kaz" Miller. He intends to use MSF to live out The Boss's final will. Student Paz Ortega Andrade and Professor Vladimir Zadornov seek to hire MSF to remove Coldman's CIA Peace Sentinel unit that has established bases in Costa Rica. Snake reluctantly accepts the mission, to which the MSF takes over an offshore research platform in the Caribbean as a "Mother Base" in a bid to expand the group's capabilities. Snake comes to learn about the true purpose of Coldman's Peace Walker prototypes and accepts his Big Boss identity. Big Boss has Huey Emmerich create Metal Gear ZEKE as a weapon to defend his interests before Zadornov makes several escape attempts and is killed in self-defense while Paz takes control of ZEKE which Big Boss defeats and continues his operations with MSF. Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes, set in 1975, sees Big Boss sent to rescue Paz and ally Chico from a U.S. Naval prison facility in Cuba, believing that Paz can be converted to MSF's cause to reveal more about Cipher (a precursor to the Patriots). However, the XOF paramilitary force led by Skull Face attacks the Mother Base, resulting in injuries which put Big Boss in a coma. Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, set in 1984, shows Big Boss awaken in Cyprus. Venom Snake acts as his doppelgänger/phantom (see below) for his operations while Big Boss works elsewhere on the true Outer Heaven's development.

Other video games and media
Big Boss appears in Snake's Revenge as the leader of the enemy organization. Having survived the injuries he sustained in the original game as a cyborg, he fights Solid Snake as a boss. Naked Snake also appears as a playable character in Super Bomberman R. Big Boss was stated to be an inspiration for characters in the 2020 film Monster Hunter.

Venom Snake
Venom Snake, also known as Punished Snake, is a body double of Big Boss seen in Metal Gear Solid V. He lost his left arm while his body has fragments of bones, teeth and a large piece of shrapnel lodged within his cerebral cortex. While in a coma for nine years, he's subjected to subconscious brainwashing and facial reconstruction as a mental doppelgänger who awakens in 1984 to draw attention away from Big Boss and get revenge for fallen comrades. Snake takes command of the mercenary unit Diamond Dogs with a "Mother Base" near Seychelles and engages in missions in Soviet-controlled Afghanistan and the Angola-Zaire border of Central Africa to recruit several companions against Cipher's remnants before facing off with Skull Face and the White Mamba. He would ultimately die fighting in Outer Heaven.

Reception
Big Boss has been well-received. Game publications described Big Boss as one of the best video game villains. Jesse Schedeen of IGN found the character one of the most important characters from the franchise to the point his "influence is felt in every Metal Gear game, even if he isn't always present in the flesh". Ken Gagne of Computerworld named Big Boss as one of the most creative villains in video games, citing the complexity and importance of his betrayal of Solid Snake in the original game. Naked Snake's transition to Big Boss was praised, especially in conjunction with his character development throughout the series. Various gaming sites such as 1UP.com, Game Informer and Kotaku placed his character as one of the worst fathers in video games due to his poor relationship with Solid Snake and the attempts to murder his own son.

VG247 writer Jeremy Parish discussed similarities and differences between Big Boss and Solid Snake as both are portrayed as protagonists with their own storylines despite being both nearly identical in their respective youth. Parish noticed Big Boss's portrayal as an enemy despite Solid Snake being his underling left a major impact on his son's characterization, especially when Kojima retconned their similarities by making Solid Snake a clone of Big Boss. When Kojima started addressing Big Boss's identity as Naked Snake, the writer noticed Big Boss was far more vulnerable despite his similarities with Solid Snake in previous games, most notably because of his passion for his mother figure, The Boss. The death of The Boss leaves Big Boss with major trauma, which would explore his transformation from a young hero into an older villain. The Boss's last words also became more impactful where Big Boss repeats the words in the end of Metal Gear 2. While Solid Snake was meant to be the final hero in Metal Gear Solid 4, Big Boss's sudden return in the mid-credits scenes and his interaction with his son made him "steal the spotlight". This scene is further enforced in following games which further explore the transformation from Naked Snake into the villain Big Boss, which Parish compared to the Darth Vader, a Star Wars villain who became more important than the hero Luke Skywalker when the movie writers decided to explored more of the former's youth and his corruption until his transformation into Luke's enemy.

The inclusion of Naked Snake's role in Metal Gear Solid 3 has also received praise from critics. Prior to the game's release, Naked Snake was often called 'Solid Snake' or simply 'Snake' by critics due to his resemblance with Solid Snake, although some still were not sure about his true identity. Benjamin Turner of GameSpy further noted that various fans started making theories about Naked Snake's identity before the game's release, as while they thought it was Solid Snake, the setting from the game made it impossible for Solid Snake to be the game's main protagonist due to their difference of years. Finding the revelation of Naked Snake's identity was considered by Benjamin Turner of GameSpy as "the single coolest thing Kojima could have done in MGS3" because of [Naked Snake's] differences from [Solid Snake] in regards to their personality as well as because it made fans wonder how Naked Snake would become the series antagonist Big Boss. Despite the similarities between Naked Snake and Solid Snake, Rich Stanton of Eurogamer praised how different they are from each other in terms of experience, particularly highlighting how Naked Snake looks after The Boss despite the game placing them as enemies. Dave Meikleham of GamesRadar+ placed his relationship with EVA in his top list of disastrous game romances due to how it was ruined by the two's different roles in the story. Play editor Nick Jones described Naked Snake's final fight against The Boss as the second best moment from the franchise, citing the emotional focus on their characters, while the portrayal of the character in Metal Gear Solid 3 has been highlighted for making him a likeable and enjoyable character that made subsequent game appearances as a leader believable within the context of the world as a result.

Joe Dodson, writing for Game Revolution, disliked Big Boss's character in Portable Ops due to his process of kidnapping and indoctrinating enemy soldiers through "confusing rants" about the idea of loyalty. Rob Fahey of Eurogamer found that Snake remained likeable due to carrying over traits shown in Snake Eater, and praised Hayter's performance. Charles Herold of The New York Times described him as a tragic character based on the events shown in Snake Eater, and with Portable Ops had been forced to face a new conflict despite retirement. Greg Kasavin of GameSpot praised the handling of the character in Portable Ops due to his interactions with his former partners from the FOX unit. Jeff Haynes of IGN noted how the game presented major plot twists and exposition that would affect his characterization and lay the groundwork for important items shown later in the series.

Oli Welsh of Eurogamer criticized Big Boss's characterization in Peace Walker as confusing in the wider context of the series, with mixed comments being given to Hayter's performance. Jonathan Holmes of Destructoid enjoyed how Peace Walker further developed Big Boss's character from Portable Ops by completing his journey from lone soldier to leader and cementing him as the series icon he would become. Greg Miller of IGN also found the game's story was one of the most enjoyable and least-convoluted by focusing purely on Big Boss's emotions and his quest to discover more about his fallen mentor, The Boss, similar sentiments of which were shared by Randy Nelson of Engadget.

Jason Schreier of Kotaku disliked the plot twist in The Phantom Pain which revealed that the player character, Venom Snake, was not Big Boss, feeling it cheapened the emotional crux of the story and that it failed to explain Big Boss's motivations for becoming a villain. GamesRadar+ writer David Roberts felt similarly, citing that the reveal was a "strange" ending and "a bizarre bit of fridge logic that makes less and less sense the more I think about it," believing it to make the ending of the game feel hollow. However, he felt that the customization aspect of Venom Snake was a positive aspect to the game. Conversely, it has been praised for its logic in the grander scheme of the series' timeline. Samuel Roberts of PC Gamer in particular highlighted the scene revealing Venom Snake's true identity, stating the epilogue left the player with "no backstory other than the one [they]'ve just created" which removed the character's identity of Big Boss, reflecting the player's own unique experience and being "a perfect thematic match for [the] game". The repetitive nature of the quest system in the game was highlighted as helping to show Big Boss's own lack of heroism in the game, with VICE writer Cameron Kunzelman stating that it helped show how Big Boss was merely doing work, and wasn't going above and beyond as a hero like many perceive him as. Sutherland was praised for his performance, though the character of Venom Snake was criticized for his lack of dialogue in game.

title: Big Boss (Metal Gear)


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London Central Secondary School

London Central Secondary School is a public secondary school located at the corner of Dufferin Avenue and Waterloo Street in downtown London, Ontario. It is a member of the Thames Valley District School Board. It has approximately 1000 students in full attendance, ranging from grades nine to twelve.

History
Being the oldest school in the city, Central has a history that can be traced back to a Grammar School of 1826–1926 near the forks of the Thames River. When this Grammar School became too small, a Union School was erected. The Union School was renamed Central School in 1865; however, the school was razed in 1890 when other schools were able to accommodate Central students.

London Collegiate Institute was constructed on its present site in 1877; the school was destroyed by a fire in 1930.

In 1922, the new London Central Collegiate Institute was officially opened. It was enlarged in 1962 and again in 1968. Central celebrated its centennial in 1977. Construction of an addition including a new weight room, elevator and conference room was completed in August 1993. Further extensive renovations took place during 1995–1996 which fully modernized Central's building, made it mostly wheelchair accessible, and incorporated a school-wide computer network for students.

From 1979 until 1999, London Central was the host to the Module scolaire de langue française (MSLF) – the first public French first language high school in London, Ont. Before the 1998–1999 school year, the MSLF became École secondaire Gabriel-Dumont and it moved into a new Le Centre Desloges (CDL) for the start of the 1999–2000 school year. Until the move the students in the MSLF had been fully integrated in life at Central, participating as Golden Ghosts in music, drama and sports. Students from the MSLF were often elected to Central students’ council, including student council president.

Central's Reach for the Top team won nationally in two years, 2007 and 2009. The music program is nationally recognizable, with both wind, string, and jazz ensembles placing in the top three in provincial competitions. Additionally, the Senior Jazz Ensemble has earned Gold Standings at the National MusicFest on numerous occasions. The London Central Secondary school chess team was the highest performing in Ontario, winning every tournament they attended including the Ontario Provincials. London Central can also be noted for being the first secondary school in Ontario to run an official Paranormal Club.

Music
About half of the student population is in the music program at Central. Opportunities for students include the Junior Band, Intermediate Band, Senior Band, Wind Ensemble, Junior Stage Band, Senior Jazz Band, Junior String Orchestra, Intermediate String Orchestra, Senior String Orchestra, Intermediate Symphony Orchestra, Senior Symphony Orchestra, Junior Chamber Orchestra, Senior Chamber Orchestra, Senior String Quartet, Chamber Choir, Concert Choir, Senior Brass Quartet, Intermediate Percussion Ensemble, and Alumni Band. The program has during the past five years won every single competition at the Kiwanis Music Festival at least once, placed in the top three in dozens of provincial competitions, and received Gold and silver medals at national festivals.

Athletics
London Central Secondary School has also had a rich athletic history, starting with football during the early years of the school. It was written in the London Free Press that during the city championship football game the Central players seemed to move through the defense like ghosts. This is where the term "Central Golden Ghosts" originated.

Since then there have been successes in basketball, soccer, football, and wrestling. In 1998, the Central senior boys' basketball team went undefeated, going on to win the city championship. London Central brought home the junior football AAA championship in 2004, 2006, 2010 and 2014. Central's wrestling team has had great success since it was founded in 2009. The Ghosts won their first team title in 2012 when the girls won the WOSSAA Championship. The girls team repeated as WOSSAA Champions again in 2018 and 2019 when Central also won the Overall Team Championship. Central won the TVRA Geris Division Girls Championship and Overall Championships in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Nita Rrafshi won the Bill Salter Award for the Most Outstanding Wrestler at TVRA in 2017 and Jonelle Clarke was named the Most Outstanding Wrestler in 2019. Central's track and field team placed first for the male team scores and second for the female team scores in the senior division at the track and field championship in 2018.

Notable alumni

 * Thalia Assuras, anchorwoman for CBS
 * Karen Baldwin, Miss Universe, 1982 (attended Sir Adam Beck )
 * Murray Barr, physician and medical researcher
 * Nate Behar, CFL football player, Ottawa Redblacks
 * The Essentials, a cappella group (two of five founding members, Joon Nah & Joe Oliva)
 * Max Ferguson, CBC Radio personality (Rawhide)
 * Jessie Fleming, soccer player, Canada's Women's National Team
 * Victor Garber, actor
 * Natalie Glebova, Miss Universe, 2005
 * Jenny Jones, daytime talk show host; also attended Clarke Road Secondary School
 * John Kapelos, actor
 * Rebecca Liddiard, actress
 * Edgar Sydney Little, Senator
 * Luke Macfarlane, actor
 * Sam Maggs, author
 * Bree Mills, adult film director, owner of Pure Taboo.com
 * David Peterson, the twentieth Premier of Ontario
 * John Robarts, the seventeenth Premier of Ontario
 * Shad, rapper, host of Netflix's Hip Hop Evolution
 * David Suzuki, geneticist, environmental and civil rights activist

title: London Central Secondary School


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User talk:80.229.144.93

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title: User talk:80.229.144.93