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Farnsworth House

The Edith Farnsworth House, formerly the Farnsworth House, is a historical house designed and constructed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe between 1945 and 1951. The house was constructed as a one-room weekend retreat in a rural setting in Plano, Illinois, about 60 miles (96 km) southwest of Chicago's downtown. The steel and glass house was commissioned by Edith Farnsworth.

Mies created a 1,500-square-foot (140 m2) structure that is widely recognized as an exemplar of International Style of architecture. The retreat was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006, after being listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The house is owned and operated as a house museum by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the Farnsworth House was selected as one of the Illinois 200 great places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois) and was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine, as one of AIA Illinois' selections for Illinois "25 Must See Buildings".

History
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was retained by Farnsworth to design a weekend retreat during a dinner party in 1945. The wealthy client wanted to build a very special work of modern architecture, however, toward the end of construction, a dispute arose between architect and client that interfered with completion of the building.

Farnsworth had purchased the wooded, nine-acre riverfront property from the publisher of the Chicago Tribune, Robert R. McCormick. Mies developed the design in time for it to be included in an exhibition on his work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1947. After completion of design, the project was placed on hold awaiting an inheritance from an ailing aunt of Farnsworth. Mies was to act as the general contractor as well as architect. Work began in 1950 and was substantially completed in 1951. The commission was an ideal one for any architect, but was marred by a very publicized dispute between Farnsworth and Mies that began near the end of construction. The total cost of the house was $74,000 in 1951 ($734,635 in 2020 dollars). A cost overrun of $15,600 over the initially approved construction budget of $58,400, was due to escalating material prices resulting from inflationary commodities speculation (in anticipation of demand arising from the mobilization for the Korean War). Near the completion of construction, the architect filed a lawsuit for non-payment of $28,173 in construction costs. The owner then filed a counter suit for damages due to alleged malpractice. The architect's attorneys proved that Farnsworth had approved the plans and budget increases, and the court ordered the owner to pay her bills. Farnsworth's malpractice accusations were dismissed as unsubstantiated. It was a bitter and hollow victory for Mies, considering the painful publicity that followed.

Writing about the conflict in 1998, author Alice T. Friedman asserted that "[t]here is no evidence to suggest that [Farnsworth] sought to have her behavior challenged by the 'inner logic' of Mies's unyielding architectural vision; on the contrary, she seems to have had a clear idea about how she wanted to live and she expected the architect to respect her views... [S]he soon discovered that what Mies wanted, and what he had thought he had found in her, was a patron who would put her budget and her needs aside in favor of his own goals and dreams as an architect."

Encroachment and sale
In 1968, the local highway department condemned a 2 acre portion of the property adjoining the house for construction of a raised highway bridge over the Fox River, encroaching upon the original setting of the design. Farnsworth sued to stop the project, but lost the court case. She sold the house in 1972, retiring to her villa in Italy.

In 1972, the Edith Farnsworth House was purchased by British property magnate, art collector, and architectural aficionado Peter Palumbo. He removed the bronze screen enclosure of the porch, added air conditioning, electric heat, extensive landscaping, and his art collections to the grounds, including sculptures by Andy Goldsworthy, Anthony Caro, and Richard Serra. At the time, the interior was furnished with furniture Mies designed in the 1930s, but produced more recently by Knoll, as well as designs by Mies' grandson, Dirk Lohan, a Chicago architect Palumbo commissioned specifically for the house.

In 2001, Palumbo struck a deal with the state of Illinois, which agreed to buy the house for $7 million and open it full-time to the public, but state officials withdrew from the deal in early 2003, saying $7 million was too much to spend at a time of financial crisis.

After owning the property for 31 years, Palumbo removed the art and put the property up for sale with Sotheby's in 2003, raising serious concerns about the future of the building. Preservationists and contributors from around the world, including the Friends of the Farnsworth House, began a concerted preservation and fund-raising effort to keep the house on its original site. With this financial support, the National Trust for Historic Preservation and Landmarks Illinois were able to purchase the house in December 2003 for a reported $7.5 million. Now operated as a house museum, the Farnsworth House is open to the public, with tours conducted by the National Trust. The house is listed in the National Register and is designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior.

Configuration
The essential characteristics of the house are immediately apparent. The extensive use of clear floor-to-ceiling glass opens the interior to its natural surroundings to an extreme degree. Two distinctly expressed horizontal slabs, which form the roof and the floor, sandwich an open space for living. The slab edges are defined by exposed steel structural members painted pure white. The house is elevated 5 ft above a flood plain by eight wide flange steel columns which are attached to the sides of the floor and ceiling slabs. The slab ends extend beyond the column supports, creating cantilevers. A third floating slab, an attached terrace, acts as a transition between the living area and the ground. The house is accessed by two sets of wide steps connecting ground to terrace and then to porch.

Mies found the large open exhibit halls of the turn of the century to be very much in character with his sense of the industrial era. Here he applied the concept of an unobstructed space that is flexible for use by people. The interior appears to be a single open room, its space ebbing and flowing around two wood blocks; one a wardrobe cabinet and the other containing a kitchen, toilet, and fireplace block (the "core"). The larger fireplace-kitchen core seems to be a separate house nesting within the larger glass house. The building is essentially one large room filled with freestanding elements that provide subtle differentiation within an open space, implied but not dictated, zones for sleeping, cooking, dressing, eating, and sitting. Very private areas such as toilets, and mechanical rooms are enclosed within the core. Drawings recently made public by the Museum of Modern Art indicate that the architect provided ceiling details that allow for the addition of curtain tracks that would allow privacy separations of the open spaces into three "rooms".

Mies applied this space concept, with variations, to his later buildings, most notably at Crown Hall, his Illinois Institute of Technology campus masterpiece. The notion of a single room that can be freely used or zoned in any way, with flexibility to accommodate changing uses, free of interior supports, enclosed in glass and supported by a minimum of structural framing located at the exterior, is the architectural ideal that defines Mies' American career. The Farnsworth House is significant as his first complete realization of this ideal, a prototype for his vision of what modern architecture in an era of technology should be.

Architecture as an expression of the times
The Farnsworth House addresses basic issues about the relationship between the individual and his society. Mies viewed the technology-driven modern era in which an ordinary individual exists as largely beyond one's control. But he believed the individual can and should exist in harmony with the culture of one's time for successful fulfillment. His career was a long and patient search for an architecture that would be a true expression of the essential soul of his epoch, the Holy Grail of German Modernism. He perceived our epoch as the era of industrial mass production, a civilization shaped by the forces of rapid technological development. Mies wanted to use architecture as a tool to help reconcile the individual spirit with the new mass society in which the individual exists.

His answer to the issue is to accept the need for an orderly framework as necessary for existence, while making space for the freedom needed by the individual human spirit to flourish. He created buildings with free and open space within a minimal framework, using expressed structural columns. He did not believe in the use of architecture for social engineering of human behavior, as many other modernists did, but his architecture does represent ideals and aspirations. His mature design work is a physical expression of his understanding of the modern epoch. He provides the occupants of his buildings with flexible and unobstructed space in which to fulfill themselves as individuals, despite their anonymous condition in the modern industrial culture. The materials of his buildings, industrial manufactured products such as mill-formed steel and plate glass, certainly represent the character of the modern era, but he counterbalances these with traditional luxuries such as Roman travertine and exotic wood veneers as valid parts of modern life. Mies accepted the problems of industrial society as facts to be dealt with, and offered his idealized vision of how technology may be made beautiful and support the individual as well. He suggests that the downsides of technology decried by late nineteenth century critics such as John Ruskin, can be solved with human creativity, and shows us how in the architecture of this house.

Reconnecting the individual with nature is one of the great challenges of an urbanized society. The 60 acre rural site offered Mies an opportunity to bring the human relationship to nature into the forefront. Here he highlights the individual's connection to nature through the medium of a synthetic shelter. Mies said: "We should attempt to bring nature, houses, and the human being to a higher unity.” Glass walls and open interior space are the features that create an intense connection with the outdoor environment, while providing a framework reduces opaque exterior walls to a minimum. The careful site design and integration of the exterior environment represents a concerted effort to achieve an architecture wedded to its natural context.

Mies conceived the building as an indoor-outdoor architectural shelter simultaneously independent of and intertwined with the domain of nature. Mies did not build on the flood-free upland portions of the site, choosing instead to tempt the dangerous forces of nature by building directly on the flood plain near the edge of the river. Philip Johnson referred to this type of experience of nature as "safe danger". The enclosed space and porch are elevated five feet on a raised floor platform, just slightly above the 100-year flood level, with a large intermediate terrace level.

The house has a distinctly independent personality, yet also evokes strong feelings of a connection to the land. The levels of the platforms restate the multiple levels of the site, in a kind of poetic architectural rhyme, not unlike the horizontal balconies and rocks do at Wright's Fallingwater.

The house was anchored to the site in the cooling shadow of a large and majestic black maple (which was removed in 2013 due to age and damage). As Mies often did, the entrance is located on the sunny side, facing the river instead of the street, moving visitors around corners, and revealing views of the house and site from various angles as they approach the front door. The simple elongated cubic form of the house is parallel to the flow of the river, and the terrace platform is slipped downstream in relation to the elevated porch and living platform. Outdoor living spaces were designed to be extensions of the indoor space, with an open terrace and a screened porch (the screens have been removed). Yet the synthetic element always remains clearly distinct from the natural by its geometric forms that are highlighted by the choice of white as their primary color.

Natural setting
The Farnsworth House sits isolated on a floodplain that faces the Fox River, establishing the architect's concept of simple living. Open views from all sides of the building help enlarge the living space area and aid flow between the living space and its natural surroundings.

Due to the floodplain, the Farnsworth House stands as an independent structure; construction materials include steel, concrete, natural stone, and glass. The steel, painted white, creates the structure that supports the floor and ceiling slabs. They are composed of concrete, along with radiant coil set in the floor used for heating purposes. The remainder of the exterior consists of the 1/4-inch-thick glass panels serving as walls.

Flooding
Due to the Farnsworth House's location in the Fox River floodplain, the site often experiences low-level flooding. Despite the precautions taken in the design, waters have risen substantially inside of the structure multiple times in excess of FEMA 500-year flood levels.

 * 1954: three years after the completion of the House, flood waters rose over 2' in the interior living space.
 * 1996: a Mesoscale Convective System with rainfall of over 16" caused widespread flash flooding in the region. The water rose to over 5' on the interior of the Farnsworth House, causing significant damage to utilities, wood veneers, glass, and furnishings.
 * 1997: approximately 2" of water made it into the interior of the structure. After this event, Peter Palumbo and Dirk Lohan embarked on a costly restoration project (estimated at $500,000).
 * 2008: the house was flooded by rains from the remnants of Hurricane Ike. Water levels reached approximately 18 in above the floor and the 5 foot stilts upon which the house rests. Much of the furniture was saved by elevating it above the flood waters. The house was closed to the public for the remainder of 2008 for repairs and reopened for public visitation in spring 2009.

The National Trust for Historic Preservation has been developing a flood mitigation plan to deal with the ongoing threat to the structure posed by the river.

Barnsworth Gallery
It was announced in 2011 that the Illinois Institute of Technology was going to build a permanent exhibition space for the wardrobe that Edith Farnsworth commissioned for the Farnsworth House. The wardrobe was extensively damaged in the 1996, 1997, and 2008 floods, with its large size rendering any possible evacuation attempt costly and difficult. In an attempt to protect the wardrobe, curators of the Farnsworth House decided to have the wardrobe put on permanent display near the visitor center on the site, which is well above the 500-year flood plain. Under the direction of Professor Frank Flury, students of the Illinois Institute of Technology designed and constructed the Barnsworth Gallery to house the wardrobe and serve as an exhibition space.

Criticism and acclaim
The building design received accolades in the architectural press, resulting in swarms of uninvited visitors trespassing on the property to glimpse this latest Mies building. As a result of the accusations contained in Edith Farnsworth's lawsuit, the house soon became a prop in the larger national social conflicts of the McCarthy era. The weekend house became a lightning rod for anti-modernist publications, exemplified in the April 1953 issue of House Beautiful, which attacked it as a "communist-inspired effort" to supplant traditional American styles. Large areas of glass wall, flat roofs, purging of ornament, and a perceived lack of traditional warmth and coziness were characteristics of the International Style that were particular talking points of attack.

The poor energy efficiency of the Farnsworth House has been widely discussed as well. Farnsworth herself expressed dismay at the house's poor temperature control and tendency to attract insects when illuminated at night.

Nonetheless, the Farnsworth House has continued to receive critical acclaim as a masterpiece of the modernist style, and Mies went on to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to American architecture and culture. Architect and critic Philip Johnson openly confessed how he was inspired by the design in the construction of his own Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut in 1947 as his personal residence. In the twenty-first century, Pulitzer Prize-winning architectural critics Paul Goldberger and Blair Kamin have both declared the house a masterpiece of modern architecture. Its timeless quality is reflected by the reverent fascination in the minimalist house shown by a new generation of design professionals and enthusiasts.

In 2021, the New York Times named it as one of the 25 most significant works of architecture since World War II.

Rededication
On November 17, 2021, Edith Farnsworth's birthday, a rededication of the house on its 70th anniversary was livestreamed on its Facebook and Instagram pages, during which it was officially renamed the Edith Farnsworth House in recognition of its owner's contribution to its benchmark design as well as her achievements as a research physician, classical violinist, poet, translator, and patron of the fine arts. "We hope this seemingly simple act of inserting her first name has the larger effect of inserting her into the ongoing history of modern architecture," said Scott Mehaffey, executive director of the Edith Farnsworth House.

In popular culture
June Finfer’s Glass House was produced in New York in 2010.

In 2016, the movie, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, featured a house modeled after the Farnsworth House. The follow-up film Justice League also features the same house in a trailer released at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con.

In January 2019, writer-director Richard Press and HanWay Films announced an upcoming Farnsworth House film project starring Elizabeth Debicki as Dr. Edith Farnsworth and Ralph Fiennes as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

title: Farnsworth House


text:
Babel

Babel is a name used in the Hebrew Bible for the city of Babylon and may refer to:

Books

 * Babel (book), by Patti Smith
 * Babel (2012 manga), by Narumi Shigematsu
 * Babel (2017 manga), by Yūgo Ishikawa
 * Babel, a 1922 novel by John Cournos
 * Babel, a 1969 novel by Alan Burns (author)
 * Babel, a 2016 book by Zygmunt Bauman and Ezio Mauro
 * Babel, a 2018 book about linguistics by Gaston Dorren
 * Babel-17, a science fiction novel by Samuel R. Delany
 * Babel, or the Necessity of Violence, a 2022 novel by R. F. Kuang

Periodicals

 * Babel (magazine), a magazine about linguistics
 * Babel, a journal produced by the Australian Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations
 * Babel, a journal published by the International Federation of Translators
 * Babel (newspaper), an Iraqi newspaper

Star Trek

 * "Babel" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 * Babel (planet), a neutrally aligned planet in the Star Trek universe
 * "Babel One", an episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 * "Journey to Babel", an episode of Star Trek (original series)

Other uses in film and television

 * Babel (film), a 2006 film directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu
 * Babel (TV series), a 2019 South Korean television series
 * "Babel", an episode of Green Lantern: The Animated Series
 * "Babel", an episode of Batman Beyond

Albums

 * Babel (D*Note album), 1993
 * Babel (Mumford & Sons album), a 2012 album by Mumford & Sons, or its title track (see below)
 * Babel (soundtrack), by Gustavo Santaolalla, the soundtrack album from the 2006 film
 * Babel, an album by German electronic musician Klaus Schulze, 1987
 * Babel, an album by Hughes de Courson, 2008
 * Babel, an album by Gabriel Yacoub, 1997
 * Babel, an album by Philip Catherine, 1980

Songs

 * "Babel" (song), the title track of the album Babel by Mumford & Sons
 * "Babel", a song from the album Heligoland by Massive Attack

Other uses in music

 * Babel Label, a British record label
 * Babel (Stravinsky), a 1944 cantata

In other media

 * Babel (radio station), Uruguay
 * Babel, a Turbo CD role-playing game released by Nippon Telenet

Places

 * Babel, Carmarthenshire, a village in Wales
 * Babel, Khuzestan, a village in Iran
 * Babel Island, Tasmania, Australia
 * Babel River, Alaska, United States
 * Bangka Belitung, a province in Indonesia, abbreviated Babel
 * Babil Governorate, in Iraq (named after Babylon) is sometimes transliterated as "Babel"
 * Mount Babel (Alberta), Canada
 * Mount Babel (Quebec), Canada

Science and technology

 * 5808 Babelʹ, a minor planet
 * Babel (protocol), a routing protocol for wired, wireless, and hybrid IP mesh networks
 * Babel (transcompiler), a JavaScript transcompiler
 * GPSBabel, GPS file format conversion software
 * OpenBabel, open-source chemical modeling software

Other

 * Babel (restaurant), in Budapest, Hungary
 * Babel (surname)
 * Babels, a volunteer translators network

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Babel


text:
Frank Sullivan

Frank Sullivan may refer to:

 * Frank Sullivan (baseball) (1930–2016), American baseball pitcher
 * Frank Sullivan (basketball), college men's basketball coach
 * Frank Sullivan (film editor) (1896–1972), American film editor
 * Frank J. Sullivan (1852–?), state senator in California's 13th State Senate district
 * Frank Sullivan (ice hockey, born 1898) (1898–1989), Canadian ice hockey player for the University of Toronto Grads and Canada
 * Frank Sullivan (ice hockey, born 1929) (1929–2009), Canadian ice hockey player for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Chicago Blackhawks
 * Frank Sullivan (medical doctor), Scottish general practitioner and medical researcher
 * Frank Sullivan (writer) (1892–1976), American journalist and humorist
 * Frank Sullivan Jr. (born 1950), justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 * Frank Sullivan (American football), American football player

title: Frank Sullivan


text: User:Jp~enwiki

title: User:Jp~enwiki


text:
User talk:Jes37226

The rephrasing at Bagua zhang is an improvement, thanks. Welcome to Wikipedia. Fire Star 14:04, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Poll: Inclusion of Biblical figures at List of occultists
I have put up a poll concerning the inclusion of Solomon, Jesus, and the Three Wise Men at Talk:List of occultists. As someone who has contributed to the page in the past, your input is invited. -- Smerdis of Tlön 04:54, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, add a question to the Help Desk or ask me on my Talk page. If you have any suggestions about how to improve this welcome, message, let me know. Again, welcome! Since nobody has given you this basic-user-message thingie yet... JesseW 20:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, it's all under Category:Wikipedia.

title: User talk:Jes37226


text:
Talk:How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

Merge this page with Coastline paradox
This Wikipedia article covers one peer reviewed journal on a topic. This paper is fantastic, and could easily serve as a section on the page Coastline paradox. However, I don't believe single peer reviewed journals generally need to have their own dedicated Wikipedia page, as they are primary sources that stand alone. Thus, I propose moving the contents of this page into the coastline paradox page as a subsection and made into a redirect. I'm placing relevant tags on each page. Please discuss one the Coastline paradox talk page or here, and we can see if we can reach a consensus. GeogSage ( ⚔Chat?⚔ ) 18:27, 17 September 2023 (UTC)


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PFC

PFC may refer to:

Science

 * Perfluorinated compounds, organofluorine compounds with hydrogen replaced by fluorine and other heteroatoms
 * Perfluorocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives containing only carbon and fluorine atoms
 * Blood substitutes, some of which are made of perfluorocarbons
 * Plasma-facing components, in a fusion reactor
 * Power factor correction of electric loads
 * Prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain
 * Phonologie du Français Contemporain, French phonology research project
 * Physiological functional capacity

Economy

 * Power Finance Corporation, an Indian financial institution
 * PFC Energy, a global energy research and consultancy group
 * Price forward curve, a method to determine the forecasted price of a commodity.

Association football

 * Paris FC, France
 * Paulínia FC, São Paulo, Brazil
 * Persepolis F.C., Tehran, Iran
 * PFC Beroe Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
 * Port F.C., Thailand
 * Portsmouth F.C., England
 * Pacific FC, Vancouver Island, Canada
 * FK Partizan, Belgrade, Serbia (abbreviated from the name of the club in English)

Other sports

 * Pillow Fight Championship, US professional sports organization
 * Palace Fighting Championship, former US martial arts organization

Other uses

 * Passenger facility charge, a tax on air travelers
 * Pacific City State Airport (IATA airport code), near Pacific City, Oregon, U.S.
 * Pacific Fur Company, a former fur trading venture
 * Playing for Change, a multimedia music project
 * Power foundation classes, computer libraries for PowerBuilder
 * Priority flow control, Ethernet technology
 * Private first class, a junior military rank
 * Structural channel, also known as Parallel Flange Channel, a type of beam used primarily in building construction and civil engineering

title: PFC


text:
Diö

Diö is a locality situated in Älmhult Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 899 inhabitants in 2010.

Diö is situated 10 km north of the town Älmhult.

Diö's most important employer is the wheelchair manufacturer Rea Stolen Invacare. The area is also home to the Gemla Möbel AB furniture factory.

Diö Hockey, playing in the Swedish third division, is the village's most famous sports team.

title: Diö


text:
Mayenne (commune)

Mayenne is a commune in the Mayenne department, northwestern France. It is a subprefecture of the department. It is situated on the river Mayenne.

History
In medieval times, the town was the seat of the Lords of Mayenne. The town originated when Juhel II of Mayenne (lord of Mayenne, Gorron and Ambrières (1110–1161)) built a monastery near the gate of the pre-existing castle, which led to the formation of the settlement.

Mayenne was besieged twice during the French Wars of Religion, in 1574 and 1590, and suffered substantial damage. It was rebuilt and re-embellished in the following century thanks to the help of Cardinal Mazarin. It however suffered from plague in 1707.

On 9 June 1944, during World War II, it was bombed by the RAF, which caused heavy damage and numerous casualties.

Main sights

 * The Château, built in the 10th century (900–920) is an exceptional example of a palace dating from the Carolingian period. Reception room, tower and cellar are remarkably well preserved. The dungeon and ramparts, built in the 13th century to transform the castle into a fortress, still proudly dominate the river and the town of Mayenne. The vaulted rooms and the chapel still have thirteenth century decorations. The chapel dating from the 19th century with its baroque decoration bears witness to the long period of time he was a prison. Once used as a prison, since 2008 it is home to the "Musée du Château de Mayenne" (the Mayenne Castle Museum).
 * The Basilica of Notre-Dame, founded in 1100. Of the original building, only the piers and the arcades of the nave remain.
 * Romanesque church of St. Martin, enlarged in neo-medieval style during the nineteenth century.

Notable people

 * Guy Chantepleure, writer
 * Paul Delaunay, physician and historian
 * Elias Durand, pharmacist and botanist
 * Étiemble, writer
 * Marc Joulaud, politician
 * Édouard Lambert, sports shooter
 * Jean-François Rivière, footballer
 * Romain Salin, footballer
 * Michel Tronchay, priest and historian
 * Élie Sauvage (1814–1871), playwright

Twin towns – sister cities
Mayenne is twinned with:
 * 🏴 Devizes, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇮🇹 Jesi, Italy
 * 🇩🇪 Waiblingen, Germany

title: Mayenne (commune)


text:
Talk:State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)

Misc.
I must admit, it does seem a little silly to have an actual government document that is by and large arbitrary. Oh no, I'm on the United States's big scary terrorist list! What ever will I do! Randall00 10:29 11-4-2006

How is this at all neutral ? If a list of nations that the US accuses of 'sponsoring international terrorism', in the interests of neutrality we would either have to delete this page or create pages of nations that Cuba, North Korea and Iran accuse of 'sponsoring terrorism'. Hauser 1 October

The US opinion may be biased, but this is a faithful reproduction of an official and factual US government document, just as any other US federal departmental report. - Loweeel 05:13, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

O.K., It's a reproduction, but so what ? Why does this even need to be here ? If other nations don't have their lists of nations that 'sponsor terrorism' here, then it makes the inclusion of this article inherently biased Hauser 2 October 2004

Then start pages of other nations' lists, if you want them. Nobody's stopping you from doing the research or making the wikipedia articles. Loweeel 15:32, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

IMHO the article is a factual reporting of a list, albeit a subjective list. On those grounds it is certainly NPOV. And the list is notable enough to be included in Wikipedia. The lack of similar lists from other countries might mean that the Wikipedia needs more articles but not that this article is biased. --Jll 14:21, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

true, but this page should be removed from the terrorism template. The terrorism template already has references to the FBI most wanted list and the US stat dept. list. The link to this page is presented like it contains a general overview of state sponsors of international terrorism, but this list is only about anti-american state sponsored terrorism --Mixcoatl 15:02, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Rather than a US govt. list of present state sponsors, lets rework it a bit and make a list of all past and present state sponsors of terrorism. That way we can include Israel and their backing of the stern gang and the contras. --Uncle Bungle 04:25, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I agree with Mixcoatl that this list is not appropriate for a definitive "State sponsors" link the Terrorism template. Either the link should be deleted or set to point to the new article listing all those states which have supported terrorism at some time which Uncle Bungle proposes. It will be a long list. I would not change this article into that one though as this is a specific notable list that people want to find out about. It just happens to be about one government's view of state sponsored terrorism. An equally notable list about, say fruit, would also deserve its own article. --Jll 23:44, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oh, for crying out loud, this is an official US government list with official US government ramifications regarding the law, especially regarding export controls and financial aid. To quote from the US State Department website:

State Sponsor: Implications

''Designating countries that repeatedly support international terrorism (i.e., placing a country on the "terrorism list") imposes four main sets of US Government sanctions:

 * ''A ban on arms-related exports and sales,

 * ''Controls over exports of dual use items, requiring 30-day Congressional notification for goods or services that could significantly enhance the terrorist list country's military capability or ability to support terrorism,

 * ''Prohibitions on economic assistance; and

 * ''Imposition of miscellaneous financial and other restrictions, including
 * ''Requiring the United States to oppose loans by the World Bank and other international financial institutions;
 * ''Lifting the diplomatic immunity to allow families of terrorist victims to file civil lawsuits in US courts;
 * ''Denying companies and individuals tax credits for income earned in terrorist list countries;
 * ''Denial of duty-free treatment for goods exported to the United States;
 * ''Authority to prohibit any US person from engaging in a financial transaction with terrorism list government without a Treasury Department license;
 * Prohibition of Defense Department contracts above $100,000 with companies controlled by terrorist list states.

-US State Department page

If you don't like the US government actions or otherwise have an axe to grind, that's fine, but this list is an objective fact with real-world implications (NPOV, in other words), and wishing otherwise is plainly POV. --Calton 05:02, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I have no problems with placing this list, but there shouldn't be linked to it in the terrorism template. --Mixcoatl 14:30, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I agree. The article is fine, but not the link from the terrorism template. That just labels the link as "State sponsors", as if this is the definitive list. I would be happy with it in the template if it had a more accurate label. ps. There was no real need to quote from the State Department website in full as the information is in the article anyway (I put it there) --Jll 21:32, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Rename entry to "states which U.S. States Dept considers sponsors of terrorism"
In light of the comments in the above (unnamed) section above the table of contents of this discussion page as well as the "won't put itself on the list" it's certainly legitimate to include information about what the U.S. State Department says, however the article's title needs to match the meaning. With over 100 countries in the world it's possible and perhaps likely that other countries use the same 4-word phrase of "sstate sponsors of terorrism" whether formally or informally. The entry of "states which U.S. States Dept considers sponsors of terrorism" would not consist merely of but would include the relevant U.S. law and language  and would link to (and be linked to from) other wikipedia pages on what other countries consider terrorist states. Harel (talk) 02:05, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

 * State Sponsors of Terrorism is a proper name indicating the U.S. State Department designation. Note the capital letters. State sponsors of terrorism is down the hall, to your left. – RVJ (talk) 07:03, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

The U.S. obviously won't put itself on this list
Could someone create List of U.S sponsored international terrorism? Kingturtle 21:31, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, like that wouldn't be inherently POV.--KrossTalk 11:46, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * We sponsor terrorism? Well, I guess we did help out in the Bay of Pigs, and with that assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem (I don't even know if you can call them terrorists though). But, if we do "sponsor" terrorism (which I doubt), it would be classified, no wikipedian would know about it.--Porsche997SBS 21:18, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The term to 'sponsor terrorism' is highly POV. If you ask those on the receiving end of these 'sponsorships', the survivors will almost certainly tell you that the supporters of those groups are sponsors of terrorism.  The supporters of those groups will tell you they're supporting freedom fighters or training people to better defend themselves.  Also consider the history of the School of the Americas, School of the Americas Watch, and of Osama bin Laden and the Mujahideen.  And consider Operation Northwoods, described in Wikipedia as "a 1962 plan to generate U.S. public support for military action against the Cuban government of Fidel Castro as part of the U.S. government's Operation Mongoose anti-Castro initiative. The plan, which was not implemented, called for various false flag actions, including simulated or real state sponsored terrorism (such as hijacked planes) on U.S. and Cuban soil.", and also Operation Ajax, a 1953 covert operation by Great Britain and the United States that overthrew the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran (1951-53) Mohammed Mossadegh, and put the Shah (Pahlavi) back in power.  In Nicaragua, consider the story of Sandinistas and the Contras.  In the continental US, look at Native American history and read about the Indian Removal, the Trail of Tears, Chief Joseph, and the stopping of the fleeing of the Nez Perce to Canada.  Per Wikipedia's Freedom fighters article, "Historically, people who are self-described "freedom fighters" tend to be called assassins, rebels, or terrorists by their foes. During the Cold War, the term 'freedom fighter' was widely used by the United States and other Western Bloc countries to describe rebels in countries controlled by communist states or otherwise under the influence of the Soviet Union, including rebels in Hungary, the anti-communist Contras in Nicaragua, UNITA in Angola and the multi-factional mujahideen in Afghanistan."  (i.e. the USSR would have probably considered the US to be a state sponsor of terrorism in Afghanistan.) A lot depends upon the eye of the beholder; things are rarely black and white; viewing events from the other side's shoes can often be enlightening.--Kaze0010 08:49, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

If you're looking for that, you're looking for United States and state terrorism. – RVJ (talk) 08:32, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

i wish they do Madooo12 (talk) 11:29, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

It would be nice to add a "Criticism" section to this article with the appropriate journalistic and scholarly sources. Vandergay (talk) 22:35, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Why isn't there a link to the actual list included here?
And why aren't there more links to the relevant government documents? From a citations' standpoint, this page is a wreck needs to be cleaned up. Stone put to sky 13:33, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Can anyone tell, if there is a decent source for the provided timeline. The Reports from the State Department online only date back to 1995. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Glockenspiel12345 (talk • contribs) 17:15, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

North Korea
The US has removed North Korea from the list because of them stoppin gtheir nuclear program. The Honorable Kermanshahi —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 17:46, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

That statement will be effective in next 45 days. At the moment the North Korea is still on the list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.128.198.163 (talk) 16:10, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Hamas
why is every instance of Hamas in this article in full caps?

the listed countries
here are the currently listed terrorism sponsoring countries. theyre 6, and libya might be officially taken off, but usa immigration still wanted to keep it on the list.

Cuba - Havana - HAV Iran - Tehran - THR Libya - Tripoli - TIP North Korea - P'Yong Yang - FNJ Sudan - Khartoum - KRT Syria - Damascus - DAM

The government of these countries supports terrorism. There are more suspicious countries (29 of them), but the government doesnt have anything to do with support, at least its not proven. —Preceding unsigned comment added by A lil wee tiny bee (talk • contribs) 16:09, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

The fact if these countries are actually guilty is irrelevant, this is an American list and Libya isn't on it, Syria, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and sudan are.

BTW, the US has recently also threatened to add Venezuela to the list. The Honorable Kermanshahi (talk) 12:36, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

US state dept. website material
It should go without saying, but to copy and paste whole sections from one website is not acceptable, esp. when not all the material is about State sponsorship of terrorism. Wikipedia is not a mirror site for state.gove. I removed the off topic material, and tried to keep the material that is at least on topic. However, it should be sumarized and other sources used, as well.Giovanni33 (talk) 21:32, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * All the material is from a chapter called "State Sponsors of Terror Overview".Ultramarine (talk) 21:34, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, you created a very strange and POV section, removing for example from the Sudan section all explanations for why US consider it to be a sponsor of terrorism.Ultramarine (talk) 21:36, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Untrue. What was relevant, just barely, to the subject was this: "Sudan's history of having played host in the mid-1990s to al-Qaida leader Usama bin Ladin continues to weigh heavily in the objective assessment of Sudan's role in international terrorism, but there is no indication that al-Qaida elements have had a presence in Sudan with the knowledge and consent of the Sudanese Government for at least the past five years." Can you explain how the material that I trimmed is relevant to State Sponsorship of Terrorism?Giovanni33 (talk) 21:42, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * That would mean that Sudan should not be on the list. The deleted material mentioned support/presence of other terrorist organizations.Ultramarine (talk) 21:53, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Give me the quote where it claimed that Sudan's policy supported terrorist activity, i.e. engaged in state sponorsed terrorism. If there is such a claim then I would agree it belongs, but I saw no such claim. Quote here, where you think it says this, exactly.Giovanni33 (talk) 23:13, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * "Continued focus was placed on Sudan for its role in contributing fighters for the Iraqi insurgency." Ultramarine (talk) 07:05, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Look at the full paragraph in context: "Continued focus was placed on Sudan for its role in contributing fighters for the Iraqi insurgency. Sudanese and foreign nationals who transited Sudan have been captured as foreign fighters in Iraq. The Sudanese have taken steps, through self-initiation and encouragement by the United States and other international actors, to disrupt jihadists both traveling to and returning from Iraq; however, significant gaps in knowledge and capability to identify and capture such individuals remain." This makes it clear that its not a state sponsored action; instead Sudan, according to this source, has taken steps to "disrupt jihadists both traveling to and returning from Iraq." Also, I note that you did not put in this part, that you think belongs. You put back EVERYTHING yet again, which is all off topic material, that you never explained why it belongs. You should self revert and keep this on talk until there is some agreement.Giovanni33 (talk) 18:26, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Still an area of "Continued focus" with problems remaining. You never explained all your deletions.Ultramarine (talk) 18:51, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * An area of focus, says nothing about any allegations of state sponsorship of terrorism. So that doesnt belong here. I have kept the material that was relevant and removed the off topic material. You have yet to quote anything that you restored that shows its valid for inclusion per the topic. I showed you above how your quote is not state terrorism. You have no responded to that or removed to from the article. Explain your revert or self revert. This article is not a dumping ground for your copying and pasting from state.gov websites as you are doing on this and other articles.Giovanni33 (talk) 19:17, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * That, as well as several other paragraphs, is what the US state regarding Sudan. Your selective quotation gives the impression that this quote was all the US stated regarding Sudan. Either all the material should be quoted in full, or it should be stated that this is selective quotations leaving material out, or the content should be fully paraphrased. Currently I am considering paraphrasing the material and replace the outdated statements at the top.Ultramarine (talk) 19:24, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree is should be summarized, with the relevant quote included. That makes sense. But your edit on the article which was to restore the full copy and past of all the material was much worse than the possible interpretation that this was all that was said about it. I don't think anyone would make the interpretation. What is logical to be assumed is that this was all that was said relevant to this topic, subject matter. Why would quoting the relevant part make anyone assume that was all the US had to say about the country? Since the subject is state sponsors of terrorism, we would only assume this is all they said on the subject matter, which is the case.Giovanni33 (talk) 20:12, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Again, your selective quotation give a misleading presentation of what the US states on this and does not mention that it is selective. Better to add a link to the report as I have done. Also, I discovered a newer report, so both of our versions were outdated.Ultramarine (talk) 21:59, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

It's all in the name. Wouldn't something like "States accused of Terrorism by the US" be more applicable? Ok perhaps not so catchy. Many modern states have dabbled in terroristic methods at some time, so the page could explore that more. Currently it reads like an echo of US Govt materials... DanBri (talk) 18:53, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

China
I am deleting the mention of China from this list. The People's Republic of China was never a state listed on the US State Department's State Sponsors of Terrorism list, and certainly not in the period that is mentioned. See 1999 Overview of State Sponsors of Terrorism | here and the 2000 Overview of State Sponsors of Terrorism | here. China is definitely not on the list, and the word "China" doesn't even appear in the report. Therefore, the China mention (with no citations) should be considered vandalism, original research, or a subject matter beyond the scope of this article, and shall be deleted. Konchevnik81 (talk) 01:53, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Shocking POV problems
This article has a dire problem with POV. In essence it is a dumping ground for US State Dept statements, with no critical analysis or opposing points of view. This explains the placement of the tags at the top of the article and they shouldn't be removed until such analysis and opposing POV are introduced and expanded upon. --Russavia I'm chanting as we speak 20:58, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Indeed. There seems to be no critical commentary at all. Esn (talk) 11:30, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

Afghanistan
I know Afghanistan was never on this list, but how come? Does anyone have/know of a good explanation for this, considering that Afghanistan was very active in sponsoring terrorism in the late 1990s/early 2000s? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.235.86.70 (talk) 08:00, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The reason is that the US never recognized the Taleban as the government of Afghanistan. Béka (talk) 00:28, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

This article is relating to a US list and not a Worldwide list, like a UN one
It doesn't need to be considered as having a worldwide view. The list is enforced by the US State Department. It also doesn't appear to be a non-neutral article from what I have seen.75.72.35.253 (talk) 17:00, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

"widely considered hypocritical"
I started out by dialing back this sentence in the lede: "The list is widely regarded as hypocritical because, as former State Department official William Blum, Noam Chomsky and many others have pointed out, the US has sponsored more terrorism than most other states put together." The "widely", the implication that it's settled fact that the US is the world's biggest terrorist, etc., seem a little much, especially when relying on such minor publications and figures to make the point. Chomsky's a big one, obviously, but I had to look up who Blum was; if he's the second-most famous/respected person to have this opinion, I think "widely regarded" is an overreach". After those two, it seemed to just be miscellaneous nonnotable commentators; if we start listing sources to that level of obscurity, we'll also have to deal with the ten thousand gallons of essays and blog posts that don't consider the US a terrorist state.

But looking at the first two sources here--the Blum and Chomsky links--they don't appear to mention this list at all. Whether or not the US is itself a terrorist state seems to me a discussion for another article, unless we find it discussed in the context of this list. Otherwise it's original research, right? Seems better to keep this article about the list focused on discussion of this list, criticisms of this list, etc.

So I've pulled the statement for now until we find some better sourcing. Fair enough? Let me know what you think. Khazar2 (talk) 07:22, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Reading the above more carefully, I see the link for United States and state terrorism, which seems like a better home for this material. Perhaps that article could be added as a "See Also"? That would allow this discussion to be properly focused, while also linking the reader to this potentially related issue. Khazar2 (talk) 07:25, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Pakistan? really wikipedia?
Pakistan is NOT currently labeled a state sponsor of terrorism (and has never been that I know of)... see your own chart... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.23.86.221 (talk) 21:24, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Taking Cuba off the blacklist
With regards to the notion of Cuba being taken off the list of terrorism-sponsoring nations, it's interesting to note that Cuba is facilitating dialogue between FARC and the Colombian government on its own territory. Since the talks are ongoing in Havana, it's not implausible that Barack Obama could ask the State Department to delist Cuba in return for the island nation breaking ties with FARC --- a possible guarantee that FARC will get involved in the Colombian political process (a similar precedent happened in 2008, when the Bush administration followed on its promise to take North Korea off the blacklist in return for the Hermit Kingdom making progress in verifying its nuclear activities). In doing so, Barack Obama could go to Cuban-American members of Congress and say, "Look, Cuba's not a terrorist-sponsoring nation anymore. We know that they're by no means a democracy yet, but we applaud the Cuban regime for making substantial progress in anti-terrorism efforts." 68.4.28.33 (talk) 21:16, 7 February 2013 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian

similar lists by other countries
Are there similar lists by other countries? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.32.211.131 (talk) 10:05, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Israel
Was Israel ever on the list? After the "Operation "Wrath of God"" and other assassinations - which are on-going even today - Israel must surely meet the criteria of a state sponsor of terrorism.Royalcourtier (talk) 03:40, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

 * No. The US list is a list of countries that have US-imposed sanctions on them because their governments do (or formerly did) support groups on the Foreign Terrorist Organization list. The list is not an exhaustive, objective list of every country that has committed alleged acts of state terrorism.Konchevnik81 (talk) 20:28, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

Cuba
There was an announcement today that Cuba would be taken off the list. Before Cuba gets moved back and forth too much, it only comes off the list after a 45 day waiting period, and that's assuming that there isn't congressional pushback (which there might be). I've clarified the language, so let's watch this space and see if it officially comes off the list or not. Konchevnik81 (talk) 19:36, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 April 2015
Please remove Cuba from the list of countries still listed. It still says "The countries currently on the list are Cuba, Iran, Sudan and Syria."

27.32.118.72 (talk) 22:39, 17 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: See above. Cannolis (talk) 23:51, 17 April 2015 (UTC)

Cuba, Official
As of today, Cuba is officially off the list. I have made the switch and added the necessary updated information and reference. Please do not completely delete the Cuba information - just because it is now off the list doesn't mean the information under its entry has no historic value.Konchevnik81 (talk) 16:10, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

Where's the critical commentary?
I added Template:Too few opinions to the top of the article. As it says, "the examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints." But in fact, this isn't quite accurate: there are actually NO viewpoints included at all. It seems to me that there should be a section about the reasons for this list's existence, as well as criticisms for it and against it at various times made by noteworthy figures, both domestic and foreign. The complete absence of any critical commentary is striking. Esn (talk) 11:38, 13 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I think that's fair. From looking at a lot of the past comments on this talk page, I'd say the issue is to keep the history of and criticism of specifically this list, as opposed to state sponsorship of terrorism in general. For a starter, some specific criticism of the list from experts can be found in |this Al Jazeera English article, so I'd welcome anyone who wants to build that section. Konchevnik81 (talk) 17:53, 24 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I have added a criticism section, including a quote from the Al Jazeera article. Tim Smith (talk) 08:16, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

This article should be renamed something which indicates state sponsors of terrorism according to the US government or US country
This article has misleading headline. When I clicked on this article I thought names of countries like Pakistan will be there which is the biggest sponsor of terrorism. Even US government's most wanted terrorist Osama was living there comfortably. But then I noticed it is list of those countries who sponsor terrorism from US point of view and not from any other country's. So please rename this misleading title article.

North Korea should be in light green in picture of States Sponsors of Terrorism
North Korea is no longer on the State Sponsor of Terrorism list. It is still in dark green, it needs to be changed to light green, which means they used to be on the State Sponsor of Terrorism list. I'm not sure how to change it, but is there someone that does know?--Ameet12345 (talk) 23:57, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Taken care of, should revert back in a little while. SamaranEmerald (talk) 00:00, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

The last two bullets should be taken out of sanctions section
The last two bullets should be taken out of sanctions section. I do not want to take them out myself, but rather seek out to other people as well if they agree with me. The Visa Waiver Program and the travel ban are not correlated at all to the State Sponsors of Terrorism list.--Ameet12345 (talk) 00:43, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

On the U.S. being represented in blue
It is never actually clarified in the article what a blue classification means. AndrewOne (talk) 01:02, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

North Korea ISIS links
Please do not keep re-adding this into the article. There is no empirical proof apart from a baseless British tabloid article from a newspaper known for misinformation. North Korea has no verified ties with ISIS and has never supplied them with weaponry --TF92 (talk) 20:52, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Sudan
It has not been removed yet. Fix the map.--Drako (talk) 20:24, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

We should add Russia.
Title. For obvious reasons. 2A00:102A:5006:B70E:CCBF:92FF:FEF8:23A6 (talk) 07:13, 21 April 2022 (UTC)


text:
Grille (car)

In automotive engineering, a grille covers an opening in the body of a vehicle to allow air to enter or exit. Most vehicles feature a grille at the front of the vehicle to protect the radiator and engine. Merriam-Webster describes grilles as "a grating forming a barrier or screen; especially: an ornamental one at the front end of an automobile." The word 'grille' is commonly misspelled as 'grill' which instead refers to the cooking method. Other common grille locations include below the front bumper, in front of the wheels (to cool the brakes), in the cowl for cabin ventilation, or on the rear deck lid (in rear engine vehicles). Grilles evolved from previously installed gravel shields that were designed to protect exposed radiators typically used on cars until the early 1930s.

Design
The front fascia of a motor vehicle has an important role in attracting buyers. The principal function of the grille is to admit cooling air to the car's radiator. However, the look of the vehicle "matters a great deal more than whether the design features actually serve any function." As one of the main visual components on the front of vehicles, "an inspired grille design makes a car attractive and shapes its identity by tying it to the carmaker's history and reputation."

Currently, big grilles are primarily cosmetic. The grille is often a distinctive styling element, and many marques use it as their primary brand identifier. For example, Jeep has trademarked its seven-bar grille style.

Rolls-Royce is known for arranging its grille bars by hand to ensure that they appear perfectly vertical. Other makers known for their grille styling include Bugatti's horse-collar, BMW's split kidney, Rover's chrome "teeth", Mitsubishi's forward swept, fighter aircraft-style grilles for their cars 2008 Lancer and Lancer Evo X, Dodge's cross bar, Alfa Romeo's six-bar shield, Volvo's slash bar, Nissan's trapezoid shaped chrome surround, Mazda's rotary engine shape, Audi's relatively new, so-called single-frame grille, Pontiac's split horizontal grille and an egg-crate grille on late-generation Plymouths, and Lexus's spindle-shaped grille. The unusual 1971 Plymouth Barracuda grille is known as a cheesegrater. Ford's three-bar grille, introduced on the 2006 Fusion, has become distinctive as well. Porsche, a long-time manufacturer of air-cooled cars, continues to minimize the prominence of a "grille" on the marque's modern water-cooled vehicles in keeping with that heritage.

The contrary styling pattern also occurs. Starting from the late 1930s, Cadillac would alternate its pattern from horizontal bars to various patterns of crosshatching as a simple way of making the car look new from year to year, for this make did not have a standard grille form. Sometimes there is a sort of fashion trend in grille bars. For example, in the early years after World War II, many American car makers generally switched to fewer and thicker grille bars.

A billet grille is an aftermarket part that is used to enhance the style or function of the original OEM grille. They are generally made from billet, solid bar stock aircraft-grade aluminum, although some are CNC machined from one solid sheet of aluminum.

Active Air Flap System was developed by Hyundai Mobis on June 17, 2021. Based on the existing radiator grille, the grille itself has evolved to move according to the cooling water temperature. When the engine coolant temperature is high, the air flap is opened to increase cooling efficiency through air suction. On the contrary, when the temperature drops, the air flap is automatically closed to reduce air resistance to increase fuel efficiency and electricity consumption.

Customizers would alter the grille as a matter of course in personalizing their car, taking the grille bar from another make, for example. Even sheet metal with patterned holes for ventilation grating sold to homeowners for repair has been found filling the grille opening of custom cars.

Electric Vehicles
The emergence of electric vehicles (EV) in the automotive market has prompted a fundamental reevaluation of grille design, as electric motors need little to no front vent cooling compared to a traditional combustion engine. Still, customer expectations of grilles dominating the front of cars have proven strong enough that companies like Nissan have reincorporated cosmetic grilles into their EV designs in response to mixed consumer reception of early grilleless models. Designs that fully do away with any visual reference to traditional front grilles have tended to come from new auto makers that exclusively produce EVs, such as Tesla, Inc. or Rivian, as these companies do not have an established historical brand language of grilles.

Grille types
Per mounting location on the car body:
 * Radiator grille (front engine vehicle);
 * Roof or trunk grilles (rear engine vehicles);
 * Bumper skirt grilles (front and rear);
 * Fender grilles (brake ventilation duct covers);
 * Hood scoop grille (to allow intercooler air flow)

Per style
The American aftermarket restyling industry defines two major grille styles:
 * OEM factory-style grilles – Such grilles have no difference with those manufactured by the automobile producers;
 * Custom style – produced in small quantities and have an assortment of materials.

Per fastening method
In this installation method, the billet grille simply bolts over the existing OEM plastic grille. This method does not require drilling or cutting of the OEM grille shell. Hidden bolts, brackets and clamps are used for this simple installation. The downside is it may not look as clean as the replacement style, because you can still see the OEM grille underneath. Bolt overs should take no more than 30 minutes to install.
 * Bolt over style

The OEM grille must first be removed and then the replacement billet grille must be mounted in place of the OEM grille. Drilling and sometimes cutting is required for this method. Installation instructions are provided by the grille manufacturer, but are still a challenging job.
 * Replacement style

History
Grilles on automobiles have taken on different designs through the years. This feature first appeared on automobiles in 1903. Several years later, the arch-shaped design became common and became the standard design on automobile grilles for many years. The "split" grille design first appeared in 1923 on the Alfa Romeo sports car.

In the 1930s and 1940s, automobile manufacturers became creative with their grille designs. Some of these designs were bell-shaped (Buick, Chevrolet, and Pontiac), split and slightly folded (Silver Arrow, Mercury, 1946 Oldsmobile), cross-shaped (pre-war Studebaker Champion models, 1941 Cadillac, 1942 Ford), while some including Packard, Rolls-Royce, and MG-TC models still followed the older arch-shaped design.

Grilles took on a new look after World War II. Following the introduction of the 1947 Buick, Studebaker, and Kaiser, grilles became shorter and wider to accommodate for the change in design.

title: Grille (car)


text:
Ye Shengtao

Ye Shengtao (28 October 1894 – 16 February 1988) was a Chinese writer, journalist, educator, publisher and politician. He was a founder of the Association for Literary Studies (文學研究會), the first literature association during the May Fourth Movement in China. He served as the Vice-Minister of Culture of the People's Republic of China.

Throughout his life, he was dedicated to publishing and language education. He subscribed to the philosophy that "Literature is for Life" (文學為人生).

Early life
Ye was born on 28 October 1894 in Wu County, Jiangsu province. His name at birth was Ye Shaojun (葉紹鈞), and his courtesy name was Bingchen (秉臣). His father worked as a bookkeeper for a landlord and they lived a very modest life. When he was six years old, he entered a mediocre school for primary study. He often followed his father to work. He travelled around the city and experienced the lives of the poor.

In 1907, Ye entered Caoqiao Secondary School (草橋中學). After his graduation, he worked as a primary school teacher, before being dismissed by the school in 1914. Finding himself unemployed, he devoted himself entirely to writing classical Chinese novels, which were published in "Libailiu Magazine" (《禮拜六》 "Saturday Magazine"), until he found work as the Chinese teacher of a school set up by the Shanghai Commercial Press (商務印書館上海印刷廠). At the same time, he became the editor of primary textbooks of the Shanghai Commercial Press in 1915.

Ye had been living in an era of instability, including the 1894 Sino-Japanese War, the Hundred Days' Reform, and later the Sphere of Influence (列強割據). His early life experiences affected his sense of nationalism and contributed to his later career as a journalist and an educator.

Career in literary movement
Throughout his life, Ye worked a lot for literary movement. Under the influences of the May Fourth Movement in 1919 commonly known as the New Culture Movement, Ye indulged himself in his literary career. He participated in a student organization called 'Xinchao She' ("New Tide Society" 新潮社 1919-1920) of Peking University, and started publishing fictions, poems, prose, literary criticism and scripts of drama etc. Ye was also an editor in PuShe (樸社, 1923). In 1921, Ye, Mao Dun and Zheng Zhenduo founded the earliest literary society of the New Literature Movement, the "Wenxue Yanjiu Hui", (文學研究會 "Association for Literary Studies"), advocating realism art but rejecting the principle "Art is for Art's Sake". In 1936, Ye, Mao Dun and Hong Shen (洪深) established the "Chinese Literature and Art Society" (Zhongguo Wenyi jia Xiehui 中國文藝家協會). In 1941, he became an editorial committee of the "Teaching for Literature and History"" (Wenshi Jiaoxue 文史教學). Ye was one of the establishers of the "Literary Alliance for Anti-Japanese Imperialism" (文藝界反帝抗日大聯盟).

Political life
Ye was responsible for a number of posts in the authority. Following the Communist Revolution, Ye served as the Vice-director of General Administration of Press and Publication (出版總署副署長), the President of People Education Publication (人民教育出版社社長), and the Vice-Minister of Education. He was also elected as the Committee of the Fifth Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the National Committee of The Fifth Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and the Chairman of China Association for Promoting Democracy.

Ye died in Beijing on 16 February 1988 at the age of 93.

Educational and journalistic ideologies
For Ye, education and journalism were inseparable.

The goal of education is not to educate" (「教是為了不教」)
Ye had a great impact on improving the Modern Chinese language education. He brought a new idea to the Chinese educators, i.e. students should be taught the methods of learning, instead of the long and detailed content in books. This idea was a breakthrough in traditional Chinese education, which used to rely heavily on memorization and indoctrination. Also, Ye promoted critical thinking and the importance of personal value judgment. He suggested that these learning skills should be built within the students and were the basis for students' lifelong learning.

Literature is for life (文學為人生)
Ye was passionate in reflecting the real life in his works:

"In retrospect, I seem never to have written about anything of which I had only vague or hazy knowledge. In other words, I cannot write anything by merely imagining it, though I do not banish the element of fancy. I lived in cities, towns and villages, and I wrote what I had observed there. As a teacher, I knew something about life in educational circles and I wrote about that. In a rather elementary and superficial way I watched the gradual development of the Chinese Revolution and I wrote about that too."

Most of his journalistic works were inspired by people's lives. He believed that literature was not only for leisure, but also a tool to reveal life and stimulate readers to contemplate the reality. He felt obliged to let the reader know what was actually happening around. This was one of the reasons why he wanted to combine literature with journalism. He thought that literary works should also be used to arouse youngsters' awareness and responsiveness towards society. This ideology resembles the journalistic principle of telling the truth. Ye was also a reporter of life.

Readability (易讀性)
Readability was a prominent characteristic in Ye's works. It means how efficient a reader can perceive and understand a passage. As a journalist, Ye put great emphasis on the use of language. This might be because he had been a teacher for more than 10 years before he became an editor. He thought that writings were for the reader and he considered writing as a means of communication between readers and authors. A major problem of the writers at that period was that they were not equipped with good writing skills. Their wordings were inaccurate and vague in meaning. Very often, only well educated people could appreciate their works. The writers neglected the importance of practicability. Hence, literature was not promoted to the general public. Ye thought that one could only write something artistic if one could write something practical and understandable. It would be useless if the readers could not even understand the content.

"My first career, I would say, is editor."
"If anybody asks about my career, I would say, my first career is editor, second is teacher," Ye said. Ye had spent much of his life on editing and publishing. The Shanghai Commercial Press was the starting point of Ye's editorship. He became the editor of the press since 1923.

By the end of 1930, Ye quit the post in the Shanghai Commercial Press and became the editor of Kaiming Press (Kaiming Shu Dian 開明書店). He started to edit books on Chinese language and storybooks for children.

"Editing is no easy task." To Ye, being an editor was never simply a job, but a career. "Recklessness is strictly forbidden in editing, you have to check everything in person. Editors must be earnest to their publications, their reporters, and their readers." Editor plays an important role in monitoring the final outcome. Ye suggested that "seriousness" is the key of being a successful editor. He had always upheld this attitude in his works.

Ye devoted himself to editing and publishing for his whole life. His enthusiasm on his "first and ultimate" career had never stopped. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ye moved to Leshan with his family and worked as a professor at the Department of Chinese at Wuhan University. In 1946, he returned to Shanghai and resumed his editorship at Kaiming Press.

Ye's publications
In his entire life, Ye was very much involved in the field of journalism. From 1925 to 1929 was Ye's new era of publications. He edited many famous magazines and newspapers, below are some of his works:

New era for modern publishing
Ye's vision in modern Chinese language catalyzed the development of modern journalism in China.

Ye was eager to advocate the standardization of modern Chinese language including the standardization of grammar, rhetoric, vocabulary, punctuation, simplified character, and the elimination of variant characters (異體字). He also compiled and standardized the Chinese character for publishing and formulated the Chinese Phoneticization Scheme (Hanyu Pinyin Fang'an 《漢語拼音方案》). All his efforts helped to improve the quality and organization of editorial work.

Most importantly, Ye promoted vernacular Chinese in publishing. His magazines and newspapers were mostly published in vernacular style, which greatly facilitated other journalists and readers to read. All these contributed to the rapid development of modern journalism in China.

Ye was an excellent educator and talent scout, too. He educated and discovered many outstanding young authors and editors like Ba Jin, Ding Ling, and Dai Wangshu.

Background of the May Thirtieth Movement
On 30 May 1925, a bloody massacre took place in Shanghai, known as May Thirtieth Movement (五卅運動 Wǔsà- yùndòng). About 2000 Shanghai workers and students ushered in a vigorous anti-imperialist movement, protesting imperialist domination and demanding to abolish the unfair treaties. The demonstrators thundered "Down with the imperialists!". Workers throughout China responded with a general strike and mass demonstrations. British police then suppressed the demonstrators with violence and killed 12 Chinese in the event. Till 1 June, more than 20 Chinese were killed.

"Who will tell the truth?"
None of the Shanghai newspapers reported this tragedy .The front-page news were mainly the gossip of the players of Chinese opera. The Shanghai newspapers refused to mention this incident because of political pressure. As a journalist, Ye denounced "Why are the journalists so hardhearted to ignore this shocking massacre? Why are they so afraid of the fact? It's ridiculous that nobody would tell the truth." Ye thus founded Gōnglǐ Rìbào (The Truth Daily 《公理日報》)''' with Zheng Zhenduo and Hu Yuzhi (胡愈之1896－1986), aimed to reveal the whole picture of this tragedy regardless of the imperialist power, in order to arouse the awareness and nationalism of the general public and also to promote "the spirit of May 30th movement" across China.

A new way to journalism
In addition to reporting the truth, The Truth Daily 《公理日报》provided a forum for public discussion, called "Shèhuì Cáipànsuǒ" ("Tribunal of the Society"〈社會裁判所〉), which encouraged reader to express their viewpoints towards the society. Ye and other editors of The Truth Daily severely criticized the unfairness of the society. This newspaper served as a watchdog over the despotic power, and initiated the concept of "freedom of press" in the early modern Chinese society.

Due to financial difficulties and disagreement among the editors, The Truth Daily finally terminated after running for 22 days. Yet Ye has never stopped pursuing the truth. After the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), he participated in the struggle against Nationalist government, striving for democracy and the freedom of press.

Realism: the mirror of life
Realism became the most sustainable hallmark of Ye Shengtao. Ye was one of the pioneers in realistic writing. His writing was like a mirror, reflecting the rotten side of society and human traits.

Being an educator, Ye had many narrations on intellectuals in his works. Many of the protagonists in Ye's works were the exploited, the disabled and the prosecuted who were in lower social class. Ye had worked consistently on reflecting the truth and reality in his works. He expressed his democratic and socialist ideas through his novel series such as "The Fire"(Huozai 《火災》),"Under the Horizon"(Xiàn xià  《線下》) and ."A scarecrow" (Dào cao rén  《稻草人》.These pieces focused on the suffocation of the lower-class people. His highly praised fiction "Ni Huanzhi" 《倪煥之 》 revealed the pathetic life of an intellectual called "Ni Huanzhi".

Ye discovered that many people in the New China were selfish, apathetic, hypocritic and conservative. People gave up their values in exchange for a stable life. Ye's works shared a sense of irony. He expressed his discontent in a bid to arouse the awareness of the public towards these social weaknesses. Ye was not only writing stories, but also reporting the fallacies in society. His writings were not only for leisure but feeding the rest by knowing and reflecting the reality, "...the basic requirement for writing fiction is a pair of penetrating and observat eyes and my eyes are not penetrating enough...Of course, it is not necessary to train one's eyes just for the sake of writing but trained eyes do, in reality, nourish life." (Ye Shengtao, 'Guoqu Suitan', op. cit., p. 46.)

Children's literature: A mind training for the young
Ye's first academic essay was about children literature, called Children's Concept (兒童之觀念), criticizing how feudalism affected children's lives in China.

In fact, Ye was the first writer who created fairy tales in the 1920s. His writing "A Scarecrow"(Dào cǎo rén  《稻草人》) was published in 1923. This children's reading was very popular among numerous youngsters. Another 'fairy tale was "A Stone Figure of an Ancient Hero". (Gǔdāi yīngxióng de shíxiàng 《古代英雄的石像》) This story was about a stone which had been sculptured into a hero statue. The message behind this easy-to-read story was to ridicule the authorities who were arrogant and insensitive to his people.

Ye's student, Ding Ling, once praised that his fairy tales were able to induce readers to think more about the society. Ye's fairy tales were simple, yet, with deep meaning inside it. He believed that children should have an understanding of their surrounding so as to enhance their critical power. Through Ye's stories, children could gradually acquire a clearer picture of society and their relationships with it.

Language and rhetoric
Ye's language was refined and eloquent, and was known for his ability to choose just the right words to express himself. Ye emphasized the importance of feeling and emotion throughout his journals. Characters in Ye's work were vivid and he deeply penetrated into and shared their inner feelings. The popular writer Zhao Jingshen (趙景深) held that Ye was a special figure in the field of literature, describing him transcendent and extraordinary. The beauty of his works lasted despite any conditions. The expression of emotions and feelings were built on the basis of truth and reality that made his stories full of power. "Emotion seems like the shining light, while description and assessment are spotted by this light," Ye said. This speech somehow showed that Ye was not only a story teller, but a great artist.

Influx of foreign elements
Ye's realistic writing style became the role model for many other writers. He also admitted that reading different western pieces did help him a lot on his writing, "If I hadn't read English, if I had not got in touch with literature in English, I wouldn't have written novels." His works were retrospective, thoughtful and critical. They were not only based on feeling, but on actual and objective observations. Ye was not only a writer, but also a reporter. These insights became the rich ingredients in his works. He shaped a new dimension to Chinese modern literature.

Literature

 * "The Snowing Morning" Xuě zhāo 《雪朝》 (co-written with Zhu Ziqing etc.)   (Poems)          1922
 * "A scarecrow" Dào cǎo rén  《稻草人》 (Novel)  1923
 * "Under the horizon" Xiàn xià 《線下》    (Short stories)  1925
 * "Ní Huànzhī (the name of the character)" 《倪煥之 》  (Novel)  1929
 * "A Stone Figure of an Ancient Hero" Gǔ dài yīng xióng de shí xiàng. 《古代英雄的石像》   (Fairy-tales)     1931.
 * "The Heart of Literature" Wén xīn 《文心》 (Educational)  1934 (co-written with Xia Mianzun 夏丏尊)
 * An Exercise in Weiyanju" Wèi yàn jū xí zuò 《未厭居習作》          ( Prose)           1935
 * "The Collections of Ye Shengtao's Short Stories" Shèngtáo duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí 《聖陶短篇小說集》 (Short Stories collections))    1936
 * "Selected Collections of Ye Shengtao" Yè Shàojūn xuǎn jí 《葉紹鈞選集》 (Collectanea) 1936
 * "A Guide to Skimming" Luè dú zhǐ dǎo jǔ yù 《略讀指導舉隅》1946, (co-written with Zhu Ziqing)
 * "The Study of Fairy Tales" értóng Wénxué Yánjiū 《兒童文學研究》1947
 * "A Guide to Intensive Reading" Jīng dú zhǐ dǎo jǔ yù 《精讀指導舉隅》 1948
 * "Recordings of Writing" Xiě zuò zá tán 《寫作雜談》 1951
 * "Selected fairy-tales of Ye" Yè Shèngtáo tónghuà xuǎn 《葉聖陶童話選》 (Fairy-Tale) 1956
 * "Ye Shengtao's Collectanea" Yè Shèngtáo chūbǎn wénjí.《葉聖陶出版文集》1958
 * "Resistance" Kàng zhēng 《抗爭》 (Short stories)     1959
 * "The Night" Yè 《 夜》        1959
 * "An ordinary story"《Píng cháng de gù shì 《平常的故事》 1959
 * "Light wave" Wēi bō 《微波》 1959
 * "The Collection of Poems" Qiè cún jí 《篋存集 》                  (Poems)             1960
 * "Mr Pan Weathered the Storm" Pān xiān shēng zài nàn zhōng 《潘先生在難中》 (Short Stories) 1964
 * "Ye Shengtao's Proses" Yè Shèngtáo Sǎnwén 《葉聖陶散文》 (Proses) 1983
 * "I & Sichuan" Wǒ yǔ Sìchuān 《我與四川》   (proses & poems)    1984
 * "The Speaking of Literary works" Wén zhāng jiǎnghuà 《文章講話》 (co-written with Xia Mianzun 夏丏尊) (Educational)  1997
 * "72 Topics about Literature" Wén huà qī shí èr jiǎng 《文話七十二講》  (Educational)      1999, (co-written with Xia Mianzun 夏丏尊)

Journalism

 * "Saturday Magazine" Lǐbàiliù Magazine《禮拜六》
 * "Shanghai News of Current Affairs" Shànghǎi Shíshì　Xīnbào《上海時事新報》
 * "Shanghai Nationalists' Daily" Shànghǎi Mínguó Rìbào 《上海民國日報》
 * "The Literature Weekly" Wénxué Zhōubào 《文學周報》
 * "The Truth Daily" Gōnglǐ Rìbào 《公理日報》
 * "The Chinese Language and Literature Monthly" Guówén Yuèkān《國文月刊》
 * "Suzhou Commentary" Sūzhōu Pínglùn 《蘇州評論》
 * "Women's Magazine" Fùnǚ Zázhì 《婦女雜誌》
 * "Novel Monthly" Xiǎoshuō Yuèbào 《小說月報》
 * "High School Students" Zhōngxuéshēng 《中學生》
 * "Enlightened Youth" Kāimíng Shàonián 《開明少年》
 * "Chinese Authors" Zhōngguó Zuòjiā 《中國作家》
 * "People's Education" Rénmín Jiàoyù 《人民教育》
 * "Chinese Language" Zhōngguó Yǚwén 《中國語文》
 * "Poems" Shī 《詩》
 * "The Light" Guangming 《光明》
 * "Chinese Language Magazine" Guowen Zazhi (《國文雜誌》)
 * "Magazine for High School Students in the War". Zhongxuesheng Zhanshi Banyue kan (《中學生戰時半月刊》)

Ye Shengtao Memorial Hall

Ye Shengtao Memorial Hall is located at the former site of The 5th High School where Ye Shengtao taught from 1917 to 1922. It is located beside the Baosheng Temple in Luzhi township, Wuzhong district of Suzhou city.

Portrait

 * Ye Shengtao. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

title: Ye Shengtao