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Talk:Past teachings of Prem Rawat

Archive 1, Archive 2

Excuses vs Explanations
I have tried to follow the edits and counter edits and to substantiate the comments by Andreis about "Some of the Problems with the Article". It is clear that most of the counter-charges here are "opinionated" ones. While we can all have our opinions, trying to argue facts based on them is very weak. For example Andries, your statement, "Having an excuse for everything instead of just stating facts and let the reader decide." is an extraordinarily opinionated one. I do not see too many excuses in the article. Personally, I think the article is well done and very balanced. Certainly a great deal of work was put into it. I also think the reason to "explain" some of the past teachings is because they did change and morph... whenever there is change and evolution, there is a need for explanation in context. Let us not confuse explanations with excuses, unless by doing so you intend to demean the writer's integrity. Chuck 19:03, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Chuck, I will think about what you wrote but to me all the "explanations" sound like excuses to explain away embarassing beliefs, claims and practices in hindsight. I would appreciate references from the early phase for those explanations. Andries 19:29, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Andries, please clarify what do you mean by "embarrassing". I am not embarrased about anything, quite the contrary if fact. Don't you understand that by just reading the ex-premie propaganda your view of Maharaji and his work will always be skewed? So much so that you have started even talking like them (!) No one is making any excuses in this article, just read it with an open mind.

 * You have demonstrated again and again that the only thing that will satisfy you will be an article in which your opinion of Maharaji is expressed. I do not see any attempts by you to accept information and facts unless these support that opinion. Worst of all is the fact that all what you know about Maharaji is either from hearsay, third party accounts or from a couple of books you have read. These are pretty poor credentials IMO, in particular given the tone of voice you have maintained in these pages, as if you were an expert in this matter. You are not, Andries. The fact that you dislike gurus, does not make you an expert on Maharaji. Please be honest with yourself and accept that the weight of your opinion is much less encyclopedic than anyting that has been written in this article. I find your attitude pedantic and arrogant in that that you believe yourself to be above scrutinity and thinking that you have the right pass judgement on the content of this article as if you were an expert.  I grant you the right to disagree wityh my POV, but I would appreciate it if you reflect on what I have said. ≈ jossi ≈ 03:28, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * jossi, interpretation is a wide field. Like with the bible and other scriptures one can interpret certain meaning out of a text as well as the opposite. If you explain that "surrender" means merely a feeling of peace by letting go, then isn't it a bit strange that we have had a person that was shouting to us "Surrender the reigns of your life"? which can be proven. I still have satsangs from rawat where everybody can hear what and how he said it. Wouldn't it be straightforward if you'd  request at Elan Vital to release these old satsangs from copyright protection so that everybody can make up his own mind? On the other hand, i do not know how much of this material can be used in the sense of "fair use" anyway, but this can be clarified i guess. Thomas h 07:14, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You can read a good selection of quotes about surrender at Maharaji. . ≈ jossi ≈ 14:12, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Article for deletion because of unverifiability
I think this article should be deleted because There is no way of knowing what Prem Rawat's real teachings were. There were very few scholarly works on this issue, in contrast to the beliefs and practices of the DLM. There are only highly polarized diverging viewpoints. In other words, the contents lack verifiability. Andries 10:50, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Small changes
I've changed the format of the decades from "'70s" to "1970s". This follows normal Chicago style. Not a major change. **Armeisen 00:36, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Many off-topic comments, unsourced generalizations
I could tag litter this article with, but I hereby request references  for nearly every statement in the article. Please note that unsourced generalizations about what Prem Rawat said are not allowed as per No original research. Normally of course this is not such a big problem, but in this case for a heavily disputed subject about a person who made many contradictory statements this is a problem. I will remove most of them, unless references are provided within two weeks. I will also move most quotes should go to Wikiquote. I will also remove off topic comments about what other people said etc or move them to other articles, like Divine Light Mission In other words, very little will stay unless references are provided. Andries 19:48, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that, the article will need to be paired, sources provided and unattributed commentary removed. As for the quotes, I disagree as Prem Rawat's teachings are delivered exclusively through his words. I will be busy from most of next week, but will have a revised version before the two week period you requested.≈ jossi ≈  t • @ 06:53, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Regarding quotes, one can write e.g. say "Rawat said on 19 April 1975 Peace needs to be everywhere", but you cannot say even if it is based on mulitiple quotes by Rawat that Rawat's main message was peace. Generalizations based on quotes are not supposed to be made by editors. Andries 07:10, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course, I won't object to generalizations that I cannot seriously doubt, such as "Maharaji frequently talked about peace", but at the momement there are many generalizations that seem implausible, apologetic, or one-sided to me and I will remove all of them, unless they are referenced by a reputable source. Andries 07:21, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The Past teachings of Prem Rawat really had little to do with Indian trappings except maybe in the very early 70s. It certainly was a small part of it, and there were some trappings, but that mustn't be the main focus of the article. The focus of M's teachings were K and himself, but it's the presentation that was quite different than today. That's what I think the article should focus upon.

 * Also, M's agya was quite different in how he stated it to premies during the decade. Many western premies paid little attention to to the Indian trappings, by 1975-76, except as they responded to how M used Hindi terms and expressions himself.  For example, his wearing of Krishna outfits, his agya, the Holi, Hans Jayanti, and Guru Puja festivals, even the renaming of his wife to Durja Ji, all were part of how M presented K. I think in order to give the reader a clearer idea of how M taught and presented K in the 70s, it it's also important to describe what Maharaji required of an aspirant, such as the community aspirant program, including about a five month period of attending satsang (in the mid to late 70s), the knowledge selection, etc., as well as the K packet that was issued to each new premie by DLM at their K session. As the article stands, it doesn't say much about the teachings or how Maharaji presented K to both the public, aspirants and premies of the 70s.  Also important is to emphasize the resurgence of ashrams in the last half of the 70s decade.  That was based upon what M wanted of premies during that time.  There are plenty of quotes that cover all the above-mentioned aspects and decade, so it shouldn't be a difficult at all to find source quotes.   Sylviecyn 12:23, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Encyclopedic style
So, as this survived AfD (again?), let's work together to to make it resemble an encyclopedic article.

Starting at the beginning: That would be exactly (or approximately) when? I'm not that firm in idiomatic English, in German that would be described as "blumige Sprache" (literally: floral speech). Encyclopedic style would mean But perhaps the entire intro sentence can be scrapped.
 * As Rawat matured from boyhood to adulthood,..
 * ''In 19xx Rawat..."

Jumping somewhere further down: Is it only me, or is this a plain duplication material. And is there any secondary source for this assessment?
 * In essence, in the 1970s and 1980s, the emphasis was less on message and more on experience and practice.
 * There was less distinction between the message and the teachings in the 1970s and 1980s than there is now.

Conditions for the practice of Knowledge to bear fruit
 * This is involuntarily funny. It's reads like an old Catholic Encyclopedia. If nobody can offer a better heading, were better off without one.

...only a very quick scan so far --Pjacobi 20:49, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. This aticle needs serious NPOVing, sourcing and overall cleanup as per the AfD. One possibility would be to summarize the section at Prem Rawat: The 1970's in the main article, and use the content there as the basis, as there is already a request to split due to size of this sextion there. We can then attempt to salvage whatever material is good from this article and include that as well. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 20:59, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

The main trouble with this article is that is doesn't correctly reflect the past teachings of Prem Rawat as per my statement above and more. That would include what Prem Rawat prescribed to his followers about how to practice Knowledge, how to live their lives, for example, even in 1979 (an audio is available) he was telling premies that they shouldn't have relationships, family or children (he referred to children as "tinker toys"), because that would constitute "secondary love" and premies' love for Rawat should be primary in their lives. That's a significant gap in the information here. That's why there is so much repetition of material here from other articles -- there's much missing about the past teachings. I don't see any purpose for the inclusion of quotes from the 1990s and 2000s, when this article isn't about the last 10 to 15 years of Rawat's teachings and there are ample quotes from those years in Wikiquote and other articles. Sylviecyn 09:51, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Post 2000 speeches are off-topic and should be removed
This article is called past teachings. It is a different matter if post 2000 speeches by Rawat try to summarize his earlier teachings, though I personally distrust such speeches because that opens the door for one-sided re-interpretations and revisionisms. Andries 15:34, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Chop away, Andries. I will come back and restore text for which I find sources. There are plety of these as you alreday know. As for post 2000, speeches, if these are pertinent to the text, they shpuld not be deleted. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 15:37, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If you want to edit, Andries, edit. But removing text and leaving unconnected pieces of text is terrible. 15:46, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have deleted most of the text, with the intention of comiong back and re-add it as soon as I find cites to support the additions. There are several scholarly books that describe this period, and I will use these as references. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 15:55, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Inappropriate edit summary
Jossi, I wrote that I would that I would not delete unsourced statements that I did not seriously doubt: I would only delete unsourced statements and generalizations that I found doubtful. So I think that your edit summary "(if you want to playt the game, lets play" does not assume my good faith and is inappropriate. Andries 15:58, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * You left only these texts that support your POV even if these were unsourced. So, don't tell me to talke your edits in good faith. Now take a rest.l The article is a stub now. I will work on it over the next months. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 16:00, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Your statement falsely suggest that my editing behavior and my stated intentions contradict each other: of course, I do not seriously doubt my own POV. That is why it is my POV. Andries 16:51, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Unless there are objections, I will merge any non-dupmaterial from this article onto Divine Light Mission in a few days. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 17:04, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Past teachings of Prem Rawat


text:
Châteauguay (federal electoral district)

Châteauguay was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917 and from 1979 to 2004.

History
It was created by the British North America Act of 1867. In 1914, it was amalgamated with Huntingdon to become Châteauguay—Huntingdon riding.

The riding was recreated in 1976 from portions of La Prairie and Beauharnois—Salaberry ridings. It consisted of:
 * the Towns of Châteauguay, Châteauguay-Centre, Delson, Léry, Mercier, Sainte-Catherine, Saint-Constant and Saint-Rémi;
 * in the County of Châteauguay: the parish municipalities of Sainte-Clothilde, Sainte-Martine and Saint-Urbain-Premier; the municipality of Saint-Paul-de-Châteauguay;
 * in the County of Laprairie: the parish municipality of Saint-Isidore; the municipality of Saint-Mathieu; the Indian Reserve of Caughnawaga No. 14; and
 * in the County of Napierville: the parish municipalities of Saint-Michel and Saint-Rémi.

In 1987, it was redefined to consist of:
 * the Towns of Châteauguay, Delson, Mercier, Sainte-Catherine, Saint-Constant and Saint-Rémi;
 * in the County of Laprairie: the parish municipalities of Saint-Isidore, Saint-Jacques-le-Mineur and Saint-Philippe; the Municipality of Saint-Mathieu; the Indian Reserve of Kahnawake No. 14; and
 * in the County of Napierville: the parish municipalities of Saint-Édouard, Saint-Michel and Saint-Patrick-de-Sherrington.

In 1996, it was redefined to consist of:
 * the cities of Châteauguay, Delson, Léry, Mercier, Saint-Constant, Saint-Rémi and Sainte-Catherine;
 * the County Regional Municipality of Roussillon, including Kahnawake Indian Reserve No. 14 (Caughnawaga), excepting: the cities of Candiac and La Prairie; the Parish Municipality of Saint-Philippe; and
 * in the County Regional Municipality of Les Jardins-de-Napierville: the parish municipalities of Saint-Édouard, Saint-Jacques-le-Mineur and Saint-Michel.

It was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into Beauharnois—Salaberry, Saint-Jean and Châteauguay—Saint-Constant ridings.

Members of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

1867 - 1917
By-election: On Mr. Holton's death, 14 March 1880

By-election: On Mr. Brown's death, 30 May 1913

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Buruli ulcer

Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease characterized by the development of painless open wounds. The disease is limited to certain areas of the world, most cases occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia. The first sign of infection is a small painless nodule or area of swelling, typically on the arms or legs. The nodule grows larger over days to weeks, eventually forming an open ulcer. Deep ulcers can cause scarring of muscles and tendons, resulting in permanent disability.

Buruli ulcer is caused by skin infection with bacteria called Mycobacterium ulcerans. The mechanism by which M. ulcerans is transmitted from the environment to humans is not known, but may involve the bite of an aquatic insect or the infection of open wounds. Once in the skin, M. ulcerans grows and releases the toxin mycolactone, which blocks the normal function of cells, resulting in tissue death and immune suppression at the site of the ulcer.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating Buruli ulcer with a combination of the antibiotics rifampicin and clarithromycin. With antibiotic administration and proper wound care, small ulcers typically heal within six months. Deep ulcers and those on sensitive body sites may require surgery to remove dead tissue or repair scarred muscles or joints. Even with proper treatment, Buruli ulcer can take months to heal. Regular cleaning and dressing of wounds aids healing and prevents secondary infections.

In 2018, WHO received 2,713 reports of Buruli ulcer globally. Although rare, it typically occurs in rural areas near slow-moving or stagnant water. The first written description of the disease is credited to Albert Ruskin Cook in 1897 at Mengo Hospital in Uganda. Fifty years later, the causative bacterium was isolated and identified by a group at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne. In 1998, WHO established the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative to coordinate global efforts to eliminate Buruli ulcer. WHO considers it a neglected tropical disease.

Signs and symptoms

The first sign of Buruli ulcer is a painless swollen bump on the arm or leg, often similar in appearance to an insect bite. Sometimes the swollen area instead appears as a patch of firm, raised skin about three centimeters across called a "plaque"; or a more widespread swelling under the skin.

Over the course of a few weeks, the original swollen area expands to form an irregularly shaped patch of raised skin. After about four weeks, the affected skin sloughs off leaving a painless ulcer. Buruli ulcers typically have "undermined edges", the ulcer being a few centimeters wider underneath the skin than the wound itself.

In some people, the ulcer may heal on its own or remain small but linger unhealed for years. In others, it continues to grow wider and sometimes deeper, with skin at the margin dying and sloughing off. Large ulcers may extend deep into underlying tissue, causing bone infection and exposing muscle, tendon, and bone to the air. When ulcers extend into muscles and tendons, parts of these tissues can be replaced by scar tissue, immobilizing the body part and resulting in permanent disability. Exposed ulcers can be infected by other bacteria, causing the wound to become red, painful, and foul smelling. Symptoms are typically limited to those caused by the wound; the disease rarely affects other parts of the body.

Buruli ulcers can appear anywhere on the body, but are typically on the limbs. Ulcers are most common on the lower limbs (roughly 62% of ulcers globally) and upper limbs (24%), but can also be found on the trunk (9%), head or neck (3%), or genitals (less than 1%).

The World Health Organization classifies Buruli ulcer into three categories depending on the severity of its symptoms. Category I describes a single small ulcer that is less than 5 cm. Category II describes a larger ulcer, up to 15 cm, as well as plaques and broader swollen areas that have not yet opened into ulcers. Category III is for an ulcer larger than 15 centimeters, multiple ulcers, or ulcers that have spread to include particularly sensitive sites such as the eyes, bones, joints, or genitals.

Cause
Buruli ulcer is caused by infection of the skin with the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. M. ulcerans is a mycobacterium, closely related to Mycobacterium marinum which infects aquatic animals and, rarely, humans. It is more distantly related to other slow-growing mycobacteria that infect humans, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy. Buruli ulcer typically occurs near slow-moving or stagnant bodies of water, where M. ulcerans is found in aquatic insects, mollusks, fish, and the water itself. How M. ulcerans is transmitted to humans remains unclear, but somehow bacteria enter the skin and begin to grow. Ulceration is primarily caused by the bacterial toxin mycolactone. As the bacteria grow, they release mycolactone into the surrounding tissue. Mycolactone diffuses into host cells and blocks the action of Sec61, the molecular channel that serves as a gateway to the endoplasmic reticulum. When Sec61 is blocked, proteins that would normally enter the endoplasmic reticulum are mistargeted to the cytosol, causing a pathological stress response that leads to cell death by apoptosis. This results in tissue death at the site of infection, causing the open ulcer characteristic of the disease. At the same time, Sec61 inhibition prevents cells from signaling to activate the immune system, leaving ulcers largely free of immune cells. Immune cells that do reach the ulcer are killed by mycolactone, and tissue examinations of the ulcer show a core of growing bacteria surrounded by debris from dead and dying neutrophils (the most common immune cell).

Transmission
It was not known how M. ulcerans was introduced to humans although research in Australia indicates the possum as a vector along with mosquitoes to be the cause. Buruli ulcer does not spread from one person to another. In areas endemic for Buruli ulcer, disease occurs near stagnant bodies of water, leading to the long-standing hypothesis that M. ulcerans is somehow transmitted to humans from aquatic environments. M. ulcerans is widespread in these environments, where it can survive as free-living or in association with other aquatic organisms. Live M. ulcerans has been isolated from aquatic insects, mosses, and animal feces; and its DNA has been found in water, soil, mats of bacteria and algae, fish, crayfish, aquatic insects, and other animals that live in or near water. A role for biting insects in transmission has been investigated, with particular focus on mosquitoes, giant water bugs, and Naucoridae. M. ulcerans is occasionally found in these insects, and they can sometimes transmit the bacteria in laboratory settings. Whether these insects are regularly involved in transmission remains unclear. Pre-existing wounds have been implicated in disease transmission, and people who immediately wash and bandage open wounds are less likely to acquire Buruli ulcer. Wearing pants and long-sleeved shirts is associated with a lower risk of Buruli ulcer, possibly by preventing insect bites or protecting wounds.

Genetic susceptibility
While Buruli ulcer is not contagious, susceptibility sometimes runs in families, suggesting genetics could play a role in who develops the disease. Severe Buruli ulcer in a Beninese family was attributed to a loss of 37 kilobases of chromosome 8 in a region that included a long non-coding RNA and was near the genes for beta-defensins, which are antimicrobial peptides involved in immunity and wound healing. Broader studies have focused on genes involved in susceptibility to other mycobacterial infections, finding susceptibility to Buruli ulcer may be linked to variants in six immunity-related genes: SLC11A1, PRKN, NOD2, ATG16L1, iNOS, and IFNG, as well as in two long non-coding RNAs. A genome-wide association study linked resistance to Buruli ulcer to a variant of ATG16L1 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease.

Diagnosis
As Buruli ulcer most commonly occurs in low-resource settings, treatment is often initiated by a clinician based on signs and symptoms alone. Where available, diagnosis may then be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect M. ulcerans DNA or microscopy to detect mycobacteria. The gold standard test is real-time PCR to detect a DNA sequence termed IS2404 that is unique to M. ulcerans. This method detects M. ulcerans in 54–84% of infected people, and is highly specific to M. ulcerans. In wealthier healthcare settings, diagnosis is routinely based on PCR results. In low-resource settings, PCR is often unavailable, or can only be performed later at a centralized diagnostic laboratory. For microscopy, fluid is typically taken from the ulcer's edge by fine-needle aspiration or by swabbing the edge of the ulcer. The fluid is then stained with the Ziehl–Neelsen stain which makes mycobacteria visible. In practice microscopy detects M. ulcerans in just 30–40% of infected people, making it a relatively insensitive diagnostic test. For many bacterial infections, the gold standard for diagnosis is isolating and growing the infective organism in laboratory media. M. ulcerans can be grown in laboratory media, but its extremely slow growth rate prevents this from being used diagnostically; even under optimal growth conditions, the bacteria must grow for 9 to 12 weeks before they can be easily detected and identified. Another method of diagnosis is to take a tissue sample from the ulcer and examine it under histological stains. This requires more invasive sampling and review by a trained pathologist, and is rarely used in places where Buruli ulcer is endemic.

Other ulcerative diseases can appear similar to Buruli ulcer at its various stages. The nodule that appears early in the disease can resemble a bug bite, sebaceous cyst, lipoma, onchocerciasis, other mycobacterial skin infections, or an enlarged lymph node. Skin ulcers can resemble those caused by leishmaniasis, yaws, squamous cell carcinoma, Haemophilus ducreyi infection, and tissue death due to poor circulation. More diffuse lesions can resemble cellulitis and fungal infections of the skin.

Treatment
Buruli ulcer is treated through a combination of antibiotics to kill the bacteria, and wound care or surgery to support the healing of the ulcer. The most widely used antibiotic regimen is once daily oral rifampicin plus twice daily oral clarithromycin, recommended by the World Health Organization. Several other antibiotics are sometimes used in combination with rifampicin, namely ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ethambutol, amikacin, azithromycin, and levofloxacin. A 2018 Cochrane review suggested that the many antibiotic combinations being used are effective treatments, but there is insufficient evidence to determine if any combination is the most effective. Approximately 1 in 5 people with Buruli ulcer experience a temporary worsening of symptoms 3 to 12 weeks after they begin taking antibiotics. This syndrome, called a paradoxical reaction, is more common in those with larger ulcers and ulcers on the trunk, and occurs more frequently in adults than in children. The paradoxical reaction in Buruli ulcer is thought to be due to the immune system responding to the wound as bacteria die and the immune-suppressing mycolactone dissipates.

Small or medium-sized ulcers (WHO categories I and II) typically heal within six months of antibiotic treatment, whereas larger ulcers can take over two years to fully heal. Given the long healing times, wound care is a major part of treating Buruli ulcer. The World Health Organization recommends standard wound care practices: covering the ulcer to keep it moist and protected from further damage; regularly changing wound dressings to keep the ulcer clean, removing excess fluid, and helping prevent infection. Treatment sometimes includes surgery to speed healing by removing necrotic ulcer tissue, grafting healthy skin over the wound, or removing scar tissue that can deform muscles and joints. Specialized wound dressings developed for non-infectious causes of ulcer are occasionally used for treating Buruli ulcer, but can be prohibitively expensive in low-resource settings.

Prevention
Buruli ulcer can be prevented by avoiding contact with aquatic environments in endemic areas, although this may not be possible for people living in these areas. The risk of acquiring it can be reduced by wearing long sleeves and pants, using insect repellent, and cleaning and covering any wounds as soon as they are noticed. There is no specific vaccine for preventing Buruli ulcer. The BCG vaccine typically given to children to protect against tuberculosis offers temporary partial protection from Buruli ulcer.

Epidemiology

Buruli ulcer is relatively rare, with 2,713 cases reported to the World Health Organization in 2018. Most countries do not report data on Buruli ulcer to the World Health Organization, and the extent of its spread is unknown. In many endemic countries, health systems likely do not record each case due to insufficient reach and resources, and so the reported numbers probably underestimate the true prevalence of the disease.

Buruli ulcer is concentrated in West Africa and coastal Australia, with occasional cases in Japan, Papua New Guinea and the Americas. In West Africa, the disease is predominantly reported from remote, rural communities in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, and Ghana. Other countries in the region also have Buruli ulcer to some degree; a 2019 systematic review of prevalence studies found a clear consensus that it is present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo, and South Sudan, as well as "strong" or "very strong" evidence of the disease in the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, the Central African Republic, Guinea, and Uganda. Buruli ulcer is regularly reported from Australia, where it occurs in coastal clusters—two in Queensland (near Rockhampton and north of Cairns) and two in Victoria (near Bairnsdale and Melbourne). It is more rarely reported from Japan, Papua New Guinea, and the Americas. Japan reports a few locally acquired cases per year scattered across the main island, Honshu. Papua New Guinea sporadically reports cases to the World Health Organization, typically less than a dozen per year. In the Americas, most Buruli ulcer is reported from French Guiana, with few cases described in surrounding countries. A 2019 review found "strong" evidence for the presence of Buruli ulcer in French Guiana and Peru, and "moderate" evidence in Brazil, Mexico and Suriname.

Within affected countries, Buruli ulcer tends to occur in rural areas near slow-moving or stagnant water. In particular, the disease tends to appear near water that has experienced human intervention, such as the building of dams or irrigation systems, flooding, or deforestation. Within endemic communities, few characteristics predict who will acquire Buruli ulcer. Males and females are equally likely to be infected. Ulcers can appear in people of all ages, although infections are most common among children between 5 and 15 years in West Africa, and adults over 40 in Australia and Japan.

Other animals
M. ulcerans infection can cause Buruli ulcer-like lesions in some non-human animals. Natural non-human infections have only been described in coastal Victoria, near Melbourne. There, M. ulcerans-positive lesions have been described in koalas, common ringtail possums, and common brushtail possums, with lesions typically on the face, limbs, and tail. Ulcers have also been reported on domesticated animals, namely dogs, horses, alpacas, and a cat. In laboratories several species of animals have been infected with M. ulcerans in an attempt to model the course of Buruli ulcer. Injection of M. ulcerans can cause ulcers in several rodents (mice, guinea pigs, greater cane rats and common African rats), larger mammals (nine-banded armadillos, common brushtail possums, pigs, and Cynomolgus monkeys), and anole lizards.

Society and culture
In endemic areas, particularly rural communities in Africa, people may be aware of Buruli ulcer's association with the environment, yet simultaneously associate it with witchcraft or other supernatural causes. This dual understanding of disease—combined with poor access to conventional medicine—drives many to seek traditional healers for primary care. Traditional healers often treat Buruli ulcer with two simultaneous approaches: herbs and sometimes burning or bleeding to treat the physical wound; and confession, ritual purification, and prohibitions on food, interpersonal contact, or sex to treat the spiritual component of the disease. Those with Buruli ulcer report feeling shame and experiencing social stigma that could affect their relationships, school attendance, and marriage prospects.

Buruli ulcer is known by several other names in different parts of the world. In southeastern Australia, it was originally called "Searls' ulcer" after the physician J. R. Searls who saw the first Australian patients at the Bairnsdale Clinic and sent material to Peter MacCallum's group for further examination. The disease later became more generally known as "Bairnsdale ulcer" after the district where it was described. In northeastern Australia, north of Cairns, the disease is called "Daintree ulcer" or "Mossman ulcer" after the nearby Daintree River and the town of Mossman. In Papua New Guinea, the disease is called "Kumusi ulcer" after the Kumusi River along which villages with Buruli ulcer were originally described.

History
The first written description of Buruli ulcer is credited to a British missionary doctor, Albert R. Cook. In 1897, at Mengo Hospital in Uganda, Cook noted several patients with slow-healing ulcers. The cause of these slow-healing ulcers was identified 50 years later in 1948, when Peter MacCallum, Jean Tolhurst, Glen Buckle, and H. A. Sissons at The Alfred Hospital's Baker Institute described a series of cases from Bairnsdale, Victoria, isolated the causative mycobacterium, and showed it could cause ulcers in laboratory rats. Over the following decades, more cases were described in Africa. A particularly high prevalence in Uganda's Buruli County led to the disease becoming more widely known as "Buruli ulcer".

In 1998, the World Health Organization started the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative with the aim of coordinating global efforts to control the disease. This was followed in 2004 by World Health Organization Resolution WHA57.1 calling upon member countries to support the Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative and increase research on Buruli ulcer diagnostics and treatment. Interest in Buruli ulcer has been encouraged by its branding as a "neglected tropical disease", first in a 2005 PLOS Medicine article, and later by both the World Health Organization and PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

From the time the disease was described, Buruli ulcer was treated with surgery to remove all affected tissue, followed by prolonged wound care. This treatment regimen was expensive, sometimes disfiguring, and often ineffective, ulcers recurring in up to a third of cases. Treatment dramatically improved in 2004, when the World Health Organization recommended an eight-week course of daily oral rifampicin and injected streptomycin. The introduction of antibiotics reduced the rate of ulcer recurrence to fewer than 2% of cases. However, streptomycin can be toxic to the ears and kidneys, and administering daily injections is challenging in low-resource settings. In 2017, the World Health Organization updated its recommendation to replace streptomycin with the oral antibiotic clarithromycin.

Research
Buruli ulcer has been the subject of scientific research since the description of M. ulcerans in 1948, and the demonstration that the bacteria could cause ulcers in laboratory animals. While several animals are susceptible to M. ulcerans ulcers, mice (particularly BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice) are most commonly used to model Buruli ulcer in modern laboratories. Since M. ulcerans can only grow in relatively cool temperatures, mice are typically infected in furless parts of the body: the ear, tail, or footpad. After injection into the mouse, bacteria double every three to four days, and the first signs of skin disease appear after three to four weeks. This mouse model of Buruli ulcer has primarily been used to test antibiotics. The antibiotic combinations, dose frequencies, and treatment durations currently in use were first tested in laboratory-infected mice. Some vaccine platforms have been tested in M. ulcerans-infected mice, mostly based on the Mycobacterium bovis strain used in the BCG vaccine. The BCG vaccine and versions of the vaccine that also express M. ulcerans antigens prolong the survival of mice after M. ulcerans infection. As of 2019, no vaccine tested completely protects mice from infection.

M. ulcerans can be grown in laboratory media, although its slow growth makes it challenging to study. Bacteria plated on laboratory media can take up to three months to form visible colonies. Strains of M. ulcerans used in laboratories are less standardized than the mice they infect; different laboratories use different strains based on convenience and accessibility. Three M. ulcerans strains are particularly common, each isolated from an infected person: "Cu001" from Adzopé, Côte d'Ivoire in 1996; "Mu1615" from Malaysia in the 1960s; and "S1013" from Cameroon in 2010.

title: Buruli ulcer


text: Category:1420s deaths

title: Category:1420s deaths


text: Category:1420s births

title: Category:1420s births


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Cephalopods/list of octopus articles to be created

 * Suborder Cirrina
 * Cirroteuthis hoylei

 * Suborder Incirrina
 * Froekenia clara
 * Enigmatiteuthis pacifica
 * Grimpoteuthis bruuni
 * Amphitretus thielei
 * Bolitaena massyae massyae
 * Bolitaena massyae purpurea
 * Bolitaena microcotyla
 * Dorsopsis taningi
 * Eledonella pygmaea
 * Eledonella sheardi
 * Japetella diaphana
 * Japetella heathi
 * Deepsea Vent Octopus, Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis

 * Subfamily Bathypolypodinae
 * Bathypolypus arcticus proschi
 * Bathypolypus faeroensis
 * Bathypolypus salebrosus
 * Globose Octopus, Bathypolypus sponsalis
 * Benthoctopus abruptus
 * Benthoctopus berryi
 * Benthoctopus canthylus
 * Benthoctopus clyderoperi
 * Benthoctopus ergasticus
 * Benthoctopus eureka
 * Benthoctopus fuscus
 * Benthoctopus hokkaidensis
 * January Octopus, Benthoctopus januarii
 * Benthoctopus karubar
 * Smoothskin Octopus, Benthoctopus leioderma
 * Benthoctopus lothei
 * Benthoctopus macrophallus
 * Benthoctopus magellanicus
 * Benthoctopus oregonae
 * Benthoctopus oregonensis
 * Benthoctopus piscatorum
 * Benthoctopus profundorum
 * Benthoctopus pseudonymus
 * Benthoctopus robustus
 * Benthoctopus sibiricus
 * Benthoctopus tangaroa
 * Benthoctopus tegginmathae
 * Benthoctopus thielei
 * Benthoctopus yaquinae
 * Velvet Octopus, Grimpella thaumastocheir

 * Subfamily Eledoninae
 * Combed Octopus, Eledone massyae
 * Pareledone adelieana
 * Pareledone antarctica
 * Pareledone charcoti
 * Pareledone framensis
 * Pareledone harrissoni
 * Antarctic Knobbed Octopus, Pareledone polymorpha
 * Pareledone prydzensis
 * Spiny-horn Octopus, Tetracheledone spinicirrus
 * Angel Octopus, Velodona togata togata

 * Subfamily Graneledoninae
 * Bentheledone albida
 * Bentheledone rotunda
 * Graneledone antarctica
 * Graneledone challengeri
 * Graneledone gonzalezi
 * Graneledone macrotyla
 * Graneledone taniwha kubodera
 * Graneledone taniwha taniwha
 * Graneledone verrucosa media
 * Graneledone verrucosa verrucosa
 * Thaumeledone brevis
 * Thaumeledone marshalli
 * Thaumeledone zeiss

 * Subfamily Octopodinae
 * Banded String-arm Octopus, Ameloctopus litoralis
 * Brush-tip Octopus, Aphrodoctopus schultzei
 * Old Woman Octopus, Cistopus indicus
 * Enteroctopus juttingi
 * Map Octopus, Euaxoctopus pillsburyae
 * Euaxoctopus scalenus
 * Octopus (Abdopus) abaculus
 * Octopus (Abdopus) aculeatus
 * Octopus (Abdopus) capricornicus
 * Octopus (Abdopus) horridus
 * Octopus (Abdopus) tonganus
 * Octopus (Octopus) adamsi
 * Marbled Octopus or Sandbird Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) aegina
 * Octopus (Octopus) alatus
 * Octopus (Octopus) alecto
 * Capricorn Night Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) alpheus
 * Octopus (Octopus) araneoides
 * Octopus (Octopus) arborescens
 * Octopus (Octopus) areolatus
 * Plain-body Night Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) aspilosomatis
 * Octopus (Octopus) balboai
 * Southern Keeled Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) berrima
 * Bock's Pygmy Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) bocki
 * Octopus (Octopus) brocki
 * Southern White-spot Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) bunurong
 * Caribbean Armstripe Octopus or Brownstriped Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) burryi
 * Octopus (Octopus) campbelli
 * Carolinian Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) carolinensis
 * Octopus (Octopus) chierchiae
 * Atlantic Longarm Octopus or Lilliput Longarm Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) defilippi
 * Red-spot Night Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) dierythraeus
 * Diguet's Pygmy Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) digueti
 * Plain-spot Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) exannulatus
 * Gold-spot Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) fangsiao
 * Octopus (Octopus) favonius
 * Octopus (Octopus) filamentosus
 * Bumblebee Two-spot Octopus or Caribbean Two-spot Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) filosus
 * Fitch's Pygmy Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) fitchi
 * Octopus (Octopus) fujitai
 * Octopus (Octopus) gardineri
 * Octopus (Octopus) gibbsi
 * Globe Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) globosus
 * Sribbled Night Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) graptus
 * Octopus (Octopus) guangdongensis
 * Octopus (Octopus) hardwickei
 * Octopus (Octopus) hattai
 * Octopus (Octopus) hongkongensis
 * Northern Star-eye Octopus or Sandbird Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) kagoshimensis
 * Octopus (Octopus) kaharoa
 * Lobed Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) lobensis
 * Octopus (Octopus) longispadiceus
 * Starry Night Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) luteus
 * Maori Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) maorum
 * Mexican Four-eyed Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) maya
 * Webfoot Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) membranaceus
 * Octopus (Octopus) mernoo
 * Octopus (Octopus) microphthalmus
 * California Lilliput Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) micropyrsus
 * Octopus (Octopus) mimus
 * Octopus (Octopus) minor minor
 * Octopus (Octopus) minor pardalis
 * Octopus (Octopus) minor typicus
 * Poison Ocellate Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) mototi
 * Octopus (Octopus) mutilans
 * Octopus (Octopus) nanhaiensis
 * Octopus (Octopus) nanus
 * Octopus (Octopus) neglectus
 * Octopus (Octopus) niveus
 * Octopus (Octopus) nocturnus
 * Octopus (Octopus) occidentalis
 * Octopus (Octopus) ochotensis
 * Galapagos Reef Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) oculifer
 * Octopus (Octopus) oliveri
 * White Striped Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) ornatus
 * Octopus (Octopus) oshimai
 * Octopus (Octopus) ovulum
 * Pale Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) pallidus
 * Japanese Pygmy Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) parvus
 * Octopus (Octopus) penicillifer
 * Octopus (Octopus) pentherinus
 * Octopus (Octopus) polyzenia
 * Octopus (Octopus) prashadi
 * Octopus (Octopus) pricei
 * Octopus (Octopus) pumilus
 * Octopus (Octopus) pyrum
 * Octopus (Octopus) rapanui
 * Octopus (Octopus) rex
 * Octopus (Octopus) robsoni
 * Octopus (Octopus) roosevelti
 * Spider Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) salutii
 * Octopus (Octopus) sanctaehelenae
 * Octopus (Octopus) sasakii
 * Moon Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) selene
 * Octopus (Octopus) siamensis
 * Octopus (Octopus) spinosus
 * Octopus (Octopus) striolatus
 * Frilled Pygmy Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) superciliosus
 * Octopus (Octopus) taprobanensis
 * Tehuelche Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) tehuelchus
 * Octopus (Octopus) tenebricus
 * Gloomy Octopus or Common Sydney Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) tetricus
 * Octopus (Octopus) tsugarensis
 * Octopus (Octopus) validus
 * Octopus (Octopus) varunae
 * Veiled Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) veligero
 * Octopus (Octopus) verrucosus
 * Bighead Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) vitiensis
 * Club Pygmy Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) warringa
 * Octopus (Octopus) winckworthi
 * Star-sucked Pygmy Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) wolfi
 * Octopus (Octopus) yendoi
 * Atlantic Banded Octopus, Octopus (Octopus) zonatus
 * Pteroctopus eurycephala
 * Pacific Fourhorn Octopus, Pteroctopus hoylei
 * Pteroctopus keralensis
 * Dana Octopus, Pteroctopus schmidti
 * Fourhorn Octopus or Atlantic Fourhorn Octopus, Pteroctopus tetracirrhus
 * Pteroctopus witjazi
 * Robsonella fontaniana
 * Robsonella huttoni
 * Scaeurgus patagiatus
 * Atlantic Warty Octopus or Unihorn Octopus, Scaeurgus unicirrhus

 * Gelatinous Blanket Octopus, Tremoctopus gelatus
 * Tremoctopus robsoni
 * Palmate Octopus, Tremoctopus violaceus gracilis

Genus Octopus
 * Octopus abaculus
 * Octopus adamsi
 * Octopus aegina
 * Octopus alatus
 * Octopus alecto
 * Octopus alpheus, Capricorn Night Octopus
 * Octopus araneoides
 * Octopus arborescens
 * Octopus aspilosomatis, Plain-body Night Octopus
 * Octopus balboai
 * Octopus berrima, Southern Keeled Octopus
 * Octopus bunurong, Southern White-spot Octopus
 * Octopus burryi
 * Octopus campbelli
 * Octopus carolinensis, Carolinian Octopus
 * Octopus cordiformis
 * Octopus defilippi, Atlantic Longarm Octopus or Lilliput Longarm Octopus
 * Octopus dierythraeus, Red-spot Night Octopus
 * Octopus digueti, Diguet's Pygmy Octopus
 * Octopus exannulatus
 * Octopus favonius
 * Octopus filamentosus
 * Octopus filosus
 * Octopus fitchi, Fitch's Pygmy Octopus
 * Octopus fujitai
 * Octopus gardineri
 * Octopus gibbsi
 * Octopus globosus, Globe Octopus
 * Octopus gorgonus
 * Octopus graptus, Sribbled Night Octopus
 * Octopus guangdongensis
 * Octopus hardwickei
 * Octopus hattai
 * Octopus hongkongensis
 * Octopus horridus
 * Octopus humilis
 * Octopus hummelincki
 * Octopus kagoshimensis
 * Octopus kaharoa
 * Octopus lechenaultii
 * Octopus lobensis, Lobed Octopus
 * Octopus longispadiceus
 * Octopus luteus, Starry Night Octopus
 * Octopus mariles
 * Octopus membranaceus
 * Octopus mernoo
 * Octopus microphthalmus
 * Octopus micropyrsus, California Lilliput Octopus
 * Octopus mototi
 * Octopus mutilans
 * Octopus nanhaiensis
 * Octopus nanus
 * Octopus niveus
 * Octopus nocturnus
 * Octopus occidentalis
 * Octopus ochotensis
 * Octopus oshimai
 * Octopus ovulum
 * Octopus parvus, Japanese Pygmy Octopus
 * Octopus penicillifer
 * Octopus pentherinus
 * Octopus polyzenia
 * Octopus prashadi
 * Octopus pumilus
 * Octopus pyrum
 * Octopus rapanui
 * Octopus robsoni
 * Octopus roosevelti
 * Octopus sanctaehelenae
 * Octopus selene, Moon Octopus
 * Octopus spinosus
 * Octopus taprobanensis
 * Octopus tenebricus
 * Octopus tsugarensis
 * Octopus validus
 * Octopus varunae
 * Octopus veligero, Veiled Octopus
 * Octopus verrucosus
 * Octopus warringa, Club Pygmy Octopus
 * Octopus yendoi
 * Octopus zonatus, Atlantic Banded Octopus


text:
Talk:Drum kit

Foto "The drum kit": numbers too small, and in the larger version the names are missing
In my view (I use a rather dark background) the (black) numbers (1 - 9) which are an inherent part of the actual image, are too small. But when I open this image, I get it larger, but then there are no names explaining these numbers. Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 18:55, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

O-zone with or without hyphen?
Below the image it is written "O-zone" (with hyphen), but in Drum_kit / 2nd para / last sentence: Likewise, Ozone crashes have the same purpose... it is written without hyphen. Are both correct or standard? Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 21:10, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Bongos not mentioned in the chapters
Bongos are mentioned below two images but not in the chapters. Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 21:44, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Instrument classifications in overview
The overview section classifies each type of instrument in the drum kit in brackets according to some universal musical instrument classification system. This uses a lot of space and to be frank, no one cares. This additional information can be put deeper in the article but is clearly unnecessary (even potentially confusing) in the overview. MimiKal797 (talk) 00:59, 11 January 2022 (UTC)

Lines on drum set in Hindi
Lines on drum set in Hindi 49.36.207.3 (talk) 10:49, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drum kit


text:
Talk:Boris Vian

Untitled
Uh.. someone please delete this 'contents' tab, I didn't want it there! :( - Jashiin

The longest part (althoug very interesant) is not a wikipedia article, it is an article about Boris Vian and Jazz. Maybe it should be put somewhere and link it from it. His work, his life, deserve a lot more, it is needed a lot of balance here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.244.104.83 (talk • contribs) 02:09, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I took a first pass at organizing some of the material in a typical biographical style. The jazz section is still really long & needs editing. --lquilter 21:48, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Anarchist
Its in the French Anarchists category but it says nothing. Urdina (talk) 01:59, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Boris's brothers
What about his brother? Lélio, Alain and Ninon? Is they alive? I found an article about Alain Vian, that says he died in 1995. What do you know about it? Is his other brother can be alive? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 18:42, 12 February 2010 (UTC) Here is the link --->  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 14:43, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Is anybody read this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.234.183 (talk) 22:34, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Inventor
At the start, this article states that Boris Vian was an inventor however no reference nor further discussion of that point is made.

Keelback (talk) 16:58, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Boris Vian


text:
User talk:Damast~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 16:41, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I can not read that much of english, but I can handle the wikipedia in swedish a little. And hope most things are the same, i will not write any article here (my spelling is worse than reading!) --Damast 20:29, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Christmas tree
Hi, that tree was sold to me as Nordmanniana, and I have no reason to doubt that. But then, I cannot be absolutely sure either. I'd say it is "most likely" a Nordmanniana. --Magnus Manske 10:02, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, thank you for answering! Today I have got an answer from somewone who confirm it is a Nordmannia on my swedish site! *big surprise!* He wrote: Hi Damast, apologies for writing in English, my Swedish is not good - are you asking about Bild:Julgran.jpg? - If so, yes, that is Nordmannsgran, this species is very commonly grown as a Julgran (see e.g. de:Nordmanntanne, de:Weihnachtsbaum), the foliage in the photo is right for this, and wrong for e.g. Rödgran. Hope this helps! - 82.39.130.135 (en:User:MPF) 16 November 2004 --Damast 17:59, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hi Damast - Jeg har Danske forældre, og kan læse Svensk en lidt, men ikke skrive i Svensk - MPF 20:20, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Damast~enwiki


text:
Serpentine Galleries

The Serpentine Galleries are two contemporary art galleries in Kensington Gardens, Westminster, Greater London. Recently rebranded to just Serpentine, the organisation is split across Serpentine South, previously known as the Serpentine Gallery, and Serpentine North, previously known as the Sackler Gallery. The gallery spaces are within five minutes' walk of each other, linked by the bridge over the Serpentine Lake from which the galleries get their names. Their exhibitions, architecture, education and public programmes attract up to 1.2 million visitors a year. Admission to both galleries is free. The CEO is Bettina Korek, and the artistic director Hans Ulrich Obrist.

Serpentine South
Serpentine South, previously known as the Serpentine Gallery, was established in 1970 and is housed in a Grade II listed former tea pavilion built in 1933–34 by the architect James Grey West. Notable artists whose works have been exhibited there include Man Ray, Henry Moore, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Andy Warhol, Paula Rego, Sondra Perry, Bridget Riley, Allan McCollum, Anish Kapoor, Christian Boltanski, Philippe Parreno, Richard Prince, Wolfgang Tillmans, Gerhard Richter, Gustav Metzger, Damien Hirst, Maria Lassnig, Adrian Berg, Jeff Koons and Marina Abramović. On the ground at the gallery's entrance is a permanent work made by Ian Hamilton Finlay in collaboration with Peter Coates, and dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, the gallery's former patron.

Serpentine North
In 2013, Serpentine North was opened to the public named as the Serpentine Sackler Gallery, a name changed to Serpentine North in 2021. This gave new life to The Magazine, a Grade II* listed former gunpowder store built in 1805, with the addition of an extension designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Located five minutes' walk from Serpentine South across the Serpentine Bridge, it comprises 900 sqm of gallery space, restaurant, shop and social space. The Magazine Restaurant adjoins the gallery space.

Pavilions
Every year since 2000, Serpentine has commissioned a temporary summer pavilion by a leading architect. The series presents the work of an international architect or design team who has not completed a building in England at the time of the Gallery's invitation. Each Pavilion is completed within six months and is situated on the Serpentine South's lawn for three months for the public to explore.
 * 2000: Zaha Hadid
 * 2001: Daniel Libeskind
 * 2002: Toyo Ito
 * 2003: Oscar Niemeyer
 * 2005: Álvaro Siza and Eduardo Souto de Moura
 * 2006: Rem Koolhaas
 * 2007 pre-pavilion 'Lilias': Zaha Hadid and Patrik Schumacher
 * 2007: Olafur Eliasson and Kjetil Thorsen
 * 2008: Frank Gehry
 * 2009: SANAA
 * 2010: Jean Nouvel
 * 2011: Peter Zumthor with Piet Oudolf
 * 2012: Ai Weiwei and Herzog & de Meuron
 * 2013: Sou Fujimoto
 * 2014: Smiljan Radic
 * 2015: Selgas Cano
 * 2016: Bjarke Ingels
 * 2017: Diébédo Francis Kéré
 * 2018: Frida Escobedo
 * 2019: Junya Ishigami
 * 2021: Sumayya Vally, Counterspace
 * 2022: Theaster Gates
 * 2023: Lina Ghotmeh
 * 2024: Minsuk Cho and his firm Mass Studies

title: Serpentine Galleries