text:
German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I

During World War I, German prisoner-of-war camps were run by the 25 Army Corps Districts into which Germany was divided. Around 2.4 million men were World War I prisoners of war in Germany.

Types of camp
Kriegsgefangenenlager (KGFL, "Prisoner of war camps") were divided into:
 * Mannschaftslager ("Enlisted Men's Camp") for private soldiers and NCOs.
 * Offizierslager ("Officer Camp") for commissioned officers.
 * Internierungslager ("Internment Camp") for civilian enemy aliens.
 * Lazarett, military hospital for POWs.

Guards Corps (Berlin)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Döberitz. A large camp 8 mi from Berlin holding Russian, Polish, French, and British prisoners, including men of the Royal Naval Division captured at the Siege of Antwerp.
 * Dyrotz near Wustermark.
 * Lazarett
 * Berlin. Located on Alexandrinenstrasse.

I Army Corps (Königsberg)
None found.

II Army Corps (Stettin)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Altdamm. Three camps holding 15,000 men.
 * Schneidemühl. Located 3 mi from the town this was a centre for work camps in the region, holding 40,000–80,000 men.
 * Stargard.
 * Stettin.
 * Stralsund.
 * Lazarett
 * Thorn.

III Army Corps (Berlin)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Brandenburg an der Havel. Camp for Naval and Merchant Marine personnel.
 * Cottbus. A sub-camp of Merzdorf.
 * Crossen an der Oder.
 * Frankfurt an der Oder. 4 mi from the town, holding 18,000 men.
 * Guben. from the town.
 * Merzdorf.
 * Müncheberg.
 * Spandau. Camp for POWs working at a chemical factory.
 * Zossen. A camp 20 mi south of Berlin for British and French troops from India and Africa. The POWs were subjected to propaganda urging them to revolt against their "colonial masters" with little result
 * Internierungslager
 * Havelberg. For 4,500 internees of various nationalities, including nearly 400 British Indians

IV Army Corps (Magdeburg)

 * Offizierlager
 * Burg bei Magdeburg. Camp for 900 prisoners.
 * Halle. Camp in a disused factory.
 * Magdeburg. Camp on an island in the river.
 * Torgau. Two camps in Bruckenkopf Barracks and in Fort Zinna.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Gardelegen. Camp opened in September 1914.
 * Grabow. Formerly a military camp, consisting of eight compounds of six barracks each.
 * Merseburg An assembly camp holding up to 25,000 prisoners, from which men were drafted to work camps.
 * Quedlinburg. A camp 2+1/2 mi from the town, holding 12,000 men.
 * Wittenberg. A camp 10+1/2 acre in area at Klein Wittenberg, 2 mi from the city. Eight compounds held 13,000 men.
 * Zerbst. A camp at an infantry drill ground 2 mi north of the city. It held up to 15,000 men, but there were 100,000 registered there, the majority engaged in industry and agriculture.
 * Internierungslager
 * Ruhleben. Camp for up to 4,500 internees 6 mi from Berlin located at a racecourse.

V Army Corps (Posen)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Lauban.
 * Sagan. A camp 5 mi from the town holding 6,000 men.
 * Skalmierschütz. A very large camp for Russians and Romanians to which British and American prisoners were sent in early 1918.
 * Sprottau A camp 3 mi from the town, and also a Lazarett for prisoners with tuberculosis.
 * Stralkowo. A camp 3 mi from the town holding mainly Russians and Romanians, and British from March 1918.

VI Army Corps (Breslau)

 * Offizierlager
 * Gnadenfrei. Situated in a former boys school.
 * Neisse. Located in former military academy in the centre of the town.
 * Schweidnitz.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Lamsdorf. A camp at a military training ground that was reopened during World War II as Stalag VIII-B.
 * Neuhammer. A clearing camp for Upper Silesia. 100,000 men were registered there, but were mostly in work camps under its administration.
 * Lazarett
 * Beuthen. Two large Lazaretts, containing British prisoners from early 1918.

VII Army Corps (Münster)

 * Offizierlager
 * Gütersloh. Originally a sanatorium.
 * Werl. Located in a Franciscan monastery.
 * Wesel
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Burg Steinfurt. A camp for British prisoners.
 * Dortmund.
 * Duisburg.
 * Dülmen.
 * Düsseldorf.
 * Erfurt. Held 15,000 men.
 * Friedrichsfeld. Camp holding 35,000 men.
 * Hammerstein. A camp for Russian prisoners.
 * Heilsberg
 * Minden. A camp 3 mi from the town with 18,000 men.
 * Münster. There were four camps: Münster I was outside the city in open farming country, Münster II was at the racecourse (Rennbahn), Münster III was a former Army barracks, and Münster IV was reserved for Russian prisoners.
 * Sennelager. Three camps just north of Paderborn, named Senne I, II & III.
 * Stendal. The camp lay 1 mi north-east of the town, and was the parent camp for a number of work camps, holding 15,000 men.
 * Tuchel. A camp for Russians and Romanians, also holding British and American prisoners from 1918.
 * Lazarett
 * Paderborn.

VIII Army Corps (Coblenz)

 * Offizierlager
 * Crefeld. There was also a Lazarett there.

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Limburg an der Lahn. A camp holding 12,000 men in which Irish prisoners were concentrated for the purpose of recruiting for the Irish Brigade.
 * Meschede. The camp, just outside the town, held 10,000 POWs.
 * Wahn. Located 20 mi south-east of Cologne at the Wahner Heide Artillery practice camp. The camp had 35,000 men on its register, and was a parent camp for work camps in the district.
 * Lazarett
 * Aachen. Nine hospitals for British POWs awaiting repatriation.
 * Coblenz.
 * Cologne. Several hospitals. British prisoners were treated either in the Garrison Lazarett I or the Kaiserin Augusta Schule Lazarett VI.
 * Trier. Officer prisoners were treated in the Reserve Lazarett IV (Horn Kaserne).

IX Army Corps (Altona)

 * Offizierlager
 * Augustabad, Neubrandenburg. A former hotel holding British officers. Conrad O'Brien-ffrench was held there.
 * Fürstenberg.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Güstrow. Situated in pine-woods 3 mi from the town. It held 25,000 men, with a further 25,000 assigned to work camps registered there.
 * Lübeck. A camp for men employed at the docks. Also a reserve Lazarett.
 * Neumünster
 * Parchim. A camp built on a former cavalry drill ground 3 mi from the town. It held 25,000 men, with up to 45,000 more assigned to work camps registered there.
 * Lazarett
 * Bremen. A garrison hospital and also a work camp attached to Soltau.
 * Hamburg Reserve Lazarett VII was a ward of the central prison at Fuhlsbüttel. Reserve Lazarett III was at the Eppendorfer Krankenhaus, and at Veddel there was a Lazarett for Navy personnel.

X Army Corps (Hannover)

 * Offizierlager
 * Bad Blenhorst near Nienburg
 * Celle. At Scheuen, and until late 1916 also Reserve Lazarett I (St Joseph).
 * Clausthal.
 * Hesepe nr. Osnabrück.
 * Holzminden. For 500–600 British officers (plus approximately 100–160 other ranks orderlies). Housed in a former cavalry barracks (built 1913). The site of a noted tunnel escape in July 1918.
 * Osnabrück. Camp located in a former artillery barracks.
 * Ströhen.
 * Schwarmstedt.
 * Wahmbeck. At a hotel holding mostly officers from the merchant service.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Göttingen.
 * Hameln. Located 1 mi from Hameln, and the parent camp of many work camps.
 * Munster. Camp opened in 1914 near Soltau on Lüneburg Heath
 * Salzwedel.
 * Soltau. The camp held 35,000 men, but had 50,000 assigned to work camps registered there.
 * Lazarett
 * Hanover. Lazarett V was in the Royal War School, and there was another at the Garrison Lazarett.
 * Internierungslager
 * Celle Castle. For civilians and ex-officers.
 * Holzminden. For approximately 4,000–5,000 civilian internees, mainly Polish, Russian, French and Belgian, and including a small number of Britons. Comprised two camps, one for men, the other for women and children.

XI Army Corps (Cassel)

 * Offizierlager
 * Bad Colberg. Camp housed in a former sanatorium.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Langensalza. Opened in 1914, the camp held 10,000 men.
 * Ohrdruf. Located on a former Army training ground and held 15,000 men.

XII Army Corps (Dresden)

 * Offizierlager
 * Bischofswerda.
 * Königstein. French and Russians held in the Fortress.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Bautzen
 * Königsbrück. Held 15,000 men.

XIII Army Corps (Stuttgart)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Heilbronn Sub-camp of Stuttgart.
 * Stuttgart. Two camps; one in the city in an abandoned factory building, the other in a disused factory 3 mi outside.
 * Ludwigsburg.
 * Lazarett
 * Kempten. British prisoners quartered in the hospital there.

XIV Army Corps (Karlsruhe)

 * Offizierlager
 * Karlsruhe. Two camps; one in the grounds of the Karlsruher Schloss contained naval and, later, aviation officers, the other, the former Europäischer Hof, was known as "The Listening Hotel", and was an interrogation centre.
 * Freiburg. Located in an old university building.
 * Heidelberg. In barracks 4 mi from town.
 * Ingolstadt. The camps were located in the city fortifications; fortresses 8, 9 & 10. As a camp for persistent escapers, it was the World War I counterpart to Colditz. Documented in the book The Escaping Club by Alfred John Evans.
 * Villingen. The camp was in a disused barracks.
 * Weingarten near Karlsruhe.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Ingolstadt. Situated on the edge of the town, holding 4,000 men.
 * Mannheim Located 2 mi outside of the city. From February 1917 it used as a clearing or exchange camp for British prisoners of war awaiting repatriation. Held 10,000 men.
 * Internierungslager
 * Rastatt Camp for French civilians. During 1918 it was used as a military transit camp.

XV Army Corps (Strasbourg)

 * Offizierlager
 * Strasbourg

XVI Army Corps (Metz)

 * Metz. Known as Lazarett Saint-Clément.

XVII Army Corps (Danzig)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Czersk. A camp for Russian POWs, to which British prisoners were also later sent.
 * Danzig (Troyl) The "camp" consists of barges moored on the bank of the Vistula River, each containing from 100 to 500 men. The administration block, kitchen, and other facilities of the camp are on shore. Men from the failed Irish Brigade were sent here.

XVIII Army Corps (Frankfurt-am-Main)

 * Offizierlager
 * Bingen am Rhein
 * Friedberg
 * Griesheim nr. Frankfurt
 * Mainz. The camp was in the grounds of the Mainz Citadel, and held 700 POWs.
 * Rosenberg. Located in Festung Rosenberg above the town of Kronach. Charles de Gaulle was held as a POW there.
 * Weilburg. POWs were held in a three-storied school-house.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Darmstadt Located 4 mi from the town on a cavalry exercise ground.
 * Giessen
 * Görlitz. Held 14,000 POWs.
 * Lazarett
 * Jülich
 * Kreuznach. For up to around 600 prisoner-patients.

XIX Army Corps (Leipzig)

 * Offizierlager
 * Döbeln
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Chemnitz. The camp was located in the Friedrich-August Kaserne.
 * Zwickau. The camp held 10,000 POWs.

XX Army Corps (Allenstein)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Arys
 * Osterode Located at a locomotive works. A sub-camp of Preußisch Holland.
 * Preußisch Holland. The camp held 15,000 POWs, with up to 35,000 assigned to various work camps registered there.

XXI Army Corps (Saarbrücken)

 * Offizierlager
 * Neunkirchen. Located in a former monastery.
 * Saarbrücken. In a former school.
 * Saarlouis
 * Zweibrücken. British officers were first sent there in 1916.

I Royal Bavarian Army Corps (Munich)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Landsberg am Lech
 * Lechfeld. Held 10,500 POWs.
 * Puchheim. Located on a military airfield 8 mi from Munich. Held 12,000 POWs.
 * Lazarett
 * Munich. The large war school in the Mars Platz is used as a hospital, and there is another known as Lazarett B.

II Royal Bavarian Army Corps (Würzburg)

 * Offizierlager
 * Würzburg. Located in Festung Marienberg.
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Hammelburg
 * Germersheim. Held 6,000 men.
 * Würzburg. Outside the town on a high hill.

III Royal Bavarian Army Corps (Nürnberg)

 * Mannschaftslager
 * Amberg. Held 5,000 POWs.
 * Bayreuth. Held 5,000 POWs.
 * Landau
 * Nuremberg. Located 3 mi from the town on an old training ground of the Nuremberg Garrison.
 * Lazarett
 * Erlangen. For officers only.

Others

 * Offizierlager
 * Eutin
 * Graudenz
 * Lahr. British from 1917.
 * Landshut
 * Ludwigshafen. From 1917.
 * Münden. Camp for up to 600 officers located in a former factory 1 mi from the town.
 * Osnabrück
 * Pforzheim. From early 1918.
 * Strasbourg
 * Mannschaftslager
 * Cassel (Niederzwehren). Held 20,000 POWs.
 * Constance. All officers and men for internment in Switzerland are concentrated here. Held 15,000.
 * Deutsch Gabel Camp for merchant seamen under Austrian administration.
 * Grafenwöhr Camp and Lazarett (Bavarian Corps)
 * Gleiwitz. Located in a cavalry barracks. British prisoners sent there after March 1918.
 * Heustadt. A centre for work camps in East Prussia.
 * Heuberg. Located at the training area Lager Heuberg.
 * Kalisch. Camp for Russian and Romanian soldiers, and also British from April 1918.
 * Kattowitz Camp for Russian and Romanian soldiers, and also British from April 1918.
 * Marienburg A centre for work camps in East Prussia.
 * Neuburg am Inn
 * Ulm. Camp on the outskirts of the town, of the usual barrack type.
 * Zittau Russian POWs.
 * Lazarett
 * Frankfurt am Main. Several hospitals for British prisoners; Reserve Lazarett II and H65 are the principal ones.
 * Ingolstadt. Two hospitals in the town.
 * Ratisbon

Fictional prison camps

 * Luft-Stalag 13 – in the TV series Hogan's Heroes
 * Stalag 17 – in the 1953 film of that name
 * Stalag Luft Nord – in the 1963 movie The Great Escape
 * Dusterstadt – in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles / The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones film episode "Chapter 8: Trenches of Hell"


text:
Talk:Michael G. Oxley

A replacement is now on the temp page, based on the public domain Congressional Biography for Oxley. Jwrosenzweig 21:46, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Michael G. Oxley


text:
Talk:Chapman Stick

Title
Why is this not at Chapman stick (small "s")? [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 21:46, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's the proper name of the instrument. It's often referred to only as "the Stick" TrbleClef 21:54, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Instrument models section
I'd like to see this section expanded, with pictures (which I would add to the article in general, but I'm not sure about copyright) & more in-depth explanations. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ianthegecko (talk • contribs).

Compare with?
Shouldn't Warr guitar be in there? Ianthegecko 02:15, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily. Since this article is about a specific commercial product, putting that link in, without making sure that there is a link going the other way, amounts to a biased use of Wikipedia.  It's probably not an appropriate use of Wikipedia to make the link in the first pace.  Too many of the articles in Wikipedia are nothing more than commercials.  This one about The Stick is actually quite unbiased.  There are no superlatives etc.  If you compare that to the article you want to link it too, I think you can see the difference.  Tapredux 23:05, 23 May EDT

How about we just eliminate the "Compare With" section? I think that the description of the Stick is strong enough to stand on its own. It's already in the stringed instruments category. --Mperry 02:49, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea; I'll do it right now. Ianthegecko 17:15, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that it's important to keep Wikipedia unbiased, but I believe that it's relevant to acknowledge the rivalry between the respective defenders of Stick and Warr Guitars. The fact that there was a high profile civil lawsuit over this a few years back makes this issue even more relevant. I tread on this issue lightly though to prevent flame throwing and edit wars on this page. Thoughts? --Chrisirwin 15:20, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. These articles (Stick and Warr Guitar) are about the instruments. The outcome of the lawsuit had no influence over the design of either instrument. --Mperry 20:39, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur with Mperry. The litigation pertained to marketing and trademark usage, not to the respective instruments themselves. Doesn't belong here.Dwoz 13:18, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Players
Alphonso Johnson says on his own Web site forum http://www.embamba.com/board (see May 31, 2006, "Stick on Weather Report Black Market?") that the Chapman Stick was not used on Weather Report's Black Market album, so the statement that Johnson played the Chapman Stick on it has been edited out.

--Jjonahjameson 03:14, 15 June 2006 (UTC)JJ

I doubt that Rick Wright of Pink Floyd is a Stick player; he is a keyboarder; the only occurence of a stick on a pink floyd album i know is in the "a momentary lapse of reason", but there tony levin was playing the stick. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.27.232.70 (talk • contribs)

This cat is probably right about this, and if he is this should be corrected. Sorry, I can't go thru/ do the verifying @ this moment.Thaddeus Slamp 01:35, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

What're the criteria for being a "famous" or "popular" Stickist? Some of these guys don't have albums that are sold by Stick Enterprises, and neither have I overheard their names in conversation with other Stickists (e.g. at Stick seminars or on the StickWire/Stickist forums), let alone the Teflon populace. And some I have heard of -- well, I really love Japhlet's playing, and Jeff Pearce, but I wouldn't say they're famous. After reviewing WP's policies, it appears preferable to delete the questionable ones rather than request citation for something so questionably verifiable as "fame" or "popularity". No offense was intended to the deleted Stickists, and if I have deleted any players that actually are encyclopedically notable then I hope someone will re-add them and explain here how that may be verified. -- ShaneCarey (talk) 19:16, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Could people please stop adding Warr Guitar players to the Stick players list unless they can be shown to have previously played the Stick or continue to do so? Perhaps it's time for a separate list of touch-style players (although that would involve all those listed having a Wiki entry). Failing that, perhaps it would be a good idea to move all the Warr players to the Warr Guitar page. - Dann Chinn (talk) 23:08, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The list needs to be a list of [WP:N|notable] Stick players. Maybe a list of touch-style players could be created, but the entries need to meet the notability guidelines. Otherwise, it will turn into a marketing device for every person with a Stick. --Two Bananas (talk) 13:59, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Stick Bass
I've tried unsuccessfully to turn the Stick bass page into a dab that includes Chapman's Stick Bass. I don't care enough to keep at it, but I thought someone here might. There's a guy who seems to think he owns the page, and the term. 64.171.68.130 05:06, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

flavor
Altho I know that subjectivity is pretty much frowned apon, I really found myself wondering, while reading the article (especially since I have a cousin who owns and plays this instrument) if there are any opinions or consenseses about the limitations and strengths of this instrument, and who has worked hardest to stretch the envelope on any limitations this instrument might have. If anyone feels they could contribute in this regard, I for one think it could make an important flavor addition to the article. Hope someone can help. Hope someone has empathy for what I'm getting @.Thaddeus Slamp 01:33, 9 February 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Thaddeus Slamp (talk • contribs) 01:28, 9 February 2007 (UTC).
 * I was wondering about that too..I remember when this instrument was first introduced as the next big thing and really haven`t heard another thing about it until I stumbled upon this article..I have no idea about the attributes or limitations of it as a musical instrument..it may be that people are reluctant to change but there seems to be no criticism of it one way or another in the article Lonepilgrim007 (talk) 03:13, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

Image of Stick
The image is messed up. try and click it, i dare you. so someone with more knowledge should fix it, cause i dont have a lot 68.103.28.224 (talk) 04:11, 4 June 2008 (UTC) User talk:68.103.28.224
 * Nothing is wrong with the image that I can see. Can you be more specific about the problem you are having? --Mperry (talk) 03:47, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

needs work
I'm in awe of the Stick, and have been for quite some years. However, much of this article reads like a mashup of sales brochure and how-to manual (NOHOWTO) with Tuning particularly egregious.

Sections like Construction NEED objective outside sources like a published review (or at least an interview with Levin or the like) rather than parroting of the maker's claims. Weeb Dingle (talk) 17:38, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Dune: Part Two
I suspect that the baliset played by Josh Brolin in Dune: Part Two (2024) is an altered NS Stick, most likely as homage to the original movie. A quick google search reveals a cut still and concept art that shows pretty distinct similarities to the NS, but the body is not visible. I can't find any true confirmation online on what they used.

This would be the most significant media representation of the Stick in over a decade, I will see if I can dig up any sort of evidence to verify and include in this article and the film's Equirax (talk) 03:59, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chapman Stick


text:
Pirate radio in North America

The strict definition of a pirate radio station is a station that operates from sovereign territory without a broadcasting license, or just beyond the territorial waters of a sovereign nation from on board a ship or other marine structure with the intention of broadcasting to that nation without obtaining a broadcasting license from that nation (such as Radio Caroline before its present incarnation).

Pirate radio by Cuban exiles
Unlike the sanctioned and fully licensed transmissions by the United States government, a number of groups in exile, mainly based in Florida, have attempted various offshore radio broadcasts to Cuba, from time to time. These stations are mainly short lived and sporadic in transmission times, but because their broadcasts are not licensed by any nation, their signals are considered to be from pirate radio stations and the USA has taken various physical and legal steps to close them down at different times.

Pirate radio in Mexico
There are a number of pirate radio stations in Mexico. Radio Insurgente, the voice of the Zapatista movement, operated from 2003 to 2009. The station was unlicensed, but according to the San Andres Accords, the indigenous communities targeted by Radio Insurgente had the right to broadcast their own content. The most recent example of a true pirate radio station in Mexico is La Tremenda 106.5 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. It broadcast international contemporary music and news in Spanish and English. It used the fictitious U.S. call sign "KLPR" on its logo. The station began operations in May 2006, was shut down in June 2008 by the federal police in a "violent" take over. It was suspected that the signal was also used for transmitting messages of members of organized crime. Today, there are several other pirate stations in Nuevo Laredo as well.

The border-blaster or other border stations in Mexico do not meet either above definitions of pirate radio station, however may be considered as such by some governments.

Border blasters
From the earliest days of the history of broadcasting, a number of radio stations licensed in Mexico, became known to the general public as border-blasters. This was due to their excessive use of power which was necessary to reach their intended audience in American cities far north of the border. The traditional border-blasters were AM radio stations; though there are numerous FM radio and even television stations along the border that broadcast to the U.S. from Mexico, the power of FM stations along the border is limited by a U.S.-Mexican agreement.

However, because these stations are licensed by the government of Mexico, they can only be classified as pirate radio stations in the same way that the British government classified Radio Luxembourg as a pirate radio station. Radio Luxembourg was a licensed station broadcasting with a power and on a frequency that the British authorities objected to, because the intended audience for its programs were located within the United Kingdom. The objection by the government of the United Kingdom to commercial broadcasts from Luxembourg, France and other countries, was primarily based upon its protection of the non-commercial BBC Radio monopoly. Also, the UK at the time required a license for radios, which was limited to UK stations; it still requires a license for television sets. However, the U.S. has never required a license to listen to broadcast radio or TV; today, it even issues routine licenses under the Brinkley Act, originally enacted to silence the border-blaster charlatan John R. Brinkley, for the operation of Mexican stations from studio facilities in the U.S.

Land-based unlicensed broadcasts
In the United States, the term pirate radio implies the unlicensed broadcasting use of any part of the radio spectrum that is reserved for use by governmental, public or commercial licensees by the Federal Communications Commission. This includes the FM, AM and shortwave radio bands.

Compared to authoritarian systems of government which restrict access to the means of communication, the airwaves of the USA are relatively free from direct government censorship. As a result of this difference, the term pirate radio has a different interpretation than in countries where access to communication is limited.

In the United States, pirate radio is frequently, but not always, associated with anarchism, which considers governmental spectrum regulatory schemes as favoring the interests of large corporations, due to reasons such as high licensing costs. Therefore, some anarchists consider pirate radio transmissions to be a challenge to that authority.

Pirate radio is also in large part the resulting backlash from Federal Communications Commission's Title 47 CFR Part 15, which prohibits certain power broadcasting. NPR and the NAB convinced the FCC to eliminate the class D license in 1979. This kept all new low-power stations from getting a license, and bumped all of the old ones down to secondary status, forcing many more off the air since then. Despite this, an explosion of broadcast translators on FM, technically identical but rebroadcasting other stations, most part of religious broadcasting networks, has occurred since then. This further fueled pirate operators in the 1980s and 1990s.

In 1982, an organization of pirate radio monitoring enthusiasts was formed by Darren Leno. Known as the Association of Clandestine Radio Enthusiasts (ACE) the organization was and remains a very popular conduit for sharing information about North American pirate radio and other unusual radio transmissions. Because of this severe lack of access, numerous pirate radio operators (such as Stephen Dunifer), as well as other groups petitioned the FCC for a new LPFM service. After many years of trying, this finally was passed around 2000, although it blocked former pirate operators from holding licenses. Lobbied by the commercial radio industry, the U.S. Congress intervened and limited the new service even further, though technical tests later proved this to be baseless, and the added restrictions were lifted.

Although this should mean that pirate radio has seen a decrease, most of the licensees are churches, colleges, and state or local government transportation departments, as the FCC requires the licensee to be a non-profit organization. Pirate radio also continues because legal open spots on the FM dial have been filled in since and because of the 1979 ruling, by both full-power and translator stations.

Part 15 of the FCC rules allows the use of spectrum without a license but emissions pursuant to this rule are not practical for broadcasting due to extremely restrictive power levels which limit range (range varies depending on frequency spectrum). Part 15 is intended to allow for operation of a broad range of electrical devices that emit radio energy either as an intended element of their operation (e.g. garage door openers, FM modulators for iPod auto use) or as a by-product of their operation. Despite the limited range possible under Part 15, some small broadcast stations are operated within its parameters, while others operate claiming to be Part 15 compliant but with signals exceeding what is permitted under the rule.

Because basic radio transmission equipment is relatively easy to obtain in the US and because it is relatively easy to hide, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which has the authority to regulate radio communications, sometimes has difficulty in finding and prosecuting offenders who transmit without a license. Triangulation may be used, but most frequently a spectrum analyzer is driven around the affected area, with a person monitoring where the suspect signal is highest, and another one looking for any obvious signs such as an antenna or small tower (like that used for amateur radio).

The FCC maintains a database of alleged pirate radio broadcasters in the United States on a state-by-state basis which is made available to Congress as a report.

Stations from international waters

 * 1933
 * RXKR, aboard the SS City of Panama anchored off California, USA.

 * 1973
 * Radio Free America, a short-lived religious station by Dr. Carl McIntire aboard the MV Columbus anchored off New Jersey, USA.

 * 1987 & 1988
 * Radio Newyork International, from a ship anchored off Jones Beach, Long Island, New York, USA.

title: Pirate radio in North America


text:
User talk:JamesG

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Starblazers
I saw your entry on the Starblazer page. Without blowing my own trumpet what did you think of the Wiki entry as I was responsible for creating the largest part of it. Having a complete collection of all the issues helps though :) Douglasnicol 16:12, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

It seemed very comprehensive - I'd never even heard of Starblazer before seeing the announcement of the RPG, so Wikipedia was my first stop to find out more about it, thanks. --JamesG 16:35, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:JamesG


text:
Talk:Pirate radio in North America

Untitled
This is the expansion page from the main topic called Pirate Radio. It was created due to space limitations on the original page. MPLX/MH 21:48, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

why is the movie pump up the volume listed as a reference? Zmbe 07:01, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

No idea. I moved it to the 'see also' section. It could get removed altogether, I guess. Matt Deres 03:56, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Canada
The page says that pirate radio tends to be centered around urban areas such as... Toronto, yet there's no mention of pirate radio in Canada. Does anyone have any info? Matt Deres 03:56, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

--Channel One Radio, Bakersfield CA--

 * Channel 1 FM 91 of Bakersfield, California ran 24/7/365 in the early 1970s. Powerful 24/7 volunteer on-air staff, engineered by well-known "legal" local DJs on other AM (KERN-AM 1410, KAFY-AM 550 and KUZZ-AM 970) stations, played total crazed-out rock'n'roll. DJs included Head, Suite Irene, the Emperor of Wyoming, the Moonshadow, Hot Rod and many others. Collapsed due to exhaustion, little money, restlessness and sex triangles in late 1976 after a try at cable-only and as a school.

This portion is written by Suite Irene, an on air personality at the time. Channel One was the first Progressive Rock station in the San Joaquin Valley. Steve Ling was the founder and most of our broadcasting days were at his home... With the exception of "Goldies Top Of The Strip" on Hwy 99. There, we were given a glass room in a central part of the building. We were fortunate to have equipment that broadcast a clear strong signal. We used to shut down when the FCC came to Bakersfield, but we showed up in the ratings, so the FCC knew we were there. Bakersfield teens only had Top 40 AM stations until Channel One, so the station was quite the hit. Steve Ling approached a local cable company with those ratings in hand and they approved our application. Consequently, we were legal because we were a private Subscription and therefore not governed by the FCC. It was at that point we became salesmen and copy writers in addition to our on sir shifts. There were more people that volunteered their time, everyone was very devoted to their shifts. Head (Jim Simmons). Suite Irene (Kelly Anne Tearney), Moonshadow (Eddy Tudor), Captain Casserole (Steve Ling, Owner), Kathleen (who did an oldies show, Steve Lings wife), Doctor TX (??), The Beaver (Pam Braderick), The Emperor of Wyoming (a show with Doug Roehr and Jeff Paragini), and Hot Rod (Rod Bell). Honorable Mention to Steve Ling's German Sheppard, Oblio. He only entered the control room when "Whole Lotta Love" played, so that he could howl along to the song. (As far as Chanel One's collapse, I wasn't there, but it sounds like I missed an interesting time. I left Channel One in 1977 to go to work for KUZZ Radio, followed by several years at 99 KXFM, Santa Maria. Eventually I returned to Bakersfield for about a years with KQXR Q94).

| Partial list of pirate radio stations in the United States
Can someone please clean-up or remove this section as per WikiGuidelines? -- Cra sh U  nderride  16:53, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Voice of the Sea Cucumber?
I find this station rather interesting. However, when I tried a google search on this station, I got no results for it other than this wikipedia page. Is there any proof that such a station existed?--Namesrich1990 (talk) 14:51, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

Canada?
If this article is supposed to be about North America, why is there no mention at all of Canada? Certainly pirate radio exists (there was some kid south of Ottawa on 91.9 a few years back), quite apart from the whole TV question (Star Ray TV, for instance). 2001:5C0:1000:A:0:0:0:783 (talk) 04:12, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:04, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pirate radio in North America


text:
Weißenborn

Weißenborn may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Weißenborn, Saxony-Anhalt, in the Burgenlandkreis, Saxony-Anhalt
 * Weißenborn, Hesse, in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis, Hesse
 * Weißenborn (Gleichen), part of the municipality Gleichen in the Göttingen district, Lower Saxony
 * Weißenborn, Thuringia, in the Saale-Holzland-Kreis, Thuringia
 * Weißenborn, Saxony, in the Freiberg district, Saxony
 * Weißenborn (Zwickau), a locality of Zwickau, Saxony
 * Weißenborn-Lüderode, in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia

title: Weißenborn


text:
Weißenborn-Lüderode

Weißenborn-Lüderode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 December 2011, it is part of the municipality Sonnenstein, of which it is an Ortschaft and the seat.

title: Weißenborn-Lüderode


text:
User:AlexWasFirst/Chemistry of MDMA

Development Article of the Chemistry of MDMA

MDMA (Systematic name: 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) is a synthetic drug of the phenethylamine family which consttutes the active ingreadiant of Ecstasy

History
MDMA was first patented on Christmas eve 1914 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck, two years after its first synthesis. At the time, Merck was systematically synthesizing and patenting a wide variety of chemically related compounds which could be potentially used in human health, and MDMA remained largely forgotten for many years.

Links

 * Shulgin - http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/safrole.htm
 * Shulgin - http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/makingmdma.htm

title: User:AlexWasFirst/Chemistry of MDMA


text:
Talk:Apple Cup

Series History
The series history section claims, "For the first time, the 2007 game was played the Saturday after Thanksgiving." This is wrong. The 1938 game was played Nov 26 []. Thanksgiving that year was Nov 24 []. I found 7 games on Saturday-after-Thanksgiving up to 1956 before I stopped looking up the dates. The complete 2nd paragraph is out of date and seems pretty specific to recent history. In fact, the section seems upside down, ending with the first game. It needs to be re-thought and rewritten. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jvy (talk • contribs) 01:52, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
Isn't there usually a wager between the school presidents? Some ritual thing -- Cougar Gold cheese to the UW if the Huskies win and something else if vice versa? Or am I remembering some other bowl game? I'll watch the papers this year and see if I can add anything. Jwrosenzweig 21:51, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I scrapped the basketball reference. I have been a fan of the rivalry for 35 years and they never call it the Apple Cup when referring to basketball. The person who created the comment didn't supply any references that point to it being called the Apple Cup either. user:mercator79:mercator79 21:33 13 Aug 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
It seems that some Husky has vandalized the page. While I'm a Husky as well, and definitely looking for yet another win this weekend, I wanted to link to this article to give some history on the game. It's unfortunate that people have to vandalize these things to show their "big balls". I'd try to fix it, but am not familiar enough with Wikipedia to know how to revert back to the correct version without messing things up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.165.253.76 (talk) 16:23, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

WSU Logo
Why is only the WSU logo on the page?...The whole top end looks unwieldy right now -Burntorange72 (talk) 19:01, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

If you are going to include notes about the UW shut-out in 2009 and 1964, shouldn't you also recognize the more significant Crapple Cup, especially on the loser? It was one of the greatest Apple Cups of all time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.160.84.99 (talk) 20:56, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

Out of curiosity, why must it be the script logo for WSU? It seems a bit uneven with the UW logo.Katemccoll (talk) 22:32, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:University of Washington secondary logo.png
Image:University of Washington secondary logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:11, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

UW president no longer Mark Emmert
No permanent replacement as yet--Phyllis Wise is Interim President as of 12/2010.

http://www.washington.edu/discover/leadership/president/biography-phyllis-wise —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.142.188.153 (talk) 19:56, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was resolved. --BDD (talk) 17:58, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Washington–Washington State football rivalry → Washington–Washington State football rivalry – This is a request to move the article only, as it was moved back to Apple Cup, while this page was not moved and has created a problem. The talk page and article need to have the same name. AL2896 (talk) 01:09, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Procedural speedy close - both the article and the talk page are at Apple Cup and Talk:Apple Cup. Red Slash 19:07, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

1-column layout
Why do you believe a forced 1-column layout with 100+ game results, is preferable to allowing the browser to render that in 2-column format (or stack the columns when necessary)? This implementation clearly creates unnecessary scrolling for "desktop" users. UW Dawgs (talk) 21:26, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apple Cup


text:
List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States

In the United States at the end of World War II, there were prisoner-of-war camps, including 175 Branch Camps serving 511 Area Camps containing over 425,000 prisoners of war (mostly German). The camps were located all over the US, but were mostly in the South, due to the higher expense of heating the barracks in colder areas. Eventually, every state (with the exceptions of Nevada, North Dakota, and Vermont) and Hawaii, then a territory, had at least one POW camp.

Some of the camps were designated "segregation camps", where Nazi "true believers" were separated from the rest of the prisoners, whom they terrorized and even killed for being friendly with their American captors.

After the Armistice of Cassibile, approximately 90% of Italian POWs pledged to help the United States, by volunteering in Italian Service Units (ISU). Due to a labor shortage, Italian Service Units worked on Army depots, in arsenals and hospitals, and on farms. POWs who were a part of the ISU received better housing, uniforms and pay.

At its peak in May 1945, a total of 425,871 POWs were held in the US. This included 371,683 Germans, 50,273 Italians, and 3,915 Japanese.


text:
Commonwealth Edison

Commonwealth Edison, commonly known by syllabic abbreviation as ComEd, is the largest electric utility in Illinois, and the primary electric provider in Chicago and much of Northern Illinois. Its service territory stretches roughly from Iroquois County on the south to the Wisconsin border on the north and from the Iowa border on the west to the Indiana border on the east. For more than 100 years, Commonwealth Edison has been the primary electric delivery services company for Northern Illinois. Today, ComEd is a unit of Chicago-based Exelon Corporation, one of the nation's largest electric and gas utility holding companies. ComEd provides electric service to more than 3.8 million customers across Northern Illinois. The company's revenues totaled more than $7 billion in 2023.

, ComEd has interconnections with We Energies, ITC Midwest, Ameren, American Electric Power, Northern Indiana Public Service, and MidAmerican Energy (MEC).

Founding
The earliest predecessor of Commonwealth Edison was the Isolated Lighting Company, established in early 1881 by George H. Bliss as a subsidiary of Thomas Edison's company to sell small Edison-patented generators and lighting systems, each serving one building or several nearby buildings. In 1882, this company was taken over by the Western Edison Light Company, which was chartered by several prominent Chicagoans to not only take over Isolated Lighting's role as Edison's agent in Chicago, but also to develop a central station electric system. Western Edison installed the first incandescent lighting in a Chicago home, that of stockholder John W. Doane, in 1882, and it was first lit on November 10 of that year.

Chicago Edison
In March, 1887, John M. Clark (president of Western Edison), Robert Todd Lincoln, and John B. Drake obtained a franchise from Chicago to distribute electricity in the downtown area, bounded by North Avenue, 39th Street, and Ashland Avenue. They then formed the Chicago Edison Company, which took over all of Western Edison's business on July 2, 1887. Chicago Edison's first central generating station, designed by chief engineer Frederick Sargent, opened at 139 (later 120) West Adams Street in August, 1888. This first station was intended to serve an area bounded by Harrison Street, Market Street and Water Street (both now Wacker Drive), and Michigan Avenue, and served this area with an Edison-patented direct current system until it closed in 1914 or 1915.

The Samuel Insull Era
By 1892, Chicago Edison's load had grown to 3,200 kilowatts, the full capacity of its generating station. Its growth showed no sign of slowing, especially with plans in the works to host the 1893 Columbian Exposition. Its president, E. T. Watkins, had resigned the year before, and it was clear that new leadership was needed. In New York City, meanwhile, Thomas Edison had been bought out of his company as it was being consolidated into the General Electric Company. One of Edison's associates, Samuel Insull, had however been retained as the second vice-president of General Electric, and was subsequently offered the presidency of the company. Instead, Insull agreed to stay on only long enough to oversee the consolidation of Edison's companies.

The board of Chicago Edison wrote to Insull, asking for a recommendation for their president. In reply, Insull applied for the job, saying, "It is the best opportunity that I know of in the United States to develop the business of the production and distribution of electrical energy." The board accepted his application, and on May 26, 1892, Insull was elected president of Chicago Edison.

Upon his arrival, Insull found that Chicago Edison was one of nearly 30 electric companies operating in Chicago, all competing for business. While prevailing opinion at the time held that competition between the many companies was the best way to improve service and keep prices low, Insull believed that a regulated monopoly, giving exclusive operating rights in a specific territory to one company in exchange for state control over service terms and prices, would be most beneficial for both utilities and customers. While state regulation did not begin until 1914, Insull began forming a monopoly on electric service by acquiring many of his competitors. By 1895, he had acquired enough of them, and their rights to use the different manufacturers' equipment, that he had obtained a complete monopoly on electric service in Chicago Edison's territory.

Insull also initiated construction of a much larger power plant on Harrison Street, west of the Chicago River. While its original capacity of 6,400 kilowatts, twice that of the Adams Street Station and the largest in the United States, seemed wildly optimistic when it opened in August, 1894, Insull believed that the economy of scale provided by such a large station would offset the initial cost. Aside from this point, the size of the station allowed it to replace the Adams Street Station, which had become both overloaded and obsolete. Insull's optimism was rapidly justified: the Harrison Street Station reached its original capacity within the first several years, and was expanded to 16,200 kilowatts by 1903, the year Fisk Generating Station put large steam turbines into service.

In 1907, Chicago Edison combined with Commonwealth Electric to form Commonwealth Edison Company. Six years later, it absorbed the independent Cosmopolitan Electric Company, and with that purchase effectively became the sole electric provider in Chicago.

Insull also founded Public Service Company of Northern Illinois, which developed rural electrification in northern Illinois outside Chicago. Public Service and ComEd, along with many other companies, were subsidiaries of Insull's Middle West Utilities Company until Middle West's collapse during the Great Depression. According to at least one source Insull was also the earliest to develop transmission companies, in the 1920s, a concept that was undermined by the development of Public Utility Commissions, in general, and the Public Utilities Company Holding Act of 1935, in particular. Necessary regulation in that form has been overcome by recent deregulatory measures.

In 1994, ComEd reorganized as a holding company, Unicom Corporation, with ComEd as its leading subsidiary. In 2000, UniCom merged with Philadelphia-based electric company PECO Energy to form Exelon.

Central Illinois Electric and Gas Company
In 1967, Commonwealth Edison acquired Rockford-based Central Illinois Electric and Gas Company. CIE&G served the greater Rockford area and also had service territories in the Lincoln, Illinois area.

ComEd Transmission
ComEd currently operates transmission lines at the following voltages: 765kV, 345kV, 138kV, 69kV. 34.5kV is the common sub-transmission voltage in the ComEd service territory. ComEd has major interconnections with MidAmerican Energy, AEP, ATC, Ameren and NIPSCO.

ComEd Metering
ComEd currently uses electric meters manufactured by Aclara.

The company's meter seal colors are the following:

Brown, Light Brown (Rust), Pink (Rose), Beige, Yellow and Green for a variety of purposes. Brown is the main color and is used by Metering personnel.

Deregulation and divestiture
By 1996, prevailing opinion on the utilities in the United States had changed. Rather than granting one company the exclusive right to generate, transmit and distribute electricity in a specific geographic area, and fixing the rates for that service as one package, it was commonly held that consumers would benefit from opening as much service as possible to competition on an open market. At the federal level, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission had issued Order 888, opening access to the national transmission grids. Subsequent orders established an open energy marketplace and set rules for participation in it. However, it was left to the individual states to determine the best way to give their electricity customers access to the grid and the benefits of an open market.

For Illinois, the General Assembly passed the Electric Service Customer Choice and Rate Relief Law of 1997. The law ordered most Illinois electric utilities (including Commonwealth Edison) to provide their customers with the option of buying electricity from other suppliers. It also reduced base residential electric prices by 15%, with a further 5% decrease effective in 2001, and froze the reduced rates for ten years. Finally, it obligated the utilities, at the end of that ten-year period, to obtain their electricity through a competitive process.

These rules made it politically desirable for Commonwealth Edison to divest itself of its generation interests, in an attempt to distance itself from any allegations of bias in the competitive process. It sold its coal-fired generating stations to Midwest Generation in 2000, and sold its nuclear generating stations to Exelon Nuclear, another subsidiary of its holding company, in 2003. In theory, this separated the business of generating and selling power from the business of transmitting and distributing it, though in practice the holding company still manages and profits from both businesses. The distinction was blurred even further by the long-term price agreements that went with the sale of the generating stations, under which ComEd was entitled to purchase power below market rates through the end of the rate freeze.

The 2007 Rate Case
In 2006, as the end of the rate freeze drew near, Commonwealth Edison had to accommodate both a fully competitive market and the end of its own price agreements with the purchasers of its former generating stations. The most visible effect of the proposed rates was to increase residential electric rates sharply. This set the stage for a contentious and vigorous public debate about the rationale for electric deregulation.

ComEd's proposal had two parts. First, delivery rates, which cover the cost of transporting electricity from the generators to the customer, would rise by 22% on the average. Second, the price of the electricity itself would be determined from a reverse auction, with the winning suppliers bound to supply energy to ComEd's customers at some fixed price for a fixed period of time. The net effect was an increase of around 33% in the typical residential electric bill.

The prospect of seeing electric bills rise so dramatically drew much public outcry. It was widely claimed, at the time, that such a dramatic rise in rates was proof that the deregulated environment did nothing to help the consumer and was a sham. The Illinois General Assembly proposed extending the existing rate freeze for several more years in order to give time to develop a better plan. ComEd responded that extending the rate freeze would bankrupt it and that it did not have the ability to obtain electricity at a cost that would support the frozen rates.

In January 2007, the Chicago Tribune reported that Commonwealth Edison was behind Consumers Organized for Reliable Electricity (CORE), an organization that had been arguing against a proposed statewide freeze in electricity rates. The campaign uses a commonly used corporate tactic referred to as astroturfing, in which corporations fund organizations that appears to be grassroots or consumer rights focused to lobby on the corporation's behalf with politicians and the public. Illinois then Lieutenant Governor Pat Quinn attempted to force CORE to put ComEd's name on the ads in a petition filed with the Illinois Commerce Commission. The Commission ultimately dismissed the petition, but not before CORE agreed to disclose ComEd's support of it more clearly.

Ultimately, the General Assembly did not freeze rates, and ComEd's new rate plan went into effect on January 2, 2007. However, subsequent concerns about the impartiality of the reverse auction process have resulted in the establishment of the Illinois Power Agency, which will ultimately be responsible for producing and purchasing the energy for Illinois utilities.

As part of the compromise plan to avoid a rate freeze, ComEd devised a means by which a customer might defer payment of the 22% increase, subject to interest of over 3% on the unpaid portion of the increase.

In September 2011, ComEd named the first woman to the CEO post, Anne Pramaggiore. When she was promoted within Exelon, ComEd's parent company, Joe Dominguez was named CEO and COO Terence Donnelly was named president while retaining the title COO.

Corruption scandal
On July 17, 2020, ComEd agreed to pay $200 million following what had been a several-year federal investigation of suspected illegal lobbying, political graft and sweetheart contract deals which were made in exchange for the company having a near-monopoly on regional power utility. On September 4, 2020, former ComEd Vice-President Fidel Marquez became the first ComEd executive to be criminally charged for his involvement in the scandal.

Smart Grid
In 2016, ComEd made an investment worth $2.6 billion in what is known as their "Smart Grid." The plan will modernize the electric grid in Illinois by improving electric lines, installing smart meters and otherwise upgrading what the company says was badly outdated infrastructure. The intent of the Smart Grid plan is to make the Illinois electric grid stronger and more modern, and to eliminate the need for meter readers. Smart grid technology is similar to smartphone technology in that it uses wireless connectivity to update information about power consumption and other events. ComEd lobbyists wrote the law as mandatory Wireless Smart Meter installations to all customers of Illinois. It was passed by the Illinois General Assembly against vehement and persistent opposition from the Attorney General, AARP and informed Illinois citizens. ComEd spent around $16 million convincing General Assembly to over-ride Governor Quinn's Veto. When elected, Governor Rauner signed another bill favoring ComEd over the rights of citizens to have a choice to opt out from installation of Wireless Smart Meter. ComEd and the other primary utility company in Illinois have together installed more than 3 million smart meters—digital devices that collect information about how much electricity is used—at customer homes and businesses. The meters send that information to ComEd through wireless technology. ComEd has said that the technology "has avoided 7.6 million outages and generated $1.4 billion in societal savings."

The Smart Meter replacement project was awarded to Aclara Smart Grid Solutions, with the rollout starting in late 2016 in Chicago. The project was completed in 2019 in the western edge of the ComEd service territory.

On February 28, 2018, Illinois utility regulators authorized ComEd to establish a 10-year electric microgrid demonstration project on the South Side of Chicago. "The Bronzeville Community Microgrid Project will connect with a microgrid at the Illinois Institute of Technology, creating one of the first utility-scale microgrid clusters in the nation, ComEd officials said," according to Daily Energy Insider.

title: Commonwealth Edison


text:
File:Electrophorus litografia.gif

Electrophorus, litografia del 700

title: File:Electrophorus litografia.gif


text:
Zwinge

Zwinge is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 December 2011, it is part of the municipality Sonnenstein, of which it is an Ortschaft.

title: Zwinge


text:
Mademoiselle from Armentières

"Mademoiselle from Armentières" is an English song that was particularly popular during World War I. It is also known by its ersatz French hook line, 'Inky Pinky Parlez Vous,' or the American variant 'Hinky Dinky Parlez-vous' (variant: Parlay voo). 'Inky Pinky' was a Scottish children's name for parsnip and potato cakes, but it has been suggested that an onomatopoeic reference to the sound of bed springs is more likely a soldier's ribald derivation.

Origins
"Mademoiselle from Armentières" has roots in a tradition of older popular songs. Its immediate predecessor seems to be the song "Skiboo", or "Snapoo", which was popular among British soldiers of World War I. The tune of the song is thought to have been popular in the French Army in the 1830s. The words told of the encounter of an inn-keeper's daughter, named Mademoiselle de Bar-le-Duc, with two German officers. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the tune was resurrected, and again in 1914 when the British and Allied soldiers got to know it.

The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette of December 4, 1939, reported that the historical inspiration for the song had been a young Frenchwoman named Marie Lecoq, later Marie Marceau, who worked as a waitress at the Café de la Paix in Armentières during the war. Despite the obscenity of many popular versions of the song, it was reportedly quite clean in its original form.

The song's first known recording was made in 1915, by music hall baritone Jack Charman.

Use
"Mademoiselle from Armentières" was considered a risqué song and not for 'polite company'. When sung on the radio and TV, as in The Waltons, typically only the first verse was sung. The lyrics on which this opinion is based are recorded in the Gordon "Inferno" Collection.

It is the third part of the regimental march of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. The first two are "Has Anyone Seen the Colonel?" and "It's a Long Way to Tipperary".

Mademoiselle from Armentières was the name of a 1926 British film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Estelle Brody.

Mademoiselle From Armentieres was the title of a 1927 espionage, thriller novel by Cecil Street, writing under the name John Rhode.

During World War II the comic duo Flanagan and Allen had a hit with "If a Grey Haired Lady Says 'How's Your Father?' (That's Mademoiselle from Armentieres)", written by Ted Waite, which refers to the original song.

When Lindisfarne played their song "We Can Swing Together" on stage in the early 1970s, it developed into a lengthy harmonica medley which included a verse and chorus from this as well as several other songs, some also traditional.

"Three German Officers Crossed the Rhine" is a song with a much more ribald set of lyrics, popular on rugby tours but sung to the same tune or to that of "When Johnny Comes Marching Home". It was originally sung in the allied trenches during the First World War.

A reworked version known as the "fart song" or as "an old lady of 92" was popular in schools, particularly in the UK, with lyrics celebrating a flatulent journey including Bristol and Rome.

A reworked version of the melody was used in the Israeli songwriter Haim Hefer's song "בחולות" ("Bacholot" or "Bakholot", "In the Sands"), best known for its performance by the singer Yossi Banai. The song consist of six stanzas telling of a tendency among the narrator's family males to take out the beloveds into, and conceive their children in, the titular sands.

In America, most recognize the melody with completely different lyrics, as the theme song for the character Clarabell the Clown on the children's TV series The Howdy Doody Show.

Lyrics
Multiple versions of the song exist. One variation goes as follows:

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, She hasn't been kissed in forty years, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? She had the form like the back of a hack, When she cried the tears ran down her back, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? She never could hold the love of man 'Cause she took her baths in a talcum can, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? She had four chins, her knees would knock, And her face would stop a cuckoo clock, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? She could beg a franc, a drink, a meal, But it wasn't because of sex appeal, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? She could guzzle a barrel of sour wine, And eat a hog without peeling the rind, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

The MPs think they won the war, Parley-voo. The MPs think they won the war, Parley-voo. The MPs think they won the war, Standing guard at the café door, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

The officers get the pie and cake, Parley-voo. The officers get the pie and cake, Parley-voo. The officers get the pie and cake, And all we get is the bellyache, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? They say they mechanized the war So what the hell are we marching for? Hinky-dinky, parley-voo.

The sergeant ought to take a bath, Parley-voo. The sergeant ought to take a bath, Parley-voo. If he changes his underwear The frogs will give him the Croix-de-Guerre, Hinky-dinky, parley-voo.

You might forget the gas and shells, Parley-voo. You might forget the gas and shells, Parley-voo. You might forget the groans and yells But you'll never forget the mademoiselles, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Many and many a married man Wants to go back to France again Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Mademoiselle from Armentieres, Parley-voo? Just blow your nose, and dry your tears, We'll all be back in a few short years, Hinky, dinky, parley-voo.

Lyricists
There are several claims to having written the lyrics for this song:
 * Edward Rowland and a Canadian composer, Gitz Rice
 * Harry Carlton and Joe Tunbridge
 * British songwriter Harry Wincott
 * Alfred Charles Montin supposedly wrote "Mademoiselle from Armentières" while stationed in France. He composed the music for "The Caissons Go Rolling Along" at Fort Sheridan, Ill., shortly before his unit was transferred to Fort Sill. The lyrics for the artillery march were written by Brig. Gen. Edmund L. Gruber, when he was a second lieutenant. Montin was born and raised in Nice, France. He migrated to the United States and started a tour of duty as an army band director in the days when the band was an important regimental organization. Also included in his music career was a tour with the famed John Philip Sousa Band."

title: Mademoiselle from Armentières


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deoge

Deoge
Just a name for a dog, but wasn't sure if it should be speedily deleted or not. Still new to this, after all... Golbez 21:54, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Should not be, this is a ligitimate pet name, and they do belong in Encyclopedias.

 * Delete I was amused by it, perhaps move to jokes, clearly not an encyclopaedia article - should be called D-O-G anyway. Jongarrettuk 22:19, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-encyclopedic. Joyous 22:57, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete amusing but non-encyclopedic --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 00:06, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:59, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic and not that funny either. Gazpacho 02:49, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Dsmdgold 03:10, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 19:21, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deoge


text:
Bernterode

Bernterode may refer to two places in Thuringia, Germany:

 * Bernterode (bei Heilbad Heiligenstadt)
 * Bernterode (bei Worbis)

title: Bernterode


text:
User:Kbg

Those who know me knows me as someone cool

title: User:Kbg


text: User talk:69.140.94.88

title: User talk:69.140.94.88


text:
Orlando (fictional cat)

Orlando (The Marmalade Cat) is the fictional eponymous hero of the series (of the same name) of 19 illustrated children's books written by Kathleen Hale between 1938 and 1972, issued by various publishers including Country Life and Puffin Picture Books. The series involves a marmalade cat (most likely a ginger tabby) named Orlando, and his adventures with his family and wife named Grace.

Background
The Orlando (The Marmalade Cat) books were created by Kathleen Hale for her two children, and Orlando was inspired by their real-life cat Orlando. When Country Life first published Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Camping Holiday, it became an instant success. Kathleen Hale then continued the series, giving Orlando a magic carpet in 1958, and ended the series with Orlando and the Water Cats (1972).

Plot
Orlando's family consist of his wife Grace, and three kittens: Blanche (white), Pansy (tortoiseshell) and Tinkle (black). The family, especially Orlando, get involved in many adventures together and make friends as they do so. They can range from going to the Moon (Orlando Goes to the Moon), becoming a replacement judge (Orlando the Judge) or to keeping a large black poodle dog (Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): Keeps a Dog).

Characters
There are many characters in the Orlando series, many of them minor. Some of the minor characters reappear in different books in the series (for example Mr. Cattermole), while others appear once.

Major characters

 * Blanche - Blanche is one of the 3 kittens, and is pure white.
 * Grace - The wife of Orlando, she and the kittens almost always accompany Orlando. She often wears large hats and skirts, and once wore a wedding-dress made of fish on their (Orlando's and Grace's) wedding day, and in Orlando's Home Life wore a fur coat in the pattern of a leopard's fur. She is a tabby cat, with a small, stubby nose like a ripe apricot.
 * Orlando - The hero of the series, he is a marmalade-coloured cat with eyes like two green gooseberries. He sometimes keeps his watch on his tail, and later on in the series he is friends with a living magic carpet named Fatima.
 * Pansy - Pansy is one of Orlando's and Grace's 3 kittens, and she is a tortoiseshell.
 * Tinkle - The most mischievous of the kittens, he is a black cat and owns a pet spider. He was responsible for creating the events in Orlando and the Three Graces, and is friends with Cupid the brown foal.
 * Vulcan - Vulcan is a horse who, along with his wife Venus, first appeared in Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): Buys a Farm. He is the creature who made the events in Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Seaside Holiday possible, as he had found a place to stay in Owlbarrow. Vulcan returned in Orlando Goes to the Moon, pulling Orlando's moon rocket with Cupid and his wife Venus.

Minor characters

 * Cattermole - Mr. Cattermole owns a shop for cats that opens after midnight. In Orlando's Home Life, when Orlando and Grace needed money to send the kittens to school, they made several inventions and gave them to Cattermole. A glimpse of his face can be seen in Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Seaside Holiday, and he gives Orlando his Moon rocket, space suits and a present for the Man in the Moon in Orlando Goes to the Moon.
 * Cupid - Cupid is the foal of Vulcan and his wife Venus, and appeared in Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Seaside Holiday. In the book, he eats a cauliflower, some flowers and a hat. He reappeared in Orlando Goes to the Moon, pulling Orlando's Moon rocket with Venus and Vulcan.
 * Fluffy - Judge Wiggins' pet cat, he is the villain in Orlando the Judge for stealing Mr. Gorgon's cheese for his mousetraps. He eventually became a guardian for the Old Mice's Home as punishment.
 * Wiggins - Wiggins is a judge who owns Fluffy the cat. He appears in Orlando the Judge, with a cold.
 * Mr Gorgon and Mr Zola - Two men who look very alike, they both love cheese.

Books
Books in the series are:

 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Camping Holiday (1938)
 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Trip Abroad (1939)
 * Orlando's Evening Out (1941)
 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat) Buys a Farm (1942)
 * Orlando's Home Life (1942) - In this book, Orlando tells his wife Grace that the kittens should be sent to learn something as soon as possible, or "nobody will want them". Unfortunately, Orlando and Grace do not have enough money to send them to school, so they give Mr. Cattermole (the owner of a shop especially for cats, which only opens at night) three inventions - cream to stop making cats wet, a "Puss Protector" which makes cars jump over jay-walking cats, and Grace's fluffy blankets for invalid cats. Because their inventions becomes a success, they earn enough money from Mr. Cattermole and are then able to send the kittens to school. However, they hated it with a passion, and "did all they could to be expelled". Pansy was first to be expelled (by presenting half her face to the headmistress), then Blanche (who pretended to faint) and finally Tinkle. Orlando and Grace then decide to get private tutors to educate their kittens in different subjects, and eventually Pansy learns to be an actress, Blanche to be a dancer, and Tinkle a master of the arts (sculpture, painting, music, literature). However, Orlando finds Grace crying into the kitchen sink while washing the dishes, and because she feels old without her kittens, Orlando dismisses all of the teachers (to the kittens' delight, especially Tinkle's as he was painting himself and carving the harp Orlando gave him) and took Grace out, while the kittens secretly write a surprise play for her and Orlando. Orlando takes Grace to a fishmonger's, a luxury clothes shop (and orders a fur coat for Grace which arrives the next day) and to visit Mr. Cattermole, who gives them microphones as a mark of his gratitude. The next day, when Grace's coat arrives, Orlando's family prepare to go to the cat-show, and as Grace adores a pair of Siamese cats, the kittens add this to their surprise play. That night, the kittens perform their play and have 5 acts - the Scarf Dance by Blanche (music by Tinkle), the Hairy Heart, the Whiskered Meringue, a pair of "Siamese" kittens (Blanche partly covered in soot and Tinkle partly covered in flour), and finally a Fan Dance performed by Pansy. Afterwards, Orlando and Grace sing on the rooftops with their microphones, and finally went to bed and "dreamt of Sardines".
 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): His Silver Wedding (1944) - Also known as Orlando's Silver Wedding, this book tells the story of Orlando and Grace's marriage.
 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): Becomes a Doctor (1944)
 * Orlando's Invisible Pyjamas (1947) - Orlando accidentally loses the fur from his lower part, and hides in the garden so he will not be seen. Grace cleverly knits him a pyjama bottom that looks just like his fur to hide the bareness. After a time he needs to take it off, and finds another layer underneath, which he thinks Grace has made, but it is actually his own fur which has grown back after all.
 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): Keeps a Dog (1949)
 * Orlando the Judge (1950) - When Mr. Gorgon suspects Mr. Zola of stealing his cheese, Orlando is in despair that his two friends are arguing. He is then called to Judge Wiggins, who has a cold and is not getting better as his arrogant pet cat named Fluffy takes everything he needs to eat. Orlando eventually takes his place while Grace boils Wiggins some milk, and the kittens investigate the mystery of the missing cheese. At the end of the book, it is revealed that Fluffy stole the cheese for his mouse-trap (for he is frightened of mice), and he eventually becomes a guard for the Old Mice's Home as punishment. Mr. Gorgon and Mr. Zola become friends again, and Wiggins' cold begins to get better.
 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Seaside Holiday (1952) - In A Seaside Holiday, they stay in the town of 'Owlbarrow', a thinly disguised version of Aldeburgh on the coast of Suffolk: many of the illustrations feature landmarks in the town. One hot summer's day, Orlando is disappointed that he and his family cannot go on holiday, until unexpectedly their friend Vulcan the Horse visits their house to say that himself (Vulcan), his wife Venus and their foal Cupid are going to go on holiday with Orlando, in a docked boat over in Owlbarrow. There, they meet a lady named Salubrious (Sally for short) and a dachshund named Daisy. They spend the rest of their stay there flying a kite, discovering a "mermaid", rescuing people (including a queen named Catalpa) from a shipwreck and cheering up the grumpy Mr. Curmudgeon. The book ends with Catalpa living with the now-jolly Curmudgeon, the rescued people gaining a new ship which looks like Orlando (as well as having Sally as their new queen) and both Orlando and Vulcan's family going back home. Along with the reprint of Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): A Camping Holiday by Puffin, this is the book that is the most easiest to buy, and is published by the Penguin Group as a reprint.
 * Orlando's Zoo (1954)
 * Orlando (the Marmalade Cat): The Frisky Housewife (1956)
 * Orlando's Magic Carpet (1958)
 * Orlando's Country Peepshow (1959) - this was a "novelty" or "gimmick" book. It consisted of four sections that were joined, and opened to the shape of a merry-go-round, or carousel. Each section contained a cut-out scene with layers like a theatre stage's "flats", or like decoupage. Each section showed a theatre scene, or tableau, of one of the four seasons of Orlando's farm, with the scenes showing spring planting, summer growing, autumn harvesting, and winter relaxing at Christmas.
 * Orlando, the Marmalade Cat, Buys a Cottage (1963)
 * Orlando and the Three Graces (1965) - At Christmas, Tinkle receives a magic kit, which contains two sprays. As he wants to give his parents a present, he gives Orlando a box, Pansy and Blanche his pet spider and gives Grace one of the sprays from his magic kit. To do this, he scratches out the word on one of the sprays and replaces it with "TINKLE". When Grace sprays it on herself, however, two other Graces appear, and do exactly the same things that she does. When Orlando sees her, he hisses and refuses to believe her as he knows he has only one wife. Grace spends the rest of the day crying and the kittens hide in fear. They all eventually go to see Father Christmas for help, and on their way they meet the Dog Star, who gives the cats warm haddock milk except for Tinkle (because he insulted him as soon as they met). As soon as they find Father Christmas, he undoes the spell on Grace, and tells Tinkle that he should have read the label. They go back home safely, and have a wonderful Christmas.
 * Orlando Goes to the Moon (1968)
 * Orlando and the Water Cats (1972)

Legacy
In 1994, a stamp featuring Orlando the Marmalade Cat was released. A one-penny stamp, it shows Orlando writing what is possibly a letter with a quill. The foreground shows green wallpaper.

title: Orlando (fictional cat)


text:
Bernterode (bei Worbis)

Bernterode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld, Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 September 2009, it is part of the town Breitenworbis.

title: Bernterode (bei Worbis)


text:
The Spirit of St. Louis (disambiguation)

The Spirit of St. Louis is the aircraft flown by Charles Lindbergh on the first non-stop solo trans-Atlantic flight in 1927.

The Spirit of St. Louis may also refer to:

 * The Spirit of St. Louis (book), a 1953 book by Lindbergh about the flight
 * The Spirit of St. Louis (film), a 1957 film based on the book, starring James Stewart
 * The Spirit of St. Louis (album), a 2000 album by The Manhattan Transfer
 * Spirit of St. Louis (album), a 1981 album by Ellen Foley
 * The Spirit of St. Louis (EP), a 2004 EP by British Sea Power
 * "The Spirit of St. Louis", a song by British Sea Power from their 2002 single "The Lonely" and the aforementioned EP
 * Spirit of St. Louis (train), a passenger train operated by Penn Central and later Amtrak
 * Spirit of St. Louis Airport, a general aviation airport located west of St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
 * Spirits of St. Louis, an American Basketball Association team


text:
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (Latin, lit. "On the factory of the human body in seven books") is a set of books on human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) and published in 1543. It was a major advance in the history of anatomy over the long-dominant work of Galen, and presented itself as such.

The collection of books is based on his Paduan lectures, during which he deviated from common practice by dissecting a corpse to illustrate what he was discussing. Dissections had previously been performed by a barber surgeon under the direction of a doctor of medicine, who was not expected to perform manual labour. Vesalius's magnum opus presents a careful examination of the organs and the complete structure of the human body. This would not have been possible without the many advances that had been made during the Renaissance, including artistic developments in literal visual representation and the technical development of printing with refined woodcuts. Because of these developments and his careful, immediate involvement, Vesalius was able to produce illustrations superior to any produced previously.

Books of the collection
Vesalius arranged his work into seven books.

Book 1: The Bones and Cartilages
The first book constitutes about a quarter of the entire collection. It presents Vesalius' observations on human bones and cartilage, which he collected from cemeteries. It covers the physical appearance of human bones and the differentiation of human bones and cartilage by function. In each chapter Vesalius describes the bones in great detail, explaining their physical qualities in different ways. In the opening chapters, Vesalius "gives general aspects of bones and skeletal organisation, dealing with the differences in texture, strength,  and resilience between bone and cartilage; explaining the complex differences  between types of joints and reviewing some basic elements of descriptive techniques and terminology." A major theme of this book is whether Galen described the bones of the human skeleton accurately. When Vesalius lectured on the human skeleton, he also presented the bones of animals to give credibility to Galen's observations.

Book 2: The Ligaments and Muscles
Here Vesalius describes the structure of the muscles, the agents used in creating movement by the body, and the material used to hold the joints together. Through his observations of butchers cutting meat, he was able to incorporate the skills they used in the dissection of the human body. The order in which to dissect a human body to effectively observe each muscle in the body is laid out. Each illustration displays a deepening view of the human body which can be followed while dissecting a human body. Vesalius also mentions the instruments needed to perform a dissection. Here Vesalius begins to describe how Galen's anatomical descriptions do not match his own observations. In order to show respect to Galen, he suggests Galen's use of anatomical structure is in fact correct, but not for humans. He even continues to describe some of the structures in the way Galen would.

Book 3: The Veins and Arteries, Book 4: The Nerves
In Books 3 and 4, Vesalius describes the veins, arteries, and nerves as vessels, but notes their differing physical structure: veins and arteries contains a hollow channel, but nerves do not. Vesalius describes the route by which air travels through the lungs and the heart. He describes this process as "a tree whose trunks divide into branches and twigs". He also describes how the body contains four veins (the portal vein, the venae cavae, the artery-like vein [now understood as the Pulmonary Vein], and the umbilical vein) and two arteries (the aorta, and the vein-like artery [now understood as the Pulmonary Artery]) as being the main vessels which branch out into smaller veins and arteries. Vesalius lists some six hundred vessels in his tabulation of arteries, veins and nerves, but fails to mention the smaller vessels located in the hands and feet, the terminal vessels of the cutaneous nerves, or the vessels in the lungs and liver.

Book 5: The Organs of Nutrition and Generation
Vesalius gives detailed descriptions of the organs of nutrition, the urinary system, and the male and female reproductive systems. The alimentary and reproductive systems each make up about forty percent of this book, and the description of the renal system and the correct technique for dissecting it makes up the remainder. In the final chapter, the longest chapter of the entire collection, Vesalius gives detailed step-by-step instructions on how to dissect the abdominopelvic organs. In the first half of the book, Vesalius describes the peritoneum, the esophagus, the stomach, the omentum, the intestines and the mesentery. He then goes on to describe the liver, gallbladder, and the spleen. Finally, he describes the kidneys, the bladder, and the ureters. Vesalius was unfamiliar with the anatomy of pregnancy, which lead him to erroneously provide illustrations of a zonary (band-shaped) placenta and fetal membrane in the 1543 edition of De Fabrica; Vesalius does so relying on Galenic medicine which used canine reproductive organs rather than human female reproductive organs. The illustrations are corrected in the 1555 edition. The new images depict a discoid placenta and fetal membrane.

Book 6: The Heart and Associated Organs, Book 7: The Brain

These books describe the structure and functions of the heart and the organs of respiration, the brain and its coverings, the eye, the organs of sensation, and the nerves of the limbs. A chapter is also devoted to the dissection of the eye. Vesalius describes the organs of the body in great detail by commenting "on the variable strength of the attachment of the pleura to the thoracic walls, the strong attachment of the pericardium to the diaphragm, the shape and orientation of the ventricles of the heart, and the description of the semilunar valves." He closes each book with a chapter on the correct way to dissect the heart and the brain respectively.

Galen's errors
Galen, the prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman empire had written on anatomy among other topics, but his work remained largely unchecked until the time of Vesalius. The Fabrica rectified some of Galen's worst errors, including the notion that the great blood vessels originated from the liver. Other errors rectified included the idea that the human mandible was in two parts (it is, in fact, in one part) and that men had fewer ribs than women. Disproving this decreased Vesalius' popularity with the Church as it contradicted the Biblical understanding of Adam and Eve. While examining a human corpse, Vesalius discovered that Galen's observations were inconsistent with his, due to Galen's use of animal (dog and monkey) cadavers. Overall, Vesalius's use of human corpses allowed him to rectify approximately 300 of Galen's errors. Even with his improvements, however, Vesalius clung to some of Galen's errors, such as the idea that a different type of blood flowed through veins than through arteries. It was not until William Harvey's work on the circulation of the blood (De Motu Cordis, 1628) that this misconception of Galen's would be rectified in Europe.

1543 edition
Vesalius had the work published at the age of 28, taking great pains to ensure its quality, and dedicated it to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The more than 250 illustrations are of great artistic merit and are generally attributed by modern scholars to the "studio of Titian" rather than Johannes Stephanus of Calcar, who provided drawings for Vesalius' earlier tracts. The woodcuts were greatly superior to the illustrations in anatomical atlases of the day, which were never made by anatomy professors themselves. The woodcut blocks were transported to Basel, Switzerland, as Vesalius wished that the work be published by one of the foremost printers of the time, Johannes Oporinus. Vesalius' written directions to Oporinus (the iter) were so valuable the printer decided to include them. The illustrations were engraved on wooden blocks, which allowed for very fine detail.

1555 edition
A second edition was published in 1555. Annotations in a copy of that edition preserved in KU Leuven Libraries have been identified as Vesalius's own, showing that he was contemplating a third edition, never achieved.

Reception
The success of Fabrica recouped the work's considerable expense, and brought Vesalius European fame, partly through cheap unauthorized copies. He was appointed physician to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Vesalius presented him with the first published copy (bound in silk of imperial purple, with specially hand-painted illustrations not found in any other copy). To accompany the Fabrica, Vesalius published a condensed and less expensive Epitome: at the time of publication in 1543, it cost 10 batzen. As a result, the Epitome became more widely seen than the Fabrica; it contained eight anatomical engravings that condensed visual material from the Fabrica, one illustration of the human skeleton taken directly from the Fabrica, and two new woodcut plates.

Human remains
During the 16th century, the dissection of human bodies was highly prohibited by the Church. Therefore, in order to combat this opposition, Vesalius had to secretly take the bodies of executed criminals, a process which he explains in De Humani Corporis Fabrica. This process of stealing the dead bodies of criminals was a key way for anatomists and artists to study the human body. For example in 1828 the case of Burke and Hare, whereby the bodies were delivered to anatomists for dissection, were murdered specifically for financial gain.

Surviving copies
More than 700 copies survive from the 1543 and 1555 editions. Of those, by 2018 some 29 copies were in London, 20 in Paris, 14 in Boston, 13 in New York, 12 in Cambridge (England), and 11 each in Oxford and Rome. John Hay Library at Brown University owns a copy bound in tanned human skin.

Some of the images, even though separated by several pages in the text, make a continuous landscape panorama in the background when placed side-by-side.

In February 2024, a second-edition copy was sold at a Christie's online auction for $2,228,000, making it one of the most expensive scientific documents ever to be sold at auction. The copy, which had last been sold in 2007 for €13,200, was found to have been Vesalius' personal copy. Extensive handwritten annotations in the margins were determined to have been written by Vesalius himself.

Legacy
De Humani Corporis Fabrica, a 2022 documentary film about the human body by Lucien Castaing-Taylor and Véréna Paravel, was named after the book series.

Translations

 * Vesalius, Andreas. On the Fabric of the Human Body, translated by W. F. Richardson and J. B. Carman. 5 vols. San Francisco and Novato: Norman Publishing, 1998-2009.
 * Vesalius, Andreas. The Fabric of the Human Body. An Annotated Translation of the 1543 and 1555 Editions, edited by D.H. Garrison and M.H. Hast, Northwestern University, 2003.
 * Vesalius, Andreas. La Fabrique du corps humain (1543), livre I dans La fabrique de Vésale et autres textes. First translation in French by J. Vons et S. Velut, Paris, BIU Santé, 2014.

title: De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem


text:
Breitenworbis

Breitenworbis is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Breitenworbis


text:
Category talk:Nintendo DS games

Please Refrain From Advertising Your Own Sites
There was one site RewiredDS.com who added their link to every DS game template, even though the site did not have any information, screenshots, etc. for most of the games. I understand it's hard to get word out about your website, but please find other places beside an online encyclopedia. (Unless your site has something unique to add). Sean WI 20:08, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Inyusha Feudal Combat is not a DS game
At least, to my knowledge. Is it?

2 of the same?
isn't this the same thing as List of Nintendo DS games but smaller?
 * Yes, but this is a category that has special properties and only games with actual articles can be placed here. The same is true for all the lists of games and categories associated with video games by platform. --TheDotGamer 20:06, Jan 11, 2005 (UTC)

5 'Castlevania DS' Entries?
Upon seeing this wikipedia entry for the first time today, I'm pretty baffled as to why 'Castlevania DS' is listed no less than five times... is there any reason for this? --CherryMay 09:21, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I noticed that a few days ago too. I looked pretty much everywhere releated to the articles and templates used but I wasn't able to find the cause.  Quite strange indeed. --TheDotGamer 02:51, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Nintendo DS games


text:
User talk:CKlunck

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Libertarianism
good work on the libertarianism page. Your fresh eyes are catching a lot of mistakes we've accumulated. I look forward to working with you. If you have any questions, leave them on my talk page. Dave (talk)
 * Yeah, I wish there were some way around the qualifiers every other sentence (or multiple times per sentence). Since I joined Wikipedia last month, my goal has been to get this article featured, so I'd really appreciate anything you can do to improve the style (or content or whatever).

 * As far as footnotes go, maybe we should leave them the way they were originally, but not number them. The in-text link takes you straight to the one you need, so the numbering is really just an anachronistic holdover from print.  I dunno.  But thanks for the help.  And again, feel free to ask if you need anything.  Dave (talk) 03:31, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:CKlunck


text:
Physical schema

A physical data model (or database design) is a representation of a data design as implemented, or intended to be implemented, in a database management system. In the lifecycle of a project it typically derives from a logical data model, though it may be reverse-engineered from a given database implementation. A complete physical data model will include all the database artifacts required to create relationships between tables or to achieve performance goals, such as indexes, constraint definitions, linking tables, partitioned tables or clusters. Analysts can usually use a physical data model to calculate storage estimates; it may include specific storage allocation details for a given database system.

seven main databases dominate the commercial marketplace: Informix, Oracle, Postgres, SQL Server, Sybase, IBM Db2 and MySQL. Other RDBMS systems tend either to be legacy databases or used within academia such as universities or further education colleges. Physical data models for each implementation would differ significantly, not least due to underlying operating-system requirements that may sit underneath them. For example: SQL Server runs only on Microsoft Windows operating-systems (Starting with SQL Server 2017, SQL Server runs on Linux. It's the same SQL Server database engine, with many similar features and services regardless of your operating system ), while Oracle and MySQL can run on Solaris, Linux and other UNIX-based operating-systems as well as on Windows. This means that the disk requirements, security requirements and many other aspects of a physical data model will be influenced by the RDBMS that a database administrator (or an organization) chooses to use.

Physical schema
Physical schema is a term used in data management to describe how data is to be represented and stored (files, indices, et al.) in secondary storage using a particular database management system (DBMS) (e.g., Oracle RDBMS, Sybase SQL Server, etc.).

In the ANSI/SPARC Architecture three schema approach, the internal schema is the view of data that involved data management technology. This is as opposed to an external schema that reflects an individual's view of the data, or the conceptual schema that is the integration of a set of external schemas.

Subsequently the internal schema was recognized to have two parts:

The logical schema was the way data were represented to conform to the constraints of a particular approach to database management. At that time the choices were hierarchical and network. Describing the logical schema, however, still did not describe how physically data would be stored on disk drives. That is the domain of the physical schema. Now logical schemas describe data in terms of relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, and XML tags.

A single set of tables, for example, can be implemented in numerous ways, up to and including an architecture where table rows are maintained on computers in different countries.

title: Physical schema