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Kenya national cricket team

The Kenya men's national cricket team represents the Republic of Kenya in international cricket. Kenya is an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) which has Twenty20 International (T20I) status after the ICC granted T20I status to all its members.

They have been an associate member of the ICC since 1981. Since then they have played in five Cricket World Cups from 1996 to 2011 with their best result being a bronze medal finish as the semi-final appearance at the 2003 Cricket World Cup in Southern Africa. They have only qualified for one ICC World Twenty20 tournament, in 2007. The Kenyan national team is governed by Cricket Kenya.

Kenya gained One Day International (ODI) status in 1996 in preparation for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and would have it for eighteen years before losing it at the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier where they finished in the fifth place. After April 2019, Kenya will play in the 2019–21 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League.

East Africa team

 * Full article: East Africa cricket team

Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda combined to form the East Africa cricket team, which became an associate member of the ICC in 1966. They continued playing amongst themselves, and were joined by Zambia in a quadrangular tournament played annually between 1966 and 1980.

India toured East Africa in 1967 and played a three-day match against Kenya on 5 August, which was drawn. Various tours of, and by, East Africa continued, including a tour of England in 1972 and a first-class match between East Africa and the MCC at Nairobi Gymkhana Club in 1974 before East Africa took part in the first Cricket World Cup.

The 1975 Cricket World Cup took place in England, and East Africa was one of two non-test teams invited to the tournament, the other being Sri Lanka. Kenya provided half of the fourteen-man squad for the tournament. After warm-up matches against Somerset, Wales, Glamorgan and various club sides, they played in the same first round group as England, India and New Zealand, losing to all three. The World Cup was followed by a first-class match against Sri Lanka at the County Ground, Taunton.

East Africa then took part in the 1979 ICC Trophy, the first ICC Trophy tournament, but did not progress beyond the first round, thus missing out on qualification for the 1979 World Cup.

ICC membership
Long considered the strongest part of the East Africa team, Kenya broke away in 1981 and joined the ICC in their own right as an associate member, shortly after a tour of Zimbabwe in 1980/81. They played two three-day matches against Zimbabwe on that tour, losing both. Kenya played in the ICC Trophy in their own right in 1982, 1986, and 1990, also playing their first first-class match against Pakistan B in September 1986.

1996 World Cup
The 1994 ICC Trophy was hosted in Nairobi and Kenya finished as runners-up to the UAE, thus qualifying for the 1996 World Cup. Kenya then played at home against India A in August 1995, and went on a tour to South Africa in September/October that year, before playing in the World Cup, which was to bring Kenyan cricket to a much wider audience, and catapult them into the spotlight.

Kenya was in the same group as Australia, India, Sri Lanka, the West Indies and Zimbabwe. They played their very first ODI match against India. In what at the time was described as the most startling upsets in the history of the World Cup, Kenya bowled out the West Indies for just 93 and won by 73 runs.

The Kenya national team arrived in India for its maiden World Cup, having players like Steve Tikolo, Maurice Odumbe and Thomas Odoyo. The team was expected to be crushed by the full member sides in its group and this proved to be correct in most of their matches. But the highlights of their campaign was beating former World Champions the West Indies in a low-scoring affair.

ODI status
Following their World Cup performance, Kenya were given full ODI status by the ICC, and hosted a quadrangular tournament against Pakistan, South Africa and Sri Lanka in September/October 1996. The Netherlands toured in December, playing four one-day matches, with the Kenyans winning them all. They played in the quarter finals of South Africa's Standard Bank Cup in March 1997, losing to Natal by 104 runs at Kingsmead. Following this was the 1997 ICC Trophy, hosted in Malaysia. Kenya reached the final, where they lost to Bangladesh by two wickets. This was followed by a tri-series against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe in October the same year in Nairobi.

England A were the first opposition in 1998, touring Kenya in January. The three-day match ended in a draw, while England A won the only one-day match that wasn't abandoned due to the weather. After this was another spot in the quarter final of the Standard Bank Cup, this time losing to Gauteng by 8 wickets. Kenya visited India in May, playing a triangular ODI series against Bangladesh and India. In the final match of the round-robin stage, Kenya pulled off an upset by beating India by 69 runs. Kenya then competed in the cricket tournament at the 1998 Commonwealth Games. Drawn in the same first round group as New Zealand, Pakistan and Scotland, Kenya only beat the Scots, and finished third in the points table for the group.

Kenya warmed up for the 1999 World Cup with a triangular series in Bangladesh against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe. In the 1999 World Cup itself, they were placed in the same first round group as England, India, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. Following warm-up games against Somerset, Gloucestershire and Glamorgan, they lost all five of their games in the tournament proper. Following the World Cup, they played a quadrangular tournament at home against India, South Africa and Zimbabwe, again losing all their games.

The 21st century started for Kenya with a visit to Zimbabwe to play in the ICC Emerging Nations Tournament against Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Scotland and Zimbabwe A. Kenya won the tournament and took this form onto a seven-match tour of India on which they lost just one game. Pakistan A toured Kenya in July, playing a five match one-day series and a four-day first-class match. The four-day match was drawn, and Kenya won the one-day series 4–1. The 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy was played in Nairobi in October, with Kenya falling to India at the first hurdle.

The first opponents for Kenya in 2001 were Sri Lanka A, who toured Kenya in January, playing two first-class matches and four one-day matches. Both first-class matches were drawn, and Sri Lanka A won the first two one-day games, with the final two being abandoned. The West Indies came in August for two first-class games and a three-match ODI series. The first first-class game was won by the West Indies, with the second being drawn, and the three ODIs all went the way of the visitors. Kenya then played an ODI triangular tournament in South Africa in October, against India and the hosts, and picked up a second ODI win over India.

Zimbabwe A toured Kenya towards the end of the year, losing a first-class series 1–0 and a one-day series 3–2. Kenya toured Sri Lanka in early 2002, playing three first-class and three one-day matches against Sri Lanka A. Sri Lanka A won all three of the first-class games, but Kenya won the one-day series 2–1. The MCC toured Kenya shortly after this, playing one three-day match and six one-day matches against the national side. Five of the one-day matches went the way of the Kenyans before the sixth one-day match and the three-day match were abandoned. Kenya then played in the ICC 6 Nations Challenge tournament in Windhoek, Namibia, playing against Canada, Namibia, the Netherlands, Sri Lanka A and Zimbabwe A. Kenya won the tournament, beating Sri Lanka A by 3 wickets in the final. In August/September, Kenya hosted an ODI triangular tournament against Australia and Pakistan, losing all four of their matches. This was followed by a place in the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy, though Kenya lost to the West Indies and South Africa, failing to progress beyond the first round.

Namibia toured Kenya in November, playing four one-day games. Kenya won the series 2–1, with one game being abandoned. Kenya then toured Zimbabwe to round off the year, playing three one-day matches against Zimbabwe A, and a three-match ODI series against the full Zimbabwean side. Zimbabwe won the ODI series 2–0, with one match finishing in a no result, and Zimbabwe A won their series against Kenya 2–1.

2003 World Cup and decline
The 2003 Cricket World Cup was to be Kenya's finest moment in international cricket to date. The tournament was held in South Africa, with Kenya hosting their two matches against Sri Lanka and New Zealand. The tournament started with a defeat to South Africa, but Kenya bounced back with a four wicket win over Canada in Cape Town. New Zealand forfeited their match against Kenya in Nairobi due to safety concerns, but Sri Lanka did visit Nairobi and much to their dismay lost by 53 runs as Kenya pulled off another upset victory.

The tournament continued, back in South Africa, with a win over Bangladesh and a defeat to the West Indies. Kenya had done enough to qualify for the Super Six stage, becoming the first non-test nation to progress beyond the first round of the World Cup. In the Super Six stage, they lost to India and Australia, but beat Zimbabwe by seven wickets, qualifying for the semi-final, where they lost to India by 91 runs.

Kenya's World Cup success was rewarded with a spot in a quadrangular tournament at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium against Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, but they lost all three of their games.

Kenya's failure in the above tournament is perhaps indicative of how they failed to capitalise on their World Cup success, though it must be said that not all of that failure was on the field. Although Kenya were given plenty of matches against national A sides, and played in the Carib Beer Cup in the West Indies in 2004, Kenya only played two ODIs in the three years after the Sharjah tournament, against India and Pakistan in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy.

Off-field setbacks also occurred. Maurice Odumbe was banned for match-fixing in August 2004, and a series of strikes by players led to a weakened Kenyan side being eliminated from the inaugural ICC Intercontinental Cup at the semi-final stage by Scotland. By the end of the dispute in 2005, Kenyan cricket had no sponsors and was in virtual international isolation. At that stage the governing body had dissolved internally and Kenyan cricket opportunities were limited and international cricket for them had virtually ceased.

2005 to 2007
A rebuilding process began in 2005. The player strikes ceased, and Kenya again reached the semi-finals of the Intercontinental Cup. They warmed up for the semi-finals in Windhoek with a tour of Zimbabwe, to play two first-class and one one-day match against Zimbabwe A. They won all three of those games, and drew against Bermuda in the semi-final of the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup but lost to Ireland in the final, despite scoring 404/4 in their first innings.

In early 2006, the Kenya Cricket Association was disbanded and replaced by Cricket Kenya. The rebuilding process was in full swing as Kenya began playing ODI cricket again. Their return to ODI cricket was a five match series against Zimbabwe, which was drawn 2–2 with one match abandoned. This was followed by a four match ODI series against Bangladesh, with Kenya losing all four matches in that series. Their 2006 ICC Intercontinental Cup campaign got off to a poor start with a draw against the Netherlands and a defeat to Canada, but they bounced right back with two ODI wins over Canada at the Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club. Bangladesh toured Kenya in August, winning all three ODIs, before an Intercontinental Cup draw against Bermuda and three ODI wins over Bermuda.

A triangular tournament in Mombasa against Canada and Scotland began Kenya's 2007 and Kenya won the tournament. They then hosted Division One of the World Cricket League at three grounds in Nairobi, playing against Bermuda, Canada, Ireland, the Netherlands and Scotland. Kenya also won this event, beating Scotland in the final. This was followed by the 2007 World Cup, Kenya's fourth World Cup. Kenya beat Canada in the first round, but lost to England and New Zealand, thus missing out on the Super Eight stage.

In October 2007, either side of Intercontinental Cup games, Kenya hosted Canada in two ODIs and then Bermuda in three. Kenya won all five matches, with strong bowling performances setting up relatively comfortable chases batting second.

2008 to 2011
In August 2008, after a break of nine months without a One Day or Twenty20 International, Kenya toured Ireland, Scotland and the Netherlands for various series. It proved a disappointing tour overall, with rain and poor Kenyan batting performances being the main themes.

Kenya initially participated in the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in Belfast, Northern Ireland, the associate qualification tournament for the 2009 ICC World Twenty20. One of the favourites at the start of the tournament, they finished second in Group B with a loss to the Netherlands and a win over Canada, but losses to Ireland and Scotland in the knock-out stages meant that they finished fourth and thus failed to qualify for the World Twenty20.

Kenya then participated in three ODI series across Europe, but these merely resulted in two wash-outs against Scotland, defeat in a rain-affected one-off match to the Netherlands, and losing a three-match series against Ireland 1–0 with two matches affected by rain.

In October 2008, Kenya hosted Ireland and Zimbabwe in an ODI series in Nairobi, but after a loss to Ireland and a win over Zimbabwe, their last three matches were all abandoned due to rain. After this washed-out series, Kenya then travelled to South Africa for two ODIs, losing heavily in both.

In late January and early February 2009, Kenya played five ODIs at home against Zimbabwe, but lost all of them.

Since the World Cup, a team known as Kenya Select has taken part in Zimbabwe's Logan Cup competition, but did not win a game, also losing to Zimbabwe A.

In their opening match of World Cup 2011 campaign, Kenya faced a mammoth defeat from New Zealand by 10 wickets, they were bowled out for 69 runs and New Zealand won the match in just 8 overs without the loss of a wicket.

In 2011, Kenya was whitewashed by the Netherlands national cricket team in a short 2 match ODI series played in Sportspark Westvielt, Voorburg. During this series, Kenya's weak batting was noted. They made only 208/8 in the first match and an even smaller 184/8 in the second match. Seren Waters and Collins Obuya (the national team captain) did, however, have notable performances – the former making 71 in the first match and the latter scoring 54 in the second match.

Reforms in 2011
For years, the Kenyan players had been the Associate nations' most pampered professionals. The first time Cricket Kenya's notice was attracted was when during the 2011 ODI World Cup, there were reports of internal dissent between the team, as the team had a disastrous World Cup, losing all six of their games. Cricket Kenya announced that it would review the World Cup debacle after the tournament was over. This was the beginning of a series of reforms initiated by the board.

Following the reviews, the board replaced the former Sahara Elite League with the East African tournaments. While the East Africa Premier League is a Twenty20 tournament, the East African Cup is a 50-over tournament. It is currently hoped that this tournaments will produce further new young talents for Kenya in the future. Within months, the East African tournaments were regarded in high esteem and the intensity was up to the brink, as an ESPNcricinfo interview with Cricket Kenya CEO Tom Sears revealed.

Another important reform brought in by the board was to dump the old guard. As described by Cricinfo journalist Martin Williamson, the old guard was not committed to performance and was more keen to selfish gains. The new contracts had completely cut ties with the past, with Collins Obuya, the new captain, being the oldest player at 29. Experienced players like the former captain Jimmy Kamande, a veteran of five World Cups, Thomas Odoyo, and others were not even considered. As was expected, the left-out players were quick to retort as Kamande said that "the board was selecting players who would be their puppets", while Odoyo opined that "it was malicious and not done in good faith". According to them, it was fast-tracking the death of Kenyan cricket. They were also supported by the Kenyan media.

Among the 20 cricketers offered contracts, 13 of them were offered central contracts. To complicate things further, five players turned down those contracts: Alex Obanda, Shem Ngoche, James Ngoche, Nehemiah Odhiambo, and Elijah Otieno. Sears said that they were pleased with the group of seven players who committed to Cricket Kenya, while equally disappointed with those who refused contracts. Accordingly, they were left out of the squad to face the UAE in the ICC Intercontinental Cup.

Cricket Kenya offered contracts to more deserving young, talented players, such as opening batsman Runish Gudhka from Nairobi, the Australian-born all-rounder Duncan Allan, wicketkeeper Irfan Karim, and impressive fast bowlers such as Emmanuel Ringera, Ibrahim Akello, and Dominic Wesonga, who had performed exceedingly well in the regional NPCA and East African leagues.

However, the eight players who had refused the contracts offered by the board, with former skipper Morris Ouma, Alfred Luseno and Nelson Odhiambo being late inclusions, asked their views to be heard, and despite the board granting them another chance, they finally took a firm stance against them. While Obanda, Shem and James Ngoche, Odhiambo, and Otieno were made renewed offers, while Ouma, Luseno, and Nelson had a three-month agreement till March 2012 subject to performance. If they could do something good, they could retain their spot in the team. Sears said of this debacle,"It's a shame that yet again some of these players have turned down their contracts but that is their choice. We met with these players as we promised we would, we listened to their views and made them offers that reflected what they wanted – an agreement that would run until the end of the contract year in May 2012 if they met certain performance criteria which all players have to meet. Perhaps the most disappointing aspect was that they refused to represent their teams in the East African Competitions last weekend pulling out at the very last minute. Again sadly it calls into question the professionalism of these players, how committed they are to putting in the effort, their application in fulfilling their potential and the advice they have been getting from their advisors."

Another reform was to appoint the former Otago coach Mike Hesson as the national coach. Immediately afterwards, Hesson announced that he was here to resolve and put to end the dispute between the players and the board. He said that in an interview to the newspaper Otago Daily Times.

The East Africa finals were rescheduled from October to December 2011 due to heavy showers in Nairobi at that time. However, once again, heavy showers in December led the finals again being postponed to January 2012.

Loss of ODI status: 2014–present
Kenya lost their ODI status after 18 years when they finished outside the top 4 in the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier also failing to qualify for the 2015 Cricket World Cup.

Further failures in the World Cricket League meant that Kenya couldn't regain their ODI status while being subsequently relegated to the new Challenge League.

In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 cricket matches played between Kenya and other ICC members since 1 January 2019 have been full T20I matches.

ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier

 * 2008 : 4th place
 * 2010 : 5th place
 * 2012 : 9th place
 * 2013 : 11th place
 * 2015 : 9th place
 * 2019 : 11th place
 * 2022 : Did not qualify
 * 2023 (Africa Regional Final) : 4th place

ICC Intercontinental Cup

 * 2004 : Semi-finals
 * 2005 : Runners
 * 2006–07 : Group stage
 * 2007–08 : 3rd place
 * 2009–10 : 5th place
 * 2011–13 : 7th place
 * 2015–17 : Did not qualify

ICC 6 Nations Challenge

 * 2000 : Won
 * 2002 : Won
 * 2004 : Did not participate

World Cricket League

 * 2007 Division One : Winners
 * 2010 Division One : 6th place
 * 2011–13 WCLC : 6th place
 * 2015 Division Two : 3rd place
 * 2015–17 WCLC : 5th place
 * 2018 Division Two : 6th place
 * 2018 Division Three : 4th place
 * 2019-21 Challenge WCL (League B) : 3rd place

ICC Trophy / World Cup Qualifier

 * 1979 : as part of East Africa
 * 1982 : Group stage
 * 1986 : Group stage
 * 1990 : Semi-finals
 * 1994 : Runners-up
 * 1997 : Runners-up
 * 2001 : Did not participate
 * 2005 : Did not Participate
 * 2009 : 4th place
 * 2014 : 5th place
 * 2018 : Did not qualify
 * 2023 : Did not qualify

Commonwealth Games

 * 1998 : Group stage

ACA Africa T20 Cup

 * 2022: Semi-final

Current squad
This lists all the players who have played for Kenya in the past 12 months or has been part of the latest squad. Updated as of 23 March 2024.

Coaching history

 * 1990–1996: 🇮🇳 Hanumant Singh
 * 1996–2003: 🇮🇳 Sandeep Patil
 * 2003–2004: 🏴 Andy Moles
 * 2004–2005: 🇵🇰 Mudassar Nazar
 * 2005–2006: 🇰🇪 Alfred Njuguna (interim)
 * 2006–2007: 🇬🇾 Roger Harper
 * 2007–2008: 🇰🇪 Alfred Njuguna (interim)
 * 2008–2009: Andy Kirsten
 * 2009–2011: 🇦🇬 Eldine Baptiste
 * 2011–2012: 🇳🇿 Mike Hesson
 * 2012–2013: Robin Brown
 * 2013–2014: 🇰🇪 Steve Tikolo
 * 2015–2018: 🇰🇪 Thomas Odoyo
 * 2018–2021: 🇰🇪 Maurice Odumbe
 * 2021–2023: 🇰🇪 David Obuya
 * 2023-present:🇰🇪Joseph Angara

Records
International Match Summary – Kenya

Last updated 17 July 2024

One Day Internationals

 * Highest team total: 347/3 v Bangladesh, 10 October 1997 at Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi
 * Highest individual score: 144, Kennedy Otieno v Bangladesh, 10 October 1997 at Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi
 * Best individual bowling figures: 5/24, Collins Obuya v Sri Lanka, 24 February 2003 at Gymkhana Club Ground, Nairobi

Most ODI runs for Kenya

Most ODI wickets for Kenya

Highest individual innings in ODI

Best bowling figures in an innings in ODI

ODI record versus other nations

''Records complete to ODI #3529. Last updated 3 October 2014.''

Twenty20 Internationals

 * Highest team total: 237/5 v Lesotho, 21 November 2022 at IPRC Cricket Ground, Kigali
 * Highest individual score: 103*, Alex Obanda v Nigeria, 18 November 2021 at IPRC Cricket Ground, Kigali
 * Best individual bowling figures: 6/17, Peter Langat v Mali, 20 November 2022 at Gahanga International Cricket Stadium, Kigali

Most T20I runs for Kenya

Most T20I wickets for Kenya

T20I record versus other nations

''Records complete to T20I #2766. Last updated 17 July 2024.''

title: Kenya national cricket team


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Talk:Samoth

Untitled
This page has seen way too much vandalism. We can revert it to a more meaning version, or it may be better just to delete it. No so much an important page anyway.

Right. Delete it in its entirety. Who would care about this obscure satanist anyhow?

 * Everyone who values the evolution of the underground blak metal scene.
 * Who says he's a satanist anyway? No references... Wyglif   SMS  22:14, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Coke is better than pepsi
This article needs more detail. I am considering redoing it from scratch as it is currently a mess of facts. Any oposition?

This article should be deleted and forgotten.

 * No argument if you're planning on redoing it. i'm curious if anyone knows the source of the comment which says that Samoth denied ever drumming for satyricon, because the liner notes of nemesis divina clearly say he did.  any thoughts?  137.99.117.136 (talk) 23:50, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Drums on ItNE?
Is there any source for this? The album credits list Faust as the drummer for this album, if it was in fact Samoth then please add some citation- is the interview posted online? That or the issue the interview was in, or something else to demonstrate that the official website & album liner are not correct. Thee darcy (talk) 19:08, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe whoever did that edit must have misread the interview because in this interview Faust talks about the Emperor line-up in 1992 and the drumset he used on the Emperor EP and In The Nightside Eclipse.

 * This is part from the interview:
 * How and when did you enter the Emperor Horde and why did Mortiis depart approximately by that time? I would like you to thoroughly convey your views about the artistic and recording procedure of Emperor, As the Shadows Rise and In the Nightside Eclipse, plus, just out of curiosity, what was your opinion of Pytten and what drum-kit did you employ for the recording of In the Nightside Eclipse?I joined Emperor during the autumn of 1992 and Mortiis departed during December of the same year due to an agreement within the band (as simple as that and probably a finished chapter now, soon to be 8 years after the incident). The recordings of Emperor and As the Shadows Rise were quite simple, really. They were done during 3 days in a local studio, just north of Oslo. Fortunately it was not the first studio-experience for any of us, so the outcome was okay, I think. The mini-album is still especially regarded by many as a cult-release, which represented something fresh within Norwegian Black Metal at the time. The recording of In the Nightside Eclipse was a bit more thorough, since we had a bigger budget than on the previous recordings. Pytten was easy to work with; he already had a good reputation at that time, since he had worked with bands like Mayhem, Immortal, Burzum and Hades, but for any equipment related answers, Ihsahn and Samoth would be better suited to answer them, since I am merely "just" a drummer. The drum set I used was my blood red Pearl DLX, with 1 snare, 4 toms, double bass, 3 crashes, 2 China crashes, 2 rides, 1 splash and 1 hi-hat. (this was a typo - originally hi-ate)

 * That quote proves that Mortiis was the bassist for Wrath Of The Tyrant and the Emperor EP, recorded on June and December 1992 I believe.
 * Also that Faust was the drummer on the Emperor EP and In The Nightside Eclipse, which were recorded before he was convicted of murder.
 * I will be correcting this page and all other Emperor pages with this mistake on them. Whoever made the edit needs to get their facts right. Temple-of-Monkeys (talk 06:30, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, notice that whoever made the edit didn't mention the Emperor EP or As The Shadows Rise which came in between Wrath of the Tyrant and In The Nightside Eclipse... This further proves them wrong. Temple-of-Monkeys (talk) 06:42, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Samoth


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E Clampus Vitus

The Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus (ECV) is a fraternal organization dedicated to the preservation of the heritage of the American West, especially the history of the Mother Lode and gold mining regions of the area. There are chapters in California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Montana and Wyoming. Members call themselves "Clampers." The organization's name is in Dog Latin, and has no known meaning; even the spelling is disputed, sometimes appearing as "Clampus," "Clampsus," or "Clampsis." The motto of the Order, Credo quia absurdum, generally interpreted as meaning "I believe it because it is absurd;" is a Latin phrase popularly misattributed to Tertullian.

First incarnation
Members claim that the organization was brought from the Qing Dynasty in China to the United States in 1845 in Lewisport, Virginia, now West Union, West Virginia, when inn and stable owner Ephraim Bee was given a commission from the Emperor of China to "extend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus."

Bee claimed to have received his commission from Caleb Cushing, the American Commissioner to China. A monument to Bee in West Union now stands on the site of the old "Beehive" Inn along the North Bend Rail-Trail; the original "Bee Hive" was destroyed in a flood in the late 1800s.

At the age of 60, Bee was a Captain of the Doddridge County Militia, which protected the area from roving Confederate forces, horse thieves and outlaws. The Militia also had a part in the Underground Railroad in Doddridge County, hiding escaping slaves in hidden cellars of homes and also in Jaco Cave. Ephraim Bee II played his greatest joke on his local West Virginian neighbors. Occasionally, the entire town was invited to a great party. After the Civil War, it was discovered that Jaco Cave was a holding area for the runaway slaves. When the cave was full, Bee gave a party to keep all busy while that group of people was moved further north to the next stop.

The original purpose of the order appears to have been to initiate new members. When a stranger came to town, Clampers would inform him that to do business in the town it was essential to join the local secret society. The initiation rite was a parody of Freemasonic, Oddfellow and other orders, and took many forms, including rowing the initiate down a slanted ladder in a wheelbarrow, hoisting him into the air and leaving him there, or dropping him into a vat of water. Afterwards, the initiate had to buy the other members a round of drinks.

Bee felt that an organization was needed that was less exclusive than the other organizations of the day, such as the Masons, Elks and Odd Fellows. In addition, nativism was rising in the United States, as evidenced by such political organizations as the Know-Nothing Party. Bee opened membership in ECV to any "upstanding" man who had come of age. There were E Clampus Vitus chapters in Bedford, Pennsylvania; Metropolis, Illinois; Bowling Green, Missouri; and Dahlonega, Georgia. (It has been rumored that ECV brethren within the U.S. Army even attempted to bring the order as far south as Mexico City following the Mexican–American War, as a gesture of brotherhood and reconciliation, but all record has vanished of the well-intentioned Chapultepec chapter.)

The organization's leader was known as the Noble Grand Humbug, a title carried over into the later incarnation, and other "officials" included the Clampatriarch. Ephraim Bee, an early leader of the group, was styled Grand Gyascutis and later the Grand Lama. A move to greater seriousness was shown during the Civil War, when the Order changed its parade day from the first Sunday after the snows to the Fourth of July.

The history of E Clampus Vitus is steeped in mythology.

The early history of the organization is unclear. Historian Lois Rather suggests that the order originally came from the Southern states before being carried to California during the Gold Rush. The Sons of Malta, a fraternal society given to pranks and parody initiation rites, has been cited as an influence, even though the Sons of Malta do not seem to have existed until 1854 (though ECV may have inspired the Sons of Malta, as there were many disappointed by the California gold rush who returned East). Others maintain that the group is a native Californian institution, founded by one Joel Henry Zumwalt in Mokelumne Hill. Both legend and scholars agree that the group was founded in West Union, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1845.

The organization is said to have been brought to California by a pioneer named Joel Henry Zumwalt, who encountered it in Missouri. Zumwalt organized an ECV lodge in Mokelumne Hill in 1851, when Mokelumne Hill Lodge No. 1001 was established. There are arguments that previous lodges had been founded in Hangtown, Downieville and Sierra City, but none of those became permanent.

ECV flourished, in part, as the result of the miners' reaction to the "established" organizations such as the Masons and Odd Fellows. Those groups had come to the mining country prior to ECV, and when ECV appeared, the older, more established groups looked down upon the more rowdy nature of E Clampsus Vitus. ECV, on the other hand, made fun of the stuffed shirts of the Masons: they made great fun of the sashes and ceremonial attire of the "upscale" fraternities, and began dressing in red shirts and pinning on badges made of cut-out tin can lids. This practice, called "wearing the tin", continues to this day, although the badges are frequently professionally made. Members commonly dress in a red shirt, black hat and Levi's jeans. ECV titles reflected the tongue-in-cheek nature of the organization. Officials were called "Noble Grand Humbug," "Roisterous Iscutis," "Grand Imperturbable Hangman," "Clamps Vitrix," and "Royal Gyascutis." All members are officers and all officers, the organization professes, are of equal indignity.

"Clamper" meetings were held in the Hall of Comparative Ovations, generally the back room of a saloon. Some chapters built or rented their own Hall of Comparative Ovations. One still stands in Murphys. Lodge meetings might be held twice a week, or weekly. Others met monthly, "before or after the full moon" or irregularly - "on the first Saturday before the next rain". Uninitiated men desiring to join were called "Poor Blind Candidates." They were required to present a poke of gold dust, although the value of the poke was left to the discretion of the brotherhood, and was frequently waived entirely if the prospective member could not afford it.

The Clamper flag was sometimes a hoop skirt, with the words "This is the flag we fight under." Despite the humor and rowdiness of E Clampus Vitus, the members did take their brotherhood seriously. When a member became sick or injured, the group would collect food or money to help him. They frequently trekked through the vastness of the Sierra Nevada to reach lonely miners who otherwise would have had no Christmas celebration. The society was also careful to assist the widows and orphans of fallen members.

At the ECV's peak, around 1870, so many miners were members that mining camps might shut down during ECV celebrations (some mining towns had two chapters).

In late December 1895-January 1896, a British expatriate, Lord Sholto George Douglas (7 June 1872 - 6 April 1942), the fourth son of John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, was managing a travelling troupe of actors on a tour of Northern California. The company's performances of "Confusion" (an 1883 "Splendid Comedy in Three Full Acts of Fun" by Joseph Derrick) began at Santa Rosa Athenaeum Christmas week, but performances had some very slim attendances; so the troupe “were [financially] up against it” when they came to Marysville. Ticket sales at the Marysville Theater were also weak, leaving manager Douglas short of funds and the Company's future in doubt. When the local LeBroke lodge of ECV became aware of his predicament, Lord Douglas was proffered and accepted an opportunity to join the Order. He was initiated into ECV in Turner Hall on January 21, 1896. Per pg. 3 of the San Francisco Call of January 23, 1896: "The lodge proposed that he stay over with his company until to-night (Weds. Jan 22nd 1896) and promised a big house. He (Sholto) agreed, and tonight the opera-house was packed." Cl

With the support of his new Brothers, the tour of the "Lord Sholto Douglas Company" resumed. A 20th century chapter of the ECV was named for Lord Sholto Douglas in honor of this event.

Mark Twain was a member, and it was while attending an ECV meeting that he heard the story which he wrote as The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.

Reestablishment

The original E Clampus Vitus faded in some regions after the Civil War, while in other areas it thrived until 1918. A "second era" version of the organization was formed in 1930 by San Franciscan attorney and cartographic historian Carl Irving Wheat. The new incarnation of ECV was somewhat more serious than its predecessor, as a historical society as well as a mirth making club. ECV historical plaques are found on many buildings around California.

The drinking and revelry aspects were not entirely abandoned however, with one man accidentally shot dead during a drunken party in Columbia in 1967.

As the mining industry faded towards the end of the 19th century, ECV started to fade as well. It was revitalized in 1931 by Wheat and his friends G. Ezra Dane and Leon O. Whitsell. They were contacted by Adam Lee Moore, one of the surviving leaders of the original ECV, who passed on all that he could remember of the organization's rites and legends. The three founded a new chapter, Yerba Buena Number 1, or the "Capitulus Redivivus." Wheat described E Clampus Vitus as "the comic strip on the page of California history."

New chapters sprang up in Los Angeles (Platrix Chapter #2) and other major cities in California, and were numbered sequentially. However, once Lodge 10 was established in 1936, members pointed out that it was illogical for such a rowdy organization to be so neat in its numbering scheme, and so some creativity was developed in the numbering. The "Pair-o-Dice" chapter in Paradise, for example, is Lodge No. 7-11. The de la Guerra y Pacheco chapter, halfway between Lodge Number 1 in San Francisco and Lodge Number 2 in Los Angeles, is Lodge Number 1.5. There were chapters in British Columbia and Hawaii, but they no longer exist.

In 1936, a plaque appeared in Northern California purporting to have been made by Sir Francis Drake during his voyage of discovery in which it was stated that he had claimed all of California for England, and that he had the authority of the claim by having been ceded the land by the local Miwok Indians. The man who was chief of the Miwoks in 1937, William Fuller, was a member of E Clampus Vitus. During an ECV meeting, he revoked the cession of land to England, and ceded it all to the United States government. The so-called Drake's Plate of Brass was accepted as authentic for forty years, yet was in actuality a hoax initiated by Dane that got out of control. It is now thought that the Fuller ceremony was part of an effort for the perpetrators to tip off the plate's finders as to its true origins.

The current ECV

In 1991 there were 50,000 Clampers in 62 lodges.

Notable members
Notable clamper members include:

 * Ephraim Bee (1802–1888)
 * George Derby (1823–1861)
 * Pete Goicoechea (b. 1949)
 * Hans Halberstadt (b. 1944)
 * Harry Love (lawman) (1810–1868)
 * Don Meadows (1897–1994)
 * Alexander Howison Murray Jr. (1907–1993)
 * Lloyd Raffetto (1897–1988)
 * Paul Saffo (b. 1954)
 * Archie Stevenot (1882–1968)
 * Carl Irving Wheat (1892–1966)
 * Charles Lewis Camp (palaeontologist, zoologist and historian) (1893–1975)
 * Kory “Mustang Sally” O’Connor (b.1994)

ECV claims many men of note to have been members, whether they were members or not: Philip D. Armour, the meat packer; John Mohler Studebaker, the automobile manufacturer; Gene Autry "The Singing Cowboy" who owned the California Angels baseball team; and John Hume, a California state assemblyman. ECV also claims Ulysses S. Grant, Lord Sholto Douglas, J. Pierpont Morgan, Horace Greeley, and Horatio Alger as members, but claims have also been made to Adam (the first "Clampatriarch"), Solomon, Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar, Henry VIII of England, Sir Francis Drake, George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Ronald Reagan, and His Imperial Majesty Joshua A. Norton, "Emperor of these United States and Protector of Mexico". These fanciful claims show ECV's propensity for not taking much of anything particularly seriously, least of all itself.

Certain circumstances support an ECV claim to having initiated Ulysses S. Grant into the Order. One of the early capitals of California was Benicia. At the close of the War with Mexico, Lt. William Tecumseh Sherman was Adjutant to Col. Richard Barnes Mason at the time of the gold discovery at Sutter's Mill. Upon Sherman's retirement in 1853, his replacement at the Benicia Arsenal was Lt. Ulysses S. Grant, who spent 30 days in the Arsenal Guardhouse for being drunk on duty and firing his cannons at the Martinez shoreline. Considering Benicia's position as the major inland Army post and transport hub to the valley, both Grant's and the Brotherhood's affinity for strong drink and the early spread of the Brotherhood through Northern California, it is entirely possible that Grant was inducted into the Organization.

title: E Clampus Vitus


text:
Chouinard Art Institute

The Chouinard Art Institute was a professional art school founded in 1921 by Nelbert Murphy Chouinard (1879–1969) in the Westlake neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. In 1961, Walt and Roy Disney guided the merger of the Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music to establish the California Institute of the Arts. Chouinard continued to operate until the new campus opened in 1970.

History
Founded by artist and educator Nelbert Murphy Chouinard in 1921 with the goal of creating a renowned art school on the West Coast, the school grew during the subsequent decades and in 1935 it was recognized by the California state government as a non-profit educational facility. In 1929, Walt Disney began driving his inexperienced animators to the school for Friday night classes, a tradition that would continue for many years. Several years later Disney hired a Chouinard teacher named Donald Graham to teach more formal classes on studio property. Chouinard would later be used by Disney as a breeding ground for artists for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In the early 1950s Mrs. Chouinard had a stroke and could not run the school; in gratitude for letting his animators study there, Walt Disney supported the school financially and took over administrative duties. He also attempted to expand the school into what he called a "City of the Arts". This eventually led to the merger of Chouinard and Los Angeles Conservatory of Music into the California Institute of the Arts in 1961. Chouinard officially closed when its successor began operations in 1970.

Legacy
The Chouinard Art Institute building is situated at 743 Grand View Street in the Westlake district of central Los Angeles. Today it is used by the Western Day Care School, a child-care center.

Dave Tourjé, who became fascinated by the institute's history after buying and restoring Nelbert Chouinard's 1907 home in South Pasadena, California, helped to establish the Chouinard Foundation, which produced a 2001 retrospective exhibition and gave art classes, first in its own building and then under contract with the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks. Since 2009, when funding for the art classes ran out, Tourje has focused on keeping the Chouinard name alive, including a Chouinard Foundation website with archival material.

Produced and directed by Gianina Ferreyra in 2013, the 51-minute documentary film Curly addresses the school's history from 1921 to 1972, including interviews with artists Larry Bell, Laddie John Dill, Llyn Foulkes, Joe Goode, Ed Ruscha, and Peter Shire, among others.

Notable alumni

 * Manuel Gregorio Acosta (1921–1989), painter and illustrator
 * Terry Allen, singer and painter
 * Gladys Aller (1915–1970), painter
 * John Altoon (1925–1969), painter
 * Pete Alvarado (1920–2003), animator and comic book artist
 * Robert Alvarez, animator
 * Charles Arnoldi, painter, sculptor, and printmaker
 * Norio Azuma (1928-2004), painter and abstract serigraph artist
 * Ralph Bacerra (1938–2008), ceramist
 * Don Bachardy, portrait artist
 * Elaine Badgley Arnoux (1926–2023), portrait artist
 * Milo Baughman (1923–2003), modern furniture designer
 * Larry Bell, artist and sculptor
 * Ted Berman (1919–2001), animator
 * Ed Benedict (1912–2006), animator, designer
 * Marjorie Best (1903–1997), costume designer
 * Mary Blair (1911–1978), painter, animator
 * Preston Blair (1908–1995), animator
 * Robert Blue (1946–1998), pin-up artist
 * Harry Bowden (1907–1965), painter
 * Michael Bowen (1937–2009), painting, performance art
 * Cory Buckner, architect
 * Timothy J. Clark, painter
 * Mary Corse, painter associated with the Light and Space movement
 * Richard Cromwell (1910–1960), actor
 * Alice Estes Davis, costume designer
 * Ernest de Soto (1923–2014), master lithographer
 * John DeCuir (1918–1991), art director
 * Guy Dill, sculptor
 * Donfeld (1934–2007), costume designer
 * Boyd Elder (1944–2018) Experimental & album cover artist
 * Jules Engel (1909–2003), animator and painter
 * Jim Evans, graphic designer, illustrator, painter
 * Lilly Fenichel (1927–2016), painter
 * Sandra Fisher (1947–1994), painter
 * Llyn Foulkes, painter
 * Gyo Fujikawa (1908–1998), children's book author and illustrator
 * Hisao "Hy" Fujita (1937-), graphic designer, illustrator, photographer
 * S. Neil Fujita (1921–2010), graphic designer.
 * A.C. Gamer (1899-1964), effects animator
 * Harper Goff (1911–1993), artist and art director
 * Jack Goldstein (1945–2003), painter
 * Joe Goode, painter
 * Rick Griffin (1944–1991), artist and cartoonist
 * Roberta Griffith, painter and ceramist
 * Frederick Hammersley (1919–2009), painter
 * Laverne Harding (1905–1984), animator
 * Edith Head (1897–1981), costume designer
 * Larry Huber, animator
 * Arnold Hylen (1907-1983), graphic designer, illustrator, photographer, writer
 * Robert Irwin, installation artist
 * Willie Ito, animator
 * Elois Jenssen (1922–2004), costume designer
 * Ollie Johnston (1912–2008), animator, one of Disney's Nine Old Men
 * Chuck Jones (1912–2002), animator of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies
 * Corita Kent (1918–1986), artist
 * Bob Kurtz, animator
 * Abe Levitow (1922–1975), animator
 * John J. Lloyd (1922–2014), art director and production designer
 * Bud Luckey (1934–2018), animator
 * Bob Mackie, fashion and costume designer
 * Mara McAfee (1929–1984), painter and illustrator
 * John McGrew (1910-1999), animator
 * Bill Melendez (1916–2008), animator
 * Peter Menefee, costume- and stage-designer
 * Reid Miles (1927–1993), graphic designer and photographer
 * Ron Miyashiro, painter, jewelry maker, and assemblage artist
 * Jimmy T. Murakami (1933–2014), animator
 * Patrick Nagel (1945–1984), artist
 * Maurice Noble (1911–2001), background artist
 * Milicent Patrick (1915–1998), artist, actress, and animator
 * Virgil Partch (1916–1984), cartoonist
 * Walter Peregoy (1925–2015), artist
 * Danny Pierce (1920–2014), painter, printmaker and sculptor
 * Sally Pierone (1921–2018), artist
 * Noah Purifoy (1917–2004), sculptor
 * Milton Quon (1913–2019), animator
 * Elsa Rady (1943–2011), ceramist
 * Wolfgang Reitherman (1909–1985), animator, one of Disney's Nine Old Men
 * Allen Ruppersberg, artist
 * Edward Ruscha, painter
 * Herbert Ryman (1910–1989), artist and Disney imagineer
 * Retta Scott (1916–1990), Disney's first female animator
 * Rod Scribner (1910–1976), animator
 * Millard Sheets (1907–1989), painter
 * Peter Shire, sculptor, furniture designer, and ceramist
 * Ken Shutt (1928–2010), American sculptor
 * William E. Smith (artist) (1913-1997), printmaker, instructor, sign designer
 * Dan Spiegle (1920–2017), comic book artist
 * Buck Taylor (1938-), painter and actor
 * Michele Martin Taylor, painter
 * Frank Thomas (1912–2004), animator, one of Disney's Nine Old Men
 * Morton Traylor (1918–1996), fine artist, designer, and serigrapher
 * John Van Hamersveld, graphic artist and illustrator
 * Roy Williams (1907–1976), Disney animator and gagman
 * Dan Wynn (1920–1995), photographer
 * Jack Zander (1908–2007), animator

Nelbert Chouinard Award winners
This award is given by a Chouinard peer committee to alumni or individuals associated with Chouinard Art Institute who have embodied the spirit of Nelbert Chouinard as artists and by contributions to their community. Awardees must have elevated the profile of their particular art form, broken through ceilings or set industry trends to be considered. In addition, the committee reviews each nominees past leadership roles, exhibition(s), award(s), publication(s) and if they have given back to their community philanthropically, as a teacher or as a volunteer.

 * Alice Estes Davis '50, costume designer
 * Don Bachardy '60, 2016, portrait artist
 * Leo Monahan '58, 2018, paper sculptor
 * Larry Bell '59, 2019, artist and sculptor

title: Chouinard Art Institute


text:
Northern Indo-Aryan languages

The Northern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Pahāṛi languages, are a proposed group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab (not to be confused with the various other languages with that name) was coined by G. A. Grierson.

Classification
The Pahari languages fall into three groups.

Eastern Pahari

 * Nepali is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India.
 * Jumli is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the Karnali zone of Nepal.
 * Doteli spoken by an estimated 1 million people in far west Nepal.

Central Pahari

 * Kumaoni is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.
 * Garhwali is spoken by an estimated 2,900,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.

Western Pahari

 * Jaunsari
 * Nuclear Himachali:
 * Hinduri
 * Pahari Kinnauri
 * Kullu Pahari
 * Mahasu Pahari
 * Sirmauri
 * Mandeali
 * Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali:
 * Chamealic:
 * Bhadarwahi
 * Churahi
 * Bhattiyali
 * Bilaspuri
 * Chambeali
 * Gaddi
 * Pangwali
 * Kangri-Dogri:
 * Dogri
 * Kangri

Comparison

In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: – Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind.

Materials regarding Western Pahari are not so complete. The speakers are not brought into contact with Tibeto-Burman languages, and hence we find no trace of these. But the signs of the influence of north-western languages are, as might be expected, still more apparent than farther east. In some dialects epenthesis is in full swing, as in (Churahi) khata, eating, fern, khaiti. Very interesting is the mixed origin of the postpositions defining the various cases. Thus, while that of the genitive is generally the Rajasthani ro, that of the dative continually points to the west. Sometimes it is the Sindhi khë. At other times it is jo, where is here a locative of the base of the Sindhi genitive postposition jo. In all Indo-Aryan languages, the dative postposition is by origin the locative of some genitive one. In vocabulary, Western Pahari often employs, for the more common ideas, words which can most readily be connected with the north-western and Pisaca groups.

About
The Himalayas run along Nepal, India and Pakistan. The word 'Pahad' means a 'mountain' in most local languages such as Nepalese, Hindi (Parbat being a synonym) as well as Urdu (Koh being a synonym). Due to its mass prevalence and usage in the Himalayan Region, the language is also known as Himalayan. Like all other languages of the region, the Pahari languages are also from the Indo-European, and in particular Indo-Iranian branch of languages. As mountains have the tendency of isolating communities from change, dialects in the mountains tend to have their own characteristics with some similarity to others mountain dialects while remaining isolated from one another – there does seem to be a dialect continuum. All of these dialects are commonly referred to as the 'Pahari' languages, and most people from the Himalayan range are known as Paharis.

title: Northern Indo-Aryan languages


text: Category:Wheeler County, Oregon

title: Category:Wheeler County, Oregon


text: Category:Wasco County, Oregon

title: Category:Wasco County, Oregon


text: Category:Wallowa County, Oregon

title: Category:Wallowa County, Oregon


text:
Cazzago San Martino

Cazzago San Martino (Brescian: Casàc) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy in Franciacorta. It is bounded by other communes of Rovato, Ospitaletto.

Geography
The altitude of the commune ranges from 133 to 297 m above sea level.

title: Cazzago San Martino


text: Category:Tillamook County, Oregon

title: Category:Tillamook County, Oregon


text: Category:Sherman County, Oregon

title: Category:Sherman County, Oregon


text: Category:Polk County, Oregon

title: Category:Polk County, Oregon


text: Category:Linn County, Oregon

title: Category:Linn County, Oregon


text:
Cazzago Brabbia

Cazzago Brabbia is a comune in the province of Varese, in Lombardy.

Population
As of census 2011, it has a population of 772.

title: Cazzago Brabbia


text:
Windsport

A windsport is any type of sport which involves wind-power, often involving a non-rigid airfoil such as a sail or a power kite. The activities can be land-based, on snow, on ice or on water. Windsport activity may be regulated in some countries by aviation/maritime authorities if they are likely to interfere with other activities. Local authorities may also regulate activity in certain areas, especially on crowded beaches and parks.

 * Ice boating - using a masted sail attached to a vessel with skates
 * Kite boating - sailing a boat in displacement or planing mode using a kite
 * Kite landboarding - using a power kite with a wheeled board while standing
 * Kite buggy - using a wheeled buggy with seats attached to a power kite
 * Kite flying - flight of a small airfoil by a standing ground operator using 1-4 flying lines
 * Kite skating - as for kite jumping but while using specialized skates
 * Kite surfing - using a surfboard attached to a power kite
 * Land sailing - a masted sail attached to a land vehicle - see also land yacht
 * Sailing - navigating a boat with sail attached to a mast
 * Snowkiting - skiing/snowboarding under the power of a kite
 * Windsurfing - sailing using a masted sail attached via a gimbal to a surfboard
 * Wing foiling or wingsurfing is a surface watersport where a rider uses a lightweight wing on a surf board with a hydrofoil.

Air sports
The following air sports are not classed as windsports because in these the participants actually leave the ground for long periods and many do not use the wind:
 * Gliding - use of vertically moving air to keep an aircraft aloft
 * Hang gliding - use of vertically moving air to keep aloft an aircraft with a flexible wing
 * Microlighting - flying a hang glider with an engine (also see ultralight aircraft)
 * Parachuting (skydiving) and base jumping - controlled descent of the operator under a large flexible canopy
 * Paragliding - soaring under a parachute canopy
 * Parasailing - hanging under a paraglider towed by a vehicle (boat, car, or snowmobile) in order to ascend (usually over water)
 * Hot air ballooning - a balloon you ride which uses fire to go up and wind to stay afloat
 * Paramotoring - a motor vehicle attached with a parachute which can hang into the air for hours and can also be used as a vehicle to cross countries or jumping to an island. It is self-controllable, and you may need the permission of the local government to fly over an area.

Luftsport

title: Windsport


text: Category:Lincoln County, Oregon

title: Category:Lincoln County, Oregon


text: Category:Lane County, Oregon

title: Category:Lane County, Oregon


text: Category:Lake County, Oregon

title: Category:Lake County, Oregon


text: Category:Klamath County, Oregon

title: Category:Klamath County, Oregon


text:
Talk:List of universities in Poland

Untitled
To all whom it may concern: there's a Template:Infobox Polish University for use on all Polish universitarian pages. See Template talk:Infobox Polish University for more details. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 00:18, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Missing academies/universities of art? See pl:Akademie sztuk pięknych w Polsce.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 23:33, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Kozminski University
Should we add it? If so, in which section? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 06:21, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

 * We can iclude it under "Universities of economics". Please note, official name in Polish is Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego. As it is mentioned in the lead (quote): "...some of the institutions might choose to translate their own name as university in English, even if they do not officially have the Polish-language equivalent name of uniwersytet." This is one of those cases I believe, although I did not examine the quality and impartiality of our references. See also: Warsaw School of Economics. Most Western universities have faculties of business administration only. Poeticbent talk 06:43, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of universities in Poland


text:
Sally Phillips

Sally Elizabeth Phillips (born 10 May 1970) is an English actress, comedian, and television presenter. She co-created and was one of the writers of the sketch comedy show Smack the Pony. She is also known for her roles in Jam & Jerusalem as Natasha "Tash" Vine, Miranda as Tilly, I'm Alan Partridge as Sophie, Parents as Jenny Pope, Set the Thames on Fire as Colette in 2015, Zapped as Slasher Morgan, and her guest appearances as the fictional Prime Minister of Finland Minna Häkkinen in the US TV series Veep. Phillips also co-starred in Pride and Prejudice and Zombies as Mrs Bennet and in the role of Shazza in all three films of the Bridget Jones franchise.

From 2004 to 2019, Phillips played the title role in the BBC Radio 4 comedy show Clare in the Community. In 2018 she was curator for series 12 of The Museum of Curiosity on BBC Radio 4. In 2022, she played the prison warden on Pennyworth.

Early life
Phillips was born in Hong Kong, which at the time was under British rule; her father Tim, later chairman of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, was an executive with British Airways. In following her father's job, she grew up in the Far East, the Middle East, Italy and Australia. At the age of 13 she was sent to board at Wycombe Abbey School, where she studied her O-Levels and A-Levels.

Phillips read Italian and linguistics at New College, Oxford, where she joined the Oxford Revue, playing mostly male parts, alongside contemporaries including Stewart Lee and Richard Herring (who went on to have their own television show, Fist of Fun, in which Phillips appeared as "the girl who smells of Spam"). She then co-wrote and performed the one-woman show Benadetta, the Life of a Lesbian Nun in Renaissance Italy, based on a true story. She appeared in the 1990 Oxford Revue THRASH, which also starred Ed Smith.

Phillips took a first, applied to write a PhD on the Spaghetti Western, changed her mind, and studied drama with the Théâtre de Complicité.

Career
Phillips performed at nine consecutive Edinburgh Fringe Festivals, appearing in shows including Ra-Ra-Rasputin, Arthur Smith's version of Hamlet (as Ophelia) and Cluub Zarathustra with Simon Munnery, Stewart Lee, Richard Thomas, Julian Barratt and Lori Lixenburg. Her first television role was in Lee and Herring's Fist of Fun in 1994, followed shortly after by a cameo in Alas Smith and Jones with Mel Smith. In 1995, Phillips played the role of a reporter in the unbroadcast pilot of Chris Morris's spoof series Brass Eye. In Six Pairs Of Pants, six actors produced a number of regular sketches, which developed as the series progressed. As well as Phillips, the show featured Jessica Hynes, Simon Pegg, Neil Mullarkey, Katy Carmichael and Simon Schatzberger, and was written in part by Phillips. Regular sketches included two New Zealand characters who had moved to the UK and worked behind various bars, the whole group as "Flatmates" and various spoof horror trailers. Phillips had a role as a "Travel Tavern" receptionist in I'm Alan Partridge (1997), and as Laura in Holding the Baby. She played radio DJ Gemma White in the TV series In the Red.

In 1997, Phillips featured in Eddie Izzard's sitcom Cows. She had a starring role in the short-lived 1999 British comedy series Hippies with Simon Pegg and Julian Rhind-Tutt. Phillips garnered a nomination for best female newcomer at the 1999 British Comedy Awards as she along with Fiona Allen and Doon Mackichan co-created, wrote, and performed in Smack the Pony.

In 2001, she took the starring role in the David Nicholls series Rescue Me for BBC1. She also played cameo roles in Mean Machine, Birthday Girl and Born Romantic and wrote episodes for the animation Bob and Margaret.

In 2003, she was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. She appeared in Bridget Jones's Diary as Shazza, having previously auditioned for Bridget; the character was based upon the film's director, Sharon Maguire.

In 2004, she took the title role in the BBC radio sitcom Clare in the Community which ended after 74 episodes in 2019. In August 2005, she returned to the stage after a long absence, in Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest at the Oxford Playhouse. In 2006, she appeared in the Australian comedy feature BoyTown; on television, she appeared as Clare Winchester in the BBC2 science fiction comedy Hyperdrive.

In the second series of Green Wing, Phillips played the character of Holly, whose appearance threatens the blossoming relationship between Mac (Julian Rhind-Tutt) and Caroline (Tamsin Greig). Between 2006 and 2009, she had a recurring role in the BBC's comedy Jam & Jerusalem as Natasha "Tash" Vine, a scatterbrained New Ager.

In 2009, Phillips took the role of Tilly in Miranda as Miranda Hart's character's irritating upper-class friend. The series found critical success and Phillips remained a part of the show throughout its duration, from 2009 to 2015.

She also had a guest-star part in E4's Skins, series 3 playing Pandora's mother.

Her first feature film script, The Decoy Bride, started production in spring 2010. Phillips appeared in a supporting role in the film, playing Emma, a Hollywood assistant. The film was released in February 2012, premièring first on cable television and as a digital download, and then had a limited theatrical release.

In December 2010, she appeared in the BBC1 drama Accidental Farmer.

In 2012, she played the lead role in the Sky 1 comedy Parents and also appeared in the CBeebies television series Justin's House. The same year she also appeared with Justin Fletcher in the role of Mr Tumble in Something Special.

She made two episodes of series 3 of the Dave maths and comedy series Dara Ó Briain: School of Hard Sums in 2014, in which she was set various maths-based physical challenges. In America, Phillips has made five appearances in the HBO comedy series Veep as Minna Häkkinen, a fictional Finnish prime minister.

In 2014, she narrated the first series of The Supervet on Channel 4.

During 2015, Phillips appeared in several TV shows, notably House of Fools and Death in Paradise. She has also appeared in the comedy Burn Burn Burn as Ingrid, a main character, and also the TV film Distinguished Ladies in which she plays the lead role of Bianca.

Phillips appeared in Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016) as Mrs Bennet, and as Shazza in Bridget Jones's Baby.

In 2016, she presented the one-off BBC documentary A World Without Down's Syndrome?, which examined the potential impact of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT).

In 2017, she competed in series 5 of Taskmaster against Bob Mortimer, Aisling Bea, Nish Kumar and Mark Watson, finishing as runner-up to the eventual winner Mortimer. She appeared in All Star Musicals and Tim Vine Travels in Time in December 2017.

In 2018, she played the scatty new night manager Lou in Trollied.

In 2020, she played Gibby in Channel 4's sitcom Friday Night Dinner.

She was the winner of the four competitors who appeared in the special Christmas edition of  The Great British Sewing Bee that was transmitted on New Year's Eve 2020 on BBC One. Her fellow competitors in the programme were Sabrina Grant, Lesley Joseph and The Vivienne.

In 2022, she starred as business owner Gina in Australian comedy film How to Please a Woman.

In 2023, she played Tessa in the Netflix romantic comedy Love at First Sight.

In January 2024, she was a guest co-host on the BBC One quiz show Pointless.

Personal life
In 2002, Phillips was hospitalised with salmonellosis during a charity trip to Mexico. She said the illness led to a brain infection that made her body become a "micro-brewery", causing neurological symptoms. Her recovery took months.

In March 2022 she appeared on Mel Giedroyc's Unforgivable TV show and discussed a two-year relationship with Richard Herring in her early 20s.

Phillips is a Christian. She was married to Andrew Bermejo for 14 years and has three sons from their marriage, one with Down's syndrome. In 2017, the couple divorced.

Phillips is a patron of Blue Apple Theatre (Hampshire, UK) which specialises in creating performance work with adults with a learning disability.

title: Sally Phillips


text:
Talk:Windsport

I created the windsports entry since Chris Muller, son of one of the hang gliding pioneers has labelled his operation as a windsport company.

This term is being used throughout all wind powered recreation.

Should this be a dismbiguity page?

 * This article is very similar to air sports. GilliamJF 07:27, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree strongly with any merger. In air sports the participants leave the ground, except model aircraft contests.   (I have my doubts about model aircarft being included but the FAI disagrees.)  Some of the windsport activities may use the wind but this does make them an aerial sport.  Indeed most of the air sports do not rely on the wind: eg the three forms of gliding mainly use thermals, and parachutists would prefer the wind never blew at all. JMcC 10:28, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Windsport


text:
Talk:Shimazu clan

Moved Power Rangers content to Shimazu (Power Rangers). As Secretlondon noted, Shimazu has an existence outside Power Rangers. Updated links from Power Rangers pages. & Japanese Wikipedia has much more content on this powerful family spanning 34 generations. Fg2 00:28, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

article a mess
This article needs to get its information in order and synch it with the Shimazu family member sub-articles. The "order of succession claims (for instance) that Shimazu Katsuhisa was the 16th head of the family yet the Shimazu Katsuhisa article itself says he was the 14th. Shimazu Tadayoshi is listed as the 32nd head in chronological order yet Tadayoshi lived in the 16th century. Fred26 12:50, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The list was taken from the ja wikipedia, and is the only source I've found thus far for a list... hopefully I or someone else will come across a better list somewhere. LordAmeth 14:32, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

New Content
Content added today by User:67.169.138.43 needed quite a bit of grammar & style work, which I think I've done a fair job of cleaning up. Still, I feel that his contribution is largely unnecessary, redundant, and undefended by citations. Essentially, it's all just POV about how great the Shimazu were. I'd feel bad to simply delete the whole thing simply as a kneejerk reaction to thinking it poorly written or whatever - does anyone want to take a stab at incorporating this better into the content of the article, fixing up the style, adding some citations? Thanks. LordAmeth 00:06, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Satsuma clan
Satsuma clan redirects to this article, but Satsuma Clan links to its own article. Can anybody with better knowledge of which is proper fix this? Douggers (talk) 05:31, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

The fall of the Shimazu clan
There is a complete and noticeable absence of any section dedicated to the end of the clan's history, after its contribution to the Meiji restoration there is no further mention of its history and it's fading into obscurity. What would also be appreciated would be a family tree showing the descendents of the the daimyos and retainers. Many thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:610:308:693:64BA:8573:219D:1330 (talk) 22:12, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 to http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709

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Orphaned references in Shimazu clan
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Shimazu clan's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Koto": From Shimazu Yoshihisa:  From Sengoku Hidehisa:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 13:14, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shimazu clan


text:
Mills & Boon

Mills & Boon is a romance imprint of British publisher Harlequin UK Ltd. It was founded in 1908 by Gerald Rusgrove Mills and Charles Boon as a general publisher. The company moved towards escapist fiction for women in the 1930s. In 1971, the publisher was bought by the Canadian company Harlequin Enterprises, its North American distributor based in Toronto, with whom it had a long informal partnership. The two companies offer a number of imprints that between them account for almost three-quarters of the romance paperbacks published in Britain. Its print books are presently out-numbered and out-sold by the company's e-books, which allowed the publisher to double its output.

Modern Mills & Boon novels, over 100 of which are released each month, cover a wide range of possible romantic subgenres, varying in explicitness, setting and style, although retaining a comforting familiarity that meets reader expectations.

History
Mills & Boon was founded by former employees of the Methuen publishing house, Gerald Rusgrove Mills (3 January 1877 – 23 September 1928) and Charles Boon (9 May 1877 – 2 December 1943) in 1908 as a general fiction publisher, although their first book was a romance. An early signing was the mystery and crime writer Victor Bridges. Mills & Boon also published—in 1911 and 1912—two early works by Hugh Walpole, including Mr Perrin and Mr Traill, which was later adapted into the film of the same name. Between 1912 and 1923, it published numerous adventure titles by Jack London. In its early years the company also published "educational textbooks, socialist tracts and Shakespeare" as well as "travel guides, children’s and craft books".

It was not until the 1930s that the company began to concentrate specifically on romances.

From the very beginning, Mills & Boon published in a form and at a price that was within the reach of a wide readership. In the 1930s the company noted the rapid rise of commercial circulating libraries and the growing appetite for escapism during the Depression years. Due to these type of libraries, Mills & Boon were able to produce over 160 titles every year during that decade. Historian Ross McKibbin has argued that 'it was the rapid growth of the ‘tuppenny libraries’ in the interwar years which transformed Mills and Boon into a firm which exclusively published romantic fiction.' The favourite genre was romance and the company decided to concentrate on hardback romances, a policy which became increasingly successful. These titles were initially sold through weekly, two-penny libraries. There, they became known as 'the brown books', because of their distinctive binding.

Mills & Boon's innovative marketing strategies also contributed to their novels' popularity. Since 1930, this was evident when the company sent a copy of a chapter of one of their books to whoever formally requested one. Furthermore, the company's innovative marketing extended to creating eye-catching covers, with attention-grabbing colours and "and romantic images of couples or the beautiful heroine", to display in store windows.

During World War II, Mills & Boon created ads that notified the public that they could go to their bookseller and place a standing order on any of their books. This guaranteed that Mills & Boons would always keep their novels in stock in bookstores, despite the shortages and other challenges to businesses that resulted from the war. This marketing technique also created a sense of urgency, due to an implication that there was a limited supply for whoever didn't place a standing order. These ads significantly contributed to the company's expansion.

With the decline of commercial lending libraries in the late 1950s, the company's most profitable move was to realise that there would remain a strong market for romance novels, but that sales would depend on readers having easy access to reasonably priced books. As a result, Mills & Boon romance became widely available from newsagents across the country. Mills & Boon began to publish in paperback in the 1960s.

Beginning in 1958, they made an agreement with Harlequin in Canada to sell reprints of Mills & Boon titles, giving the firm access to the North American market and to make a major move into paperback publishing.

In 1971, the Boon family sold the company to Harlequin Enterprises of Canada. Harlequin, having made a great success out of selling licensed Mills & Boon titles in North America, wanted to secure the editorial source. John Boon, son of the co-founder, continued as head of the company while his brother, Alan, continued as head of editorial. Much of the company's success from the 1950s to the 1980s is credited to Alan Boon's editorial talent.

A considerable portion of Mills & Boon sales were derived from export markets, particularly India, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines. In 1976, an Australian office was established in Sydney to handle sales in the Asia-Pacific region. The success of the Australian operation in the 1970s was such that it was able to begin printing its own editions.

In 1989, Mills & Boon product sampled over 700,000 of their novels to East German women following the Fall of the Berlin Wall. This giveaway led to the novels' popularity in eastern Germany. Within four months of that product sampling event, Mills & Boon's books were sold on newsstands throughout the region; in 2 years they "gained market share in Poland, sold six-and-a-half million romance novels in Hungary, and achieved $10 million in sales in the Czech Republic."

Their books are sold through a combination of subscription and retail sales. For example, in any given month they publish eight novels in their Modern line; six of those are available on the retail market, and all eight are available to buy directly from the company both on- and offline. Mills & Boon encourage readers to subscribe to their favorite lines, and those books will then be delivered to their home.

One distinctive feature of both Mills & Boon and Harlequin (in North America) is the length of time their books are available to buy. They publish a set number of books each month which are sent to subscribers and displayed on stands in book shops. At the end of the month, any unsold copies in the shops are withdrawn and pulped. Titles are available to buy direct from Mills & Boon for 3 months or until they are sold out, whichever is sooner. Fans looking for particular books after this time must find them second-hand.

Mills & Boon has over 3 million regular readers in the UK annually. Romantic fiction constitutes the largest section of the adult paperback fiction market and Harlequin Mills & Boon publishes series fiction, promotional titles, gift packs and single titles under different brands and imprints: Mills & Boon and Mira.

As of 2008, 200 million Mills & Boon novels were sold globally per annum and, in the United Kingdom, one paperback was sold on average every 6.6 seconds. Mills & Boon accounted for nearly three-quarters of the British romantic fiction market in that year.

Outside the UK, Mills & Boon novels were officially launched in India in 2008, although they were already popular in the country due to unofficial imports and purchases from abroad. Sales swiftly increased, doubling over the 2009–2010 period.

According to Mills & Boon, an author can receive royalties of between £2,000 to £30,000 per book.

Centenary year
The year 2008 was Mills & Boon's centenary as a publisher. This was marked by a number of events and exhibitions. In November 2008, BBC Four celebrated the anniversary by broadcasting the 90-minute drama Consuming Passion: 100 Years of Mills & Boon, written by Emma Frost.

Electronic publishing
Electronic publishing has allowed Mills & Boon to double its output. As of 2012, it now releases over 100 e-books per month, more than in print, and sells more e-books than physical books. Parent company Torstar cited the strong growth of e-books in its 2010 report, with digital revenues up CAN$16.1 Million.

According to Tim Cooper, digital and marketing director for the publisher, "digital lends itself to the habitual nature of our content. Our readers finish reading one and they can download the next." Author Sharon Kendrick's opinion is similar: "[Mills & Boon] are an intense reading experience, and they can be read quickly. People read four to five in a few days so that's a lot of books to carry around."

Another factor in favour of electronic publishing is the lack of a visible cover. Cooper notes that "part of the appeal of digital reading is that nobody necessarily knows what you're reading." Kendrick supports this view as well, saying, "one of the things about reading romance is that slightly furtive thing, the 'oh God, I can't be seen on the train reading a romance'. If you've got a Kindle then no one knows what you're reading. It's not about embarrassment, really—it's more that you don't want to be judged, and we are often judged by what we read."

The more sexually explicit Spice imprint sells particularly well in electronic format, compared to the Modern imprint which is the most successful in print.

Critical opinion
The company has been criticised for repeating plots, the inevitability of their happy endings, and a simple writing style, whereas fans cite predictability as a key reason for reading.

While there is no template or standard outline and authors are allowed full artistic freedom, there are, however, genre conventions that need to be met to be successful. Penny Jordan, an author writing for Mills & Boon, has stated that "[the rules] are not written down, but if you diverge from reader expectations, they won't read your second book."

In popular imagination and feminist criticism, the heroine of a stereotypical Mills & Boon novel is often seen as a passive virgin who is submissive to the hero in every way. This was often true in older novels but changed over the years; modern novels feature more active protagonists. Mills & Boon heroines cover a wide variety of types, often depending on the author's preference. Romantic encounters were embodied in a principle of sexual purity that demonstrated not only social conservatism, but also how heroines could control their personal autonomy.

The attributes of the heroes of Mills & Boon novels have not significantly changed over time, however, almost always being a dominant alpha male. Joanna Bowring, co-curator of the Mills & Boon centenary exhibition at Manchester Central Library in 2008, notes that "there's always been a subtle undercurrent of force throughout the books and that's never changed from the earliest ones. Even later, when other aspects are influenced by feminism and the shifting attitudes outside the novel, the men are masterful and stern." In 1966, the Mills & Boon author Hilary Wilde said "The odd thing is that if I met one of my heroes, I would probably bash him over the head with an empty whisky bottle. It is a type I loathe and detest. I imagine in all women, deep down inside us, is a primitive desire to be arrogantly bullied." Many critics point to the comments by another of Mills & Boon's writers, Violet Winspear, in 1970, that all her heroes "must frighten and fascinate. They must be the sort of men who are capable of rape". Bindel argues that, as heroines have acquired greater agency, the heroes have become even more domineering and misogynistic. Other critics contend that these characters are outdated and inappropriate for modern works. However, supporters of the publisher counter that Mills & Boon are careful to follow their readers' tastes and interests; if the hero follows this trend it is because that is what the readers want.

In modern novels, popular hero archetypes are Arab sheikhs, Italian billionaires, Greek tycoons, and princes. According to Mills & Boon author Sharon Kendrick, "the sheikh represents the ultimate female fantasy." Penny Jordan adds that the hero often has a softer side, which the heroine will discover during the course of the novel: "He's often damaged by something that's happened in his life, often to do with money. He will be more outrageous to the heroine, and harder on her. He realises he is beginning to feel, he has to resolve that conflict."

In 2011, psychologist Susan Quilliam blamed romantic fiction, and Mills & Boon in particular, for poor sexual health and relationship breakdowns. She made the claim in her paper "'He seized her in his manly arms and bent his lips to hers…'. The surprising impact that romantic novels have on our work" in the Journal of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care published by the BMJ Group. In the paper, Quilliam writes "what we see in our [family planning clinic] consulting rooms is more likely to be informed by Mills & Boon than by the Family Planning Association." Quilliam argues that a correlation exists between negative attitudes toward the use of condoms and reading of romantic fiction; as well as citing a survey that shows only 11.5 per cent of romantic novels mention condom use. She suggests that a romance reader may "not [use] protection with a new man because she wants to be swept up by the moment as a heroine would." Among other potential problems, romantic fiction readers are also likely to have unrealistic expectations about sex, to equate lack of romance or sexual desire with a lack of love, to see pregnancy as a cure of relationship difficulties and to be less likely to terminate pregnancies. Relationships of romance readers are more likely to break down because they are likely to think that "rather than working at her relationship she should be hitching her star to a new romance." Quilliam also writes that "a deep strand of escapism, perfectionism and idealisation runs through the genre" and "if readers start to believe the story that romantic fiction offers, then they store up trouble for themselves–and then they bring that trouble into our consulting rooms."

Current
Mills & Boon currently publish several imprints. Several titles are published monthly in most imprints. These are all identifiable by a series title (and sometimes sub-series title) as well as a colour border (which differs depending on the country in which the title is published):

title: Mills & Boon


text:
User talk:Schmidlin

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 00:29, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image permission problem with Image:Santa Matilde mk2 Rear.jpg
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Image permission problem with Image:Santa Matilde mk4.jpg
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title: User talk:Schmidlin


text: User talk:67.171.203.136

title: User talk:67.171.203.136