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User talk:Dupuy

Messages from 2005 and before

Yoko ochoco
Thank you for adding the infobox! I am not a linguist, so I really had no idea where to begin on that. And since I'm here, I might as well mention that is generally considered bad form to blank pages, even your own talkpage. A better method of clearing the space (because those messages accumulate) is by archiving. See How to archive a talk page for more information. Also, there is a section of WikiProject Indigenous peoples of North America on languages, and another on Mexico, if you are interested. Thanks again!--Rockero 20:15, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Mayan languages
There is a tendency in Wikipedia to prefer the "most common name" for article titles. Unfortunately, there is also a tendency to use the "Google test" as a measure of what is most common. However, there is also considerable latitude, especially for "sensitive" topics like the names of ethnic groups, and I believe language names would fall under the same category for the most part. For example, the "Gypsies", a far more common name, are under Roma people, and the Papago (far more common in literature) are under Tohono O'odham. But of course there is also inconsistency. The Navajo, who by all accounts prefer Diné, are under Navajo Nation.

However, since there is wiggle room, I think we ought to take advantage of it to use our own best judgment. I favor using the terms preferred in academia, except for when a common name is much more familiar to readers of Mayan and Latin American topics, like in the case of Quiché. If the name is not likely to be familiar to anyone but the most specialized, then I see no reason not to use the more modern orthography.

Yoko ochoco is indeed a unique case because of the Chontal connection. But I suppose it probably should be moved to Maya Chontal. I was hesitant out of the fear that Oaxacan Chontal was better known as "Chontal". I am not sure what the language is more commonly referred to as in English since my sources were all in Spanish.

Speaking of the Oaxacan Chontal language, there is something weird about its classification. My research calls it a Hokan language, and Wikipedia calls Hokan languages a bizarre, and possibly inaccurate classification (it includes Chumash, for example). So if you know anything about that, the article could use some help.

I suppose we should:
 * 1) Make Chontal into a disambiguation page that lists the two ethnic groups and the two languages.
 * 2) Separate Chontal languages from the groups that speak them
 * 3) Move Yoko ochoco to Chontal Maya language and the article on the Yokot'anob to Chontal Maya
 * 4) Keep the debate open to new ideas and propositions. There are a few other editors who do Mayan and/or indigenous languages that should definitely be consulted.

If this sounds good, I'll go ahead and take care of it. I look forward to working on this issue further.--Rockero 03:02, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Renaming
Hi, could you please confirm your request at w:nl:WP:HA by leaving a message here (on this talk page) while logged in to your account. This to confirm that you are in fact the person who placed the request. Thanks. -- Taketa (talk) 12:58, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, that was me --@alex (talk) 13:55, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Rare Arabic-based letters
Hi Dupuy, unfortunately, those letters are rare and normally aren't found in normal Arabic fonts. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 05:57, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Portuguese translation
Hello. I was on Wikipedia:Translators available and notice that you were on the list for Portuguese to English translators and wondered if you could translate Prince Peter of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary? Thank you or obrigado.--Queen Elizabeth II's Little Spy (talk) 00:10, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Tradução
Teria como terminar de traduzir essa página? Grato. 189.101.40.134 (talk) 11:50, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Population Matters
Hi, in case you have the time, I'm making a general request hoping that someone can tidy my machine code translation of the Population Matters' article mentioned. (Ultimately I hope to move the article to "População é importante" or whatever might be the best translation of "Population (as a subject) is important"). The article is currently up for deletion so I'm contacting a few potential translators. Please check: Population_Matters&action=history to avoid wasting time. If the article is deleted I would still appreciate its development at w:pt:Usuário(a):Gregkaye/Testes. Any help with any population related article would also be appreciated. Many thanks Gregkaye (talk) 06:13, 15 July 2014 (UTC) w:en:User_talk:Gregkaye

Please
Is it possible you translate this article? Gratefull. 2804:14C:5BB6:802D:E269:95FF:FE51:FF80 (talk) 16:46, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Pedir um favor
Será que poderias traduzir este artigo do português para o inglês? Att (Saudações Brasileiras). 187.104.25.153 (talk) 05:05, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

Tradução
Boa tarde, Estou a tentar traduzir uma página de uma actriz, do português para inglês, e não consigo publicar, será que me pode ajudar? Já fiz uma tradução e ficou em temporário, parece-me. Sou novo no wikipedia.

Será que me pode ajudar?

A página é esta: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Moura

Obrigado, Cumprimentos — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thisismenow (talk • contribs) 15:22, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dupuy


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Hangul orthography

Hangeul matchumbeop (한글맞춤법) refers to the overall rules of writing the Korean language with Hangul. The current orthography was issued and established by Korean Ministry of Culture in 1998. The first of it is Hunminjungeum (훈민정음). In everyday conversation, 한글 맞춤법 is referred to as 맞춤법.

It consists of six chapters, along with an appendix:

 * Chapter 1: 총칙 (General Rule)
 * Chapter 2: 자모 (Consonants and Vowels)
 * Chapter 3: 소리에 관한 것 (About Sounds)
 * Section 1, Chapter 3: 된소리 (doen-so-ri)
 * Section 2, Chapter 3: 구개음화 (Gu-gae-eum-hwa)
 * Section 3, Chapter 3: ㄷ 받침소리 (Consonant 'ㄷ' coming at the lower part of a syllable)
 * Section 4, Chapter 3: 모음 (Vowels)
 * Section 5, Chapter 3: 두음법칙 (Law of Initial Sound of a Syllable)
 * Section 6, Chapter 3: 겹쳐 나는 소리 (Sounds Pronounced When Similar Phoneme are Huddled Together)
 * Chapter 4: 형태에 관한 것 (About Forms)
 * Section 1, Chapter 4: 체언과 조사 (Che-eon and Josa)
 * Section 2, Chapter 4: 어간과 어미 (Stem and Ending of Verbs and Adjectives)
 * Section 3, Chapter 4: 접미사가 붙어서 된 말 (Words Formed by Suffix is Attached to Other Words)
 * Chapter 5: 띄어쓰기 (Spacing Between Words)
 * Section 1, Chapter 5: 조사 (josa)
 * Section 2, Chapter 5: 의존명사, 단위를 나타내는 명사 및 열거하는 말 등 (Bounding Nouns, Nouns *Expressing Units, Enumerating Words, Etc.)
 * Section 3, Chapter 5: 보조용언 (Auxiliary verbs and Adjectives)
 * Section 4, Chapter 5: 고유명사 및 전문용어 (Proper Nouns and Terminology)
 * Chapter 6: 그 밖의 것 (Anything Else)
 * Appendix: 문장부호 (Punctuation Marks)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hangul orthography


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Vieux-Pont-en-Auge

Vieux-Pont-en-Auge (, literally Old Bridge in Auge) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

title: Vieux-Pont-en-Auge


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User talk:Ratna~enwiki

Hello, "Ratna" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

. -- Infrogmation 00:16, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ratna. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ratna~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:18, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ratna~enwiki


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Category:Marines

Marines are a branch of a nation's armed forces intended to mount amphibious operations. Many countries describe these forces as "Naval Infantry". In most countries, Marines are not a separate service but rather an extension of the Army or Navy.

The role of a Marine force does differ between nations, and its composition may vary from nothing, to light infantry, to an all arms organization with infantry, armour, aviation, and all the support required to sustain that on the battle field.

This category contains articles about marine forces. Articles about individual Marines can be found through their home nation's related Marine article.

title: Category:Marines


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John Gray (philosopher)

John Nicholas Gray (born 17 April 1948) is an English political philosopher and author with interests in analytic philosophy, the history of ideas, and philosophical pessimism. He retired in 2008 as School Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Gray contributes regularly to The Guardian, The Times Literary Supplement and the New Statesman, where he is the lead book reviewer. He is an atheist.

Gray has written several influential books, including False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (1998), which argues that free market globalisation is an unstable Enlightenment project currently in the process of disintegration; Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals (2002), which attacks philosophical humanism, a worldview which Gray sees as originating in religions; and Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia (2007), a critique of utopian thinking in the modern world.

Gray sees volition, and hence morality, as an illusion, and portrays humanity as a ravenous species engaged in wiping out other forms of life. Gray has written that "humans ... cannot destroy the Earth, but they can easily wreck the environment that sustains them."

Academic career
Gray was born into a working-class family, with a docker-turned-carpenter father, in South Shields, County Durham. He attended South Shields Grammar-Technical School for Boys from 1959 until 1967, then studied at Exeter College, Oxford, reading philosophy, politics and economics (PPE), completing his B.A., M.Phil. and D.Phil.

He formerly held posts as lecturer in political theory at the University of Essex, fellow and tutor in politics at Jesus College, Oxford, and lecturer and then professor of politics at the University of Oxford. He has served as a visiting professor at Harvard University (1985–86) and Stranahan Fellow at the Social Philosophy and Policy Center, Bowling Green State University (1990–1994), and has also held visiting professorships at Tulane University's Murphy Institute (1991) and Yale University (1994). He was Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science until his retirement from academic life in early 2008.

Political and philosophical thought
Among philosophers, he is known for a thoroughgoing rejection of Rawlsianism and for exploration of the uneasy relationship between value pluralism and liberalism in the work of Isaiah Berlin.

Gray's political thought is noted for its mobility across the political spectrum over the years. As a student, Gray was on the left and continued to vote Labour into the mid-1970s. By 1976 he had shifted towards a right-liberal New Right position, on the basis that the world was changing irrevocably through technological inventions, realigned financial markets and new economic power blocs and that the left failed to comprehend the magnitude and nature of this change. In the 1990s Gray became an advocate for environmentalism and New Labour. Gray considers the conventional (left-wing/right-wing) political spectrum of conservatism and social democracy as no longer viable.

On liberalism, Gray identified the common strands in liberal thought as being individualist, egalitarian, meliorist, and universalist. The individualist element avers the ethical primacy of the human being against the pressures of social collectivism, the egalitarian element assigns the same moral worth and status to all individuals, the meliorist element asserts that successive generations can improve their sociopolitical arrangements, and the universalist element affirms the moral unity of the human species and marginalises local cultural differences.

More recently, he has criticised neoliberalism, the global free market and some of the central currents in Western thinking, such as humanism, while moving towards aspects of green thought, drawing on the Gaia theory of James Lovelock. It is perhaps for this critique of humanism that Gray is best known.

Central to the doctrine of humanism, in Gray's view, is the inherently utopian belief in meliorism; that is, that humans are not limited by their biological natures and that advances in ethics and politics are cumulative and that they can alter or improve the human condition, in the same way that advances in science and technology have altered or improved living standards.

Gray contends, in opposition to this view, that history is not progressive, but cyclical. Human nature, he argues, is an inherent obstacle to cumulative ethical or political progress. Seeming improvements, if there are any, can very easily be reversed: one example he has cited has been the use of torture by the United States against terrorist suspects. "What's interesting", Gray said in an interview in 032c magazine, "is that torture not only came back, but was embraced by liberals, and defended by liberals. Now there are a lot of people, both liberal and conservative, who say, 'Well, it's a very complicated issue.' But it wasn't complicated until recently. They didn't say that five or ten years ago."

Furthermore, he argues that this belief in progress, commonly imagined to be secular and liberal, is in fact derived from an erroneous Christian notion of humans as morally autonomous beings categorically different from other animals. This belief, and the corresponding idea that history makes sense, or is progressing towards something, is in Gray's view merely a Christian prejudice.

In Straw Dogs he argues that the idea that humans are self-determining agents does not pass the acid test of experience. Those Darwinist thinkers who believe humans can take charge of their own destiny to prevent environmental degradation are, in this view, not naturalists, but apostles of humanism.

He identifies the Enlightenment as the point at which the Christian doctrine of salvation was taken over by secular idealism and became a political religion with universal emancipation as its aim. Communism, fascism and "global democratic capitalism" are characterised by Gray as Enlightenment "projects" which have led to needless suffering, in Gray's view, as a result of their ideological allegiance to this religion.

Agonistic liberalism
The term agonistic liberalism appears in Gray's 1995 book Isaiah Berlin. Gray uses this phrase to describe what he believes is Berlin's theory of politics, namely his support for both value pluralism and liberalism.

More generally, agonistic liberalism could be used to describe any kind of liberalism that claims its own value commitments do not form a complete vision of politics and society, and that one instead needs to look for what Berlin calls an "uneasy equilibrium" between competing values. In Gray's view, many contemporary liberal theorists would fall into this category, for instance John Rawls and Karl Popper.

Acclaim
Gray's work has been praised by, amongst others, the novelists J. G. Ballard, Will Self and John Banville, the theologian Don Cupitt, the journalist Bryan Appleyard, the political scientist David Runciman, historian and cultural critic Morris Berman, investor and philanthropist George Soros, the environmental scientist James Lovelock and the author Nassim Nicholas Taleb.

Friedrich Hayek described Gray's 1984 book Hayek on Liberty as "The first survey of my work which not only fully understands but is able to carry on my ideas beyond the point at which I left off."

Gray has discussed James Lovelock's new ideas on evolution's next step: a species beyond humanity that will be better able to co-exist with other species on this planet in the distant future.

His 1998 book False Dawn was praised by George Soros as "a powerful analysis of the deepening instability of global capitalism" which "should be read by all who are concerned about the future of the global economy". John Banville praised Black Mass, saying that "Gray's assault on Enlightenment ideas of progress is timelier than ever".

His 2002 book Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals has received particular praise. J. G. Ballard wrote that the book "challenges most of our assumptions about what it means to be human, and convincingly shows that most of them are delusions" and described it "a powerful and brilliant book", "an essential guide to the new millennium" and "the most exhilarating book I have read since Richard Dawkins's The Selfish Gene." Will Self called the book "a contemporary work of philosophy devoid of jargon, wholly accessible, and profoundly relevant to the rapidly evolving world we live in" and wrote "I read it once, I read it twice and took notes. I arranged to meet its author so I could publicise the book – I thought it that good."

In 2002 Straw Dogs was named a book of the year by J. G. Ballard in The Daily Telegraph; by George Walden in The Sunday Telegraph; by Will Self, Joan Bakewell, Jason Cowley and David Marquand in the New Statesman; by Andrew Marr in The Observer; by Jim Crace in The Times; by Hugh Lawson Tancred in The Spectator; by Richard Holloway in the Glasgow Herald; and by Sue Cook in The Sunday Express.

Nassim Nicholas Taleb has written that John Gray is the modern thinker for whom he has the most respect, calling him "prophetic".

Criticism
Gray's Straw Dogs has been criticised by Terry Eagleton, who has written: "mixing nihilism and New Ageism in equal measure, Gray scoffs at the notion of progress for 150 pages before conceding that there is something to be said for anaesthetics. The enemy in his sights is not so much a straw dog as a straw man: the kind of starry-eyed rationalist who passed away with John Stuart Mill, but who he has to pretend still rules the world".

The academic and author Danny Postel of the University of Denver also took issue with Straw Dogs. Postel stated that Gray's claim that environmental destruction was the result of humanity's flawed nature would be "welcome news to the captains of industry and the architects of the global economy; the ecological devastation they leave in their wake, according to Gray, has nothing to do with their exploits." Postel also claimed that too much of Straw Dogs rested on "blanket assertion", and criticised Gray's use of the term "plague of people" as an outdated "neo-Malthusian persiflage about overpopulation". Postel strongly condemned Gray for outlining "complete political passivity. There is no point whatsoever in our attempting to make the world a less cruel or more livable place."

In his 2004 book, How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered the World, the British journalist, writer and broadcaster, Francis Wheen, wrote:"'Conservatives, Marxists, post-modernists and pre-modernists have queued up to take a kick at the bruised ideas of the eighteenth century. The most vicious of these boot-boys is John Gray, professor of European thought at the London School of Economics, who has published dozens of increasingly apocalyptic books and articles on the need to end the Enlightenment project forthwith. Whereas MacIntyre seeks sanctuary in twelfth-century monasteries, for Gray our only hope of salvation is to embrace Eastern mysticism ... Taoism seems to be his favoured creed but it is hard to interpret Gray's prescriptions with any certainty, partly because of his scattergun style but mostly because he changes his mind so often. A line on the dust-jacket of Enlightenment's Wake (1995), which says that the book 'stakes out the elements of John Gray's new position' could just as well be appended to everything he writes.'"

BBC Radio
John Gray has made several broadcasts for BBC Radio 4's programme A Point of View.

In August and September 2011, he made six broadcasts:
 * Greece and the Meaning of Folly: Taking the myth of the Trojan Horse as his starting point, he explores what he sees as the modern-day folly unfolding in Europe.
 * Kim Philby: Why Kim Philby and so many others failed to predict the future.
 * The Revolution of Capitalism: Why an increasing number of people believe that Karl Marx was right.
 * Cats, Birds and Humans: Why the human animal needs contact with something other than itself.
 * Believing in Belief: Argues that the scientific and rationalist attack on religion is misguided.
 * Churchill, Chance and the Black Dog: The chance encounters that made Winston Churchill Britain's wartime Prime Minister.

He presented a second sequence from November 2014, sharing his Point of View on:
 * Capitalism and the Myth of Social Evolution
 * Soylent and the Charm of the Fast Lane
 * Dostoevsky and Dangerous Ideas
 * Thinking the Unthinkable

In March 2023 he made another broadcast:

 * Proportional Representation and a New Politics

Other programmes include:
 * "The Dangers of a Higher Education" (23 February 2018)
 * "Teffi: Silver Shoes and the Dream of Revolution" (2 March 2018)
 * "Brexit and Illiberal Europe" (July 2018)

Honours
Asteroid 91199 Johngray, discovered by astronomer Eric Walter Elst at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1998, was named in his honour. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 June 2008 (M.P.C. 63174). Gray is a member of World Minds.

Film appearances

 * Marx Reloaded, Arte, April 2011.

Interviews
* Interview on Novara Media (2023)
 * Two-part interview conducted by Henk de Berg (2019).
 * part I: Atheism
 * part II: Political populism
 * Myth Congeniality: John Gray discusses The Silence Of Animals, The Quietus 10 June 2013
 * John Gray radio interview on the 'Philosopher's Zone', 28 June 2008
 * 'Gray on Gray' (American Political Science Association)
 * Audio: John N. Gray in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum

Reviews of his work

 * AC Grayling reviews Black Mass, New Humanist July/August 2007
 * Ian Hargearves, Professor of Journalism at Cardiff University reviews Straw Dogs.
 * Terry Eagleton reviews Straw Dogs, The Guardian September 2002
 * Simon Critchley on The Silence of Animals
 * Jeremy Shearmur Gray's Progress: From Liberalisms to Enlightenment's Wake The Journal of Libertarian Studies 2007

title: John Gray (philosopher)


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Pomerode

Pomerode is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Santa Catarina, in Southern Brazil. It is located in the valley of the Itajaí-Açu river, not very far from the city of Blumenau, one of the largest cities in the state.

Pomerode is known as the most German city in Brazil, because the vast majority of its inhabitants are of German descent and are bilingual in German and Portuguese. The East Pomeranian dialect of Low German is also used by the community.

History and the local language
Pomerode was founded by Pomeranians in 1861 and is considered the "most typically German of all German towns of southern Brazil".

One very remarkable characteristic about Pomerode is the fact that 90% of its residents speak German. There is also a group of persons in the community who speak the East Pomeranian dialect of Low German.

Ethnic composition
''Source: IBGE 2010. ''

Religion
''Source: IBGE 2010. ''

Lutherans are 63.76% of the population, as German Pomerania was traditionally overwhelmingly Lutheran. Over time, some of the Pomeranians converted to Catholicism, and Catholics from the rest of Brazil moved into the town.

Tourism and economy
Pomerode has a long history developing its manufacturing industry like other cities in the region. It is also located in a very rich agricultural valley. Additionally, in the last few decades the creation and development of the tourist industry has become a priority. To accomplish that, great efforts are being made to reinforce and celebrate the pioneering roots of the local inhabitants.

The tourist industry of nearby Blumenau (about 30 km away) is very well developed attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors annually to its festivals such as Oktoberfest of Blumenau, the largest one in the world after the original festival in Munich. Naturally, this has generated a very positive impact on the tourist industry of much smaller Pomerode.

In addition to tourism the economy is dependent on industry, which includes knitted clothing, plastic articles, state of the art metal and mechanical industries, garments and cloth, and furniture.

Notable people

 * Hans Fischer (1961 in Pomerode – 1988) a Brazilian cyclist, he competed at the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics

title: Pomerode


text:
False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism

False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism is a 1998 book by political philosopher John Gray that argues that free-market globalization is unstable and is in the process of collapsing.

A 2002 edition includes a foreword that relates the themes of False Dawn to the 11 September 2001 attacks and the new US military posture that led to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Gray notes how the economic shock therapy in post-Communist nations has resulted in "the resources of the vast Soviet war machine ... [being] sold to the highest bidder ... [including] non-state forces that were waging unconventional war ... [such as] terrorist networks." Also, the resource-scarcity from global industrialization is contributing to resource wars and a revival of The Great Game.

In chapter one, Gray groups together thinkers such as John Locke and Karl Marx on the basis of striving for an Enlightenment Utopia in which "a diversity of cultures ... [is] a stage to a universal civilization." Specific efforts to impose a "universal civilization" included Victorian-era England, the Soviet Union and, currently, the United States as "the last great power to base its policies on this enlightenment thesis", such as with the Washington Consensus.


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Vila do Porto

Vila do Porto ("Port Town") is the single municipality, the name of the main town and one of the civil parishes on the island of Santa Maria, in the Portuguese archipelago of Azores. Its nearest neighbor, administratively, is the municipality of Povoação on the southern coast of São Miguel (to the northwest), and it is physically southwest of the islets of the Formigas. The population in 2021 was 5,408, in an area of 96.89 sqkm.

History
Santa Maria was the first island in the archipelago to be discovered by Diogo Silves in 1427. By 2 July 1439, a royal charter from Infante D. Pedro, regent of D. Afonso V, referred to the fact that Prince Henry the Navigator had ordered that sheep be set ashore along the seven islands of the Azores (since Corvo and Flores had, at the time, not been discovered). São Miguel and Santa Maria were the first islands to be settled by families from Estremadura, Alto Alentejo and Algarve, facilitated by Gonçalo Velho, then first donatary-captain of the Azores. Gonçalo Velho Cabral, nobleman in the House of the Infante D. Henrique (Henry the Navigator) and commander in the Order of Christ, arrived on the island of Santa Maria in 1432. In the cartography of the 14th Century, the island was referred to as Ilha dos Lobos (Island of Wolves, referring to the wolf seals that lived in the region at the time). It became the seat of the first Captaincy of the Azores, which initially included both Santa Maria and São Miguel.

Its first settlement originated in 1439, with the occupation of Praia dos Lobos (and eventually became the northern coastal village of Anjos). Around 1450, was the probably foundation of the settlement of Porto, by Fernão de Quental. Quental's colony was established along the south coast along an escarpment overlooking a small bay that afforded protection for ships: what would become known as the Vila do Porto (town of the port). This town would become incorporated in 1470, when the town of Porto received the obligatory and first foral (charter), in addition to the establishment of the first lighthouse in the Azores. Although never experiencing earthquakes since its initial settlement (in comparison to the other islands in the Azores), the community was always marked by isolation, inaccessibility and weak defensive position.

It was, by the beginning of the 17th century, the fortification of São Brás along the cliff-tops of Cimo da Rocha, was constructed, near the hermitage dedicated to Our Lady of the Conception.

In 1901, it received an official visit from King Carlos I of Portugal and Queen Amélie, and later that year elected the first Republican municipal government.

Between 1942 and 1944, in the context of the Second World War, the airport was constructed to provide support and emergency facilities for the island. This airport was transferred to the Portuguese Air Force in 1946, and the barrio (Bairro do Aeroporto) was begun by architect Keil do Amaral.

On 21 October 1992, the historical centre was protected, a zone delimited by Vila do Porto, under Regional Legislative Decree 22/92/A. By 24 August 2004, a new document was published by the regional legislature (Decree 29/2004/A), that set out the jurisdictional regime to protect, conserve and promote the cultural heritage; classified under article 58, the "historic centre" of Vila do Porto, was reclassified as a Group of Public Interest, and the older protections revoked.

Geography
The municipality covers the entirety of the island of Santa Maria, in the eastern edge of the archipelago of the Azores. Nascently a coastal municipality, the settlements are nonetheless located over a cliff-top platform, dominated in the west by a semi-arid plain and in the east by the hugged flanks of the Pico Alto mountainous ridge. Although its principal urban area is located along linear tracts in the southwestern coast (oriented north to south), there exist various urban settlements and agglomerations throughout the island.

The municipality incorporates the island of Santa Maria in its entirety, and is divided into five parishes (population in 2021):
 * Almagreira – 617 residents / 11.22 sqkm
 * Santa Bárbara – 370 residents / 15.27 sqkm
 * Santo Espírito – 597 residents / 26.68 sqkm
 * São Pedro – 812 residents / 18.17 sqkm
 * Vila do Porto – 3,012 residents / 25.55 sqkm

Sister city
Vila do Porto's sister city is:
 * 🇺🇸 Hudson, Massachusetts, USA

Civic

 * Administrative Building of the Forest Service of Vila do Porto (Edifício da Administração Florestal de Vila do Porto)
 * Barracks of the Fiscal Guard (Quartel de Posto da Guarda Fiscal, GF, de Vila do Porto)
 * Fountain of Largo Coronel Costa Santos (Chafariz do Largo Coronel Costa Santos)
 * Fountain of Largo Luís Figueiredo (Chafariz do Largo Luís Figueiredo)
 * Fountain of Largo Jaime Figueiredo (Chafariz no Largo Jaime Figueiredo)
 * Fountain of São José (Fonte de São José)
 * Lagar of Diogo Fernandes Faleiro (Lagar de Diogo Fernandes Faleiro), located in São Lourenço (Santa Bárbara); carved volcanic rocks used for squeezing grapes into wine.
 * Lighthouse of Gonçalo Velho (Farol de Gonçalo Velho/Farol da Maia), also referred to as lighthouse of Maia, is located in Maia (Santo Espírito);
 * LORAN Station of Santa Maria (Estação LORAN de Santa Maria), located in the locality of Norte, Santa Bárbara; the long-range navigation station was operated by NATO, deactivated and in ruins since 1980.
 * Manorhouse of João Falcão de Sousa (Solar João Falcão de Sousa/Biblioteca Municipal de Vila do Porto)
 * Manorhouse/Chapel of Santa Rita (Solar e Ermida de Santa Rita), a private residence situated near Carreira (Almagreira)
 * Museum of Santa Maria (Casas na Rua dos Esquecidos/Museu de Santa Maria)
 * Primary School and Cantina of Vila do Porto (Escolas Primárias e Cantina de Vila do Porto)
 * Public Washhouse of Santo António (Lavadouro Municipal de Santo António)
 * Residence of Captain João Soares de Sousa, 3rd Captain-Donatário (Casa do 3º Donatário da Ilha de Santa Maria), located in Vila do Porto; a villa of one of the island's Captains-major, who governed in the name of the crown;
 * Residence of Father Manuel (Casa de Pe. Manuel)
 * Whale-Processing Station/Factory of Santo Espírito, located in Maia (Santo Espírito); in ruins since whale-hunting was prohibited
 * Windmill of Ginjal (Moinho de vento do Ginjal)

Military

 * Fort of Baía de São Lourenço (Forte da Baía de São Lourença), located in São Lourenço (Santa Bárbara); ruins (mostly rock) of fort situated beside port of São Lourenço.
 * Fort of Baixa do Vigário (Forte da Baixa do Vigário), located in Praia Formosa (Almagreira); ruins of fort east of the Bay of Praia.
 * Fort of Figueiral (Forte do Figueiral), located in Figuerial (Vila do Porto); ruins overlooking the Ponte do Figueiral
 * Fort of Forca (Forte da Forca)
 * Fort of Laje de Vila do Porto (Forte de Laje de Vila do Porto), located in Vila do Porto
 * Fort of Maia (Forte da Maia), located in Maia (Santo Espírito)
 * Fort of Prainha (Forte da Prainha)
 * Fort of Nossa Senhora da Praia dos Anjos (Forte de Nossa Senhora da Praia dos Anjos)
 * Fort of São Brás (Forte de São Brás), built in the 16th century, during Spanish occupation, location of the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição and obelisk to the memory of the crew of the warship NRP Carvalho Araújo.
 * Fort of São João Baptista of Praia Formosa (Forte de São João Baptista da Praia Formosa)
 * Fort of São João Evangelista (Forte de São João Evangelista)
 * Fort of Cabrestante (Forte de Cabrestantes)
 * Fort of Marvão (Forte de Marvão)

Religious

 * Church of Nossa Senhora do Ar (Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Ar), located near Santa Maria airport (Ginjal), Vila do Porto
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Igreja Paroquial de Vila do Porto/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Assunção), located centrally in Vila do Porto; built in the 15th century and remodeled in the 16th century.
 * Church of Nossa Senhora do Bom Despacho (Igreja Paroquial de Almagreira/Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Bom Despacho), constructed under the orders of Manuel de Moura and his wife, Inês Pereira, in the early 18th century, and evolved into the parochial church of Almagreira;
 * Church of Nossa Senhora da Purificação (Igreja Paroquial do Santo Espírito/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Purificação), located in Santo Espírito
 * Church of Santa Bárbara (Igreja Paroquial de Santa Bárbara/Igreja de Santa Bárbara), dating to the middle of the 17th century, the parochial church of Santa Bárbara is marked by presbytery and lateral angular chapels;
 * Church of Santo Antão (Igreja de Santo Antão), located in the Largo de Santo Antão, Vila do Porto
 * Church of São Pedro (Igreja Paroquial de São Pedro/Igreja de São Pedro e Treatro), located in Largo da Igreja, São Pedro
 * Church of the Misericórdia (Igreja da Misericórdia de Vila do Porto/Igreja do Senhor dos Passos)
 * Convent of São Francisco/Municipal Palace/Hall of Vila do Porto (Convento de São Francisco/Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Vitória) - located in Vila do Porto ; constructed in the 17th century, containing ornate azulejo tiles of the period, today housing the seat of the municipality of Vila do Porto, addorsed to this, is the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Vitória.
 * Hermitage of Corpo Santo/São Pedro Gonçalves Telmo (Ermida do Corpo Santo/Ermida de São Pedro Gonçalves Telmo), located beside the Largo Sousa e Silva (Vila do Porto)
 * Hermitage of Jesus, Maria and Joseph (Ermida de Jesus, Maria, José) - located in São Lourenço (Santa Bárbara)
 * Hermitage of Mãe de Deus (Ermida da Mãe de Deus), located in Vila do Porto
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora dos Anjos (Ermida de Nossa Senhora dos Anjos/Ermida dos Anjos e Treatro) - located in Anjos (Vila do Porto); considered the oldest religious structure on the island, where Christopher Columbus celebrated a mass in honor of his discovery in the New World.
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte), located in Santo Espírito
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Boa Nova (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Boa Nova), located in Vila do Porto
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem/Ermida de Santa Ana), located near Santana (Vila do Porto)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Conceição/Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Rocha), located in Largo Sousa e Silva, attached to the Fort of São Brás (Vila do Porto)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora do Desterro (Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Desterro), located in Desterro, São Lourenço (Santa Bárbara)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora de Fátima (Ermida de Nossa Senhora de Fátima), located in Fátima (São Pedro); in 1925, the first chapel to be constructed following the visions at Cova de Iria (Fátima)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Glória (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Glória), located in Glória (Santo Espírito)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Graça (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Graça), located in Almagreira
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora do Livramento (Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Livramento), located along Rua do Livramento, Vila do Porto
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora de Lourdes (Ermida de Nossa Senhora de Lourdes), located in Norte (Santa Bárbara), the isolated single-nave hermitage in the region of Norte, is known for its main altar, constructed using volcanic stone, resembling the grotto where the Marian apparition occurred in Lourdes, France;
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora de Monserrate (Ermida de Nossa Senhora de Monserrate), located in Paul (São Pedro)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora do Monte (Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Monte), located in the (private) Quinta do Monte (Almagreira)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Piedade (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Piedade), located in Malbusca (Santo Espírito)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora do Pilar (Ermida de Nossa Senhora do Pilar), located in Pilar (São Pedro)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres (Ermida de Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres), located in Maia (Santo Espírito)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora dos Remédios (Ermida de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios/Ermida de Santo Amaro), located in Praia Formosa (Almagreira)
 * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Saúde (Ermida de Nossa Senhora da Saúde), located in São Pedro
 * Hermitage of Santo Amaro (Ermida de Nossa Senhora dos Remédios/Ermida de Santo Amaro), dedicated to Saint Maurus (but, later to Our Lady of Medicine), this simple, coastal chapel is located alongside Ribeira da Praia, of plastered masonry brickwork. The single-nave chapel includes well-preserved wood pulpit, designed in the Baroque-style and ancillary sacristy.
 * Hermitage of Santo António (Ermida de Santo António), located in Santo António (Santo Espírito)
 * Hermitage of São Lourenço (Ermida de São Lourenço), located in São Lourenço (Santa Bárbara)
 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Boa Viagem (Império do Espírito Santo da Boa Viagem/Treatro do Espírito Santo da Boa Viagem)
 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Milagres (Império do Espírito Santo dos Milagres/Treatro do Espírito Santo dos Milagres)
 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Nossa Senhora da Glória (Império do Espírito Santo de Nossa Senhora da Glória/Treatro do Espírito Santo de Nossa Senhora da Glória)* Império of the Holy Spirit of Piedade (Império do Espírito Santo da Piedade/Treatro do Espírito Santo da Piedade e Copeira)
 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Salvaterra (Império do Espírito Santo no Lugar de Salvaterra/Treatro do Espírito Santo no Lugar de Salvaterra)
 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Santa Bárbara (Império do Espírito Santo de Santa Bárbara/Treatro do Espírito Santo de Santa Bárbara), the small, unimposing treatro or chapel dedicated to the annual celebrations of the Cult of the Holy Spirit, was dedicated in 1900, to replace existent temporary structures. The simple one-room space includes altar and space for the artifacts of the religious and ceremonial processions held throughout the period following Pentecost Sunday;
 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Santo Antão (Império do Espírito Santo de Santo Antão/Treatro do Espírito Santo de Santo Antão)
 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Santo António (Império do Espírito Santo de Santo António/Treatro do Espírito Santo de Santo António e Copeira)
 * Recolhimento de Santa Maria Madalena, located in Vila do Porto; constructed in 1594 by Father Corvelo Resende who, along with his brothers decided to establish a monastery to the Order of Santa Clara. The first mass was celebrated in 1600.
 * Recolhimento de Santo António, located in Vila do Porto
 * Way of the Cross of Vila do Porto (Passos da Via Sacra de Vila do Porto)

title: Vila do Porto


text:
Glanfurt

Glanfurt is a river of Carinthia, Austria. Its drainage basin is 230 km2.

The Glanfurt is also called Sattnitz by the Carinthian people. It is the outflow of the Wörthersee. It starts at the lake's eastern bay, south of the peninsula Maria Loretto and runs more like a channel straight to the east. It passes Viktring Abbey, an old monastery which is now a suburb of Carinthia's capital Klagenfurt, and finally flows into the Glan near the market town of Ebenthal. In summer it is the southern recreation area of Klagenfurt with a number of opportunities for free bathing and a bicycle track along the river.

The river was to become a national borderline following the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, which then had not been established according to the results of the 1920 Carinthian Plebiscite.

title: Glanfurt


text:
Category:Collecting

Articles relating to collecting, a hobby which includes seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing, and maintaining items that are of interest to an individual collector.

title: Category:Collecting


text:
Katherine Tingley

Katherine Augusta Westcott Tingley (July 6, 1847 – July 11, 1929) was a social worker and prominent Theosophist. She led the American Section of the Theosophical Society after W. Q. Judge. She founded and led the Theosophical community Lomaland in Point Loma, California.

Early life
Tingley was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on July 6, 1847, the daughter of James P. and Susan Westcott, of early colonial ancestry.

Career
She was employed as a social worker in New York City when she met William Quan Judge. She joined the Theosophical Society on October 13, 1894.

In 1895, disputes between Judge and Annie Besant led to a split, with Judge taking most of the American section with him, and leading it for one year until his death in 1896. At that point Tingley became the new head of the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society, although her identity was concealed for one year. In 1898, a group of roughly 200 theosophists led by Ernest Temple Hargrove seceded from Tingley's organization, and formed a rival group based in New York City.

She conducted two theosophical crusades around the world. She was the founder of the International Brotherhood League, and also of the Summer Home for Children, Spring Valley, New Jersey, of a home for orphan children in Point Loma, California, and of several academies for boys and girls in Cuba. She did relief and emergency hospital work after the Spanish–American War and was instrumental in establishing hospitals in Manila and Cuba.

On February 13, 1900, she transferred the Society's international headquarters from New York City to a new colony she called Lomaland, located in the Point Loma community near San Diego, California. Her settlement included Raja-Yoga School and College, Theosophical University, and the School for the Revival of the Lost Mysteries of Antiquity.

In 1901, the Los Angeles Times printed a story entitled "Outrages at Point Loma; Exposed by an ‘Escape’ from Tingley. Startling Tales told in this City. Women and Children Starved and Treated Like Convicts. Thrilling Rescue." It made various claims against Tingley, and she immediately filed a lawsuit against the paper for libel and won the following year, resulting in other papers being much more reluctant to attack her publicly.

In 1913 she founded the Parliament of Peace and Universal Brotherhood and in 1919 the Theosophical University at Point Loma. She established several theosophical branch centers in America and in Europe, and also a summer school for children at Visingsoe, Sweden. She was the editor of the Theosophical Path. Many theosophical magazines were published under her direction in Germany, Holland and Sweden. She was the author of "Theosophy and Some of the Vital Problems of the Day," "Marriage and the Home," "Theosophy, the Path of the Mystic."

Personal life
In 1888 she married Philo B. Tingley, inventor, and lived at Point Loma, California.

Legacy
After her death, her successors transferred the society to Covina, California and then to Pasadena, where it currently exists.

Literature
Sievers, Martin: ''Purpurkvinnan. Historien om Katherine Tingley och teosoferna på Visingsö'', 2013. ISBN 978-91-637-2038-3 (in Swedish)

title: Katherine Tingley


text:
Yousra

Yousra (يسرا, ; born Sivin Nesim, ) is an Egyptian actress and singer. She is considered as a glamorous icon for the Middle East and is an influential voice in the region.

Career
Yousra participated as a main Role actress in almost 81 Cinema Movies, 20 Drama Serials and 3 Live Theater Performances. She first appeared in the 1980 film Athkiya' Laken Aghbiya (Smart yet Stupid). Then she played many roles with varying looks – the naughty, quiet, docile, or impish. Yousra participated in comedy, drama, and entertainment. Kasr Fi El Hawaa (Castle In the Air) by Abdel Halim Nasr in 1980.  Fatah Tabhath Ann Alhob (A Girl Looking for Love) by Nader Galal in 1977. Alf Bossa Wa Bossa (A Thousand and One Kisses) by Mohamed Abdel Aziz in 1977. Ebtessama Waheda Takfi (One Smile is Enough) by Mohamed Bassiyouni in 1978, to mention just a few.

These were followed by a number of successful films with Adel Emam such as: Shabab Yarkoss Fawk Alnar (Youth Dancing on Fire) by Yehiya Al Alamy in 1978 Al Ensan Yaeesh Mara Waheda (Man Only Lives Once) by Simone Saleh in 1981 Ala Bab Al Wazeer (At the Door of the Minister) by Mohamed Abdel Aziz in 1982 Al Avocato (The Lawyer) by Raafat Al Mihi in 1984 Al Ins Wa Algen by Mohamed Radi in 1985, and Karakoun Fi El Shareih. The duo of Adel Imam and Yousra, always made an interesting movie with a message and a lot of laughter. Then she had the chance to act alongside Salah Zulfikar in Imra’a Lil Asaf (Unfortunately Woman) in 1988.

Later, Adel Emam and Yousra worked together in three different movies: Al Mansi (The Forgotten), Al Irhab Wal Kabab (Terrorism and Kebab), and Toyour Al Zalam (Birds of Darkness). In all three movies, comedy was used to deliver an underlying political message to great critical and public acclaim. One of the most important milestones in Yousra's career was working with the famous Egyptian director Youssef Chahine. She acted in Chahine's Hadduta Masreya (Egyptian Story) in 1982, Iskanderiya Kaman we Kaman (Alexandria Again and Again) in 1990, and Al Mohager (The Emigrant) in 1994. Yousra was very impressed with Chahine's work, stating, "Youssef Chahine affected me on a personal and professional level. He is a school for anyone who works with him.”

Yousra made a number of the serial television dramas popular during Ramadan, including 2005's Ahlam 'Adiya (Ordinary Dreams). She portrayed an enterprising con woman in what the English version of Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram called “a major departure from the star's usual Ramadan screen persona, which has consistently verged on the romantic and the demure."

In 2006, she took a supporting role in The Yacoubian Building, a star-laden adaptation of the novel of the same name. The film is reported to have had the highest budget of any Egyptian production to date. Playing an entertainer working in a restaurant, Yousra, according to Variety, “effortlessly stirs old emotional waters when she sings 'La Vie en rose.'"

Yousra released her first vocal album in 2002. She featured in Abu's hit single 3 Daqat in 2017.

In 2018, she acted in Ladayna Akwalon Okhra (We Have Another Statement). In 2019, Yousra and Saba Mubarak starred in a photo session for Harper's Bazaar Arabia, and both Arab actresses wore elegant evening gowns. In 2020, she starred in Saheb Al Maqam, her first film in eight years.

Personal life
Yousra is the sister-in-law of actor Hesham Selim, son of famous Egyptian football player, actor and former president of Al Ahly, Saleh Selim, and the wife of Khaled Selim.

She has no children.

Political views
Despite all the troubles and the tension between Algeria and Egypt after 2009 Egypt–Algeria World Cup dispute, the Egyptian actress Yousra cheered for Algeria in the World Cup which was held in South Africa. She and Omar Sharif initially staged a protest against Algeria after Algeria accused Egypt of misconduct during the Algeria-Egypt football match.

Television
Hikayat aruus wa aruusah Story of bride and groom

title: Yousra


text:
1882 Canadian federal election

The 1882 Canadian federal election was held on June 20, 1882, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 5th Parliament of Canada.

Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservatives and Liberal-Conservatives retained power, defeating the Liberal Party of Edward Blake.

National results

Acclamations:

The following Members of Parliament were elected by acclamation;
 * British Columbia: 2 Liberal-Conservatives
 * Manitoba: 1 Conservative
 * Ontario: 2 Conservatives
 * Quebec: 11 Conservatives, 1 Independent Conservative, 4 Liberal-Conservatives, 3 Liberals
 * New Brunswick: 1 Liberal-Conservative, 1 Independent
 * Nova Scotia: 1 Conservative

title: 1882 Canadian federal election


text:
Category:Indo-Greek kings

This category lists the Hellenistic kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom in the northern and northwestern parts of Indian subcontinent. Their reign spans the period from 180 BCE to around 10 BCE.

title: Category:Indo-Greek kings


text:
Talk:DNA extraction

Untitled
Much as a troublehooting guide is useful I do wonder whether or not this is appropriate for an encyclopedia, perhaps it could be labelled as common problems / solutions?

195.195.125.1 16:53, 26 February 2007 (UTC) J

I know that wikipedia is not the place to do this, but I have to find why is used sodium acetate in DNA extraction from filamentous fungi and I can´t find it. someone can help me, thanks :)--ometzit<col> 15:26, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

complaint
it is almost impossible to overstate how bad the detection segment is NO ONE does diphenylamine any more; that was obsolete years ago

Wiki-Assignment
Greetings fro all wikipedians ,

First of all, I would like to thank the author of this article for his/her work. I am a first year molecular biology master's student intending to edit this article as it was assigned to me as a coursework. I will participate as a student editor. Course name and code: (MLC501) Recent Developments in Biotechnology at Üsküdar University . Houda Abdelkader (talk) 14:42, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:DNA extraction


text:
Tetovo

Tetovo (Тетово, ; Tetovë, Tetova) is a city in the northwestern part of North Macedonia, built on the foothills of Šar Mountain and divided by the Pena River. The municipality of Tetovo covers an area of 1080 km2 at 468 m above sea level, with a population of 63,176. The city of Tetovo is the seat of Tetovo Municipality.

Tetovo was founded in the 14th century on the place of the ancient town of Oaeneon.

In the 15th c. AD, Tetovo came under Ottoman rule for about five centuries. After its conquest by the Ottomans, most of city's population converted to Islam and many Ottoman-style structures were built, such as the Šarena Džamija and the Arabati Baba Teḱe, which still stand as two of North Macedonia's most significant landmarks of its Ottoman period. During this period, the town belonged to the Vilayet of Kosovo, became a firearm and cannon foundry, and was renamed Kalkandelen (meaning Shield Penetrator); as a result, the town attracted many workers and grew to a city. Following the World Wars, Tetovo became a part of Yugoslavia and, later, the Republic of Macedonia.

South East European University, North Macedonia's third largest university after Skopje and Bitola, is located in Tetovo. Tetovo is also home to the State University of Tetovo.

Name
The region was referred to as Htetovo in a Serbian Charter. During the Ottoman rule the name of the town was Kalkandelen.

Roman period
Christianity spread to Oaeneum during the later period of Roman invasion and reached the region relatively early. St Paul preached the Gospel in the region. In the 2nd to the 4th centuries, the main language to spread the Christian religion was Latin.

Middle Ages
In the 13th and 14th centuries, Byzantine control was punctuated by periods of Bulgarian and Serbian rule. Konstantin Asen ruled as Tsar of the Bulgarian Empire from 1257 to 1277. Later the region was overrun and taken by Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan. In a document dated between 1348 and 1353, Dušan restored the Lešok Monastery and gifted the monastery entire Albanian-populated villages, as well as the Nanov Dol highlands. Stefan Dušan also forbade agricultural and livestock activity in the Nanov Dol highlands for state pasture tax collectors, Albanians and Vlachs.

The initial Ottoman occupation did not last as Skanderbeg and his Albanian force with aid from Tetovo, took on the Ottoman forces led by Ibrahim Pasha in the Battle of Polog. Skanderbeg slayed Ibrahim Pasha, who was an old friend of his during his time with the Ottomans. Tetovo came under Albanian control. In August 1462, After Skanderbeg defeated Ottoman forces under Hasan bey in Mokra, Isuf bey went to move against Skanderbeg. Isuf bey marched out with 18,000 troops to Skopje. From there, he marched onto Polog near Tetovo. Skanderbeg attacked and annihilated Isuf's force and the Pasha fled, leaving his army behind to be reduced.

Ottoman Period
During the early 19th century, Abdurrahman Pasha, a prominent Albanian landowner, beautified the city of Tetovo, refurbishing many estates including the notable landmarks such as the Colored Mosque, the Teke and the Baltepe fortress. In the 19th century, the Russian diplomat Ivan Jastrebov spoke highly of Tetovo's climate, liking the mild snowy winters, sunny and comfortably warm summers. The traveler Ami Bue described Tetovo as a very clean city.

Albanian diplomat Mid'hat Frashëri, in his work "Pjesa kombiare" writes that due to the pressure of Turkey, Greece and Serbia, a part of the Albanian population lost their mother tongue. "The people of Gjinokastra speak Greek and in Tetovo and Prizren [they speak] Turkish and Slavic".

During the World Wars
During the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, Tetovo came under Albanian control by forces led by Hasan Prishtina. From a period between 1913 and 1915, during the Balkan war, the Serbian Army captured Tetovo and the entire region of what is today North Macedonia became known as "South Serbia" as part of the Kingdom of Serbia.

During World War I, a rift occurred between Bulgaria and Serbia. The Bulgarian army started making way through the area and annexed Tetovo and the rest of the Macedonia region. At the end of the war Serbia regained control of the region. Within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Tetovo was part of the Vardar Banovina from 1929 to 1941.

In 1941, the Vardar Banovina ceased to exist as a result of the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia. Tetovo once again came under Albanian rule. The Balli Kombëtar ruled Tetovo with military and financial aid from the Axis powers. The Albanian national flag was raised in Tetovo, the Albanian Franc was introduced as the official currency as well as the official language and education facilities in Albanian.

Against the background of a large-scale offensive operations of the Bulgarian army aimed at Nis, Skopje and Pristina, the city was the last to be seized by the Macedonian partisans on November 19, 1944. Several Macedonian partisan shock brigades fought for control of the city with German forces and the Balli Kombëtar. Part of the fighters were ethnic Macedonians that split from ELAS to form the First Macedonian Shock Brigade. According to Macedonian veterans from the 8th Veles Shock Brigade who participated in the fighting, the operation in Tetovo was well-planned and the enemy resistance was weakened due to the inevitability of the German defeat and the good organization and equipment of the partisans.

After the Germans had been driven out, the communist authorities ordered the collection of weapons but this order was not well received. In Tetovo, the remaining Ballists tried to retain their control after the Yugoslav Partisans announced victory. As result an armed uprising of massive proportions broke in the area led by the Balli Kombëtar, which aimed to resist the incorporation of the region into communist Yugoslavia. It was only in July 1945 that the Yugoslav Partisans were able to push down the uprising and re-establish their control.

SFR Yugoslavia
The town became part of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The early years of Socialist Yugoslavia were turbulent for Tetovo's Albanian population. Many were subjected to repression, causing many to emigrate. Those who remained demonstrated periodically but violently against the socialist Yugoslav regime, notably in the Yucel Incident of 1957 and the Tetovo Incident of 1968. Many of these protest were led by Mehmet Gega, a notable Albanian rights activist who was sentenced to ten years in prison.

Tetovo under Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia went through major changes. Many Yugoslav Brutalist styled apartments were built around the city centre of Tetovo as well as concrete roads. New suburbs such as the Hajdućka suburb were formed to help accommodate the rising number of Macedonians moving to the city. Some of the city's historic buildings, such as the Old Mosque, were demolished by the authorities.

Break up of Yugoslavia
Tetovo, along with the city of Gostivar, took in

In 1997, Alajdin Demiri, the mayor of Tetovo, was jailed for raising the double headed eagle flag of Albania from Tetovo town hall, and by 2000 the outbreak of hostilities in Tanusevci had spilled into the towns of Tetovo and Gostivar. In 2001, ethnic Albanians launched an insurgency, with Tetovo being the main backdrop of the war. Fortunately, the Ohrid Agreement was established, allowing peace to return to the city again.

Present day
In economic terms Tetovo is one of the most developing cities in North Macedonia with some multinational companies (Ecolog International, Mercure Tetovo, Renova, Kipper) being located in this town. Despite the interest of private companies in Tetovo, the city is neglected by the government. Tetovo suffers from urban sprawl. Due to the lack of government regulations, the city has no system for building permits, and many houses and buildings have been built unsafely and randomly along footpaths, roads and in parks. Air pollution levels are among the highest in Europe.

The tallest building in the city is Mercure Tetovo measuring about 80 meters in height.

Tetovo is one of the educational centres in North Macedonia hosting two universities South East European University (Public Private Non-profitable) and State University of Tetovo (Public University). The prior one has educational leadership in the region, whereat the Bologna Process is applicable since its establishment, has the best campus in the region of South East Europe and is trend with international developments in education. More than 20,000 students get their education and degrees in Tetovo.

In addition, Tetovo is a centre of ethnic Albanian politics. Most Albanian political parties on North Macedonia (Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA), Democratic Union for Integration (DUI) and the Party for Democratic Prosperity (PDP)) have their main seats there.

Tetovo has one of the highest crime rates in North Macedonia, second only to the much larger capital Skopje. The city was home to 1,229 criminal acts in the first half of 2009.

On September 8, 2021, at least fourteen people were killed in an explosion at a COVID-19 center.

Culture
Tetovo has been under many different empires; from the Mycenae and Illyrians, to the Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans, giving the city a vast range of diverse cultures. The museum of Tetovo, established in 1950, contains history of Tetovo and is situated in the Memorial House of Central Committee of the Communist Party of Macedonia.

Landmarks
Tetovo Municipality is home to 15 sites designated as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which 14 are within the city limits of Tetovo. Nine of these are historic homes.

The main attractions of Tetovo are its historic areas and structures. The Šarena Mosque ("The Painted Mosque") is located near the Pena River in the old part of town. The mosque was built in 1438 and rebuilt in 1833 by Abdurrahman Pasha, the son of Rexhep Pasha. It is one of the most important cultural and historical structures of Tetovo and represents the style of early Ottoman architecture. The painted mosque continues to be an important monument to the residents of Tetovo, and is the main tourist attraction for many foreign visitors.

Sitting directly across the Pena River from the Šarena Mosque is Tetovo's Ottoman-era hamam, known as the Čifte Hamam or Bey's Hamam. It was built in the late 15th/early 16th century. Declared a monument of cultural heritage, it houses the Tetovo Art Gallery. The building was renovated between 2012 and 2015.

The Tetovo Fortress, located on the top of the Baltepe Hill, above Tetovo was built in 1820 from Abdurrahman Pasha.

The Arabati Baba Teḱe originally built in 1538 around the türbe of Sersem Ali Baba, an Ottoman dervish. In 1799, a waqf provided by Rexhep Pasha established the current grounds of the tekke. The finest surviving Bektashi monastery in Europe, the sprawling complex features flowered lawns, prayer rooms, dining halls, lodgings and a great marble fountain inside a wooden pavilion.

The Alim Bey House is an historic estate in Tetovo. Along with the Saraj in Resen, it is among the more prominent examples of lodgings built by wealthy Ottoman pashas and beys in North Macedonia that were constructed in Western-inspired architecture. The Alim Bey House is an asymmetrical estate built in the neo-Baroque style with decorated façades, ornate friezes, and the use of various geometric shapes including a hexagonal tower. The three-story home is a protected monument of cultural heritage. The building functioned as a hospital until 1993. Renovation works funded by Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Macedonia occurred in 2016.

The Museum of the Tetovo Region is housed within the historic Goce Stojčevski house. The museum was established in 1950, originally situated in the Arabati Baba Tekke complex. It contains archaeological, ethnological, historical, and art exhibits. The house is where Macedonian partisan Goce Stojčevski - Ambarče was born in 1919.

An example of Byzantine culture outside of Tetovo Municipality is the Monastery of Lešok. The monastery is 8 km northeast of Tetovo. In its complex are the churches of St. Athanasius of Alexandria and the Holy Mother of God Church. The Church of the Holy Virgin, built in 1326, is an excellent example of Byzantine style and architectural tradition.

Popova Šapka is a ski resort located in the Šar Mountains. Despite being around 7 km from the city, it is generally associated with Tetovo. Popova Šapka attracts many tourists in winter due it being one of the popular ski resorts in the former Yugoslavia. Aside from hosting recreational and competitive skiing competitions, Popova Šapka has many villas and restaurants to accommodate visitors. The rise in hotels was because the cable car that took people from Tetovo to Popova Šapka was destroyed during the 2001 Macedonia conflict. Therefore, people stay at Popova Šapka overnight before returning to Tetovo.

There are three stone bridges in Tetovo and each cross the Pena river; one of these, which connects Goce Stojčeski Street one block downstream of the Šarena Mosque, is listed as an Object of Cultural Heritage. The bridges are some of the oldest structures in Tetovo. Most of the old heritage buildings are situated in the old town, near the centre of Tetovo. Tetovo has many old buildings and monuments however, they are endangered of being demolished by people building unpermitted buildings

Cuisine
Tetovo is home of the dish Tavče Gravče, known locally in Tetovo as Tavë me Groshë. During Socialist Yugoslavia, the dish was known around the country as Tetovski Gravče, in reference to the city of Tetovo, where the dish originates. Although different varieties of the meal are made around Balkans, the traditional Tetovo tavče gravče is cooked and served in a terracotta pot.

Most cuisines in Tetovo have a strong Ottoman influence or foundation such as Ajvar, Sujuk and Gevrek. Tetovo is known for its barbecue restaurants, Qebaptorë, where Ćevapi and Pljeskavica (including Shar Pljeskavica" (Šarska pljeskavica), stuffed with kashkaval cheese). Byrektorës, pastry restaurants, are also common in Tetovo and produce Burek. Ëmbëltore, sweet shops, produce locally made traditional sweets such as Lukum, Tulumba, Kataif and Baklava. Boza is also fermented in Tetovo and is a common beverage consumed.

The cuisines in Tetovo have a unique taste and flavour due to the local agricultural products used to make the cuisines. In North Macedonia, Tetovo Kashkaval cheese is the most popular as it is made naturally from sheep's milk from the Šar Mountains. During the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, apples from Tetovo were popular in Belgrade and were known as Tetovo Jabuka.

Albanians from the Macedonian region of Polog, a conurbation of villages between Tetovo and Gostivar, specialised in confectionary, ice-cream and general hospitality businesses like cafes and grills around Yugoslavia. It was even stereotyped in Yugoslavia.

Sports
The most popular sport in Tetovo is football. Tetovo is represented by four clubs of which three play in the Macedonian First League. KF Shkëndija, supported by the majority of the Albanians living in Tetovo. FK Renova, mainly supported by Albanians but has significant Macedonian support, and are based in Džepčište. FK Teteks is the team supported by the Macedonians living in Tetovo.

FK Drita currently play in the Treta Liga, however, they are in located in the outskirts of Tetovo in a village named Bogovinje. FK Vrapčište currently plays in the Treta Liga, however, they are in located in the outskirts of Tetovo in the village named Vrapčište.

Wrestling, karate and volleyball are also fairly popular sports in Tetovo. Few volleyball teams are active in the volleyball league of North Macedonia: Škendija, Bami Kor Medika, etc.

Demographics
Between the years 1348-1353, Albanians are mentioned by Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan as farmers and soldiers in the district of Tetovo.

Ottoman statistics from 1452 for the nahiya of Tetovo recorded 146 Christian and 60 Muslim households. In 1453, the population consisted of 153 Christian and 56 Muslim families. The 1455 defter recorded Albanian presence. The 1467 Ottoman defter records of Tetovo attests that the Muslim neighborhood of Tetovo was inhabited by 6 heads of families with mixed anthroponyms of Islamic Albanian character, while the Christian quarter of Tetovo was characterized with Slavic-Christian and Albanian-Christian names, with some cases of Slavicisation.

In 1468, Tetovo had 180 Christian and 41 Muslim families. In 1545 there were 99 Christian and 101 Muslim families (38 were islamicised) in Tetovo, and in 1568 there were 108 Christian and 329 Muslim (184 islamicised).

By the 19th century, when the population of Tetovo began to increase with settlement from the surrounding villages, the French traveler Ami Boue noted that the population had reached about 4,500 people, which are Bulgarians and Albanians. The total population of the Pashalik of Tetovo is 30,000–40,000 and consists of Bulgarians who are Eastern Orthodox and of Albanian who are Muslims.

According to the statistics of the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kanchov in 1900 the population of Tetovo was 19,200 consisting of 8,500 Bulgarians, 9,000 Turks, 500 Arnauts and 1,200 Romani. Kanchov wrote that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. In Tetovo the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization.

In 1916, under the Kingdom of Bulgaria, the Bulgarian registries had recorded that Tetovo had a population of 22,000. Two-thirds of this population was listed as Albanian and one-third consisted of Bulgarian and Serbian.

According to the 1942 Albanian census, Tetovo was inhabited by 10,252 Muslim Albanians, 3,496 Bulgarians and 2,136 Serbs.

As of 2021, the city of Tetovo has 63,176 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:

 * Albanians – 41,356 (65.5%)
 * Macedonians – 14,116 (22.3%)
 * Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources - 3,326 (5.3%)
 * Roma – 1,877 (3.0%)
 * Turks – 1,745 (2.8%)
 * Serbs – 248 (0.4%)
 * Bosniaks – 188 (0.3%)
 * others – 290 (0.5%)

 * PWDTFAS-Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources

Honorary citizens

 * Ramush Haradinaj
 * Tanja Fajon
 * Stjepan Mesić
 * Ferid Murad
 * Blerim Dzemaili

Twin towns – Sister cities
Tetovo is twinned with:
 * Prizren, Kosovo
 * 🇦🇱 Kukës, Albania
 * 🇺🇸 Sterling Heights, Michigan, United States
 * 🇹🇷 Konya, Turkey
 * 🇭🇺 Dorog, Hungary

title: Tetovo


text:
List of Highway to Heaven episodes

Highway to Heaven is an American television drama series which ran on NBC from 1984 to 1989.

Season 1 (1984–85)
The Pilot was filmed from March to April 1984; Season 1 was filmed from August 1984 to March 1985.

Season 2 (1985–86)
Season 2 was filmed from July 1985 to March 1986.

Season 3 (1986–87)
It's presently unclear when Season 3 began filming, but it can be confirmed that filming wrapped in March 1987.

Season 4 (1987–88)
Season 4 was filmed from May 1987 to March 1988. The show managed to finish filming this Season just as the 1988 WGA Strike was about to begin.

Season 5 (1988–89)
Season 5 was filmed from August to December 1988. Only the first three episodes aired that year, with episode 4 airing in March 1989, and the last nine episodes airing later that summer. Many of the episodes this season were released posthumously after the death of Victor French on June 15, 1989, with the last episode airing on August 4 of that year.

title: List of Highway to Heaven episodes


text:
Michael Klim

Michael George Klim, OAM (born 13 August 1977) is a Polish-born Australian swimmer, Olympic gold medallist, world champion, and former world record-holder of the 1990s and 2000s. He is known as the creator of straight arm freestyle.

Early years
Klim was born in Gdynia, Poland. He was educated at the University High School, Melbourne and Wesley College, Melbourne where he was later employed as the college's elite head coach of swimming. Klim began swimming after falling out of a window, when it was suggested to him that a low impact exercise would aid his recovery.

Career
Klim was first selected to represent Australia in the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, while still a student at Wesley College, Melbourne. For his achievements he was named the Male Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine in 1997.

In 1999, he set a world record in the 100 m butterfly twice, in a FINA-sanctioned time trial (51.81 s). It was broken at the 2003 World Championships in Barcelona by the Ukrainian Andriy Serdinov in the first semifinal of the 100 m butterfly, and then broken another time in the next semifinal by Michael Phelps. Phelps's record was bested by Ian Crocker in the final the following day.

Klim was Australian Institute of Sport Athlete of the Year in 1998 and 1999 and was inducted into the AIS ' Best of the Best' in 2001. Klim was the only Australian to win a gold medal at both the Sydney 2000 Olympics and the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games.

On 26 June 2007 Klim retired from competitive swimming; he finished the year ranked 94 in the 100 freestyle with the Olympics 14 months away. However on 14 February 2011 Klim announced his return to competitive swimming, hoping to compete in the London 2012 Olympics. Ultimately Klim failed to qualify for the team and he retired from competitive swimming for a second time.

Medal achievements
In 1996, he arrived at the Atlanta Olympics ranked first in the world for the 200 m freestyle, but was surprisingly eliminated in the heats. He rebounded to qualify for a finals in the 100m butterfly, and swam the freestyle leg in the 4×100 m medley relay, in which Australia claimed a bronze medal.
 * Atlanta Olympics (USA) :
 * [[Image:Med 3.png|Med 3.png]] Men's 4×100m Medley Relay.

1998 was Michael Klim's year in the sun. In January, the World Aquatics Championships were held in Perth, Western Australia, and in front of a boisterous home crowd, he was the leading swimmer of the meet. He triumphed in the 200 m freestyle and the 100 m butterfly, and added silver in the 100 m freestyle, and bronze in the 50 m freestyle. He was a member of each of Australia's three relay teams, winning gold in the 4×200 m freestyle relay and 4×100 m medley relay, and a silver in the 4×100 m freestyle relay.
 * FINA World Championships 1998 in Perth, Australia:
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 200m Freestyle.
 * [[Image:Med 2.png|Med 2.png]] 100m Freestyle.
 * [[Image:Med 3.png|Med 3.png]] 50m Freestyle.
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 100m Butterfly.
 * [[Image:Med 2.png|Med 2.png]] 4×100m Freestyle Relay.
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 4×200m Freestyle Relay.
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 4×100m Medley Relay.

At the 2000 Summer Olympics, Klim set a world record (48.18) leading off the 4×100 m freestyle relay, which paved the way for a world record (3:13.67). Three days later, he was part of the 4×200 m freestyle relay, which set another world record (7:07.05), which left the opposition over 5 seconds in arrears on its way to victory. His 100m freestyle world record bested by Pieter van den Hoogenband in the semi's, in the final he finished with a bitter 4th place, he turned first at the wall but he claimed his legs gave away in the second half. In the 100 m butterfly, he was the world record holder, again turning first at the wall heavily under world record pace, but was cut down in the closing stages by Sweden's Lars Frölander, finishing second. On the final night he claimed silver as part of the 4×100 m medley relay team.
 * 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia:
 * [[Image:Med 2.png|Med 2.png]] 100m Butterfly.
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 4×100m Freestyle Relay.
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 4×200m Freestyle Relay.
 * [[Image:Med 2.png|Med 2.png]] 4×100m Medley Relay.

In 2001, hampered by an ankle injury Klim was restricted to relay duties, and contributed to another world record, winning gold in the 4×200 m relay (7:04.66). He also collected a gold medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay.
 * FINA World Championships 2001 in Fukuoka, Japan:
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 4×100m Freestyle Relay.
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 4×200m Freestyle Relay.

In 2002 and 2003, due to chronic back and shoulder problems, Michael Klim was inactive throughout these years.

Klim failed to qualify for the 2004 Athens Olympics, but was later selected as part of the relay team, which came second behind USA in the 4×200m, race. The relay team did not win a medal in the 4x100m and failed to qualify for the medley relay final.
 * 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece:
 * [[Image:Med 2.png|Med 2.png]] 4×200m Freestyle Relay.

In 2005, Klim swam at the World Aquatics in Montreal, returning to individual action, but failed to progress to the finals in the 50m & 100m Freestyle. He won bronze as part of the 4×100 m freestyle relay.
 * FINA World Championships 2005 in Montreal, Canada:
 * [[Image:Med 3.png|Med 3.png]] 4×100m Freestyle Relay.

In 2007, he swam as part of the B team in the Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay, in the final the Australian team won the gold medal.
 * 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Australia:
 * [[Image:Med 1.png|Med 1.png]] 4×100m Medley Relay.

Personal life
Klim married Lindy Rama, a former model and fashion entrepreneur, in April 2006. The couple have two daughters, and a son. Klim and Rama announced their separation in February 2016. Michael Klim shares custody of his children with his ex-wife and continues to live in Bali with his current partner Michelle Owen.

After his second retirement from swimming Klim became founder and CEO of a skin care company named "Milk and Co". He has since stepped away from that business to establish his swim school in Bali, Klim Swim. Klim supports the St Kilda Saints in the Australian Football League.

In July 2022, Klim revealed that he had been diagnosed with the auto-immune disorder chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in 2020, which has affected his legs and feet and left him struggling to walk unassisted.

title: Michael Klim


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crap commercialism

Crap commercialism was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Neologism - SimonP 00:36, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: You'd never figure out what it meant without this article, I'm sure.  Sheesh.  "Doo-doo head imperialism is an even worse insult to imperialism."  Gorsh.  Geogre 04:09, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If this gets deleted, Crass commercialism must go as well. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 17:13, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Why? Crass commercialism gets a hundred times the hits of crap commercialism. - SimonP 20:45, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Guess it was just a parody then. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 15:10, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree that crass commercialism should go too. Andrewa 18:36, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless. Gamaliel 18:23, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV, even though it agrees with my POV :) --Improv 01:13, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV neologism. jni 05:12, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Someone's merged it into Crass commercialism anyway. Maycontainpeanuts 14:15, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's been in both places for more than a year. Better late than never. No change of vote. Andrewa 18:36, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * D Especially since nothing links to it apart from these votes. *whistles innocently* Chris 02:46, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
False dawn

False Dawn may refer to:

 * "False Dawn" (short story), by Rudyard Kipling
 * False Dawn (Parts One and Two) (The Forties), a 1924 novella by Edith Wharton about New York City in the 1840s
 * False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism, a 1998 book by John N. Gray
 * False Dawn, 1978 novel by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro
 * Zodiacal light, a faint, roughly triangular glow seen in the night sky

title: False dawn


text:
1887 Canadian federal election

The 1887 Canadian federal election was held on February 22, 1887, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 6th Parliament of Canada.

The Conservative Party of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald retained power, defeating the Liberal Party of Edward Blake.

National results

Note:

* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

Acclamations:

The following Members of Parliament were elected by acclamation:
 * British Columbia: 1 Conservative
 * Manitoba: 1 Liberal-Conservative
 * Quebec: 1 Conservative, 3 Liberals

title: 1887 Canadian federal election


text:
Erlach

Erlach may refer to:

Austria

 * Erlach (Kallham), a locality of Kallham
 * Erlach (Pischelsdorf), a locality of Pischelsdorf am Engelbach
 * Bad Erlach, also known as Erlach an der Pitten in Wiener Neustadt-Land, Lower Austria

Germany

 * Erlach, a borough of Renchen, Baden-Württemberg
 * Erlach am Inn, a borough of Simbach am Inn, Bavaria
 * Erlach am Main, a borough of Neustadt am Main, Bavaria
 * Erlach (Hirschaid), a small village in Bavaria

Switzerland

 * Erlach, Switzerland, in the canton of Bern
 * Erlach Castle, a castle in the municipality of Erlach
 * Erlach (district), a district in the canton of Bern
 * Erlach Abbey, a Benedictine monastery in Gals, Canton of Bern

People with the surname

 * von Erlach family, a noble Bernese patrician family
 * Burkhard von Erlach (1566–1640), German lawyer and Hofmarschall of Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
 * Franz Ludwig von Erlach (1575–1651), of the von Erlach family
 * Hieronymus von Erlach (1667-1748), of the von Erlach family
 * Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656–1723), Austrian architect, sculptor, and architectural historian
 * Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach (1693–1742), Austrian architect of the Baroque, Rococo and Baroque classicism
 * Monika Erlach, Austrian pole vault champion
 * Romi Erlach, Estonian host of the 1999 and 2003 Eurovision Song Contest pre-selections
 * Rudolf von Erlach (1299–1360), Swiss knight and military commander
 * Rudolf von Erlach (1448-1507), built a castle in Bümpliz-Oberbottigen, Bern, Switzerland
 * Sigmund von Erlach (1614–1699), Swiss military commander and politician of Bern

title: Erlach


text:
Angiosarcoma

Angiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that starts in the endothelial cells that line the walls of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. Since they are made from vascular lining, they can appear anywhere and at any age, but older people are more commonly affected, and the skin is the most affected area, with approximately 60% of cases being cutaneous (skin). Specifically, the scalp makes up ~50% of angiosarcoma cases, but this is still <0.1% of all head and neck tumors. Since angiosarcoma is an umbrella term for many types of tumor that vary greatly in origin and location, many symptoms may occur, from completely asymptomatic to non-specific symptoms like skin lesions, ulceration, shortness of breath and abdominal pain. Multiple-organ involvement at time of diagnosis is common and makes it difficult to ascertain origin and how to treat it.

The cause of angiosarcoma is not known, though several risk factors are known, such as chronic lymphedema, radiation therapy and various chemicals such as arsenic and vinyl chloride. Angiosarcomas have been reported in association with long standing foreign bodies. Infrequently they have occurred in association with breast implants. Ultraviolet radiation and localized immunodeficiency may play a role in pathogenesis of angiosarcoma. Angiosarcoma can be seen on MRI, CT and ultrasound scans, but it is usually difficult to discern it from other cancers, requiring confirmation of diagnosis by biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis.

Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, usually all three combined. Because these cancers arise from the cells lining the blood or lymphatic vessels, they can easily metastasize to distant sites, particularly the liver and lungs. This makes them especially lethal, and an early diagnosis is usually necessary for survival. Even with treatment, prognosis is poor, with a five-year survival rate of 30–38%. This is even worse in cardiac angiosarcoma and angiosarcoma of the liver, where prognosis may be as low as three months.

Angiosarcomas make up 1–2% of soft tissue sarcomas, which in turn make up less than 1% of adult cancer. Due to this, no large studies have ever been published on the disease, with few exceeding even 100 patients; however, many case reports and small cohort studies have been published, and they cumulatively provide enough information to get a useful understanding of the disease. The rate of angiosarcoma is increasing in the US.

Classification
The classification of angiosarcoma is based on both its origin and the underlying risk factors that may have contributed. This is not a comprehensive list and case reports often go into further depth.

Primary cutaneous angiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma in the skin (usually the head or neck and specifically the scalp) with no underlying risk factors such as lymphedema or radiation therapy.

Lymphedema associated angiosarcoma
Also called Stewart-Treves syndrome, it is a lymphangiosarcoma resulting from chronic lymphedema, swelling due to the build up of lymphatic fluid. It typically happens in the breast following a mastectomy that removes the lymph nodes of the breast. However it can happen anywhere.

Parenchymal angiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma in parenchymal organs such as the liver, breast or heart. These makes up about 40% of angiosarcoma.

Primary breast angiosarcoma
This refers to angiosarcoma of the breast without underlying causes such as radiation therapy or lymphedema. It is rare and makes up only 0.04% of breast tumors and 8% of breast sarcomas. It is very aggressive, usually presents in younger females and is often noticeable by a palpable mass. Prognosis is poor with a five-year survival between 8 and 50%.

Secondary breast angiosarcoma
These are angiosarcoma that arise in the breast from underlying causes such as lymphedema or radiation, usually from radiation therapy for breast cancer. The link between radiation therapy and angiosarcoma has been disputed by some who profess the angiosarcoma is caused by concurrent lymphedema. Secondary breast angiosarcoma tends to have a bad prognosis. Radiation-associated angiosarcoma has a five-year survival of 10 to 54%. Distant metastases are present in 27–42% of individuals and is associated with a far worse prognosis. Other prognostic factors include size of tumor, age and how much can be removed by surgery.

Primary brain angiosarcoma
Primary brain angiosarcoma are angiosarcoma that arise in the brain (i.e. not metastasised from elsewhere). They are exceedingly rare with only a few cases reported. Imaging is non specific and differential diagnosis includes most other brain tumors such as gliomas or cavernomas, requiring biopsy to confirm diagnosis, usually after surgery. Prognosis is generally poor with a median survival rate of eight months. However it varies greatly depending on whether or not the tumor has metastasised, some individuals may be rid of the disease following surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Primary cardiac angiosarcoma
Primary cardiac angiosarcoma is an angiosarcoma that arises in the heart. Despite being very rare they are the most common malignant primary heart tumor with 10–25% of cases being angiosarcomas. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, chest pain (46% ), hypotension and syncope. Superior vena cava syndrome is reportedly a complication of cardiac angiosarcoma. Due to the non-specificity of symptoms and rarity of the disease it is often missed by doctors and initial diagnosis may be delayed. A 2012 study reported that 56% of patients presented with pericardial effusion with or without cardiac tamponade. The most common finding on imaging is cardiomegaly. Prognosis is generally very poor with a mean survival rate of three months to four years following diagnosis. Metastasis at time of diagnosis is common.

Primary liver angiosarcoma
Primary angiosarcoma of the liver is the third most common type of liver cancer however it only makes up 0.1–2.0% of all liver cancers. It is rapidly fatal with most individuals dying within six months or a year even with surgical resection. Despite being associated with arsenic, vinyl chloride, thorotrast and other chemicals, 75% of liver angiosarcomas have no known cause. Men are more commonly affected in a ratio of 3–4:1 however in children girls are more often affected. If symptomatic it often presents with non-specific liver related symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fatigue, unintended weight loss and distension.

Deep soft tissue angiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma in the deep soft tissue such as adipose tissue, ligaments or muscles. These make up about 10% of angiosarcoma.

Signs and symptoms
Cutaneous angiosarcoma may initially look like a bruise or a purplish-red papule. It may look like a benign tumor which can delay correct diagnosis and treatment. Fungation, ulceration and bleeding may develop.

Cardiac angiosarcoma may present with shortness of breath, chest pain (46%), weight loss, anemia-like symptoms, low blood pressure and syncope.

Angiosarcomas principally metastasises through the blood with the most common site for metastasis being the lungs, this may present as pleural effusion, pneumothorax or other pleural disease. Other common sites of metastasis include the liver, bone and lymph nodes.

Causes
Angiosarcoma develops when damage to the DNA of endothelial cells causes them to divide uncontrollably and prevents programmed death. This allows them to grow into a mass invading other parts of the body and consuming its resources. If part of the mass breaks off and enters the circulatory or lymphatic system (which is very common due to angiosarcomas arising from the lining of said systems) it allows them to lodge elsewhere in the body. This process is called metastasis and is a negative prognostic factor. The underlying causes of DNA damage is not understood but several risk factors are widely accepted.

Accepted risk factors include lymphedema, radiation therapy, neurofibromatosis, Maffucci syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and chemicals such as arsenic, thorotrast and vinyl chloride.

A 2020 study analyzing the genome of cutaneous angiosarcomas suggests that ultraviolet radiation may be a causative agent of angiosarcomas.

Immunosuppression may play a role in the pathogenesis of angiosarcoma. There have been reports of angiosarcoma in immunosuppressed individuals following kidney transplantation. The association between lymphedema and angiosarcoma may be due to localized immunodeficiency, however this hypothesis has not been confirmed. Some studies suggest a link between AIDS and angiosarcoma though this may be due to misdiagnosed Kaposi's sarcoma.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of angiosarcoma can be difficult due to its asymptomatic nature or non-specific symptoms. Initial diagnosis is typically done by MRI, CT or ultrasound scan, however it is typically difficult to discern if a mass is an angiosarcoma or other type of tumor such as a melanoma or carcinoma. This means that while the initial diagnosis is typically done via imaging, conclusive diagnosis has to be performed via biopsy and subsequent histological and immunohistochemical analysis.

The marker CD31 is often considered the gold standard for angiosarcoma diagnosis due to its high sensitivity and specificity. Other markers typically used include von Willebrand factor, CD34, and vascular endothelial growth factor. The absence of markers present in melanomas such as S100 and HMB-45 can help in differentiating angiosarcomas from melanomas.

Epidemiology
Angiosarcomas are rare with one in a million people being diagnosed with it each year in the US. Older adults are more commonly affected and there is no gender bias, except in angiosarcoma of the liver where males are affected in a ratio of 3-4:1 and cutaneous angiosarcoma where males are again affected more commonly, particularly elderly white men.

Other animals
In dogs, hemangiosarcoma is relatively common with the golden retriever, boxer and labrador retriever at higher risk of the disease than other breeds. It occurs primarily in the spleen, liver, heart, skin and subcutaneous layer of the skin. It is rapidly fatal and metastatic and can present with anything from nonspecific signs to imminent death from tumor rupture.

title: Angiosarcoma