text:
Brooks Locomotive Works

The Brooks Locomotive Works manufactured railroad steam locomotives and freight cars from 1869 through its merger into the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) in 1901.

History
When the New York and Erie Railroad (NY&E) relocated its shops facilities from Dunkirk, New York, to Buffalo in 1869, Dunkirk lost its largest employer. Coming to the city's rescue was Horatio G. Brooks (1828–1887), the former chief engineer of the NY&E who was at the controls of the first train into Dunkirk in 1851. In 1869, Brooks leased the Dunkirk shops facility from the NY&E and formed the Brooks Locomotive Works. The new company officially opened on November 13, 1869. The company's first steam locomotive was completed the following month as part of an order for the NY&E, the company's first customer.

Within a couple of years of its opening, Brooks was producing as many as seven new locomotives per month, compared to one per month while the facility was controlled by the NY&E. Brooks built locomotives for nearly all of the major railroads of the time, producing 37 new locomotives in its first year and 43 new locomotives in its second year of operations.

After the financial crisis of 1873, orders for new equipment dropped off, but Brooks was able to recover enough business to avoid bankruptcy. Brooks locomotives were displayed a few years later at the National Railway Appliance Exhibition in Chicago, where they were judged the Best in Show. Brooks locomotives were also favorably received and awarded at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893.

The 1890s brought another period of depressed sales following another financial crisis. The company produced 226 new locomotives in 1891, but only 90 new locomotives in 1894. The company briefly gained some positive publicity in 1895 when one of its locomotives held the land speed record for rail vehicles; a Brooks-built locomotive was driven at 92.3 mph on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway on October 24, 1895. Brooks also gained positive publicity for building some exceptionally large locomotives at the end of the 19th century, including locomotives for both Great Northern Railway and Illinois Central Railroad that were hailed as being the largest in the world. However Brooks was not able to recover business as easily as the previous downturn and, following brief participation in a widespread strike by machinists in May,   the company was merged with several other manufacturers in 1901 to form the American Locomotive Company. The last Brooks locomotive, serial number 3883, built for the Lake Shore Railroad, was completed on June 22, 1901.

Horatio Brooks died in April 1887; he was succeeded as president of the company by his son-in-law, Edward Nichols. Nichols died on January 7, 1892, and was succeeded by then vice president Marshall L. Hinman. Hinman resigned from the presidency in December 1896 to be succeeded by another of H.G. Brooks's sons-in-law, Frederick H. Stevens. Stevens led the company until the merger with Alco in 1901.

Following the merger, the Brooks plant built one of the first orders booked by ALCO, consisting of fifteen 2-8-0 locomotives for Mexican Central Railroad. ALCO produced locomotives at this facility until 1934 when the shop was renamed ALCO Thermal Products Division. Locomotives produced at the former Brooks plant after ALCO's formation came to be known as ALCO-Brooks locomotives.

Although new locomotives were no longer being produced at the former Brooks shops in Dunkirk, shop forces were kept busy for some time building spare parts for ALCO locomotives. Production had shifted from locomotives to heat exchangers, high-pressure vessels and pipes of all sizes.

After World War II, production at the Dunkirk plant never got back to its prewar levels. ALCO finally closed the facility in 1962.

Timeline

 * November 11, 1869: Horatio Brooks leases the shops facility in Dunkirk and officially opens the Brooks Locomotive Works
 * 1883: Brooks locomotives are named the Best in Show locomotives at the National Railway Appliance Exhibition in Chicago.
 * February 22, 1884: Brooks completes its 1,000th new locomotive.
 * November 30, 1891: Brooks completes its 2,000th new locomotive.
 * July 23, 1898: Brooks completes its 3,000th new locomotive.
 * 1901: Brooks and several other locomotive manufacturers are merged into the American Locomotive Company
 * 1934: New locomotive construction at the Brooks plant ends as the plant is renamed ALCO Thermal Products Division.
 * 1962: ALCO closes the former Brooks plant in Dunkirk, laying off the remaining 750 laborers at the facility.

Preserved Brooks locomotives
Brooks Locomotive Works sold locomotives to all of the major railroads of the late 19th century. Following is a partial list (in serial number order) of Brooks-built locomotives that have been spared the scrapper's torch.

title: Brooks Locomotive Works


text:
ZETA (operating system)

ZETA, earlier yellowTAB ZETA, was an operating system formerly developed by yellowTAB of Germany based on the Be Operating System developed by Be Inc.; because of yellowTAB's insolvency, ZETA was later being developed by an independent team of which little was known, and distributed by magnussoft. As of February 28, 2007 the current and last version of ZETA was 1.5.

On March 28, 2007, magnussoft announced that it has discontinued funding the development of ZETA by March 16, because the sales figures had fallen far short of the company's expectations, so that the project was no longer economically viable. A few days later, the company also stopped the distribution of ZETA in reaction to allegations that ZETA constituted an illegal unlicensed derivative of the BeOS source code and binaries.

Development
ZETA was an effort to bring BeOS up to date, adding support for newer hardware, and features that had been introduced in other operating systems in the years since Be Incorporated ceased development in 2001. Among the new features were USB 2.0 support, SATA support, samba support, a new media player, and enhanced localization of system components. Unlike Haiku and other open source efforts to recreate some or all of BeOS's functionality from scratch, ZETA was based on the actual BeOS code base, and it is closed source.

ZETA contributed to an increase in activity in the BeOS commercial software market, with a number of new products for both ZETA and the earlier BeOS being released.

However, some critics point to a list of goals for the first release that do not appear to have been met (including Java 1.4.2 and ODBC support). Other reviewers point to bugs that still exist from BeOS, and question whether yellowTAB has the complete access to the source code they would need to make significant updates.

Some changes that were made could break compilation of code, and in some cases (most notably Mozilla), break the actual application if any code optimizations are applied, resulting in much slower builds.

YellowTAB promoted ZETA mainly in the German market, where it used to be sold through infomercials and on RTL Shop, and in Japan still being a beta version. Prior to Magnussoft stopping the distribution of ZETA, it was mainly distributed directly by magnussoft.

Criticism
ZETA and yellowTAB have been surrounded by controversy. Critics of yellowTAB questioned for a long time the legality of ZETA, and whether yellowTAB had legal access to the sources of BeOS; it is now known that yellowTAB could not have developed ZETA to the extent that they did without access to the source code, but doubts remain as to whether yellowTAB actually had legal access to the code or not.

Furthermore, critics did not see ZETA as real advancement of BeOS, but rather as an unfinished and buggy operating system loaded with third party applications that were either obsolete, unsupported, or non-functional. This was particularly true in the initial releases of ZETA, and it was in clear conflict with the attention to detail that BeOS used to stand for, disappointing the BeOS community who at one point had high expectations for ZETA. While yellowTAB did clean up the selection of bundled applications in following versions, ZETA remains somewhat unstable when compared to other modern desktop operating systems.

But perhaps the most criticized practice by yellowTAB was its tendency to make claims that turned out to be either half truths or vague enough that they could not be confirmed. Not only did yellowTAB announce certain developments that never materialized (such as Java, and ODBC among others), but it would also support certain capabilities beyond what ZETA was actually capable of (e.g., compatibility with MS Office). According to sources close to yellowTAB, this is believed to have led to a high return rate from customers that bought ZETA from the German RTL TV shopping channel, and the reason for which RTL eventually stopped selling the product.

There was some criticism within the greater BeOS community regarding the lack of a "personal" edition of Zeta. This is a somewhat controversial standpoint, given the history of BeOS and Be Inc. Throughout the life of the Intel version of BeOS, Be Inc regularly created and distributed BeOS demo discs on CD. The discs were somewhat crippled and would not mount a BFS partition nor would they install to a physical hard drive. They served as a test for hardware support and a taster for the Operating System. Zeta was offered in a similar way – demo discs with similar limitations were made available. Unfortunately, many in the BeOS community, especially those who came to BeOS post the demise of Be Inc, tended to have an issue with the "crippled" demo discs. The controversy is as follows: the final commercial release of BeOS, Revision 5, included a freely distributable "virtual" BeOS installation. The installer created a virtual BeOS image in a file on the host OS, and the computer could then boot into BeOS using a boot disk or via the installation of Bootman (the native BeOS boot manager.) Be Inc intended this release to be a taster and to draw users into buying the Professional edition, which was fully installable to a physical hard drive partition. Unfortunately, many users discovered that it was a trivial task to install the personal version to a real partition, and so Be Inc ultimately lost much of the sales potential for the product. Both YellowTab and Magnussoft learnt from this, and therefore did not offer a version of Zeta that could be installed without purchasing a license.

German language – the Zeta initial builds and much of the packaging was geared towards a German-speaking audience. This was reduced in later versions, but the first few BETA releases and release candidates had many oddities where Zeta would fall back to German, no matter what locale was set.

Version 1.0 of Zeta included a badly thought out activation component, which requires a code to be entered and authenticated via a remote server before the nag screen will stop and full functionality is restored. The nag is fairly easily circumvented by replacing the executable called with a stub executable, but the activation was incredibly poorly executed and often failed. The activation was removed by the 1.21 release.

Zeta had no legal rights to distribute the BeOS software, much less open source any of it, as the rumours had it. [...] The main reason that there hasn't been a public statement previously is that dealing with this matter legally, in Germany, is an expensive undertaking and--given the apparently small amount of funding behind Zeta in its various incarnations--we'd only be in a position to spend significant money and legal time to make a point. [...] We have sent "cease and desist" letters to YellowTab on a number of occasions, which have been uniformly ignored. If Herr Korz [Bernd Korz, Former CEO of yellowTAB] feels that he holds a legitimate license to the BeOS code he's been using, we're completely unaware of it, and I'd be fascinated to see him produce any substantiation for that claim.

Cease of distribution
A cease of distribution letter was posted by Magnussoft on 5 April 2007.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ZETA (operating system)


text:
Net national income

In national income accounting, net national income (NNI) is net national product (NNP) minus indirect taxes. Net national income encompasses the income of households, businesses, and the government. Net national income is defined as gross domestic product plus net receipts of wages, salaries and property income from abroad, minus the depreciation of fixed capital assets (dwellings, buildings, machinery, transport equipment and physical infrastructure) through wear and tear and obsolescence.

It can be expressed as

$$\mathrm{NNI} = \mathrm{C} + \mathrm{I} + \mathrm{G} + \mathrm{NX} + \left[{\text{Net Foreign} \atop \text{Factor Income}}\right] - \left[{\text{Indirect} \atop \text{Taxes}}\right] - \left[{\text{Manufactured Capital} \atop \text{Depreciation}}\right]$$

where $C$ denotes consumption, $I$ denotes investment, $G$ denotes government spending, and $NX$ represents net exports (exports minus imports: $X – M$).

This formula uses the expenditure method of national income accounting.

When net national income is adjusted for natural resource depletion, it is called Adjusted Net National Income, expressed as

$$\mathrm{NNI}^* = \mathrm{NNI} - \left[{\text{Natural Resource} \atop \text{Depletion}}\right]$$

Natural resources are non-critical natural capital such as minerals. NNI* does not take critical natural capital into account. Examples are air, water, land, etc.

For reference, capital (K) is divided into four categories:
 * $$K_m$$ : manufactured capital (machines, factories, etc.)
 * $$K_h$$ : human capital (workers' skills)
 * $$K_n$$ : non-critical natural capital (minerals)
 * $$K_h*$$ : critical natural capital (air, water)

title: Net national income


text:
Talk:Volcanic winter

Albedo
When the earth's reflectivity increases, you are RAISING the albedo, not lowering it. --Bagshotrow (talk) 15:03, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Silly question
To ask a silly question: if it was too cold to snow, what did the winters after the volcanic winter but before 1888 bring?

"the next four years were unusually cold, and the winter of 1888 was the first time it was warm enough to snow; snowfalls that year broke all records worldwide."

too warm to snow....

Sources?
Practically all of this article - especially the first bit - is sourceless. Is it correct but sourceless, or wrong as well? William M. Connolley 15:38, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Sources: data in dispute
The first two sections are sourceless. Further, some of the stated 'facts' are in dispute. In particular, there is no evidence in Greenland ice cores for a prolonged period of dramatic (i.e., about 3 K) cooling. (See C. Oppenheimer(2002), Quaternary Science Reviews 21:14--15, pp. 1593--1609, who states the evidence from the ice cores gives about 1 K cooling.)

David B. Benson 23:39, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Per PBS-Nova the volcanic super eruption of 75,000 years ago was in East Africa, not Sumatra. Is this new information that should be included? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.85.227.15 (talk) 09:12, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Error in lead paragraph: explaining my correction
The lead paragraph has contained this sentence: "The volcanic aerosols, resulting from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption and others, have been shown to contribute to anthropogenic ozone depletion.[3]" This sentence isn't right. Aerosols from volcanoes are the opposite of anthropogenic. I took a brief look at the ref. by Solomon et al., where the relevant sentence appears to be: "Volcanically driven increases in Antarctic ozone depletion were documented in the early 1990s after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo and are well simulated by models (15, 16). " I think the Wikipedia editor confused the word "Antarctic" with the word "anthropogenic". But the sentence has another problem: the article (as a whole) is about changes in temperature, rather than ozone depletion. I am therefore deleting the sentence. But the reference by Solomon et al. is good enough that I am preserving its code by pasting it below, in case someone wants a different correction than the one I've made. Comments, anyone? Do you think I did this correctly? Oaklandguy (talk) 05:09, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

 * You could also have solved the problem by just removing the word "anthropogenic". However, it isn't desperately relevant to this article William M. Connolley (talk) 07:40, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

"volcanic autumn" as opposed to "volcanic winter", in some cases
In particular for the (relatively) less powerful eruptions like in 1883 and 1991, it would be more appropriate to talk about a "volcanic autumn" than a "volcanic winter", since following the Krakatoa and Pinatubo eruptions respectively, the drop in global temperatures was slight though real and perceptible, and it didn't result in major global disruption in the food supply and so forth the way the previous events on the list (the 1815 Tambora eruption being the last such event until now) did. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Therav (talk • contribs) 15:50, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Unless any reliable sources actually use the term "volcanic autumn", probably not. Millows (talk) 02:36, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volcanic winter


text:
User:Ceri

Im from Winchester in the UK. I like computers and technology, and related issues such as Open Source Software. By day I am a Systems Administrator, supporting mainly Linux and Solaris Servers. My interests include computer games (unsurprisingly) especially MMORPGS. I also love reading, especially Crime, Sci-Fi and Fantasy literature.

title: User:Ceri


text:
Mark P. Brown

Mark P. Brown (born November 15, 1956, Columbus, Ohio) is a veteran of the Ohio National Guard, a former construction/civil engineering technician and former political candidate of the Democratic Party. He was the party's 2002 and 2004 nominee to challenge incumbent Republican U.S. Representative Deborah Pryce. Pryce won both elections, gaining 108,193 votes to Brown's 54,286 in 2002, and 189,024 votes to Brown's 117,324 in 2004.

2004 Democratic Party primary election results:

title: Mark P. Brown


text: User talk:129.210.145.128

title: User talk:129.210.145.128


text:
Berwick Bassett

Berwick Bassett is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about 6 mi northwest of Marlborough and 8 mi southwest of Swindon. The village is on the west bank of a headstream of the River Kennet and close to the A4361 road, formerly the A361, which links Devizes and Avebury with Wroughton and Swindon.

Geography
The parish of Berwick Bassett is part of Calne Hundred and comprises about 1400 acres about 3 mi north of Avebury. It has a slender rectangular shape, oriented east and west, and is crossed from north to south by the upper part of the River Kennet, which flows only in the winter months. The village of Berwick Basset lies to the west of the stream and has a small village green close to the bridge, around which are clustered the Manor, Home Farm and Berwick House Farm.

History
There are a number of ancient sites in the parish; these include flint tools, Romano-British pottery fragments, cropmarks, enclosures, a round barrow and a medieval farmstead. The ancient trackway known as the Ridgeway forms the eastern boundary of the parish.

Berwick was not recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 and was probably part of the king's Calne estate. The Bassett suffix arose after the manor was granted in 1206 to Alan Basset. He was succeeded by three of his sons in turn: Gilbert, Fulk (who went on to become Bishop of London), and Philip (Chief Justiciar). The Wiltshire Victoria County History recounts the later landowners.

Manor Farmhouse or Old Manor House, next to the church, is from the late 15th century or early 16th. The newer Manor House, near the stream, is from the early 17th.

The population of the parish peaked at 203 at the time of the 1851 census. A National school was built near the church in 1847 and was in use until 1922.

Local government
Berwick Bassett is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for all significant local government functions. It elects a joint parish council with the adjacent parish of Winterbourne Monkton.

Church
St Nicholas's Church dates from the early 13th century. Having been declared redundant in 1972, the Grade II* listed building is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The parish of Winterbourne Monkton with Berwick Bassett is part of the Upper Kennet benefice.

title: Berwick Bassett


text:
Gil Eanes

Gil Eanes (or Eannes, in the old Portuguese spelling; ) was a 15th-century Portuguese navigator and explorer.

Biography
Gil Eanes was born in Lagos in 1395. Little is known about his personal life prior to his role in the Portuguese Age of Discovery, and was considered a household servant and shield-bearer of the Infante Henry the Navigator. He was a native of Lagos on which he based his sea voyages, in the southern Algarve.

He joined the service of Prince Henry's expeditions in 1433, when the Infante entrusted him with a vessel and crew, in order to attempt to round Cape Bojador, a cape impassable with their level of knowledge and equipment. Sailing from Lagos, Portugal, Eanes made an unknown number of voyages along the west coast of Africa, before being driven west towards the Canary Islands. In the islands he captured some natives and returned with them as captives to Sagres, excusing his failure by recounting the dangers of the trip. His return was greeted with reserve and coldness in the court of Prince Henry, who had expected the navigator to succeed in rounding the Cape. Eanes hoped to return to favour in the following year, if the Prince would favour him with a second expedition. In 1434, his barquentine-caravel and crew was able to sail beyond Cape Bojador and return to Sagres via a volta do mar, reporting the conditions of the water, land and ease of navigation beyond the Cape, and bringing with him some wild roses to prove that they had succeeded in their expedition. The discovery of a passable route around Cape Bojador marked the beginning of the Portuguese exploration of Africa.

Eanes made another voyage, with Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia, in 1435. They sailed about 30 leagues (144 km), or even 50 leagues (240 km) south of Cape Bojador and reached the African coast. Although they did not discover any inhabitants immediately, they did find traces of a human presence, during a voyage that was considered favourable. They named the bay in which they anchored Angra dos Ruivos (Cove of Reds), for the abundance of fish (resembling gurnets) that they caught in the waters.

Namesakes
A city square is named in his native city of Lagos, Portugal.

An old lyceum in Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde, was named for him. In the 1930s, it had the best education on the island and the archipelago. Today it is known as Escola Jorge Barbosa, and forms a campus of the University of Cape Verde.

A Portuguese Navy ship built in 1955 was named after him.

title: Gil Eanes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The best song in the world

The best song in the world
Copyvio (lyrics) for a marginally-notable song by a marginally-notable (but entertaining) band (Tenacious D), and the entry title is even wrong. Plutor 15:06, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If we can't bite the newbies, can we at least eat their souls? Average Earthman 18:27, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This not the greatest VfD in the world. This is a tribute.  Delete.  Spatch 20:18, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bad title, Wikipedia is not a lyrics repository.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:11, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Do not source, redirect, merge, or apologize. Send 'em all a Charlie Daniels record instead. Geogre 18:18, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Copyvio, also. Ambi 04:28, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * While this song was a hit at least in Australia, as I recalled the name of the song was in fact Tribute. Perhaps the information could be stored in Tenacious D. Delete.Capitalistroadster 05:32, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Great song, bad title, bad formatting, WP is not LeosLyrics, Delete. Don't merge it with Tenacious D unless somebody adds something more substantial than just the lyrics. Kinitawowi 10:02, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * So let's see... just a set of lyrics, a misguiding article title AND POV? Delete --Asmodai 17:05, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * LoL this is a Copyright vio, um let's see, Delete--[[User:Plato|Comrade Nick @  )---^-- ]] 10:18, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
BMW M6

The BMW M6 is a high-performance version of the 6 Series marketed under the BMW M sub-brand from 1983 to 2018 (with a break from 1990 to 2004).

Introduced in the coupe body style, the M6 was also built in convertible and fastback sedan ('Gran Coupe') body styles for later generations. An M6 model was built for each of the first three generations of the 6 Series. Production of the M6 ended in 2019 and it was replaced by the BMW M8 (F91/F92/F93) in 2019.

E24 M635CSi/M6 (1983–1989)
The M6 lineage began in 1983 with the M635CSi model of the E24 6 Series range, which was powered by the M88/3 DOHC straight-six engine (which was a modified version of the engine used in the BMW M1 supercar). In most countries, the model was badged the M635CSi, however the equivalent model in North America and Japan was simply badged in "M6".

The European-specification M635CSi used the M88/3 engine (without a catalytic converter), which generated 210 kW at 6,500 rpm and 340 Nm at 4,500 rpm. The M6 version, sold in North America and Japan, used the S38B35 engine (with catalytic converter), which generated 260 PS and 330 Nm at the same engine speeds. The catalyzed engine was also used in European and other market cars beginning in the summer of 1987, with identical specifications to the federalized engine. The sole transmission for all models was a 5-speed Getrag 280 manual transmission.

Other changes included BBS RS wheels, a rear lip spoiler, a larger front air dam, larger front brakes and revised suspension with a 10 mm lower ride height.

The E24 series became a "world car" for the 1988 and 1989 model years, sporting the same bumpers and aerodynamic treatments as its high-performance counterparts across all markets.

According to BMW, the car can accelerate from 0 - 60 mph in 5.8 and 6.8 seconds for the European and North American versions respectively. The curb weights of the 1987 models are 1515 kg for the M635 CSi and 1619 kg for the M6. A top speed of 255 km/h made the European M635CSi the second fastest BMW automobile ever built next to the M1. The quarter mile time for the M635 CSi has been recorded at 14.5 seconds while 100 mi/h is achieved in 15 seconds.

A total of 5,855 cars were produced. Of these, 1,677 cars were imported to North America. Due to the elongated front and rear bumpers, the length of the U.S. models is 193.8 in.

Production of the E24 M635CSi/M6 ended in 1989.

E63/64 M6 (2005–2011)
Following a hiatus in M6 production for 16 years, the M6 version of the E63/E64 6 Series was introduced in 2005. The M6 uses the same BMW S85 V10 engine and SMG-III automated manual gearbox as the E60 M5.

The M6 was produced as both a coupé (E63 model code) and a convertible (E64 model code). The exterior styling was overseen by Karl Elmitt.

The M6 had two modes for engine power: a "P400" mode in which the engine has a rated power output of 294 kW and a "P500" mode in which the engine has a rated power output of 373 kW. Manufacturer claimed performance included a 0–100 kph acceleration time of 4.6 seconds. The top speed was electronically limited to 250 km/h or 305 kph if the optional M-driver's package is fitted.

The coupe version weighs 3935 lb, and the convertible version weighs 4420 lb. Weight reduction measures include a (coupe-only) carbon fibre roof (a first for regular production model last used on E46 M3 CSL), thermoplastic quarter panels, aluminium doors, aluminium bonnet (hood) and a thermo-fibre plastic boot (trunk) lid.

From 2007 a 6-speed manual gearbox was offered in North America, only 701 examples were produced with a manual gearbox (323 Coupes and 378 Convertibles).

Production of the M6 ended in 2011, with sales over the five-year run totalling 9,087 for the coupe and 5,065 for the convertible.

Competition Package
From 2009 a Competition Package is offered including front and rear suspension dropped by 12mm and 10mm respectively using wider rims mounting Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres. ABS, stability control and M Differential settings have been optimised to improve cornering. From outside the Competition Package is recognised because of its new bonnet with ‘precision lines’ as well as because of the redesigned wheels.

Competition Special Edition
In 2009 and simultaneously presented with the Competition Package, a special edition of only 100 units was announced. All of the 100 units receive the name BMW M6 Competition and include the Competition Package, plus a special matte painting for the exterior named 'Frozen Gray Metalic'. The interior uses a special trim of Merino leather in either light gray two-tone finish with contrasting stitching or black. All cars included custom floor mats with ‘M6 Competition’ labelling.

F06/F12/F13 M6 (2012–2019)
The new model is based on the F12/F13/F06 6 Series, and shares its 7-speed dual clutch ("M-DCT") transmission and BMW S63 twin-turbo V8 engine with the F10 M5.

The official performance figures state the acceleration time from 0-62 mph in 4.2 seconds for the coupe and Gran Coupé, and 4.3 seconds for the convertible. The top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h, or 305 kph with the optional M-driver's package. The differential is an electronically actuated ("Active M") limited slip differential. The curb weight for the coupe is 4070 lb. The curb weight of the convertible is 4531 lb, and the curb weight of the Gran Coupé is 4299 lb.

The front of the car has a newly designed M kidney grille with an “M6” badge – a homage to the first generation of the M6. The lead exterior designer of the F12/F13/F06 6 Series was Nader Faghihzadeh.

M Performance Parts can be fitted to all M6 models. These include black kidney grilles, a sport exhaust system that reduces weight, a carbon fibre diffuser, a carbon fibre spoiler, a carbon fibre sport steering wheel and a carbon fibre gear selector.

Competition Package
With the 2014 Competition Package, the M6 comes with a sportier exhaust system with black tips, stiffer springs, dampers, and anti-roll bars, steering is more direct than the base M6, the twin-turbocharged V8 engine utilised in the M6 is updated and is rated at 423 kW and 680 Nm of torque. This results in a 0 to 100 km/h acceleration time of 3.9 seconds for the coupe and Gran Coupe versions.

In 2016, the Competition Pack engine was upgraded to 441 kW and 700 Nm of torque, resulting in a 0 to 100 km/h acceleration time of 3.8 seconds for the coupe and Gran Coupe versions.

M6 GT3
Around the start of 2015, BMW Motorsport began developing a replacement for the successful BMW Z4 GT3 which already had been in action since 2010, where they selected the M6 as the base model. Throughout the year, the factory engineered the M6 to match FIA GT3 specifications. Emphasis was placed on safety with BMW Motorsport producing an "FIA-approved safety cell in accordance with the very latest safety standards". Unlike the Z4 GT3, which used an engine derived from the BMW M3, the engine of the M6 GT3 was virtually unchanged from that of the production model of the M6 (and the BMW M5). The engine only faced some modifications for use in motorsport. In May 2015, at Dingolfing, BMW works driver Jörg Müller drove the M6 GT3 on its first roll-out to contribute a milestone to its development, and later the M6 GT3 was revealed near the end of the year.

The M6 GT3 showed its success on its debut year in 2016 when Rowe Racing clinched overall victory at the 2016 Spa 24 Hours with BMW works drivers Philipp Eng, Maxime Martin, and Alexander Sims at the wheel. The car also saw success in championships around the world, with wins in the VLN, Italian GT Championship, and Super GT Championship.

M6 GTLM
The BMW M6 GTLM is the racing version of the M6 created to participate in the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship and intended to replace the BMW Z4 GTE. The cars are entered by BMW Team RLL, debuting in 2016, with no wins in its debut season. The car would earn four class wins during the 2017 season before being replaced by the BMW M8 GTE for 2018.

title: BMW M6


text:
Sequence logo

In bioinformatics, a sequence logo is a graphical representation of the sequence conservation of nucleotides (in a strand of DNA/RNA) or amino acids (in protein sequences). A sequence logo is created from a collection of aligned sequences and depicts the consensus sequence and diversity of the sequences. Sequence logos are frequently used to depict sequence characteristics such as protein-binding sites in DNA or functional units in proteins.

Overview
A sequence logo consists of a stack of letters at each position. The relative sizes of the letters indicate their frequency in the sequences. The total height of the letters depicts the information content of the position, in bits.

Logo creation
To create sequence logos, related DNA, RNA or protein sequences, or DNA sequences that have common conserved binding sites, are aligned so that the most conserved parts create good alignments. A sequence logo can then be created from the conserved multiple sequence alignment. The sequence logo will show how well residues are conserved at each position: the higher the number of residues, the higher the letters will be, because the better the conservation is at that position. Different residues at the same position are scaled according to their frequency. The height of the entire stack of residues is the information measured in bits. Sequence logos can be used to represent conserved DNA binding sites, where transcription factors bind.

The information content (y-axis) of position $$i$$ is given by:
 * for amino acids, $$R_i = \log_2(20) - (H_i + e_n)$$
 * for nucleic acids, $$R_i = \log_2(4) - (H_i + e_n)$$

where $$H_i$$ is the uncertainty (sometimes called the Shannon entropy) of position $$i$$
 * $$H_i = - \sum_{b=1}^{t} f_{b,i} \times \log_2 f_{b,i} $$

Here, $$f_{b,i}$$ is the relative frequency of base or amino acid $$b$$ at position $$i$$, and $$e_n$$ is the small-sample correction for an alignment of $$n$$ letters. The height of letter $$b$$ in column $$i$$ is given by
 * $$\text{height} = f_{b,i} \times R_i$$

The approximation for the small-sample correction, $$e_n$$, is given by:
 * $$e_n = \frac{1}{\ln{2}}\times\frac{s-1}{2n}$$

where $$s$$ is 4 for nucleotides, 20 for amino acids, and $$n$$ is the number of sequences in the alignment.

Consensus logo
A consensus logo is a simplified variation of a sequence logo that can be embedded in text format. Like a sequence logo, a consensus logo is created from a collection of aligned protein or DNA/RNA sequences and conveys information about the conservation of each position of a sequence motif or sequence alignment . However, a consensus logo displays only conservation information, and not explicitly the frequency information of each nucleotide or amino acid at each position. Instead of a stack made of several characters, denoting the relative frequency of each character, the consensus logo depicts the degree of conservation of each position using the height of the consensus character at that position.

Advantages and drawbacks
The main, and obvious, advantage of consensus logos over sequence logos is their ability to be embedded as text in any Rich Text Format supporting editor/viewer and, therefore, in scientific manuscripts. As described above, the consensus logo is a cross between sequence logos and consensus sequences. As a result, compared to a sequence logo, the consensus logo omits information (the relative contribution of each character to the conservation of that position in the motif/alignment). Hence, a sequence logo should be used preferentially whenever possible. That being said, the need to include graphic figures in order to display sequence logos has perpetuated the use of consensus sequences in scientific manuscripts, even though they fail to convey information on both conservation and frequency. Consensus logos represent therefore an improvement over consensus sequences whenever motif/alignment information has to be constrained to text.

Extensions
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) not only consider the information content of aligned positions in an alignment, but also of insertions and deletions. In an HMM sequence logo used by Pfam, three rows are added to indicate the frequencies of occupancy (presence) and insertion, as well as the expected insertion length.

title: Sequence logo


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Closed talk: section Hexadecimal Billion in Talk:Binary prefix

Closed talk: section Hexadecimal Billion in Talk:Binary prefix
Move this into somewhere else. jni 15:08, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * What th...? Delete. Or move back into talk namespace, wherever it belongs.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I moved the archive to Talk:Binary prefix/Hexadecimal Billion and deleted the resulting redirect. The person who originally created this talk archive wasn't aware that it was being created in the main article namespace. • Benc • 04:42, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Apollo (crater)

Apollo, also called the Apollo basin, is an enormous impact crater located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. This formation dwarfs the large crater Oppenheimer that is located next to the western rim. The crater Barringer lies across the northern wall. To the southeast is the crater Anders, and Kleymenov is just to the east of the rim.

Apollo is a double-ringed walled plain (or basin) whose inner ring is roughly half the diameter of the outer wall. Both the outer wall and the interior have been heavily worn and eroded by subsequent impacts, so that significant parts of the outer and inner walls now consist of irregular and incised sections of mountainous arcs.

The interior floor is covered in a multitude of craters of various sizes, some of which have been named for people associated with the Apollo program or other NASA projects.

Sections of Apollo's interior have been resurfaced with lava, leaving patches of the floor with a lower albedo than the surroundings. There is a large patch of this lunar mare in the middle part of the inner ring, which contains some ray system markings. A long stretch of the mare lies along the southern part of the crater. There is also a smaller section near the western rim.

Prior to formal naming in 1970 by the IAU, the crater was known as Basin XVI.

Interior craters
Three craters are named after the crew of Apollo 8. In the southeast part of Apollo is Borman crater, named after commander Frank Borman. Near the southeastern margin of Apollo is Anders crater, named after William Anders. On the eastern margin is Lovell crater, named after Jim Lovell.

Many craters within and adjacent to the Apollo impact have been named to honor deceased NASA employees.

Dryden is attached to the west-northwestern exterior of the inner ring. Chaffee is a similar-sized crater that lies partly across the southwest section of the inner ring. Inside the inner ring are the craters Resnik, McAuliffe and Onizuka, and the Jarvis–McNair crater pair. The crater Smith lies across the northern part of the inner ring.

In 2006 the IAU approved a proposal to name seven interior craters to honor the astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.

Three of the crater names include the respective astronaut's first initials to distinguish them from the existing craters called Anderson, Brown and Clark.

Robotic exploration
China launched the Chang'e 6 robotic mission on 3 May 2024, which seeks to return the first lunar sample from the Apollo Basin on the far side of the Moon. This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was the Chang'e 5 mission that returned lunar samples from the near side of the Moon four years earlier. The Chang'e 6 lander also carried a rover named Yidong Xiangji which conducted infrared spectroscopy of the landing site and imaged the Chang'e 6 lander on the lunar surface. The lander-ascender-rover combination separated from the orbiter and returner before landing in the southern mare of the Apollo basin on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC; its precise landing location is near lunar coordinates   After the probe collected far-side regolith samples and placed it on the ascender, the latter probe segment launched back into lunar orbit on 3 June 2024 at 23:38 UTC. The ascender docked with the Chang'e 6 service module (the orbiter) in lunar orbit at 06:48 UTC on 6 June 2024 and subsequently completed the transfer of the sample container to the Earth return module at 07:24 UTC on the same day. The orbiter left lunar orbit on 20 June 2024 with the atmospheric re-entry module that landed in Inner Mongolia with the collected samples on 25 June 2024.

title: Apollo (crater)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Closetmonster

Closetmonster
Advert of a porn site. Delete. jni 15:12, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Agreed. Delete - DavidWBrooks 15:22, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a web guide. And frankly, if you believe the media, there's so much of this stuff out there that having a website of it isn't in the slightest bit notable. Average Earthman 18:28, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable fetish site. Wikipedia is not a web guide.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:14, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not a web directory. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:51, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * delete essentially spam. Whosyourjudas (talk) 00:56, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Non notable and a add...


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Center for Cartoon Studies

The Center for Cartoon Studies (CCS) is a two-year institution focusing on sequential art, specifically comics and graphic novels. It is located in the village of White River Junction within the town of Hartford, Vermont. The Center offers a Master of Fine Arts degree, both one and two-year certificate programs, and summer programs. It is "the only college-level training program of its kind in the United States."

History
The Center for Cartoon Studies was founded by cartoonist James Sturm and professor Michelle Ollie in 2004, with its first class of 18 students in the Fall of 2005. The first class of students were accepted less on the quality of their drawing and more on their critical thinking skills, literary merit, storytelling abilities, and curiosity.

The Center's first commencement took place on May 19, 2007, with roughly 20 students graduating. In 2007 CCS was approved by the State of Vermont to award Master of Fine Arts degrees and certificates, which have been awarded to students from all subsequent classes. It currently has a student body of 48 students with an average age of 24. About 20 new students are accepted each year.

The school educates students to be proficient in all aspects of graphic design and production, including self-publication and promotion. This is a notable step away from the specialized production model of mainstream comics companies such as Marvel Comics and DC Comics, wherein writing, pencilwork, inking, coloring, and lettering are most often handled by separate individuals. This inclination is in part due to many of the faculty's and significant donor Peter Laird's experience with alternative comics. The State of Vermont Department of Education approved CCS for degree granting authority and the school is also a member of Vermont Higher Education Council.

Campus
The Center for Cartoon Studies currently operates out of two buildings in the historic district of White River Junction, Vermont. The school rents space in the former Colodny’s Surprise Department Store Building, and in December 2011 the school purchased a former Post Office a few buildings down from Department Store Building. The school's Schulz Library used to be housed in a former fire station on Bridge Street, a building also occupied by the Main Street Museum, but had to be evacuated in August 2011 due to flood waters from Hurricane Irene.

Colodny’s Surprise Department Store
All the main operational and educational facilities of the Center for Cartoon Studies are located in the former Colodny’s Surprise Department Store Building. Built in 1929, the building is the only Art Deco building in downtown White River Junction, and is built partially with Antique Verde marble quarried from Rochester, Vermont. CCS inhabits the first floor and basement of the building and includes multiple offices, a classroom, and an "open basement studio."

Post Office
The Former Post office Building in downtown White River Junction was purchased by the school in December 2011. The brick building was constructed in a colonial revival architectural style and was built in 1934 as a Works Progress Administration structure. This building will become the main structure for the Center for Cartoon Studies and includes classrooms, faculty offices and lounges, and the Schulz Library. The top floor of the Post Office Building is still rented to the current tenants. It also includes studio space for the Inky Solomon Center, a grant-program geared towards CCS alumni, their comics, and community outreach.

Schulz Library
The Schulz Library, named after Charles M. Schulz, is the official library of the Center for Cartoon Studies and currently houses over 20,000 titles. The Library's collection focuses on comic books, graphic novels, as well as "books about cartooning – both academic and instructional." The Schulz's collection has grown largely from donations from collectors and publishers, as well as artists.

Special collections located at the Library include a large collection of rare and hard-to-find Peanuts books (by the library's namesake Charles M. Schulz), collections of gag cartoons, classic newspaper comic strips, zines and minicomics, as well as "a near-complete run of The Comics Journal." Many hard-to-find titles and previews of student work are featured on the Schulz Library Blog.

The material in the library was previously housed in the former Bridge Street firehouse, owned by the Main Street Museum. It had to be evacuated in August 2011 due to flood waters from Hurricane Irene. In 2012 the Schulz library was moved to the Post Office Building the CCS purchased in 2011.

Academics
The Center for Cartoon Studies offers a Master of Fine Arts degree, both one and two-year certificate programs, as well as summer programs.

Each term, roughly 14 well-known cartoon artists and others in the field come to CCS as visiting faculty and guest lecturers. The visiting faculty lecture, critique, and discuss with students of the school the student work and their own. Past visiting faculty have included Alison Bechdel, Ed Brubaker, Ivan Brunetti, James Kochalka, Jason Lutes, Scott McCloud, Seth, Art Spiegelman, Craig Thompson, and Chris Ware.

A senior thesis is required at the Center, which usually involves the creation of a full-scale graphic novel or a full year's worth of work.

The Center for Cartoon Studies Presents
The publishing imprint "The Center for Cartoon Studies Presents", under the direction of series editor James Sturm, has published a number of young adult graphic novels on historical subjects:
 * ISBN 978-0786839001
 * ISBN 978-1423100386
 * ISBN 978-0786839032
 * ISBN 978-1423113362 — winner of the 2013 Eisner Award for Best Reality-Based Work and nominated for the 2013 Eisner Award for Best Publication for Teens; included on the 2013 Great Graphic Novels for Teens list; 2012 Cybils Award finalist
 * ISBN 978-1368045827 — introduction by Alison Bechdel
 * ISBN 978-0759555518 — introduction by Carole Boston Weatherford
 * ISBN 978-0759555518 — introduction by Carole Boston Weatherford

Applied Cartooning Projects

 * This Is What Democracy Looks Like, A Graphic Guide to Governance (2019) by Dan Nott, with Kevin Czap, Hallie Jay Pope, Summer Pierre, Nomi Kane, Eva Sturm-Gross, Michelle Ollie, and James Sturm
 * Let's Talk About It: A Graphic Guide to Mental Health (2020) by Cara Bean
 * Health and Wealth: A Graphic Guide to the U.S. Healthcare System (2021) by Kazimir Lee
 * Freedom and Unity: A Graphic Guide to Civics and Democracy in Vermont (2022) by Dan Nott, with James Sturm, Susan Clark, Kit Anderson, and Glynnis Fawkes
 * How we Read: a Graphic Guide to Literacy (2023) by Daryl Seitchik

Notable persons
In addition to Sturm, Stephen R. Bissette, Jason Lutes and Alec Longstreth are permanent faculty. For the 2011–2012 school year, cartoonist and animator Robert Sikoryak joined the faculty.

Students and alumni from the Center for Cartoon Studies have received Ignatz Awards, Eisner Award nominations and Xeric Foundation grants for their work. One alumnus, who launched their drag career while attending the school, has won RuPaul's Drag Race.

 * Robyn Chapman - CCS Fellowship, Xeric Foundation grant, Theater of the Meek
 * Charles Forsman - 2013 Ignatz Award for Outstanding Minicomic for The End of the Fucking World, 2008 Ignatz Awards for Outstanding Comic and Outstanding Series for Snake Oil
 * Colleen Frakes - Xeric Foundation grant, Tragic Relief, 2009 Ignatz Award, Promising New Talent, Woman King
 * Alexis Frederick Frost - Xeric Foundation grant, La Primavera
 * Samuel Gaskin - Xeric Foundation grant, Pizza Wizard
 * Alex Kim - Xeric Foundation grant, Wall City
 * Alec Longstreth- CCS Fellowship, 2005 Ignatz Award for Outstanding Minicomic (Phase 7), 2007 Ignatz Award for Outstanding Debut Comic (Papercutter #6)
 * Annie Murphy - Xeric Foundation grant, I Still Live: Biography of a Spiritualist
 * Gabby "Ken Dahl" Schulz - CCS Fellowship, 2007 Ignatz Award Best Mini-Comic, Monsters, 2010 Ignatz Award Best Story, Monsters. 2010 Eisner Award nominee, Best Reality-Based Work for Monsters.
 * James Sturm - 2010 Ignatz Award Outstanding Graphic Novel, Market Day
 * Melissa Mendes - Xeric Foundation grant, Freddie
 * Laura Terry - Xeric Foundation grant, Overboard
 * Sasha Velour - Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Season 9
 * Tillie Walden - 2016 Eisner Nomination Best Single Issue/One Shot, I Love This Part, 2017 Eisner nomination for Best Digital Comic, On a Sunbeam

Documentary
CCS is the subject of a documentary film, Cartoon College, by Josh Melrod and Tara Wray. The film follows a group of CCS students from the 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 classes and includes interviews with notable faculty and luminaries. It has been screened at film festivals in California, Vancouver (Canada), Washington, Florida, Glasgow, Maryland and of course, White River Junction. Future shows include New York City, Atlanta and New Zealand.

title: Center for Cartoon Studies


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Bishops Cannings

Bishops Cannings is a village and civil parish in the Vale of Pewsey in Wiltshire, England, 3 mi north-east of Devizes. The parish includes the village of Coate (not to be confused with Coate, Swindon) and the hamlets of Bourton, Horton and Little Horton.

Geography
Etchilhampton Water, a minor tributary of the Salisbury Avon, rises from streams in the parish and flows south past Etchilhampton to Patney. The northern part of the parish lies on the Marlborough Downs, including Morgan's Hill and part of Roundway Hill.

Bishops Cannings village is about 0.5 mi south of the A361 road which links Devizes with Avebury and Swindon.

History
Prehistoric remains include a long barrow called Kitchen Barrow on a slope in the north-east of the parish, and a square earthwork enclosure of uncertain date on Morgan's Hill in the north-west. A section of the Wansdyke crosses the parish, west from Tan Hill to Morgan's Hill. The manor of Cannings was recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as held by the Bishop of Salisbury; there was a substantial population of 127 households, with six mills.

Horton is first attested in 1158. The place-name is a common one in England and derives from Old English horu 'dirt' and tūn 'settlement, farm, estate', presumably meaning 'farm on muddy soil'.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Bourton manor was an estate of the Ernle family. The manor included the hamlet of Easton but today the name survives only at Easton Farm and Easton Down.

In the 1660s the lease of the manor of Cannings was bought by Paul Methuen (d. 1667) of Bradford-on-Avon, reputedly the richest cloth merchant in England. His son John (c.1650–1706) was MP for Devizes, and simultaneously Lord Chancellor of Ireland and ambassador to Portugal. John's son Paul (c.1672–1757) deputised for his father at Lisbon, sat for Devizes and Brackley (Northamptonshire), became a government minister and held offices in the royal household; he sold the estate in 1720.

The Wansdyke medieval earthwork crosses the north of parish. The Kennet and Avon Canal (opened in 1810) was built through the parish, passing between Bishops Cannings and Horton.

On the 27 May 1941, a Royal Air Force De Havilland Dragon Rapide (R5929) was operating a training flight out of RAF Yatesbury. The aircraft stalled at low altitude and crashed near the village, killing all seven on board.

Boundaries
Bishops Cannings was anciently part of the hundred of Potterne and Cannings. The parish is now the third largest in Wiltshire, but was formerly larger, having lost a large area to the nearby town of Devizes in 1835 and to the new parish of Roundway in 1894.

Bishops Cannings parish had previously encircled Devizes to the north, east and south, and reached as far into the town as the Crammer, a large pond on the edge of the town centre. This may explain how Bishops Cannings comes to lay claim to being the place of origin of the legend of the Moonrakers. Next to the pond is the 15th-century church of St James, which was a chapelry of Bishops Cannings.

Further expansion of the borough of Devizes in 1934 brought Wick and the whole of St James's chapelry (sometimes called Southbroom, and including Southbroom House) into the town, while the Nursteed tithing became part of Roundway. In 2017 Roundway became a ward of Devizes. A north-eastern part of the Devizes built-up area known as Northfields, between the canal and Horton Road and including retailers Lidl and B&Q and the former Le Marchant Barracks, remains within Bishops Cannings parish.

Local government
Bishops Cannings is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which is responsible for almost all significant local government functions.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Mary the Virgin is Grade I listed. Originating in the 12th or 13th century, with many Early English features surviving, it was altered in the 14th and 15th centuries and restored in the 19th. Pevsner writes that it has "uncommon size and nobility", through being part of a bishop's estate.

Domesday Book recorded a priest but did not mention a church. The earliest parts of the building are a damaged 12th-century scallop capital in the chancel, and one of the chancel's west lancet windows which is from the late 12th century or early 13th. The three-bay chancel, mostly in rubble stone, is from the mid-13th century.

The church has a cruciform plan and is in ashlar apart from the chancel and sacristy. The large central tower carries a spire, and the four-bay nave (which originally had a higher roof) has aisles and a south porch. A lady chapel – since 1563 the Ernle family chapel – is attached to the east of the south transept. The porch has a round-headed 13th-century arch to the inner doorway, while the outer parts are 15th-century. There is an unusual two-storey sacristy at the north-east corner, in stone and flint; the ground floor is 13th-century and the upper floor perhaps 15th. The spire was added in the 15th century and around the same time the crossing and parts of the transepts were rebuilt. The nave had a clerestory from an early date, and this was rebuilt at greater height in the same century. The nave roof carries a date of 1670. Restoration in the 19th century involved little major work. Orbach states that the Gothic stalls in the chancel are from T.H. Wyatt's restoration in 1860, and gives the same year for the richly decorated east window by Wailes. The chapel was rebuilt in 1862–3, with a new east window. Further restoration by the Wiltshire architect C.E. Ponting in 1883–4 included re-roofing of the aisles and transepts, and renewal of the pews in that area, with carving by Harry Hems. Ponting's description of the church, with drawings, was published in the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine in 1887.

Furnishings include a carrel desk (English Heritage) which Pevsner describes as a penitential seat and a "great oddity"; it is partly 15th-century. The octagonal font is late 15th-century. George Ferebee, vicar, arranged for an early organ to be installed around 1593, and in 1602 provided a peal of eight bells from the foundry of John Wallis. The present organ by George Pike England is from 1809. Four of Ferebee's bells remain in the tower, the others being recast or replaced in 1840 or later. A 15th-century chest tomb in the churchyard is Grade II* listed.

In 1091, Bishop Osmond gave Cannings church and its considerable income to the new cathedral at Salisbury. The rectory manor, known as Cannings Canonicorum, remained in the ownership of the cathedral's dean and chapter (but generally leased out) until they sold it at the beginning of the 19th century. The parish remained a peculiar until such jurisdictions were abolished in the 19th century. Today the parish comes under the Cannings and Redhorn Team Ministry, alongside seven others.

Others
The church of St James on the edge of Devizes (15th-century tower, rest rebuilt 1831–2) was a chapelry of St Mary's, although it had its own graveyard by 1505. In 1832 a parish (a perpetual curacy) was created for it, covering the tithings of Bedborough, Nursteed, Roundway, and Wick. Boundary changes in 1835 brought the church inside the municipal borough.

The hamlet of Chittoe, some 5 mi to the north-west near Bromham, was a detached part of Bishops Cannings parish until a church was built there in 1845.

A Wesleyan Methodist chapel was opened at Horton in 1832 and closed in the second half of the 20th century.

At Coate, a Brethren chapel was built in 1848 and closed in 1973.

Amenities
Bishops Cannings has a primary school which serves the parish and the eastern side of Devizes. A National School was built in 1830 and transferred to the present site in 1907. The chapel at Coate was used as a school from 1848 until 1876, when a new school was opened nearby; this school closed in 1929.

The parish has four pubs: the Crown Inn at Bishops Cannings, the Bridge Inn near Horton, the New Inn at Coate, and the Hourglass at Devizes Marina on the Kennet and Avon Canal. Part of North Wilts Golf Club, on the downs, is within the parish, near the Morgan's Hill Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Notable people

 * Around 1613 George Ferebee, vicar of Bishops Cannings, was appointed chaplain to King James I.
 * William Bayly (1737–1810), the son of a Bishops Cannings farmer, was recognised for his mathematical prowess. He was employed by the Royal Observatory and sailed as an astronomer on two of Cook's voyages. After completing his career as head-master of the Royal Academy, Portsmouth, in 1809 he paid for the organ in the parish church of his home village.

title: Bishops Cannings


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Appleton (crater)

Appleton is a heavily eroded lunar impact crater that lies in the northern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. To the northwest are the craters Von Neumann and Campbel. The smaller Golovin lies to the northeast, while further to the southwest is the Mare Moscoviense.

The crater wall and interior have been heavily eroded by many subsequent impacts, leaving the features rounded and irregular. A pair of craters lie across the southwestern rim, and two small craterlets lie along the eastern rim. The interior floor is irregular and contains many tiny craterlets.

Appleton lies between a pair of satellite craters that are located on opposite sides of the rim, forming a triple formation. Appleton R is located just to the west-southwest, and contains another crater just inside its north rim. On the opposite side of Appleton is Appleton D, a comparably sized formation to Appleton R.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Appleton.

title: Appleton (crater)


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Robin Weirauch

Robin Weirauch (born January 3, 1957) is an American politician of the Democratic party who was the party's 2004 and 2006 nominee to challenge incumbent Republican U.S. Representative Paul Gillmor for the seat in Ohio's 5th congressional district.

She is the daughter of a retired Master Staff Sergeant in the United States Air Force and has resided in the 5th District since her elementary school days and is married to her husband of 30 years, Bruce Weirauch, a retired Napoleon, Ohio police lieutenant.

Weirauch is a public administrator who formerly served as an Assistant Director at the Center For Regional Development at Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio. She holds an MPA in Public Administration from there and cites various other credentials as well.

Weirauch's campaign team toured the geographically large district in a retired ambulance decorated with her, "CPR - Caring Personal Representation", slogan.

Weirauch lost the 2006 election, receiving 43% of the vote. Gillmor was re-elected but died during the term, on September 5, 2007.

Prior to Gillmor's death, Weirauch wrote several letters published in the Toledo Blade, criticizing Rep. Gillmor for supposedly living outside the district with only a token address within the district so that he could claim residency.

On September 20, 2007, Weirauch announced her candidacy for the vacant Fifth District seat in the U.S. House of Representatives with a video released on YouTube.com. She won the Democratic Primary on November 6, 2007 and faced Republican Bob Latta in the general election on December 11, 2007. She lost the election to the GOP candidate.

In 2008, she ran for Henry County Commissioner in the November election against Republican incumbent Bob Hastedt. Henry County, Ohio is a largely Republican leaning county (it voted for McCain over Obama by 1,900 votes), and Weirauch lost the election for commissioner by a large margin.

title: Robin Weirauch


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Rathgar

Rathgar is a suburb of Dublin in Ireland. It was originally a village which from 1862 was part of the township of Rathmines and Rathgar; it was absorbed by the growing city and became a suburb in 1930. It lies about three kilometres south of the city centre.

Location
Rathgar is situated in the southside of Dublin. It lies beside Dartry, Harold's Cross, Rathmines, and Terenure. Other nearby suburbs are Crumlin, Kimmage, Milltown, Ranelagh, and Rathfarnham. The Grand Canal flows to the north. The majority of the area lies within the jurisdiction of Dublin City Council and straddles the postal boundary of Dublin 6.

Rathgar is in the Dáil Éireann constituency of Dublin Bay South.

History
Rathgar, in the Middle Ages, was a farm belonging to the Convent of St Mary de Hogges, at present-day College Green. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Rathgar was granted to the Segrave family: they built Rathgar Castle, ownership of which subsequently passed to John Cusacke, who was Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1608. The castle remained in the possession of the Cusack family for over a century, but gradually decayed and was a ruin by the end of the eighteenth century. No trace of it remains today, though it is thought to have been located at present-day 44-49 Highfield Road.

In 1649 the Duke of Ormonde commander of the Anglo-Irish Royalist army established his camp at Rathgar during the Siege of Dublin. He was then routed at the Battle of Rathmines nearby by English Republican forces under Michael Jones.

The village began to develop in the eighteenth century. Rathgar Avenue may be the oldest street, while Highfield Road was developed in 1753. Zion Church and Christ Church Rathgar were built in the 1860s.

Amenities
Rathgar is a largely residential suburb with amenities that include primary and secondary schools, nursing homes, child-care and sports facilities, and public transport to the city centre. The housing stock largely comprises red-brick late Georgian and Victorian era terraces and much of the area lies within an architectural conservation zone. Dodder Park is located in Rathgar. Cowper and Milltown are the nearest rail connections, located on the Luas Green Line.

One of the main schools in the area is The High School, Dublin, which moved to the area from its original location on Harcourt Street in 1971. The High School follows a liberal Anglican heritage, but also has students of Jewish heritage. Other schools include Stratford College on Zion Road, which was founded in the 1950s by members of the Jewish Community in Dublin. St Louis High School, Rathmines was opened in 1913 and provides education for girls. It is a member of The Le Cheile Schools Trust. St Mary's College, which provides education for boys, have sports facilities in Kenilworth Square, Rathgar. The rest of the school is in Rathmines. Rathgar is also the home of a school called Rathgar Junior School.

Rathgar has a number of retail outlets, including a small Supervalu supermarket, and several restaurants.

Health care
St. Luke's Hospital is based on Highfield Road, and specialises in cancer treatments. Mount Carmel Community Hospital, located on Orwell Road, re-opened as a short-stay nursing home in September 2015.

Churches
Churches serving the area include Christ Church Rathgar (part of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland) which is at the junction of Rathgar Road and Highfield Road in the village centre. The Roman Catholic Church of The Three Patrons (named after the three Patron Saints of Ireland: St Patrick, St Bridget and St Columba) on Rathgar Road. It is also known as "The Servants' Church" because, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was the place of worship for the large number of servants who worked and lived in the large houses in the area.

Theological College
The Church of Ireland Theological College and the Zion Church of Ireland at the junction of Zion and Bushy Park Road are also in Rathgar.

Synagogues
The Dublin Jewish Progressive Congregation (Knesset Orech Chayim) have their Synagogue on Leicester Avenue, Rathgar. The orthodox Dublin Hebrew Congregation have their synagogue in nearby Terenure.

Convents
The Marist Sisters have a convent at 51 Kenilworth Square

Diplomatic missions
The embassy of the Russian Federation, including its consular office, is located on Orwell Road in Rathgar. Barbados also has an honorary consulate address in Rathgar.

Notable residents

 * Andrija Artukovic (1899–1988), convicted Croatian war criminal and Holocaust perpetrator, apparently lived in Rathgar for a period following the Second World War, after fleeing justice via a ratline, and was possibly aided by anti-British sentiment in Ireland.
 * Arnold Bax (1883–1953), composer and poet who rented a villa in Bushy Park Road for a short time. He described the view in his autobiography:"[f]rom the back windows of the incongruously named 'Yeovil' there was... a clear vista of parklike wooded country and beyond that of the complete ring of the untamed Dublin Mountains. On any clear day one's eye could wander along that amphitheatre of beloved slopes, over Niall Glundubh's cairn on Tibradden, past haunted Kilmashogue, down into the sylvan hollows of Glendhu, up again along a red-brown fringe of leafless trees to the sinister ruins of Kilikee brooding over Dublin's south-western suburbs - 'the Hellfire Club,' monumental to the arrogance and violence of the eighteenth-century Irish gentry - until finally one's gaze rested upon Seefin, a pearl-grey phantasm of a mountain, its summit gleaming maybe with the snowdrifts of last week's blizzard. And deep in those folded hills, thirty miles away, was hidden Glendalough of the Seven Churches, an enchanted place of holy gloom."
 * James Joyce (1882–1941), novelist and short-story writer was born in Brighton Square.
 * Jack Lynch (1917–1999), Taoiseach who had a home on Garville Avenue
 * David Marcus (1924–2009), Cork-born editor and writer who lived in the area
 * Mary Lou McDonald (b.1969), politician
 * Ulick O'Connor (1928–2019), writer and historian who was born in Rathgar and lived at Fairfield Park
 * Seumas O'Sullivan (1879–1958), poet and editor who spent much of his life in Rathgar
 * George Dawson Preston (1896–1972), physicist born in Rathgar
 * Dorothy Price (1890–1954), physician
 * George William Russell (1867–1935), lived in Rathgar for a time
 * Kate Sheppard (1848–1934) a prominent New Zealand suffragette. After her father died, her Irish mother brought the family to Kenilworth Square in Rathgar. Later they emigrated to New Zealand. Sheppard maintained her connection with the square and returned several times (including after speaking engagements in London) to stay with her aunt at Kenilworth Square.
 * Francis Sheehy Skeffington (1878–1916) and Hanna Sheehy Skeffington (1877–1946) lived for a time at 8 Airfield Road
 * Bram Stoker (1847–1912) writer who lived at Orwell Park for a time
 * John Millington Synge (1871–1909), writer and playwright who lived at 4 Orwell Park (as did Bram Stoker)
 * Éamon de Valera (1882–1975), a politician whose presidential office was moved to 53 Kenilworth Square in 1921 when his house in Blackrock was raided. It was in this house that Arthur Griffith presented Lloyd George's proposals for the Anglo-Irish Treaty to de Valera four days before the Treaty was signed in London.

title: Rathgar


text:
Fake orgasm

A fake orgasm occurs when a person pretends to have an orgasm without actually experiencing one. It usually involves simulating or acting out behaviors typically associated with orgasm, such as body movements, vocal sounds, and sequences of intensification followed by apparent release. It can also include giving verbal indications that orgasm occurred.

Sex differences
While all genders fake orgasms, women fake orgasms more frequently than men. A survey of 180 male and 101 female college students (introductory psychology students from the University of Kansas), Muehlenhard & Shippee (2009) found that 25% of men and 50% of women had pretended to orgasm (28% and 67%, respectively, for participants with experience in penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI)). Although most fake orgasms occurred during PVI, some participants also reported them during oral sex, manual sex, and phone sex. The ABC News 2004 "American Sex Survey", a random-sample telephone poll of 1,501 Americans, showed that 48% of women and 11% of men faked orgasms. A 2012 joint survey of men's lifestyle site AskMen and women's lifestyle site TresSugar (now PopSugar) found that 34% of men and 54% of women had at some point faked an orgasm; 26% of women said they faked an orgasm every time they had sex. Other studies have found that anywhere from 25 to 74% of women admit to faking an orgasm at some point in their lives. This is more than the 25 percent of women who, according to Psychology Today in 2010, reported consistently having an orgasm during coitus. Women tend to achieve orgasm during intercourse less readily than men because most women require direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm, and not all sexual positions provide access to the clitoris, which can make orgasms difficult to achieve for women. For women in heterosexual relationships, faking an orgasm can also be rooted in deference to their partner, need for their approval, or feelings of shame or sexual inadequacy. As there appears to be 'a sexual script in which women should orgasm before men, and men are responsible for women's orgasms', a woman may feel pressured to fake an orgasm before her partner in order to please them and avoid hurting their feelings.

Men fake orgasms for several reasons. Some fail to orgasm, but fake climax in order to avoid hurting their partner’s feelings. Also, some men may wish to end intercourse, but believe that sex must necessarily end with a man orgasming, and so fake an orgasm to fulfill that. For men, it is more difficult to fake an orgasm, since ejaculation usually accompanies orgasm in males, and their partners can usually see that happening or not. Faking orgasms in men becomes easier while using condoms. In rare cases, a man is worried that the condom is torn or will tear, and that he will unintentionally make his partner pregnant, and so he fakes an orgasm in order to avoid ejaculation.

Brain activity
In a 2005 University of Groningen study conducted by Gert Holstege and Janniko R. Georgiadis, the brain activity of 24 men and women (12 couples) was observed in an MRI scanner in different circumstances. For the female participants, their brain was scanned in four states: simply resting, faking an orgasm, having their clitoris stimulated by their male partner's fingers, and clitoral stimulation to the point of orgasm. Brain scans found that, when women were tasked to fake an orgasm, the female brain centres that control conscious movement remained active, whereas when they experienced real orgasms, all activity disappeared from the movement control centres, and the light from the emotional centres of the brain went out as well. With the exception of some Brodmann areas of the cerebral cortex (which only showed activation in men), the same brain regions were activated or shut down in men and women during real orgasms (although the female orgasm was found to be longer and more intense on average).

According to a PET study by Huynh et al. (2013) the dorsolateral (left) side of the pontine tegmentum area was always activated whenever women had a real orgasm, attempted but failed to have an orgasm, and imitated (faked) an orgasm, whereas the ventrolateral (right) side of the pontine tegmentum was only activated when women had a real orgasm.

Other factors

Orgasm is not always achieved easily during sexual activity. For both sexes, the condition of being unable to orgasm during sex is known as anorgasmia; it can be caused by a variety of factors, including factors in one's life such as stress, anxiety, depression, or fatigue, as well as factors related to the sex itself; including worry, guilt, fear of painful intercourse, fear of pregnancy, the undesirability of a partner, and the undesirability of a setting. It can also be caused by drug use, including alcohol and other substances, or side effects from prescription drugs.

People can fake orgasms for number of reasons, such as when their partner wants them to orgasm but they are unable, or when they desire to stop having sex but are not comfortable telling their partner directly, avoiding negative consequences, or for pleasing their partner.

That women should fake an orgasm was, about the year AD 2, recommended by the Roman poet Ovid in his famous book Ars Amatoria:

"So, then, my dear ones, feel the pleasure in the very marrow of your bones; share it fairly with your lover, say pleasant, naughty things the while. And if Nature has withheld from you the sensation of pleasure, then teach your lips to lie and say you feel it all. Unhappy is the woman who feels no answering thrill. But, if you have to pretend, don't betray yourself by over-acting. Let your movements and your eyes combine to deceive us, and, gasping, panting, complete the illusion."

Patricia Watson (2002) noted that, although a preceding line (sentiat ex imis Venerem resoluta medullis / femina, et ex aequo res iuuet illa duos) advises that women should enjoy sex, too, the context shows that Ovid was primarily concerned with male sexual satisfaction: he recommended which sexual positions would make the woman most appealing to the man, and that if the woman was unable to orgasm, she should at least fake it for her male lover's enjoyment.

People can also fake orgasms for reasons of display or presentation, such as during phone sex, or in pornography.

Women with higher incomes than their partner are twice as likely to fake orgasms and have a lower rate of sexual satisfaction. Perceived masculine frigility also increases fake orgasms and decreases stisfaction.

Feminists have asserted that women faking orgasms is a sign of male-centered sexuality; in a society that celebrates only male sexual pleasure, women may feel pressured to engage in acts that bring their male partners to orgasm but that do not provide them physical pleasure. Women in a discussion group in 1967 analyzed their motivations for faking orgasms and decided that faking was a response to pressures placed upon them by men. As such, the urge to fake an orgasm often sits in a broader context of other problems with sexual repression or male-centered sexuality. Many of these women also experienced feelings such as sexual rejection by their partners, or on the other hand, unwanted sexual attention; some were afraid to tell their partners what they wanted, and others said their partners resented being told what they wanted.

Hugo M. Mialon developed a game theoretical analysis of faking orgasms as a signaling game. Only some of the predictions of his model were consistent with survey data used to check the validity of the model. Among other things, the survey data suggested that both women and men who would be more concerned if their partner were faking are less likely to fake themselves, and that older women and men are more likely to fake than younger ones.

One study of orgasm found that women who fake orgasms were more likely to neglect their partners and flirt with other men at social gatherings. The authors of this study speculated that women who fake orgasms may be more likely to engage in sexual intercourse with men other than their partner, although they recommended caution at interpreting their findings due to a small data set and a large number of variables being studied.

In therapy or counseling, women are more likely to inaccurately portray their sexual behavior (such as by claiming to orgasm when they do not) to a male therapist than to a female one, although women may still withhold the same information from female therapists.

Evolutionary perspective
From an evolutionary perspective, females might fake orgasms in order to signal fidelity to a male partner, particularly if he is of low-genetic quality. If a female has sex with many partners (employing a polygamous mating strategy), her aim may be to secure benefits from multiple males, such as resources, whilst aiming to only reproduce with males of high-genetic quality. In order to secure resources from low-genetic males, the female would need to imply commitment to reproduction with each male, as males do not want to waste resources on a female who may not sire their child.

A true orgasm is known to increase the number of sperm carried to the uterus post-male orgasm (suggesting reproductive benefits) and has suggested pair-bonding benefits. Faking an orgasm with a low-genetic quality mate would lead that mate to believe that: a) they could be the father of a child born to that mother and b) that the female is committed to them and them alone, because she appears satisfied.

A fake orgasm could also be a mate-retention technique, as research has indicated that women who perceive a greater risk of infidelity from their partner report a greater number of faked orgasms. This behavior would be beneficial for the female in retaining a long-term mate, as women who appear to have frequent orgasms have partners that report higher levels of satisfaction in their relationship, in comparison to women that do not orgasm as frequently. Some research has indicated that women who fake orgasm frequently have also been shown to display other mate retention behaviors, which include:
 * Mate guarding (e.g. paying attention to who the partner is spending time with and often checking up on them);
 * Inter-sexual negative inducements (flirting with another individual whilst their partner is looking);
 * Positive inducements (e.g. dressing in a certain manner to impress their partner)
 * Displaying possession signals in public (e.g., kissing a partner in view of other females who are seen as a threat); and,
 * Intra-sexual negative inducements (e.g., displaying aggressive behavior towards another female who is caught looking at their partner).

The frequency to which these other forms of mate retention occur is directly related to the risk of infidelity; limited research indicates that once the risk of infidelity is controlled for, the prevalence of other mate retention behaviors are greatly reduced.

Fake orgasm has also been shown to function as a mate-retention technique when the female, as opposed to the male, has a higher risk of infidelity. For example, it has been suggested that a main function of female orgasm is to retain the sperm of a favored partner, therefore it is advantageous for men to pay attention to their partners orgasm to ensure they have been selected. Men who are heavily invested in their relationship would experience greater costs in potential cuckoldry and sperm competition. Consequently, in situations where the woman has a perceived high risk of infidelity, men may be especially interested in ensuring their partner attains a copulatory orgasm. Due to this attentiveness, women may fake an orgasm in order to manipulate their level of commitment signalling mate selection to their partner. Commitment manipulation is a mate-retention technique in itself, often displayed by a partner when there is a perceived risk of infidelity. While research has shown that 25 percent of males also display fake orgasms, there is limited research into this area with no current evidence suggesting that men fake an orgasm to retain a mate. The main reasons men gave for faking an orgasm is that they wanted the sex to end as achieving orgasm was unlikely but did not want to hurt the feelings of their partner.

A study of orgasms in female humans suggested that most men are quite accurate in knowing whether their partners faked orgasm or not. In this study, accuracy was varied (for example, one man suggesting that his partner never faked orgasm, and his partner suggesting that she faked orgasm 100 percent of the time), but the general moderate accuracy of men in detecting fake orgasm suggests that it may be an evolutionary counter-adaptation by men in order to not be fooled into believing female attempts at implying commitment (monogamy) and in order to detect the true satisfaction levels of the female partner. The idea that men place great importance on female mate orgasm lends support to this theory.

In the media
The topic of fake orgasm was brought to the mainstream in 1970 by Susan Lydon, who published "The Politics of Orgasm" in Ramparts magazine. She wrote, "With their men, they often fake orgasm to appear 'good in bed' and thus place an intolerable physical burden on themselves and a psychological burden on the men unlucky enough to see through the ruse." Newspapers and radio talk shows debated her work. Women began to demand equal rights in bed, insisting that their pleasure was its own goal.

The 1989 American film When Harry Met Sally... is well known for a scene in which the character Sally, played by Meg Ryan, fakes an orgasm while sitting in a crowded deli in order to demonstrate how persuasive a fake orgasm can be.

In "The Mango" episode of the American sitcom television program Seinfeld, the main characters Elaine and Kramer admit to faking orgasms, and another main character, George, becomes paranoid that his own girlfriend has been faking orgasms based on Elaine's admission that she faked orgasms "all the time" while with Jerry, who subsequently becomes desperate to have orgasmic sex with Elaine in order to "save the friendship."

title: Fake orgasm