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Habsburg monarchy

The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. From the 18th century it is also referred to as the Danubian monarchy or the Austrian monarchy (Monarchia Austriaca).

The history of the Habsburg monarchy can be traced back to the election of Rudolf I as King of Germany in 1273 and his acquisition of the Duchy of Austria for the Habsburgs in 1282. In 1482, Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands through marriage. Both realms passed to his grandson and successor, Charles V, who also inherited the Spanish throne and its colonial possessions, and thus came to rule the Habsburg empire at its greatest territorial extent. The abdication of Charles V in 1556 led to a division within the dynasty between his son Philip II of Spain and his brother Ferdinand I, who had served as his lieutenant and the elected king of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. The Spanish branch (which held all of Iberia, the Netherlands, and lands in Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia and various other lands) was itself split into different branches in 1564 but reunited 101 years later. It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but continued through the female line as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

The Habsburg monarchy was a union of crowns, with only partial shared laws and institutions other than the Habsburg court itself; the provinces were divided in three groups: the Archduchy proper, Inner Austria that included Styria and Carniola, and Further Austria with Tyrol and the Swabian lands. The territorial possessions of the monarchy were thus united only by virtue of a common monarch. The Habsburg realms were unified in 1804 with the formation of the Austrian Empire and later split in two with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The monarchy began to fracture in the face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with the proclamation of the Republic of German-Austria and the First Hungarian Republic in late 1918.

In historiography, the terms "Austria" or "Austrians" are frequently used as shorthand for the Habsburg monarchy since the 18th century. From 1438 to 1806, the rulers of the House of Habsburg almost continuously reigned as Holy Roman Emperors. However, the realms of the Holy Roman Empire were mostly self-governing and are thus not considered to have been part of the Habsburg monarchy. Hence, the Habsburg monarchy (of the Austrian branch) is often called "Austria" by metonymy. Around 1700, the Latin term monarchia austriaca came into use as a term of convenience. Within the empire alone, the vast possessions included the original Hereditary Lands, the Erblande, from before 1526; the Lands of the Bohemian Crown; the formerly Spanish Austrian Netherlands from 1714 until 1794; and some fiefs in Imperial Italy. Outside the empire, they encompassed all the Kingdom of Hungary as well as conquests made at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. The dynastic capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was in Prague.

Origins and expansion

The first Habsburg who can be reliably traced was Radbot of Klettgau, who was born in the late 10th century; the family name originated with Habsburg Castle, in present-day Switzerland, which was built by Radbot. After 1279, the Habsburgs came to rule in the Duchy of Austria, which was part of the elective Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire. King Rudolf I of Germany of the Habsburg family assigned the Duchy of Austria to his sons at the Diet of Augsburg (1282), thus establishing the "Austrian hereditary lands". From that moment, the Habsburg dynasty was also known as the House of Austria. Between 1438 and 1806, with few exceptions, the Habsburg Archduke of Austria was elected as Holy Roman Emperor.

The Habsburgs grew to European prominence as a result of the dynastic policy pursued by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian married Mary of Burgundy, thus bringing the Burgundian Netherlands into the Habsburg possessions. Their son, Philip the Handsome, married Joanna the Mad of Spain (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the son of Philip and Joanna, inherited the Habsburg Netherlands in 1506, Habsburg Spain and its territories in 1516, and Habsburg Austria in 1519.

At this point, the Habsburg possessions were so vast that Charles V was constantly travelling throughout his dominions and therefore needed deputies and regents, such as Isabella of Portugal in Spain and Margaret of Austria in the Low Countries, to govern his various realms. At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Emperor Charles V came to terms with his younger brother Ferdinand. According to the Habsburg compact of Worms (1521), confirmed a year later in Brussels, Ferdinand was made Archduke, as a regent of Charles V in the Austrian hereditary lands.

Following the death of Louis II of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács against the Ottoman Turks, Archduke Ferdinand (who was his brother-in-law by virtue of an adoption treaty signed by Maximilian and Vladislaus II, Louis's father at the First Congress of Vienna) was also elected the next king of Bohemia and Hungary in 1526. Bohemia and Hungary became hereditary Habsburg domains only in the 17th century: Following victory in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) over the Bohemian rebels, Ferdinand II promulgated a Renewed Land Ordinance (1627/1628) that established hereditary succession over Bohemia. Following the Battle of Mohács (1687), in which Leopold I reconquered almost all of Ottoman Hungary from the Turks, the emperor held a diet in Pressburg to establish hereditary succession in the Hungarian kingdom.

Charles V divided the House in 1556 by ceding Austria along with the Imperial crown to Ferdinand (as decided at the Imperial election, 1531), and the Spanish Empire to his son Philip. The Spanish branch (which also held the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Portugal between 1580 and 1640, and the Mezzogiorno of Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which also ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary and Bohemia) was itself divided between different branches of the family from 1564 until 1665, but thereafter it remained a single personal union. It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but through the marriage of Queen Maria Theresa with Francis of Lorraine, the dynasty continued as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

Names

 * Habsburg monarchy (German Habsburgermonarchie): this is an unofficial umbrella term, very frequently used, but was not an official name.
 * Austrian monarchy (monarchia austriaca) came into use around 1700 as a term of convenience for the Habsburg territories.
 * "Danubian monarchy" (Donaumonarchie) was an unofficial name often used contemporaneously.
 * "Dual monarchy" (Doppel-Monarchie) referred to the combination of Cisleithania and the Transleithania, two states under one crowned ruler.
 * Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich): This was the official name of the new Habsburg empire created in 1804, after the end of the Holy Roman Empire. The English word empire refers to a territory ruled by an emperor, and not to a "widespreading domain".
 * Austria-Hungary (Österreich-Ungarn), 1867–1918: This name was commonly used in international relations, although the official name was Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie).
 * Crownlands or crown lands (Kronländer) (1849–1918): This is the name of all the individual parts of the Austrian Empire (1849–1867), and then of Austria-Hungary from 1867 on. The Kingdom of Hungary (more exactly the Lands of the Hungarian Crown) was not considered a "crownland" anymore after the establishment of Austria-Hungary in 1867, so that the "crownlands" became identical with what was called the Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council (Die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder).
 * The Hungarian parts of the empire were called "Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen" or "Lands of Holy (St.) Stephen's Crown" (Länder der Heiligen Stephans Krone). The Bohemian (Czech) Lands were called "Lands of the St. Wenceslaus' Crown" (Länder der Wenzels-Krone).

Names of some smaller territories: The Erblande also included many small territories that were principalities, duchies or counties in other parts of the Holy Roman Empire, such as Further Austria.
 * The Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg finally became Austrian in 1816 after the Napoleonic wars; before that it was ruled by the prince-archbishops of Salzburg as a sovereign territory.
 * The Prince-Bishopric of Trent and Prince-Bishopric of Brixen became Austrian in 1803 following the Treaty of Lunéville.
 * Austria, historically, was split into "Austria above the Enns" and "Austria below the Enns" (the Enns river is the state-border between Upper- and Lower Austria). Upper Austria was enlarged after the Treaty of Teschen (1779) following the War of the Bavarian Succession by the so-called Innviertel ("Inn Quarter"), formerly part of Bavaria.
 * Hereditary Lands (Erblande or Erbländer; mostly used Österreichische Erblande) or German Hereditary Lands (in the Austrian monarchy) or Austrian Hereditary Lands (Middle Ages – 1849/1918): In a narrower sense these were the "original" Habsburg territories, principally the Archduchy of Austria (Oesterreich), Duchy of Styria (Steiermark), Duchy of Carinthia (Kaernten), Duchy of Carniola (Krain), County of Tyrol (Tirol) and Vorarlberg. In a wider sense the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were also included (from 1526; definitively from 1620/27) in the Hereditary Lands. The term was replaced by the term "Crownlands" (see above) in the 1849 March Constitution, but it was also used afterwards.

Territories of the Habsburg Monarchy

The territories ruled by the Austrian monarchy changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs:
 * The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of Austria and Slovenia, as well as territories in northeastern Italy and (before 1797) southwestern Germany. To these were added in 1779 the Inn Quarter of Bavaria and in 1803 the Prince-Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen. The Napoleonic Wars caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the Congress of Vienna 1815, with the exception of Further Austria. The Hereditary provinces included:
 * Archduchy of Austria
 * Upper Austria
 * Lower Austria
 * Inner Austria
 * Duchy of Styria
 * Duchy of Carinthia
 * Duchy of Carniola
 * The Imperial Free City of Trieste
 * Margraviate of Istria (although much of Istria was Venetian territory until 1797)
 * Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
 * County of Tyrol (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tyrol before 1803
 * Duchy of Salzburg
 * Further Austria, mostly ruled jointly with Tyrol.
 * Vorarlberg (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century)
 * The Vorlande, a group of territories in Breisgau and elsewhere in southwestern Germany lost in 1801 (although the Alsatian territories (Sundgau) which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648)
 * Grand Duchy of Salzburg (only after 1805)Maria Theresa-coronation-1741-Pressburg-Hertz.jpg, 1741]]
 * The Lands of the Bohemian Crown. The Bohemian Diet elected Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, as king in 1526. Initially consisting of the five lands:
 * Kingdom of Bohemia
 * Margraviate of Moravia
 * Silesia, Most of Silesia was conquered by Prussia in 1740–1742 and the remnants which stayed under Habsburg sovereignty were ruled as Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (Austrian Silesia).
 * Lusatia, was ceded to Saxony in 1635.
 * Upper Lusatia
 * Lower Lusatia
 * The Kingdom of Hungary – two-thirds of the former territory that was administered by the medieval Kingdom of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and the Princes of vassal Ottoman Transylvania, while the Habsburg administration was restricted to the western and northern territories of the former kingdom, which remained to be officially referred as the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1699, at the end of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, one part of the territories that were administered by the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg administration, with some other areas being acquired in 1718 (some of the territories that were part of medieval kingdom, notably those in the south of the Sava and Danube rivers, remained under Ottoman administration).
 * Kingdom of Croatia
 * Military Frontier

Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were secundogenitures, i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty):
 * Serbia occupation (1686–1691)
 * Kingdom of Slavonia (1699–1868)
 * Duchy of Milan (1706–1797)
 * Duchy of Mantua (1706–1797)
 * Kingdom of Naples (1707–1735)
 * Kingdom of Sardinia (1707–1720)
 * State of the Presidi (1707–1733)
 * Austrian Netherlands, consisting of most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg (1713–1795)
 * Grand Principality of Transylvania, between 1699 (Treaty of Karlowitz) and 1867 (Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
 * Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739)
 * Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778)
 * Banat of Craiova (1718–1739 de facto, 1716–1737)
 * Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735)
 * Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1735–1748)
 * Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in modern Poland and Ukraine (1772–1918)
 * Duchy of Bukovina (1774–1918)
 * Serbia occupation (1788–1791)
 * West Galicia, the Polish lands, including Kraków, taken in the Third Partition (1795–1809)
 * Venetia (1797–1805)
 * Kingdom of Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918)
 * Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1814–1866)
 * Grand Duchy of Kraków, which was incorporated into Galicia (1846–1918)
 * Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849) de facto entity, officially unrecognized
 * Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860)
 * Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918)
 * Sanjak of Novi Pazar occupation (1878–1908)
 * Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918)

The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806.

Characteristics

Within the early modern Habsburg monarchy, each entity was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa and especially her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the Metternichian period that followed.

Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various revolutions of 1848. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary was placed under martial law, being divided into a series of military districts, the centralized neo-absolutism tried to as well to nullify Hungary's constitution and Diet. Following the Habsburg defeats in the Second Italian War of Independence (1859) and Austro-Prussian War (1866), these policies were step by step abandoned.

After experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.") was an equal sovereign with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands were referred to as "Austria", received their own central parliament (the Reichsrat, or Imperial Council) and ministries, as their official name – the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". When Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed (after 30 years of occupation and administration), it was not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, it was governed by the joint Ministry of Finance.

During the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Austrian territories collapsed under the weight of the various ethnic independence movements that came to the fore with its defeat in World War I. After its dissolution, the new republics of Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and the First Hungarian Republic were created. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to Romania and Italy and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of Poland, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia.

Other lines
A junior line ruled over the Grand Duchy of Tuscany between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at Salzburg from 1803 to 1805, and in Grand Duchy of Würzburg from 1805 to 1814. The House of Austria-Este ruled the Duchy of Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Empress Marie Louise, Napoleon's second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis I, ruled over the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza between 1814 and 1847. Also, the Second Mexican Empire, from 1863 to 1867, was headed by Maximilian I of Mexico, the brother of Emperor Franz Josef of Austria.

Rulers, 1508–1918
The so-called "Habsburg monarchs" or "Habsburg emperors" held many different titles and ruled each kingdom separately through a personal union.

House of Habsburg

 * Frederick III (1452–1493)
 * Maximilian I (1493–1519)
 * Charles V (1519–1556)
 * Ferdinand I (1556–1564)
 * Maximilian II (1564–1576)
 * Rudolf II (1576–1612)
 * Matthias (1612–1619)
 * Ferdinand II (1619–1637)
 * Ferdinand III (1637–1657)
 * Leopold I (1657–1705)
 * Joseph I (1705–1711)
 * Charles VI (1711–1740)
 * Maria Theresa (1740–1780) (German: Maria Theresia)

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

 * Joseph II (1780–1790), known as "the great Reformer"
 * Leopold II (1790–1792), from 1765 to 1790 "Grand Duke of Tuscany"
 * Francis II (1792–1835), (became Emperor Francis I of Austria in 1804, at which point numbering starts anew)
 * Ferdinand I (1835–1848), known as "Ferdinand the Good" German: "Ferdinand der Gütige"
 * Francis Joseph I (1848–1916)
 * Charles I (1916–1918), last reigning monarch of Austria-Hungary

Family tree

 * Habsburg family tree

In literature
The decline of the Habsburg Empire is given in Stefan Zweig's The World of Yesterday.

title: Habsburg monarchy


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Kfar Vradim

Kfar Vradim (כְּפַר וְרָדִים) is a town (local council) in northern Israel, with a population of in. It is situated south of Ma'alot-Tarshiha and about 14 km south of the border with Lebanon. Kfar Vradim is close to Ma'alot-Tarshiha (2 kilometers), Karmiel (16 kilometers) and Nahariya (20 kilometers). In 2018 it had a population of 5800.

History
It was established by Stef Wertheimer to create an industrial town in rural surroundings. The first families were mostly workers of ISCAR Metalworking, owned by Wertheimer, which manufactures metal blades and high performance cutting tools. Kfar Vradim is located near Ma'alot-Tarshiha and Yanuh-Jat, and is connected to the highway by Road 854. Road 8721 runs through the town, connecting it to Yanuh-Jat.

As of 2018, there were contentious plans to build 2,200 new housing units, more than doubling the number of households in the town.

Climate
Kfar Vradim is situated between 550–620 meters (1800–2050 feet) above sea level, providing for a relatively dry and Mediterranean climate. Peak temperatures in Kfar Vradim in summer typically reach about 38 °C, while its January and February temperatures can drop to as low as -2 °C. Average temperatures range from 10 to 15 C in the winter to 28 - 32 C at summer. Precipitation is mostly between October and March and is mainly made up of rain showers and scarce snowfall.

Education
Kfar Vradim has an elementary school (Keshet school) and a middle school (Amirim middle school) which is also a high school since 2013.

Notable residents

 * Shani Boianjiu, novelist.
 * Matti Caspi, musician.

Twin towns
Kfar Vradim is twinned with:
 * Castrillo Mota de Judíos, Spain

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kfar Vradim


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Talk:Shoplifting

Shoplifting
Shoplifters are strong 82.82.241.216 (talk) 21:29, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Legal Classification of Shoplifting
In some states, a Shoplifting offense involving a person who has been previously banned from a retail establishment can be charged with felony Burglary. So, in some instances it is not considered different than Burglary, as stated in the entry. 75.130.74.50 (talk) 12:27, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Exit inspections / Retail bag check exit policy
These are two different sections discussing the same thing. Valgrus Thunderaxe (talk) 20:38, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * No objection thus far. I'm going to remove the "Retail bag check exit policy" section as it's redundant and also riddled with grammatical errors and manager-like speak.  Valgrus Thunderaxe (talk) 00:42, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Proposal: Remove Notable Cases Section
The notable cases section strikes me as mostly trivia, and neither necessary to the article nor helpful to understanding shoplifting. Also, there is no apparent measure of what makes a case noteworthy beyond whether the person involved is famous, a criterion that of itself seems to either make for an arbitrarily selected short list of incidents or an extremely long list. Arllaw (talk) 04:45, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Are there any thoughts on this proposal? Arllaw (talk) 00:37, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree. I think any "notable cases" should be described only if they are remarkable and noteworthy instances of the crime, not otherwise unremarkable instances of the crime that are notable because the perpetrator was famous. Nothing here qualifies. WP Ludicer (talk) 01:12, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I totally agree. this should have been removed long ago. JBW (talk) 19:00, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I have taken the liberty of removing the section. Arllaw (talk) 22:38, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shoplifting


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Peter Chen

Peter Pin-Shan Chen (born 3 January 1947) is a Taiwanese American computer scientist. He is a (retired) distinguished career scientist and faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University and Distinguished Chair Professor Emeritus at LSU. He is known for the development of the entity–relationship model in 1976.

Biography
Born 1947 in Taichung, Taiwan, Peter Chen received a B.S. in electrical engineering in 1968 at the National Taiwan University, and a Ph.D. in computer science/applied mathematics at Harvard University in 1973. In 1970, he worked one summer at IBM. After graduating from Harvard, he spent one year at Honeywell and a summer at Digital Equipment Corporation.

From 1974 to 1978 Chen was an assistant professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management. From 1978 to 1983 he was an associate professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA Management School). From 1983 to 2011 Chen held the position of M. J. Foster Distinguished Chair Professor of Computer Science at Louisiana State University and, for several years, adjunct professor in its Business School and Medical School (Shreveport). During this period, he was a visiting professor once at Harvard in '89-'90 and three times at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (EECS Dept. in '86-'87, Sloan School in '90-'91, and Division of Engineering Systems in 06-'07). From 2010 to 2020, Chen was a Distinguished Career Scientist and faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A.

Besides lecturing around the world, he has also served as an (honorary) professor outside of the U.S. In 1984, under the sponsorship of the United Nations, he taught a one-month short course on databases at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, and was awarded as Honorary Professor there. Then, he went to Beijing as a member of the IEEE delegation of the First International Conference on Computers and Applications (the first major IEEE computer conference held in China). From 2008 to 2014, he was an Honorary Chair Professor at the Institute of Service Science at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. Starting in 2016, he is an Honorary Chair Professor in the Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Asia University (Taiwan).

Chen has served as an advisor for government agencies and corporations. He is a member of the advisory board of the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate of National Science Foundation (2004-2006) and the United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (2005-2009).

Awards and honors
Chen's original paper is one of the most influential papers in the computer software field based on a survey of more than 1,000 computer science professors documented in a book on "Great Papers in Computer Science". Chen's work is also cited in the book Software Challenges published by Time-Life Books in 1993 in the series on "Understanding Computers." Chen is recognized as one of the pioneers in a book on "Software Pioneers". He is listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World.

Chen has received many awards in the fields of Information Technology. He received the Data Resource Management Technology Award from the Data Administration Management Association (DAMA International) in New York City in 1990. He was elected as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), IEEE, and ER. He won the Achievement Award in Information Management in 2000 from DAMA International. He was an inductee into the Data Management Hall of Fame in 2000. He received the Stevens Award in Software Method Innovation in 2001. In 2003, Chen received the IEEE Harry H. Goode Memorial Award at the IEEE-CS Board of Governors meeting in San Diego. He was presented with the ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award at the ACM Banquet in San Diego in June 2003 and International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) in Acapulco in August 2003. Chen is also the recipient of the Pan Wen-Yuan Outstanding Research Award in 2004. In June 2011 in Jeju Island, Korea, Chen received the Transformative Achievement Medal from the Software Engineering Society and the Society for Design and Process Science. In 2021, he received the Leadership Award from the IEEE Technical Committee of Service Computing (TCSVC). His innovative work initiated/accelerated a new field of research and practice called "Conceptual Modeling" based on conceptual model (computer science) or Entity–Relationship model. In 1979, he founded an annual international professional meeting, the International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, which has been held in different countries. He also founded the Data & Knowledge Engineering journal for publishing and disseminating scholarly research results.

Peter P. Chen Award
To recognize Chen's pioneering leadership role, the "Peter P. Chen Award" was established in 2008, to honor excellent researchers/educators for outstanding contributions to the field of conceptual modeling each year. The recipients of the Peter P. Chen Award are:
 * 2008: Bernhard Thalheim, professor, University of Kiel, Germany
 * 2009: David W. Embley, professor, Brigham Young University (BYU), U.S.A.
 * 2010: John Mylopoulos, professor, University of Toronto, Canada, and University of Trento, Italy
 * 2011: Tok Wang Ling, professor, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
 * 2012: Stefano Spaccapietra, honorary professor, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland
 * 2013: Carlo Batini, professor, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
 * 2014: Antonio L. Furtado, professor, PUC-Rio, Brazil
 * 2015: Il-Yeol Song, professor, Drexel University, U.S.A.
 * 2016: Óscar Pastor, professor, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
 * 2017: Yair Wand, CANFOR Professor in MIS, University of British Columbia, CANADA
 * 2018: Veda C. Storey, Tull Professor of Computer Information Systems, Georgia State University, Atlanta, U.S.A.
 * 2019: Eric Yu, professor, University of Toronto, Canada.
 * 2020: Matthias Jarke, Professor, RWTH Aachen University, Germany and Chairman, Fraunhofer ICT Group.
 * 2021: Sudha Ram, Anheuser-Busch Professor of MIS, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, University of Arizona, U.S.A.
 * 2022: Maurizio Lenzerini, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
 * 2023: Nicola Guarino, the head of the Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA), part of the Italian National Research Council (CNR) in Trento, Italy.

Peter Chen Big Data Young Researcher Award
To recognize Chen's pioneering role and contributions in building the foundation for big data modeling and analysis, the "Peter Chen Big Data Young Researcher Award" was established in 2015 by the Service Society and the steering committee of eight co-located IEEE Conferences (IEEE ICWS/SCC/CLOUD/MS/BigDataCongress/SERVICES), to honor a very promising young big data researcher each year in the IEEE Big Data Congress and co-located conferences, starting from IEEE BigData 2015 Congress. The Peter Chen Big Data Young Researcher Award winners are:
 * 2015: Yi Chen, associate professor, New Jersey Institute of Technology, U.S.A.
 * 2016: Wei Tan, Research Staff Member, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY USA.
 * 2017: Ilkay Altintas, Chief Data Science Officer, San Diego Supercomputer Center, Univ. of California, San Diego, USA.

Entity–relationship modeling and conceptual data modeling
The entity–relationship model serves as the foundation of many systems analysis and design methodologies, computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools, and repository systems. The ER model is the basis for IBM's Repository Manager/MVS and DEC's CDD/Plus.

Chen's original paper is commonly cited as the definitive reference for entity relationship modeling though the concept of object relationship had been developed a year earlier by Schmid and Swenson as reported in the 1975 ACM SIGMOD Proceedings. Chen is one of the pioneers of using entity–relationship concepts in software and information system modeling and design. Before Chen's paper, the basic entity–relationship ideas were used mostly informally by practitioners. Chen first published an abstract and presented his ER model in the First Very Large Database Conference in September 1975, the same year of a paper with similar concepts written by A. P. G. Brown. Chen's main contributions are formalizing the concepts, developing a theory with a set of data definition and manipulation operations, and specifying the translation rules from the ER model to several major types of databases (including the Relational Database). He also popularized the model and introduced it to the academic literature.

The ER model was adopted as the meta-model ANSI Standard in Information Resource Directory System (IRDS), and the ER approach has been ranked at the top methodology for database design and one of the top methodologies in systems development by several surveys of Fortune 500 companies.

Computer-aided software engineering
Chen's work is a cornerstone of software engineering, in particular computer-aided software engineering (CASE). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, IBM's Application Development Cycle (AD/Cycle) framework and DB2 repository (RM/MVS) were based on the ER model. Other vendors’ repository systems such as Digital's CDD+ were also based on the ER model. Chen has had a significant impact on the CASE industry through his research and his lecturing around the world on structured system development methodologies. The ER model has influenced most of the major CASE tools, including Computer Associates’ ERWIN, Oracle Corporation’s Designer/2000, and Sybase’s PowerDesigner (and even a general drawing tool like Microsoft Visio), as well as the IDEF1X standard. The ER model is also the basis for Microsoft's ADO.NET Entity Framework.

The hypertext concept, which makes the World Wide Web extremely popular, is very similar to the main concept in the ER model. Chen investigated this linkage as an invited expert of several XML working groups of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

The ER model also serves as the foundation of some of the recent work on Object-oriented analysis and design methodologies and Semantic Web. The UML modeling language has its roots in the ER model.

Computer performance modeling
In his early career, he was active in R&D activities in computer system performance. He was the program chair of an ACM SIGMETRICS conference. He developed a computer performance model for a major computer vendor. His innovative research results were adopted in commercial computer performance tuning and capacity

Memory and storage hierarchy, storage technology, CD-ROM, firmware, and micro-programming
His Ph.D. thesis at Harvard was one of the first studies of cost-performance optimization models of multi-level memory/storage hierarchies. He was also one of the early micro-programmers developing the firmware for a file control unit for an IBM mainframe computer. His article on "CD-ROM" in IEEE Proceedings journal in the 1980s was one of the first articles explaining how CD-ROM worked when CD-ROMs became popular. He was a co-author of the storage technology article in early versions of a computer encyclopedia book published by McGraw-Hill.

Cyber security and terrorist detection
In recent years, he led a multidisciplinary research team in developing new efficient and effective techniques in identifying terrorists and malicious cyber transactions. At CMU, he is active in the R&D activities of CERT Coordination Center and Software Engineering Institute (SEI).

Big data, web services, blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT)
He is active in research and lecturing on Big Data and emerging technologies. He was a keynote speaker and a keynote panelist on Big Data at IEEE Conferences. He was the 2014 program chair, the 2015–16 conference chair, and the 2017 honorary chair of the IEEE BigData Congresses. He was the chair of the 2018 IEEE ICWS Conference and the chair of the Blockchain Panel. He was the general chair of the 2019 IEEE Service Congress, Milan, Italy. He received the 2002 ACM - AAAI Allen Newell Award, one of the top awards jointly sponsored by a computer and an AI professional societies.

Publications
Peter P. Chen has published many books, papers, and articles.

 * Books (a selection)
 * 2007. Active Conceptual Modeling of Learning: Next Generation Learning-Base System Development. With Leah Y. Wong (Eds.). Springer.
 * 1999. Advances in Conceptual Modeling: ER'99 Workshops on Evolution and Change in Data Management, Reverse Engineering in Information Systems, and the World ... (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). With David W. Embley, Jacques Kouloumdjian, Stephen W. Liddle and John F. Roddick (Eds.) Springer Verlag.
 * 1999. Conceptual Modeling: Current Issues and Future Directions (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) With Jacky Akoka, Hannu Kangassalo, and Bernhard Thalheim.
 * 1985. Data & Knowledge Engineering, Volume 1, Number 1, 1985.
 * 1981. Entity–Relationship Approach to Information Modeling and Analysis.
 * 1980. Entity–Relationship Approach to Systems Analysis and Design. North-Holland.

 * Articles (a selection)
 * 1976 (March). ISSN 0362-5915.
 * 2002. "Entity–Relationship Modeling: Historical Events, Future Trends, and Lessons Learned". In: Software Pioneers: Contributions to Software Engineering. Broy M. and Denert, E. (eds.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences, June 2002. pp. 100–114.

title: Peter Chen


text:
Faustino Asprilla

Faustino Hernán Asprilla Hinestroza (born 10 November 1969) is a Colombian former professional footballer who played as forward or winger, most notably for Parma, Newcastle United and the Colombia national team.

Early years
After starting out playing football with local team Carlos Sarmiento Lora School, Asprilla started his professional career in 1988 for the Colombian team Cúcuta Deportivo at the age of 18 for a year before transferring to Atlético Nacional. He scored 35 goals in 78 games, which brought him to the attention of several Italian clubs. Parma won the race to sign him for US$10.9 million in 1992.

Parma
In his first season at Parma, Asprilla scored some important goals, including a 27-yard second-half free-kick which helped Parma defeat Milan 1–0, ending the Italian champions' unbeaten streak at 58 matches. It was at Parma Asprilla arguably enjoyed his greatest club success. Asprilla was part of the Parma squad which won its first international tournament, the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup, scoring four goals in eight matches. It was his brace in Spain that rallied the Italian team to a 2–1 victory over Atlético Madrid in the semi-final. However, an injury meant he was an unused substitute as Parma defeated Belgian club Royal Antwerp 3–1 in the final.

In early 1994, Asprilla was part of the Parma side that defeated Milan 2–0 at the San Siro to overturn a 1–0 first-leg deficit and claim the 1993 European Super Cup.

Also in the 1993–94 season, Parma reached a second Cup Winners' Cup final. However, a 0–1 defeat to Arsenal meant they would not retain their trophy.

In 1994–95, Parma again reached the final of a major European competition as they faced Italian compatriots Juventus in the final of the UEFA Cup. Asprilla was instrumental in Parma's run to the final, with three goals over two legs in the semi-final against Bayer Leverkusen. In the final itself, Asprilla was in the starting XI for both legs as Parma defeated Juventus 2–1 on aggregate.

At the start of the 1995–96 season, Asprilla found himself out of head coach Nevio Scala's plans. In February 1996, after making only six appearances in the opening five months of the season, Asprilla joined English Premier League leaders Newcastle United for a £6.7 million transfer fee.

During his first spell at Parma, Asprilla scored 25 goals in 84 Serie A appearances. He is considered one of the greatest players of Parma's successful period in the 1990s. In his three full seasons with the club, Parma finished third, fifth and third in Serie A. The club also reached a European final in each of those seasons, as well as the 1994–95 Coppa Italia final. He also won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1992–93, as well as a runners-up medal in 1993–94 edition of the tournament, the European Super Cup in 1993, and the UEFA Cup in 1994–95 and 1998–99. In 1993, he was also ranked by FIFA as the sixth-best player in the world in the FIFA World Player of the Year award.

Newcastle United
Parma sold Asprilla to English Premier League side Newcastle United for £6.7 million in February 1996, with "Tino", as the fans nicknamed him, appearing at St James' Park to finalise the move during a snowstorm, dressed in a woolen coat. At the time, Newcastle were ahead of Manchester United in the Premier League, although their lead at the top of the table was narrowing. Asprilla's arrival on Tyneside came just months after earlier media reports of a move to England, with Leeds United being linked with his signature.

Asprilla made his league debut in Newcastle's 2–1 win over Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium on 10 February 1996, coming on as a second-half substitute with the score 1–0 in Middlesbrough's favour. He made an immediate impact, creating the assist for Newcastle's equaliser. However, his time on Tyneside was blighted by inconsistency and off-field incidents, and Asprilla was blamed as one of the reasons Newcastle would go on to concede the 1995–96 Premier League title to eventual winners Manchester United.

Asprilla's second season for Newcastle ended with the club finishing in second place once again, behind Manchester United. His role was largely reduced to substitute appearances, although he retained his best performances for the club's UEFA Cup campaign, scoring five goals. His celebration of the goal he scored against Metz, whereby he removed his shirt and swung it from a corner flag, resulted in Asprilla being given a yellow card, meaning a suspension from Newcastle's next UEFA Cup match against Monaco.

The 1997–98 season was Asprilla's last for Newcastle. With the sale of striker Les Ferdinand to Tottenham Hotspur and a serious injury to Alan Shearer during the pre-season, Asprilla was preferred as first-choice striker alongside the young, inexperienced Jon Dahl Tomasson. Newcastle's second-place league finish the season before meant they qualified for the 1997–98 UEFA Champions League; Asprilla started the first game against Barcelona and scored a hat-trick in a 3–2 win. These would turn out to be his last goals for the club. By the end of January 1998, with Newcastle struggling in the league and eliminated from the Champions League, Asprilla's time at Newcastle came to an end. He was sold back to Parma for £6 million, having scored a total of nine goals in 48 Premier League appearances and nine goals in 11 European matches.

Return to Parma
In his second spell at Parma, Asprilla won his second UEFA Cup, coming on as a substitute as Parma defeated Marseille in the final.

Palmeiras
Asprilla played in the successful Palmeiras team in the 1999 and 2000 seasons. He won both the Rio-São Paulo Tournament and the Brazilian Champions Cup in 2000.

Retirement
On July 2009, Asprilla officially retired from top flight football following a retirement match in Medellín, Colombia. Although this marks his official retirement date, he had not been actively employed by a professional side in around five years.

Later career and Darlington link
Although his brief time with Palmeiras saw the team achieve success, for Asprilla personally his time there marked the beginning of a pattern of short, relatively unproductive stays with various clubs across various countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Argentina.

During a time which was generally low-key, he appeared in the public eye again in 2002 amid reports he had been approached by English Division Three side Darlington. Darlington successfully appealed an initial work permit refusal and had offered around £17,000 per week plus 20% of gate receipts, a car and a rent-free flat. Chairman George Reynolds considered they were friends and in fact paraded Asprilla in front of 5,163 fans before Darlington's 2–0 win over Carlisle United on 27 August, believing the intended two-year contract was good as signed. However, it was reported that after Asprilla stalled on taking a medical on 29 August, in the early hours of 30 August, Asprilla caught a flight from Newcastle Airport to the Middle East, apparently to accept a more lucrative contract offer. Reynolds described himself as "absolutely gutted" by the snub, complaining Asprilla "did not even have the decency to say goodbye" and said he would never talk to him again. This was the second time Darlington was snubbed by a high-profile ex-Newcastle player that summer, the first being Paul Gascoigne.

The identity of the Middle East club has never been revealed.

Summary
Asprilla scored 20 goals in 57 matches for Colombia from 1993 to 2001 and played for his country at the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups. Asprilla was expected to be one of the top players of the 1994 tournament, but failed to score a single goal as Colombia was eliminated in the first round.

1992 Summer Olympics
Asprilla was a member of the Colombian team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona where the team was eliminated in the first round following losses to Spain (4–0) and Egypt (3–4) and a draw with Qatar (1–1).

1993 Copa America
In the 1993 Copa América, held in Ecuador, Colombia finished third overall. After topping Group C with a 2–1 win over Mexico and draws with Bolivia (1–1) and Argentina (1–1), Colombia defeated Uruguay 1–1 (5–3 on penalties) before losing 0–0 (6–5 on penalties) to Argentina in the semi-final, the eventual tournament winners. In the match for third place, Colombia defeated hosts Ecuador 1–0 to claim third place. Asprilla did not score in the tournament.

1994 FIFA World Cup
Asprilla was part of the Colombian team which demolished Argentina 5–0 in a World Cup Qualifier match in Buenos Aires in 1993, where Asprilla scored twice. Colombia finished undefeated in the South American qualifying group. Entering the 1994 World Cup, there were high expectations for Colombia as a dark horse favourite to win the tournament with a squad that included such notable players as Carlos Valderrama, Freddy Rincón and Asprilla. However, with one win and two losses, Colombia finished at the bottom of their group and was eliminated after the first round. Asprilla himself had a disappointing tournament, failing to score, and left the tournament before the group stage had concluded.

1995 Copa América
In the 1995 Copa América, held and won by Uruguay, Colombia again finished third. Colombia started out by finishing third in Group B with a 1–1 draw with Peru (Asprilla scored the goal), a 1–0 win over Ecuador and a 0–3 loss to Brazil. The nation then went on to defeat Paraguay 5–4 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the quarter-finals before losing to Uruguay 2–0 in the semi-final. In the third place match, Colombia faced the United States, which Colombia easily defeated 4–1 with Asprilla scoring one of the Colombians' four goals in the match.

1998 FIFA World Cup
In the 1998 FIFA World Cup, held in France, expectations were again high for Colombia and Asprilla remained in the team. However, again Colombia was eliminated in the first round following one win and two losses. Asprilla was dismissed from the team after complaining to reporters about the head coach's decision to substitute him near the end of Colombia's opening loss against Romania.

In 2001, at age 32, Asprilla retired from international football.

Retirement
In July 2009, Asprilla officially retired from top flight football following a retirement match in Medellín, Colombia. Although this marks his official retirement date, he had not been actively employed by a professional side in around five years.

Personal life
In 2008, he was arrested for allegedly firing a machine gun at security forces near his farm in Colombia. He was placed under house arrest on charges of weapons possession and criminal damage. He has appeared in various Colombian Reality Shows, such as Desafio 2005 and Nomadas.

He made a return to St James' Park on 22 January 2011 appearing on the pitch at half time during Newcastle United's Premier League home match against Tottenham Hotspur and attended a charity dinner in Gateshead that evening, alongside Les Ferdinand and Peter Beardsley, where he spoke of his affection for the Newcastle fans.

In early 2013, Asprilla was linked with a return to his former club Newcastle. Asprilla spoke of performing a coaching role with the youth squad as well as developing a special role in introducing young talent into the academy from his homeland Colombia. His intention is to give Colombians a chance to showcase their skills in European/English football, based on the sheer amount of talent that has come from Colombia in recent years.

Asprilla played in former Magpies goalkeeper Steve Harper's testimonial match on 11 September 2013 against A.C. Milan Glorie. He had a header disallowed for offside before the Italians won 2–1 on penalties.

In September 2014, it was revealed Asprilla was preparing to launch a range of flavoured condoms in Colombia. In 2020, he sold the products at a special promotional price in order to ease the strains of the COVID-19 pandemic in his home country.

Asprilla revealed in 2019 that a hitman wanted to murder Paraguay goalkeeper José Luis Chilavert after both players were sent off in Colombia's 2–1 defeat during a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier in 1997.

Style of play
Regarded as one of the greatest Colombian players of all time, Asprilla was capable of playing as a forward, as a striker, as a centre-forward, as a second striker, or even as a creative, playmaking attacking midfielder in the number ten role. Though never a prolific goalscorer, he was a quick, agile and skilful player known for his flair, creativity, technique, power, acceleration, and pace, as well as his eye for goal and ability to create chances and score spectacular goals with either foot; moreover, he was an accurate free kick taker.

Former playing colleague, Robbie Elliott described Asprilla's playing style: "There were reasons behind everyone Kevin [Keegan] signed. With Tino it was that unpredictability, he just unlocked teams. His nickname was the octopus because his legs were everywhere and you literally had no idea what he was going to do."

Despite his talent and unpredictability, he was known for being inconsistent, as well as temperamental and controversial, both on and off the field. He was also known for his somersault then double-fist-pump goal celebration. Due to his long limbs, he was given the nickname il polipo ("the octopus", in Italian), during his time in Serie A, as well as cobra, due to his playing ability.

International

 * Scores and results list Colombia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Asprilla goal.

Club
Atlético Nacional
 * Categoría Primera A: 1991
 * Copa Interamericana: 1990

Parma
 * Coppa Italia: 1998–99
 * UEFA Cup: 1994–95, 1998–99
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1992–93
 * European Super Cup: 1993

Palmeiras
 * Torneio Rio – São Paulo: 2000
 * Copa dos Campeões: 2000
 * Copa Mercosur runner-up: 1999
 * Intercontinental Cup runner-up: 1999
 * Copa Libertadores: runner-up: 2000

title: Faustino Asprilla


text:
Aces High Light Aircraft

Aces High Light Aircraft was a Canadian ultralight manufacturer, located in London, Ontario.

Well known for its Cuby line of light and ultralight aircraft, the firm ceased operations in the mid-1990s.

title: Aces High Light Aircraft


text:
Vindö

Vindö is a large, fairly densely populated island in Stockholm County, Svealand, Sweden, in the Stockholm archipelago, between Värmdö and Kanholmsfjärden. The island is cut into by several deep bays, and linked by isthmus to Djurö to the south and Skarpö to the east. Between Vindö-Djurö and Värmdölandet goes a fairway by Vindöström and Simpströmmen.

On the north Vindö are lake Vämlingen joined by the Baltic Sea by Oscar Canal, named after King Oscar II. The king liked to fish for perch in the lake at the time, the Royal Swedish Yacht Club (KSSS) operated in Sollenkroka Fladen (before they moved to Santahamina).

Carl Anton sings about Vindö in "Överbyvals," where the island's beauty during summer is praised.

title: Vindö


text:
AD Aerospace

AD Aerospace are involved in Aircraft Video Surveillance and form part of the Mythra Group of companies. Headquartered in Hazel Grove, Cheshire, UK at purpose-built premises, making Flight Deck Entry/Cockpit Door Surveillance Systems (FDEVSS/CDSS), Cabin Surveillance Systems and Cargo Surveillance Systems, as well as Ground Manoeuvring and In Flight Entertainment (IFE) systems utilising external cameras. External Camera systems have proved popular with Airbus Helicopters (formerly Eurocopter) and was chosen for the H175/EC175 helicopter. AD Aerospace also offer a VIP Cabin Surveillance Solution which is an option for 1st Class pods or Business Class cabins comprising a HD-SDI covert camera in the passenger cabin and monitor at the cabin attendant's seat.

AD Aerospace achieved Boeing approved supplier status as early as 2001 with an order to fit a video smoke verification system to the entire Swiss Air fleet. This was carried out in response to the Peggy's Cove disaster and consisted of environmentally protected cameras being fitted throughout inaccessible areas of the aircraft such as the cargo hold, cabin overheads and avionics bay.

The first aerospace certified video server was produced by AD Aerospace for a FlightVu Defender system for Lufthansa Technik in 1999. In November 2001 AD Aerospace received the first order for video cameras for cockpit door security from JetBlue which would become the first fleet wide fit of a Cockpit Door Monitoring System.

AD Aerospace has supplied the Cargo Surveillance System, to Boeing for use on the B747-400 Boeing Dreamlifter to monitor the status of the B787 Dreamliner's fuselage parts in transit. AD is also a production partner for Flight Deck Entry Video Surveillance systems on B737, B747, B757, B767 and B777 aircraft.

AD Aerospace also has a working relationship with COMAC in China and supplies video surveillance equipment for both the ARJ21 and C919 programs. In addition to their work with OEMs, AD Aerospace work with airlines and leasing companies with existing customers across the globe including; United Airlines, Air China, Jet2.com, Lufthansa, TUI, Aeroflot, Qatar Airways, Aviation Capital Group, AerCap and GECAS.

title: AD Aerospace


text:
Arthur Russell (athlete)

Arthur Russell (13 March 1886 – 23 August 1972) was a British athlete. He was the winner of the 3,200-meter steeplechase at the 1908 Summer Olympics for Great Britain.

Russell, from Staffordshire, won the British AAA Championships in steeplechase from 1904 to 1906. He won his first AAA title while only 17 years old.

At the London Olympics, Russell competed in the 3,200 metres steeplechase. In the first round, he was one of only two athletes in his heat to finish, easily defeating the other runner. Russell made the pace in the final for the first mile. Afterwards, Russell and American John Eisele fought for the lead until the bell, when Briton Archie Robertson passed Eisele and was only beaten by two yards by Russell, with Eisele 25 yd behind.

Russell was a Walsall brick worker who ran for Walsall Harriers. His gold medal is extremely rare as it is made of solid gold and this was the only time that the 3200-yard event was held.

title: Arthur Russell (athlete)


text:
Alienated (TV series)

Alienated is a Canadian science fiction television series. It was set and filmed in Victoria, British Columbia. The series premiered July 8, 2003 on Space and lasted for two seasons.

Mill Creek Entertainment released the complete series on DVD.

Synopsis
The plot centers around the Blundells, a typical suburban family living in Victoria who undergo strange (often sexual) changes after being abducted by space aliens (who remain unseen throughout the series).

Characters
The show first aired in July 2003 and stars:
 * Sarah-Jane Redmond as Sarah Blundell (Mother/wife)
 * Campbell Lane as George Crickmore (Sarah's elderly father)
 * Iris Graham as Isabelle Blundell (Daughter)
 * Andrew Robb as Cameron Blundell (Fourteen-year-old Son)
 * Jonathan Whittaker as Roger Blundell (Father/husband)

Guest stars

 * George Takei as himself
 * Michaela Mann as Charlie Delgado
 * Gabrielle Miller as Rebecca Myers

title: Alienated (TV series)


text:
Kabinett

Kabinett (literal meaning: cabinet), or sometimes Kabinettwein (literal meaning: a wine set aside in a cabinet), is a German language wine term for a wine which is made from fully ripened grapes of the main harvest, typically picked in September, and are usually made in a light style. In the German wine classification system, Kabinett is the lowest level of Prädikatswein, lower in ripeness than Spätlese.

In Austria, Kabinett is subcategory of Qualitätswein rather than a Prädikatswein, and the term always designates a dry wine.

In the Czech Republic, Kabinet is a category of Quality Wine with Predicate (Czech: Jakostní víno s přívlastkem). Wines of this style are usually light and dry.

History
The term Kabinett, also known as Cabinet, originally implied a wine of superior quality, set aside for later sale. It is essentially the German version of the wine term Reserve. The term originated with the cistercian monks at Eberbach Abbey in Rheingau, where the first recorded use of the term Cabinet occurred in 1712. The abbey's best wines were set aside to be stored in a special cellar built in 1245, and it was later known as the Cabinet cellar, or Cabinet-Keller. However it is also recorded that the first official Cabinet Cellar was built in 1716 in Schloss Vollrads, a winery in the nearby town, Oestrich-Winkel and there was no evidence shown that Eberbach Abbey ordered its own Cabinet Cellar until 1739.

Before 1971, the term Cabinet or Kabinett often followed the name of the grape varietal, for example, a wine might be a "Trockenbeerenauslese Cabinet". The term is superfluous under current German wine law, although it can still be found on older bottles.

In 1971, the term Kabinett was officially noted in German wine law, and it was given its current definition which applies to wines which are light and non-chaptalized. Kabinett's current definition differs greatly from its etymological implications of it being a reserve wine. Before 1971, the terms Naturwein (natural wine) or Natuerrein (naturally pure) were used in place of Kabinett. These terms designated non-chaptalized wine, where no other designations, such as Spätlese or Auslese, applied.

German definition
The minimum requirements, under current wine law, for a wine to be labelled Kabinett are as follows:

 * The wine must have a must density of between 67 and 82 degrees Oechsle, depending on the region (wine growing zone) and grape variety.
 * The wine must not undergo chaptalisation.

Austrian definition
The minimum requirements, under current wine law, for a wine to be labelled Kabinett are as follows:

 * The wine must have a minimum must density of 17 degrees KMW (equal to 85 °Oechsle).
 * The alcohol content may not exceed 13% ABV.
 * The residual sugar content may not exceed 9 grams per liter.
 * The wine must not undergo chaptalisation - a notable exception from the rules which apply to other Qualitätsweine.

Czech definition
The minimum requirements, under current Czech wine law, for a wine to be labeled Kabinet are as follows:

 * The wine must be produced from grapes grown within a single defined wine sub-region.
 * The wine must have a minimum must density of 19 °NM (equal to 84 °Oechsle).
 * The wine must not undergo chaptalisation.

Style
Since Kabinett wines may not be chaptalized, in contrast with other Qualitätswein (QbA), they tend to possess the lowest alcohol content of all German wines, despite the fact the requirements are more stringent than other QbA.

Kabinett wines are often noted for having a pronounced light and elegant character when from the colder German wine regions, such as Mosel, and in wines made from the grape variety Riesling (which dominates much of the coldest German regions).

Typically, a Riesling Kabinett from Mosel exhibits a high acidity, with floral aromas, and often hints of slate and minerality. In cooler regions, semi-sweet Kabinett wines have an alcohol content of around 7-8% ABV and dry Kabinett wines are usually around 10-11% ABV. When made in other regions, or from other grape varieties, this can vary. For example, a dry Kabinett made in Baden or the Palatinate made from a Pinot varietal may well have an alcohol content of 13% ABV.

Typical German Kabinett wines are usually best enjoyed when aged for between one and five years. However, some better examples can be cellared for over a decade.

title: Kabinett


text:
Chute, Wiltshire

Chute is a civil parish in east Wiltshire, England, on the border with Hampshire. It includes the main village of Upper Chute and the smaller settlements of Lower Chute, Chute Standen, Chute Cadley and Mount Cowdown. The settlements are sometimes known collectively as "The Chutes". The nearest town is Andover, Hampshire, about 6 mi to the southeast.

Conholt House and Conholt Park are in the northeast of the parish.

Early history
Evidence of Neolithic occupation includes an oval barrow at Scotspoor, in the northeast corner of the parish. The northern boundary of the parish follows a prehistoric ditch and there is a prehistoric field system on Chute Down in the southwest. Bevisbury, a small Iron Age fort, is just over the Hampshire border near Chute Cadley.

The Domesday book of 1086 recorded farmland and a mill at Standen. In the 13th century the whole area was part of Chute Forest.

Local government
Chute is a civil parish with an elected parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority. Both councils are responsible for different aspects of local government.

The nearby village of Chute Forest has its own parish council.

Upper Chute
The Church of England parish church of Saint Nicholas is mentioned in 1320 and in Dean Chandler's register of 1405. It was almost completely rebuilt in the period 1869–72 to designs by J.L. Pearson. The old church consisted of a chancel and nave with south transept, south porch, and west timber bell turret. The walls were faced with knapped flint and supported by prominent red-brick buttresses, and the 15th-century windows were replaced by new ones in 13th-century style. A vestry was built on the north side of the chancel, and the porch and the bell turret were replaced by a new south porch below a tower and a slated spire.

The church is now part of the Savernake Team ministry and also serves Chute Forest parish, following the closure of the Victorian St Mary's Church in 1970. Six bells were transferred from the redundant church to St Nicholas' in 1976.

The Cross Keys Inn was built at the turn of the 19th century, and remained open as a public house until 2004, when its owners sought planning permission to turn it into residential property. A 'Save Our Pub' campaign was mounted by locals with the support of the Campaign for Real Ale, and in March 2006 the inn reopened under new ownership.

Chute Standen
A school was built on the road to Upper Chute in 1858, and was attended by pupils from the parishes of Chute and Chute Forest. The architect was William White and construction was in flint with red brick dressings. The school was closed in 1978 and the building became the village hall.

Chute Causeway
The Chute Causeway is a section of the Roman Road that runs from Winchester northwest to Mildenhall (near Marlborough) and onwards to Cirencester. At Conholt the road deviates west to avoid the deep Hippenscombe valley, resuming its straight course near Tidcombe. The length of the deviation is about 4 mi and the Causeway forms the southern 2+1/2 mi.

Local folklore and legend
During the reign of Charles II the bubonic plague struck the parishes of Chute and Vernham Dean. At Vernham Dean a rector persuaded his parishioners to isolate themselves at the top of the hill along which Chute Causeway runs. When the time came for him to supply the food and care he had promised, the fear he had of the disease meant he failed to uphold his honour and left the villagers to die. Another story has him falling ill himself before he could do the job. He himself did not survive, even after the betrayal of his parishioners, as the plague also killed him. Since then his ghost has been seen to wander up the hill towards the campsite on the Causeway, never completing the journey he did not have the courage to finish. As he has not been seen for a long time, he may have found peace at last.

title: Chute, Wiltshire


text:
Tanbō

The tanbō (短棒) is a short staff weapon used in Okinawa and feudal Japan. Today the tanbō is used by various martial arts schools.

Description
The tanbō is a short hardwood staff that is used in the same way as the approximately 1 m hanbō. Short staffs smaller than 1 m can be called tanbō. There is no official length for a tanbō as different ryū (martial arts schools) use tanbō of various lengths. Tanbō can be individually sized using variations of the "hand to elbow" method.

Usage
The tanbō is used in several martial arts including: jujutsu, aikido, kobudo, hapkido, yoseikan budo, Cuong Nhu.

Tanbō are swung using the elbow and shoulder, or manipulated with the wrist. Many of the motions are similar to sword strokes. The tanbō can be deadly in skilled hands. The main use is to attack the outer edges of the human bones with speed and accuracy. Applying this concept, virtually every part of the target can be hit with this weapon.

To use this weapon effectively, the opponent may be imagined as a 2-dimensional object standing in front of the attacker, and the objective is to strike various targets (i.e. the top and back of the head, collarbone, hands, elbows, ribs, hip, kneecaps, and calves). Soft tissues can be targeted, and the attacker can then aim at the abdomen, throat, eyes, thighs and groin.

The tanbō can also be used for thrusting, checks or deflections, pummeling the enemy (with the ends), blocking strikes (while holding both ends), joint locks, chokes and parrying various sorts of attacks. Speed, distance, accuracy, timing and control are the key components in the successful use of this weapon.

title: Tanbō


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Stanisław Staszic

Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman. A physiocrat, monist, pan-Slavist (after 1815) and laissez-fairist, he supported many reforms in Poland. He is particularly remembered for his political writings during the "Great (Four-Year) Sejm" (1788–92) and for his large support towards the Constitution of 3 May 1791, adopted by that Sejm.

He co-founded the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning (precursor to the Polish Academy of Sciences), of which he became president. He served as a member of the State Council of the Duchy of Warsaw and as minister of trade and industry in Congress Poland. Staszic is seen as the father of Polish geology, statistics, sociology, Tatra Mountains studies and exploration, mining and industry.

Early life
Stanisław Staszic was born into a burgher family in the town of Piła (he was baptised on 6 November 1755), the youngest of four siblings. His father, Wawrzyniec Staszic, was mayor of Piła and a royal secretary. His brothers were Antoni (1743–1775) and Andrzej (1745–1825), a priest.

Staszic attended secondary school at Wałcz. He studied theology and graduated from a Jesuit school at Poznań in 1778 and was ordained a Catholic priest (he took lesser Holy orders in 1774, and higher orders about 1778–79). Between 1779 and 1781 he continued his studies in France at the Collège de France, where he took classes in physics and natural history.

On returning to Poland in 1781, he accepted a position as tutor in the house of Grand Crown Chancellor Andrzej Zamoyski. In 1782 he received a doctorate from the Zamojski Academy. He translated several works from French into Polish and briefly worked at the academy as a teacher of French language.

Reformer
His Remarks upon the Life of Jan Zamoyski (Uwagi nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego, 1787), published anonymously on the eve of the Great Sejm, transformed the little-known tutor into one of the chief political thinkers of the late 18th-century Commonwealth. It became a model for other similar works and began a flood of political books and pamphlets unprecedented in the Commonwealth's history. It was reprinted numerous times, including in unauthorized editions.

Within his Remarks, Staszic did not portray the life of Jan Zamoyski (1542–1605, one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history ); rather, he argued that reforms are needed, and that Zamoyski had already proposed or supported many of them two centuries before. Staszic was a strong partisan of reforms and an ardent advocate for the interests of the lower classes. He advocated the abolition of the serfdom and improvements of the peasants' fate (by granting them land and private rights). He criticised the szlachta (Polish nobility) for inefficient governance, and argued that it showed itself too inept to be allowed to govern alone. He argued for a slight increase in taxes, which should allow the Commonwealth to create an army of 100,000 that would at least stand a chance against the still-larger armies of its neighbours. Although he preferred republicanism in theory, in the Commonwealth context he agreed that a strengthening of the central (royal) power was the most practical solution for reforming the country, in line with the similar developments elsewhere in Europe. In Remarks he even supported the introduction of an absolute monarchy in Poland.

Staszic was a keen observer of the proceedings of the Great Sejm, spending much time in Warsaw since the Sejm began its deliberations in 1788. He continued publishing new books and pamphlets. His Warnings for Poland, coming from the current European politics and natural laws, by the writer of the remarks upon the life of Jan Zamoyski (Przestrogi dla Polski z teraźniejszych politycznych Europy związków i z praw natury wypadające przez pisarza uwag nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego, 1790), together with his previous Remarks, are considered among the most influential works of the Polish Enlightenment. In Warnings, he criticised the magnates of Poland and Lithuania, monastic orders and serfdom, and supported the enfranchisement of the townsfolk. Although he was not a participant of the Sejm, he was an influential onlooker, and through his widely read and discussed writings of the time is recognized as one of the founding fathers of the Constitution of May 3, 1791.

During 1790–1791 he accompanied Zamoyski's family on a trip abroad, and continued to serve as an adviser to the family, although his relations with the sons (Aleksander August Zamoyski, Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski) had become strained; he would eventually align himself with the daughter of the family, Anna Zamoyska (Anna Jadwiga Sapieżyna). He supported the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising, a failed attempt to liberate Commonwealth from foreign influence following the events of the 1793 Second Partition of Poland, donating money to the insurgents' cause. Upon the defeat of the Uprising, he accompanied the family on their trip to Vienna. He also made some successful financial investments, including in the stock market. He then served as an economic adviser for the Zamoyski and the Sapieha families, invested in their estates, and lent them money.

Late life
After Poland's partitions, in which Russia, Prussia, and Austria seized all of the Commonwealth's territory, Staszic was active in many scientific and scholarly initiatives. He studied the geology of the Carpathian Mountains. In 1800 he co-founded the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning; from 1802 he was one of its most active members. In 1804 he went to France, where he observed the changes wrought by Napoleon. On return to Poland in 1805, he spent some time in the Tatra Mountains, where he continued his geological studies and conducted ethnographic ones. He worked with Jan Chrystian Hoffmann on a geological map of Poland. In the Duchy of Warsaw he worked with the Ministry of Education (Izba Edukacyjna Księstwa Warszawskiego) and was involved in numerous educational reforms and initiatives. He also briefly worked with the Ministry of Treasury.

From 1808 he was president of the Society of Friends of Learning (Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, or TPN), forerunner to the Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk); he would be elected repeatedly as the society's president until his death. In 1808 he also became referendary to the State Council (Rada Stanu) of the Duchy; in 1810 he became a full member. In the council, he was active in regard to questions of education and the economy. As TPN president he was active in many initiatives which supported and popularized science in Poland. He oversaw the construction of a headquarters for the TPN, which came to be known as the "Staszic Palace".

From 1814 he supported the Russian Empire, seen as a Pan-Slavist ally of Poland, and favored the idea of a great Slavic monarchy. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1815, he became a member of the government of the newly created small state of Congress Poland (in personal union with Russia), initially in the new Ministry of Education and Religion, in 1816 serving as deputy minister. In 1815 he was decorated with the Order of Saint Stanislaus. In 1819 he endorsed a controversial censorship law, damaging his reputation.

His 1815 Polish translation of Homer's Iliad met with a negative reception. In 1816–20 he published many of his writings in a 9-volume Works (Dzieła). Volumes 7–9 comprised his Humankind: A Didactic Poem (Ród Ludzki. Poema Dydaktyczne), a gigantic philosophical essay and poem that is regarded as an important contribution to the history of Polish philosophy. However, the work ran afoul of the new censorship law and was not distributed, much of the edition eventually being destroyed.

He also carried out studies on education and on human behavior, in a social-science tradition. Some of his views and theories made him a precursor of evolutionism in the natural and social sciences. In his essays on human nature, he declared for the primacy of science and was relatively critical of the influence of religion. These views gained him some critics, as he was seen as a priest who had abandoned religion.

From 1816 he was involved in mining research and projects. He also actively supported industrial development in Poland. He was one of the first to see the importance of coal, and supported the development of metallurgy-related projects, from mines to zinc and steel mills. He was also involved in the development of ceramic and textile industries, and improving the transport infrastructure (roads, canals). He discovered coal deposits in Dąbrowa Górnicza, where he initiated the building of a coal mine. Between 1816 and 1824 he was the de facto minister of industry of the Congress Poland (styled officially the "director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry") and initiated construction of the Old Polish Industrial Area (Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy). As his projects did not result in quick returns, he incurred increasing criticism, and eventually resigned from his position in 1824.

In 1816 he founded the Hrubieszowskie Towarzystwo Rolnicze (Hrubieszów Agricultural Society), seen by some as the first Polish cooperative. He died in Warsaw on 20 January 1826, most likely due to a stroke. His funeral gathered 20,000 people, including the viceroy of the Congress Poland, Józef Zajączek. He was buried in the Camaldolese Hermit Monastery in Warsaw. His testament left his property at Hrubieszów to its tenants, and much of his wealth went to various philanthropic initiatives.

Private life
Staszic was remembered by his contemporaries as a loner and not a person who was quick to make friends. He has been described as somewhat miserly; despite acquiring significant wealth, he was said to wear old clothes and use an old carriage. He was nonetheless widely respected by his contemporaries. He was seen as stern but honest, and had a tendency to speak in a fashion that some found amusing.

Remembrance
He is seen as one of the chief representatives of the political activists and writers of the Polish Enlightenment. He is also seen as the father of Polish geology, statistics, sociology, Tatra Mountains studies and exploration, mining and industry. He is one of the figures immortalised in Jan Matejko's 1891 painting "Constitution of May 3, 1791". He was also the protagonist of the Charles Dickens' novella "Judge Not" (1851), and of Hanna Muszyńska-Hoffmanowa's novel "Pucharek ze srebra" (Little chalice of silver). Wacław Berent published a biography of Staszic, but it is now lost. In 1926, on the 100th anniversary of his death, he was celebrated in the Second Polish Republic with several studies, articles and publications.

In April 1951, he was honoured on a postage stamp of the People's Republic of Poland as part of the set issued for the First Congress of Polish Science. His figure was popular among the Marxist scholars of the People's Republic, who stressed his materialist, determinist and anti-clerical views. The 150th anniversary of his death in 1976 was also celebrated, with many works dedicated to him, including poems by Jan Czeczot and Jan Lohmann. He has been made a patron of over 200 schools, including the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków. There are statues of Stanisław Staszic in Łódź, Kielce, Hrubieszów and Dąbrowa Górnicza. Several geographical landmarks, minerals and a bacterium bear his name as well. In Piła, there is a Museum of Stanisław Staszic, which has gathered various artifacts related to him, and publishes a journal, "Zeszyty Staszicowskie" (Staszic Notebooks).

Awards

 * Order of Saint Stanislaus
 * Knight of the Order of the White Eagle

Works
His best-known works include the following:

 * "Remarks upon the Life of Jan Zamoyski" (Uwagi nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego, 1787)
 * "Warnings for Poland" (or Warnings to Poland, Przestrogi dla Polski, 1790)
 * "On the Origin of Mountains in Former Sarmatia and Later Poland" (O ziemorództwie gór dawnej Sarmacji, potem Polski, 1815)
 * "On the Reasons of Jewish Noxiousness" (O przyczynach szkodliwości Żydów, 1818)
 * "Humankind" (Ród Ludzki, 1820)
 * A Polish translation of Homer's Iliad (1815).

title: Stanisław Staszic


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Talk:Jacques-Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat

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I'm no 18c scholar, but by profession I'm a French translator, so I translated it. (Several spelling errors in the original, by the way.) But the article is listed under one man, to switch almost immediately to talk mostly about his son; and no source is given: despite the errors/typos in the original transcription, it may be copyrighted material; if so, the fact of having it translated doesn't make it any the less a copyvio. -- Bill 12:24, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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Charlton St Peter

Charlton St Peter or just Charlton is a small village and civil parish in the Vale of Pewsey in the English county of Wiltshire. The village lies about 4 mi south-west of Pewsey.

The village is in the north of the parish, between the River Avon and the Devizes-Upavon road, the A342. To the south the parish extends onto Salisbury Plain.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Peter was largely rebuilt by J.L. Pearson in 1858. Fragments of a 12-century building survive, and the tower is from the 15th or 16th centuries. The north chantry chapel, c. 1523, is in memory of William and Marion Chaucey. In 1964 the church was designated as Grade II* listed.

The first record of a vicar at Charlton is from 1306, and by that time the church had been appropriated by the nearby Upavon Priory; in 1423 Upavon and Charlton were granted to the Augustinian canons of Ivychurch Priory, south-east of Salisbury, who held them until the Dissolution. Today the parish is served by the Vale of Pewsey team ministry.

Local government
Charlton shares a parish council, named Charlton St Peter and Wilsford, with the adjacent parish of Wilsford. Charlton elects five councillors to sit alongside two from Wilsford. The parish is in the area of Wiltshire Council, a unitary authority which is responsible for most local government functions.

On 1 July 2022 the parish wa renamed from "Charlton" to "Charlton St Peter".

Traditions
The village inn is the Charlton Cat, "a solitary little inn at the foot of the downs". This establishment was originally called the Red Lion, later the Poores Arms after Edward Poore, lord of the nearby manor of Rushall in the eighteenth century, but the villagers had long known it as The Cat, from the ill-painted lion of the original sign. This name was formally adopted in 1921.

Charlton and the neighbouring village of Rushall hold an annual village cricket match each year in June. It used to be played in each village alternately, but in recent years since the Village Lunch has been established in Rushall Village Hall, the match has been played in a field behind the Old Barns. In the last few years a tug-of-war competition has been started, only seriously between the men for the trophy, but there are a women's and children's tug-of-war as well.

Notable people
Stephen Duck, 18th-century poet, was born here and the grave of his wife Mary is in the churchyard. The "Duck Feast", held annually at the Charlton Cat in the first week of June, commemorates his life and work. The cost is met from the rent of "Duck's Acre", a field in Rushall donated for the purpose by Lord Palmerston.

title: Charlton St Peter


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July Ordinances

The July Ordinances, also known as the Four Ordinances of Saint-Cloud, were a series of decrees set forth by Charles X and Jules Armand de Polignac, the chief minister, in July 1830.

Compelled by what he felt to be a growing, manipulative radicalism in the elected government, Charles felt that as king by right of birth, his primary duty was the guarantee of order and happiness in France and its people.

The result was that on 9 July 1830, Charles announced that in his interpretation of, and in full compliance with, Article 14 of the Charter of 1814, he would henceforth govern by ordonnances. On 25 July, while a guest at Saint-Cloud, he signed the so-called "July Ordinances" which were published in the Parisian newspaper Moniteur the following day.

The ordinances of 26 July:

 * Suspended the liberty of the press
 * Appointed new, reactionary Councillors of State
 * Dissolved the newly elected Chamber of Deputies of France
 * Reduced the number of deputies in future Chambers
 * Summoned new electoral colleges for September of that year
 * Withdrew the Deputies' right of amendment
 * Excluded the commercial middle-class from future elections

They were intended to restore the previous political order. However, the ordinances had the opposite effect of angering the French citizens. Journalists gathered to protest at the headquarters of the National daily, founded in January 1830 by Adolphe Thiers, Armand Carrel, and others. The final result was the July Revolution and Charles X's abdication and exile.

title: July Ordinances


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Alf Prøysen

Alf Prøysen (23 July 1914 – 23 November 1970) was a Norwegian author, poet, playwright, songwriter and musician. Prøysen was one of the most important Norwegian cultural personalities in the second half of the 20th century. He worked in several different media including books, newspapers and records. He also made significant contributions to music as well as to television and radio. He also wrote in the Arbeiderbladet from 1954 until his death.

He was also noted for his series of books featuring Mrs. Pepperpot (Norwegian: Teskjekjerringa). The fictional character of a series of children's books established him as a children's author. The series of books were first published during 1956 and was first published in English in 1959.

Background
He was born Alf Olafsen at Rudshøgda in Ringsaker in Hedmark county, Norway. He grew up at the Croft farm Prøysen, which was named after the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the son of Olaf Andreassen (1880–1959) and Julie Mathiasdatter (1879–1961). He was raised as the youngest of four children born to a rural farm family.

Career
Prøysen became an apprentice at the Norwegian School of Applied Sciences, where he was a copywriter and actor in the annual student reviews from 1942 to 1945. He became associated with NRK, making his recording debut in 1947. Prøysen soon became a national celebrity. Through songs such as Husmannspolka, Tango for to, Lillebrors vise, Du ska få en dag i mårå, Julekveldsvis, Jørgen Hattemaker, Musevisa and Romjulsdrøm he became extremely popular through the 1950s and 1960s. Prøysen contributed to many artistic fields: children's radio, short stories, theater and music. Most of his stories and songs took place in an environment similar to the rural village where he grew up.

In 1945 he debuted with Dørstokken heme, a collection of short stories. His only novel Trost i taklampa (1950) was a success both as a book and as a play. He was frequently featured on radio and television programs during the 1950s and 1960s. Prøysen was awarded the Norwegian Cultural Council Honorary Prize (Norsk kulturråds ærespris) in 1970.

A large part of Prøysen's writing consisted of short stories. Much of his production was made for children. The first stories about Teskjekjerringa were published in the magazine Kooperatøren. In 1956 the first book of a series about Teskedsgumman was published. From 1967, Swedish television featured a popular series. In the 1980s, a Japanese cartoon series for 130 episodes was made. Teskjekjerringa was published in the Penguin Books classic series becoming an international success.

Selected works

 * Dørstokken heme, Hedmarksfortellinger (1945)
 * Trost i taklampa (1950)
 * Utpå livets vei (1952)
 * Matja Madonna (1955)
 * Kjærlighet på rundpinne (1958)
 * Muntre minner fra Hedemarken (1959)
 * Det var da det og itte nå (1971)

Teskjekjerringa series

 * 1960 – Teskjekjerringa på nye eventyr
 * 1965 – Teskjekjerringa i eventyrskauen
 * 1967 –  Teskjekjerringa på camping
 * 1970 – Teskjekjerringa på julehandel
 * 1989 – Teskjekjerringa på blåbærtur
 * 1990 – Teskjekjerringa og elgen
 * 1991 – Teskjekjerringa og den skjulte skatten
 * 1992 – Teskjekjerringa på basar

Personal life
He married Else Storhaug (1916–2015) in 1948. They had two children; a daughter Elin Julie (born 1949) and a son Alf Ketil (born 1951). Alf Prøysen died of cancer at age 56. He was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo.

Several biographies have been written about Alf Prøysen including a book by his daughter Elin Prøysen as well as works by Helge Hagen and Dag Solberg. A book by Ove Røsbak appeared during 1992. Røsbak also wrote an article in Dagbladet stating that several of his sources confirmed that Prøysen had discussed his bisexuality during the 1960s. In Samtiden; nr 2, 2007  Dagbladet also had an interview with gay activist Karen-Christine Friele in which she confirmed that Prøysen had told her about his love of men and his divided life. Dagbladet editor Knut Olav Åmås commented later that the resulting debate revealed mixed feelings towards gay/bisexuality.

Prøysenhuset
Prøysenhuset is a cultural center and museum located at Rudshøgda in Ringsaker. The center has an auditorium, gift shop, café and play ground. The main part of the museum is a permanent exhibition that tells of the life and career of Alf Prøysen. It was designed by the architectural and engineering firm Snøhetta. The center was established as a gift to Ringsaker municipali on the 100th anniversary of his birth in July 2014. It was financed by businessman and investor Arthur Buchardt. Local companies also gathered to fund the center. It now operates as a department under the Cultural Office of the municipality of Ringsaker.

title: Alf Prøysen


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Robin Meade

Robin Michelle Meade (born April 21, 1969) is an American former television news correspondent and singer. She was the lead news anchor for HLN's morning show Morning Express with Robin Meade. Meade was a former Miss Ohio and began her broadcasting career with local stations in Ohio. She joined HLN in 2001. She won a regional Emmy Award. Meade released country music albums in 2011 and 2013.

Early life
Meade grew up in New London, Ohio and graduated from New London High School. She attended Malone University and Ashland University, where she majored in radio/television production, programming and performance and minored in political science. She graduated in 1991.

Career
In 1992, Meade became Miss Ohio, and was a semi-finalist in the 1993 Miss America pageant.

Meade began her career in broadcasting as a reporter at WMFD-TV in Mansfield, Ohio. She then worked as an anchor and reporter at WCMH-TV in Columbus, Ohio, and at WJW-TV in Cleveland. Later, she got a job in Miami, Florida as the morning news anchor of WSVN-TV's Today in Florida and also served as the station's noon anchor and health reporter.

She went on to work at NBC Chicago affiliate WMAQ-TV where she started anchoring the morning newscasts and then co-anchored the weekend newscasts and also served as a general assignment correspondent for the station. During her tenure with the NBC affiliate, she covered the 1996 Olympics, which included special reporting on the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.

She then joined HLN, then known as CNN Headline News. Meade anchored the network's coverage of Operation Enduring Freedom as well as that from Operation Iraqi Freedom in the spring of 2003. She was based in CNN's world headquarters in Atlanta. Her first day on-air at HLN was September 11, 2001, the same day as the September 11 attacks. Meade hosted Morning Express with Robin Meade on HLN on weekday mornings, along with Bob Van Dillen, Jennifer Westhoven, Melissa Knowles and Mike Galanos.

She wrote a book titled Morning Sunshine!: How to Radiate Confidence and Feel It Too. It was released on September 10, 2009. She has referred to it as a "non-fiction / motivational / inspirational / how-to / autobiographical book." It debuted at No. 12 on the "Advice, How-To, and Miscellaneous" section of the New York Times Best Seller list.

In 2011, Meade was the moderator on the Oprah Winfrey Network show Ask Oprah's All Stars with Dr. Phil McGraw, Suze Orman and Dr. Mehmet Oz.

On June 21, 2011, Meade released a country music album titled Brand New Day. A single, "Dirty Laundry," was released to country radio. Meade was featured on the cover of the January/February 2011 issue of Making Music magazine and in an article about her experiences with recreational music. Meade sang the "Star Spangled Banner" as part of the NASCAR Sprint Cup pre-race activities for the 2010 Toyota/Save Mart 350, the 2012 Coke Zero 400 and the 2013 Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day Weekend.

On December 1, 2022, Meade and the entire HLN Atlanta team were laid off as part of CNN President Chris Licht's restructuring of the network. Meade's timeslot was replaced with a simulcast of CNN This Morning.

Awards and honors

 * 1992 Miss Ohio winner
 * 1995 regional Emmy Award (covering the 1995 Fox River Grove bus–train collision)
 * 2002 Lycos Top 20 most popular TV news personalities In 2004, she was voted "Sexiest Newscaster" by a Playboy.com online poll, with 40% of the vote (16,145 votes over a total of 40,380).
 * 2005 Ashland University Young Alumnus Award for her achievements in broadcasting and served as the commencement speaker for the university's 2005 graduation ceremonies.

Personal life
Meade married Tim Yeager on November 6, 1993.

On June 6, 2017, Meade revealed that Blake Shelton is a distant cousin.

title: Robin Meade