text:
Talk:The Astrophysical Journal

Untitled
'Foremost' is an opinion, as far as can be determined factually ApJ is second to Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics in terms of 'impact factor'. While the Supplement is the top journal in terms of 'immediacy', the main journal comes behind the Astronomical Journal by this measure (data from ISI Journal Citation Reports 2003). I have therefore changed the page to read 'one of the foremost', which can be factually defended. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 131.251.45.16 (talk • contribs) 16:42, 13 October 2004 (UTC)

no more Print-Edition
American Astronomical Society Journals Going Electronic Only - this transition will take effect with the 2015 subscription year and affects The Astronomical Journal (AJ) and The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ), The Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL), and The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ApJS). - Maybe worth a note in the article? -- Hartmann Schedel  cheers  20:21, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Astrophysical Journal


text:
Federico Jiménez Losantos

Federico Jorge Jiménez Losantos (born 15 September 1951), also known by his initials FJL, is a Spanish radio presenter and right-wing pundit, being most known for his successful radio talk show Es la mañana de Federico. He is also a TV host and literary and non-fiction author. A member of extreme-left organizations and participant in Barcelona's counter-cultural scene in the 1970s, he experienced a radical rightward drift, eventually becoming a journalistic guru for a far-right audience.

Early life
Born in Orihuela del Tremedal, Teruel, on 15 September 1951, to a family of educators. He studied at a high school in Teruel, where he was a student of José Antonio Labordeta (who reportedly considered Losantos "like a son" at the time and later wondered about his personal "transformation") and José Sanchis Sinisterra. He was a resident at Colegio Menor "San Pablo", and earned a silver medal of Student Merit and the third class of the "Colegio Pizarro" literary award.

Jiménez Losantos arrived to Barcelona at age 20, and he studied Philosophy and Letters (section Romance Philology) at the University of Barcelona, earning a licentiate degree by reading a dissertation about Valle Inclán. He was a member of Bandera Roja and the PSUC during his spell in Barcelona. Disenchanted as result of a journey to Maoist China and the reading of The Gulag Archipelago, he distanced himself from communism in 1976.

Together with Alberto Cardín, he founded  Revista de Literatura (1974)—the "most Lacanian" publication at the time in Spain— and Diwan (1978).

Literature and language teacher at a high school in Santa Coloma de Gramanet and one of the promoters of the so-called Manifesto of the 2,300 denouncing the alleged "intention to make Catalan the only official language of Catalonia", he was kidnapped by Terra Lliure in 1981; after being gagged and shot at the leg by Pere Bascompte in a wasteland in Esplugues de Llobregat, Losantos was left abandoned and tied to a tree by the kidnappers.

He left Catalonia and moved to Madrid after the attack. He worked as a literature teacher at the Instituto Lope de Vega high school in the Spanish capital.

Career in journalism
He was hired as Op-Ed Editor of the Diario 16 newspaper. He then worked for Antena 3 Radio, and later for the COPE radio network of the Spanish Catholic church. After a year in Miami, he returned to Spain and took charge of La Linterna, a night programme on COPE radio. In 2003 he became director of La Mañana, also on COPE, and became increasingly popular in the morning radio. With La Mañana he became one of the most listened-to radio talk show hosts in Spain until he parted ways in July 2009.

He was one of the founders of La Ilustración Liberal magazine.

In 2000, together with the likes of Javier Rubio Navarro, José María Marco, Alberto Recarte, Carlos Rodríguez Braun and Pedro Schwartz, Losantos helped to create Libertad Digital, a markedly partisan right-leaning and anti-socialist online newspaper. Half of the seed capital was provided by the Grupo Intereconomía.

He is also a regular columnist for El Mundo and has written several books, mostly on political topics. He also debuted in poetry with a book of haikus. In 2005 he started 'The Spain Herald', an English-language digest of articles from Libertad Digital which has been off-line since June 2006.

He has been successfully prosecuted on a number of occasions for defamatory pronouncements. Including a quarrel filed by Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, and being legally prompted, along with his employers COPE, to pay compensation of 60,000 euros to Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya. In 2009, after the discomfort that Losantos' outspoken and uncompromising editorial line was creating in the COPE (deeply critical of the former Spanish premier Zapatero, but, somewhat surprisingly for Spain's partisan politics, equally critical of the conservative opposition, which he chastises as being bland and lacking a real alternative project), he did not accept the new role he was offered by this radio station and announced he was moving, among others, to create his own radio station, esRadio, to be launched in September of that same year.

Losantos received the Antena de Oro award in 2022.

Ideology and views
He was one of the figures from among the Conservative camp (along, for example, José María Aznar) who tried to vindicate the figure of Manuel Azaña in the mid 1990s, partially justified by the bad feelings of the republican politician towards the so-called "peripheral nationalisms".

He has acrimoniously derided the left-wing political parties in Spain for an alleged renouncement to the "idea of Spain" and lack of State project. A harsh opponent of Catalan nationalism, he has decried language policy in Catalonia as a "cultural genocide". He has fiercely criticised the cultural policies implemented by the regional administrations of the autonomous communities of Spain.

He was among the leading publics figures promoting the conspiracy theory about the authorship of the 11-M terrorist attacks in Madrid in 2004, and he even got to the point of purging critics of the conspiracy theory off from the informative services of COPE.

He endorsed Rosa Díez in the campaign for the 2011 general election.

He has declared to be an atheist. In 2021, he had a row with the anti-vax movement whom he deemed as "ultracarcas bebedores de lejía" (roughly translating to 'ultra-fuddy-duddy bleach drinkers') and claimed that "murderers" are "those who do not vaccinate their children and deny that vaccines save lives".

Style
His style has been described as "vehement and aggressive". He has been noted by his ability to create hurtful nicknames to deride his "enemies". He regularly uses the stylistic device of relating the meteorological situation at a given time to the ongoing affairs in Spain.

Works

 * Essays

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Federico Jiménez Losantos


text: Category:Polish nobility

title: Category:Polish nobility


text:
Millipore

Millipore may refer to:

 * Millipore Corporation, a biosciences company acquired by Merck Group in 2010
 * MilliporeSigma, former name of Sigma-Aldrich
 * Merck Millipore, deprecated brand name used by Merck Group after Millipore acquisition

title: Millipore


text:
Potter's wheel

In pottery, a potter's wheel is a machine used in the shaping (known as throwing) of clay into round ceramic ware. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming excess clay from leather-hard dried ware that is stiff but malleable, and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour. Use of the potter's wheel became widespread throughout the Old World but was unknown in the Pre-Columbian New World, where pottery was handmade by methods that included coiling and beating.

A potter's wheel may occasionally be referred to as a "potter's lathe". However, that term is better used for another kind of machine that is used for a different shaping process, turning, similar to that used for shaping of metal and wooden articles. The pottery wheel is an important component to create arts and craft products.

The techniques of jiggering and jolleying can be seen as extensions of the potter's wheel: in jiggering, a shaped tool is slowly brought down onto the plastic clay body that has been placed on top of the rotating plaster mould. The jigger tool shapes one face, the mould the other. The term is specific to the shaping of flat ware, such as plates, whilst a similar technique, jolleying, refers to the production of hollow ware, such as cups.

History
Prior to using a wheel all of these civilizations used techniques such as pinching, coiling, paddling, and shaping to create ceramic forms. In addition, several of these crafts can continue to be used while on the wheel to create more rounded or symmetrical shapes.

Most early ceramic ware was hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and smoothed together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied indirectly by the hands of the potter. Early ceramics built by coiling were often placed on mats or large leaves to allow them to be worked more conveniently. The evidence of this lies in mat or leaf impressions left in the clay of the base of the pot. This arrangement allowed the potter to rotate the vessel during construction, rather than walk around it to add coils of clay.

The oldest forms of the potter's wheel (called tourneys or slow wheels) were probably developed as an extension to this procedure. Tournettes, in use around 3500 BC in the Near East, were turned slowly by hand or by foot while coiling a pot. Only a small range of vessels were fashioned on the tournette, suggesting that it was used by a limited number of potters. The introduction of the slow wheel increased the efficiency of hand-powered pottery production.

In the mid to late 3rd millennium BC the fast wheel was developed, which operated on the flywheel principle. It utilised energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself to speed the process. This wheel was wound up and charged with energy by kicking, or pushing it around with a stick, providing angular momentum. The fast wheel enabled a new process of pottery-making to develop, called throwing, in which a lump of clay was placed centrally on the wheel and then squeezed, lifted and shaped as the wheel turned. The process tends to leave rings on the inside of the pot and can be used to create thinner-walled pieces and a wider variety of shapes, including stemmed vessels, so wheel-thrown pottery can be distinguished from handmade. Potters could now produce many more pots per hour, a first step towards industrialization. Many modern scholars suggest that the first potter's wheel was first developed by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia. A stone potter's wheel found at the Sumerian city of Ur in modern-day Iraq has been dated to about 3129 BC, but fragments of wheel-thrown pottery of an even earlier date have been recovered in the same area. However, southeastern Europe and China have also been claimed as possible places of origin. A potter's wheel in a workshop in Varvarovka in Moldova has been dated to around 4000 BCE, which further precedes the earliest use of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia. On the other hand, Egypt is considered as "being the place of origin of the potter's wheel. It was here that the turntable shaft was lengthened about 3000 BC and a flywheel added. The flywheel was kicked and later was moved by pulling the edge with the left hand while forming the clay with the right. This led to the counterclockwise motion for the potter's wheel which is almost universal." Thus, the exact origin of the wheel is not wholly clear yet.

In the Iron Age, the potter's wheel in common use had a turning platform about 1 m over the floor, connected by a long axle to a heavy flywheel at ground level. This arrangement allowed the potter to keep the turning wheel rotating by kicking the flywheel with the foot, leaving both hands free for manipulating the vessel under construction. However, from an ergonomic standpoint, sweeping the foot from side to side against the spinning hub is rather awkward. At some point, an alternative solution was invented that involved a crankshaft with a lever that converted up-and-down motion into rotary motion.

In Japan the potter's wheel first showed by in the Asuka or Sueki period (552–710 CE) where wares were more sophisticated and complicated. In addition to the new technology of the wheel, firing was also changed to a much higher temperature in a rudimentary kiln. The industrialization continued through the Nara period (710–794) and into the Heian, or Fujiwara, period (794–1185). With higher temperature firings, new glazes followed (green, yellowish brown, and white), in addition new styles and techniques of glazing emerged.

Ceramic wares that emerged from China were processed with a very similar beginning as Japan. The history of Chinese pottery began in the Neolithic era about 4300 BC down to 2000 BC. Unlike Japan, which focused on production of everyday wares, China created mostly decorative pieces with few opportunities for industrialization and production of ceramic wares. Because China focused on decorative wares, most of their pottery was centered around porcelain instead of earthen wares seem almost everywhere else, and they used the potter's wheel for the development of porcelain clay culture. Porcelain took off during the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), when the iconic blue and white porcelain ceramics emerged. Several places in China mix traditional elements and methods with modern design and technologies. Native Americans have been creating ceramics by hand and in more modern eras started incorporating a wheel into their work. Pottery can be identified in the Southwest of North American dating back to 150 CE and has been an important part of Native American culture for over 2,000 years. Historically Native Americans have been using the coiling method to achieve their decorative and functional pieces, and the technology to create an electric wheel did not show up until the arrival of Europeans. However, smaller turntables or slow wheels could have been used occasionally.

The use of the motor-driven wheel has become common in modern times, particularly with craft potters and educational institutions, although human-powered ones are still in use and are preferred by some studio potters.

Industrialization
Social consequences that can arrive of these technological advancements include increased economic advancements in the sales of pottery created using the potter’s wheel and industrialization of the ceramics processes. The potter’s wheel greatly increased the production rate of ceramics, which allowed for more products to be created. With the industrialization of ceramics in Japan, ceramics also lost some of its historical value, and some techniques and meanings of the ceramics were lost in the process.

Techniques of throwing

A skilled potter can quickly throw a vessel from up to 15 kg of clay. Alternatively, by throwing and adding coils of clay then throwing again, pots up to four feet high may be made, the heat of a blowlamp being used to firm each thrown section before adding the next coil. In Chinese manufacturing, very large pots are made by two throwers working simultaneously.

The potter's wheel in myth
In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the deity Khnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.

title: Potter's wheel


text:
Long John Baldry

John William "Long John" Baldry (12 January 1941 – 21 July 2005) was an English musician and actor. In the 1960s, he was one of the first British vocalists to sing the blues in clubs and shared the stage with many British musicians including the Rolling Stones and the Beatles. Before achieving stardom, Rod Stewart and Elton John were members of bands led by Baldry. He enjoyed pop success in 1967 when "Let the Heartaches Begin" reached No. 1 in the UK, and in Australia where his duet with Kathi McDonald "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" reached No. 2 in 1980.

Baldry lived in Canada from the late 1970s until his death. He continued to make records there, and do voiceover work. Two of his best-known voice roles were as Dr. Ivo Robotnik in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, and as KOMPLEX in Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars.

Early life
John William Baldry was born at East Haddon Hall, East Haddon, Northamptonshire, which was serving as a makeshift wartime maternity ward, on 12 January 1941, the son of William James Baldry (1915–1990), a Metropolitan Police constable and his wife, Margaret Louisa ( Parker; 1915–1989); their usual address was recorded as 18 Frinton Road, East Ham. His early life was spent in Edgware, Middlesex where he attended Camrose Primary School until the age of 11, after which he attended Downer Grammar School (now Canons High School).

Blues bands of the 1960s
Baldry grew to 6 ft, resulting in the nickname "Long John". Baldry appeared quite regularly in the early 1960s in the Gyre & Gimble coffee lounge, around the corner from Charing Cross railway station, and at the Bluesville R. & B. Club, Manor House, London, also Klooks Kleek (Railway Hotel, West Hampstead). He appeared weekly for some years at Eel Pie Island on the Thames at Twickenham and also appeared at the Station Hotel in Richmond, one of the Rolling Stones' earliest venues.

In the early 1960s, he sang with Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated, with whom he recorded the first British blues album in 1962 R&B from the Marquee. At stages, Mick Jagger, Jack Bruce and Charlie Watts were members of this band while Keith Richards and Brian Jones played on stage, although none played on the R&B at the Marquee album. When The Rolling Stones made their debut at the Marquee Club in July 1962, Baldry put together a group to support them. Later, Baldry was the announcer introducing the Stones on their U.S.-only live album Got Live If You Want It!, in 1966.

Baldry became friendly with Paul McCartney after a show at the Cavern Club in Liverpool in the early 1960s, leading to an invitation to sing on one of the Beatles 1964 TV specials Around The Beatles. In the special, Baldry performs "Got My Mojo Workin'" and a medley of songs with members of the Vernons Girls trio; in the latter, the Beatles are shown singing along in the audience.

In 1963, Baldry joined the Cyril Davies R&B All Stars with Nicky Hopkins playing piano. He took over in 1964 after the death of Cyril Davies, and the group became Long John Baldry and his Hoochie Coochie Men featuring Rod Stewart on vocals and Geoff Bradford on guitar. Stewart was recruited when Baldry heard him busking a Muddy Waters song at Twickenham Station after Stewart had been to a Baldry gig at Eel Pie Island. Long John Baldry became a regular fixture on Sunday nights at Eel Pie Island from then onwards, fronting a series of bands.

In 1965, the Hoochie Coochie Men became Steampacket with Baldry and Stewart as male vocalists, Julie Driscoll as the female vocalist and Brian Auger on Hammond organ. After Steampacket broke up in 1966, Baldry formed Bluesology featuring Reg Dwight on keyboards and Elton Dean, later of Soft Machine, as well as Caleb Quaye on guitar. Dwight, when he began to record as a solo artist, adopted the name Elton John, his first name from Elton Dean and his surname from John Baldry.

Following the departure of Elton John and Bluesology, Baldry was left without a backup band. Attending a show in the Mecca at Shaftesbury Avenue, he saw a five-piece harmony group called Chimera from Plymouth, who had recently turned professional. He approached them after their set to tell them how impressed he was by their vocal harmonies and that they would be ideal to back him on the cabaret circuit he was currently embarked on, which they did.

Solo artist
In 1967, he recorded a pop song "Let the Heartaches Begin" that went to number one in Britain, followed by a 1968 top 20 hit titled "Mexico", which was the theme of the UK Olympic team that year. "Let the Heartaches Begin" made the lower reaches of the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. Baldry was still touring, doing gigs with Bluesology, but the band refused to back his rendition of "Let the Heartaches Begin", and left the stage while he performed to a backing-tape played on a large Revox tape-recorder.

In 1971, John and Stewart each produced one side of It Ain't Easy which became Baldry's most popular album and made the top 100 of the US album chart. The album featured "Don't Try to Lay No Boogie Woogie on the King of Rock and Roll" which became his most successful song in the US. Baldry's first tour of the US was at this time. The band included Micky Waller, Ian Armitt, Pete Sears, and Sammy Mitchell. Stewart and John would again co-produce his 1972 album Everything Stops For Tea which also made the lower reaches of the US album charts. The same year, Baldry worked with ex-Procol Harum guitarist Dave Ball. The 1979 album Baldry's Out was recorded in Canada, which he released at Zolly's Forum; a nightclub in Oshawa, underneath the Oshawa Shopping Centre.

In a 1997 interview with a German television programme Baldry claimed to be the last person to see singer Marc Bolan before Bolan's death on 16 September 1977, having conducted an interview with the fellow singer for an American production company, he says, just before Bolan was killed in a car accident.

Move to Canada, later career
After time in New York City and Los Angeles in 1978, Baldry lived in Dundas, Ontario from 1980 to 1984 before settling in Vancouver, British Columbia, where he became a Canadian citizen. He toured the west coast, as well as the US Northwest. Baldry also toured the Canadian east.

In 1976, he teamed with Seattle singer Kathi McDonald who became part of the Long John Baldry Band, touring Canada and the US. In 1979 the pair recorded a version of The Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin", following which McDonald became part of his touring group for two decades. The song entered the US Billboard charts and was a No. 2 hit in Australia in 1980. (Walk Me Out In the) Morning Dew, a song from his 1980 Boys in the Band album, became a hit in the Netherlands in 1981.

He last recorded with the Stony Plain label. His 1997 album Right To Sing The Blues won a Juno Award in the Blues Album of the Year category in the Juno Awards of 1997.

In 2003, Baldry headlined the British Legends of Rhythm and Blues UK tour, alongside Zoot Money, Ray Dorset and Paul Williams. Baldry's final United States performance was held at Barristers Hall in Columbus, Ohio, on 19 July 2004. Baldry's final UK Tour as 'The Long John Baldry Trio' concluded with a performance on Saturday 13 November 2004 at The King's Lynn Arts Centre, King's Lynn, Norfolk, England. The trio consisted of LJB, Butch Coulter on harmonica and Dave Kelly on slide guitar.

Personal life
According to Giorgio Gomelsky, Baldry's flamboyant mannerisms made his homosexuality an open secret within the music industry during the early 1960s; until 1967, homosexual acts were unlawful in Britain, and so Baldry did not publicly disclose his orientation. Baldry had a brief relationship with lead guitarist of the Kinks, Dave Davies.

In 1968, Elton John tried to take his own life after relationship problems with a woman, Linda Woodrow. His lyricist Bernie Taupin and Baldry found him, and Baldry talked him out of marrying her. The song "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" from Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy was about the experience.

In 1978, Baldry's then-upcoming album Baldry's Out announced his formal coming out, and he addressed sexuality problems with a cover of Canadian songwriter Barbra Amesbury's "A Thrill's a Thrill".

Health and death
During the mid-1970s, Baldry suffered from depression exacerbated by his collapsing career (particularly the failure of his 1973 album Good to Be Alive) and separation from an Austrian boyfriend who was required to leave the United Kingdom when his visitor visa expired. As a result, he developed an addiction to alcohol and painkillers.

Following an incident in which he was allegedly mugged in Amsterdam, Baldry was found barely conscious by his sister, Margaret, in their Muswell Hill home, having overdosed on Valium and alcohol in an apparent suicide attempt. Baldry was institutionalized for less than a week, reportedly stopping his dependencies cold turkey.

By the release of his 1986 album Silent Treatment, Baldry suffered from crippling gout – which required several pairs of special shoes – as well as bronchial and sinus issues. Shortly after moving into a condominium on Vancouver's 4th Avenue in 1995, Baldry was hospitalized and underwent surgery for a bleeding stomach ulcer. He quit smoking afterwards and ceased performing in clubs that allowed smoking. During a performance in Banbury promoting his 1999 live album Live, Long John Baldry Trio, Baldry was hospitalized for another bleeding ulcer caused and obscured by his arthritis medication indometacin. A few days after being discharged from Horton General Hospital, he developed agonizing gout across his body, prompting Rod Stewart to admit him to the London Clinic, where he stayed for three weeks.

In 2002, Baldry remarked that he had developed spinal osteoporosis and dorsocervical lipodystrophy. He underwent hip replacement surgery to treat his osteoporosis, after which Tom Lavin of the Powder Blues Band noted that he appeared healthier.

Although he had ceased smoking, Baldry developed a persistent hacking cough and chronic wheezing by late 2004; according to Felix "Oz" Rexach, Baldry's partner of 25 years, he had fallen ill with pneumonia after returning from a European tour earlier that year. Baldry held a phobia of hospitals, fearing that he would "never come out", and so resisted Rexach's attempts to get him medical attention. After becoming too ill to endure, he was finally admitted to a hospital in March 2005, and was moved to a rehabilitation clinic two weeks later, where Rod Stewart visited him. In early April, his condition deteriorated and he was moved to an intensive care unit, where he was fitted with a tracheotomy. Despite weeks of exploratory operations on Baldry's lung, the prognosis was grim; his doctor believed that he was unlikely to survive, and even if he did, he would not likely be able to perform again due to the damage to his lungs. On July 1, Baldry's condition was deemed beyond treatment, as he had contracted MRSA due to his depleted immune system. Baldry's personal friend and unofficial archivist, Jeff Edmunds, selected Sister Rosetta Tharpe's "Up Above My Head" as the last song Baldry listened to. Surrounded by friends, family, and loved ones, Baldry was pronounced dead at 10:30 PM on 21 July 2005 at Vancouver General Hospital at the age of 64. The cause of death was listed as a severe chest infection. He was survived by Rexach, his brother Roger, and his sister Margaret.

Other recordings
Performances on other albums
 * (1960) 6 Out Of 4 ~ The Thames-Side Four - Folklore (F-EP/1) 'Live recording of the group with LJB on guitar and vocals.'
 * (1962) R&B from the Marquee ~ Blues Incorporated - Decca (ACL 1130) 'Baldry provides lead vocals on three tracks including "How Long, How Long Blues".'
 * (1970) The First Supergroup ~ The Steampacket - BYG Records (529.706) 'Recorded December 1965 the album features tracks with LJB on lead vocals'
 * (1971) The First Rhythm & Blues Festival In England ~ Various Artists - BYG Records (529.705) 'Recorded live in February 1964; Baldy sings "2.19" and "Mojo Working"'
 * (1971) Every Picture Tells A Story ~ Rod Stewart - Mercury (6338 063) 'LJB provides backing vocals on the title track and "Seems Like A Long Time".'
 * (1972) Mar Y Sol: The First International Puerto Rico Pop Festival ~ Various Artists - Atco Records (SD 2-705) 'Baldry sings a live version of the self-penned "Bring My Baby Back To Me".'
 * (1975) Dick Deadeye: Original Soundtrack ~ Various Artists - GM Records (GML 1018) 'Soundtrack to the animated film of the same name with LJB taking lead vocals on three tracks.'
 * (1975) Sumar Á Sýrlandi ~ Stuðmenn - Egg (EGG 0000 1/13) 'Rare Icelandic album. Baldry sings the track "She Broke My Heart".'
 * (1996) Bone, Bottle, Brass or Steel ~ Doug Cox - Malahat Mountain 'LJB performs "Good Morning Blues" accompanied by Doug Cox.'
 * (1998) You Got The Bread... We Got The Jam! ~ Schuld & Stamer - Blue Streak Records (BSCD98001) 'Long John joins with acoustic blues duo Schuld & Stamer on several tracks.'
 * (2002) For Fans Only! ~ Genya Ravan - AHA Music 'Features a rare duet with Ravan and Baldry on "Something's Got A Hold On Me". Recorded in 1978.'
 * (2011) The Definitive Steampacket Recordings ~ The Steampacket - Nasty Productions 'Features two previously unreleased Steampacket tracks with LJB on lead vocals.'
 * (2013) Radio Luxembourg Sessions: 208 Rhythm Club - Vol. 5 ~ Various Artists - Vocalion (CDNJT 5319) 'October 1961 recording. LJB sings "Every Day I Have The Blues".'
 * (2013) Radio Luxembourg Sessions: 208 Rhythm Club - Vol. 6 ~ Various Artists - Vocalion (CDNJT 5320) 'October 1961 recording of LJB singing "The Glory of Love".'

TV specials
 * (1965) Rod The Mod
 * (1974) The Gospel According To Long John
 * (1985) Long John Baldry: Rockin' The Blues
 * (1987) Long John Baldry At The Maintenance Shop
 * (1993) Long John Baldry In Concert
 * (1993) Leverkusen Blues Festival '93: The Long John Baldry Band
 * (1993) Waterfront Blues Festival: Long John Baldry
 * (1997) Leverkusen Blues Festival '97: Long John Baldry & Tony Ashton
 * (1998) Café Campus Blues with Long John Baldry
 * (2001) Happy Birthday Blues: Long John Baldry & Friends
 * (2007) Long John Baldry: In The Shadow Of The Blues

title: Long John Baldry


text:
Talk:Aulus Cremutius Cordus

Untitled
very few remaining fragments of his work: if there are any at all, it is because they were quoted. Are there any really? Wetman 16:48, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The only fragments I know of are indeed passages quoted by other writers. Dcw 22:39:19, 20 Apr 2005 (CEST)

title: Talk:Aulus Cremutius Cordus


text:
Warka

Warka (ווארקע) is a town in east-central Poland, located on the left bank of the Pilica river (60 km south of Warsaw), with 11,858 inhabitants (2013). It has been situated in Grójec County, in the Masovian Voivodeship, since 1999; previously it was in the Radom Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998.

Warka obtained its city charter in 1321. A village called Winiary, which today is part of Warka, is the countryside residence of Pulaskis family where General Casimir Pulaski spent his childhood and the birthplace of Colonel Piotr Wysocki (September 10, 1797). Warka is also known for its famous brewery (since 1478).

For the duration of the UEFA Euro 2012, Warka hosted the Croatia national football team.

Notable people

 * Casimir Pulaski (1745–1779), nobleman, soldier and military commander
 * Piotr Wysocki (1797–1875), military commander
 * Israel Yitzhak Kalish (1779–1848), hasidic rebbe
 * Yaakov Aryeh Guterman (1792-1874), hasidic rebbe
 * Adam Jarzębski (c. 1590– c. 1648), early Baroque Polish composer, violinist, poet, and writer

title: Warka


text:
User:Ultramancool

Hi I'm ultramancool!

title: User:Ultramancool


text:
Pobóg coat of arms

Pobóg is a Polish coat of arms that was used by many noble families in medieval Poland and later under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History
Research by professional analysts using references such as "Herbarz Polski" by Kaspar Niesiecki, "Herbarz Polski" by Adam Boniecki, "Herby Rodów Polskich" and "Rycerstwo polskie wieków średnich" by Professor F. Piekosiński revealed that the Pobóg origins trace back to the forming of tribal clans probably established by Goths in 150 AD. The system was associated with the ancient Slavonic family community structure and Sarmatian family system. In the struggles for control over agricultural soil, the feudal clan system evolved as the best defense against invaders sweeping in from the east and west.

According to legend strongly supported by Professor F. Piekosiński, the Pobóg-Pobodze clan is a junior branch of the Popielid dynasty, which ruled Poland from the 7th through 9th centuries, before the Bolescic-Piast dynasty (9th to 14th centuries), another junior branch of the Popielid dynasty. The Popielids-Pobóg clan is part of the senior branch of the Popielid dynasty, the Ogończyk clan, as Polish clan history research by Piekosiński suggests.

The Pobóg name was most likely formed from the proclamation Pobodze, call "wishing" in old Polish Po Bodze ("may God keep you in His care"). In oldest judicial records it is found in that form precisely. Proclamation Pobóg appear in family in 16th century. Other historians claim that the name Pobóg derived from the name of this Bug River. In this statement Pobóg means "after Bug". They placed the Pobóg clan's ancient territory around the Bug River in North-East Malopolska (Lesser Poland). So, estates in Małopolska were just one portion of the clan territories. The great families of the Pobóg clan reached noble status for their services to prince, faith and community as warriors and scholars. They later become even more prominent as numerous branches of the same house acquired distant estates, some of which were located in other countries. From the 12th century onwards, this ancient clan was identified with the great social and economic evolution which made this territory a landmark contributor to the development of the nation in the 14th century. Pobóg clan participated in the victorious crusade against pagan Prussians and Yotvingians tribes in 1190 under the command of prince Casimir II the Just. One clan member became famous for personally taking pagan commander prisoner. In 1331 the Pobóg clan participated in a victorious battle at Płowce against Teutonic Order. In 1359, at Poloniny (Polonini) against Moldavian army. In 1410 Pobóg clan participated under its own colours in the biggest and most famous battle in Europe at this time, at Grunwald (Tannenberg), where the Polish and Lithuanian armies were victorious against the Teutonic Order. The families' warriors were led by Jakub of Koniecpol, palatinus of Sieradz. In 1413 in Horodło (during the signing of the Union of Lublin), Pobóg clan represented by Jakub of Koniecpol and Piotr of Popow had adopted Lithuanian boyar Rało.

Jan Długosz, main Polish mediaeval historian (about 1460 AD), wrote of the Pobóg clan that they were "ad iracundiam proni" ("prone to anger"). According to the work of Jan Długosz and some other documents, the Pobóg coat of arms had in the beginning of 15th century another image.

With the Teutonic Order of Knights pushing from the north and Tartars from the east, the clans fought to position themselves for best survival and trade by forming alliances with families in neighbouring countries.

Casimir IV Jagiellon became the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1447, consolidating the two nations, and the clan built many castles during the next century against Turks, Tartars and Muscovites, who became a peril.

The Pobóg clan of families continued to make important contributions to the life of Europe in the middle and later. From the 15th century onwards they held significant positions of prestige and power becoming involved in tribal struggles for supremacy, and branched into Pomorze (Pomerania), Russia, Latvia, Lithuania and also Moravia, Hungary and Moldavia. Notable from this time amongst the Clans of Poland was the ancient Pobóg clan of families.

Famous Ancestors
Stefan was archbishop of Gniezno. At Stefan's, instigation the sejm was called in Gniezno at which it was decided to bring Kazimierz from the Cluniac monastery and put him on his father's throne, to which end they would not stint their work and efforts. He then went to Rome and asked Pope Benedict IX to release Kazimierz from his monastic vows and profession; then in Cluny he labored to talk Kazimierz into assuming the throne of Poland. Kazimierz bowed to his pleas and persuasions, and Stefan accompanied him back to Poland and crowned him and his wife, kin to the Ruthenian princes; and he also placed the crown on Boleslaw the Bold after him. He brought a lawsuit against the Bohemians over the pillaging of Poland and especially of the Gniezno cathedral, but he gained little from this. Death overtook him during these efforts in 1059.

Paprocki in "Gniazdo cnoty" mentions Bolesta, cup-bearer to king Kazimierz, in 1080. The same author writes on the basis of Czyrzyce monastery lists that Stefan, Kraków palatinus (duke), was flourishing in 1145. Paprocki, after Kromer, lists another Bolesta, castellan of Wizna, who held a certain part of the administration in Prussia in 1167, in the days of Bolesław IV the Curly. His son was supposedly the first starosta (count) of Płock. In the same place he read of Florjan, palatinus (duke) of Sandomierz died in 1243. Comes (count) Msciwoj sealed a document in Pobóg coat of arms in 1231 and 1235. His son was Mikolaj palatinus (duke) of Kraków. Other Pobóg's Adam was Kraków castellan in 1260. Paprocki also includes Jakob, Sieradz castellan, here; according to him, Jakób was the father of Piotr, bishop of Płock, who died in 1263. Bernard, also bishop of Płock was a member of Pobóg clan also. Wolmir, bishop of Kujawy, in „Lives of the Kujawy" by bishop Darnalewski states that he was a Pobóg; from pastor of Kruszwica to Kujawy canon, he was chosen by the chapter for the see in 1258; he was chancellor under the Mazovian princes Ziemowit and Kazimierz. He suffered many wrongs at the hands of Swietopelk, prince of Pomerania, and had many quarrels with Kazimierz, prince of Łęczyca and Kujawy, when he laid upon him the censure of the church; many estates went to the Kujawy church, both bought by him and bestowed by various lords. Having successfully established the border between his diocese and that of Chełmno, he died in 1271. Damalewski numbers Swietosław, bishop of Poznań, among the Pobógs. Bolesta, Mazovian general starosta (count), is on a letter of Mazovian prince Jan in 1387, as shown in Paprocki's "O herbach". (IMPW)

Blazon
Azure, a horse-shoe argent with a cross formed of the same charged on the edge of its arch. Helmet with mantling azure, lined argent. Crowned. Crest: a demi greyhound rampant, collared and leashed, all proper.

Notable bearers
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

 * Koniecpolski family
 * Stanisław Koniecpolski
 * Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny
 * Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski
 * Przemysław Pobóg-Zarzecki
 * Leszek Wierzchowski
 * Teofil Lenartowicz
 * Roman Dmowski
 * Frańciszek Ksawery Dmochowski
 * Seweryn Goszczyński
 * Władysław Raczkiewicz
 * Anna Pobóg-Lenartowicz
 * Jan Lechoń (Leszek Serafinowicz)
 * Leopold Pobóg-Kielanowski
 * Andrzej Tadeusz Mazurkiewicz
 * Aleksander Polanowski
 * Vasili Stepanovich Popov-Popowski
 * Jakub Fryczyński h. Pobóg Polski Słownik Biograficzny t. 7 s. 156 FRYCZYŃSKI Jakub (ok. 1720- po 1778) plenipotent Karola Radziwiłła
 * Todtleben

title: Pobóg coat of arms


text: User talk:81.192.196.25

title: User talk:81.192.196.25


text:
Diré

Diré is a town and commune on the left bank of the Niger River in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. In the 2009 census the population of the commune was 22,365. The town is the administrative center of the Diré Cercle. There are several languages spoken, but the main language is Songhay. The population is predominantly Muslim. Situated on the Niger River, the principal industries are agriculture and commerce.

title: Diré


text:
Talk:List of most successful German U-boats

Untitled
Any chance of adding #casualties to the figures? Tonnage is of interest but not nearly so much as #casualties.

-- What that .5 supposed to mean ? Did they only sink half a ship ?

misleading title
G'day, the title indicates I would find all the successful Uboats here, why the arbitrary top 5 or 10? Peacemaker67 (send... over) 10:33, 19 July 2013 (UTC)


text:
Antoine Duhamel

Antoine Duhamel (30 July 1925 – 11 September 2014) was a French composer, orchestra conductor and music teacher.

Life and career
Born in Valmondois in the Val-d'Oise département of France, Antoine Duhamel was one of the three sons of the French writer Georges Duhamel and actress Blanche Albane. He studied music at the Sorbonne. He was a pupil of René Leibowitz, an exponent of Arnold Schoenberg’s dodecaphonic and serial method of composing. Together with other Leibowitz pupils, Serge Nigg, André Casanova and Jean Prodromidès, he gave the first performance of Leibowitz's Explications des Metaphors, Op. 15, in Paris in 1948. He wrote the score for his first film in 1960, going on to work with many of Europe's film directors. In 2002 he was awarded the Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for his music for the Bertrand Tavernier directed film, Laissez-passer.

Duhamel scored several of Jean-Luc Godard's films, including Pierrot le Fou and Week End. He died at the age of 89 in September 2014.

Partial filmography

 * 1963 : Méditerranée
 * 1964 : The Pit and the Pendulum
 * 1965 : Pierrot le Fou
 * 1966 : Trap for the Assassin
 * 1966 : La Longue marche
 * 1966: La Voleuse
 * 1967 : The Sailor from Gibraltar
 * 1967 : Weekend
 * 1968 : Stolen Kisses
 * 1969 : Mississippi Mermaid
 * 1970 : Bed and Board
 * 1970 : The Cop
 * 1973 : Frank en Eva
 * 1978 : The Song of Roland
 * 1979 : Mais ou et donc Ornicar
 * 1979 : Return to the Beloved
 * 1980 : Death Watch
 * 1989 : El sueño del mono loco
 * 1994 : La Piste du télégraphe
 * 1996 : Ridicule
 * 1998 : The Girl of Your Dreams
 * 2002 : Safe Conduct

title: Antoine Duhamel


text:
Steel Angel Kurumi

Steel Angel Kurumi (鋼鉄天使くるみ) is a Japanese manga series created by Kaishaku. An anime series adaptation directed by Naohito Takahashi, animated by Oriental Light and Magic, produced by Pony Canyon with character designs by Yuriko Chiba and Yūji Ikeda and music by Toshihiko Sahashi has been translated and released in North America by ADV Films. In 2008, Crunchyroll announced it had partnered with Pony Canyon to release the Steel Angel Kurumi series for streaming and download. The entire series was compiled in a Blu-ray box set by Pony Canyon on September 19, 2012.

The Kurumi series as a whole consists of the first season Steel Angel Kurumi, four OVA episodes entitled Steel Angel Kurumi Encore, a second season by the name of Steel Angel Kurumi 2, and a prequel OVA series entitled Steel Angel Kurumi 0. A live-action adaptation was made, titled Steel Angel Kurumi Pure, but has a different continuity to the anime. This series was originally aired in Japan as part of Wowow's Anime Complex.

The first anime series is set in an alternate history version of Japan during the Taishō period, while the second series takes place in the 21st century.

Plot
Steel Angel Kurumi 1: Set during Japan's Taishō era, The story follows a young boy named Nakahito Kagura. He is pushed by a group of his classmates to go into a house that is rumored to belong to a mad scientist. While inside, he comes across in what seems to be a lifelike doll. At the same time, the Japanese Army carries out an attack on the house. During the attack the "doll" falls over and Nakahito accidentally kisses it, causing it to awaken. The doll turns out to be a Steel Angel called Kurumi, who is being hunted by the military for mysterious reasons.

Steel Angel Kurumi 2: Seventy-five years later, Nako Kagura is the great-granddaughter of the main protagonist from the previous series who is shown to be a high school student and an aspiring musician who also gets her chance to discover the existence of Kurumi and the Steel Angels. Unfortunately after Kurumi steals her first kiss, Nako's wealthy childhood friend Uruka Sumeragi becomes furious and upset; and does everything in her power (which including hiring her father's highly trained agents and powerful mecha-like robots) to defeat Kurumi and win back Nako's affection.

First series

 * Nakahito Kagura (神維 仲人)
 * The primary male protagonist for the show, Nakahito unwittingly becomes the master of Steel Angel Kurumi when he accidentally awakens her with a kiss. Hesitant and unsure of himself, he teaches Kurumi as much as he can while slowly falling in love with the hyperactive girl. A mystic of the Onmyou (yin and yang) tradition, he has no observable powers. Much to his chagrin, his older brother Kamihito boasts great control of spiritual abilities. Although he has latent potential, as evidenced by his awakening of Kurumi, Nakahito's numerous attempts at honing his direct abilities end in failure. Clearly caught between manhood and boyhood, Nakahito seems unsure of how to handle the relentless attention of Kurumi and his other numerous one-sided love interests.
 * The primary male protagonist for the show, Nakahito unwittingly becomes the master of Steel Angel Kurumi when he accidentally awakens her with a kiss. Hesitant and unsure of himself, he teaches Kurumi as much as he can while slowly falling in love with the hyperactive girl. A mystic of the Onmyou (yin and yang) tradition, he has no observable powers. Much to his chagrin, his older brother Kamihito boasts great control of spiritual abilities. Although he has latent potential, as evidenced by his awakening of Kurumi, Nakahito's numerous attempts at honing his direct abilities end in failure. Clearly caught between manhood and boyhood, Nakahito seems unsure of how to handle the relentless attention of Kurumi and his other numerous one-sided love interests.

 * Kurumi (くるみ)
 * A Steel Angel built by Dr. Ayanokouji and equipped with a Mark II Heart, she is awakened by Nakahito's kiss in the first episode and immediately becomes possessive of him while simultaneously pledging her love and service to him. The main female lead and an incredibly wild individual, she is overwhelmingly manic when it comes to Nakahito, whom she calls "Master". She is very protective of her master and her sisters, she will stop at nothing to ensure their safety. She is impossibly strong and rather handily defeats all her opponents due to her Mark II Heart. Although she does her best to follow orders and help out the Kagura brothers, her clumsy and ditzy nature proves to be a significant stumbling block. She is the oldest of the Angel "sisters" and assumes a fairly typical "older sister" attitude when speaking with them. Kurumi has pink hair and wears a blue maid's outfit with red trim.
 * A Steel Angel built by Dr. Ayanokouji and equipped with a Mark II Heart, she is awakened by Nakahito's kiss in the first episode and immediately becomes possessive of him while simultaneously pledging her love and service to him. The main female lead and an incredibly wild individual, she is overwhelmingly manic when it comes to Nakahito, whom she calls "Master". She is very protective of her master and her sisters, she will stop at nothing to ensure their safety. She is impossibly strong and rather handily defeats all her opponents due to her Mark II Heart. Although she does her best to follow orders and help out the Kagura brothers, her clumsy and ditzy nature proves to be a significant stumbling block. She is the oldest of the Angel "sisters" and assumes a fairly typical "older sister" attitude when speaking with them. Kurumi has pink hair and wears a blue maid's outfit with red trim.

 * Saki (サキ)
 * Another Steel Angel built by Dr. Ayanokouji, Saki was activated by Dr. Amagi with Dr. Brandow's help, and given orders to destroy Kurumi and seize her Mark II Heart. Amagi and the General decide to use the largest of the seized Angel Hearts to give Saki as much power as possible. Saki and Kurumi fight, with the latter being defeated easily due to Nakahito's still-standing order to not fight. The victory is short-lived however, as Saki's improper activation causes her to collapse. Kurumi kisses Saki, and her Mark II Heart re-energizes Saki's Angel Heart. The action permanently activates Saki, and the master-servant relationship is reinstated, with Saki pledging her loyalty and love to Kurumi. Kurumi largely ignores this vow, but the two mutually call each other "sister" from then on. Saki is very quiet, the antithesis of Kurumi, and is quite lady-like in comparison. She is the kindest, and maybe the sweetest character in the show. She maintains wild fantasies about herself and Kurumi, but never speaks about them or properly expresses her love.
 * Another Steel Angel built by Dr. Ayanokouji, Saki was activated by Dr. Amagi with Dr. Brandow's help, and given orders to destroy Kurumi and seize her Mark II Heart. Amagi and the General decide to use the largest of the seized Angel Hearts to give Saki as much power as possible. Saki and Kurumi fight, with the latter being defeated easily due to Nakahito's still-standing order to not fight. The victory is short-lived however, as Saki's improper activation causes her to collapse. Kurumi kisses Saki, and her Mark II Heart re-energizes Saki's Angel Heart. The action permanently activates Saki, and the master-servant relationship is reinstated, with Saki pledging her loyalty and love to Kurumi. Kurumi largely ignores this vow, but the two mutually call each other "sister" from then on. Saki is very quiet, the antithesis of Kurumi, and is quite lady-like in comparison. She is the kindest, and maybe the sweetest character in the show. She maintains wild fantasies about herself and Kurumi, but never speaks about them or properly expresses her love.

 * Karinka (カリンカ)
 * The third Steel Angel built on the design by Dr. Ayanakouji, she was activated by the Academy to destroy Kurumi. She is very strong due to having two Angel Hearts installed instead of one; however, this also means she is exempted from following the orders of Dr. Walski, her creator. Karinka is infamous for kidnapping and nearly killing Saki. She is very temperamental, devious, and has occasionally shown traits of sadism. She later joins Nakahito and the group, originally to figure out Kurumi's power, but she eventually develops a crush on Nakahito. It was thanks to Nakahito that Karinka became friendly. Like her elder sisters, she does not care if Nakahito sees her naked.
 * The third Steel Angel built on the design by Dr. Ayanakouji, she was activated by the Academy to destroy Kurumi. She is very strong due to having two Angel Hearts installed instead of one; however, this also means she is exempted from following the orders of Dr. Walski, her creator. Karinka is infamous for kidnapping and nearly killing Saki. She is very temperamental, devious, and has occasionally shown traits of sadism. She later joins Nakahito and the group, originally to figure out Kurumi's power, but she eventually develops a crush on Nakahito. It was thanks to Nakahito that Karinka became friendly. Like her elder sisters, she does not care if Nakahito sees her naked.

 * Kamihito Kagura (神維 神人)
 * Nakahito's older brother. A well-trained and powerful mystic, he runs the shrine that Nakahito lives in and was originally sought to be the mystic to awaken Kurumi, but it doesn't turn out that way.
 * Nakahito's older brother. A well-trained and powerful mystic, he runs the shrine that Nakahito lives in and was originally sought to be the mystic to awaken Kurumi, but it doesn't turn out that way.

 * Tetsuo Ayanokouji (綾小路 鉄男)
 * The scientist who built the three Steel Angels. He came to the area where Nakahito lives to find a mystic to activate Kurumi. He has connections with the mysterious Academy.
 * The scientist who built the three Steel Angels. He came to the area where Nakahito lives to find a mystic to activate Kurumi. He has connections with the mysterious Academy.

 * Reiko Amagi (天城 礼子)
 * She is a scientist in her twenties who works with Dr. Ayanakouji in a military development project. She is first an antagonist of Nakahito and Kurumi, but quickly joins their side. She is in love with Dr. Ayanakouji.
 * She is a scientist in her twenties who works with Dr. Ayanakouji in a military development project. She is first an antagonist of Nakahito and Kurumi, but quickly joins their side. She is in love with Dr. Ayanakouji.

 * The General (将軍)
 * The head of the Japanese Army. He is in charge of the research projects for the military, and he has a crush on Karinka.
 * The head of the Japanese Army. He is in charge of the research projects for the military, and he has a crush on Karinka.

 * Dr. Walski (ワルスキー博士)
 * The head of the Academy, the scientist who activates Karinka and rival to Dr. Ayanakouji. He is the antagonist of the first series, although near the end of the series it is revealed his intentions are actually of just cause. His physical similarities to Brandow seem to be more than a coincidence; they may be related, but in the anime nothing of the sort is ever mentioned.
 * The head of the Academy, the scientist who activates Karinka and rival to Dr. Ayanakouji. He is the antagonist of the first series, although near the end of the series it is revealed his intentions are actually of just cause. His physical similarities to Brandow seem to be more than a coincidence; they may be related, but in the anime nothing of the sort is ever mentioned.

 * Dr. Brandow (ブランドー博士)
 * Walski's aide who also does field work for the Academy. At first he is sent to work with Amagi to help activate Saki, who in turn is sent to destroy Kurumi, but after Saki fails, he attempts to take Kurumi himself. However, when he attempts to attack Kurumi, he misses and hits Ayanakouji, who he then captures and takes to the Academy.
 * Walski's aide who also does field work for the Academy. At first he is sent to work with Amagi to help activate Saki, who in turn is sent to destroy Kurumi, but after Saki fails, he attempts to take Kurumi himself. However, when he attempts to attack Kurumi, he misses and hits Ayanakouji, who he then captures and takes to the Academy.

 * Yoshino Koganei (小金井 佳乃) and
 * Koganei
 * One of two junior Army Intelligence officers sent by the General to watch over and covertly aid the Steel Angels, with a crush on Nakahito.

 * Eiko Kichijoji (吉祥寺 栄子)
 * Kichijoji
 * One of two junior Army Intelligence officers sent by the General to watch over and covertly aid the Steel Angels, with a crush on Dr. Amagi.

 * Diana (ダイアナ)
 * A steel angel created before Kurumi, whom had accompanied Dr. Ayanokouji.

 * Tsunami (ツナミ)

 * Kaga (加賀)

 * Kaori (カオリ)

 * Excelia (優秀（エクセリア）)
 * A steel angel from the 100th year of Taisho.
 * A steel angel from the 100th year of Taisho.

 * Mikhail (ミハエル)

Second series

 * Nako Kagura (神維 那己)
 * Great granddaughter of Nakahito, Nako is a bespectacled soft-spoken, shy, and clumsy 9th grade student at an all-girls school called Momonoki Academy. She lives at the old Kagura shrine with her single mother, Misaki (which proves even further that dark blue hair just runs in the family), and lives next door to her very rich neighbor and best friend, Uruka. Nako is also a very skilled cellist, and may prove to one day be famous. The day she found Kurumi was the day she gave her first kiss, and from then on was the new master of Steel Angel Kurumi. Now being the receiver of the same affection that was given to her great ancestor Nakahito, Nako is constantly chased and protected by Kurumi.
 * Great granddaughter of Nakahito, Nako is a bespectacled soft-spoken, shy, and clumsy 9th grade student at an all-girls school called Momonoki Academy. She lives at the old Kagura shrine with her single mother, Misaki (which proves even further that dark blue hair just runs in the family), and lives next door to her very rich neighbor and best friend, Uruka. Nako is also a very skilled cellist, and may prove to one day be famous. The day she found Kurumi was the day she gave her first kiss, and from then on was the new master of Steel Angel Kurumi. Now being the receiver of the same affection that was given to her great ancestor Nakahito, Nako is constantly chased and protected by Kurumi.

 * Kurumi (くるみ弐式)/Koutetsu Kurumi (鋼鉄くるみ)
 * A Steel Angel built by Dr. Ayanokouji and equipped with a Mark II Heart, she is reawakened by Nako's kiss in the first episode and gives the same affection to Nako that was given to her last master Nakahito.
 * A Steel Angel built by Dr. Ayanokouji and equipped with a Mark II Heart, she is reawakened by Nako's kiss in the first episode and gives the same affection to Nako that was given to her last master Nakahito.

 * Uruka Sumeragi (皇 うるか)
 * A tenth grade high school student at Momonoki Academy and the best friend of Nako until Kurumi came along. Uruka is in love with Nako, and had originally hoped to be the one to take Nako's first kiss. On the day that Kurumi appeared, she was the first witness to see the fateful kiss, to which she could not get over for an entire day. Uruka now sees Kurumi as an obstacle to Nako and will try anything to remove Kurumi, even if it means asking her father to call upon the family's private army to take her down. When they find that Saki is a Steel Angel, the family army decides to use her as a weapon against Kurumi, the "source of Uruka-chan's unhappiness." On the day that Saki was to be awakened, Uruka was there to supervise the process, but got involved in a fantasy of her own, involving Nako, and ended up kissing Saki. Saki then falls in love with her new master, and Uruka wants nothing to do with her.
 * A tenth grade high school student at Momonoki Academy and the best friend of Nako until Kurumi came along. Uruka is in love with Nako, and had originally hoped to be the one to take Nako's first kiss. On the day that Kurumi appeared, she was the first witness to see the fateful kiss, to which she could not get over for an entire day. Uruka now sees Kurumi as an obstacle to Nako and will try anything to remove Kurumi, even if it means asking her father to call upon the family's private army to take her down. When they find that Saki is a Steel Angel, the family army decides to use her as a weapon against Kurumi, the "source of Uruka-chan's unhappiness." On the day that Saki was to be awakened, Uruka was there to supervise the process, but got involved in a fantasy of her own, involving Nako, and ended up kissing Saki. Saki then falls in love with her new master, and Uruka wants nothing to do with her.

 * Kyanwan
 * The first animal Steel Angel, Kyanwan is Kurumi's pet dog that has the ability to transform into a jet, which then transforms into mechanical wings for Kurumi, or also into fins for speed underwater. Part cute "magical girl" pet and useful plot device, Kyanwan generally remains by Kurumi's side unless he is with Nako's mother.
 * The first animal Steel Angel, Kyanwan is Kurumi's pet dog that has the ability to transform into a jet, which then transforms into mechanical wings for Kurumi, or also into fins for speed underwater. Part cute "magical girl" pet and useful plot device, Kyanwan generally remains by Kurumi's side unless he is with Nako's mother.

 * Tenkai Sumeragi (皇 天海)
 * Uruka's wealthy, loving father. He owns an entire collection of mecha robots and gear that his daughter Uruka uses to destroy Kurumi.
 * Uruka's wealthy, loving father. He owns an entire collection of mecha robots and gear that his daughter Uruka uses to destroy Kurumi.

 * Saki, Mark II (サキ弐式)/Koutetsu Saki (鋼鉄サキ)
 * Uruka Sumeragi's father slammed his fist on his table and his statue crumbled to pieces, revealing Saki in the statue. She was activated by a kiss of Uruka Sumeragi. She is in love with both Kurumi and Uruka.

 * Karinka, Mark II (カリンカ弐式)
 * Although not a new character, she does get a character design makeover. Losing the "flight attendant leotard" look that she had in the first series, she now has curly pigtails and pants. Again history repeats itself in her introduction, and just like last time, her awakening was not by a kiss. Having no master, she runs off of the program that Steel Angels are to protect humanity, not fall in love and become servants to them. Karinka Mark II's upgrades include built-in flight ability and increased tactical battle data. Again, history repeats when Karinka kidnaps Saki, fights Kurumi, and loses after finding that Kurumi has more strength and will to fight because of love, specifically Nako. And all over again, Karinka gets a crush on whomever Kurumi loves, and Nako becomes victim to another suitor.

 * Misaki Kagura (神維 美咲)
 * Nako's eccentric single mother, who allow's Kurumi to live in her household.
 * Nako's eccentric single mother, who allow's Kurumi to live in her household.

 * Yutaka Kizuki (杵築 豊)
 * Nako's music teacher.
 * Nako's music teacher.

Manga
The manga was being produced first. However, it is significantly different from the anime. In the manga, Nakahito discovers Kurumi in the same fashion, he was being bullied and fell into Dr. Ayanoukoji's lab.

The academy travels back in time to find the world's greatest mystic. To do that, they give each nation the ability to design its own steel angel. They then hold a Steel Fight to see who the strongest mystic is. During the Steel Fight, all steel angels are shut down because of a revolt, and a demon exits her fake steel angel body. She places a curse on Nakahito and travels into the future. The crew also goes into the future to destroy the demon and remove the curse. They live with Dr. Amagi's granddaughter.

Steel Angel Kurumi
A 24-episode anime television series was animated by Oriental Light and Magic and directed by Naohito Takahashi. The anime aired in Japan on Wowow between October 5, 1999, and April 4, 2000.

Steel Angel Kurumi Encore
Four additional OVA short stories of the Steel Angels: Saki becomes a film actress, Karinka goes on a blind date with Kamihito, Kurumi practices the art of becoming a traditional Japanese woman, and the rest of the Steel Angels engage in a contest to win Nakahito's heart.

Steel Angel Kurumi 2
An alternate story of the Steel Angel Kurumi series set in the early 21st century. Bringing back the feeling of love polygons, the twist in this 12-episode continuation is that almost all of the characters are female, bringing a Yuri element to the story.

The story takes place back at the Kagura Shrine, in AD 200X, about 4 generations after Nakahito Kagura. One day, Nako Kagura and her best friend Uruka get lost in the shrine's basement labyrinth (formerly a bomb shelter) and run across a dog and a giant, scary, flying statue. As Nako and Uruka run away from the scary flying statue, Nako trips and is caught by the statue, which covers her in a divine light. She is then given a message by Dr. Ayanakouji through the statue, the statue then breaks apart and out falls Kurumi, right onto Nako's lips. Again, the events come full circle, and Kurumi awakens from a new master's kiss.

Steel Angel Kurumi Zero
This OVA story takes place in the distant future in which Kurumi, Saki, and Karinka all live inside of an apartment together along with their landlady Excelia. The 3 episode OVA which aired in the midst of the second series, takes place mainly inside of the apartment as Kurumi comes home to the apartment from school to notify her house mates that she has met a boy at school whom she has fallen in love with.

The story then proceeds from there as Kurumi handles her depression and loneliness after the boy she is in love with moves away from her, and then finds out that he is dying. In every episode, the feelings within Kurumi causes a glowing angel to appear before her, and later, in front of the others.

This series has a much darker story, with no comedy or action elements as evident in the other series. The color palette is very limited except for the characters who still keep their colorful, bright hair.

Live-action series
Steel Angel Kurumi Pure (鋼鉄天使くるみpure) is a 24 episode Japanese television drama produced in 2002. The story is set the 21st century where the rapid evolution of robot technology makes it possible to use them as nurses in hospitals. These new robots are then referred to as 'kangoroids'. Ayanokouji Corporation is the leading company in this area. They are developing new kangoroids for home use, which has the code name 'Steel Angel'. When the 1st prototype named Kurumi is completed, they choose one boy as its monitor. The boy is Nakahito Kagura, a nephew of the president of Ayanokouji Corporation. He is a junior high student but he has contained himself in his room after an incident and refuses to leave. He soon receives a package in the mail that contains the prototype Kurumi kangoroid. While he's embarrassed with Kurumi at first, her devotion slowly makes him accept her.

Reception
In a review at Anime News Network, Zac Bertschy commented that "The storyline is mostly forgettable", however he added that "The animation is smooth and polished, moreso than other series in this vein. The music, especially the catchy opening theme song, is surprisingly well-done and pleasant to listen to."

Chris Beveridge from Mania gave Steel Angel Kurumi 2 a B and noted that "It's a sequel that, while it's not the best thing in the world, it doesn’t actively harm your thoughts on the first series."

Steel Angel Kurumi is rated 6.7/10 on IMDB based on 197 user reviews (as of July 2024).

title: Steel Angel Kurumi


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User talk:Cachilders

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 16:55, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I made a couple of mistakes out of the gate, but having read through the some of the above I think I'm ready to get down to business. C. A. Childers 01:41, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cachilders


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User talk:Denhulde

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

Sam [Spade] 16:55, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image:Boerboel.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Boerboel.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr.) 22:26, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

May 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Boerboel, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Boerboel was changed by Denhulde (u) (t) making a minor change with obscenities on 2008-05-29T10:52:33+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 10:52, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Denhulde


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Ejler Jakobsson

Ejler Jakobsson (December 6, 1911 – October 5, 1984) was an American science fiction editor.

Born in Finland, Jakobsson moved to the United States in 1926 and began a career as an author in the 1930s. He married Edith Kane (1915–1997) in 1935. He worked on Astonishing Stories and Super Science Stories briefly before they shut down production due to paper shortages. When Super Science Stories was revived in 1949, Jakobson was named editor until it ended publication two years later. He was an editor for Graphic Books in the 1950s. Jakobsson returned to editing in 1969, when he took over Galaxy and If, succeeding Frederik Pohl. He worked to make the magazines more contemporary with the help of Judy-Lynn del Rey and Lester del Rey. He left the magazines in 1974 and was succeeded by Jim Baen.

He died in Pleasantville, New York in 1984.

title: Ejler Jakobsson


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Category talk:Lists of people

As i note in a comment visible when editing Category:Lists of people, a list is not a person. However, arguably a categ. is a list; perhaps
 * Category:Lists of people

should have
 * Category:People

as a subcat, even tho the reverse is impossible. --Jerzy(t) 16:59, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)

 * How about adding, the asterisk as sortkey being generally used for this type of category? -- User:Docu

 * IMO, Category:People is for articles about people. Articles about individuals certainly fit this definition.  However, articles about classes of people (including lists of people) also fit.  Is it written somewhere that category:people must not contain anything other than individuals?  If so, I think we should perhaps suggest changing this rule. -- Rick Block 19:40, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I always thot it was clear from the Cat page's annotation that essentially "people = bios"; my only interest in it was because of its potential for taking over a major current function of List of people by name, and i repeatedly acted on that belief & surely stated it in edit summaries. But i'm not so sure i was ever justified in that belief.
 * I care not at all what its name is, except that hopefully Category:Biographies would reduce the frequency of the question.
 * Note the following reasons for believing "people = bios"
 * Category:Biographies's non-existence
 * the inclusion of Category:People stubs in Template:Bio-stub
 * the absence of other Cats there
 * the following text from Category:People stubs (warning: big page, listing 4523 stubs):
 * Categories: People | Stub categories
 * This category is for stub biographies of people. You can help wikipedia by expanding them.
 * IMO, tho, the current meaning and function of Category:People, and the meanings and functions of Cats that seem reasonable competitors to use that name, are so significant that changes are likely to change the structure of the whole few top levels of the Cat structure; in particular, in my mind and i think those of the designers of the system, that structure must be a DAG (not a tree, but like a tree utterly unambiguous about nothing being both an ancestor and a descendant of the same thing), and narrowly focused changes are likely to break that. I think nothing visible happens at present when you break that rule, so changes near the top require great care.
 * In particular, no one should think about changes affecting Category:People w/o thinking about what to do with Category:Human (e.g., boldly demolishing it in my un-thought-through opinion).
 * In summary: IMO this discussion is pointless, unless it moves into suspension while the top few levels of the Cat system are completely thought through and agreed upon, and then is resumed in the light of a grand design that that agreement embodies.

--Jerzy(t) 16:32, 2004 Nov 17 (UTC)

Wait a minute: articles have singular titles outside of exceptional cases; categories have plural titles outside of exceptional cases. "Why?", i rhetorically ask.

Category:Opera has articles about the field of opera, one of the exceptional cases; Category:Operas has articles that are each about one opera. Unless specifically stated, a Cat with a plural title collects articles that are each about one instance of the things that plural noun refers to. (If the original definition doesn't specifically state an exception to that, then adding it later is a fundamental change requiring justification & IMO wide consensus, both for making a change and for undercutting the general thrust of category naming.) I It doesn't need to be "written" specifically about Category:People; it is an obvious case of an established general principle.

So don't ask whether it's written somewhere, tell us why you need to steal this name, that is the natural name for the category of articles on individual people, for some other purpose? What are the other names you've considered and rejected. Is the title you are looking for Category:Human, or some sub-Cat of it? --Jerzy(t) 16:58, 2004 Nov 17 (UTC)[& typos fixed Jerzy(t) 17:09, 2004 Nov 17 (UTC)]

 * I certainly have no intention of stealing any category names. I'm really not interested in arguing about it, but I believe the general practice for articles and categories with names like " in " is to categorize them both under  and .  Since this seems to upset you in this case, to make category:lists of people visible from category:people I'll add a See also from category:people to category:lists of people (vice versa is already there). -- Rick Block 20:50, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Lists of people


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Num

Num may refer to:

 * Short for number
 * Num (god), the creator and high god of the Nenets people of Siberia
 * Short for the Book of Numbers of the Hebrew Bible
 * Khnum, a god of Egyptian mythology
 * Mios Num, an island of western New Guinea
 * Num, Nepal
 * num, the code for the Niuafo'ou language of Tonga

NUM may refer to:

 * National Union of Manufacturers, a former employers' association in the United Kingdom
 * National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)
 * National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)
 * National University of Mongolia
 * New Ulster Movement in Northern Ireland
 * National Ugly Mugs, a reporting system for sex workers, run by UK Network of Sex Work Projects
 * Nurse Unit Manager
 * n-um.com (N-UM), popular website about different islam topics, in Bosnian language
 * NUM, the National Rail station code for Northumberland Park railway station, London, England

title: Num


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Lee Roy Jordan

Lee Roy Jordan (born April 27, 1941) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide under head coach Paul "Bear" Bryant, he played 14 years in the NFL for the Cowboys from 1963 to 1976. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983.

Early life
Born and raised in Excel, Alabama, Jordan was the fifth of seven children of Walter Sr. and Cleo Jordan. He has three older brothers Walter Jr., Carl and Bennie Ray and three sisters Lottie, Agnes and Darlene (who died at age 2 of leukemia). He was a standout at fullback at Excel High School and graduated in 1959. He played college football for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa under head coach Paul "Bear" Bryant.

Jordan excelled as both a linebacker and center for the Crimson Tide. In his sophomore season of 1960, he helped the Crimson Tide finish with an 8–1–2 record. In the Bluebonnet Bowl, versus the Texas Longhorns, he was named the game's MVP in a 3–3 tie.

The following year, Jordan was again an important part of the team as Alabama finished with an 11–0 record, a SEC Championship, and the 1961 national championship. The season included six shutouts, which included a 34–0 win over rival Auburn. Led by senior quarterback Pat Trammell (1940–1968), Alabama wrapped up the season with a 10–3 victory over Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl.

In his senior season in 1962, the Crimson Tide fell short of another national championship with a 10–1 record with sophomore quarterback Joe Namath. The loss was by one point at Georgia Tech in mid-November, their first defeat in over two years. In his final game for the Tide, Jordan recorded 31 tackles in a 17–0 victory over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl, attended by President Kennedy. For his performance, he received his second MVP award in a bowl game. At the end of his senior year, he received unanimous All-American status and the Lineman of the Year award.

During his career for Alabama, Jordan received high praise from Bryant, who stated, "He was one of the finest football players the world has ever seen. If runners stayed between the sidelines, he tackled them. He never had a bad day, he was 100 percent every day in practice and in the games."

In early August 1963 in Chicago, he was part of the College All-Star team that defeated the defending champion Green Bay Packers.

In 1980, he was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame. In 1983, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1988, he received the NCAA Silver Anniversary Award.

Professional career
Jordan was selected sixth overall in the 1963 NFL draft by the Dallas Cowboys, and was the fourteenth overall pick in the AFL draft, taken by the Boston Patriots. He chose the NFL and signed in early January. During preseason in 1963 he was named the Cowboys' weakside linebacker and became the first rookie linebacker in franchise history to start a season-opener.

He shared time with Jerry Tubbs at middle linebacker in 1965, then took over and teamed up with Chuck Howley and Dave Edwards to form one of the greatest linebacking corps in NFL history. His teammates nicknamed him "Killer" and named him team captain for the defense.

In 1971, he had a team-record 21 tackles against Philadelphia Eagles on September 26. On November 4, 1973, he intercepted three passes in the first quarter from the Cincinnati Bengals' Ken Anderson within the span of five minutes, returning one 31 yards for a touchdown. The picks were collectively named one of the ten most memorable moments in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN in 2008.

Jordan was usually the smallest middle linebacker in the league at only 6ft 1in and 220 lb (15 lb more than at Alabama), but his competitiveness and drive made up for his lack of size. Head coach Tom Landry said of Jordan, "He was a great competitor. He was not big for a middle linebacker, but because of his competitiveness, he was able to play the game and play it well. His leadership was there and he demanded a lot out of the people around him as he did of himself." He ran Landry's "Flex" defense on the field with unmatched intensity and efficiency. He watched game film endlessly; his contract included a projector for his home.

He became the franchise's all-time leader in solo tackles (743) in his 14 seasons with the Cowboys. He was a two-time All-Pro and a five-time Pro Bowler. He also helped the Cowboys to three Super Bowls and five NFC Championship games. Jordan was an able defender against the run and pass, and had a penchant for recovering loose footballs. He remains tied for second in club history with 18 career fumble recoveries.

More than 25 years after his retirement, Jordan still ranks second in Cowboys' history in career solo tackles with 743, second in career assisted tackles with 493, second in combined total tackles with 1,236 and first with 154 consecutive starts. He also holds the third and fourth highest totals of solo tackles in a single season with 100 in 1975 and 97 in 1968. In his 14 NFL seasons, he intercepted 32 passes (seventh in club history), returning them for 472 yards and three touchdowns.

He was selected to Cowboys Silver Season All-Time Team. In 1988, he was among fifteen finalists for induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame but did not make the cut (among those finalists, him and Lou Rymkus are the only ones who did not eventually become elected into the Hall). In 1989, he became the seventh member of the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor. He was the first member inducted by Jerry Jones.

In 2018, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Jordan to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2018

Personal life
Jordan married his college sweetheart, Mary "Biddie" Banks of Eutaw, and they had three sons, David, Lee and Chris Jordan.

Jordan currently heads the Lee Roy Jordan Lumber Company, headquartered in Dallas.

Video

 * Alabama Crimson Tide football – 1963 Orange Bowl

title: Lee Roy Jordan


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John J. Pierce

John Jeremy Pierce (born 1941) is an American science fiction editor, historian and critic.

Career
Pierce published the science fiction fanzine Renaissance from 1968 through 1974, and was an outspoken critic of the New Wave. In the 1970s he edited The Best of Murray Leinster, The Best of Cordwainer Smith and The Best of Raymond Z. Gallun for Del Rey Books. In 1977–78, he was named editor of Galaxy at a time when the magazine was in financial trouble, an experience he later recounted in Thirteen Months of Torment.

After leaving Galaxy, Pierce focused on a four-volume (1987–1994) critical history of science fiction under the general title, "A Study in Imagination and Evolution", adopting a conceptual framework, as opposed to a strictly chronological approach, and using parallels with biological evolution and dialectics to characterize the evolution of the genre as a whole. As of 2012, he was working on a revised and updated version.

He has written critical essays and book introductions on Cordwainer Smith, and essays on Twin Peaks and The X-Files for the fanzines Wrapped in Plastic and Spectrum and has had other articles published in The New York Review of Science Fiction and Science Fiction Studies. Besides works related to science fiction and popular culture, he is the author of a family history, The Children of Levi Peacock (2002).

Personal life
Pierce is the son of John Robinson Pierce, the engineer, scientist (and science fiction writer) who coined the word "transistor". He is married to Marcia (née Feinbaum), widow of Arata Suzuki, and lives in Ramsey, New Jersey. He works as an editor at two trade magazines, Private Label and Quick Frozen Foods International.

title: John J. Pierce


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Sigma Xi

Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society (ΣΞ) is a non-profit honor society for scientists and engineers. Sigma Xi was founded at Cornell University by a junior faculty member and a small group of graduate students in 1886 and is one of the oldest and most prestigious honor societies. Membership in Sigma Xi is by invitation only, where members nominate others on the basis of their research achievements or potential. Sigma Xi goals aim to honor excellence in scientific investigation and encourage cooperation among researchers in all fields of science and engineering. Many of the world's most influential scientists have been members of Sigma Xi, such as Albert Einstein, Linus Pauling, Barbara McClintock, and Sally Ride.

Overview
Sigma Xi has nearly 60,000 members who were elected to membership based on their research achievements and potential. It has more than 500 chapters in North America and around the world. In addition to publishing American Scientist magazine, Sigma Xi provides grants annually to promising young researchers and sponsors a variety of programs supporting ethics in research, science and engineering education, the public understanding of science, international research cooperation and the overall health of the research enterprise. The Society is based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Sigma Xi was one of six honor societies that co-founded the ACHS on 1925-12-30. Its participation was short lived, with the decision to withdraw and operate again as an independent society made just over a decade later, effective in 1933.

Today, Sigma Xi participates in a more loosely coordinated lobbying association of four of the nation's oldest and most prestigious honor societies, called the Honor Society Caucus. Its members include Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Xi, and Omicron Delta Kappa.

History
Sigma Xi originated in 1886 at Cornell University. Founded by engineering students and Cornell faculty member, Frank Van Vleck, the society's primary objective was to acknowledge significant scientific research and foster cooperation among scientists from various disciplines.

By 1888, Sigma Xi included five female members and established chapters at educational institutions such as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Union College, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Rutgers College. By the end of the 19th century, the society consisted of over 1,000 members in eight chapters. In the early 20th century, following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Sigma Xi's Stanford and Berkeley chapters were involved in reconstruction and public health initiatives. The society later introduced the publication American Scientist, which discusses scientific and technological developments. During World War I, the National Research Council collaborated with Sigma Xi to organize research facilities. The society expanded significantly after the war, and by the 1930s, it had chapters at prestigious institutions like Harvard, Caltech, MIT, and Princeton.

Sigma Xi initiated the Distinguished Lectureships Program in the late 1930s, aimed at promoting its activities and research findings. By 1950, the society's membership numbered 42,000. In 1947, the Scientific Research Society of America (RESA) was created to support research in various settings. The two societies combined in 1974 under the name Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. In 1989, Sigma Xi revised its mission statement, emphasizing the importance of science and its role in society. Currently, Sigma Xi has approximately 60,000 members in over 500 chapters worldwide. The society remains committed to recognizing scientific achievements and promoting global collaboration in science and technology. Notable past presidents of Sigma Xi include Frederick Robbins, a Nobel Prize recipient, and Rita Colwell, the former National Science Foundation Director.

Motto and name
The Greek letters "Sigma" and "Xi" form the acronym of the Society's motto, Σπουδῶν Ξυνῶνες or "Spoudon Xynones," which translates as "Companions in Zealous Research." The word 'Honor' was added to the name of the Society at the 2016 Annual Meeting. According to Sigma Xi President Tee L. Guidotti,

"'Sigma Xi, of course, is our basic name and has been since the organization was founded in 1886 as the scientific and engineering counterpart to Phi Beta Kappa. Like all 'Greek letter' societies, whether professional or social, it is an acronym for the motto of the organization, Σπουδων Ξυνωνες (Spoudon Xynones), which translates as 'companions in Zealous Research.' For many years, we were referred to as 'Society of the Sigma Xi.' In the early twentieth century, some in the leadership wanted 'Sigma Xi' to be dropped altogether in favor of some formulation such as 'Scientific Research Society of America.' In a strange quirk of history, both names survived because the organization split in the 1940s into an academic honor society (Sigma Xi) and an honor society for applied research and engineering (the Scientific Research Society of America, called RESA). RESA was a separate entity, wholly owned by Sigma Xi, and represented engineers and scientists at non-academic institutions, such as government and industrial research laboratories. In an even stranger development, Sigma Xi and RESA merged back together in 1974 and eventually began calling itself Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.'"

William Procter Prize
The William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement is an award presented by Sigma Xi. This prestigious prize is given to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to scientific research and has demonstrated an ability to communicate the significance of this research to scientists in other disciplines.

The prize was established in 1950 in honor of William Procter, a distinguished business leader and philanthropist who had a strong commitment to scientific research and development. Procter was an heir to the Procter & Gamble Company and served as its president and chairman.

Recipients of the William Procter Prize are recognized for their achievements in both research and communication, reflecting the dual emphasis of Sigma Xi on promoting both scientific excellence and interdisciplinary communication. Along with the recognition, the awardee also delivers a lecture at the society's annual meeting or another appropriate occasion.

Over the years, the William Procter Prize has been awarded to many notable scientists from a wide range of disciplines, underscoring the prize's commitment to honoring and promoting interdisciplinary research.

Chapters
As of May 4, 2023, 350 chapters are active in the United States, 170 are inactive, and the society has chartered over 20 chapters in other countries.

Notable members
More than 200 winners of the Nobel Prize have been Sigma Xi members, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, Linus Pauling, Francis Crick, James Watson, Barbara McClintock, John Goodenough, and Jennifer Doudna.

title: Sigma Xi


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Chirton

Chirton is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, on the southern edge of the Vale of Pewsey about 5 mi south-east of Devizes. The parish includes the hamlet of Conock, about half a mile west of Chirton village.

Both settlements are just north the A342 Devizes-Andover road and are reached by separate lanes from the main road. The northern boundary of the parish follows approximately the course of the River Avon, and in the south the parish extends onto Salisbury Plain.

History
Chirton (17 households and one mill) and Conock (18) were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Early in the 12th century an estate at Chirton was granted to the recently established Lanthony Priory, Gloucester, who retained it until the Dissolution.

The mill recorded in Domesday Book was probably that later known as Church Mill, on the Avon in the north-east corner of the parish. It belonged to Chirton manor and therefore later to Lanthony; by 1572 it was owned by John Eyre of Wedhampton, Chirton and Great Chalfied. A descendant sold it in 1671 to Ralph Brideoake, dean of Salisbury, who presumably made the purchase on behalf of the almshouses at Heytesbury, whose charity owned it until the early 20th century. Their tenants, the Chandler family, used the site for malting; there was also a corn mill in the later 19th century. The buildings fell into disuse in the early 20th century and today those that remain are dwellings.

The population of the parish peaked around the middle of the 19th century, with 467 recorded at the 1851 census, around a third of them at Conock. Numbers declined to 261 by 1901.

Some 700 acre of downland in the southernmost part of the parish, south of an ancient east-west track, was purchased by the War Department in 1899–1900 and today forms part of the Salisbury Plain Training Area.

When the Stert and Westbury Railway was opened through the Vale in 1900, the nearest station was near Patney, 1 mi north of Chirton village. Known initially as 'Patney Bridge', this was soon changed to 'Patney and Chirton' to avoid confusion with Putney Bridge station in London. The station closed in 1966.

Conock
The manor recorded in Domesday Book was held by Robert, Count of Mortain (half-brother of William the Conqueror) and tenanted by Grestain Abbey, Normandy. By at least the 14th century it was administered from Wilmington Priory, the abbey's cell in East Sussex. In 1324 the land was seized by the king, along with other alien priories, and it was acquired in the 1350s by Michael de la Pole (later Lord Chancellor and Earl of Suffolk), and his brothers Edmund and Thomas. In 1442 their descendant William (later Duke of Suffolk), together with his wife Alice, gave the manor to their recently established almshouse at Ewelme, Oxfordshire (Alice's home village).

The Ewelme charity retained the Conock estate into the 20th century. Their tenants included several Ernle generations, beginning with Sir Walter Ernle, 1st Baronet (died 1682). During the 18th century, their descendants the Warriners gradually acquired leases from the Ewelme trustees, amounting to most of Conock tithing by the early 19th century. The Ewelme trustees sold the manor house in 1945 and Manor Farm in 1948 to Sir Frederick Sykes (died 1954), formerly Chief of the Air Staff, Member of Parliament and Governor of Bombay. In 1970, the charity retained Conock Old Manor, Conock Cottage (18th century) and a few estate cottages; these properties were sold in the early 21st century.

Religious sites
The Church of England parish church of St John the Baptist has Norman features; in the 12th century the church was granted to the newly established Llanthony Secunda priory at Gloucester. Some masonry in the chancel is from that century, as is the stone font with its eroded high-quality carving of the twelve apostles. The south doorway of c.1175 has two orders of elaborate carving, described by Orbach as "lavish". The aisles were made wider in the 14th century, and the tower and south porch were added in the 15th century. The timbers of the nave roof are c.1200 but the chancel roof was replaced in the severe restoration carried out in 1850 by William Butterfield, which also saw changes to several windows and the addition of the vestry. The church was designated as Grade I listed in 1962.

The pulpit and pews are by Butterfield, and much of the stained glass is from the same 1850 restoration, including chancel windows by William Wailes. Four of the six bells are from the early 18th century. Monuments in the churchyard include four chest tombs for members of the Bruges family, from the 18th century and early 19th.

The benefice was united with Marden in 1923, and the vicar was to live at the parsonage house in Chirton. From 1951, the vicar also held the benefice of Patney, which was added to the united benefice in 1963. The three benefices were separated in 1976. Today the church is served by the Cannings and Redhorn Team Ministry, which covers a group of eight churches in the Vale of Pewsey.

Conock had a chapel in the 13th century, which fell into disuse after the land was seized by the king.

Local government
Chirton is a civil parish with an elected parish council, styled as Chirton & Conock Parish Council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council, a unitary authority responsible for almost all local government functions, and is represented there by Paul Oatway, who succeeded Brigadier Robert Hall in 2013.

Notable buildings
The vicarage house mentioned at Chirton in 1609 is probably the present-day Yew Tree Cottage, which has 17th-century timber frames and 19th-century additions. It was replaced by a three-bay brick house close to the church, built c.1800 and extended at the rear to designs of J. P. Seddon in 1878.

The former farmhouse to the east of the church began as a timber-framed house in the 15th or 16th century, and was refaced in brick in the 18th.

The house known as Conock Old Manor was built in the late 17th century, then largely rebuilt in 1753 for Gifford Warriner (died 1787). In brick with stone quoins, the L-shaped two-storey house has seven bays on the west elevation and five on the north. The MP, journalist, author and broadcaster Woodrow Wyatt leased the house for a time and was living there in 1970.

Conock Manor
Pevsner describes Conock Manor as "a Georgian house of great charm". There was probably a house here in the 15th century but the present house dates in part from c.1700. It was altered in 1789 for Gifford Warriner (died 1820) and the architect Richard Ingleman carried out improvement and enlargement for his son Ernle in 1817 (Historic England) or soon after 1820 (Orbach); this work included encasing the house in limestone ashlar and adding two single-storey wings to the two-storey house. Interior alterations were made in 1934 by a later lessee, RFC officer Robert Smith-Barry.

The west entrance front has five bays, the central one brought forward and pedimented, above a semicircular porch described as "elegant" by Orbach. The porch has fluted Ionic columns, and at each end of the facade are two-storey pilasters in the same style; these are repeated in pairs on the fronts of Ingleman's wings. On the garden side, the central door with broken curved pediment was probably the original front door of 1700. Smith-Barry installed 18th-century marble fireplaces in the hall and in Ingleman's library.

The house was designated as Grade II* listed in 1962. In 2010, the nine-bedroom house with 470 acres and other dwellings were offered for sale at £7.3million.

Access to the estate is through a gateway with four 19th-century limestone piers. As the driveway curves towards the house, decorative iron railings and pedestrian gates line the south-east side. The brick stable block is from the mid to late 18th century, and its two-storey central block has a copper-clad cupola on Tuscan columns; perhaps a later addition, although there is a bell dated 1765.

Around 1820, the surrounding area – including the Old Manor and Manor Farm – was laid out in Picturesque style, with parkland, a ha-ha and tree-planting. A 43 ha area, encompassing the whole of Conock hamlet, was designated Grade II on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens in 1987.

Amenities
Chirton has a church of England primary school which serves the nearby villages. Sited near the church, the building began as a National School in the 1840s.

title: Chirton