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Foligno

Foligno (Southern Umbrian: Fuligno) is an ancient town of Italy in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, on the Topino river where it leaves the Apennines and enters the wide plain of the Clitunno river system. It is located 40 km south-east of Perugia, 10 km north-north-west of Trevi and 6 km south of Spello.

While Foligno is an active bishopric, one of its civil parishes, San Giovanni Profiamma, is the historical site of the former bishopric of Foro Flaminio, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.

Foligno railway station forms part of the main line from Rome to Ancona, and is the junction for Perugia; it is thus an important rail centre, with repair and maintenance yards for the trains of central Italy, and was therefore subjected to severe Allied aerial bombing in World War II, responsible for its relatively modern aspect, although it retains some medieval monuments. Of its Roman past no significant trace remains, with the exception of the regular street plan of the centre. Other resources include sugar refineries and metallurgical, textile, building materials and paper and timber industries. After the war, the city's position in the plain and again its rail connections have led to a considerable suburban spread with the attendant problems of traffic and air pollution, as well as a severe encroachment on the Umbrian wetlands. Foligno is on an important interchange road junction in central Italy and 2 km away from the centre of the city there is the Foligno Airport.

History
Foligno seems to have been founded by Umbrians in the pre-Roman period (probably 8th century BC). It was conquered by the Romans after the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC, receiving the name of Fulginiae from the ancient cult of the goddess Fulginia. In the classic Roman age the city acquired importance first as a municipium, later as the seat of a prefecture and finally as a Statio principalis of road traffic along the ancient Via Flaminia.

The city began to decay in the late Roman Empire years: after the fall of the latter, Fulginiae became part of the Duchy of Spoleto, and was sacked by the Saracens in 881 and ruined by Magyars in 915 and again in 924: its inhabitants therefore decided to move, settling around the nearby Civitas Sancti Feliciani (former Castrum Sancti Feliciani), a church strengthened by walls where the Bishop and martyr Feliciano was buried in the 3rd century AD and which was then already populated. The new seat had also attracted people from Forum Flaminii (now San Giovanni Profiamma), a neighbouring city and former bishopric that had been destroyed by the Lombards under Liutprand but remains a Latin Catholic titular see.

Foligno recovered and continued to grow, ultimately gaining the status of free city in 1165 thanks to emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Siding first with the Guelph party, after its occupation by Corrado Guiscardo, a captain of emperor Frederick II, it became Ghibelline as a fierce rival of the Guelph Perugia. It changed hands often during the wars of the 13th century, until 1305 when it was seized by the powerful Guelph family of the Trinci, acting as semi-independent deputies of the Holy See. During this period Foligno flourished and reached the height of its wealth and, especially in the 15th century, was a centre of art thanks to the family's patronage of arts (exemplified by the Palazzo Trinci). It controlled a large territory, including Assisi, Bevagna, Giano, Montefalco, Nocera and Spello.

When Corrado Trinci turned against the Papal authority, Pope Eugene IV sent a force against Foligno in 1439, led by Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi. The inhabitants opened their gates and Corrado was beheaded in 1441 in the castle of Soriano. Henceforth Foligno belonged to the Papal States until 1860, with the exception of the Napoleonic era, when it was part of the Roman Republic (1799) then of the French Empire (1809‑1814). The citizens took an active part in the Risorgimento wars, and on 14 September 1860 Savoy troops took the city and annexed it to the Kingdom of Italy.

It has suffered from several major earthquakes, among which those of 1832 and 1997.

Main sights
Main attractions of the city include:
 * Palazzo Comunale, built in the 13th century and rebuilt various times during the 16th and the 17th centuries. Its present Neo-Classical façade was carried out between 1835 and 1838. The bell tower is still the original from the 13th century.
 * Adjoining the Palazzo Comunale is the Palazzo Orfini, built in Renaissance style, where the first printing shop opened by Emiliano Orfini around 1470. An inscription on the current façade (built in 1507) commemorates the printing in April 1472 of Dante's Divine Comedy here by Johann Neumeister, a former pupil of Gutenberg. This was the first book printed in the Italian language.
 * Cathedral of San Feliciano or Duomo (1133–1201), episcopal see of the present Diocese of Foligno : a Romanesque building (the interior, however, was completely reworked in the 18th century). There is a copy of original Saint Peter's baldachin designed by the Italian sculptor and architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
 * Santa Maria Infraportas, the oldest church in town, although the present edifice dates to the 11th century.
 * The Church of San Giacomo dates from 1402.
 * Trinci Palace (1389–1407), which houses an archaeological museum, the city's picture gallery, a multimedia museum of Tournaments and Jousts and the Civic Museum. The façade was rebuilt in Neoclassicist style after the earthquakes in 1831–1832. It houses frescoes from the early 15th century, some attributed to Gentile da Fabriano.
 * Ospedale Vecchio : a stately Renaissance building (1517–1520) with an eleven-arch portico on the Corso Cavour
 * Palazzo Cantagilli (15th century), Palazzo Morotti (17th century) and Palazzo Roncalli (16th century) on the Corso Cavour
 * Church of S. Agostino (18th century) : brickwork façade with four Corinthian columns (on the Piazza Garibaldi)
 * Church of S. Salvatore (12th century): the façade (14th century) was built with alternating rows of red and white stone and has three ogival portals. (on the Piazza Garibaldi)
 * Church of the Suffragio (18th century) was built with a Greek cross-layout and an Ionic style façade.
 * Oratory of Nunziatella, built in Renaissance style by (attributed to) Francesco di Bartolomeo da Pietrasanta after a miraculous event in 1489. The rectangular oratory contains two altars on the back wall and one altar on each sidewall with paintings from several periods. Its most famous painting is "Baptism of Jesus" by Perugino (1507), commissioned by Giovanni Battista Morganti. A fragment of the miraculous image of the Virgin was enclosed in a tabernacle of gilded wood. It was placed in front of a fresco by Giovanni Antonio Pandolfi da Pesaro (1575), representing the Holy Spirit among angels with St. Feliciano and the Blessed Pietro Crisci. The sacristy contains a damaged fresco of the Pietà, recently attributed to Giannicola di Paolo. In the same room stands the printing press on which the first edition of Dante's Divina Commedia was printed on 11 April 1472.
 * The Abbey of Sassovivo, 5 km to the east, with cloisters of 1229 with pairs of small columns supporting arches, and Cosmatesque decorations.

Culture
The name of Foligno was famous for a noteworthy school of painting in the 15th century, and its name is carried by the Madonna of Foligno, now in the Vatican, was painted by the Urbinate artist Raphael for the nobleman Sigismondo di Comitibus.

The first printed edition of Dante's Divina Commedia was printed in the Orfini Palace at Foligno on 5 and 6 April 1472 by Johannes Neumeister and Evangelista Mei, when the sheets for 300 copies were made.

The city is also notable as the birthplace of St Angela of Foligno (1248–1309).

Quarters
The historical centre of Foligno is traditionally divided into twenty rioni ("quarters"). Only ten of those are officially recognized and can take part in the Giostra della Quintana :

 * Ammanniti
 * Badia
 * Cassero
 * Contrastanga
 * Croce Bianca
 * Giotti
 * La Mora
 * Morlupo
 * Pugilli
 * Spada

Ten "defunct" rioni have been absorbed by the ones above: Borgo, Fonte del Campo, Cipischi, Croce, Falconi, Feldenghi, Franceschi, Menacoda, Piazza Vecchia and Spavagli.

The Giostra della Quintana is a knight ring jousting tournament based on a historical event. It takes place in the town of Foligno. Actually the challenges take place in June (1st Challenge) during a Saturday night and September (the counter-challenge) the 2nd or 3rd Sunday of September. The definition of Quintana comes from the 5th road of the Roman military Camps, where the soldiers were trained to the lance fighting. They run against a dummy-soldier, trying to catch a ring hanging from an arm of the dummy. Here the origin of the tournament's name, but the first definition and documented "Quintana" as a knights' jousting tournament during a festival, dates back to 1448. Since then, Foligno's "Quintana" was held uninterruptedly every year. In 1946 the actual "Giostra della Quintana" was reborn. In 1613 the Priors included the Quintana in the events of Carnival festivals, and all has been historically documented. There are ten knights, each representing a quarter of the town. Rushing at gallop, they have to catch 3 rings having smaller size at each tournament. The rings are hanging from a rotating statue represent Mars, the Roman God of War. The statue is in oak original dating back until 1613 (17th century) having a shield and a straight arm. A number of happenings involve the whole town and a parade of 800 persons dressed in original-like precious dresses walk in the town the day before the joust takes place.

Frazioni
(a subdivision of a comune (municipality) in Italy)

Abbazia di Sassovivo, Acqua Santo Stefano, Afrile, Aghi, Ali, Annifo, Arvello, Ascolano, Barri, Belfiore, Borgarella, Borroni, Budino, Camino, Cancellara, Cancelli, Cantagalli, Capodacqua, Caposomigiale, Cappuccini, Cariè, Carpello, Casa del Prete, Casa Pacico, Casale del Leure, Casale della Macchia, Casale di Morro, Casale di Scopoli, Cascito, Casco dell'Acqua, Casenove, Casette di Cupigliolo, Casevecchie, Cassignano, Castello di Morro, Castretto, Cavallara, Cave, Cerritello, Chieve, Cifo, Civitella, Colfiorito, Collazzolo, Colle di Verchiano, Colle San Giovanni, Colle San Lorenzo, Colle Scandolaro, Collelungo, Collenibbio, Colpernaco, Colpersico, Corvia, Costa di Arvello, Crescenti, Croce di Roccafranca, Croce di Verchiano, Cupacci, Cupigliolo, Cupoli, Curasci, Fiamenga, Fondi, Forcatura, Fraia, Hoffmann, La Franca, La Spiazza, La Valle, Leggiana, Liè, Maceratola, Maestà di Colfornaro, Madonna delle Grazie, Montarone, Morro, Navello, Orchi, Palarne, Pale, Perticani, Pescara I°, Pescara II°, Pieve Fanonica, Pisenti, Poggiarello, Polveragna, Ponte San Lazzaro, Ponte Santa Lucia, Pontecentesimo, Popola, Rasiglia, Ravignano, Rio, Roccafranca, Roviglieto, San Bartolomeo, San Giovanni Profiamma (site of a Roman town and the former Diocese of Foro Flaminii, now a Latin Catholic titular see), San Vittore, Sant'Eraclio, Santo Stefano dei Piccioni, Scafali, Scandolaro, Scanzano, Scopoli, Seggio, Serra Alta, Serra Bassa, Serrone, Sostino, Sterpete, Tesina, Tito, Torre di Montefalco, Treggio, Uppello, Vallupo, Vegnole, Verchiano, Vescia, Vionica, Volperino.

Notable people

 * Angelo da Foligno (1226-1312), priest of the Order of Saint Augustine and saint
 * Angela of Foligno (1248–1309), a Franciscan tertiary, mystic and saint called "Mistress of Theologians" was born at Foligno.
 * Antonia of Florence (1402–1472), Franciscan and saint.
 * Giovanni di Corraduccio (fl. c. 1404–1437), painter, was born here
 * Pier Antonio Mezzastris (c. 1430 – c. 1506), painter, was born at Foligno
 * Niccolò Alunno, Italian painter, born in Foligno in 1430.
 * Antimo Liberati, Italian music theorist, composer, and singer, born in Foligno in 1617
 * Fra Umile da Foligno (fl. late 17th-century), a Franciscan friar and painter in Perugia and Rome, was born in Foligno.
 * Mariano Armellino, Benedictine historian, died in Foligno in 1737.
 * Liborio Coccetti, Italian painter, born in Foligno c. 1739
 * Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), astronomer, was born and brought up at Foligno.
 * Piero Bernocchi (1947), teacher, trade union officer and politician.
 * Leonardo Spinazzola (1993), professional football player for Italy national football team and Serie A club AS Roma.

Twin towns — Sister cities
Foligno is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Gemona del Friuli, Italy
 * 🇧🇪 La Louvière, Belgium
 * 🇯🇵 Shibukawa, Japan

title: Foligno


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Belita Woods

Belita Karen Woods (October 23, 1948 – May 14, 2012) was a lead singer of the late 1970s R&B group Brainstorm. She also performed with Parliament-Funkadelic for two decades, beginning in 1992.

Brainstorm had a disco hit in 1977 called "Lovin' Is Really My Game". Their follow-up album, 1978's Journey to the Light, featured a more soul-funk sound, anchored by the album tracks "We're On Our Way Home" and "If You Ever Need To Cry". Prior to joining Brainstorm, Woods released a single "Magic Corner"/"Grounded" on Detroit's Moira label in 1967.

She recorded briefly with the psychedelic soul group The Undisputed Truth in 1990, when original members Joe Harris and Brenda Joyce Evans reformed the group for Ian Levine and his Motown revival label Motorcity Records. She is female lead singer on their 1991 single, a recorded version of the group's 1973 song "Law of the Land".

Woods began touring with the P-Funk All-Stars in 1992. In 2001 she sang on four songs ("Scratched", "When Jack Met Jill", "Relax", "Tempovision") on French DJ/producer Étienne de Crécy's Tempovision album. The song "Scratched" was produced by fellow P-Funk mate Michael "Clip" Payne, who also sang on the song "Tempovision". She had three solo songs on George Clinton's How Late Do U Have 2BB4UR Absent?, released in 2005: "Don't Dance Too Close", "More Than Words Can Say" and "Saddest Day".

Woods died of heart failure on May 14, 2012. She was 63.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Belita Woods


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ALWD Guide to Legal Citation

ALWD Guide to Legal Citation, formerly ALWD Citation Manual, is a style guide providing a legal citation system for the United States, compiled by the Association of Legal Writing Directors. Its first edition was published in 2000, under editor Darby Dickerson. Its seventh edition, under editor Carolyn V. Williams, was released in May 2021 by Aspen Publishing. The ALWD Guide to Legal Citation is published as a spiral-bound book as well as an online version.

It primarily competes with the Bluebook style, a system developed and still updated by law reviews students at Harvard, Yale, University of Pennsylvania, and Columbia. Citations in the two formats are essentially identical. ALWD primarily focuses on citations for legal and court documents while the Bluebook focuses on academic writing, although both manuals provide citation guidance for both kinds of writing.

Adoption
Three U.S. jurisdictions have adopted ALWD:
 * United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
 * This court accepts citations in either ALWD or Bluebook format, but also requires that citations to United States Supreme Court decisions provide both official "U.S." and West's "S.Ct." citations, when available.
 * United States District Court for the District of Montana
 * This court specifically accepts either ALWD or Bluebook.
 * United States Bankruptcy Court, Montana
 * This court accepts any "nationally recognized citation form", and specifically names the ALWD Citation Manual. It does not mention Bluebook by name, but given its national recognition (it is the dominant legal style guide in the United States), it should be accepted.

In addition to those, some law schools and paralegal schools have fully adopted ALWD. Law journals such as Animal Law, NAELA, and Legal Writing have also adopted ALWD. However, a lack of reliable or recent data does not appear to exist regarding school usage.

title: ALWD Guide to Legal Citation


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Multiple exposure

In photography and cinematography, a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The exposure values may or may not be identical to each other.

Overview
Ordinarily, cameras have a sensitivity to light that is a function of time. For example, a one-second exposure is an exposure in which the camera image is equally responsive to light over the exposure time of one second. The criterion for determining that something is a double exposure is that the sensitivity goes up and then back down. The simplest example of a multiple exposure is a double exposure without flash, i.e. two partial exposures are made and then combined into one complete exposure. Some single exposures, such as "flash and blur" use a combination of electronic flash and ambient exposure. This effect can be approximated by a Dirac delta measure (flash) and a constant finite rectangular window, in combination. For example, a sensitivity window comprising a Dirac comb combined with a rectangular pulse, is considered a multiple exposure, even though the sensitivity never goes to zero during the exposure.

Historical multiple exposure photography

In the historical technique of chronophotography, dating back to the Victorian era, a series of instantaneous photographs were taken at short and equal intervals of time. These photographs could be overlayed for a single multiple exposure print.

Analogue
In photography and cinematography, multiple exposure is a technique in which the camera shutter is opened more than once to expose the film multiple times, usually to different images. The resulting image contains the subsequent image/s superimposed over the original. The technique is sometimes used as an artistic visual effect and can be used to create ghostly images or to add people and objects to a scene that were not originally there. It is frequently used in photographic hoaxes.

It is considered easiest to have a manual winding camera for double exposures. On automatic winding cameras, as soon as a picture is taken the film is typically wound to the next frame. Some more advanced automatic winding cameras have the option for multiple exposures but it must be set before making each exposure. Manual winding cameras with a multiple exposure feature can be set to double-expose after making the first exposure.

Since shooting multiple exposures will expose the same frame multiple times, negative exposure compensation must first be set to avoid overexposure. For example, to expose the frame twice with correct exposure, a −1 EV compensation have to be done, and −2 EV for exposing four times. This may not be necessary when photographing a lit subject in two (or more) different positions against a perfectly dark background, as the background area will be essentially unexposed.

Medium to low light is ideal for double exposures. A tripod may not be necessary if combining different scenes in one shot. In some conditions, for example, recording the whole progress of a lunar eclipse in multiple exposures, a stable tripod is essential.

More than two exposures can be combined, with care not to overexpose the film.

Digital
Digital technology enables images to be superimposed over each other by using a software photo editor, such as Adobe Photoshop or the GIMP. These enable the opacity of the images to be altered and for an image to be overlaid over another. They also can set the layers to multiply mode, which 'adds' the colors together rather than making the colors of either image pale and translucent.

Many digital SLR cameras allow multiple exposures to be made on the same image within the camera without the need for any external software. And some bridge cameras can take successive multiple exposures (sometimes up to nine) in one frame and in one shot. It is the same with high-dynamic-range imaging, which takes multiple shots in one burst captures, then combines all the proper shots into one frame.

Adoption in fine art
In addition to direct photographic usage of the technique, fine artists' work has been inspired by the multiple exposure effect. Examples include Joan Semmel's oil on canvas "Transitions" from 2012, and Ian Hornak's acrylic on canvas "Hanna Tillich's Mirror: Rembrandt's Three Trees Transformed Into The Expulsion From Eden", from 1978 (depicted below).

Long exposures
With traditional film cameras, a long exposure is a single exposure, whereas with electronic cameras a long exposure can be obtained by integrating together many exposures. This averaging also permits there to be a time-windowing function, such as a Gaussian, that weights time periods near the center of the exposure time more strongly. Another possibility for synthesizing long exposure from a multiple exposure is to use an exponential decay in which the current frame has the strongest weight, and previous frames are faded out with a sliding exponential window.

Scanning film with multiple exposure
Multiple exposure technique can also be used when scanning transparencies like slides, film or negatives using a film scanner for increasing dynamic range. With multiple exposure the original gets scanned several times with different exposure intensities. An overexposed scan lights the shadow areas of the image and enables the scanner to capture more image information here. Afterwards the data can be calculated into a single HDR image with increased dynamic range.

Among the scanning software solutions which implement multiple exposure are VueScan and SilverFast.

title: Multiple exposure


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User:SteveDonie

I'm a Software Engineer in Austin Texas.

title: User:SteveDonie


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Trold, der vejrer kristenblod

Trold, der vejrer kristenblod (Troll that smells Christian blood) is a bronze sculpture made by Niels Hansen Jacobsen (1861–1941).

The sculpture was modelled between 1895 and 1896. The plaster edition was exhibited at the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition in 1897. A bronze cast was ordered by brewer Carl Jacobsen in 1901–02. It was originally placed in front of Jacobsen's Church in Valby, Copenhagen, now known as Jesus Church (Jesuskirken), but was too controversial for the parish, so it was moved to the garden of the art museum Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. In 1923, a copy was erected in front of the Vejen Art Museum. In 2002, the church wanted the sculpture back, but the Glyptotek would not part with it, so a copy was made, and placed in front of the church.

The name of the statue is taken from a story in Norse folklore where the hero hides in the troll's castle. Thereafter, whenever the troll enters the castle, he cries: "I smell a Christian man's blood!"

title: Trold, der vejrer kristenblod


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Barb Jungr

Barb Jungr (born 9 May 1954) is an English singer, songwriter and theatre writer, who has recorded versions of songs by Bob Dylan, Sting, Elvis Presley, Bruce Springsteen and Leonard Cohen.

Career
Barb Jungr was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, England, to immigrant parents. Her father was Miroslav Jungr, a Czech scientist; her mother, Ingrid, was a German nurse. The eldest of three siblings, she grew up in Stockport, Cheshire, where she attended Stockport Convent School for Girls before earning a degree from Leeds University. Miroslav Jungr moved to Britain as a refugee after World War II and after incarceration in German work camps.

Arriving in London in the mid-1970s, Jungr worked with playwright Pam Gems and composer Paul Sand, appearing as the singer at the Edinburgh Festival production of Gem's play Dead Fish, which became Dusa Fish Stas and Vi. Jungr's first single was "He's Gone", as the Stroke, released by CBS, was single of the week in New Musical Express and was written and recorded with her husband Dan Bowling.

She formed the Three Courgettes with Michael Parker and Jerry Kreeger and performed new wave versions of gospel songs in the Kings Road and Portobello Market in the late 1970s. The band was discovered by Island Records, then toured with Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Sade, Mari Wilson, and the Jets. The Three Courgettes recorded a Christmas song for Michael Zilkha's A Christmas Record.

She formed the duo Jungr and Parker with blues guitarist Michael Parker. For thirteen years they performed internationally and appeared regularly on British television and radio. They hosted the BBC Radio 2 series We Stayed in with...Jungr and Parker with specials recorded at the Edinburgh Festival and produced by Sonia Beldom. Jungr and Parker toured with Alexei Sayle and Arnold Brown, with whom they won a Perrier Award in Edinburgh in 1987 at the Gilded Balloon Theatre, and toured nationally and internationally with Julian Clary, appearing with him in the West End at the Aldwych Theatre and on Channel 4 television in Sticky Moments and Terry and Julian.

In 1991, Jungr and Parker performed in a Festival of European music in Sudan funded by the British Council. The success of that trip led to them performing and giving workshops in Cameroon, Tanzania, Malawi, and Burma. Jungr wrote about these experiences for the Guardian Diary, Folk Roots, and The Singer, and in 1994 enrolled in a masters program at Goldsmiths College in ethnomusicology for which she received a Distinction. She specialised in the Voice and Singing. During that time Jungr began to embark on solo shows, accompanied by Russell Churney, and started a solo career with the release the album Bare, which was recorded in a day, live at the Conway Hall with the support of Overtones Studios.

In the early 1990s, Jungr developed themed shows which have become her speciality: "Hell Bent Heaven Bound" (with Ian Shaw, Christine Collister and Michael Parker) was Perrier Pick of the Fringe, "Money the Final Frontier" (with Helen Watson, Christine Collister and Michael Parker) was invited to the Canadian Music Festivals. In 1998 she toured with the show Sex, Religion and Politics directed by Julia Pascal, appearing at the 1998 Edinburgh Festival. With composer James Tomalin she contributed "Jackie" to the Jacques Brel compilation album and Fear of a Red Planet.

In 1999, Jungr was invited to record for Linn Records in Glasgow. In 2000 Linn released Chanson: The Space in Between, an album of English translations of classic French chansons. In 2002, she released Every Grain of Sand, an album of arrangements of Bob Dylan's songs, followed by Waterloo Sunset in 2003.

Appearing in a New York season at the Flea Theatre in 2002, she was given the Backstage Bistro Award in 2003 for Best International Artist. In 2004 she recorded Love Me Tender, an album of songs recorded by Elvis Presley for release in March 2005, followed by Walking in the Sun (2006) featuring guitarist Eric Bibb.

In 2007, Jungr collaborated with British composer Mark Anthony Turnage, appearing with the London Sinfonietta in the commissioned piece About Water at Queen Elizabeth Hall to celebrate the reopening of the Festival Hall.

In 2008, she released Just Like a Woman – Hymn to Nina featuring the repertoire of Nina Simone and was given a Nightlife Award in New York in 2008 for Outstanding Cabaret Vocalist.

In March 2010, she released The Men I Love – The New American Songbook. She performed a second season at the Cafe Carlyle in the Carlyle Hotel in New York. In 2010 Jungr released Man in the Long Black Coat: Barb Jungr Sings Bob Dylan. In 2012 she released Stockport to Memphis.

In March 2014, Jungr released Hard Rain: the songs of Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen and toured the UK with a season at the 59E59 Theater in New York. The album won Best Cabaret CD from BroadwayWorld.com.

Other collaborations include composer Jonathan Cooper on his "Moon Behind the Clouds" song cycle, the cabaret show Girl Talk with Mari Wilson and Claire Martin, and Gwyneth Herbert which toured intermittently for ten years and the trio Durga Rising with tabla player Kuljit Bhamra and pianist Russell Churney.

During 2015, her collaborations included performances with John McDaniel on both sides of the Atlantic.

Since 2015, she has recorded and toured on both sides of the Atlantic with pianist Laurence Hobgood, with whom she recorded Shelter from the Storm (2016) featuring three original compositions alongside songs by Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell, Rodgers and Hammerstein, David Bowie, Stephen Sondheim, Bruce Springsteen, and Peter Gabriel.

In early 2016, Jungr was a featured artist in James Gavin's Lincoln Center songbook series celebrating Peggy Lee. The following year, Jungr penned a short introduction for Playerist Poetry Magazine for its themed edition on Music.

Jungr acted in British director Robina Rose's film Nightshift, playing the bar girl. For Debbie Isitt's Snarling Beastie Theatre Company she composed music for The Woman who Cooked Her Husband at the Royal Court Upstairs and Matilda Liar at the Tricycle Theatre. She appeared in Isitt's 10 by 10 for BBC Television. In 2002 the British Council supported Jungr's three-week run at the Flea Theatre in New York.

Jungr has presented, written, and researched many programmes for national BBC Radio 2, (three series of "We Stayed in with Jungr and Parker" and two Edinburgh Specials), BBC Radio 3 (For Heavy Entertainment two programmes on Persian music "Sweet Lips Dark Eyes" and two on Ethiopian music "Shaking Shoulders and Honey Beer" ), BBC Radio 2 (writer and presenter of "The Hoppings" two-hour arts special for Soundbite Productions) and BBC Radio 4 (Malawi Diary producer Paul Dodgson) and in Canada for CBC, as a regular contributor to The Global Village as well as contributing to many BBC arts programmes including Woman's Hour, Kaleidoscope, Saturday Review, Saturday Live, and A Good Read.

Jungr coached the young offenders in vocal delivery for Brian Hill's Bafta-winning film Feltham Sings. She created the voice course at London Metropolitan University and formed and ran the Raise the Roof Horseman Choir (which she founded) for several years.

In 2012, she created the song cycle "Deep Roots Tall Trees" for the Core Theatre at Corby, with local musicians, songwriters, and poets, which culminated in a concert at Corby football ground in August 2014 incorporating local musicians, the Deep Roots Tall Trees Choir, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Antony Weedon. This concert started the Made in Corby Arts Council England initiative.

Writing

 * Cinderella (2005), (lyricist), Jack and the Beanstalk (2006), (composer and lyricist), and Beauty and the Beast (2007), (composer and lyricist). Director (all) – Cal McCrystal, Pantomimes (Newbury Corn Exchange)
 * The Ballad of Norah's Ark – songs Barb Jungr and Russell Churney, book Barb Jungr and Andy Goldberg, from original idea by Barb Jungr. In development in northeast England, previous workshops and readings in New York and London. Performed by the Billingham Players in June 2011.
 * The Jungle Book (lyricist) – Birmingham Stage Company, toured again 2011/12
 * The Fabulous Flutterbys (2010) – (book, composer and lyricist), Produced by the Little Angel Puppet Theatre in spring 2010.
 * Liver Birds Flying Home - Liver Birds Flying Home opened at The Royal Court Liverpool in April 2018 with lyrics Barb Jungr music Mike Lindup of Level 42, and book by Barb Jungr, George Seaton and Linda McDermott. Produced by The Royal Court Liverpool and James Seabright Productions with George Seaton, directed by Benji Sperring.
 * Chocolate Cake - Based on best-selling children's author Michael Rosen's poem, co-adapted by director Peter Glanville and Barb Jungr with music and songs by Barb Jungr, Chocolate Cake opened at Polka Children's Theatre in March 2018 and toured spring and summer 2018.
 * How To Hide A Lion - Opened in autumn 2016 at Polka Children's Theatre then played at The Little Angel Theatre, Islington and Oxford Playhouse. Produced by Polka Theatre and Oxford Playhouse. Directed by Peter Glanville, with songs and music Barb Jungr. The show toured nationally with Pigtail Productions in autumn 2018.
 * The Singing Mermaid - Based on the best-selling children's book by Julia Donaldson, opens at The Little Angel Puppet Theatre in February. Co-adapted by director Samantha Lane and Barb Jungr, it features songs and music by Barb Jungr.
 * We're Going On A Bear Hunt - A musical adaptation based on the book written by Michael Rosen and illustrated by Helen Oxenbury. Music and Lyrics by Barb Jungr. Adapted by Peter Glanville and Barb Jungr.
 * The Pixie and The Pudding - Co-written by Barb Jungr and Samantha Lane with Music and Songs by Barb Jungr. The Pixie and The Pudding was presented as The Little Angel Theatre's Christmas show and ran from December 2019 to February 2020.
 * Jack v Giant - Created by Peter Glanville and Barb Jungr, the team behind We’re Going on a Bear Hunt and How to Hide a Lion. The show had its initial run at The Polka Theatre and ran from 11 February to 26 March 2023.

Personal life
She was married to musician and writer Richard "Dan" Bowling (the son of painter Frank Bowling and writer Paddy Kitchen) from 1981 to 1991.

As leader

 * Bouquet of Barbs (Magnet, 1985)
 * Wicked (Durium, 1987)
 * Off the Peg (Utility, 1989)
 * Over the Bridge (Leaping Lizards, 1990)
 * Hell Bent Heaven Bound (Harbourtown, 1993)
 * Duruga Rising with Kuljit Bhamra and Russell Churney (KEDA, 1996)
 * Bare (Irregular, 1999)
 * Chanson: The Space In Between (Linn, 2000)
 * Every Grain of Sand: Barb Jungr Sings Bob Dylan (Linn, 2002)
 * Waterloo Sunset (Linn, 2003)
 * Love Me Tender (Linn, 2005)
 * Girl Talk with Claire Martin and Mari Wilson (Linn, 2005)
 * Just Like a Woman (Linn, 2008)
 * The Men I Love (Naim, 2009)
 * Man in the Long Black Coat: Barb Jungr Sings Bob Dylan (Linn, 2011)
 * Stockport to Memphis (Naim, 2012)
 * Hard Rain (Kristalyn, 2014)
 * Walking in the Sun (Linn, 2006)
 * Those Days (Stockfisch, 2015)
 * Shelter from the Storm (Linn, 2016)
 * Come Together (Kristalyn, 2016)
 * Float Like a Butterfly (Kristalyn, 2018)
 * Bob, Brel, and Me (Kristalyn, 2019)
 * In My Troubled Days - Single with The Fourth Choir (Kristalyn, 2020)
 * Dancing In The Dark - Single with Simon Wallace (Kristalyn, 2020)
 * Barb Jungr sings Leonard Cohen - Live at The Crazy Coqs (Kristalyn, 2022)
 * My Marquee (Marquee Records, 2023)

As guest
With Michael Parker
 * Wicked (1986)
 * Blue Devils (1987)
 * Night and Day (1988)
 * Off the Peg (1988)
 * Over the Bridge (1990)
 * Canada (1992)

With others
 * Robb Johnson, Gentle Men with Jenny Carr, Jude Abbott, and John Forrester (Irregular, 2013)
 * Robb Johnson, The Triumph of Hope Over Experience (2002)
 * Jonathan Cooper, The Magic of Kisses (2008)
 * Peggy Seeger, Period Pieces: Women's Songs for Men and Women (1998)
 * Ian Shaw, Uneasy Street (2005)

title: Barb Jungr


text:
Bare (Barb Jungr album)

Bare is a 1999 album by Barb Jungr.

Track listing

 * 1) "King of the Road" (Roger Miller) – 2:45
 * Originally recorded by various artists from 1964 onward
 * Version performed by Roger Miller originally a single (1965)
 * 1) "Waterloo Sunset" (Ray Davies) – 3:32
 * Originally from the Kinks album Something Else by the Kinks (1967)
 * Later version performed by Barb Jungr featured on her album Waterloo Sunset (2003)
 * 1) "Where Are You Now?" (Russell Churney, Barb Jungr) – 3:30
 * 2) "Au Depart" (Robb Johnson) – 6:36
 * Originally from the Robb Johnson album The Big Wheel (1999)
 * 1) "Me and Bobby McGee" (Fred Foster, Kris Kristofferson) – 7:11
 * Originally recorded by various artists from 1969 onward
 * Version performed by Kris Kristofferson originally from his album Kristofferson (1970)
 * 1) "What Lovers Do" (Jungr, James Tomalin) – 3:36
 * 2) "Les Amants D'Un Jour" (Marguerite Monnot, Claude Délècluse, Michelle Senlis) – 3:35
 * Originally recorded by Édith Piaf on 8 February 1956
 * 1) "What a Waste!" (Charlie Charles, Ian Dury, Mick Gallagher, Rod Melvin, John Turnbull, Norman Watt-Roy) – 3:53
 * Originally from the Ian Dury single What a Waste!/Wake Up and Make Love with Me (April 1978)
 * 1) "My Father" (Judy Collins) – 4:15
 * Originally from the Judy Collins album Who Knows Where the Time Goes (1968)
 * 1) "Sons of..." (Jacques Brel, Gérard Jouannest, Mort Shuman) – 4:52
 * Originally recorded as "Fils de..." by Jacques Brel on 2 January 1967, and released on his album Jacques Brel '67 (1967)
 * 1) "Suzanne" (Leonard Cohen) – 3:25
 * Originally from the Judy Collins album In My Life (1966)
 * Version performed by Leonard Cohen originally from his album Songs of Leonard Cohen (1968)
 * 1) "Dancers to the Dawn" (Jungr, Sarah Travis) – 3:16

Musicians

 * Barb Jungr – vocals
 * Russell Churney – piano

Other personnel

 * Felix McIntosh – recording
 * Lesley Willis – recording
 * Robb Johnson – design
 * Tony Warren – design
 * Garry Laybourn – photography

title: Bare (Barb Jungr album)


text:
Chanson: The Space in Between

Chanson: The Space in Between is a 2000 album by Barb Jungr.

Track listing

 * 1) "Ne me quitte pas" (Jacques Brel, Des de Moor) – 5:32
 * Originally recorded by Jacques Brel on 11 September 1959, and released on his album La Valse à mille temps (1959).
 * 1) "Sunday Morning, St Denis" (Robb Johnson) – 6:29
 * Originally from the Roy Bailey album Business as Usual (1994)
 * 1) "I Love Paris" (Cole Porter) – 3:50
 * Originally from the Cole Porter musical Can-Can, set in Paris in 1893. The original production opened at the Shubert Theatre, New York, USA, 7 May 1953. The original cast recording was made on 17 May 1953, and released as an album in 1953.
 * 1) "Les Marquises" (Brel, Johnson) – 6:32
 * Originally recorded by Jacques Brel on 1 October 1977, and released on his album Les Marquises (1977)
 * 1) "Cri du cœur" (Henri Crolla, Fran Landesman, Jacques Prévert) – 2:40
 * Originally recorded by Édith Piaf on 20 May 1960
 * 1) "Quartier Latin" (Léo Ferré, de Moor) – 5:13
 * Originally from the Léo Ferré album Léo Ferré (1967)
 * 1) "Marieke" (Brel, de Moor) – 4:02
 * Originally recorded by Jacques Brel on 12 April 1961, and released on his album 5 (1961)
 * 1) "April in Paris" (Vernon Duke, Yip Harburg) – 2:48
 * Originally from the Vernon Duke/Yip Harburg revue Walk a Little Faster (1932). The original production opened at the St James Theatre, New York, USA, 7 December 1932.
 * 1) "La chanson des vieux amants" (Brel, de Moor, Gérard Jouannest) – 5:56
 * Originally recorded by Jacques Brel on 3 January 1967, and released on his album Jacques Brel '67 (1967)
 * 1) "New Amsterdam" (Elvis Costello) – 3:32
 * Originally from the Elvis Costello and the Attractions album Get Happy!! (1980)
 * 1) "Les Poètes" (Ferré, de Moor) – 3:19
 * Originally from the Léo Ferré album Paname (1961)
 * 1) "The Space In Between" (Barb Jungr, James Tomalin) – 3:14
 * 2) "No Regrets" (Hal Davis, Charles Dumont, Michel Vaucaire) – 2:48
 * Originally recorded as "Non, je ne regrette rien" by Édith Piaf on 10 November 1960

Musicians

 * Barb Jungr - vocals
 * Russell Churney - piano (tracks 1, 4, 7, 9-10)
 * Simon Wallace - piano (tracks 3, 5, 8, 13)
 * Kim Burton - accordion (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7-9, 11), piano (tracks 6, 11-12), kaval (track 4)
 * Rolf Wilson - violin (tracks 3, 5-6, 8, 11-13)
 * Julie Walkington - double bass
 * James Tomalin - samples (tracks 1, 5-7, 10, 12)
 * Kevin Hathway - percussion (tracks 2, 4-6, 10, 12)

Other personnel

 * Calum Malcolm - engineer, mixing, mastering
 * Ben Turner - post-production
 * John Haxby - design, photography
 * Douglas Gibb - photography

title: Chanson: The Space in Between


text:
Every Grain of Sand: Barb Jungr Sings Bob Dylan

Every Grain of Sand is a tribute album to Bob Dylan recorded by Barb Jungr. The album is named after a Dylan song of the same name.

Track listing

 * 1) "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight" (Bob Dylan) – 4:06
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album John Wesley Harding (1967)
 * 1) "If Not For You" (Dylan) – 3:09
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album New Morning (1970)
 * 1) "Things Have Changed" (Dylan) – 4:57
 * Originally from the soundtrack to the film Wonder Boys (dir Curtis Hanson) (2000), and from the Bob Dylan album The Essential Bob Dylan (2000)
 * 1) "Ring Them Bells" (Dylan) – 3:14
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Oh Mercy (1989)
 * 1) "Not Dark Yet" (Dylan) – 4:36
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Time Out of Mind (1997)
 * 1) "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" (Dylan) – 4:37
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963)
 * 1) "Is Your Love in Vain?" (Dylan) – 3:29
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Street Legal (1978)
 * 1) "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" (Dylan) – 4:10
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Bringing It All Back Home (1965)
 * 1) "I Want You" (Dylan) – 3:13
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Blonde on Blonde (1966)
 * 1) "Sugar Baby" (Dylan) – 7:40
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Love and Theft (2001)
 * 1) "Born in Time" (Dylan) – 3:10
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Under the Red Sky (1990)
 * 1) "What Good Am I?" (Dylan) – 3:58
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Oh Mercy (1989)
 * 1) "Tangled Up in Blue" (Dylan) – 5:33
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Blood on the Tracks (1975)
 * 1) "Forever Young" (Dylan) – 2:57
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Planet Waves (1974)
 * 1) "Every Grain of Sand" (Dylan) – 4:22
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Shot of Love (1981)

Musicians

 * Barb Jungr - vocals, harmonica
 * Simon Wallace - piano (tracks 1-3, 5-8, 10-12, 14-15)
 * Russell Churney - piano (tracks 4, 9, 13)
 * Mark Lockheart - saxophone
 * Kim Burton - accordion
 * Sonya Fairbairn - violin
 * Sonia Oakes Stuart - (Sonia Hammond) cello
 * Julie Walkington - double bass
 * Gary Hammond - percussion

Other personnel

 * Calum Malcolm - engineer
 * Kevan Gallagher - engineer
 * John Haxby - design
 * Garry Laybourn - photography
 * Eric Thorburn - photography
 * Brodie - make-up
 * Howard Thompson - artists and repertoire


text:
Waterloo Sunset (album)

Waterloo Sunset is an album by Barb Jungr released in 2003 (See 2003 in music).

Track listing

 * 1) "Do You Play Guitar?" (Barb Jungr, Adrian York) – 3:53
 * 2) "High Water (for Charley Patton)" (Bob Dylan) – 5:49
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Love and Theft (2001)
 * 1) "Cathy's Clown" (Don Everly, Phil Everly) – 3:35
 * Originally from the Everly Brothers album The Everly Brothers' Best (1959)
 * 1) "This Masquerade" (Leon Russell) – 5:09
 * Originally from the Howard Roberts album Sounds (1970)
 * Version performed by Leon Russell originally from his album Carney (1972)
 * 1) "The Great Valerio" (Richard Thompson) – 3:49
 * Originally from the Richard and Linda Thompson album I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight (1974)
 * 1) "When Do the Bells Ring for Me?" (Charles De Forest) – 2:54
 * Originally from the Tony Bennett album Astoria: Portrait of the Artist (1990)
 * 1) "Written Down in the Dark Again" (Christine Collister, Jungr) – 5:26
 * 2) "Like a Rolling Stone" (Dylan) – 6:03
 * Originally from the Bob Dylan album Highway 61 Revisited (1965)
 * 1) "Lipstick Lips Lament" (Russell Churney, Jungr) – 4:22
 * 2) "Laugh, Clown, Laugh" (Ted Fiorito, Sam M Lewis, Joe Young) – 3:30
 * Originally the title theme from the film Laugh, Clown, Laugh (dir Herbert Brenon) (1928)
 * 1) "Waterloo Sunset" (Ray Davies) – 4:32
 * Originally from the Kinks album Something Else by the Kinks (1967)
 * Earlier version performed by Barb Jungr featured on her album Bare (1999)
 * 1) "The Joker" (Eddie Curtis, Ahmet Ertegun, Steve Miller) – 5:35
 * Originally from the Steve Miller Band album The Joker (1973)

Musicians

 * Barb Jungr - vocals, harmonica
 * Matt Backer - guitar
 * Adrian York - piano
 * Stuart Hall - violin (on track 5)
 * Geoff Gascoyne - double bass
 * Nic France - drums

Other personnel

 * Calum Malcolm - engineer, mixing
 * Kevan Gallagher - engineer
 * Ben - post-production
 * John Haxby - design, photography
 * Garry Laybourn - photography
 * Corinne Manoe - make-up
 * Sean - hair
 * Jason - hair

title: Waterloo Sunset (album)


text:
User talk:Zanganeh

Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not remove entire paragraphs from articles. If you think a section of an article is biased, either mention it on its talk page or add the other point of view to it. roozbeh 14:50, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Horsekeeper.jpg
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Hi again. Please do not remove PUIdisputed tags from images. You have mentioned about Image:Horsekeeper.jpg that "The image was released to Public Domain by the Copyright Holder". Would you please tell me who is the copyright holder, when did he release the image to the public domain, and where did you acquire the image from? Thanks, roozbeh 13:57, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

Signature
Hello, when you contribute to a talk page could you please leave your signature by placing three or four tilde (~) marks. Thank you. LambaJan 19:10, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Louvre1.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Agha.jpg
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SAVAK
Please, Do not add unsourced material, If you think that it's a truth then provide a reliable source for that. Transparagon (talk) 19:00, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Zanganeh


text:
User talk:Rubik-wuerfel

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  > R a d i a n t <  18:22, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thats my talk page
And so far, it's just a stub ;-)

 * To answer your question, what most people to is add Template:Unblock to their talk page, and someone will look at it. Also, if a username gets blocked, the associated IP address is only blocked for the next 24 hours or so, so you didn't really have to switch IPs, and you could have made a new account such as User:Rubik-Wuerfel. I was kind of surprised to see an unblock request for something that happened over a year ago, but I agree that the block was rather pointless. Ramen!  > R a d i a n t <  18:22, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh thanks for the hint on Template:Unblock, I didn't know about that yet. And I was travelling for several months abroad and usually only log in to change stuff, so it took some time.  But Google was my friend to find out what that block was about... I think it's ok now, no need to apologize for a human mistake! --Rubik's Cube 22:46, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for improving my changes to the Electric Currrent article.JohnFlux (talk) 17:41, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rubik-wuerfel


text:
File:Forbbiden City3.JPG

Retouched, depopulated version of Image:Forbbiden City2.JPG

title: File:Forbbiden City3.JPG


text:
Tadeusz Różewicz

Tadeusz Różewicz (9 October 1921 – 24 April 2014) was a Polish poet, playwright, writer, and translator. Różewicz was in the first generation of Polish writers born after Poland regained its independence in 1918, following the century of foreign partitions. He was born in Radomsko, near Łódź, in 1921. He first published his poetry in 1938. During World War II, he served in the Polish underground Home Army. His elder brother, Janusz, also a poet, was executed by the Gestapo in 1944 for serving in the Polish resistance movement. His younger brother, Stanisław, became a noted film director and screenwriter.

Biography and career
Tadeusz Różewicz was the son of Władysław and Stefania Różewicz (née Gelbard, a Jewish convert to Catholicism). After finishing high school, Różewicz enrolled at Jagiellonian University in Kraków. He then served in World War II. After the war, he moved to Gliwice, where he lived for the following two years. In 1968, he moved to Wrocław, where he lived for the rest of his life.

Różewicz wrote and published fifteen volumes of poetry between 1944 and 1960. Czesław Miłosz wrote a poem dedicated to Różewicz and his poetry in 1948. Różewicz's debut as a playwright was in 1960, with The Card Index (Kartoteka).

He wrote over a dozen plays and several screenplays. His dramaturgical work continued to be accompanied by volumes of poetry and prose. Some of Różewicz's best known plays, other than The Card Index, include: The Interrupted Act (Akt przerywany, 1970), Birth Certificate (Świadectwo urodzenia, screenplay to an award-winning film by the same title, 1961), Left Home (Wyszedł z domu, 1965), and The White Wedding (Białe małżeństwo, 1975). His New Poems collection was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award in 2008.

Różewicz's works have been translated into nearly all major languages. Two of his plays were translated into English and produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in New York City during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1965, Karen Cross and Johan Holm directed a series of Różewicz's three short plays, collectively titled The Witnesses. A Village Voice review of the production reads: The first play, the most abstract, is a string of metaphors meant... to convey a view of man's condition... The second play presents a young married couple at breakfast planning their day. They work very hard at it, as if a night of sleep cuts them off drastically from life and contact must be reestablished. By means of a forced calm, a dedicated attention to trivia, and a patronizing attitude toward other people, they organize the day's activity... The key to the piece is the husband's matter-of-fact account, as he watches at the window, or two children tormenting and then destroying a kitten... The children quite coldly mutilate and murder the animal and the husband blandly but not indifferently reports the event to his wife who isn't listening. In the third play two men facing in opposite directions have a conversation of sorts. Constantly demanding attention of each other, they deliver up monologues of self-revelation which reveal next to nothing and on top of it are not being listened to. Through it all an injured dog suffers an elaborate death agony at the feet of one of the men, whose only response is to intersperse his fatuous self-revelations with bulletins on the progress of the dog's demise." In 1972, Mavis Taylor directed a production of Różewicz's The Old Woman Broods. The piece was partially funded by the New York State Council on the Arts and was performed at the College of White Plains, Hudson River Museum, and Community Action Program in Mamaroneck in addition to La MaMa's theatre in the East Village, Manhattan.

Różewicz has been regarded as "one of the most versatile and creative continuators of the Polish and international avant-garde". He was a member of the Polish Writers' Union and was nominated multiple times for the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1987, he received the Golden Wreath at the Struga Poetry Evenings festival in Struga, Macedonia. In 2000, Różewicz received Poland's top literary prize, the Nike Award, for his book Matka odchodzi (Mother Is Leaving).

Różewicz died in Wrocław from natural causes on 24 April 2014 from. He was 92.

Awards and decorations

 * 1948 – Army Medal for War 1939-45
 * 1955 – Gold Cross of Merit
 * 1955 – State Prize, 2nd class
 * 1966 – State Prize, 1st class
 * 1974 – Home Army Cross
 * 1974 – Polish Army Medal
 * 1977 – Order of the Banner of Work, 2nd class; for his entire literary work
 * 1981 – Operation Tempest medal
 * 1982 – Austrian State Prize for European Literature
 * 1987 – Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath
 * 1991 – Honorary degree from the University of Wroclaw
 * 1996 – Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
 * 1997 – Golden Ball award
 * 1997 – Polish PEN Club award (Jan Parandowski)
 * 1999 – Honorary degree from the University of Silesia
 * 2000 – Order Ecce Homo: Polish church decoration awarded by the Chapter of the Order of the Ecce Homo, "by exploring the dark side of a world full of chaos and divisions, the hope of beating the assessment everyday, seemingly impassive gray, for coming to terms with the inevitability and consistency in the pursuit of the truth about man, even worst"; for poetry that "touches the hearts and stuff".
 * 2000 – Honorary doctorate from the University of Opole
 * 2000 – Honorary degree from the Jagiellonian University
 * 2000 – Nike Award (Polish literary award)
 * 2001 – Honorary degree from the University of Warsaw
 * 2005 - Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
 * 2006 – Honorary doctorate from the University of Gdansk
 * 2006 – Golden Sceptre award
 * 2007 – Honorary degree from the Academy of Fine Arts in Wroclaw
 * 2007 – European Prize for Literature
 * 2008 – Laurel Award in poetry
 * 2009 – Honorary degree from the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce
 * 2011 – Policy Wizard special Culture 2010 award – "Award for the fidelity of poetry and themselves. Certificate data for several subsequent epochs and questions that included the Polish literature and theater in the European debate on the most important experiences of modern man".
 * 2012 – Griffin Poetry Prize international shortlist for Sobbing Superpower: Selected Poems of Tadeusz Różewicz (translated by Joanna Trzeciak)

Selected bibliography
Różewicz' works include:
 * 1947: Niepokój ("Anxiety")
 * 1948: Czerwona rękawiczka ("The Red Glove")
 * 1955: Opadly liscie z drzew ("The Leaves Have Fallen from the Trees")
 * 1960: Rozmowa z księciem ("Conversation with a Prince")
 * 1961: Głos Anonima ("The Anonymous Voice")
 * 1962: Nic w płaszczu Prospera ("Nothing Dressed in Prospero's Cloak")
 * 1964: Twarz ("The Face")
 * 1968: Twarz trzecia ("The Third Face")
 * 1968: Kartoteka ("The Card Index")
 * 1969: Stara kobieta wysiaduje ("The Old Lady Sits Waiting")
 * 1972: Na czworakach ("On All Fours")
 * 1975: Białe małżeństwo ("White Wedding")
 * 1979: Próba rekonstrukcji ("An Attempt to Reconstruct")
 * 1982: Pułapka ("The Trap"), Warszawa: Czytelnik
 * 1991: Płaskorzeźba ("Bas-Relief"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
 * 1992: Nasz starszy brat ("Our Elder Brother")
 * 1996: Zawsze fragment. Recycling ("Always a Fragment: Recycling"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
 * 1999: Matka odchodzi ("Mother Departs"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
 * 2001: Nożyk profesora ("The Professor's Knife"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
 * 2002: Szara strefa ("Gray Zone"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
 * 2004: Wyjście ("Exit"), Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
 * 2007: Nauka chodzenia, Wrocław: Biuro Literackie
 * 2008: Kup kota w worku, Wrocław: Biuro Literackie

In pop culture
Slovenian punk band Niet used parts of Rozewicz's poem Pierwsza miłość and recreated it in their 1984 punk balade Lep dan za smrt (A Nice Day for Death). Filmmaker Werner Herzog paraphrased a line from Rozewicz's "Draft of a Modern Love Poem" in his 2007 film Encounters at the End of the World, observing that "For me, the best description of hunger is a description of bread. A poet said that once, I think." In 2008, mainstream Slovenian band Dan D remade the Niet's song for what was to become one of the 2008 top hits on Slovenian radio stations.

title: Tadeusz Różewicz


text:
Kir (cocktail)

The Kir is a French cocktail made with a measure of crème de cassis (blackcurrant liqueur) topped up with white wine.

In France it is usually drunk as an apéritif before a meal or snack. It was originally made with Bourgogne Aligoté, a white wine of Burgundy, but today various white wines are used throughout France, according to the region and the barkeeper. Many prefer a white Chardonnay-based Burgundy, such as Chablis.

It used to be called blanc-cassis, but it is now named after Félix Kir (1876–1968), mayor of Dijon in Burgundy. Kir was a pioneer of the twinning movement in the aftermath of the Second World War, and popularized the drink by offering it at receptions to visiting delegations. Besides treating his international guests well, he was also promoting two economic products of the region. Kir allowed one of Dijon's producers of crème de cassis to use his name, then extended the right to their competitors as well. According to Rolland (2004), the reinvention of blanc-cassis (post-1945) was necessitated by the German Army's confiscation of all the local red Burgundy during the war. Faced with an excess of white wine, Kir renovated a drink that used to be made primarily with the red.

Following the commercial development of crème de cassis in 1841, the cocktail became a popular regional café drink, but has since become inextricably linked internationally with the name of Mayor Kir. When ordering a Kir, waiters in France sometimes ask whether the customer wants it made with crème de cassis, de mûre (blackberry), de pêche (peach), or framboise (raspberry).

The International Bartenders Association gives a recipe using 1/10 crème de cassis, but French sources typically specify more; 19th-century recipes for blanc-cassis recommended 1/3 crème de cassis, which modern tastes find cloyingly sweet, and modern sources typically say about 1/5. Replacing the crème de cassis with blackcurrant syrup is discouraged.

Variations
Besides the basic Kir, a number of variations exist:

 * Cidre royal – made with cider instead of wine, with a measure of calvados added
 * Communard, or cardinal – made with red wine instead of white
 * Hibiscus royal – made with sparkling wine, peach liqueur, raspberry liqueur, and an edible hibiscus flower
 * Kir Berrichon – from the Berry region of France. Made with red wine and blackberry liqueur (crème de mûre)
 * Kir bianco – made with sweet white Vermouth instead of wine.
 * Kir Breton – made with Breton cider instead of wine.
 * Kir impérial – made with raspberry liqueur (such as Chambord) instead of cassis, and champagne
 * Kir Normand – made with Normandy cider instead of wine.
 * Kir pamplemousse – made with red grapefruit liqueur and sparkling white wine
 * Kir pêche – made with peach liqueur
 * Kir pétillant – made with sparkling wine
 * Kir royal – made with Champagne
 * Pink Russian – made with milk instead of wine
 * Tarantino – made with lager or light ale ("kir-beer")

title: Kir (cocktail)


text:
Troupville, Georgia

"Troupville" (occasionally recorded as Troupeville) is an extinct unincorporated community in Lowndes County, Georgia, United States, near Valdosta. Troupville was a riverboat landing near the confluence of the Withlacoochee River and the Little River (Withlacoochee River) at the uppermost navigable point. It was the third county seat of Lowndes County. Troupville was named after Governor George Troup.

Railroads were superseding riverboats across the state. After a railroad station was established at Valdosta in 1859, many Troupville residents picked up their houses and moved to the railroad. They founded Valdosta, which the following year was designated by the legislature as the county seat.

History
In 1833, Lowndesville, Georgia replaced Franklinville, located east of modern Hahira, as the county seat.

In 1834, a group of citizens were appointed to select a new county seat to keep pace with settlement. In July 1836, a group of commissioners were advertising for merchants and mechanics to settle at Troupville. They believed that the Little River and Withlacoochee River could be made navigable to this point at a small expense. After the county seat was moved away from Franklinville and Lowndesville in turn, they declined.

In October 1836, advertisements were put in newspapers for proposals to build a courthouse at Troupville. The city was incorporated on 14 December 1837 by an act of the Georgia legislature and designated as the county seat (the third).

Troupville's location near the confluence of the Withlacoochee and Little Rivers, on the stage route from Thomasville to Waresboro, and along the planned route of the Brunswick and Florida Railroad, soon proved prosperous. In 1839, town lots were being sold at $3,443. A decade later they had risen to $9,162. At its peak, Troupville had three hotels, four stores, numerous shops, three churches, and professionals of various sorts. It also had a newspaper entitled the South Georgia Watchman, later called the Troupville Watchman. Located in an area of large cotton plantations, Troupville also served as a gateway town to the new state of Florida. A mile to the north of the town was a horse racetrack, popular with many men.

By the 1850s, two different companies were competing to build a railroad through south Georgia. The Brunswick and Florida Railroad had an older charter, but lacked enough financial backing. The Savannah, Albany, and Gulf Railroad Company had the financial backing, but lacked the right of way through south Georgia. By the early 1850s, the Brunswick and Florida Railroad had completed its route as far as Schlatterville. In February 1856 the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad Company received a charter to construct a line from the junction of the Savannah, Albany, and Gulf Railroad and the Brunswick and Florida Railroad and to western border of the state that was to pass through Lowndes County. A law passed at the same time required the Brunswick and Florida Railroad to forfeit its right of way through central south Georgia in exchange for financial backing from the state. Two years of disagreements and agreements between the competing companies followed. Eventually the Brunswick and Florida Railroad forfeited its right of way.

Three different routes through Lowndes County were surveyed by E.L. Heriot, chief engineer for the company: a route through northern Troupville, a line through northern Lowndes County, and a line passing through Lowndes County and crossing the Withlacoochee River at a mineral springs. The decision to go with the third route was published on June 17, 1858. Heriot reasoned that the southern route required less curvature and fewer changes in grade than the shorter route through Troupville. Days later on June 22 at 3:00 am, the Lowndes County courthouse at Troupville was set on fire by William B. Crawford. Crawford fled to South Carolina after being released on bond. On August 9, a meeting convened in the academy building in Troupville to discuss organizing a new county. They decided to take area from Lowndes County, west of the Withlacoochee River (also known as the Little River), to form a new county to be called Brooks County.

The construction of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad through southern Lowndes County signaled the end of Troupville. Riverboats had become obsolete and establishing a town at the junction of the rail lines under construction was crucial for the livelihood of Lowndes County. Many residents physically moved their homes and businesses to Valdosta. Troupville quickly lost its charter as county seat to the newly founded Valdosta.

In early 1871, a toll bridge crossing the Little River from Troupville to Brooks County was completed. By 1874 Troupville was described by a Valdostan, as being "a deserted village or rather an old field with scarcely a vestige of the village remaining."

The town's municipal charter officially was repealed in 1995.

title: Troupville, Georgia


text:
National Library of Ireland

The National Library of Ireland (NLI; Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann) is Ireland's national library located in Dublin, in a building designed by Thomas Newenham Deane. The mission of the National Library of Ireland is "To collect, preserve, promote and make accessible the documentary and intellectual record of the life of Ireland and to contribute to the provision of access to the larger universe of recorded knowledge."

The library is a reference library and, as such, does not lend. It has a large quantity of Irish and Irish-related material which can be consulted without charge; this includes books, maps, manuscripts, music, newspapers, periodicals and photographs. Included in its collections are materials issued by private as well as government publishers. Among the library's major holdings are an archive of Irish newspapers and collections donated by individual authors or their estates. The library is also the ISSN National Centre for Ireland.

The office of the Chief Herald of Ireland, the National Photographic Archive and the Museum of Literature Ireland are functions of the library, the latter in partnership with University College Dublin. The library also holds exhibitions, and provides a number of other services including genealogy research tools and support. The Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media is the member of the Government of Ireland responsible for the library.

The main library building is on Kildare Street, adjacent to Leinster House and the archaeology section of the National Museum of Ireland.

History
The National Library of Ireland was established by the Dublin Science and Art Museum Act 1877, which provided that the bulk of the collections in the possession of the Royal Dublin Society, should be vested in the then Department of Science and Art for the benefit of the public and of the Society, and for the purposes of the Act.

An Agreement of 1881 provided that the Library should operate under the superintendence of a Council of twelve Trustees, eight of whom were appointed by the Society and four by the Government; this Agreement also conferred on the Trustees the duty of appointing the officers of the Library. This arrangement remained in place until the library became an autonomous cultural institution in 2005.

After the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1924/5 the Library was transferred to the Department of Education under which it remained until 1986 when it was transferred to the Department of the Taoiseach. In 1927 the Library was granted legal deposit status under the Industrial and Commercial Property (Protection) Act 1927. In 1992 responsibility for the Library was transferred to the newly established Department of Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht (now the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media) and on 3 May 2005 became an autonomous cultural institution under the National Cultural Institutions Act 1997.

Governance
The library is governed by a board, with day-to-day management in the hands of a director and a number of heads of functions. Directors of the library have included Thomas William Lyster (1895-1920), Robert Lloyd Praeger (1920–24), Richard Irvine Best (1924–40), Richard J. Hayes (1940-67), Michael Hewson (1982–1988), Patricia Donlon (1989–97), Brendan O'Donoghue (1997–2003), Aongus Ó hAonghusa (2003–09), Fiona Ross (2010-2014), and Sandra Collins (2015–21). After a period under an acting director, in December 2022, the library announced that Audrey Whitty, deputy director of the National Museum of Ireland, would assume the office of director in early 2023.

Basis and legal deposit
The collection began with the transfer of books and papers from the Royal Dublin Society, and was significantly boosted by the addition of the library as a copyright library for Ireland from 1927 (by contrast, the library of Trinity College Dublin was already a copyright library for the UK and Ireland, a status it retains). The National Cultural Institutions Act 1997 mandated that the National Library of Ireland (NLI) collect all materials relating to Ireland to provide an accurate record of Irish output.

Major collections
The library holds over 12 million items. The main collection is a combination of stock transferred from the Royal Dublin Society, including the Joly collection (25,000 volumes), later acquisitions, and copyright deposits of most printed, and some other, works published in Ireland since 1927. The library purchases content from Northern Ireland, and attempts to collect all publications in Irish, and acquires a limited supply from further afield. The book collection numbers around 1 million volumes, principally sourced from the RDS legacy and legal deposit copies. Other major collections include serials (recurrent publications other than newspapers, including magazines, journals and annual reports), maps and drawings, Government and other public sector publications, manuscripts, and original and microfilmed newspapers. The NLI holds over 2,785 subject items related to 20th century Irish poets, and is a major source for poetry by Irish writers.

Personal archives and papers
The National Library of Ireland houses collections of archival papers, including personal notes and work books, of eminent writers including:
 * Roddy Doyle
 * Seamus Heaney
 * Michael D. Higgins
 * James Joyce
 * Edna O'Brien
 * Colm Tóibín
 * Una Troy
 * Sheila Wingfield
 * W. B. Yeats

The National Library of Ireland houses the Sheehy Skeffington Papers, a collection of articles, books, poems, and other materials of Irish writers and activists, Francis Sheehy Skeffington, and Hanna Sheehy Skeffington. These writings offer an understanding into the influence of the Francis and Hanna Skeffington in early 20th Century Irish culture and thought as well as insight into their family life.

The library also holds the Cooper Collection. Austin Cooper (1759–1831) was a County Tipperary clerk who produced numerous sketches of Irish antiquities which were preserved by his great grandson. The Cooper Collection also contains drawings by other artists including Francis Wheatley.

Parish registers
The Library also maintains an online index of all Catholic parish registers up to the 1880s which recorded baptisms, marriages and some burials. The original collection was preserved on microfilm and later was provided online.

Music
In 2010, the National Library of Ireland began a collaborative effort in a new website, the National Archive of Irish Composers, which was designed to develop a free online comprehensive collection of the sheet music of 18th and 19th century Irish composers. As of 2021, the website of the National Archive of Irish Composers describes the project as a collaborative venture between the National Library of Ireland, TU Dublin Conservatory of Music and Drama, Heritage Music Productions, directed by Dr Una Hunt.

Digital
In 2019, the Library accessioned its first "born digital" collection as a pilot scheme, receiving the digital collection of Irish author, Marian Keyes.

title: National Library of Ireland


text: Category:Eastland County, Texas

title: Category:Eastland County, Texas


text:
Talk:Gospel of Matthew

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title: Talk:Gospel of Matthew


text:
Edelweiss (band)

Edelweiss were an Austrian electronic dance music group consisting of remixers Martin Gletschermayer, Matthias Schweger and Walter Werzowa. The group is best known for their 1988 worldwide hit "Bring Me Edelweiss", and their European hit "Starship Edelweiss".

Edelweiss reached the number one position with their hit "Bring Me Edelweiss," featuring Austrian folk singer Maria Mathis, who also did the live performances (and later recorded an updated version in 1999). The single was a hit in many European countries, supposedly by following the instructions given in The KLF's book The Manual. Borrowing large parts of its melody from ABBA's "SOS" and Indeep's "Last Night a DJ Saved My Life", the song humorously targeted Austrian ski resorts and yodeling and sold five million copies worldwide. Bill Drummond, one of the authors of The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way), mentioned the group in the epilogue of the German release of the book, which was originally published in 1989 (in English).

title: Edelweiss (band)


text: Category:Barb Jungr albums

title: Category:Barb Jungr albums