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Winifred M. Letts

Winifred M. Letts (10 February 1882 – 7 June 1972) was a writer who spent most of her life in Ireland. She was known for her poetry, novels, and plays.

Biography
Winifred Mabel Letts was born on 10 February 1882 to Mary Isabel (née Ferrier) and Reverend Ernest Frederick Letts. It is widely accepted by biographers that she was born in Salford, Lancashire, England. She was educated first at St. Anne’s School, Abbots Bromley, Staffordshire and later Alexandra College in Dublin, Ireland.

She spent summer childhood holidays in Knockmaroon Park, Dublin, her maternal grandparents' home. After her father's death, she and her mother moved to Ireland from England and lived on Glenart Avenue and, later, on Avoca Avenue, in a house called Dal Riada, in the Dublin suburb of Blackrock.

In 1915, during World War I, Letts joined the Volunteer Aid Detachment and was assigned to the Manchester Base Hospital in England. Trained to offer physical therapy to wounded soldiers, she served with the Almeric Paget Massage Corps in Manchester and Alnwick, Northumberland.

In 1926 she married widower William Henry Foster Verschoyle. William died in 1943 and Letts moved to England to live with her sisters in Faversham, Kent.

In the 1950s, she returned to Ireland and purchased Beech Cottage in Killiney, County Dublin. She moved to Tivoli Nursing Home, Dún Laoghaire, in the late 1960s. Letts died on 7 June 1972 and is buried in Rathcoole, County Dublin. A memorial plaque celebrating her life and work was unveiled in Rathcoole by President Michael D. Higgins on 20 June 2022.

Writing career
Letts was active in the artistic circles of Dublin. She was a member of the Irish Women Writers’ Club. She collaborated with several artists at the Cuala Press to create illustrated broadsides of her poems.

Poetry
Letts is remembered today as a poet of the First World War; however, her first publications were lyric poetry exploring Irish folk themes popularised by the Celtic Revival. An early poem, 'The Sense of Faery', was published in 1904 in the English literary magazine Occasional Papers, with further poetry appearing in the Westminster Gazette and the Manchester City News (1906). Her first poetry collection, Songs from Leinster, was published in 1913. In 1916, by which time she was working as a nurse, she published Hallowe'en and Other Poems of the War. The collection was re-issued in 1917 as The Spires of Oxford, and Other Poems.

The publisher's preface to The Spires of Oxford stated, ‘The verdict of the public, as shown by continual requests to republish, is that The Spires of Oxford is the most important poem in the volume—and therefore in issuing a new edition with several new poems, we bow to this verdict and give The Spires of Oxford its place in the forefront of the volume’. The poem 'The Spires of Oxford' appeared in at least two anthologies published in America during the war, John William Cunliffe’s Poems of the Great War (1916) and George Herbert Clarke’s A Treasury of War Poetry (1917). Two lines from the poem are inscribed on the Soldiers Memorial Gate at Brown University, dedicated in 1921: 'They gave their merry youth away / For country and for God'.

Until the 1980s, Letts’s war poetry was largely forgotten. In his 1922 Anthology of Irish Verse, Padraic Colum included 'Synge’s Grave' rather than her war poems. As contemporary literary critics point out, poetry that privileged men’s experience of combat and that forged new directions in modernism was preferred over works that described the experiences of women during the war, particularly those on the Home Front. Stacy Gillis points to a new interest in women's experience that emerged in the 1980s and 1990, when several critical studies of women’s war poetry were published, as well as the 1981 anthology Scars Upon My Heart, which included several poems by Letts.

Recent assessments of Letts’s war poetry have pointed to her use of irony in war poems such as 'What Reward?', 'Screens', and 'The Deserter'. 'Letts is at her best when she tackles the casualties largely left out of the official narrative', Jim Haughey writes. Jane Dowson also focuses on the 'anti-heroic' aspects of poems such as 'The Deserter'.

However, David Clare notes the complicated legacy of Letts’s war poems within Irish history:  ‘World War I's problematic status in Irish memory has meant that the Irish literary canon (as it is currently conceived) still has a hard time accommodating works that are simultaneously very Irish and yet also bound up with the British effort in the World War’.

Plays
Letts recalled her first experience with the Abbey Theatre in an essay titled 'My First Abbey Play'. She saw John Millington Synge’s Riders to the Sea, with Sara Allgood and William Fay. Augusta Gregory and W. B. Yeats were in the stalls. She remembered that 'the spells of Synge’s speech and tragedy lay upon me. I was eager to write something in the same medium'. The play that emerged was the one-act play about a murder in Wicklow, The Eyes of the Blind. It was produced at the Abbey for one performance on 1 April 1907 and starred Frank Fay, W. G. Fay, Molly Allgood (Máire O’Neill), and Brigid O’Dempsey. A second one-act play, The Challenge, the story of a love triangle and a duel, premiered at the Abbey Theatre 14 September 1909. She rewrote The Challenge as a story, which was published in the Irish Review in 1912. Her only three-act play, Hamilton and Jones, was produced by the Gate Theatre, Dublin in 1941.

Between 1848 and 1952, Letts published a number of essays about the Abbey Theatre in English and Irish magazines.

Novels and short fiction
Letts’s early literary success came from novels for girls, such as Bridget of All Work (1909) and The Quest of the Blue Rose (1910). An early short story appeared in Cassell's Magazine. Letts's story 'The Company of Saints and of Angels' was published by The Irish Review under the editorship of Thomas MacDonagh in January 1912.

Memoir
Knockmaroon (1933) is a series of essays and poems about Ireland that opens with Letts’s reminiscences about her summers with grandparents on the outskirts of Phoenix Park. She includes a number of character sketches of Irish people of all classes and often refers to the events of the decade after the Anglo-Irish Treaty as 'the Troublesome Times'. The book is primarily pastoral in imagery, ranging descriptively over impressions of landscape and architecture. Letts also includes several chapters on gardening and garden books, confessing, 'My secret ambition has always been to write a garden book'. Knockmaroon gathered together a series of essays that previously appeared in publications such as Cornhill, Spectator, Manchester Guardian, Irish Review, Irish Statesman, Month, and Country Life.

Fiction and poetry
The Story-Spinner. Illustrated by F. Gardner. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1907.

Waste Castle (a book for girls). Illustrated by John Jellico. London & Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1907. Reprinted by Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., London, 1916, 1918, 1920.

Bridget of All Work. Illustrated by James Durden. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1909.

Diana Dethroned. London: John Lane, 1909.

The Quest of the Blue Rose. Illustrated by James Durden. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1910. Reprinted by Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford, London, 1926.

The Rough Way. London: Wells Gardner & Co. [1912].

Naughty Sophia. Illustrated by Ruby Lind. London: Grant Richards 1912. Reprinted by London: The Richards Press, 1949.

The Mighty Army: Lives of the Saints. Illustrated by Stephen Reid. London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., 1912.

Songs of Leinster. London: John Murray, 1913. Reprinted 1916, 5th rep. 1923; 6th rep. 1938; with a new edition by Dundalgan Press, Dundalk, Ireland: 1947.

Helmet & Cowl: Stories of Monastic and Military Orders. With Mary F. S. Letts. London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co., 1914.

Christina’s Son. London: Wells Gardner & Co. 1915.

Hallow-e'en and Poems of the War. London: John Murray, 1916.

The Spires of Oxford, And Other Poems. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1917.

Corporal’s Corner. London: Wells Gardner & Co. 1919.

What Happened Then? London: Wells Gardner & Co. [1921].

More Songs from Leinster. London: John Murray, 1926.

St Patrick the Travelling Man: The Story of his Life and Wanderings. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson Ltd., 1932.

Pomona and Co. London: T. Nelson & Sons [1934].

Pomona’s Island. Illustrated by Hilda Figorski. London: T. Nelson & Sons [1935].

The Gentle Mountain. Illustrated by Kathleen Verschoyle. Dublin: Talbot Press [1938]. Reprinted by London: RTS [1939].

Plays
The Eyes of the Blind (1906)

The Challenge (1909)

Hamilton and Jones (1941)

Memoir and essay
Knockmaroon. London: John Murray 1933.

Anthologies, selected
Katherine Tynan and C. M. Watts. The Wild Harp. Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd., 1913.

George Herbert Clarke. A Treasury of War Poetry: British and American Poems of the First World War, 1914-1917. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917.

John William Cunliffe. Poems of the Great War. New York: Macmillan, 1918.

Sterling Andrus Leonard. Poems of the War and the Peace. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1921.

Catherine Reilly. Scars Upon My Heart: Women’s Poetry and Verse of the First World War. Virago, London, 1981.

Constance M. Ruzich. International Poetry of the First World War: An Anthology of Lost Voices. London: Bloomsbury, 2020.

Musical settings of poetry
Edward Cuthbert Bairstow. “The Lonesome Girl”, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell, c.1926.

Ina Boyle. "A Soft Day, Thank God!", words by W. M. Letts.

Ina Boyle. “If you let sorrow in on you”, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell, 1923, 1926.

Ina Boyle. “Easter Snow”, words by W. M. Letts. In Chamber Music, Songs for Voice and Piano. 1940.

Rhoda Coghill, “Mary Moriarty”, words by Winifred M. Letts (1925).

Ivor Gurney (as Michael Flood). "Cowslip time", words by Winifred M. Letts. [1919-1920].

Ivor Gurney (as Michael Raphoe Flood). “The Fair”, words by Winifred M. Letts. [1920].

Charles Villiers Stanford. “John Kelly,” words by W. M. Letts. In Four Songs for Voice and Piano, Op. 125. London : Stainer & Bell, 1911.

Charles Villiers Stanford. A Fire of Turf, Op. 139, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell, 1913. (Contains “A Fire of Turf”, “The Chapel on the Hill”, “Cowslip Time”, “Scared”, “Blackberry Time”, “The Fair”, “The West Wind”). Full text available at International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)

Charles Villiers Stanford. A Sheaf of Songs from Leinster, words by W. M. Letts. London: Stainer & Bell 1914. (Contains “Grandeur”, “Thief of the World”, “A Soft Day”, “Little Peter Morrissey”, “The Bold Unbiddable Child”, “Irish Skies”.) Full text available at International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)

Charles Villiers Stanford. Six Songs, Op.175. London: J.B. Cramer and Co. Ltd., 1920. (Contains “Monkey's Carol” and “The Winds of Bethlehem” with words by W. M. Letts).

Leslie Walters. "Spring, the Travelling Man", words by Winifred Letts. London: J. B. Cramer & Co, [1957].

Charles Wood. "Tim, an Irish Terrier", words by Winifred Letts. (c.1913).

Charles Wood. "Boys," (No date).

title: Winifred M. Letts


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Talk:Cell division

Evaluation and Ideas to Expand this Article
Overall, this is a well written article on cell division. The descriptions of each phase of the cell cycle are well organized and explained at a level that is mostly understandable to a layperson. I especially enjoyed the images that were used throughout the article, finding them not only visually appealing, but also accomplishing their purpose of providing visual representation of the topic they highlight.

With that being said, the article could benefit from expanding on several points. First, the cell cycle checkpoints could be illustrated further to highlight their importance in this process. Also, linking additional terms that a novice reader may not recognize to their respective Wikipedia articles could also be improved upon including the terms: cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinases, microtubule organizing center, kinetochores, and microtubules. Lastly, the history leading to the discovery and further understanding of cell division is lacking, and could be expanded upon with background on the experiments and individuals responsible for this work. Jgoode5470 (talk) 07:37, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

As part of my developmental biology course, I plan on improving this page in the manners previously described. Jgoode5470 (talk) 01:52, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

More than two?
In the first paragraph it's written "... divides into two or more cells." Is there any known process where a cell could split in more than 2 cells (apart from Meiosis, which consists in two successive divisions in two and thus results in 4 nuclei in the end)? Any hint woud be appreciated. — MFH:Talk 20:29, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Bio 401 Cell Biology with lab F2022
— Assignment last updated by Kloft112 (talk) 21:49, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Modifications
I reformulated and clarified the entire content of the "In eukaryotes" section. I did not delete any important information. I also added a picture of the cell cycle in the "Cell division" section and one of cell division in the "Phases of eukaryotic cell division" section. I made all of these changes because I thought that it would make these sections clearer and easier to understand. Additionally, visual aids are always helpful in doing so. Lillybuns (talk) 16:30, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Cell division
English 110.224.250.153 (talk) 06:13, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Cell Biology Honors
— Assignment last updated by MatthewGuareschi (talk) 21:49, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

After reading the article I believe that this article has a good introductory sentence in the lead section which helps to sum up the article. I also believe that the article is well organized, and is nicely broken up into the sections of cell division. Everdin26 (talk) 01:00, 13 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cell division


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UGM

UGM is an abbreviation that has several meanings:

 * Union General Meeting, a variety of legislative body controlling the affairs of a students' union
 * Universitas Gadjah Mada, university in Indonesia
 * UG Madness, a webcomic about the cardgame Magic: the Gathering.
 * Universal Graphics Module, a standard for connecting graphics card modules to embedded/industrial computer systems.
 * Union Gospel Mission, a Christian-based homeless shelter located in cities across the country
 * The US Military designation for an underwater-launched, surface attack guided missile. Examples include the UGM-133 Trident II nuclear ballistic missile and the UGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile.
 * Abbreviation for You Got Mail (U Got Mail)
 * Unknown Gun Men: this came from series of killing in the South East region of Nigeria around the year 2021
 * The Ultimate Games Master UGM role-play companion app.
 * UGM I and II: Viktor Rydberg's Undersökningar i Germanisk Mytologie, in two volumes, 1886-1889.

title: UGM


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Talk:Winifred M. Letts

Untitled
From what I read on the Web, the biographical information out there is mostly inaccurate. Charles Matthews 08:53, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC) my name is ROSHAN — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.100.143.161 (talk) 16:58, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I have attempted to address the inconsistencies in the biographical information in an article note. I made substantial additions to the article based on scholarly and historical sources. Treesiati (talk) 15:51, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Winifred M. Letts


text: Category:Matagorda County, Texas

title: Category:Matagorda County, Texas


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Steve Blum

Steven Jay Blum (born April 29, 1960) is an American voice actor. Known for his distinctively deep voice, his roles include Spike Spiegel from the anime series Cowboy Bebop, Amon from the animated series The Legend of Korra, Garazeb Orrelios from the animated series Star Wars Rebels, Sub-Zero from the video game franchise Mortal Kombat, Tank Dempsey from the Call of Duty Zombies franchise, Ares in God of War, God of War: Ghost of Sparta, and God of War: Ascension, and Wolverine from Marvel's Wolverine and the X-Men, Marvel Anime: X-Men, and various other projects featuring the character.

He is sometimes credited as David Lucas, Richard Cardona, Roger Canfield, Tom Baron, and Daniel Andrews in various anime and other live-action appearances.

Early life
Steven Jay Blum was born on April 29, 1960, to a Jewish family in Santa Monica, California. As a child, Blum was overweight and was bullied. He would often draw, sculpt and create music. Blum would often go outside and observe nature, marveling at sounds, shapes, and colors. He later collected reptiles, fish and birds. When he was 12 years old, Blum worked at the comic section of his grandfather’s book store in Hollywood, California where he would sort and catalogue titles. He was a huge fan of cartoons and would often do impressions. Blum started doing impressions by request after leaving a voicemail with the voice of Goofy.

Career
Blum started his career working at the mail room of film studio Empire International Pictures. The head of the mailroom offered him a job on a “Japananimation” project since he had the deepest voice. Blum would eventually become head of marketing at a studio while doing voice acting on the side before deciding to become a voice actor full time. His credits include the voice of Spike Spiegel in Cowboy Bebop, Zeb Orrelios in Star Wars Rebels, Mugen in Samurai Champloo, Roger Smith from The Big O, Orochimaru, and Zabuza Momochi in Naruto and Wolverine in multiple Marvel productions. In video games, he provided the voice of main protagonist Jack Cayman in MadWorld, Captain Foley and Tank Dempsey in the Call of Duty series, Professor Galvez in Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, Ares in God of War, and God of War: Ascension, main protagonist Grayson Hunt in Bulletstorm, Brimstone in Valorant, Zoltun Kulle in Diablo III, Sub-Zero in Mortal Kombat X and 11, Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in Injustice 2, Rytlock Brimstone in Guild Wars 2, and main protagonist Capt. Devin Ross in Clive Barker's Jericho.

In September 2000, Blum voiced TOM, the robotic host of Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block. He replaced Sonny Strait in the character's subsequent appearances, until the cancellation of Toonami in 2008. When Toonami was revived on March 31, 2012, he returned as the voice of TOM. He is also the announcer for 7-Eleven's "Oh Thank Heaven" television and radio advertisements and partnered with Vic Mignogna in the series Real Fans of Genius (a parody of Anheuser-Busch's Real Men of Genius radio ad campaign).

In animation, he is the voice of Heatblast, Ghostfreak and Vilgax in the Ben 10 franchise, Starscream in Transformers: Prime, Count Vertigo in DC Showcase: Green Arrow and Young Justice, Red Skull, Beta Ray Bill and Wolverine in Wolverine and the X-Men and The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes and Amon in the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series The Legend of Korra.

On June 5, 2012, he was awarded a Guinness World Record for being the most prolific video game voice actor, having 261 credited appearances as of May 10, 2012.

Personal life
Blum married voice actress Mary Elizabeth McGlynn in 2017. He has three sons from a prior relationship. One of them, Brandon, is also an actor, while another, Jeremy, is a teacher.

title: Steve Blum


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Paul Mercurio

Paul Joseph Mercurio (born 31 March 1963) is an Australian actor, choreographer, dancer, TV presenter and politician. Mercurio is best known for his lead role in the 1992 film Strictly Ballroom and his role as a judge on TV series Dancing with the Stars.

He has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since 2022, representing the electorate of Hastings.

Early life
Mercurio was born in Swan Hill, Victoria in March 1963, his father was character actor Gus Mercurio. Paul began ballet at nine. He later moved to Perth, Western Australia, where he attended John Curtin Senior High School, now known as John Curtin College of the Arts where there is a theatre named after him. He credits his theatre arts teacher for inspiring him to follow his dream. Mercurio focussed on acting during his high school years but after he graduated, he caught the Indian Pacific train from Perth back to Melbourne where he studied at the Australian Ballet School.

By the age of 19 in 1982, he was Principal Dancer with the Sydney Dance Company—a position he held for ten years. During this time, he was commissioned to choreograph six works performed by the company. Mercurio left the Sydney Dance Company in August 1992 to found the Australian Choreographic Ensemble which danced from 1992 to 1995, where he was the director, principal dancer and principal choreographer.

Feature films
Mercurio made his film debut in Baz Luhrmann's breakout film Strictly Ballroom, receiving an Australian Film Institute Award nomination in 1993. Mercurio was a choreographer on the film. Flamenco dancer Antonio Vargas, the actor who played Fran's father, also choreographed scenes in the film.

Mercurio's other film credits include: Exit to Eden, Back of Beyond, Così, Red Ribbon Blues, Welcome to Woop Woop, The Dark Planet, The First 9½ Weeks, Kick and Sydney – A Story of a City. He starred, wrote, choreographed, produced and directed the short film Spilt Milk. Most recently, Mercurio has taken roles in independent films, such as Hunting for Shadows and A Silent Agreement with director Davo Hardy.

In 2019, Mercurio appeared in a supporting role as Sal in Promised (2019), a film directed and co-produced by Nick Conidi, and starring Tina Arena, Antoniette Iesue and Daniel Berini. The film was released in Australia on 24 October 2019.

Baz Luhrmann expressed some interest in using Mercurio in Moulin Rouge to Mercurio's agent, but after a series of failed attempts to speak to Luhrmann personally, Mercurio found out that there was no role for him in the movie via the production company. He has not appeared in any other Luhrmann films and only appears briefly in Disc 4 of Red Curtain Trilogy as a pixelated image.

Television roles
Mercurio made his TV debut in a documentary on his life called Life's Burning Desire in 1992. He starred in the lead role of Joseph in the Emmy Award-winning US TV mini-series The Bible: Joseph in 1995. Later, he joined the ensemble cast for the 1998 mini-series drama The Day of the Roses, depicting the 1977 Granville railway disaster. Throughout the 1990s. Mercurio guest starred in Australian TV shows including Blue Heelers, All Saints, Murder Call, Medivac, Heartbreak High, Water Rats and The Day of the Roses. Mercurio was a judge on the Australian version of Dancing with the Stars until August 2008, when he was dropped from the judging panel because he was deemed "too nice" for television. He was also a judge in the New Zealand version. In 2008, he began hosting a series called Mercurio's Menu where he travels Australia, cooking in different locations.

Dance and choreography
Mercurio continues to dance and choreograph professionally. He was a movement consultant on the Will Smith movie I, Robot, and has choreographed an American TV campaign for Coca-Cola, the Harry M. Miller production of Jesus Christ Superstar and Annie Get Your Gun. In January 2004, he appeared on stage in The Full Monty.

Political career
Mercurio was elected as a councilor for Mornington Peninsula Shire in November 2020.

In November 2022, Mercurio was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly, winning the ultra-marginal seat of Hastings for the Australian Labor Party.

Personal life
Mercurio has been married to his wife Andrea since 1987, and together they have three children: Emily, Elise and Erin.

He appeared on the Australian version of the television show Who Do You Think You Are? in 2012 in which he discovered that his grandfather was a member of the Milwaukee division of Cosa Nostra (the Sicilian mafia) in the 1950s. Mercurio has reflected on this legacy in subsequent interviews and spoken about the effect it has had on his father, and his relationship with his father.

In December 2022, he was hospitalised with complications from atrial fibrillation following his election win.

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Paul Mercurio won one award in that time. (wins only)
 * 1992
 * Paul Mercurio
 * Dance Performance of the Year
 * Won
 * Won

title: Paul Mercurio


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Output device

An output device is any piece of computer hardware that converts information or data into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical machine-readable form for use with other non-computerized equipment. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video. Examples include monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, projectors, GPS devices, optical mark readers, and braille readers.

In an industrial setting, output devices also include "printers" for paper tape and punched cards, especially where the tape or cards are subsequently used to control industrial equipment, such as an industrial loom with electrical robotics which is not fully computerized.

Visual

A display device is the most common form of output device which presents output visually on computer screen. The output appears temporarily on the screen and can easily be altered or erased.

With all-in-one PCs, notebook computers, hand held PCs and other devices; the term display screen is used for the display device. The display devices are also used in home entertainment systems, mobile systems, cameras and video game systems.

Display devices form images by illuminating a desired configuration of. Raster display devices are organized in the form of a 2-dimensional matrix with rows and columns. This is done many times within a second, typically 60, 75, 120 or 144 Hz on consumer devices.

Interface

The interface between a computer's CPU and the display is a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). This processor is used to form images on a framebuffer. When the image is to be sent to the display, the GPU sends its image through a video display controller to generate a video signal, which is then sent to a display interface such as HDMI, VGA, or DVI

GPUs can be divided into discrete and integrated units, the former being an external unit and the latter of which is included within a CPU die. Discrete graphics cards are almost always connected to the host through the PCI Express bus, while older graphics cards may have used AGP or PCI. Some mobile computers support an external graphics card through Thunderbolt (via PCIe).

Monitor
A monitor is a standalone display commonly used with a desktop computer, or in conjunction to a laptop as an external display. The monitor is connected to the host through the use of a display cable, such as HDMI, DisplayPort, VGA, and more.

Older monitors use CRT technology, while modern monitors are typically flat panel displays using a plethora of technologies such as TFT-LCD, LED, OLED, and more.

Internal display
Almost all mobile devices incorporate an internal display. These internal displays are connected to the computer through an internal display interface such as LVDS or eDP. The chief advantage of these displays is their portability.

Terminal

Prior to the development of modern pixel-oriented displays, computer terminals were used, composed of a character-oriented display device known as a VDU and a computer keyboard.

These terminals were often monochromatic, and could only display text. Rudimentary graphics could be displayed through the use of ASCII art along with box-drawing characters. Teleprinters were the precursors to these devices.

Projector

A projector is a display that projects the computer image onto a surface through the use of a high power lamp. These displays are seen in use to show slideshow presentations or in movie screenings.

Technologies
Display technologies can be classified based on working principle, lighting (or lack thereof), pixel layout, and more.

 * Cathode ray tube (CRT) : CRT screens produce an image using electron tube, which fires electrons at a phosphorous coated screen to light up pixels in order to display images.

 * Liquid crystal display (LCD) : An LCD is a display technology employing the use of liquid crystals to form images.

 * Thin-film transistor (TFT) : A TFT refers to the thin layer of transistors used with an LCD.

 * LED-backlit LCD : An LCD display which uses LEDs as a backlight. Prior to the use of LED based backlighting, Cold Cathode Fluorescent (CCFL) tubes were used. LED displays use an array of LEDs to form an image.

 * Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) : Unlike an LED display, an OLED display does not use a backlight.

 * Electronic paper (e-ink) : An e-ink display uses encapsulated pigment to form an image resembling printed paper, commonly used in e-book readers.

Monochromatic display
A monochrome display is a type of CRT common in the early days of computing, from the 1960s through the 1980s, before color monitors became popular.

They are still widely used in applications such as computerized cash register systems. Green screen was the common name for a monochrome monitor using a green "P1" phosphor screen.

Colored display
Color monitors, sometimes called RGB monitors, accept three separate signals (red, green, and blue), unlike a monochromatic display which accepts one. Color monitors implement the RGB color model by using three different phosphors that appear red, green, and blue when activated. By placing the phosphors directly next to each other, and activating them with different intensities, color monitors can create an unlimited number of colors. In practice, however, the real number of colors that any monitor can display is controlled by the video adapter.

Auditory

A speaker is an output device that produces sound through an oscillating transducer called a driver. The equivalent input device is a microphone.

Speakers are plugged into a computer's sound card via a myriad of interfaces, such as a phone connector for analog audio, or SPDIF for digital audio. While speakers can be connected through cables, wireless speakers are connected to the host device through radio technology such as Bluetooth.

Speakers are most often used in pairs, which allows the speaker system to produce positional audio. When more than one pair is used, it is referred to as surround sound.

Certain models of computers includes a built-in speaker, which may sacrifice audio quality in favor of size. For example, the built-in speaker of a smartphone allows the users to listen to media without attaching an external speaker.

Interface

The interface between an auditory output device and a computer is the sound card. Sound cards may be included on a computer's motherboard, installed as an expansion card, or as a desktop unit.

The sound card may offer either an analog or digital output. In the latter case, output is often transmitted using SPDIF as either an electrical signal or an optical interface known as TOSLINK. Digital outputs are then decoded by an AV receiver.

In the case of wireless audio, the computer merely transmits a radio signal, and responsibility of decoding and output is shifted to the speaker.

Computer speakers

While speakers can be used for any purpose, there are computer speakers which are built for computer use. These speakers are designed to sit on a desk, and as such, cannot be as large as conventional speakers.

Computer speakers may be powered via USB, and are most often connected through a 3.5mm phone connector.

PC speaker
The PC speaker is a simple loudspeaker built into IBM PC compatible computers. Unlike a speaker used with a sound card, the PC speaker is only meant to produce square waves to produce sounds such as beeping.

Modern computers utilize a piezoelectric buzzer or a small speaker as the PC speaker.

PC speakers are used during Power-on self-test to identify errors during the computer's boot process, without needing a video output device to be present and functional.

Studio monitor

A Studio monitor is a speaker used in a studio environment. These speakers optimize for accuracy. A monitor produces a flat (linear) frequency response which does not emphasize or de-emphasize of particular frequencies.

Headphones
Headphones, earphones, and earpieces are a kind of speaker which is supported either on the user's head, or the user's ear.

Unlike a speaker, headphones are not meant to be audible to people nearby, which suits them for use in the public, office or other quiet environments.

Noise-cancelling headphones are built with ambient noise reduction capabilities which may employ active noise cancelling.

Technology
Loudspeakers are composed of several components within an enclosure, such as several drivers, active amplifiers, crossovers, and other electronics. Multiple drivers are used to reproduce the full frequency range of human hearing, with tweeters producing high pitches and woofers producing low pitches. Full-range speakers use only one driver to produce as much of a frequency response as possible.

While Hi-Fi speakers attempt to produce high quality sound, computer speakers may compromise on these aspects due to their limited size and to be inexpensive, and the latter often uses full-range speakers as a result.

Braille display
A refreshable braille display outputs braille characters through the use of pins raised out of holes on its surface. It is ordinarily used by visually-impaired individuals as an alternative to a screen reader.

Haptic technology
Haptic technology involves the use of vibration and other motion to induce a sense of touch. Haptic technology was introduced in the late 1990s for use in game controllers, to provide tactile feedback while a user is playing a video game. Haptic feedback has seen further uses in the automotive field, aircraft simulation systems, and brain-computer interfaces.

In mobile devices, Apple added haptic technology in various devices, marketed as 3D Touch and Force Touch. In this form, several devices could sense the amount of force exerted on its touchscreen, while MacBooks could sense two levels of force on its touchpad, which will produce a haptic sensation.

Printer
A printer is a device that outputs data to be put on a physical item, usually a piece of paper. Printers operate by transferring ink onto this medium in the form of the image received from the host.

Early printers could only print text, but later developments allowed printing of graphics. Modern printers can receive data in multiple forms like vector graphics, as an image, a program written in a page description language, or a string of characters.

Multiple types of printers exist:
 * Inkjet printers : An inkjet printer injects tiny droplets onto the printing medium via a series of nozzles on a printing head.
 * Laser printers : A laser printer uses a laser to charge a drum of toner in order to mark points where the toner would stick onto the medium.
 * Thermal printers : A printer which heats up a thermally sensitive roll of paper to reveal ink. Most often seen in retail stores to print receipts.
 * Dot matrix printer : A printer which uses impact to transfer ink from a ribbon to the medium.

Plotter
A plotter is a type of printer used to print vector graphics. Instead of drawing pixels onto the printing medium, the plotter draws lines, which may be done with a writing implement such as a pencil or pen.

Teleprinter
A teleprinter or teletypewriter (TTY) is a type of printer that is meant for sending and receiving messages. Before displays were used to display data visually, early computers would only have a teleprinter for use to access the system console. As the operator would enter commands into its keyboard, the teleprinter would output the results onto a piece of paper. The teleprinter would ultimately be succeeded by a computer terminal, which had a display instead of a printer.

Headless operation
A computer can still function without an output device, as is commonly done with servers, where the primary interaction is typically over a data network. A number of protocols exist over serial ports or LAN cables to determine operational status, and to gain control over low-level configuration from a remote location without having a local display device. If the server is configured with a video output, it is often possible to connect a temporary display device for maintenance or administration purposes while the server continues to operate normally; sometimes several servers are multiplexed to a single display device though a KVM switch or equivalent.

Some methods to use remote systems are:
 * Remote access : The computer's console can be accessed through a network connection such as the Internet, using protocols such as telnet or SSH.
 * Remote desktop : Allows a Graphical User Interface to be accessed through remote access even without a monitor.
 * KVM switch : Multiple computers are connected to a single display device which can be switched between computers.
 * Serial port : A serial console can be connected to access the device's console.

title: Output device


text: User talk:62.44.9.250

title: User talk:62.44.9.250


text:
Talk:Dadar

Now that we've got two templates - Template:Mumbai - Suburban Railway,Central and Template:Mumbai - Suburban Railway,Western, there is a problem of double categorization as both the templates inlclude categorization. Parel, Matunga face same problem. Please suggest a solution. utcursch 08:55, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll give this a thought and get back. Alren 15:04, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose there should be only one template for all mumbai railroads and we can fill in whether it's western, central or whatever through the template? I've never made a template. Is that possible? --flyhighplato 14:44, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

station common to western and central railways
The article states - Dadar has the only railway station common to both the Central line and the Western line; this makes it a transit point and the most crowded railway station on the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

What about vasai road, Bhusawal?

The quoted line either needs to be removed or qualified with in Mumbai suburban railway system.

199.239.101.125 19:48, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Problem with history section
The history section is lifted almost word to word from TIFR's Mumbai history web page []. Could someone at least try to reframe the information in their own words? Copying from another site directly is a violation of wikipedia's principles isn't it? Shravan.Iyer (talk) 15:10, 24 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Removed section as copyright violation. Can someone research and rewrite the section? -- Redtigerxyz Talk 06:08, 25 June 2009 (UTC)
 * No it's not a copyright violation. As per http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/disclaim.html you are free to copy the contents of "Mumbai Pages" as long as you release the contents under a GFDL license. The contents on Wikipedia are released under a GFDL license. The Dadar article is a part of "Mumbai Pages". Kensplanet TC 06:54, 25 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I should have searched for that disclaimer myself before posting here. Sorry guys.Shravan.Iyer (talk) 13:25, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Podar and Ruia college are between Matunga and Dadar, and the official address is Matunga, not Dadar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.152.147.44 (talk) 23:19, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Dadar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

—2409:4070:2098:F221:AE90:C7F8:A9D0:2039 (talk) 18:27, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * You haven't explained what you think is wrong. I've tweaked the coordinates a bit, but if you still think that there is an error, please give a clear explanation of the problem. Deor (talk) 19:55, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:53, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar watching rope gymnastic performance by a blind girl student, at Kamala Mehata Blind School, in Dadar, Mumbai.jpg

title: Talk:Dadar


text:
Roxburgh, New Zealand

Roxburgh (previously called Teviot and Teviot Junction) is a small New Zealand town of about 600 people in Central Otago. It is in Teviot Valley on the banks of the Clutha River, 40 km south of Alexandra in the South Island. State Highway 8, which links Central Otago with Dunedin city, passes through the town. Roxburgh is well known for its Summer fruit and "Jimmy's Pies."

An important centre during the Otago Gold Rush of the 1860s, in more recent times Roxburgh has relied on a mixture of livestock and stone fruit production for its economic survival. It is one of the country's most important apple growing regions and other stone fruit such as cherries and apricots are also harvested locally.

Five kilometres to the north of the town is the Roxburgh Dam, the earliest of the major hydroelectric dams built on the Clutha. There is also an opencast lignite mine located just north of town at Coal Creek.

History
The town was called Teviot, and from 1863 to 1866 Teviot Junction, but this name is instead now used for places such as the Teviot Valley and the Teviot River. The name Roxburgh was adopted on 18 April 1877. The name of the town comes from Roxburghshire in Scotland and was after the first European settlers arrived in the area.

From 1928 until 1968, Roxburgh was served by the Roxburgh Branch, a branch line railway that ran to the town from the Main South Line. The railway never actually reached the town itself as the terminus was located about 2 km south of Roxburgh at the small settlement known as Hercules Flat. For the entire period the line served Roxburgh, it made a working loss, but it helped to promote economic development in the town and was an important means of supplying materials for the Roxburgh Dam. Today, relics of the town's former status as a railway terminus still exist, including a turntable pit, a water tower for steam locomotives, and the station building has been converted into a hayshed and workshop. Most of the houses which once housed railway workers (also known as "Railway Houses") still stand and are now in private ownership.

The Roxburgh War Memorial was unveiled on 24 May 1923. It is a square obelisk and lists the names of the 42 men from the town and local region who died in both World War One and Two. When unveiled it included mounted on a plinth, a German Rheinmetall 17 cm mittlerer Minenwerfer and a Maxim MG 08 Heavy Machine gun which was mounted on a tripod. The Mortar was captured by the 12th Company ( Nelson ) 2nd Canterbury Infantry Battalion on 2 August 1918, and returned to New Zealand as a war trophy. The Maxim Gun was stolen some time during the 1970s and the mortar was relocated on 16 March 2003 when a new Memorial Plaque was placed outside the Council Building & Returned Services Association club-rooms.

Town scenes from the 2004 film In My Father's Den were filmed in Roxburgh.

Demographics
Roxburgh is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 2.34 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the much larger Teviot Valley statistical area.

Before the 2023 census, Roxburgh had a smaller boundary, covering 2.06 km2. Using that boundary, Roxburgh had a population of 588 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 60 people (11.4%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 18 people (−3.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 279 households, comprising 267 males and 324 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.82 males per female, with 84 people (14.3%) aged under 15 years, 60 (10.2%) aged 15 to 29, 255 (43.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 189 (32.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 86.7% European/Pākehā, 14.8% Māori, 5.6% Pasifika, 4.6% Asian, and 1.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44.9% had no religion, 44.4% were Christian, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 63 (12.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 150 (29.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 30 people (6.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 222 (44.0%) people were employed full-time, 69 (13.7%) were part-time, and 3 (0.6%) were unemployed.

Teviot Valley
Teviot Valley statistical area covers 1302.44 km2 and also includes Lake Roxburgh village, Millers Flat and Ettrick. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Teviot Valley had a population of 1,779 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 216 people (13.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 96 people (5.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 750 households, comprising 930 males and 849 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.1 males per female. The median age was 50.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 249 people (14.0%) aged under 15 years, 240 (13.5%) aged 15 to 29, 840 (47.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 447 (25.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 87.0% European/Pākehā, 9.9% Māori, 8.3% Pasifika, 2.2% Asian, and 1.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 17.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 48.1% had no religion, 42.2% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 165 (10.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 399 (26.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $25,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 132 people (8.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 816 (53.3%) people were employed full-time, 231 (15.1%) were part-time, and 15 (1.0%) were unemployed.

Entertainment
Roxburgh has New Zealand's oldest operating cinema. It opened 11 December 1897 on Scotland Street and is still operating. The cinema seats 258 persons and is one of only four cinemas left in Central Otago. Live shows are also performed occasionally.

Education
Roxburgh Area School is a co-educational state area school for Year 1 to 13 students, with a roll of  as of.

Education in the Roxburgh area started in 1865. At Coal Creek Flat north of Roxburgh, a school was mentioned in 1877, another operated from 1884 to 1930, and a third opened in 1950 Roxburgh Hydro school flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. Roxburgh District High School operated from 1926, and was renamed to Roxburgh Area School in 1976.

title: Roxburgh, New Zealand


text:
Dedovshchina

Dedovshchina (дедовщина) is the informal practice of hazing and abuse of junior conscripts historically in the Soviet Armed Forces and today in the Russian Armed Forces, Internal Troops, and to a much lesser extent FSB, Border Guards, as well as in other armed forces and special services of former Soviet Republics. It consists of brutalization by more senior conscripts, NCOs, and officers. It is a form of non-statutory dominant-status relations between military personnel; the most common form of non-statutory relations, which is a violation of the statutory rules of relations between conscripts, based on the informal hierarchical division of soldiers and sergeants by enlistment and length of service.

The cultural basis of Dedovshchina is made up of traditions, customs and rituals that are passed down from conscript to conscript. Often (but not always), these traditions and rituals are associated with the humiliation of the honor and dignity of servicemen of the later conscription by servicemen of the earlier conscription. Dedovshchina encompasses a variety of subordinating and humiliating activities undertaken by the junior ranks, from doing the chores of the senior ranks, to violent and sometimes deadly physical and psychological abuse, not unlike an extremely vicious form of bullying or torture, including sexual torture and anal rape. There have been occasions where soldiers have been seriously injured or killed.

Etymology
The term is derived from "ded" (дед, meaning grandfather), which is the Russian Army slang equivalent of gramps, meaning soldiers after their third (or fourth, which is also known as "dembel" (дембель or "DMB" ДМБ) half-year of compulsory service, stemming from a vulgarization of the word "demobilization" (демобилизация demobilizatsiya) – this word is erroneously used by soldiers to describe the act of resigning from the army); soldiers also refer to "dembel" half-year of conscription, with the suffix -shchina which denotes a type of order, rule, or regime (compare Yezhovshchina, Zhdanovshchina). Thus, it can literally be translated as "rule of the grandfathers". This is essentially a folk system of seniority based on stage of service, mostly not backed by code or law, which only grants seniority to conscripts promoted to various sergeant and yefreitor ranks.

Features as an offense
Non-statutory relations are a broader concept than dedovshchina. Non-statutory relations include the entire range of relationships between servicemen that are not described in the general military regulations (including the relationship between a superior and a subordinate, a subordinate and a superior). Dedovshchina in its narrowest sense covers only those violations of regulations that are related to the relationship between senior and junior enlisted personnel.

In addition, the modern science of criminal and administrative law distinguishes between crimes committed within the framework of the so-called "Dedovshchina" and "barracks hooliganism". The distinguishing feature here is the subjective side of the offense. In the first case, the intention of the offender is aimed at asserting his status as an old soldier, forcing a young soldier to perform household chores, performing certain rituals related to the "dedovshchina traditions", etc. In the second case, the offender's unlawful actions are motivated by personal hostile relations, national, ethnic, religious hostility, property relations, unexpectedly arising hostile relations, etc. see the commentary of the Criminal Code in the articles providing for liability for crimes against the person, honor, and dignity).

Thus, violations of the statutory rules of relations between servicemen that do not involve relations of subordination within the framework of dedovshchina can be qualified as an encroachment by senior servicemen on the rights, honor, dignity, and personal integrity of junior servicemen.

Often, the phenomenon of dedovshchina is directly related to the ratio of physical and moral strength of the "grandfathers, granpas, veterans, old men, dembels" (slang for "masters") and "devils, spirits, dushar, chekists, cheka, salabons, thingmen, young, elephants" (slang for "slaves").

One of the major negative effects of dedovshchina as a phenomenon is that this army subculture seriously undermines the authority of the army among young people of conscription age and is one of the main reasons for evading military service.

A similar phenomenon, however, not as pronounced as in the army, is also observed in some Russian schools, boarding schools, and other educational and social institutions. Victims are usually physically weaker, insecure, or simply younger. Dedovshchina is not typical for the higher education system, and there are no recorded cases of phenomena resembling dedovshchina in civilian higher education institutions. This is due to the lack of an economic basis for dedovshchina in universities and other civilian higher education institutions.

Responsibility
Violations of statutory relationships are categorized by degree of public danger into:

 * disciplinary offenses
 * criminal offenses

The latter category includes violations that objectively fall under the disposition of the current articles of the Criminal Code (battery, torture, actions that grossly offend human dignity, robbery, etc.). Responsibility is incurred under the general criminal procedure. Actions of a serviceman who allowed non-regular relations, which do not fall under the definition of a crime, should be regarded as a disciplinary offense (violation of the order of coming on duty for a shift, coercion to perform household chores (if it is not associated with physical violence), coercion to perform non-regular rituals (also without physical violence), etc.). In this case, the responsibility comes in accordance with the requirements of the Disciplinary Regulations of the Russian Armed Forces.

The essence of dedovshchina as a phenomenon
Dedovshchina involves the existence of unofficial hierarchical relationships that parallel the main formal ones, not excluding cases where officers are not only aware of dedovshchina but also use it to maintain "order."

In official statements, some high-ranking military officials speak about the ills of society that have been transferred to the army. For example, such a statement was made in a TV interview by Admiral Vyacheslav Popov, former commander of the Northern Fleet, now a member of the Federation Council and member of the Defense and Security Committee.

Objective studies show that dedovshchina is a product of non-statutory economic activity in the armed forces. At the same time, dedovshchina is an auxiliary tool in the hands of the leadership, which can shift most of its responsibilities for maintaining order to the leaders of the informal hierarchy, offering them some benefits in return (early dismissals, lenient attitude to guilt, reduced physical activity, etc.)

Often, informal relationships are accompanied by humiliation and physical violence (assault). The direct victims of the phenomenon are team members who, for one reason or another, have a low status in the informal hierarchy (status can be determined by seniority, physical, psychophysiological characteristics, nationality, etc.) The basis of the status is physical strength and the ability to insist on one's own way, as well as conflict resistance.

Manifestations of dedovshchina can be very different. In its milder forms, it does not involve threats to life and health or serious humiliation: recruits perform household chores for old men and, from time to time, their household tasks. In its extreme manifestation, dedovshchina reaches the point of group sadism. Manifestations of dedovshchina in the Russian army include forcing recruits to fully serve their "grandfathers" (for example, to wash their laundry), taking away money, clothes and food, subjecting them to systematic abuse and even torture, beating them severely, often causing serious bodily harm. Recently, extortion of money to credit a cell phone account has become very common. Recruits are forced to call home and ask their parents to top up their "grandfather's" account or buy a recharge card, which will then go to the same account. Conscript service in the Russian Armed Forces is often not very different from the procedures and relations between prisoners in penitentiaries ("zones"). Dedovshchina is the main reason for regular desertions of conscripts from units and suicides among them. In addition, a significant part of violent crimes in the army is associated with dedovshchina: in some cases, these are crimes of "grandfathers" that have been identified and brought to court, in others, the actions of recruits in response to the "Sakalauskas case" (the case of the murder of five fellow military servicemen, as well as the head of the guard, his assistant and the train conductor, on February 23, 1987, by a Lithuanian private of the internal troops Arturas Sakalauskas. The reason for this was bullying by these colleagues with the non-interference or tacit approval of the guard and the conductor). There have been cases where recruits who went on guard duty with military weapons shot their fellow soldiers who had humiliated them beforehand, including the case that formed the basis of the 1990 film The Guard.

History
Boys are always socialized not only vertically (adult males socialize boys) but also horizontally, through belonging to a peer group. In these groups, informal rules and customs are often formed, the observance of which is so important for young people that they are primarily guided by them, rather than by written laws and statutes.

This phenomenon has been described as far back as Eton College in the 16th through 18th centuries, where the authority of fellow students was even more cruel and capricious than that of teachers. The school community was of all ages. The age at which boys were sent to school ranged from 8-9 to 16-17 years old. The inequality in strength, age, and length of schooling created a rigid "vertical of power."

Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin described the traditions that prevailed in the mid 19th century in the most privileged military educational institution of the Russian Empire, the Page Corps. The older students, the chamberlains, "gathered the newcomers in one room at night and drove them around in their nightgowns like horses in a circus. Some cellmates stood in the circle, others outside it, and mercilessly whipped the boys with leather whips."

In the early 20th century, at the Mykolaiv Cavalry School, juniors were called "beasts," seniors were called "cornets," and second-year students were called "majors."

"[...] I had to listen to a long narrative about the bitter fate and misfortunes of the poor first-graders, who were 'traditionally' cruelly insulted by the 'majors' - second-year students, not to mention the upper grades. The techniques of this infantile 'tsuka' were striking in their variety and originality and were obviously developed by generations of predecessors. The harsh 'majors' of the first class forced the newcomers to 'eat flies' as a punishment and just for fun, made 'virgula' and 'grease' on their short-cropped heads, and simply hit them in the ears on every occasion and even without it."

"Tsuk" was an outright mockery of the elders over the younger ones: the younger ones were required to do things that were not supposed to be done by senior cadets: salute, make them do squats, howl at the Moon, give them offensive nicknames, wake them up repeatedly at night, and so on. Not only were the officers-educators of military educational institutions aware of the abuse, many of them were convinced that "pull-ups give the junior class discipline and training, and the senior class practice in the use of power."

Participation in such customs was relatively voluntary: when a yesterday's cadet, gymnasium student or student entered the school, the elders first asked him how he wished to live - "according to the glorious tradition of the school or according to the legal statute?". Those who expressed a desire to live "according to the statute" were relieved of the "tsuk," but they were not considered "theirs," called "red" and treated with disdain. Lower-level commanders, such as platoon commanders and watchmasters, were particularly picky about the "reds", and most importantly, after graduation, no Guards regiment accepted them into its officer circle. Therefore, the vast majority of cadets preferred to live "according to tradition," the shortcomings of which were attributed to camaraderie."

In the Soviet Army
The first case of non-statutory relations in the Red Army was recorded in 1919. Three old soldiers of the 1st Regiment of the 30th Division beat to death their fellow soldier, Red Army soldier Kupriyanov, a native of the Balakovo district of the Saratov region born in 1901, because the young soldier refused to do their work for the "grandfathers". According to the laws of wartime, those responsible for the soldier's death were shot.

According to one version, the origin of dedovshchina problem is often attributed to the change in conscription term brought about by the law of 12 October 1967, causing two different groups of conscripts to be simultaneously present in the army: those who were drafted for three-year service and those only for two-year service. However, A.D. Glotochkin researched psychological problems of young soldiers before 1967. The timing of this coincided with the first wave of conscript shortages. It was found that the five-million-strong Soviet army could be as much as a third short of its strength, due to the demographic consequences of World War II.

During the same year, a decision was reached to draft conscripts with a criminal history into the ranks, due to a demographic crisis following World War II. While oppression by older conscripts has probably always taken place in the army, after that date, with the introduction of the four-class system (created by the bi-annual call-ups) it became systematic and developed its own rules and ranks.

The issue was discussed at a meeting of the Politburo, and a solution was found. People with a criminal record began to be drafted into the army, which had previously been completely excluded. Ideologically, this looked like a correction of fellow citizens who had strayed. However, in reality, things were different: the internal life of the army had changed for the worse. Along with the criminal element, the barracks were infiltrated by criminal networks, and thieves' jargon penetrated the soldiers' language. Copying prison customs, former criminals introduced ritual humiliation and abuse.

In addition, according to other reports, when the time of service was reduced from three to two years, for some time in the same military unit there were both those who were completing their third year and newly enrolled soldiers who were supposed to serve one year less. The latter circumstance angered those who had already served for two years but still had time to serve. Servicemen in their third year of service took out their anger on the new recruits.

However, there are reasons to doubt this version. According to the candidate of sociological sciences A. Solnyshkov, the first and most productive works of Soviet scientists dealing with the issues of dedovshchina appeared in 1964. In addition, according to him, over forty years of studying the phenomenon of dedovshchina, domestic scientists have not managed to make significant progress compared to the productive work of A. D. Glotchokin and his students in the early 1960s.

According to another version, in the late 1960s, some unit commanders began to widely use soldiers' labor for personal material gain. The non-statutory economic activities of military units led to the emergence of a system of non-statutory relations in which old soldiers acted as supervisors over first-year soldiers who performed work. Such relations required the young soldiers to obey any instructions of the old soldiers without question, and to break and turn the recruits into slaves, they were subjected to pressure and violence. Thus, according to this version, dedovshchina originated as a method of managing the non-statutory economic activities of military units. Over time, in a number of military units, officers began to use dedovshchina as a method of management, as they did not want to engage in training young people themselves, as well as educational work.

Also, by the end of the 1960s, the Soviet Armed Forces no longer had the number of veteran commanders who had been the majority in the Soviet Armed Forces after the end of the Second World War and who knew from personal experience that a healthy moral situation in the unit they were entrusted with was the key to their own lives.

In the summer of 1982, the Soviet Army received a secret order No. 0100 on combating non-statutory relationships.

The "Sakalauskas case", a young soldier from Lithuania who shot a guard of seven old soldiers in February 1987 on the entrance to Leningrad, became widely publicized during perestroika times.

In the Russian army
Alexander Goltz, a military observer for the "Daily Journal" states: The country's top military leadership has managed to defend the idea of preserving the Soviet-style mass mobilization army. This model, in principle, excludes any serious responsibility of commanders for the life and health of their subordinates, reduces conscripts to the position of slaves."

The bulk of the publicized cases of dedovshchina in the Russian Army are related to the use of young soldiers' labor for personal gain by the command staff of military units. Dedovshchina originated in the 1960s in the Soviet army as a method of managing the non-statutory economic activities of military units and continues to develop today.

The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Ustinov, speaking at the Board of the Prosecutor General's Office, noted: "It seems that the "sale" of soldiers is an ancient sacred tradition that can only be eradicated together with the entire Russian officer corps."

Samara region. In August 2002, Senior Lieutenant R. Komarnitsky demanded that Privates Tsvetkov and Legonkov leave the unit's location and go home to Samara and earn money through activities unrelated to army service. They were supposed to pay the officer four thousand rubles a month. The soldiers refused, but the demands were repeated and accompanied by pressure and beatings from the old officers."

October 2003, Samara, Guards motorized rifle regiment of constant readiness. Soldiers who worked at Carton-Pack LLC explained that they did not receive combat training during their "extra work". As a result, they never acquired the necessary combat skills during their entire service. Private E. Holtsiv said that he had fired his personal weapon only once."

Volgograd region. On October 10, 2003, human rights activists from the organization "Mother's Right" made a video recording near the military unit No. 12670 of the Volgograd Railway. They filmed dozens of soldiers being transported to work: 32 people to weeding, 10 people to "Rotor" (Volgograd football club). There were 3 or 4 foreign cars with entrepreneurs, minibuses that took the soldiers. There is information that about 200 soldiers were taken out of the unit on one day. Inspections began. The first deputy commander of the Federal Railway Service, General Gurov, came from Moscow. There was a prosecutor's inspection. The commander and his deputy were brought to disciplinary responsibility. However, the illegal work continued until October 2004. The offenders became somewhat more cautious, and organized "fake" work - knocking down container boxes - on the territory of the unit."

Stavropol Krai. Since February 2004, three soldiers have been working at a furniture company in the village of Nadiya (a suburb of Stavropol). None of them received any money or other support, which went into someone's bottomless pocket. According to the investigation, the damage to the state from such "write-offs" alone amounted to 120 thousand rubles.

The case that occurred on New Year's Eve 2006 in the supply battalion of the Chelyabinsk Tank School, where private Andrey Sychyov and seven other soldiers were beaten for about three hours by their fellow soldiers who were "celebrating" the holidays in this way, received a huge response. Sychyov, who went to military doctors, did not receive the necessary medical care in time. Only by the end of the holidays, due to a sharp deterioration in his health, the young man was transferred to a city hospital, where doctors diagnosed him with numerous fractures and gangrene of the lower limbs (which led to their subsequent amputation), bruises to his genitals (they were amputated too).

In post-Soviet states
While most clearly prevalent in Russia, dedovschina has been continued in the armed forces of some other post-Soviet countries.

Hazing and beatings are problems in the Belarusian military, and government investigations have been criticized for characterizing deaths due to hazing as suicides without further investigation or punishment. The 2017 death of recruit Alexander Korzhych was particularly notorious for the brutal circumstances of his death (he was found hanging, with a short on his head and his legs tied), which caused President Alexander Lukashenko to publicly order a full investigation. While his death was still classified as a suicide, three soldiers were eventually found guilty of abuse of authority.

A 2000 report by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada concerning hazing in Ukraine's army cited a 1998 statement from a Ukrainian officer that in 1997, 107 Ukrainian soldiers committed suicide as a result of hazing, and five more died directly due to hazing.

Hazing has continued to be an issue for the Azerbaijani military, becoming highly visible in 2008 when cell phone footage of recruits being beaten were leaked to YouTube. While official sources had beforehand denied that hazing was occurring in the Azerbaijani military, afterward abusive personnel were arrested and criminal cases were opened by military prosecutors. Independent researchers, including the military think-tank Doktrina Center, stated that hazing was on the rise. The Doktrina Center stated that from 2003 to 2012, 647 Azerbaijani soldiers died, 472 in noncombat situations. Activists contended that the Azerbaijani government concealed the extent of hazing and abuse in the military. In March 2013, large protests to demand greater openness and crackdowns on hazing were organized in Baku and were broken up by riot police; 80 demonstrators were arrested.

Treatment of conscripts has been an issue in Armenia. 2010 saw public outcry due to a number of violent shooting incidents and the posting of a video which showed an officer beating two soldiers. Activists complained that the Ministry of Defense was reluctant to provide any information regarding the vast majority of the deaths caused by hazing. In early 2020, hazing became the subject of public concern in Armenia following a spike in non-combat military deaths. To combat hazing, the National Assembly of Armenia sponsored a law strengthening penalties for inciting soldiers to commit suicide. Naira Zohrabyan, the bill's author, stated "we have an incomprehensible structure, 'dedovschina', that mentality is moving from the street to the army." Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan issued a statement that decisions would be made to address "problems associated with criminal subculture and discipline in the armed forces", which was generally understood as a reference to 'dedovschina', and fired two senior military officers.

Current situation
Many young men are killed or commit suicide every year because of dedovshchina. The New York Times reported that in 2006 at least 292 Russian soldiers were killed by dedovshchina (although the Russian military only admits that 16 soldiers were directly murdered by acts of dedovshchina and claims that the rest committed suicide). The Times states: "On Aug. 4, it was announced by the chief military prosecutor that there had been 3,500 reports of abuse already this year (2006), compared with 2,798 in 2005". The BBC meanwhile reports that in 2007, 341 soldiers committed suicide, a 15% reduction on the previous year.

Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia works to protect the rights of young soldiers.

In 2012, a draftee from Chelyabinsk region, Ruslan Aiderkhanov, was tortured to death by his seniors. The one witness who was willing to testify against the alleged perpetrators, Danil Chalkin, was later found shot dead in his military base. A contract soldier, Alikbek Musabekov, was later arrested in this incident.

In 2019, according to the Russian military prosecutor office the situation with dedovshchina is getting worse. Incidents of hazing in the army during 2019 have increased. 51,000 human rights violations and 1,521 sexual assault cases. In the same year, Ramil Shamsutdinov shot 10 of his colleagues at a Gorny military base, 8 of them fatally. In court, he alleged that he was subjected to beatings and threats of anal rape.

Hierarchical stages
The meaning of the terms may vary depending on the traditions of the branch of service or military unit, as well as the length of service.

The main definitions in army slang for servicemen according to their length of service are:

 * "Smells", "drishchy", "disembodied spirits", "quarantines" - servicemen who are quarantined before being sworn in.
 * "Spirits", "elephants" (Navy), "salagi", "beavers", "salabons", "geese" (Airborne Forces), "vasky", "batky", "babies", "hedgehogs", "sparrows" (Air Force), "checks" (Air Force), "chekists" (Air Force), "shchygli", "chyzhi" (a backronym for "man who grants wishes") - servicemen who have served up to six months.
 * "Elephants" (Airborne Forces and Airborne Forces), "pomose", "laces", "geese", "crows" (Air Force), "crucian carp" (Navy), "young", "walruses", "goldfinches", "mammoths" - military personnel who served for six months.
 * "Skulls", "scoops", "yearlings" (Navy), "bold carp" (Navy), "pheasants", "boilers", "smears" - servicemen who have served for one year.
 * "Grandfathers" (dedy) and "dembeli" are servicemen who served for one and a half years. The name of the phenomenon comes from the persistent term "grandfather" (Russian: ded).
 * "Dembeli", "citizens" (considered almost civilians): conscripts who have been discharged after receiving an order to be retired.

In the Navy (at least until 1990), there were exactly 7 hierarchical steps:

 * up to six months - "spirit" (a disembodied, asexual being, unable to understand anything, unable to do anything, unable to know anything, suitable only for dirty work, often helpless)
 * six months - "crucian carp" (a fighter who has been trained in real service, knows the customs, traditions and his duties, but due to the slowness of the "spirits" is often beaten)
 * 1 year - "bold carp" (This is a grated bun. He knows the service well. Responsible for the performance of work by "crucians" and "spirits". Subject to physical action in exceptional cases);
 * 1 year 6 months - "one-and-a-half" (The first degree of "untouchables". Subject only to moral pressure from senior officers for neglecting their subordinates. A "one-and-a-half" is considered the most evil and merciless creature. At this level, people with low moral standards are very clearly manifested);
 * 2 years - "podgodok". The most liberal stage. People who are tired of the moral tension of "one and a half years", not particularly "bothering" with official problems, just rest);
 * 2 years 6 months - "godok", or, alternatively, having been used in the TOF: "sarakot" (perhaps that is why the navy calls "dedovshchina" "godkovshchina)". In reality, the ruling upper caste is the old-service men. They resort to physical violence in person in exceptional cases, mainly acting through "half-hearted" people. In turn, informal influence on the staff by officers is carried out exclusively through "godoks");
 * 3 years - "profsoyuz" (labor union), "civilian" (This "rank" was granted after the publication of the order of the Russian Minister of Defense on dismissal to the reserve. Immediately after the order of the Minister of Defense, a "godok" was informally recognized as discharged and removed from the reserve, but since he was forced to stay in the unit "by the whims of fate", he allegedly lived on the funds of the navy labor union. Lives in a unit or on a ship as a civilian wearing a military uniform).

Traditions of promotion to the next level of the hierarchy
'The transfer from a lower hierarchical level to a higher one is carried out in the process of the ritual of "interruption" or "transfer". A soldier who did not earn the respect of his fellow soldiers or who violated the principles of dedovshchina, and who refused to live "according to the dedovshchina" within three "golden days" after arriving at the military unit (the so-called "statutory" or "tightened"), may remain "unbroken" - in this case, he is not entitled to the privileges of the higher levels of the unofficial hierarchy, but is equated with "spirits" or "smells". This happens infrequently, as an exception."

The transition to the next level is accompanied by physical pain in a special ritualistic way: a soldier who has served a year (previously, when the term of service was 2 years) is struck on the buttocks with a belt (metal buckle part), stool or metal ladle (scoop). The number of strokes is usually equal to the number of months served. The transfer from "grandfathers" to "demobilized" is symbolic, without physical action: the future demobilized man is "beaten" on the backside with a thread through a layer of mattresses and pillows, and a specially selected "spirit" "screams in pain" for him. In some units, additional strokes are given for the merits earned by the time of "transfer" (the rank of corporal or sergeant).

The navy also had a considerable number of customs and traditions, but it is worth highlighting only two main ones, which were often found in different navies.

 * When translated from "crucian carp" to "one-and-a-half", the so-called "flushing of scales" takes place. Depending on the weather conditions and the location of the action, the "crucian carp" "wash off the scales" by throwing them overboard, dipping them in an ice hole, pouring them out of a fire hose, etc., trying to perform the rite of passage unexpectedly for the "initiate".
 * "tearing of godok" - at the moment of the first printed version of the order of the Russian Minister of Defense "On dismissal to the reserve" (for example, in a newspaper), the entire military uniform, including socks and underwear, is torn into small pieces on the "godok". The ritual is also performed unexpectedly for the "godok". After the "tearing", the "godok" becomes a "profsoyuz", i.e. a civilian. Any serviceman up to the "spirit" has the right to take part in the "tearing".

Usually, the "transfer" takes place on the first night after the Russian Minister of Defense's order "On Discharge to the Reserve" is issued (usually on September 27 and March 27), but may be postponed for several days, as the command of any unit is well aware of the procedures of "transfer" and often in the first days and nights after the release of the "Order..." particularly strictly monitors compliance with the Military Regulations."

The spread of the phenomenon depending on the service conditions
It is generally believed that the most vicious forms of dedovshchina are characteristic of "second-rate" units and branches of the military, especially the construction battalion (Стройбат), but dedovshchina is often revealed in units and formations that are considered "elite". Dedovshchina is much less widespread in troops or units whose soldiers have constant access to personal combat weapons (e.g., the Internal Troops)." In addition, dedovshchina is not widespread in aviation units. Dedovshchina is not widespread in small, remote units (for example, air defense radar reconnaissance units). The least manifestations of dedovshchina are observed in units where unit commanders do not use the work of soldiers for personal gain. This phenomenon is in no way directly related to either the type of military or the type of military unit.

Government actions
Overall, the Russian state has tried and has had mixed results in curtailing dedovshchina. In 2003, on the specific issues of denial of food and poor nutrition, Deputy Minister of Defence V. Isakov denied the existence of such problems.

Since 2005, the Russian Ministry of Defence has published monthly statistics of incidents and crimes including cases of death.

Russia has changed some of the rules made in 1967. Most notably, criminals are no longer accepted into the army.

Beginning in 2007/08, the conscript service time was reduced from two years to one; dedovshchina primarily occurs when second year conscripts abuse first year conscripts so this measure is partially intended to curtail the practice.

Dedovshchina in popular culture
Several Soviet and Russian films portrayed the dedovshchina despite the military's abstention from helping the production. The following is a selected filmography: Also, in the novel The Hunt for Red October, Tom Clancy writes that veteran Soviet naval captain Marko Ramius refused to allow dedovshchina to be practiced anywhere on his boat, dismissing it as "low-level terrorism".
 * Do It — One! – Делай — раз! – 1990
 * The Guard – Караул – 1990
 * Afghan Breakdown – Афганский излом – 1990
 * 100 Days Before the Command – Сто дней до приказа – 1990
 * Air Hunger – Кислородный голод – 1992
 * The Green Elephant – Зеленый слоник – 1999
 * Demobbed – ДМБ – 2000
 * The 9th Company – 9-я рота – 2005
 * ''The Search – 2014

title: Dedovshchina


text:
User talk:Dewet/Archive 1

Disambiguation in the Afrikaans Wikipedia
(Translate to Afrikaans) These are disambiguation pages, Where is this template for the Disambiguation in the Afrikaans Wikipedia?, Pumpie, 16:30 11/5/2004, (UTC)

 * You can use.

Welkom
Hi Dewet,

Why don't you add your name to Wikipedians/South Africa. See you around--Jcw69 14:27, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, didn't know about it :) Added myself just now.  (Dewet 12:06, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC))

South African Collaboration of the Week!
Hello, this is just a brief, friendly announcement to let you know that there is now a South African Collaboration of the Week where we vote every two weeks to select an article about South Africa that is either a stub or nonexistent and attempt make it featured article quality by the end of the week. Your comments, voting, and participation would be very welcome! PZFUN 17:25, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cape Town meetup.
Hi Dewet, if you're interested in joining a Cape Town Wikipedia meetup you can have a look at http://wikipedia.meetup.com/38/ — Jeandré, 2004-12-14t16:32z

 * Thanks, just joined up. I'll see about Sunday... (Dewet 13:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC))

Mail&Guardian
Hi, I see that you changed Mail&Guardian to  Mail & Guardian. On the newspapers websitethey refer to themselves as Mail&Guardian with no spaces. Can you please show me where the spaces come from. --Jcw69 07:44, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Here you go

Strangely, I do have it – which, due to technical reasons, cannot be said for the vast majority of pictures I uploaded. Still, I no longer have the infrogmation for the original PD link. I do, however, remember that this particular sign is being featured at District Six, so if you are anywhere near the Cape, you may wish to visit the museum and look it up. G'luck with the translation.

Regards,

El_C 10:10, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Sir Godfrey Martin Huggins
Greetings again, Dewet,

This is a bit of a long-shot, but oh well. I am experiencing difficulties finding a GNU compatible picture of Huggins. I would appreciate any assistance you would be able provide me with – at the moment, I am somewhat at a loss. Thanks.

Yours,

El_C 06:02, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It was a stretch, but I saw a glimpse of a chance seeing how you're in the region and all. Oh well. Yes, I noticed the changes you made to the sign, nicely done, looks much better now. El_C 09:16, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

South African location info
I got some books out of the local library on Southern Africa. I think it is an AA book dated 1985 but I will let you know the title when I get home. What I am doing is going through this book and afterwards I will go through the places on the net to update them. What I am worried about is that quite a few names of places have changed since 1994 so I have to try get my hands on a list of all the places that have changed names.--Jcw69 08:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) After most of the places are up I would like to draw some location maps like the ones I am doing for KwaZulu-Natal see: Eshowe and many more.
 * For the Western Cape I started List of cities and towns in the Western Cape to give me a starting point. It would be great if you could help. Anyway the book that I am using is "Reader's Digest Illustrated Guide to Southern Africa" ISBN 0947008179. I have the 5th Edition (1985) and it helps a lot with the history of the different places and how they started.--Jcw69 15:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I rewrite the article in keeping only to facts and use the books as to what facts are known about the place ect. (For example when a place was establised and what the name means). I am constantly rewriting parts of the articles when I find new information, in other books or on the internet. I found a lot of books have exactly the same information but worded differently, so I don't think that there is a copyright on that information. I hope this helps--Jcw69 07:52, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Deneys Reitz
After my small contribution to the Battle of Spioenkop. I knocked together an article on Deneys Reitz because he is used as a "Further reading" on the page. This lead me to write an article on the Maritz Rebellion. I would appreciate it if you have time to look the two articles over for NPOV and accuracy etc. I know something about Reitz because I bought a copy of his book some years ago, but I did not know anything about the Boer Revolt until just before I wrote the article. Philip Baird Shearer 00:55, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Date style
There is no need to edit articles to change the displayed format of dates that are linked, as this is set in your user preferences under the date format section. Thryduulf 17:37, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Leon
I reverted your changes to the opening paragraph because I like the way it was better than the way you made it. I reinstated the paragraph about the 2004 election because it is clearly an important part of his biography. Adam 08:32, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I suggest you leave the opening paragraph alone, it is fine as it is. On the election paragraph, if we are writing an article about a party leader, his success or failure at his first election campaign is surely highly relevant, and not "fluff." Adam 08:55, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

1. There is an established convention for biographical articles in encyclopaedias, which is widely though not universally followed at Wikpedia. It is:

 * John Smith (born 1 January 1900), Ruritanian politician, has been Prime Minister of Ruritania since 1995.

The order is thus: Name, date of birth, category, salient facts.

2. If you think the paragraph on the 2004 election is inadequate, then you should expand or correct it, not delete it. Adam 09:26, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Re South African Images
Hi Dewet, About your questions on FacadeStellenbosch.jpg image: as far as i can remember, it is a picture of a building on Alexander street (or nearby) but i'm not completly sure... perhaps it is the ancient House of Regional Council (?). Nevertheless, it's a wonderful country and place you come from !! In the initial MonumentFranschhoek.jpg image, my girlfriend was standing at the right bottom of the picture so i had to cut a part of it. That's why only a strip of the monument is visible. This one is much more pretty !! I've got a few others pictures that i'll add to the Commons as soon as possible (in peculiar St Mary's church and the V.O.C Arsenal (?)). Regards. Len'Alex 09:45, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, this is done. Have a look at the St Marie's Church and the Arsenal. Regards. Len'Alex 12:04, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

SAA
Hi from Adrian. I'm quite puzzled by your Edit Comment Copyright note removed, Arpingstone removed the photo on the South African Airways article. What does this mean? The B737-800 pic is still there and I have not removed it. In any case, the History for the article doesn't have my name recently. Please explain! I don't like it being said I deleted a pic when I didn't. - Adrian Pingstone 20:55, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I understand (sort of!) Alls well, Best Wishes - Adrian Pingstone 23:04, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Safarinow
Keep up the good work rooting out safarinow spam.--Magicmike 03:23, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dear Dewet and all other wiki users, yes, it is me, the evil he/she/it that spammed the wikipedia with safarinow links. My name is Felix and I deeply regret my actions. That is why I first of all wanted to apologize to everybody for the damage I did to the wikipedia and for all the trouble I caused!!! I never ment to do any harm to anybody. I added those links mainly last year, because I thought it would be good, if people could find accommodation in Southern Africa easily. I used safarinow.com myself, when I planned my tours through South Africa and it always worked very well, because it was easy to compare the rates of hotels, B&Bs... and it gave me the possibility to find something also in rural areas. I never meant to make 'big bucks' with it. I must however admit that the side effect of making at least a few Rand also accured to me and so I added links in a number of articles. But after noticing that they were all sooner or later removed I stopped adding links. I did also not earn anything with these links, so it was anyway a waste of time to add these links. I have searched my contributions for any more links, but found only one (due to the good work of other users) and removed it. I have also placed some links at wikitravel, pointing to some hotels. I will browse the web and try to find the hotels homepages and delete the safarinow links. To show that I am really sorry, I would like to offer my help to fight spamming the wikipedia. If there is anything I can do, please tell me. Maybe there is somebody else you are tracking or another website that needs to be removed from the wikipedia. Please tell me, so that I can do at least something good to help the wikipedia (despite from writing good articles). Some anonymous member wrote a note in the forum of my website, saying that he/she wanted to get my safarinow account disabled. This statement is not a try to prevent this. He/she should do whatever he/she thinks is right. I only wrote that to show that I am really, really sorry and that I am not an evil person that wants to harm the wikipedia, because I think it is a great thing and I also use it a lot. Please let me know, if there is anything I can do, Felix (Fluglotse2000)

title: User talk:Dewet/Archive 1