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Dino Mech Gaiking

Dino Mech Gaiking (大空魔竜ガイキング) is a Japanese Super Robot mecha anime series produced by Toei Animation. For distribution purposes, Toei refers to this television series as Dino-Mecha Gaiking or simply Gaiking.

It ran from April 1976 through January 1977 and consisted of 44 episodes of 25 minutes each. Gaiking was notable for being one of the few super robot series to take place in real places outside Japan, and for being the first Super Robot series to have a mobile carrier for the chief robots. In the US, Gaiking was part of Mattel's popular Shogun Warriors import toy line of the late 1970s and Jim Terry's Force Five anthology series. In 2005, a re-imagining titled Gaiking: Legend of Daiku-Maryu was produced.

Plot
The story chronicled the battle between the crew of the semi-transformable carrier Daikū Maryū and the Super Robot Gaiking invented by Dr. Daimonji against an invading race of aliens called the Dark Horror Army. This army hails from the planet Zela whose home planet is facing destruction by their star, Sigma, turning into a black hole as their population starts to become extinct. Notable aspects of the series include the dinosaur-based designs of the Daikū Maryū and its support machines and the use of part of the carrier to form the main robot. The robot Gaiking was piloted by former baseball star named Sanshiro Tsuwabuki who was drafted for the job because his latent psychic powers made him the only one capable of doing so, all other similarly empowered candidates having been assassinated by alien agents with he himself having been injured in an attack that ended his sports career. Gaiking is most easily distinguished from other mecha by its skull-shaped golden torso formed from the head of the Daikū Maryū and its golden horns.

The leader of the Dark Horror Army was a robot scientist named Darius The Great and all of their ships and mecha were fish-shaped, which most likely inspired the Darius series of video games. He uses four giant robotic leaders called the Death Cross Generals composed of Dr. Dankel, General Asimov, General Killer, and General Desmont. These generals used bomber-like spaceships called Grotectors to create artificial black hole vortexes to travel to Earth and back. Throughout the series the Death Cross Generals and Darius note that natives of Zela originally came to Earth for research purposes before slowly colonizing the planet and using it to hide various dark monsters with the rise of humanity, as far back as one million years before the start of the series until the twelfth century AD. For their military natives of Zela were brainwashed and genetically altered into birdmen called the dark avians with elite individuals becoming dark knights.

Gaiking
A mecha defender robot consisting of three separate components: the Dino-Mecha's head, an arm unit, and a leg unit (the arm and leg units are stored inside the Dino-Mecha and exit from a gateway located below the Dragon's head). These three launch from the Dino-Mecha and combine, while in flight, to form Gaiking. Dino-Mecha's head forms Gaiking's core (i.e., chest and back) and contains Gaiking's own head. Gaiking is operated by baseball star Sanshiro Tsuwabuki.

Daikū Maryū / Dino-Mecha
A gigantic dragon-shaped robot that defends Earth from invaders from the planet Zela. It possesses numerous weapons and houses the sections of the Gaiking robot. Both Gaiking and the Daiku Maryu are composed of the super alloy Zolmanium Steel which was later reinforced with iron deposits from the Moon.

Nesser
A small tank-like robot resembling a Plesiosaur, Nesser is used for scouting missions in water. Its weaponry includes lasers emitting from its eyes, a flamethrower emitting from its mouth, and three mortar cannons located on its chest.

Skylar
A small jet-like robot resembling a Pterodactyl, Skylar is used for scouting missions in the air. Its weaponry includes machine guns and missiles.

Bazolar
A small, but very fast, tank-like robot resembling a Triceratops, Bazolar is used for scouting missions on land. Its weaponry includes laser canons, a drill, and a mortar cannon.

Dark monsters

 * Black Monster: Appears in episodes 1 and 2. Powers include a storm cloud that emits lightning and cyclones called the Cosmic Spectrum, eye electric bolts and energy beams, levitation, can reflect energy beams from the forehead eye, and mouth flames. Reappears in Shin Super Robot Wars, Super Robot Wars Alpha 2, and Super Robot Wars Alpha 3.
 * Gantarooru: Appears in episode 3. Powers include flight, eye energy rings, and mouth flames.
 * Fire Bird: Appears in episode 4. Powers include heat resistance, flight, and body flames.
 * Baragos: Appears in episode 5. Powers include a heat resistance force field, flight, underside bombs, swimming, twin missile launchers in the back, a whip tail, mouth flames and frost, and a head pincer.
 * King Snake: Appears in episode 6. Powers include swimming, coiling, and mouth flames.
 * Ra Mu: Appears in episode 6. Powers include hypnotic eye lasers, a statue disguise, fusing with King Snake, and a sword.
 * Sharkron: Appears in episode 7. Powers include swimming, reinforced teeth, controlling sharks, eye energy beams, head crest electric bolts, mouth flames that can be used underwater, and launchable tail spikes.
 * Octopuzaur: Appears in episode 8. Powers include flight, two tentacles each armed with a pair of whips, and mouth flames and smoke.
 * Jaguar: Appears in episode 9. Powers include flight, mouth flames
 * Sal Gata: Appears in episode 9. Only known power is flight.
 * Konchu Gata: Appears in episode 9. Only known power is lasers from the back horn.
 * Tori Gata: Appears in episode 9. Powers include flight and lasers from the neck horns.
 * Tokage Gata: Appears in episode 9. Powers include flight, eye energy beams, and mouth energy rings.
 * Doon-Raifuun: Appears in episode 10. Powers include flight, eye electric bolts, and mouth missiles.
 * Oozora Maryu: Appears in episode 11. Powers include flight, a magic fire ball cannon from the mouth, and a retractable forehead blade.
 * Gigant: Appears in episode 12. Powers include flight, mouth fire balls, a spear tail, reinforced fangs, and self destructing.
 * Demon of The Desert: Appears in episodes 13 and 14. Powers include burrowing, flight, and invulnerability powered by the original Sasoringer.
 * Sasoringer: Appears in episodes 13 and 14. Powers include burrowing, twin pincer claws, a drill tail that fires hot energy bolts, and swimming. Reappears in Shin Super Robot Wars, Super Robot Wars Alpha 2, and Super Robot Wars Alpha 3.
 * Gantalos: Appears in episode 15. Powers include a bouncing energy ball bazooka and flight.
 * Fake Gaikings: Appear in episode 15. Powers include flight, the Counter Punch, the Back Shredder, and the Saur Geyser.
 * Ice Killer: Appears in episode 16. Powers include flight, a freezing liquid from the mouth called the Nuclear Freezer, and mandibles.
 * Angyoler: Appears in episode 17. Powers include a stone disguise, swimming, mouth suction that can create giant whirlpools, head torpedoes, reinforced teeth, and flight.
 * Mammoth Noah: Appears in episode 18. Powers include a pair of harpoon-like tusks, an extendable trunk that emits electric surges, gusts from the trunk, and eye lasers.
 * Kaikon: Appears in episode 19. Powers include flight, coiling, and three gold web shooters for the mouth.
 * Keroger: Appears in episode 20. Powers include a statue disguise, mouth flames and homing missiles, high jumping, eye electric beams, and a magnetic field in the abdomen.
 * Devil Jaguar: Appears in episode 21. Powers include mouth flames, flight, sharp teeth and claws, an ensnaring tail, and a pair of pendulum blades on the body called the Ring Saturn. Reappears in Shin Super Robot Wars and Super Robot Wars Alpha 2.
 * Kabutonga: Appears in episodes 22 and 23. Powers include a pincer horn that fires magnetic bolts, a drill missile on the rear, reformation, wall crawling, and burrowing. Reappears in Shin Super Robot Wars, Super Robot Wars Alpha 2, and Super Robot Wars Alpha 3.
 * Moon Condor: Appears in episodes 22 and 23. Powers include flight, holograms from the eyes, talons sharp enough to tear through zolmanium, fire resistance, bladed wings, and missiles from an unknown part of the body. Reappears in Shin Super Robot Wars, Super Robot Wars Alpha 2, and Super Robot Wars Alpha 3.
 * Moai Robots: Powers include eye lasers, axes, and spears.
 * Oronga: Appears in episode 24. Powers include heat resistance, mouth flames, a thick turtle shell with retractable spikes, and high jumping.
 * The Gokibular: Appears in episode 25. Powers include flight, mandibles, burrowing, dual whip antennae that absorb or rechannel electricity and fire lasers, and a mouth spike.
 * Gorgon: Appears in episode 26. Powers include traveling in a meteor, a pair of dragon-like heads that emit mouth flames, mouth cyclones, eye lasers, and erecting an extremely tough metal wall.
 * Yadokari: Appears in episode 27. Powers include swimming, flight, trail coiling to form a nautilus shell, six face tentacles, and mouth torpedoes.
 * Spideros: Appears in episode 28. Powers include flight and strong jaws.
 * Neokong: Appears in episode 29. Powers include a statue disguise, size changing, dividing into two bodies, green mouth flames, a pair of combinable pendulum blade staffs in the shoulders that work like a boomerang, and flight.
 * Saur Mons: Appears in episode 30. Powers include swimming, energy bolts from the back spikes, a whip-like tail, and sharp teeth.
 * Double Eagle: Appears in episode 31. Powers include flight, highly explosive eye lasers from both heads, talons, and twin beaks. Unlike other dark monsters it originated from Earth and was rejected by the United Nations in favor of the Daiku Maryu.
 * Shiro Kujira: Appears in episode 32. Powers include swimming and reinforced armor.
 * Great Demon Himilar: Appears in episode 33. Powers include a short sword, a shield on the left wrist that deflects fire, intangibility, teleportation, and an entrapping barrier from the eyes.
 * Blood Buffalo: Appears in episode 34. Powers include flight, twin head horns, burrowing, reinforced armor, and a whip tail. Unlike other dark monsters it is not a member of the Dark Horror Army, rather a space conqueror named Wilder.
 * Satan Ant: Appears in episode 35. Powers include burrowing, mouth acid spray, reformation, flight, and eye energy beams.
 * Golden Leo: Appears in episode 36. Powers include a lion form, man flames that can overpower the Death Fire, fangs, claws, and fire absorption.
 * Haniwa Dolls: Appear in episode 37. Powers include javelins that fire lasers and a telekinetic beam from the eyes.
 * Inodoler: Appears in episode 37. Powers include swimming, flight, and tusk missiles from the mouth.
 * Moll: Appears in episode 38. Powers include traveling in a fire ball, strength, and pectoral missiles.
 * Takomander: Appears in episode 39. Powers include swimming, extendable octopus tentacles, and acidic ink from the mouth.
 * Gasroid: Appears in episode 40. Powers include emitting an acidic gas from the mouth, and a whip tail.
 * King Cobra: Appears in episode 41. Powers include photo absorption to grow, venomous fangs, mouth flames and lasers, flight, and a rubbery body.
 * Nessie Q: Appears in episode 42. Powers include swimming, fangs, a whip tail, a 3-tube missile launcher in the base of the neck, launchable hook spikes at the base of the tail.
 * Kamakirin: Appears in episode 43. Powers include a scythe claw for each hand, eye energy beams, and flight. Unlike other dark monsters it was constructed on Mars.
 * Ganimont: Appears in episodes 43 and 44. Powers include swimming, extendable pincer claw hands, acidic mouth foam, flight, and a machine gun in each eye. Unlike other dark monsters it was constructed on Mars.
 * Dragonder: Appears in episodes 43 and 44. Powers include burrowing, mouth flames, flight, and eye lasers that summon lightning. Unlike other dark monsters it was constructed on Mars.

Cast

 * Sanshirō Tsuwabuki (石蕗三四郎 (also ツワブキ・サンシロー)) Akira Kamiya
 * Doctor Daimonji (大文字博士) Hidekatsu Shibata
 * Fan Li Kan Tokumaru
 * Gen Sakon (左近元) Shunji Yamada
 * Bunta Hayami (速水文太) Kenichi Ogata
 * Peter Richardson Makio Inoue
 * Midori Fujiyama (藤山みどり) Mami Koyama
 * Yamagakake (山ヶ岳) Osamu Kato
 * Hachirō (八郎) Noriko Tsukase
 * Erica Noriko Ohara

Production and release notes
Gaiking was Toei Animation's first super robot series not based on an existing manga (the company's previous super robot anime Mazinger Z, Getter Robo, etc. were based on manga series by manga artists and writers Go Nagai and Ken Ishikawa respectively).

The program was shown in English internationally as part of Jim Terry's Force Five lineup, and was also broadcast in Latin America as El Gladiador as part of a 4 anime mecha show called El Festival de los Robots (with the other 3 being Starzinger, Magne Robo Gakeen and Kotetsu Jeeg, known as El Galactico, Supermagnetron and El Vengador, respectively). The Jim Terry dub was released on video in the UK by Krypton Force under the name The Protectors, though the first volume of their Formators series actually contained Gaiking episodes instead of episodes from Jim Terry's Starvengers. Another dub was produced in the late-70s by M&M Productions in Hawaii, who also dubbed Mazinger Z for Toei as a potential test for a US release. Isao Sasaki did the English versions of opening and ending songs for this dub. Of this dub, only the eleventh episode survives.

The first 26 episodes of Gaiking were also aired in Italy during the Japanese super robot craze of the late 70s/early 80s, under the name Gaiking. In the late 1990s the whole series was released in Italy in dubbed DVD boxes. Two episodes from Jim Terry's Force Five Gaiking series would be redubbed as an episode of Robo Formers.

Discotek Media acquired the rights for the entire television series and released it in a complete box set, in Japanese with English subtitles, in June 2016. Reception for the release was mostly positive, but was noted for minor translation issues with the word Ankoku, most notably renaming the Dark Horror Army and Dark Monsters to Black Horror Army and Black Monsters, respectively.

In 2009, William Winckler Productions produced three all-new English dubbed film versions edited from the original series. William Winckler, known for Tekkaman the Space Knight, wrote, produced and directed the English films, which are seen on broadband in Japan and released on DVD in North America by Shout! Factory in 2013.

Legal controversy
Toei Animation credited the show as being based on an original idea by Kunio Nakatani, Akio Sugino and Dan Kobayashi, but in reality the original idea was of Go Nagai. Toei deliberately took Nagai out of the credits in order to avoid the payment of royalties. Because of that, Nagai sued Toei and stopped further collaborations with Toei for a long time. The legal battle lasted more than 10 years. Nagai himself confirmed that he was the creator of Gaiking at Comicon 2007 in Naples, Italy.

Game appearances
The original Gaiking first appeared in Shin Super Robot Wars for the PlayStation and later in 2nd Super Robot Wars Alpha and 3rd Super Robot Wars Alpha, both for the PlayStation 2.

Hollywood remake

 * A live-action film based on the series, entitled Gaiking, was announced at the 2010 Tokyo Animation Fair and was to be helmed by American filmmakers Jules Urbach and Matthew Gratzner, who created the trailer for the film's public reveal.  In 2012 Toei was teaming with The Walking Dead producer Valhalla Entertainment for the live-action adaptation of the show, but no further developments since then have been noted.

title: Dino Mech Gaiking


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Don Scott (Manitoba politician)

Donald Arthur Scott (born August 5, 1948) is a former politician from Manitoba, Canada. He was the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP) member of the Manitoba legislature from 1981 to 1988.

The son of Donald Alexander Scott and Mary Enid, he was raised in Liverpool, Nova Scotia, and attended a number of higher-learning institutions, including St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, the University of Winnipeg and the University of Manitoba. He worked as a financial-government analyst, and at one stage worked for the Auditor General of Canada. Scott also held membership in a number of environmentally-oriented groups, including the Naturalists Society and the Solar Energy Society of Canada.

Scott was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the Manitoba general election of 1981, in the riding of Inkster. This particular riding was notable for having been held by Sidney Green, a prominent cabinet minister in the government of NDP Premier Edward Schreyer, since 1966. Green had left the NDP in 1979, and was seeking re-election as a member of the Progressive Party of Manitoba.

At first, the NDP wanted Roland Penner to challenge Green; Scott, a relative unknown, was drafted only after Penner declined. Nevertheless, he was elected in Inkster with a clear majority, receiving 6283 votes, as Green placed third with only 783. Following this election, the Progressive Party was no longer taken seriously as a political force.

Scott was re-elected without difficulty in the provincial election of 1986, defeating his nearest competitor by almost 4000 votes. In the 1988 election, however, he was upset by Liberal Kevin Lamoureux, who outpolled him by 4466 votes to 4098. The 1988 election was called after NDP backbencher Jim Walding voted against his own party's budget, causing the government to fall two years before an election would normally have been called. Scott was one of several NDP members defeated in the following campaign; his loss in a seat previously regarded as safe for the party came as a particular surprise.

Scott later moved to Victoria, British Columbia. Following the Manitoba election of 2003, he wrote an op-ed piece for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, acknowledging the centrist approach of Gary Doer's government while also encouraging it to invest more in social programs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Don Scott (Manitoba politician)


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Bookcase

A bookcase, or bookshelf, is a piece of furniture with horizontal shelves, often in a cabinet, used to store books or other printed materials. Bookcases are used in private homes, public and university libraries, offices, schools, and bookstores. Bookcases range from small, low models the height of a table to high models reaching up to ceiling height. Shelves may be fixed or adjustable to different positions in the case. In rooms entirely devoted to the storage of books, such as libraries, they may be permanently fixed to the walls and/or floor.

A bookcase may be fitted with glass doors that can be closed to protect the books from dust or moisture. Bookcase doors are almost always glazed with glass, so as to allow the spines of the books to be read. Especially valuable rare books may be kept in locked cases with wooden or glazed doors. A small bookshelf may also stand on some other piece of furniture, such as a desk or chest. Larger books are more likely to be kept in horizontal piles and very large books flat on wide shelves or on coffee tables.

In Latin and Greek, the idea of bookcase is represented by Bibliotheca and Bibliothēkē (βιβλιοθήκη), derivatives of which mean library in many modern languages. A bookcase is also known as a bookshelf, bookstand, cupboard and bookrack. In a library, large bookshelves are called "stacks."

East Asia
Revolving bookcases, known as zhuanlunzang, have been documented in imperial China, and its invention is credited to Fu Xi in 544. Descriptions of revolving bookcases have been found in 8th- and 9th-century Chinese texts. Revolving bookcases were popularized in Buddhist monasteries during the Song Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Taizu, who ordered the mass printing of the Buddhist Tripiṭaka scriptures. An illustration of a revolving bookcase is depicted in Li Jie's architectural treatise the Yingzao Fashi.

Europe
Private libraries appeared during the late Roman republic: Seneca inveighed against libraries fitted out for show by illiterate owners who scarcely read their titles in the course of a lifetime, but displayed the scrolls in bookcases (armaria) of citrus wood inlaid with ivory that ran right to the ceiling: "by now, like bathrooms and hot water, a library is got up as standard equipment for a fine house" (domus).

When books were written by hand and were not produced in great quantities, they were kept in small boxes or chests which owners (usually the wealthy aristocrats or clergy) carried with them. As manuscript volumes accumulated in religious houses or in homes of the wealthy, they were stored on shelves or in cupboards. These cupboards are the predecessors of today's bookcases. Later the doors were removed, and the evolution of the bookcase proceeded. Even then, however, the volumes were not arranged in the modern fashion. They were either placed in piles upon their sides, or if upright, were ranged with their backs to the wall and their edges outwards. The band of leather, vellum or parchment which closed the book was often used for the inscription of the title, which was thus on the fore-edge instead of on the spine. Titles were also commonly written onto the fore-edge.

It was not until the invention of printing had greatly reduced the cost of books, thus allowing many more people access to owning books, that it became the practice to write the title on the spine and shelve books with the spine outwards. (This was possible because the books were now in the form of a codex rather than a scroll.) Early bookcases were usually of oak, which is still deemed by some to be the most appropriate wood for an elegant library. The oldest bookcases in England are those in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, which were placed in position in the last year or two of the sixteenth century; in that library are the earliest extant examples of shelved galleries over the flat wall-cases. Long ranges of book-shelves are somewhat severe in appearance, and many attempts have been made by means of carved cornices and pilasters to give them a less austere appearance. These attempts were most successful as in the hands of the English cabinetmakers of the second half of the eighteenth century.

Designers and manufacturers
Both Chippendale and Sheraton made or designed many bookcases, mostly glazed with little lozenges encased in fretwork frames, often of great charm and elegance. In the eyes of some, the grace of some of Sheraton's satinwood bookcases has rarely been equalled. The French cabinetmakers of the same period were also highly successful with small ornamental cases. Mahogany, rosewood satinwood and even choicer exotic timbers were used; they were often inlaid with marquetry and mounted with chased and gilded bronze. Dwarf bookcases were frequently finished with a slab of choice marble at the top.

In 1876, John Danner of Canton, Ohio, invented a revolving bookcase with a patented "pivot and post" design. The ingenuity of his work resided in the economy of space it provided. Thirty-two volumes of the American Cyclopedia could be stored in a compact space, and readily available for perusal at the touch of a finger. Danner's bookcase appeared in the 1894 Montgomery Ward catalog. In 1878 he exhibited his bookcases at the Paris International Exhibition and won a gold medal. The John Danner Manufacturing Company was known for honorable workmanship and affordability. The woods were oak, black walnut, western ash, and Philippine mahogany. Viewed as a progressive businessman, Danner was credited with drawing a large trade and business to the city of Canton.

Library shelving
In the great public libraries of the twentieth century, multilevel stacks often served as both structure and shelving, of iron, as in the British Museum where the shelves are covered with cowhide; or steel, as in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.; or of slate, as in the Fitzwilliam Library at Cambridge.

Systems of arrangement
There are three common ways of arranging stationary bookcases: flat against the wall; in stacks or ranges parallel to each other with merely enough space between to allow for the passage of a librarian; or in bays or alcoves, where cases jut out into the room at right angles to the wall-cases. The stack system is suitable only for public libraries where economy of space is essential; the bay system is not only handsome but utilizes the space to great advantage. The library of the City of London at the Guildhall is a peculiarly effective example of the bay arrangement.

For libraries where space is extremely tight there is yet another system, usually called mobile aisle shelving. In such systems rows of bookcases are mounted on wheels and packed tightly together with only one or more aisles between them. It is possible then to visit only two bookcase sides at a time, all the others being pressed close together. A gearing mechanism allows users to move the bookcases and open the aisle in the desired location. Because of the danger of tripping on the floor-mounted rails or being crushed between bookcases, these systems may have electronic sensors and/or recessed track, or may be reserved for closed stacks where access is restricted.

Barrister's bookcase
A barrister requires the use of many law books and would formerly travel on circuit with a judge's court. A specialised form of portable bookcase was developed to meet their needs. It consists of several separate shelf units that may be stacked together to form a cabinet. An additional plinth and hood complete the piece. When moving chambers, each shelf is carried separately without needing to remove its contents, and becomes a carrying-case full of books.

They were, and are, also marketed as "extensible bookcases".

To help retain the books when being carried, a barrister's bookcase has glazed doors. As the shelves must still separate, the usual hinged doors opening sideways cannot be used; instead there is an "up and over" mechanism on each shelf, like an overhead door. The better quality cases use a metal scissor mechanism inside the shelves to ensure that the ends of the doors move in parallel without skewing and jamming. Many of this style, exported worldwide, were made by the Skandia Furniture Co. of Rockford, Illinois around the beginning of the 20th century.

This style of bookcase was either made in the Dickensian period, or harkens back to the style of such times, so they are most commonly glazed with a leaded light and small panes of glass.

Each shelf of a true barrister's bookcase must be portable with a heavy load of books. The more robust examples have folding handles at the ends of each shelf. Modern "decorator" copies of these may look the same, but are often too lightly constructed to be carried whilst loaded, or may even be simply a single fixed case like a normal bookcase, but with separate doors to each shelf to give the appearance of a barrister's bookcase.

Thomas Jefferson's book boxes
Similar to the Barrister's bookcase is Thomas Jefferson's book boxes. When the British burned down the capitol in 1814, Congress went into negotiations with Thomas Jefferson to purchase his personal library of about 6,700 books. The book collection would be the foundation of the Library of Congress, and it had its own specially designed shelves designed to help transport the books with ease from Thomas Jefferson's home at Monticello.

The book boxes or ("book presses" as they are sometimes called) were made of pine with backs and shelves, but no fronts. They were designed to be three-tiered, stacked on top of each other. When fully assembled, the boxes stood about 9 feet high. Each shelf had a different depth, however, ranging from 13 inches to 5.75 inches deep. The shelves had about ¾ inch on the front where boards could be nailed on for transportation. Scrap paper was used to stuff between the books as a way of protecting them during their journey. When it was time to transport the books, the individual shelves could be removed then reassembled once they made it to their final location.

There is no documentation that Thomas Jefferson actually designed them himself, but the amount of detail that went into their construction suggests that they were his idea. There are no surviving original book boxes, but officials at Monticello were able to recreate six of these bookcases in 1959. This was achieved through experts compiling all written evidence of the book boxes as well as taking measurements of the remaining volumes from the Jefferson Library at the Library of Congress.

Writing

 * Practical
 * The construction and arrangement of bookcases was learnedly discussed in the light of experience by W. E. Gladstone in the Nineteenth Century for March 1890, entitled "On Books and the Housing of Them". An early type of mobile shelving made of steel is sometimes said to have been invented by Gladstone.
 * The Book on the Bookshelf by Henry Petroski (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999) also discusses the shelving of books in some detail.
 * Living with Books by Alan Powers (London: Mitchell Beazley, 1999) deals with accommodating books at home.
 * Lunacy & the Arrangement of Books by Terry Belanger (New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Press, 2003) also deals with the subject.
 * The Pictorial Catalogue; mural decoration in libraries: the Lyell Lectures, Oxford 1972-1973 by André Masson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) deals with the systems used in early modern European libraries.
 * See also:
 * Sympson the Joiner and the early glazed bookcases made for Samuel Pepys
 * The Cottonian Library where each bookcase was named after a prominent figure in ancient Rome whose bust stood on the top.

 * Literature and film
 * In several stories, a secret area is hidden behind a bookcase built into the wall. The entrance is typically opened when a particular book on the shelf is pulled off or uses a switch in a statue, usually under the head. One particularly humorous example is found in the film Young Frankenstein, when Doctor Frankenstein's laboratory is opened via a bookcase triggered by a candle.
 * H. C. Bunner wrote a comic poem "Shake, Mulleary and Go-ethe" "I have a bookcase which is what / Many much better men have not / There are no books inside, for books / I am afraid might spoil its looks, etc."
 * In this passage from Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel Anne of Green Gables, the author refers to a bookcase; "Thomas she had a bookcase in her sitting room with glass doors."
 * Beatrix Potter referred to a bookcase in her children's tales The Original Peter Rabbit Books in this passage; "The bookcase and the bird-cage refused to go into the mouse-hole."

title: Bookcase


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Focus (geometry)

In geometry, focuses or foci (: focus) are special points with reference to which any of a variety of curves is constructed. For example, one or two foci can be used in defining conic sections, the four types of which are the circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola. In addition, two foci are used to define the Cassini oval and the Cartesian oval, and more than two foci are used in defining an n-ellipse.

Defining conics in terms of two foci
An ellipse can be defined as the locus of points for which the sum of the distances to two given foci is constant.

A circle is the special case of an ellipse in which the two foci coincide with each other. Thus, a circle can be more simply defined as the locus of points each of which is a fixed distance from a single given focus. A circle can also be defined as the circle of Apollonius, in terms of two different foci, as the locus of points having a fixed ratio of distances to the two foci.

A parabola is a limiting case of an ellipse in which one of the foci is a point at infinity.

A hyperbola can be defined as the locus of points for which the absolute value of the difference between the distances to two given foci is constant.

Defining conics in terms of a focus and a directrix
It is also possible to describe all conic sections in terms of a single focus and a single directrix, which is a given line not containing the focus. A conic is defined as the locus of points for each of which the distance to the focus divided by the distance to the directrix is a fixed positive constant, called the eccentricity $F$. If $0 < e < 1$ the conic is an ellipse, if $e = 1$ the conic is a parabola, and if $e > 1$ the conic is a hyperbola. If the distance to the focus is fixed and the directrix is a line at infinity, so the eccentricity is zero, then the conic is a circle.

Defining conics in terms of a focus and a directrix circle
It is also possible to describe all the conic sections as loci of points that are equidistant from a single focus and a single, circular directrix. For the ellipse, both the focus and the center of the directrix circle have finite coordinates and the radius of the directrix circle is greater than the distance between the center of this circle and the focus; thus, the focus is inside the directrix circle. The ellipse thus generated has its second focus at the center of the directrix circle, and the ellipse lies entirely within the circle.

For the parabola, the center of the directrix moves to the point at infinity (see Projective geometry). The directrix "circle" becomes a curve with zero curvature, indistinguishable from a straight line. The two arms of the parabola become increasingly parallel as they extend, and "at infinity" become parallel; using the principles of projective geometry, the two parallels intersect at the point at infinity and the parabola becomes a closed curve (elliptical projection).

To generate a hyperbola, the radius of the directrix circle is chosen to be less than the distance between the center of this circle and the focus; thus, the focus is outside the directrix circle. The arms of the hyperbola approach asymptotic lines and the "right-hand" arm of one branch of a hyperbola meets the "left-hand" arm of the other branch of a hyperbola at the point at infinity; this is based on the principle that, in projective geometry, a single line meets itself at a point at infinity. The two branches of a hyperbola are thus the two (twisted) halves of a curve closed over infinity.

In projective geometry, all conics are equivalent in the sense that every theorem that can be stated for one can be stated for the others.

Astronomical significance
In the gravitational two-body problem, the orbits of the two bodies about each other are described by two overlapping conic sections with one of the foci of one being coincident with one of the foci of the other at the center of mass (barycenter) of the two bodies.

Thus, for instance, the minor planet Pluto's largest moon Charon has an elliptical orbit which has one focus at the Pluto-Charon system's barycenter, which is a point that is in space between the two bodies; and Pluto also moves in an ellipse with one of its foci at that same barycenter between the bodies. Pluto's ellipse is entirely inside Charon's ellipse, as shown in this animation of the system.

By comparison, the Earth's Moon moves in an ellipse with one of its foci at the barycenter of the Moon and the Earth, this barycenter being within the Earth itself, while the Earth (more precisely, its center) moves in an ellipse with one focus at that same barycenter within the Earth. The barycenter is about three-quarters of the distance from Earth's center to its surface.

Moreover, the Pluto-Charon system moves in an ellipse around its barycenter with the Sun, as does the Earth-Moon system (and every other planet-moon system or moonless planet in the solar system). In both cases the barycenter is well within the body of the Sun.

Two binary stars also move in ellipses sharing a focus at their barycenter; for an animation, see here.

Cartesian and Cassini ovals
A Cartesian oval is the set of points for each of which the weighted sum of the distances to two given foci is constant. If the weights are equal, the special case of an ellipse results.

A Cassini oval is the set of points for each of which the product of the distances to two given foci is constant.

Generalizations
An n-ellipse is the set of points all having the same sum of distances to $e$ foci (the $n = 2$ case being the conventional ellipse).

The concept of a focus can be generalized to arbitrary algebraic curves. Let $n$ be a curve of class $C$ and let $m$ and $I$ denote the circular points at infinity. Draw the $J$ tangents to $m$ through each of $C$ and $I$. There are two sets of $J$ lines which will have $m^{2}$ points of intersection, with exceptions in some cases due to singularities, etc. These points of intersection are the defined to be the foci of $m$. In other words, a point $C$ is a focus if both $P$ and $PI$ are tangent to $PJ$. When $C$ is a real curve, only the intersections of conjugate pairs are real, so there are $C$ in a real foci and $m^{2} − m$ imaginary foci. When $m$ is a conic, the real foci defined this way are exactly the foci which can be used in the geometric construction of $C$.

Confocal curves
Let $P_{1}, P_{2}, …, P_{m}$ be given as foci of a curve $C$ of class $C$. Let $m$ be the product of the tangential equations of these points and $P$ the product of the tangential equations of the circular points at infinity. Then all the lines which are common tangents to both $P = 0$ and $Q = 0$ are tangent to $Q$. So, by the AF+BG theorem, the tangential equation of $C$ has the form $HP + KQ = 0$. Since $C$ has class $C$, $m$ must be a constant and $H$ but have degree less than or equal to $m − 2$. The case $H = 0$ can be eliminated as degenerate, so the tangential equation of $K$ can be written as $P + fQ = 0$ where $C$ is an arbitrary polynomial of degree $2m$.

For example, let $m = 2$, $P_{1} = (1, 0)$, and $P_{2} = (−1, 0)$. The tangential equations are
 * $$\begin{align}

X + 1 &= 0 \\ X - 1 &= 0 \end{align}$$ so $P = X^{2} − 1 = 0$. The tangential equations for the circular points at infinity are
 * $$\begin{align}

X + iY &= 0 \\ X - iY &= 0 \end{align}$$ so $Q = X^{2} +Y^{2}$. Therefore, the tangential equation for a conic with the given foci is
 * $$X^2 - 1 + c(X^2 +Y^2) = 0$$

or
 * $$(1+c)X^2 + cY^2 = 1,$$

where $f$ is an arbitrary constant. In point coordinates this becomes
 * $$\frac{x^2}{1+c} + \frac{y^2}{c} = 1.$$

title: Focus (geometry)


text:
Talk:Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)

U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement
Shouldn't this article reference the Status of Forces Agreement? Those are the terms in which US troops have been withdrawn thus far.

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:2021 withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:06, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Previous top comment not in a sub-section
'''It's 2013. Are U.S. government troops still in Iraq? If so, how many? No mention of anything from this year on this page! ''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:9:4F00:7E:20A:52FF:FE25:32F (talk) 10:25, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Moved down here! Balon Greyjoy (talk) 14:33, 4 May 2021 (UTC)

ISI Resurgence as ISIL
In the infobox, one of the listed results of the US withdrawal is "ISI resurgence as ISIL." I'm not sure if this is a typographical error since ISI is not listed as a former name of the Islamic State nor is it mentioned in the Wikipedia article on the Islamic State and neither is it mentioned in this article other than in the aforementioned infobox bullet point. One might assume ISI is an acronym for the "Islamic State in Iraq" or the "Islamic State of Iraq", but I could not find any references in Wikipedia or on Google to such an incarnation specifically excluding Syria or the Levant in general. The other presumptive expansion of the ISI acronym would be "Inter-Services Intelligence" (ISI; Urdu: بین الخدماتی مخابرات), the premier intelligence agency of Pakistan. I am no expert on the topic, but I would assume the article is not purporting the Pakistani intelligence agency reformed as ISIL since that agency still exists under the Pakistani government. Normally, I would edit the article myself if the intended word or term were obvious, but I am not certain to what specific precursor to ISIL the author is referring. If anyone could shed light on the matter, or make the correction personally, that would help. Thank you. 66.91.36.8 (talk) 02:10, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

Infobox
The withdrawal of troops is not an armed conflict. It’s an event. That’s why we need to put the “event” infobox here. BestWikiDog (talk) 07:01, 29 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Focus (optics)

In geometrical optics, a focus, also called an image point, is a point where light rays originating from a point on the object converge. Although the focus is conceptually a point, physically the focus has a spatial extent, called the blur circle. This non-ideal focusing may be caused by aberrations of the imaging optics. In the absence of significant aberrations, the smallest possible blur circle is the Airy disc, which is caused by diffraction from the optical system's aperture. Aberrations tend to worsen as the aperture diameter increases, while the Airy circle is smallest for large apertures.

An image, or image point or region, is in focus if light from object points is converged almost as much as possible in the image, and out of focus if light is not well converged. The border between these is sometimes defined using a "circle of confusion" criterion.

A principal focus or focal point is a special focus:
 * For a lens, or a spherical or parabolic mirror, it is a point onto which collimated light parallel to the axis is focused. Since light can pass through a lens in either direction, a lens has two focal points – one on each side. The distance in air from the lens or mirror's principal plane to the focus is called the focal length.
 * Elliptical mirrors have two focal points: light that passes through one of these before striking the mirror is reflected such that it passes through the other.
 * The focus of a hyperbolic mirror is either of two points which have the property that light from one is reflected as if it came from the other.

Diverging (negative) lenses and convex mirrors do not focus a collimated beam to a point. Instead, the focus is the point from which the light appears to be emanating, after it travels through the lens or reflects from the mirror. A convex parabolic mirror will reflect a beam of collimated light to make it appear as if it were radiating from the focal point, or conversely, reflect rays directed toward the focus as a collimated beam. A convex elliptical mirror will reflect light directed towards one focus as if it were radiating from the other focus, both of which are behind the mirror. A convex hyperbolic mirror will reflect rays emanating from the focal point in front of the mirror as if they were emanating from the focal point behind the mirror. Conversely, it can focus rays directed at the focal point that is behind the mirror towards the focal point that is in front of the mirror as in a Cassegrain telescope.

title: Focus (optics)


text:
Talk:Battles of Lexington and Concord

Correction of City name
In the 3rd Paragraph of the article introduction, it is stated: "The initial mode of the Army's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charleston using lanterns to communicate "one if by land, two if by sea"." This sentence should read: "The initial mode of the Army's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate "one if by land, two if by sea". Charleston is a city in South Carolina, unrelated to Paul Revere's warning. Charlestown is the city in Boston which received Revere's famous message.

(Vengeancelacrosse (talk) 18:39, 6 March 2018 (UTC)) 3/6/2018

 * Yes check.svg Done DRAGON BOOSTER   ★  18:50, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Just for information, the major city of South Carolina was called Charles Town or Charlestown until well after the war of independence. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 01:14, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

 * The South Carolina city was originally known as Charles Town, then Charlestown, Charles Ton and finally Charleston. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 03:31, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

Terminology for American troops
It's a tricky matter coming up with appropriate terminology for Americans at this particular stage. They were indeed known as "Americans" in period texts although I don't think they really identified as such. The term "Patriots" to describe them as a military body is lately being used on this page and I think that's perhaps even less appropriate than "Americans." I'm not sure it's a good label. It's ambiguous and subjective. The term meant different things to different people. I think we need an objective term that satisfactorily sums up what and who they are. Most commonly, they were known as "provincials." I think this is the most appropriate term. They used it. The British used it. It sums up who and what they are. I think it should be used throughout. Historical Perspective 2 (talk) 09:43, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Did “provincials” apply only to the rebels? There were numerous “provincial” regiments wearing red!
 * The terminology is complicated by what people called themselves at the time, by how 19th-century Americans wanted them to be remembered, and by the neutral viewpoint we should all have today. I think the word American—capitalized— should not be used alone, in terms of the conflict, until after the treaty was ratified. Those who called themselves Whigs and those who called themselves a “King George’s man“ were all lower-case americans, equally. “Rebel“ is an honourable term for someone who resists a situation they can’t accept. “British subject” shouldn’t be sneered at for someone who supports the legitimate authority. All americans. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 03:50, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

 * The term "Patriot" has been in use on this and other ARW pages for a very long time (at least ten years), so "lately" is not a very good descriptor of its usage here. There has been a long-standing consensus that it is an adequate descriptor for active participants of the rebel cause, especially in the pre-independence parts of the conflict and in events not involving regular military formations.  When properly linked to Patriot (American Revolution), the use is not really ambiguous, even if it is not equivalent to modern conceptions of Patriotism.  Magic ♪piano 13:16, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I am not sure the usage of the word "Patriot" is appropriate here even with the disambiguation. This battle is being used as a dog whistle for rallying "Patriots" within the alt-right to "1776 Again." See this video: (Defanged) hxxps://fb[.]watch/mOdfvBZYEX/ Jocephus865 (talk) 00:28, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Battle of Menotomy into Battles of Lexington and Concord
This appears to be a military action that is not meaningfully distinguishable from the two battles at the merge target; this is simply the military engagement in which the American patriots ambushed the British during the British retreat; this can be adequately captured within Battles of Lexington and Concord. Most of the histories that I'm able to find treat this all as one event (Coburn famously labeled this whole event as "The Battle of April 19, 1775").

In any case, I see no need for a WP:CFORK breaking out this particular exchange of fire at this time, and I think the articles should be merged as such. — Red-tailed hawk  (nest) 22:17, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. Thank you. Display name 99 (talk) 23:20, 16 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support I am in favour of combining the articles. The battle of Menetony isn’t significant enough to stand alone.
 * I would gladly support re-titling in the article “ The Battle of April 19, 1775” since there is a precedent for that name being used. It would cover include activities, such as the ambush at Menetony, which didn’t actually take place in Lexington or Concord. More balanced. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 03:22, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Support
 * I am astonished that this hadn't been thought of merging before, since the article basically a... paragraph.
 * I'd definitely merge.
 * BillClinternet (talk) 20:35, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose It is a separate battle, in a different place, with its own not insignifcant casualties.  To merge is offensive.  It simply needs to be expanded.  Period. 2601:196:180:DC0:2DDE:A626:2E4B:2BD3 (talk) 09:27, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose :I'd also oppose. It is a different battle, and to merge would make things confusing for people trying to find something. 73.11.152.191 (talk) 03:42, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose, vigorously. I agree that it is a separate battle and that the article needs to be expanded. The article should NOT be retitled. A User will search for "Battle of Menetony", not "Battle of April 19, 1775".  Always keep the needs and convenience of the USER in mind, not the quirks of editors.  Vicedomino (talk) 04:37, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose For the reasons stated above, and primarily because I think merging them under the title "Battle of April 19, 1775" would be a mistake. One author used that term for a book title roughly a century ago but no one knows it as that. It's "Battles of Lexington and Concord" in histories and popular culture alike. Historical Perspective 2 (talk) 12:00, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support merge and re-titling to "The Battle of April 19, 1775" Ascelyn (talk) 09:27, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * support merge. But I don't get the idea of retitling the article to what is essentially a date--Ioe bidome (talk) 22:49, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support merge. The battle is obviously related, and thus I view it as a subset of the better-known battles. I also oppose the suggestion to re-title since this would tend to "bury" all three behind the lesser-known date. Allreet (talk) 20:59, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose The argument to merge has merit, but I think they should be separate... for now at least. Looking at the edit history, it looks to be a (fairly) young article. It also seems as though it has the makings of an interesting stand alone article of a perhaps glossed over battle (roughly half the days casualties, Samuel Whittemore was named the state hero for his actions there and a few other interesting tidbits I've found while going down this rabbit hole, that aren't mentioned here or on the Lexington & Concord page). The article definitely needs to be fleshed out, if it can. I may even look into trying my hand at giving it some help. So I vote for giving it some time.  If we're here again in a year... two years, whatever...  then maybe merge it. IrishRhino139 (talk) 04:13, 30 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the title of the article could be changed to Battles at Lexington, Concord, and Menetony to preserve the traditional names. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 05:05, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * One historian votes SUPPORT
 * A 2016 article by Harry Schenawolf in the Revolutionary War Journal (General Joseph Warren: Patriot Leader Killed at Bunker Hill) says
 * “The colonists would suffer the greatest number of casualties that day in what was called the Battle of Menotomy (now merged into the Battle of Lexington and Concord).”
 * https://revolutionarywarjournal.com/warren/ Humphrey Tribble (talk) 07:28, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I will not argue if the articles should be merged but I oppose to rename the article to Battle of April 19, 1775 per WP:COMMONNAME, which sources used in the article show that this warlike confrontation is known as Battles of Lexington and Concord. --2x2leax (talk) 14:40, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment
 * would this merge lead to the article being WP:TOOBIG? Imoutofchoices (talk) 16:20, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support I agree that the Battle of Menotomy should be on the same page as the Battles of Lexington and Concord. There are a few reasons, one being that the Battle of Menotomy is a smaller, less known battle than the Battles of Lexington and Concord and would be fairly difficult to write an entire article on. Not to mention that putting a lesser known battle on the page of a very well known one may bring people to the awareness of this event where they might not be able to find it otherwise. However, I oppose renaming the article to "The Battle of April 19, 1775" for the same reason some people oppose merging the two articles: they are simply not the same battle. The Battle of Menotomy was a colonial attack on the British during their retreat from Concord, it was not an extension of Lexington and Concord. If the decision to merge these articles is reached, which I hpe it is, there need be a few things that happen:

- These two events are NOT part of the same battle - They DID happen on the same day - The article SHOULD be renamed to "The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Menotomy" - People NEED to be able to find the Battle of Menotomy when they search it up I hope you take the idea to merge these articles into serious consideration. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:680:8100:6760:2DD1:9A34:2068:16BA (talk) 21:05, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. I would add that I think Battle of Menotomy should redirect to this article. Professor Penguino (talk) 06:04, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose There is no pressing reason why the Battle of Menotomy article be merged to this one. They were two distinctly separate battles. The Battles of Lexington and Concord, iconic battles that marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War,  involved a British offensive, while the Battle of Menotomy involved a British retreat in a war that already begun.The Battle  of Menotomy is briefly covered in this article, with links, which should suffice in terms of inclusion here. Further, how would we rename this article if a merge were to occur? Battles of Lexington and Concord and Menotomy? Three battles in one title would be very odd, and it seems it would only be a matter of time before others proposed a split.  I've never seen an article title that included three battles.  Best to leave well enough alone. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 20:33, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

Occupation of Boston
Has use of the word occupation been discussed before? I can’t find anything in the archive. I think this comes up in the article about the Boston massacre too.

The link in this article tells me the following: Military occupation, also known as belligerent occupation or simply occupation, is the effective military control by a ruling power over a territory that is outside of that power's sovereign territory.
 * The British don’t seem to have been in control, at least not in the way I think of occupation. Plus the colonies were not outside British sovereign territory.
 * I expect the word occupation has become part of the canon of the revolution so it is difficult to change even if there was an alternative. A similar issue of perspective comes up when the word invasion is used with respect to the revolution. it all changes after the treaty of Paris, and it can be argued as changing when independence was declared.

Can anyone suggest how this question of perspective is handled in other rebellions? An example not involving the British Army would make it clear. (I’m not suggesting such an example should be in the article.) Perhaps colonies elsewhere in the Americas, Africa, or even the Philippines? Humphrey Tribble (talk) 18:40, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

Ford and Ramsbotham wreath-laying order inaccuracy
In the article as it stands, we have "President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham, the British Ambassador to the United States, laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle."

However, the cited source actually says "Following the President's remarks, Sir Peter Ramsbotham, British Ambassador to the United States, laid a wreath on the graves of British soldiers buried at Concord. The President then placed a wreath at the base of the Minutemen Statue." which makes no mention of respectful observation, and demonstrates that Ramsbotham laid his wreath first, contrary to the article's assertion. Can someone fix this please? 66.203.189.102 (talk) 19:04, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battles of Lexington and Concord


text:
Admaston/Bromley

Admaston/Bromley is an incorporated township in Renfrew County, Eastern Ontario, Canada. It was formed on January 1, 2000, when Admaston and Bromley Townships were amalgamated. It takes part of its name from Admaston, Staffordshire, a small English hamlet.

Communities
The township comprises the communities of Admaston, Balsam Hill, Belangers Corners, Bromley, Bulgers Corners, Connaught, Douglas, Ferguslea, Fremo Corners, Kellys Corner, Martins Corner, McDougall, Moores Lake, Mount St. Patrick, Northcote, Oakgrove, Osceola, Payne, Pine Valley, Renfrew Junction, Rosebank, Shamrock, and Wolftown.

Admaston
The community, as well as the township, were named for the little village of Admaston, Staffordshire, the native home of Sir Charles Bagot, second Governor General of the Province of Canada.

Bromley
The community, as well as the township, took its name from Bagot's Bromley in Staffordshire, England, home of the Bagot family.

Douglas
When the post office was established in 1854, Scottish settlers chose the name Douglas after a town in Lanarkshire, Scotland. The town of Douglas is the third of five chutes along the Bonnechere River. The others being Castleford, Renfrew, Fourth Chute and Eganville. The chutes were used for moving timber past rapids and waterfalls; Douglas had a 21-foot (3.4 m) waterfall over which log drivers had to shepherd their timber.

Mount St. Patrick
The community was most likely first settled in the 1830's by squatters on the land, as there was no land registry until the 1850's. The settlers, almost solely Irish Catholics, named the village after Croagh Patrick, in County Mayo, Ireland.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Admaston/Bromley had a population of $2,995$ living in $1,136$ of its $1,305$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,935$. With a land area of 519.59 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Local government
List of former mayors:
 * Raye-Anne Briscoe (2000–2014)
 * Michael Donohue (2014–present)

title: Admaston/Bromley


text:
Theodor Schwann

Theodor Schwann ( 7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physician and physiologist. His most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Other contributions include the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term "metabolism".

Early life and education
Theodor Schwann was born in Neuss on 7 December 1810 to Leonard Schwann and Elisabeth Rottels. Leonard Schwann was a goldsmith and later a printer. Theodor Schwann studied at the Dreikönigsgymnasium (also known as the Tricoronatum or Three Kings School), a Jesuit school in Cologne. Schwann was a devout Roman Catholic. In Cologne his religious instructor, a priest and novelist, emphasized the individuality of the human soul and the importance of free will.

In 1829, Schwann enrolled at the University of Bonn in the premedical curriculum. He received a bachelor of philosophy in 1831. While at Bonn, Schwann met and worked with physiologist Johannes Peter Müller. Müller is considered to have founded scientific medicine in Germany, publishing his Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen in 1837–1840. It was translated into English as Elements of Physiology in 1837–1843 and became the leading physiology textbook of the 1800s.

In 1831, Schwann moved to the University of Würzburg for clinical training in medicine. In 1833, he went to the University of Berlin, where Müller was now Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. Schwann graduated with an M.D. degree in medicine from the University of Berlin in 1834. He did his thesis work in 1833–1834, with Müller as his advisor. Schwann's thesis involved a careful study of the necessity for oxygen during the embryonic development of the chicken. To carry it out, he designed and built an apparatus that enabled him to pump the gases oxygen and hydrogen out of the incubation chamber at specific times. This enabled him to establish the critical period in which the eggs needed oxygen.

Schwann passed the state examination to practice medicine in the summer of 1834, but he chose to continue to work with Müller, doing research rather than practicing medicine. He could afford to do so, at least in the short term, because of a family inheritance. His salary as an assistant was only 120 taler. For the next five years, Schwann would pay the other three-quarters of his expenses out of his inheritance. As a long-term strategy, it was not sustainable.

Career
From 1834 to 1839, Schwann worked as an assistant to Müller in at the Anatomisch-zootomische Museum at the University of Berlin. Schwann carried out a series of microscopic and physiological experiments focused on studying the structure and function of nerves, muscles and blood vessels. In addition to performing experiments in preparation for Müller's book on physiology, Schwann did research of his own. Many of his important contributions were made during the time that he worked with Müller in Berlin.

Schwann used newly powerful microscopes to examine animal tissues. This enabled him to observe animal cells and note their different properties. His work complemented that of Matthias Jakob Schleiden in plants and was informed by it; the two were close friends.

Described as quiet and serious, Schwann was particularly gifted in the construction and use of apparatus for his experiments. He was also able to identify important scientific questions and design experiments to systematically test them. His writing has been described as accessible, and his logic as a "clear progression". He identified the question that he wanted to answer and communicated the importance of his findings effectively to others. His co-worker Jakob Henle spoke of him as having an "inborn drive" to experiment.

By 1838, Schwann needed a position with a more substantial salary. He hoped to return to Bonn, a Catholic city. He attempted to gain a professorship there in 1838 and again in 1846, but was disappointed. Instead, in 1839, Schwann accepted the chair of anatomy at the Université Catholique de Louvain in Leuven, Belgium, another Catholic city.

Schwann proved to be a dedicated and conscientious professor. With his new teaching duties, he had less time for new scientific work. He spent considerable time perfecting experimental techniques and instruments for use in experiments. He produced few papers. One exception was a paper in 1844 that reported on a series of experiments on dogs and established the importance of bile in digestion.

In examining processes such as muscle contraction, fermentation, digestion, and putrefaction, Schwann sought to show that living phenomena were the result of physical causes rather than "some immaterial vital force". Nonetheless, he still sought to reconcile "an organic nature" with "a divine plan." Some writers have suggested that Schwann's move in 1838, and his decreased scientific productivity after that, reflect religious concerns and perhaps even a crisis relating to the theoretical implications of his work on cell theory. However, other authors regard this as misrepresenting his thinking, and reject the idea that Schwann went through an existential crisis or a mystical phase. Ohad Parnes uses Schwann's laboratory notebooks and other unpublished sources along with his publications to reconstruct his research as a unified progression. Florence Vienne draws on unpublished writings to discuss the ways in which cell theory, as a "unifying principle of organic development", related to the philosophical, religious, and political ideas of various proponents including Schwann.

In 1848, Schwann's compatriot Antoine Frédéric Spring convinced him to transfer to the University of Liège, also in Belgium. At Liège, Schwann continued to follow the latest advances in anatomy and physiology but did not himself make major new discoveries. He became something of an inventor. One of his projects was a portable respirator, designed as a closed system to support human life in environments where the surroundings cannot be breathed. By 1858 he was serving as professor of physiology, general anatomy and embryology. In 1863, the American Philosophical Society elected him an international member. As of 1872, he ceased to teach general anatomy, and as of 1877, embryology. He retired fully in 1879.

Schwann was deeply respected by his peers. In 1878, a festival was held to celebrate his years of teaching and his many contributions. He was presented with a unique gift: a book containing 263 autographed photographic portraits of scientists from various countries, each of them sent by the scientist to be part of the gift for Schwann. The volume was dedicated "To the creator of the cell theory, the contemporary biologists."

Three years after retiring, Schwann died in Cologne, on 11 January 1882. He was buried in the family tomb in Cologne's Melaten Cemetery.

Contributions
When viewed in the context of his unpublished writings and laboratory notes, Schwann's research can be seen as "a coherent and systematic research programme" in which biological processes are described in terms of material objects or "agents", and the causal dependencies between the forces that they exert, and their measurable effects. Schwann's idea of the cell as a fundamental, active unit then can be seen as foundational to the development of microbiology as "a rigorously lawful science".

Muscle tissue
Some of Schwann's earliest work in 1835 involved muscle contraction, which he saw as a starting point for "the introduction of calculation to physiology". He developed and described an experimental method to calculate the contraction force of the muscle, by controlling and measuring the other variables involved. His measurement technique was developed and used later by Emil du Bois-Reymond and others. Schwann's notes suggest that he hoped to discover regularities and laws of physiological processes.

Pepsin
In 1835, relatively little was known about digestive processes. William Prout had reported in 1824 that the digestive juices of animals contained hydrochloric acid. Schwann realized that other substances in digestive juices might also help to break down food. At the beginning of 1836, Schwann began to study digestive processes. He conceptualized digestion as the action of a physiological agent, which, though not immediately visible or measurable, could be characterized experimentally as a "peculiar specific substance".

Eventually Schwann found the enzyme pepsin, which he successfully isolated from the stomach lining and named in 1836. Schwann coined its name from the Greek word πέψις pepsis, meaning "digestion" (from πέπτειν peptein "to digest"). Pepsin was the first enzyme to be isolated from animal tissue. He demonstrated that it could break down the albumin from egg-white into peptones.

Even more importantly, Schwann wrote, by carrying through such analyses one could eventually "explain the whole developmental process of life in all organized bodies." During the next year, he studied both decomposition and respiration, constructing apparatus that he would later adapt for the study of yeast.

Yeast, fermentation, and spontaneous generation
Next Schwann studied yeast and fermentation. His work on yeast was independent of work done by Charles Cagniard de la Tour and Friedrich Traugott Kützing, all of whom published work in 1837. By 1836, Schwann had carried out numerous experiments on alcohol fermentation. Powerful microscopes made it possible for him to observe yeast cells in detail and recognize that they were tiny organisms whose structures resembled those of plants.

Schwann went beyond others who simply had noted the multiplication of yeast during alcoholic fermentation, first by assigning yeast the role of a primary causal factor, and then by claiming it was alive. Schwann used the microscope to carry out a carefully planned series of experiments that contraindicated two popular theories of fermentation in yeast. First he controlled the temperature of fluid from fermenting beer in a closed vessel in the presence of oxygen. Once heated, the liquid could no longer ferment. This disproved Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac's speculation that oxygen caused fermentation. It suggested that some sort of microorganism was necessary for the process to happen. Next, Schwann tested the effects of purified air and unpurified air. He sterilized the air by passing it through heated glass bulbs. Fermentation did not occur in the presence of purified air. It did occur in the presence of unpurified air, suggesting that something in the air started the process. This was strong evidence against the theory of spontaneous generation, the idea that living organisms could develop out of nonliving matter.

Schwann had demonstrated that fermentation required the presence of yeasts to start, and stopped when the yeasts stopped growing. He concluded that sugar was converted to alcohol as part of an organic biological process based on the action of a living substance, the yeast. He demonstrated that fermentation was not an inorganic chemical process like sugar oxidation. Living yeast was necessary for the reaction that would produce more yeast.

Although Schwann was correct, his ideas were ahead of most of his peers. They were strongly opposed by Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler, both of whom saw his emphasis on the importance of a living organism as supporting vitalism. Liebig, in contrast, saw fermentation as a series of purely chemical events, without involving living matter. Ironically, Schwann's work was later seen as being a first step away from vitalism. Schwann was the first of Müller's pupils to work towards a physico-chemical explanation of life. Schwann's view furthered a conceptualization of living things in terms of the biological reactions of organic chemistry, while Liebig sought to reduce biological reactions to purely inorganic chemistry.

The value of Schwann's work on fermentation eventually would be recognized by Louis Pasteur, ten years later. Pasteur would begin his fermentation research in 1857 by repeating and confirming Schwann's work, accepting that yeast were alive, and then taking fermentation research further. Pasteur, not Schwann, would challenge Liebig's views in the Liebig–Pasteur dispute. In retrospect, the germ theory of Pasteur, as well as its antiseptic applications by Lister, can be traced to Schwann's influence.

Cell theory
In 1837, Matthias Jakob Schleiden viewed and stated that new plant cells formed from the nuclei of old plant cells. Dining with Schwann one day, their conversation turned on the nuclei of plant and animal cells. Schwann remembered seeing similar structures in the cells of the notochord (as had been shown by Müller) and instantly realized the importance of connecting the two phenomena. The resemblance was confirmed without delay by both observers. In further experiments, Schwann examined notochordal tissue and cartilage from toad larvae, as well as tissues from pig embryos, establishing that animal tissues are composed of cells, each of which has a nucleus.

Schwann published his observations in 1838 in the ''Neue notisen geb. nat.-heilk''. This was followed in 1839 by the publication of his book Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen (Microscopic investigations on the similarity of structure and growth of animals and plants). It is considered a landmark work, foundational to modern biology.

In it Schwann declared that "All living things are composed of cells and cell products". He drew three further conclusions about cells, which formed his cell theory or cell doctrine. The first two were correct: By the 1860s, these tenets were the accepted basis of cell theory, used to describe the elementary anatomical composition of plants and animals.
 * 1) The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things.
 * 2) The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.

Schwann's theory and observations created a foundation for modern histology. Schwann claimed that "there is one universal principle of development for the elementary parts of organisms, however different, and this principle is the formation of cells." Schwann supported this claim by examining adult animal tissues and showing that all tissues could be classified in terms of five types of highly differentiated cellular tissues.

 * 1) cells that are independent and separate, e.g. blood cells
 * 2) cells that are independent but compacted together in layers, e.g. skin, fingernails, feathers
 * 3) cells whose connecting walls have coalesced, e.g. cartilage, bones, and tooth enamel
 * 4) elongated cells forming fibers, e.g. tendons and ligaments
 * 5) cells formed by the fusion of walls and cavities, e.g. muscles, tendons and nerves

His observation that the single-celled ovum eventually becomes a complete organism, established one of the basic principles of embryology.

Schwann's third tenet, speculating on the formation of cells, was later disproven. Schwann hypothesized that living cells formed in ways similar to the formation of crystals. Biologists would eventually accept the view of pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who popularized the maxim Omnis cellula e cellula—that every cell arises from another cell—in 1857. The epigram was originally put forth by François-Vincent Raspail in 1825, but Raspail's writings were unpopular, partly due to his republican sentiments. There is no evidence to suggest that Schwann and Raspail were aware of each other's work.

Specialized cells
Schwann was particularly interested in nervous and muscular tissues. As part of his efforts to classify bodily tissues in terms of their cellular nature, he discovered the cells that envelope the nerve fibers, which are now called Schwann cells in his honor. How the fatty myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves were formed was a matter of debate that could not be answered until the electron microscope was invented. All axons in the peripheral nervous system are now known to be wrapped in Schwann cells. Their mechanisms continue to be studied.

Schwann also discovered that muscle tissue in the upper esophagus was striated. He speculated that the muscular nature of the esophagus enabled it to act as a pipe, moving food between the mouth and the stomach.

In examining teeth, Schwann was the first to notice "cylindrical cells" connected to both the inner surface of the enamel and the pulp. He also identified fibrils in the dentinal tubes, which later became known as "Tomes's fibers". He speculated on the possible structural and functional significance of the tubes and fibrils.

Metabolism
In his Microscopical researches, Schwann introduced the term "metabolism", which he first used in the German adjectival form "metabolische" to describe the chemical action of cells. French texts in the 1860s began to use le métabolisme. Metabolism was introduced into English by Michael Foster in his Textbook of Physiology in 1878.

title: Theodor Schwann


text:
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids

Honey, I Shrunk the Kids is a 1989 American science fiction comedy film. It is the first installment of a film franchise and served as the directorial debut of Joe Johnston. The film stars Rick Moranis, Matt Frewer, Marcia Strassman, and Kristine Sutherland. In the film, a struggling inventor accidentally shrinks his kids, along with the neighbors' kids, down to the size of a quarter-inch. After being accidentally thrown out with the trash, they must work together and venture their way back through a backyard wilderness filled with dangerous insects and man-made hazards.

Honey, I Shrunk the Kids was released theatrically in the United States on June 23, 1989, and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution. It was an unexpected box office success, grossing $222 million worldwide (equivalent to $ million in ) becoming the highest-grossing live-action Disney film of all time, a record it held for five years, and the seventh-highest grossing film of 1989 worldwide. Its success led to two sequels, beginning with Honey, I Blew Up the Kid in 1992, as well as a television series and several theme-park attractions. An animated short film, Tummy Trouble starring Roger Rabbit, was shown in theatres with the film during its box office run.

Plot
Quirky scientist and inventor Wayne Szalinski has been designing a ray gun machine capable of shrinking and growing objects, but cannot get it to work properly. His obsession with the machine worries his hardworking wife Diane, 15-year-old teenage daughter Amy, and 12-year-old aspiring inventor son Nick. Next door, Big Russ Thompson, his wife Mae, and their 12-year-old younger son Ron are preparing for a fishing trip. Their 15-year-old elder son, Little Russ, is less than enthusiastic, as his interests often clash with his father's.

Shortly after Wayne leaves for a conference, Ron accidentally hits a baseball through the Szalinskis' attic window and into the machine, turning it on and blocking its targeting laser. Caught by his brother, Ron is forced to confess to Amy and Nick. Ron is going to pay the damage of the window out of his allowance. Ron and Nick enter the attic to retrieve the ball and clean up the mess, and the activated machine shrinks them. Amy and Little Russ suffer the same fate when they go searching for their siblings.

At his conference, Wayne is laughed off the stage for failing to provide proof that his machine works. He enters the attic upon returning home; the shrunken children try to get his attention, but their voices are only loud enough to be heard by the family dog, Quark. Already frustrated, Wayne discovers the broken window and snaps, repeatedly striking the machine. He sweeps the debris, along with the kids, into a dust pan and trash bag. The four manage to escape, only to discover that the trash bag is now at the curb; they make their way back home through the Szalinskis' overgrown yard.

Meanwhile, the Thompson and Szalinski parents become uneasy at their children's absence. Mae and Big Russ cancel their fishing trip and file a missing persons report with the police. Wayne eventually pieces together what happened, but accidentally activates some sprinklers while inspecting the yard. As a result, Amy nearly drowns in a mud puddle, but Little Russ dives in to pull her out and revive her with rescue breaths. Wayne eventually reveals the truth to Diane, and she joins in the search. Later, she convinces Wayne to share the information with the Thompsons, but they remain skeptical.

The kids feast on one of Nick's discarded Oatmeal Creme Pie cookies, and use a crumb to capture a friendly forager ant, naming it "Antie" and riding it toward the house. As night falls, the group takes shelter in a Lego piece. Amy and Little Russ begin to express feelings for one another, and share a kiss. The kids are later attacked by a scorpion, but Antie, at the cost of its own life, helps them to drive the scorpion away.

The next morning, Nick's friend Tommy arrives to mow the lawn. The kids are forced to seek shelter in an earthworm tunnel, barely escaping the vortex caused by the mower, which Wayne and Diane shut off just in time. The kids hitch a ride on Quark, and enter the house, but Nick falls into a bowl of Cheerios and is nearly eaten by his own father. Quark bites Wayne's ankle to get his attention; Wayne discovers the kids' presence, and works to repair the machine.

Both families meet in the attic, and the kids use charades to inform Wayne that the baseball blocked the laser, which previously overheated targets and caused them to explode. Wayne corrects the problem, and Big Russ volunteers as a test subject; the test is successful, and he and the kids are later restored to their original sizes.

Months later at Thanksgiving, the Szalinskis and Thompsons have become good friends and are toasting over an enlarged turkey, while Quark feasts on a giant dog biscuit.

Production
The project was originally brought to Disney Studios by Stuart Gordon and Brian Yuzna. Gordon was hired to direct the film and Yuzna to produce. The film was written as Teeny Weenies by Gordon, Ed Naha, and Yuzna. Tom Schulman was later added as a screenwriter. Gordon originally prepped the film but had to drop out as director shortly before filming began due to illness. Joe Johnston was brought in to replace him while Penny Finkleman Cox replaced Yuzna as producer.

As the title Teeny Weenies seemed to appeal more to a child demographic, the name was changed to Grounded to appeal to a more mature audience. That name was later rejected in favor of The Big Backyard. Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, based on a line of dialogue from the film, ultimately became its title. (The title was later criticized for its grammar, as the past tense of "shrink" is normally "shrank".)

The film was heavily influenced by 1950s fare, such as The Incredible Shrinking Man.

Casting
Judy Taylor, Mike Fenton, and Lynda Gordon were the casting directors. Before Rick Moranis was cast as Wayne Szalinski, the script was written with Chevy Chase in mind because of his popularity in National Lampoon's Vacation. He was filming the second sequel, National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, and was too busy to portray Wayne.

John Candy was also considered for the role of Wayne. He declined, but suggested to Johnston that his friend (and costar of SCTV, Little Shop of Horrors and Spaceballs), Rick Moranis, would be a good choice. Marcia Strassman portrays Wayne's wife, Diane, who is having marital troubles with him.

The film needed four teenagers to play the leads. Russ Jr., portrayed by Thomas Wilson Brown, seems to be interested in Amy, and less in football, while Ron, Jared Rushton, appears to be more straightforward and a bully toward Nick, although he warms towards him. Rushton has quoted that he took the role after thinking that the script was "appealing" and he thought his character had progressed throughout the film with his personality.

Amy O'Neill and Robert Oliveri were cast as Amy and Nick Szalinski, Wayne and Diane's kids. Oliveri commented that he was in awe about watching his stunt double do his stunts. He later starred as Kevin Boggs in Tim Burton's Edward Scissorhands. O'Neill thought the film was a fun experience and that doing off-set activities, such as swimming or playing cards, was fun to do with the other younger cast members. She accepted the role because it was a "Disney movie".

Direction
Johnston was selected to direct the film for his directorial debut, having been mostly working on films as an effects illustrator and art director. It was filmed at the backlot of Churubusco Studios in Mexico City. Gregg Fonseca was the production designer and was in charge of managing several different sets for the scenes in it.

Some filming took place in the streets of Mexico City. In the scene where Diane walks out of the mall to the pay phone, a sign says "Beverly Hills Mall", but is in fact Plaza Inn, a mall in Mexico City.

Special effects were heavily used for the film, such as the electronically controlled ants and bees. For the most part, the production team tried to use practical effects that would work in camera. For the scene where Wayne lands in the Thompsons' pool, Moranis jumped off a flying board in the form of a teeter-totter on a swing set. A stuntman pushed the board, sending him flying through the air and landing on a mat. Numerous storyboards were used for the film, particularly in the sprinkler and bee scenes. Scale models were also used for the bee scene, with miniature Russ Jr. and Nick plastic figures attached. Forced perspective was used in the giant cookie scene, to make it seem bigger. The child actors were strapped in for the scene with the broom. The bristles were actually pieces of foam that were carved and tied to a rig system.

Box office
The film opened on June 23, 1989, in 1,371 theatres. It opened at number 2 in the United States behind Batman, with a weekend gross of $14,262,961, Buena Vista's biggest 3-day weekend of all time. It earned $130,724,172 domestic and $92,000,000 in other territories, earning a grand total of $222,724,172. Attached to it was Disney and Amblin Entertainment's first Roger Rabbit short, Tummy Trouble, executively produced by Steven Spielberg, produced by Don Hahn, directed by Rob Minkoff, and also composed by James Horner.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 37 critics, with an average rating of 6.30/10. The consensus reads, "Even as its special effects take center stage, Honey, I Shrunk the Kids still offers a charming, high-spirited sense of adventure for the whole family." Metacritic gave the film a score of 63 based on 11 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Caryn James, of The New York Times, gave a positive review, saying: "As sweet, funny, and straightforward as its title." Variety gave another positive review stating, "[It's] in the best tradition of Disney – and even better than that, because it is not so juvenile that adults won't be thoroughly entertained." A rare negative review came from Roger Ebert, of the Chicago Sun-Times, who stated: "The special effects are all there, nicely in place, and the production values are sound, but the movie is dead in the water."

The film was also mentioned in the British sitcom Only Fools and Horses in the episode titled "Rodney Come Home".

Awards
James Horner won an ASCAP Award for Top Box Office Films and was also nominated for a Saturn Award. The film was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Thomas Wilson Brown, Jared Rushton, Robert Oliveri and the Special Effects Crew were also nominated for a Saturn Award. The Special Effects Crew won a BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects. Amy O'Neill and Jared Rushton were each nominated for a Young Artist Award and director Joe Johnston was nominated for a Fantasporto Award.

The film was presented in the 100 Greatest Family Films, in which Amy O'Neill and Thomas Wilson Brown talked about it for MTV.

Soundtrack
After going years unreleased, James Horner's soundtrack to the film was made available by Intrada Records on March 6, 2009. The song that Amy dances to in the kitchen is "Turn It Up" by Nick Kamen, written by Jeffrey Pescetto and Patrick DeRemer.

The soundtrack was limited to a 3,000-copy release. Horner's main title music incorporates cues from the score by Nino Rota from Federico Fellini's film Amarcord (1973) and Raymond Scott's piece "Powerhouse B" (1937), the latter often referenced in Carl Stalling's Warner Bros. cartoon scores. Scott's piece was used without payment or credit, leading his estate to threaten legal action against Disney. Disney paid an undisclosed sum in an out-of-court settlement and changed the film's cue sheets to credit Scott. Horner's main title music underscores all the major moments involving Szalinski's technology.

With 15 tracks, Horner produced the record with longtime engineer Simon Rhodes while it was originally performed by the London Symphony Orchestra.

 * Track listing
 * 1) "Main Title" – 1:59
 * 2) "Strange Neighbors" – 1:49
 * 3) "Shrunk" – 5:37
 * 4) "A New World" – 3:31
 * 5) "Scorpion Attack" – 3:34
 * 6) "Test Run" – 2:08
 * 7) "Flying Szalinski" – 1:59
 * 8) "Night Time" – 5:04
 * 9) "Watering the Grass" – 4:13
 * 10) "Ant Rodeo" – 3:45
 * 11) "The Machine Works" – 2:05
 * 12) "Lawn Mower" – 5:45
 * 13) "Eaten Alive" – 2:44
 * 14) "Big Russ Volunteers" – 1:24
 * 15) "Thanksgiving Dinner" – 5:27

Studio Backlot Tour
Following the film's success, one of its special effects was recreated by park guests on the Walking Tour portion of the Studio Backlot Tour at Disney's Hollywood Studios (then-known as Disney-MGM Studios) throughout the 1990s.

Two children from the tour would volunteer to be strapped to the side of a giant prop bee in front of a green screen and be videotaped acting distressed by the simulated flight of the bee. Using a robotic camera and chroma key technology, footage from Honey, I Shrunk the Kids would be incorporated into the finished video and displayed immediately afterward on television screens mounted throughout the room. The video then transitioned into a scripted segment recorded by film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert (on the set of their syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert) critiquing the special effects but giving "Two thumbs up for the kids!"

Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: Movie Set Adventure
From 1990 until 2016, a playground at Disney's Hollywood Studios recreated the overgrown backyard set of the film for park guests to explore.

Honey, I Shrunk the Audience
A three-dimensional film called Honey, I Shrunk the Audience! complete with physical effects such as wind and water was created as an attraction at Walt Disney World's Epcot in 1994, and later made its way to Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris with all four parks featuring the attraction by 1999. The film was a replacement for the Michael Jackson film Captain EO, a musical film launched in 1986. The film was phased out of the Disney Parks in 2010.

Honey, I Blew Up the Kid
In 1992, Disney released the first sequel, Honey, I Blew Up the Kid, with Moranis, Strassman, O'Neill, and Oliveri reprising their roles as Wayne, Diane, Amy and Nick Szalinski. As the title suggests, Wayne succeeds in enlarging his two-year-old son, Adam, to gigantic proportions as one of his size-changing experiments goes awry.

Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves
In 1997, Disney produced the second sequel, Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, as a direct to video release. Rick Moranis was the only actor to reprise his role. The characters of Diane and Adam were recast, with Amy and Nick only being briefly mentioned in passing. Many new characters were added, including Wayne's brother Gordon and his family. This time, the parents are shrunk and need to be rescued by their kids.

TV series
The last incarnation of the franchise was the television program Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show. Peter Scolari took over as Wayne and Nick and Amy both returned as characters, roughly the same age as in the original film, and played by new actors. Its plots involved other wacky Szalinski inventions (rarely the shrinking machine) that do not work quite as expected and land the family in some type of humorous mixed-up adventure.

Future
On February 21, 2018, it was announced that live-action remakes of several films are in development as exclusive content for Disney+, with one of those named in the announcement as being Honey, I Shrunk the Kids. It was later confirmed that a "legacy-sequel" film titled Shrunk is in development to be released theatrically, with a plot that centers around Nick Szalinski as an adult scientist. Josh Gad will star as Nick in the film. On December 5, 2019, it was reported that Joe Johnston is in talks to return as director. On February 12, 2020, it was reported that Rick Moranis will come out of his long semi-retirement to reprise his role as Wayne Szalinski and that Johnston is now confirmed to direct. The plot will center around an adult Nick accidentally shrinking his two daughters and son to five inches tall and them coping with their new sizes while he gets his estranged father Wayne to help him fix his machine. Julia Butters has been rumored to play Nick's daughter Sara. Robyn Adele Anderson has been reportedly cast as a babysitter named Teresa who also ends up getting shrunk.

In January 2020, Rick Moranis entered early negotiations to come out of his acting retirement, and reprise his role as Wayne Szalinski. Johnston was confirmed to direct, with Todd Rosenberg set to write the script, from an original story by Gad, Ryan Dixon, Ian Helfer, and Jay Reiss. By February, Moranis had officially signed onto the project to reprise his role. David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman will serve as producers. The film will be a joint-venture production between Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films, with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures as the distributing company. Principal photography was scheduled to begin in early 2020, with filming taking place in Toronto, as well as Atlanta, Georgia. In March of the same year, filming on all Disney projects were halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic and industry restrictions worldwide. In November, Disney CEO Bob Chapek announced that filming on all movies that had been postponed by the coronavirus had resumed. In June 2021, Gad stated that filming had not yet started and that he was hoping the shoot would begin in early 2022. In January 2022, Gad stated that he and Moranis had once again started collaborating in preparation for the sequel. In June 2023, Gad revealed on Twitter that the project has been put on hold indefinitely, although he expressed hope that production would resume in the near future.

title: Honey, I Shrunk the Kids


text:
Aluminerie Alouette

Aluminerie Alouette is an aluminum manufacturing company based in Sept-Îles, Quebec, Canada, on the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

With the successful start-up of a major expansion in 2005, the Alouette Aluminum Smelter, at 550,000 metric tonnes capacity per year, became the largest primary aluminum smelter in the Americas.

The construction of an aluminum smelter at Sept-Îles was made possible with the completion of the Churchill Falls Hydro Electric project in Labrador in 1972. Electrical transmission lines from Churchill Falls, carrying power to the Hydro-Québec power grid, pass close to the city of Sept-Îles, with Hydro-Québec's Arnaud substation built on the outskirts of the city.

In 1989, attracted by Hydro-Québec's low power costs and the seaport facilities at Sept-Îles, Alouette built a 215,000 tonne per year smelter on Pointe-Noire, Quebec, located on the southern side of Sept-Îles Bay. The smelter was funded by an international consortium, consisting of Austria Metall AG (AMAG), Kobe Aluminum and Marubeni of Japan, Koninklijke Hoogovens of the Netherlands, Société générale de financement (SGF), and VAW of Germany.

In 2002, plans were approved to expand the smelter by more than double its original capacity. This phase 2 project was completed in September 2005. Since 2011, the Alouette Smelter uses 930 MW electricity at maximum production capacity.

Aluminerie Alouette is certified ISO 9001 (quality), ISO 17025 (laboratory quality and environmental analysis), ISO 14001 (environment) and OHSAS 18001 (health and safety).

Current investors

 * AMAG Austria Metall AG (Austria, 20%)
 * Hydro Aluminium (Norway, 20%)
 * Investissement Québec (Canada, 6.67%)
 * Marubeni Metals & Minerals (Japan, 13.33%)
 * Rio Tinto Alcan (Canada, 40%)

title: Aluminerie Alouette


text:
Hardy Murfree

Hardy Murfree (June 5, 1752 – April 6, 1809) was a lieutenant colonel from North Carolina during the American Revolutionary War.

Early life
Murfree was born on June 5, 1752, at Murfree's Landing, North Carolina, later renamed Murfreesboro. His parents were William Murfree and Mary Moore.

Military career
Murfree, a lieutenant in the Hertford County militia when the Revolutionary War began, was commissioned on September 1, 1775, as a captain in the 2nd North Carolina Regiment of the Continental Army. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Robert Howe, who was later a major general. Murfree saw action at the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778, and achieved his greatest renown for leading a successful diversionary attack against British defenses in the Battle of Stony Point on July 15, 1779. He was then a major serving under General Anthony Wayne, and was soon thereafter promoted to lieutenant colonel.

On July 17, 1781, British forces led by Banastre Tarleton and the British Legion attacked Maney's Neck on the Meherrin River near Murfree's Landing. Murfree led the militia that repulsed the attack at Skinner's Bridge.

Around 1807, Murfree migrated to Williamson County, Tennessee, living on land granted to him after the American Revolution, and remained there until his death in 1809.

Murfree was a member of the North Carolina chapter of the Society of the Cincinnati. He was a Freemason for all of his adult life, active in both North Carolina and Tennessee.

Personal life
Murfree married Sally Brickell on February 17, 1780. They had seven children: William Hardy Murfree (1781), Fanny Noailles Murfree (1783), Mary Moore Murfree (1786), Matthias Brickell Murfree (1788), Sally Murfree (1793), Lavinia Bembury Murfree (1795-1881), and Martha Long Ann Coakley Murfree (1801). Their great-granddaughter was the noted Tennessee writer Mary Noailles Murfree (1850–1922). His wife Sally died on March 29, 1802.

Death and legacy
Murfree died on April 6, 1809. In 1811 the Tennessee State Legislature renamed the town of Cannonsburgh to Murfreesborough (later shortened to Murfreesboro) in his honor.

title: Hardy Murfree


text: User talk:65.121.37.225

title: User talk:65.121.37.225