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She-tragedy

The term she-tragedy, also known as pathetic tragedy refers to a vogue in the late 17th and early 18th centuries for tragic plays focused on the sufferings of a woman, sometimes innocent and virtuous but often a woman who had committed some sort of sexual sin. Prominent she-tragedies include Thomas Otway's The Orphan (1680), John Banks' Virtue Betrayed, or, Anna Bullen (1682), Thomas Southerne's The Fatal Marriage (1694), Mary Pix's Ibrahim, the Thirteenth Emperor of the Turks and Nicholas Rowe's The Fair Penitent (1703) and Lady Jane Grey (1715). Rowe was the first to use the term "she-tragedy," in 1714.

Overview
When English drama was reborn in 1660 with the re-opening of the theatres, the leading tragic style was the male-dominated heroic drama which celebrated powerful, aggressively masculine heroes and their pursuit of glory, as rulers and conquerors as well as lovers. In the 1670s and 1680s, a gradual shift occurred from heroic to pathetic tragedy, where the subject was love and domestic concerns, even though the main characters might be public figures. After the phenomenal success of Elizabeth Barry in moving the audience to tears in the role of Monimia in Otway's The Orphan, she-tragedy became the dominant form of pathetic tragedy and remained highly popular for nearly half a century.

The realm of pathetic tragedy became an exploration of the female experience as the private female sphere, that of the domestic, was put on the stage and publicized. The she-tragedies demonstrated the psychology and behavior of women in their private sphere and presented it for public consideration, a new concept that emerged as women began to star in main roles instead of only supporting characters. For the first time, plays were written that had a woman as the main character and that followed her experiences and emotions. She-tragedies brought what was once solely internal (emotions and thoughts) out for external display. The rise of pathetic tragedy commodified the female experience and women themselves with the transition from men (dressed as women) playing the female roles to women acting on the stage themselves. Actresses, while not unusual in Continental Europe, were just beginning to be accepted as a novelty by the predominantly male audience. The idea of the woman, occupier of the private sphere, as a public figure was bizarre. As a result, actresses often had a bad moral reputation as before the Restoration, public women were immoral women. However, royal sanction gave actresses more opportunities and opened the way for new dramatic possibilities.

Components of she-tragedy
She tragedies are known for having focused on the hardships of women rather than those suffered by men. A she-tragedy during the 1680s derived its power from the ability to create titillating scenes that portrayed the suffering of an innocent woman. Pathetic tragedies would begin by presenting the heroine and establishing that she was desirable. Unlike the other popular new genre, horror, the she-tragedy did not depend on violence and gore to become the spectacle of the heroine but rather used the physical suffering that was inflicted on the blameless female victims. The women, who were the subject of the play, would usually become victims of adversity and crimes that sexually exploited them such as rape or unsolicited adultery. During the scenes of rape the woman would be abducted and carried off stage. The act of rape, or adultery, would be conveyed to the audience by screams from the woman as the villain completed the evil deed. After the scene the woman would return onstage. Evidences of ravished womanhood such as disheveled hair, disordered clothing, and phallic dagger were trademark of Restoration rape and prominent in she-tragedy. Playwrights would utilize other ill fortune such as the loss of a husband or child and a single mother's struggle to raise her children as another means of causing hardship in the heroine's life. After suffering these hardships throughout the play the female protagonist would be overcome by madness, commit suicide or murder as a result of the burden with which she had suffered. The success of a she-tragedy was dependent upon the emotion that the actress conveyed to the audience, but the emotion that the audience felt as they watched the performance. She-tragedy also focused on making the heroine and not the hero the focus of the play. Attention would be placed on the female actress and her sexuality as playwrights used specific dialogue and devices to focus on the sexuality of the woman. One example of this is seen in The Orphan by Otway. In a scene Monimia is accompanied by a page who states to her "Madam, Indeed I'd serve you with my soul; But n the morning when you call me to you As by your bed I stand and tell you stories, I am asham'd to see your swelling Breasts,  It makes me blush, they are so very white." (1.221-25) Here Otway is directing the audience's eyes to the actress' breasts, making her the focal point, and also sexualizing the actress and the character of Monima.

Use in political propaganda
While she-tragedies were highly entertaining to the public, playwrights would also use them to voice political opinions. In Rowe's Jane Grey the character Jane represents a symbol of virtue whose desires are second to the political good. During the 1690s the rape in she-tragedies leaned towards Whig beliefs and became a symbol for the justification for displacing proper rule. The spectacle of rape within the tragedy was used to convey the belief that the sexual assault on the female victim was a visual representation of assault on the subjects' liberties.

Actresses and royal support
One reason that the Carolinian court was more accepting of the addition of women to the world of theater was the experience of the new monarch, Charles II, before he ascended to the throne. Charles I was executed during the English Civil War, and his son (the future Charles II) went into exile. Charles II spent much of his exile living at the French court and learning French tastes and manners. Although practically unheard of in England, it was not uncommon for women to take part in French and Italian theater, and Charles II would have been exposed to this. As a result, after he returned to England in 1660, Charles II did not have the same qualms as his countrymen when it came to the more public presence of women.

In addition, in 1662, a law was passed that women's roles were to be played by women and no longer by men. It is speculated that this change was at least partially due to the influence of the Puritans, who "took offence" at men cross-dressing to play women, something that was seen as going against the biblical Book of Deuteronomy (22:5). Ironically, this attempt to reclaim morality in theater led to further scandals as the practice of "breeches roles" developed. These were roles played by woman while wearing men's clothing, either as part of a disguise required by the script or to give the actresses more license to behave as society allowed men to. These roles, while often part of elaborate plots, were sometimes used to exploit the physical aspects of women – as men's clothing did not disguise the body's form as much as the dresses traditionally worn by women.

Women in tragedy
The new focus on women in tragedy may be linked with a growing political disillusion with the old aristocratic ideology and its traditional masculine ideals (see Staves). Other possible explanations for the great interest in she-tragedy are the popularity of Mary II, who often ruled alone in the 1690s while her husband William III was on the Continent, and the publication of The Spectator, the first periodical aimed at women. Elizabeth Howe has argued that the most important explanation for the shift in taste was the emergence of tragic actresses whose popularity made it unavoidable for dramatists to create major roles for them. With the conjunction of the playwright "master of pathos" Thomas Otway and the great tragedienne Elizabeth Barry in The Orphan, the focus shifted decisively from hero to heroine.

title: She-tragedy


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Stillorgan

Stillorgan (, also Stigh Lorcáin and previously Tigh Lorcáin or Teach Lorcáin), formerly a village in its own right, is now a suburban area of Dublin in Ireland. Stillorgan is located in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, and contains many housing estates, shops and other facilities, with the old village centre still present. Stillorgan is at least partly contiguous with Kilmacud and neighbours other southside districts such as Mount Merrion, Sandyford, Leopardstown, Dundrum, Blackrock, Goatstown and Foxrock.

The population of all electoral divisions labelled as Stillorgan, an area considerably larger than Stillorgan village, was 18,212 at the 2022 census.

Name
It is popularly believed that the name Stillorgan is either a Danish or Anglo-Norman corruption of Teach Lorcán, 'the house or church of Lorcán', possibly signifying Saint Lorcán Ua Tuathail. Another belief is that it is named after a Danish or Irish chief of a similar name: what may have been his burial chamber was discovered in Stillorgan Park in 1716. The original Irish name for Stillorgan was Áth na Chill ('Athnakill') – 'Ford of the Church'. In the fourteenth century, the manor of Stillorgan (Stalorgan) was held by the Cruise or Cruys family, from whom it passed to the Derpatrick family, and subsequently to the Fitzwilliams. It was held as leasehold from the English Crown, and in 1389 Sir John Cruys was excused from paying the rent of 40 shillings on the estate.

The local Roman Catholic parish church of St. Laurence is usually presumed to be named after Lorcán Ua Tuathail (whose first name has been traditionally anglicised as Laurence. Although the two names are etymologically unrelated), who was born at Diseart Diarmada (Castledermot), County Kildare in 1128, died at Eu, Normandy, France, on November, and was canonized in 1225 by Pope Honorius. He was one of four sons of an Ua Broin (O'Byrne) princess and Muirchertach Ua Tuathail, King of the Uí Muirdeaigh III.

Development
In the 1930s, 60 houses were built at Beaufield Park. The Merville Estate was subsequently built in the 1950s on land belonging to the Jolly family dairy farm. St Laurence's Park was completed in October 1954.

The first bowling alley in Ireland, the Stillorgan Bowl opened in December 1963 and since 1996 was run under LeisurePlex until it was demolished in May 2021.

Ireland's first shopping centre was opened in Stillorgan by recently-retired Taoiseach, Seán Lemass, on 1 December 1966. It had three supermarkets, Powers, Liptons and Quinnsworth The road in front of the shopping centre was completely lined with cottages built during the early 19th century and, to enable the construction of the centre, they were knocked down. They extended from the Christian Brothers' school Oatlands College to the end of the Dublin Road and up the Lower Kilmacud Road. The rubble was used to fill in and level the lands that are now Páirc De Burca, the playing field of Kilmacud Crokes. Discussions have been ongoing for many years about expanding and updating the centre. It was planned to be redeveloped by Treasury Holdings in 2008. The 'Blakes'/'Burn Nightclub' site has also planning permission for a multi-story apartment complex with some commercial units.

Places of interest
Samuel Lewis' Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837) lists a number of "handsome seats and pleasing villas" in the area. These included Stillorgan House (of the Verschoyle family), Carysfort House (home of William Saurin, Attorney General for Ireland), Mount Eagle (later Stillorgan Castle/St John of God Hospital), and several other large residences.

The location of Stillorgan Castle became the House of St John of God when the Hospitaller Order moved there in 1883; it is now a psychiatric hospital. One of the most prominent architectural features is the large 18th-century obelisk designed by Edward Lovett Pearce for the second Viscount Allen; Pearce resided in Stillorgan in a house known as The Grove, which was demolished to make way for Stillorgan Bowl.

The present St. Brigid's Church of Ireland was built in 1706 on the site of an earlier church, thought to have been linked to St. Brigid's Monastery in Kildare.

A large open reservoir, called Stillorgan Reservoir, is situated near the Sandyford Industrial Estate. The water is piped from the Vartry Reservoir near Roundwood in County Wicklow. It was built in the 19th century as part of Dublin Corporation's waterworks on the lands of an 18th-century house called Rockland, later known as Clonmore.

Stillorgan's oldest pub is Bolands, latterly styled Bolands on the Hill. While it was reopened as 'McGowan's' following a change of lease-holder in 2010, it reverted to 'Bolands' in 2012. In its older manifestation it was a local drinking refuge of many South Dublin writers, among them Brian O Nuallain (Myles na gCopaleen) and Maurice Walsh. Henry Darley's brewery was opened in the 1800s and is located near what is now The Grange, Brewery Road. Cullen's was a grocery shop as well as a pub in the 1920s and 1930s. It is now the site of the Stillorgan Orchard which was thatched in the 1980s. It was previously called The Stillorgan Inn.

The first Ormonde Cinema was built and opened in 1954, seating 980 people with a large car park to the side. It was completely demolished in 1978, the site being occupied by the AIB Bank at Stillorgan Plaza. The new Ormonde Cinema opened in the early 1980s as a smaller multi-screen venue. In summer 2011, the Ormonde Cinema was refurbished and opened as a UCI cinema, and later Odeon.

Education
Primary and secondary schools in the area include Oatlands College (boys/Catholic), Mount Anville (girls/Catholic), St. Benildus College (boys/Catholic), St. Brigid's (mixed, Church of Ireland), St. Laurence's (boys/Catholic), and St. Raphaela's School (girls/Catholic). Ireland's first Montessori school "Children's House Montessori School" was created here in 1952 by Veronica Ryan.

Third level institutions in Stillorgan include Stillorgan College of Further Education.

Sports
Stillorgan is home to the Kilmacud Crokes Gaelic Athletic Association club, whose clubhouse and grounds, Glenalbyn, are located directly opposite the shopping centre. It is also home to Stillorgan Rugby Club.

Road
The N11 road leads out from the city, passing through Stillorgan, towards the major commuter town of Bray. It bypassed Stillorgan's centre since the mid-1970s when the Stillorgan Bypass was opened to the east. The N11 hosts the 'Stillorgan Bus Corridor' (QBC) which runs along the road in both directions from St. Stephen's Green to Foxrock. Stillorgan is a major bus interchange and the Stillorgan QBC is the most heavily used in Ireland, featuring two of Dublin's busiest and most frequent bus routes, the 46a to Dún Laoghaire, the 145 to Bray. Other bus routes serving Stillorgan include the 11, 47, 155 and L25 as well as the peak time-only routes 84x, 116 and 118. All of these are operated by Dublin Bus. Go-Ahead Ireland also used to operate the 75 through Stillorgan until 26 November 2023 when it was replaced with the L25. Aircoach provides a direct link to the Dublin Airport via Dublin city centre.

Rail
The Luas Green line runs on the border of Stillorgan and Sandyford between the reservoir and the Sandyford Industrial Estate over the route of the old Harcourt Street line from Dublin to Bray. Stillorgan is served by two Luas stops, the eponymous Stillorgan Luas stop, and Sandyford; both stops opened with the line in 2004. The Stillorgan stop is approximately 1.4 km south-west of the village with park and ride facilities, a commuter bus link to the shopping centre and a journey time to Dublin O'Connell street of about half an hour. Sandyford is situated 450 metres south of Stillorgan with the Luas depot behind it. It was the original terminus of the green line, but the Luas has since been extended away from the course of the old railway line to Brides Glen, though some services still terminate at Sandyford. The earlier Stillorgan railway station was situated to the south of the current Luas depot, past Sandyford stop. It opened on 10 July 1854 following the opening of the Dublin and Wicklow Railway, closed for goods traffic in 1937, and finally closed altogether on 1 January 1959 when CIÉ mothballed the Harcourt Street line. The station building became a private residence and the pumping station near the reservoir is all that survives with it. The nearest railway station today is Blackrock, which a 10-minute drive and 36 minute walk from the village.

A National Transport Authority consultation paper, published in 2018, proposed that the MetroLink would stop alongside Stillorgan's Luas station on its way from Estuary to Sandyford. This was dropped the following year, as it was feared it would disrupt the Luas for a few years, and the updated Metrolink proposal projects a stop at Charlemont instead.

Representation
The Stillorgan Ward is one of six wards in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council. The Ward includes Clonskeagh, Mount Merrion, Kilmacud, Stillorgan, Leopardstown and Foxrock. The Stillorgan Ward was established with the 1985 Irish local elections, prior to which much of the Stillorgan Ward was part of the Dundrum Ward.

In the 2019 local elections, six councillors were elected to the ward with three representing Fine Gael, one Fianna Fáil, one Green Party and one independent.

People
Notable people who have lived in the Stillorgan area include:
 * Veronica Bolay (1941–2020), German-Irish painter, lived in Stillorgan
 * James Comyn (1921–1997), English High Court judge, lived in Stillorgan
 * Lucy de László (née Guinness; 1870–1950), socialite and diarist.
 * Dermot Morgan (1952–1998), the comedian and actor, attended school at Oatlands College and was a teacher at the Stillorgan Tech, now known as the Stillorgan College of Further Education.
 * William Orpen (1878–1931), the portrait painter and war artist, was born into an affluent Protestant family in a house called Oriel on Grove Avenue.
 * David Sherlock (1814–1884), politician, barrister and Serjeant-at-law, lived at Stillorgan Castle.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stillorgan


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Cleavant Derricks (actor)

Cleavant Derricks Jr. (born May 15, 1953) is an American stage and screen actor, Tony Award winning singer and songwriter, who may be best known for his role of Rembrandt Brown on Sliders.

Biography
Derricks was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, to pianist mother Cecile G. and Baptist preacher/composer Cleavant Derricks Sr., known for his popular gospel music hymn "Just a Little Talk with Jesus". His twin brother is actor and musician Clinton Derricks-Carroll. Derricks began his career as a Nashville gospel songwriter. With his father, he wrote the gospel album Satisfaction Guaranteed. He was the musical director and composer for the musical When Hell Freezes Over I'll Skate.

Derricks went to New York City to study acting with Vinnette Carroll at the Urban Arts Theatre. He received rave reviews for his performance in his Broadway shows, including But Never Jam Today and the 1977 revival of  Hair. He also won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical, for creating the role of James "Thunder" Early in Dreamgirls. Off-Broadway he was in the William Finn musical Romance in Hard Times in 1989. He also starred in the Broadway musical Brooklyn as the Streetsinger.

Soon afterwards, Derricks appeared in films such as Moscow on the Hudson, Neil Simon's The Slugger's Wife and Wes Craven's Carnival of Souls. He was a series regular on the short-lived television series Thea with Thea Vidale and Brandy, and Good Sports with Farrah Fawcett and Ryan O'Neal. His role as Rembrandt Brown on Sliders with Jerry O'Connell, Sabrina Lloyd and John Rhys-Davies was the only Sliders character to appear throughout the entire series. In addition, Derricks has had numerous guest-starring roles in series such as Roseanne, A Different World, Miami Vice, Spenser: For Hire, Charmed, and many others.

In 2019, Derricks took over the role of the Wizard of Oz in the 2nd U.S. tour of Wicked. He reprised the role in 2022 on Broadway. In summer 2024, he’ll star as Joe in Waitress at Ogunquit Playhouse.

Filmography
• Cindy (1978) as Michael Simpson

• When Hell Freezes Over, I'll Skate (1979)

• Fort Apache the Bronx (1981) as Suspect No. 4

• The Ambush Murders (1982)

• Moscow on the Hudson (1984) as Lionel Witherspoon

• Miami Vice (1985) as David Jones

• The Slugger's Wife (1985) as Manny Alvarado

• Off Beat (1986) as Abe Washington

• The Equalizer (1986) as Sonny Raines

• Mickey and Nora (1987) as Marvin

• Bluffing It (1987) as Cal

• Spenser: For Hire (1987) as Mac Dickerson

• Moonlighting (1987) as Leonard Haven

• Roseanne (1989)

• A Different World (1991) as Larry

• L.A. Law (1991) as Mark Wright

• Sibs (1991)

• Good Sports (1991) as Jeff Mussberger

• Drexell's Class (1991–1992) as George Foster

• Woops! (1992) as Frederick Ross

• Thea (1993–1994) as Charles

• Something Wilder (1994–1995) as Caleb

• Sliders (1995–2000) as Rembrandt 'Cryin' Man' Brown

• Carnival of Souls (1998) as Sid

• Touched by an Angel (1999) as Robert

• Charmed (2000) as Cleavant Wilson

• 18 Wheels of Justice (2000) as Harold Baines

• The Practice (2001) as Mr. Lees

• World Traveler (2001) as Carl

• The Bernie Mac Show (2002) as Willie

• Basilisk: The Serpent King (2006) as Col. Douglas

• The Wedding Bells (2007)

• Cold Case (2007)

• Rome & Jewel (2008) as Reverend Q

• Miami Magma (2011) as Ray Jackson

Discography

 * Dreamgirls: Original Broadway Cast Album (1982)
 * Beginnings (1999)
 * Brooklyn (2004)

title: Cleavant Derricks (actor)


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User:Ikester8

Welcome! A couple of brief notes about my interests and areas of expertise.

My profession is radiation protection. I am a Certified Health Physicist and a Certified Safety Professional. I am the Radiation Safety Officer for several hospitals, and I am interested in educating the public on the risks and benefits of ionizing radiation.

I am also interested in libertarian politics, but I am less well versed in such things, so I'd best stick to what I'm good at. :)

Pages I've worked on
Radioactive contamination: extensive rewrite

dpm

cpm

health physics

title: User:Ikester8


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Fort Hubberstone

Fort Hubberstone, on the west side of Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, is a Grade II* Listed Building which belongs to a series of forts built as part of the inner line of defence of the Haven following the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom. Together with Popton Fort on the opposite shore, it provided an interlocking field of fire, and represented the last layer of defence before reaching the Royal Naval dockyard at Pembroke Dock. Construction began in 1860 and was completed in 1863 at a cost of £55,000. It is a large battery, with eleven guns in casemates, eight in an open battery above, with another nine in an open flank battery, and a large barracks to the rear. It is a D-shaped structure, with a bomb-proof roof which protected the barracks and other buildings from mortar projectiles. On its landward side, it was protected by a deep ditch, and on the seaward side by a counter-scarp gallery. The associated casemate battery is located further down the headland and separated from the fort.

The barracks had capacity for 250 men, sourced from the Royal Pembrokeshire Artillery and the 24th Regiment of Foot. Recruitment however was frequently constrained by the isolation of the fort, lacking the appeal of more urban stations. The fort was often required to fire live practice rounds, and in 1894 participated in experiments to illuminate targets with searchlights so they could be engaged at night. Notoriously, in 1875 Lieutenant Walter of the militia was murdered by a Doctor Alder in a drunken brawl.

The fort was abandoned after World War I as a consequence of the Haldane Reforms. A 1919 proposal to convert the structure into social housing came to nothing. World War II saw the fort once again in active use, when it was used as an air raid shelter and army camp for American military personnel.

On a good site, the fort has fallen into disrepair. Under the ownership of Milford Haven Port Authority, there were various unsuccessful plans to restore the structure. The site is not currently open to the public, and has been the scene of non-fatal injuries to trespassers. In 2011 it was named as the fifth most endangered archaeological site in the UK by British Archaeology, which prompted a campaign to seek a long-term sustainable use of the site. In 2019, plans were announced to convert the site into a military-based residential camp for former service men and women. These plans were subsequently dropped due to a media scandal involving Camp Valour.

In September 2020, the site was purchased by Guy Anderson, a private investor and local councillor, who announced it would be open it to the public as a ‘living ruin’.

In 2021 it featured on the BBC television programme Hidden Wales: Last Chance to Save..

title: Fort Hubberstone


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Talk:Donets

per the same article ==Navigability of the Donets River== I'm not sure if Donets is a navigable river, at least in its Ukrainian part. Anyway, I guess it's not an important waterway in Ukraine. Would somebody check this? AlexPU
 * I know first-hand it is navigable and is navigated in the Russian part, at least to some extent (ferries, shallow barges). Materialscientist (talk) 04:09, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Doesn't article's "Navigation" section now mention it is navigable (by seagoing ships?) up to Donetsk in Ukraine? The source given is the entry for the Северский Донец (Seversky Donets) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 (in Russian), so the information may be out of date. FurnaldHall (talk) 22:19, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine entry for the "Donets River", copyright 2001, (http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDonetsRiver.htm) also maintains more recently that "About 220 km of the Donets, up to the town of Donetske, is open to ships," but I am unsure if this is merely repeating the above source or based on additional information. Regarding navigability, it should also be noted that "The river freezes at the beginning of December and thaws in mid-March," (I am not sure specifically about the section from Donetsk to the Sea of Azov), again according to the article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine.

Locations on the Map of Donets River Basin Need Urgent Translation into English
Because of the great importance of this region to the ongoing war in Ukraine, it would be helpful to have the map of the Donets Basin now labelled in Cyrillic (Russian? Ukrainian?) labelled in English under the Cyrillic as well. That way one could locate battle zones, usually described in the English language media by the name of the town in English, in relation to the Donets River, which would often provide additional information on the context of the fighting. Vegetation cover, population density and type, and land use maps of the Basin in both languages would also obviously be useful to foreign readers unfamiliar first hand with the area.

German, French and other labelling is probably also worthwhile. FurnaldHall (talk) 22:30, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I translated the map out of Russian, but I don't know how to add the image to the page. Ah well, someone else can do it for me.
 * Seversky Donets EN.png Kyoto Grand (talk) 09:38, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donets


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Threat Matrix

Threat Matrix is an American drama television series created by Daniel Voll that aired on ABC from September 18, 2003 to January 29, 2004 which lasted 16 episodes. The plot consisted of the events in a United States Homeland Security anti-terrorism unit, led by Special Agent John Kilmer.

The title of the show refers to a report given to the President of the United States each morning, which contains information relating to the latest threats against the security of the United States.

Cast

 * James Denton as Special Agent John Kilmer, a former Delta Force operator.
 * Kelly Rutherford as Special Agent Frankie Ellroy-Kilmer
 * Will Lyman as Colonel Roger Atkins
 * Anthony Azizi as Mohammad "Mo" Hassain
 * Kurt Caceres as Tim Vargas
 * Mahershala Ali as Jelani Harper
 * Melora Walters as Lia "Lark" Larkin
 * Shoshannah Stern as Holly Brodeen
 * Kelly Hu as Agent Mia Chen
 * Steven Petrarca as Agent Adam Anders
 * Lorraine Toussaint as Carina Wright

Episodes
A total of sixteen episodes were filmed; however, only fourteen were broadcast in the United States.

International airings

 * 🇩🇪 Germany: SAT.1
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Living TV
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: FX
 * 🇫🇷 France: TF1
 * 🇦🇺 Australia: Seven Network and Fox8
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand: TV 2 (New Zealand)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Veronica
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland: RTÉ Two
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: TV Norge
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia: TV 3
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia: Nova TV
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Kanal 5 (Sweden)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: TVP2
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Channel One Russia
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: SBS Net
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: RTL Klub
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia: RTS 1

title: Threat Matrix


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Geno

Geno may refer to:

People

 * Geno (given name), including a list of people with the name
 * Marián Geňo (born 1984), Czech footballer
 * Evgeni Malkin (born 1986), Russian ice hockey player nicknamed Geno

Art and entertainment

 * "Geno" (song), a 1980 song by Dexys Midnight Runners
 * Geno (album), a compilation album by Dexys Midnight Runners
 * Geno (Super Mario RPG), a fictional character in Super Mario RPG
 * Geno Studio, a Japanese animation studio
 * Geno, a fictional character in Fortnite Battle Royale

Other uses

 * Geno Biosphere Reserve, Iran

title: Geno


text: User talk:82.39.18.61

title: User talk:82.39.18.61


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Bondi Junction railway station

Bondi Junction railway station is located on the Eastern Suburbs line, serving the Sydney suburb of Bondi Junction in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services and NSW TrainLink South Coast Line services.

History
As a long-standing major commercial area in Sydney's east, a railway line had long been considered to Bondi Junction. The suburb was variously proposed to have been the intermediate or the ultimate terminus of an Eastern Suburbs Railway since 1916. In 1967, tenders were awarded for the construction of the Eastern Suburbs line as far as Bondi Junction. Construction began shortly thereafter.

Construction plans
Although a subway station, construction required the demolition of a block of mixed commercial-residential buildings to permit staging of the project, the construction of a works compound and, once the railway was completed, to be the location of the bus interchange facility.

The line was to be eventually constructed to Kingsford, but the first stage would run only so far as Bondi Junction. As the planned interim terminus of the line, terminus facilities were provided at the station. These consisted of a turnback tunnel between the main running tunnels and a trailing crossover.

An underground shopping complex was proposed to be constructed at the concourse level of the station (similar to that which exists at Martin Place). Additionally, an underground walkway would be provided to the then proposed (later constructed) Bondi Junction Plaza shopping centre.

Construction realities
Construction of the Eastern Suburbs Railway generally proceeded from the Erskineville tunnel portals to Bondi Junction. As such Bondi Junction was the last developed station site.

In 1976, the Wran Government sought to reduce costs on the railway's construction. As a result of an inquiry by an Eastern Suburbs Railway Board of Review, a number of recommendations were made and accepted by the government. Relevantly these included:
 * Eastern Suburbs Railway not be constructed beyond Bondi Junction and the route to Kingsford be abandoned
 * Line be fully integrated with the Illawarra line (not be run independently)
 * Shopping centre on the station concourse not be constructed
 * Tunnel to the Bondi Junction Plaza not be constructed
 * Level of finish at the station be reduced and only four escalators be provided from the concourse level to the platform level
 * Scale of the bus interchange be reduced

As a result of these changes, Bondi Junction became the permanent terminus of the Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra railway lines. However no provision was made for an upgraded turnback facility.

Opening
The Eastern Suburbs Railway was opened on 23 June 1979 by the Premier, Neville Wran.

Rebuilding the bus interchange
The bus interchange facility opened in 1979 was basic. The location of the station meant the land and airspace on which it was located was highly valuable. This in turn led to various proposal throughout the 1990s to sell the airspace and redevelop the interchange. In 1998, Woollahra Council, then controlling the site of the bus interchange, finalised an agreement to sell the airspace above the site to Meriton who commenced construction of a new bus interchange together with two residential apartment towers and a small shopping centre in April 1999. The new interchange was temporarily opened in September 2000 for the Sydney Olympics but subsequently closed for further work. The new bus interchange, two apartment towers and the shopping centre opened in July 2001. The shopping centre known as Tiffany Plaza (renamed to Meriton Retail Precinct Bondi Junction in 2018) featured a McDonald's outlet, a gym, a child care centre and seven other retailers.

Reconstruction of the bus terminal altered the locations of commuter access to the station concourse. As such, alterations were required to the station concourse. The resulting renovation of Bondi Junction station primarily involved upgrading station staff facilities, the installation of toilets and the general updating of the station, hitherto a time capsule to the 1970s.

The renovation was conducted coincidentally with the Easy Access upgrade to the station and the replacement of the original incandescent lamp platform indicators with plasma display indicators.

Clearways Project upgrade
Constructed as a part of the Rail Clearways Program, a second turnback facility was built. The major work consisted of the construction of a new crossover tunnel on the city side of the station. This created an X-shaped or diamond junction allowing terminating trains to arrive at either platform. The changes allowed the full line capacity of 20 trains per hour to be turned at Bondi Junction, the prior limit being 14.

In addition, extra stabling facilities were provided by utilitising unused sections of tunnels beyond the station. These tunnels were constructed on anticipation of continued tunnelling towards Kingsford. They have had track laid and overhead wire installed for a length of two eight-car trains in each tunnel. This gives a total stabling capacity of five eight-car trains (two in each siding and one in the turnback tunnel).

Complementing the stabling capacity at the station is the erection of a staff meal and waiting room on the platform level.

Construction began on the site in October 2004 while the station was closed and trains terminated at Edgecliff. Commissioning took place in April 2006.

Transport links
Bondi Junction Interchange: All bus routes are operated by Transdev John Holland except routes 389 and 440 which are operated by Transit Systems. • Stand A:

• 333: North Bondi

• Stand B:

• 380: Watsons Bay

• 381: Tamarama

• Stand C:

• 386: Vaucluse

• 387: South Head Cemetery

• Stand D:

• 379: North Bondi

• Stand E:

• Arrivals only

• Stand F:

• 313: Coogee via Randwick

• 350: Sydney Airport via Clovelly, Coogee, Maroubra, Eastgardens and Mascot

• Stand G:

• Arrivals only

• Stand H:

• 200: Gore Hill via Macquarie Street

• 326: Edgecliff station

• 327: Edgecliff station

• 328: Darling Point

• Stand J:

• 356: Westfield Eastgardens via Maroubra Junction

• 360: North Clovelly

• Stand K:

• 379: Bronte Beach

• Stand L:

• 390X: La Perouse via Randwick Junction

• Stand M:

• School services only

• Stand N:

• Arrivals only

• Stand P:

• Arrivals only

• Stand Q:

• Arrivals only

• Stand R (Grafton Street):

• 333: Circular Quay

• 352: Marrickville Metro via Taylor Square

• 355: Marrickville Metro via Waterloo

• 389: Australian National Maritime Museum

• NightRide route N91: to Macquarie Park station

• Stand S (Grafton Street):

• Arrivals only

• Stand T (Grafton Street):

• 440: Rozelle

title: Bondi Junction railway station


text:
La Vacquerie

La Vacquerie is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Caumont-sur-Aure.

title: La Vacquerie


text:
Valsemé

Valsemé is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Valsemé


text:
Army Inventions Board

The Australian Army Inventions Board was established in 1900, and played a significant role in Allied Research and Development during World War I. However, by the late 1930s it had been allowed to become mostly inactive. It was revived in early 1940 under the name 'Army Central Inventions Board', though it was still generally known by its older name. In 1942 the board was reorganized into the Army Inventions Directorate (circa 1942–1946). It was a government body of the Commonwealth of Australia, set up in 1942 to handle the thousands of inventions submitted by the public. These inventions numbered some 27,000; a mere 127 of which were eventually accepted by the Army as being of notable value or suitable for military purposes. The best known invention accepted by the Army Inventions Board was the Australian-designed Owen Gun, a machine carbine which took a few years to get off the ground.

The Army Inventions Directorate was located at Victoria Barracks in Melbourne.

title: Army Inventions Board


text:
Dale Fort

Dale Fort is a mid-19th-century coastal artillery fort at Dale Head, a rocky promontory near Dale, Pembrokeshire, west of Milford Haven in Wales. It is one of the centres run by Field Studies Council and offers residential and non-residential fieldwork for schools, colleges and universities, holiday accommodation and professional and leisure courses in natural history and arts.

History
Although there was a proposal for an artillery battery on this site in 1829, the present fort is a result of a recommendation by Sir John Fox Burgoyne, the Inspector-General of Fortifications, in 1850. There is no record of when construction started, but the work was completed by 1858 and a date of 1856 is inscribed above the main gate. The fort was intended to protect the anchorage at the mouth of Milford Haven by providing interlocking fire with the nearby forts at Thorn Island and West Blockhouse. In 1876 there was a recommendation that the fort be re-armed with larger and more modern guns, but this was never implemented. The fort was the site for trials of Edmund Zalinski's Pneumatic Dynamite Gun in the 1890s, but the design was not adopted.

In 1902, the fort was sold to Lieutenant-Colonel A. Owen-Evans of the Royal Engineers, who converted it into a home for his family, but it changed hands when he died in 1925. During the Second World War, the fort was requisitioned by the Admiralty for use as a degaussing and mine-watching station, but was returned to the owner at the end of hostilities. The West Wales Field Society purchased Dale Fort for £6,000 in 1946 which it leased to the Council for the Promotion of Field Studies in August. The Wardens of Skokholm operated from Dale Fort initially. In 1959, it was sold to the Field Studies Council (formerly CPFS) at cost price plus an interest-free mortgage of £1,800 transferred to the Council. It has been run by the Field Studies Council as a field centre, and is now used by many thousands of students each year. 70% of the students are A-Level biologists working on the nearby shores to understand ecology.

Description
The fort occupies the easternmost end of the promontory; it is protected by a ditch cut into the rock, which extends across the promontory and down to the shoreline on either side. The landward (western) side of the fort facing the ditch consists of a loopholed wall, in the centre of which is a D-shaped bastion with embrasures for three guns. In the northwest corner is a defensible building of three ranges. The central one facing the ditch consists of guardrooms, between which the main entrance of the fort passes in a passageway, having crossed the ditch by means of a bridge. The northern range is a barracks for the ordinary soldiers and the southern range contains various storerooms. Further along the northern edge is the officers' quarters and the main magazine, now with a modern accommodation building over it. The gun battery is at the eastern end of the fort on the cliffs overlooking the haven. There are seven positions intended for 68-pounder guns firing en barbette (i.e. on open mountings firing over a parapet), the southernmost four being on a higher level than the other three. Originally there was an expense magazine to support these positions, but it has been demolished. The site of the Dynamite Gun position is close to the present dining area, towards the north of the fort.

title: Dale Fort


text:
New American Gospel

New American Gospel is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Lamb of God, as well as their first album under that name (they were originally known as Burn the Priest). It was released in 2000 through Prosthetic Records. New American Gospel is also the first release with Willie Adler on guitar, who replaced Abe Spear.

Metal Blade Records reissued a remastered version of New American Gospel in 2006 with four bonus tracks. The remastered version contains a note on the inlay that explains that the sound of the album is less polished than their newer work, in part due to time constraints as well as heavy drinking. It has sold over 100,000 copies in the United States.

Reception
Revolver magazine called New American Gospel one of the "69 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time". NME said the album "harks back to the days when Slayer ruled the kingdom of metal with speedy riffs and nihilism", and described the sound as "ferocious". CMJ described New American Gospel as "grindcore and death metal for the hardcore kids". Exclaim! compared New American Gospel to bands such as Pantera and Meshuggah, noted its "truly killer snare drum sound", and described the album in general as "a thoroughly satisfying listen and an innovative, real, heavy and scary metal album".

In 2020, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 2000 by Metal Hammer magazine.

Personnel
Credits taken from Lamb of God's official website.

Lamb of God

 * Randy Blythe – vocals
 * Mark Morton – lead guitar
 * Willie Adler – rhythm guitar
 * John Campbell – bass
 * Chris Adler – drums, production, mixing, analog editing

Additional personnel

 * Steve Austin – vocals on "Terror and Hubris in the House of Frank Pollard", production, mixing, engineering, analog editing, digital editing, mastering
 * Lamb of God – production, mixing
 * Dave Murello – digital editing
 * Ryan Smith – remastering at Sterling Sound

title: New American Gospel


text:
Varaville

Varaville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

It gives its name to the Battle of Varaville, which was fought in 1057.

title: Varaville


text:
Martha Stewart Living

Martha Stewart Living was a magazine and television program featuring entertaining and lifestyle expert Martha Stewart. Both the magazine and the television program focused on lifestyle content and the domestic arts.

Magazine
Martha Stewart Living began as a quarterly magazine in 1990, published by Time Inc. The magazine was published monthly from mid-1994. Stewart took the magazine with her when she bought out her contract with Time Inc. in 1997, and Martha Stewart Living became the flagship brand of the Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia media empire. In 2015, Meredith Corporation assumed editorial and operational control of Martha Stewart Living and Martha Stewart Weddings.

Martha Stewart Living magazine featured lifestyle content around food, home decorating, entertaining, crafts/DIY, travel, and tastemakers, with monthly columns including "From Martha", "Good Things", "Good Living", and "Everyday Food". Martha Stewart was the Founder and Chief Creative Officer of the magazine. The magazine's editorial staff was led by editor-in-chief, Elizabeth Graves, and included a staff of industry-recognized editors including Sarah Carey, Editorial Director of Food & Entertaining, Melissa Milrad Goldstein, Beauty Director, and Melissa Ozawa, Features & Garden Editor.

During the period 2005–2013, Martha Stewart Living made a profit only in 2007.

Television program
The Martha Stewart Living television show debuted as a weekly half-hour syndicated program in September 1993. Intended to complement the magazine, the program featured Stewart as host of each episode where she presented segments on things such as cooking, gardening, craft making and decorating. It expanded to weekdays in 1997, became a full hour-long program in 1999 (with a 30-minute weekend edition) and went on hiatus in autumn of 2004 following Stewart's stock trading case and conviction.

The show was distributed by Group W Productions from 1993 to 1995, Eyemark Entertainment from 1995 to 2000 following the CBS-Westinghouse merger, then King World Productions from 2000 to 2004 following CBS' merger with King World. It was succeeded by The Martha Stewart Show after Stewart's release from prison in 2005 and ran until it was cancelled in 2012.

Accolades
Both the magazine and the television show won numerous awards.

title: Martha Stewart Living


text: User talk:83.252.69.21

title: User talk:83.252.69.21


text:
Talk:House of Grimaldi

ruling
From the Grimaldi page:

"This family has ruled the country since 1291."

In the Monaco article a different year - 1297 - is mentioned. Which is correct?  22:15, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Peerage-stub
I don't really think Grimaldi belongs to the peerage of the United Kingdom.

Monegasque Princely Family
Confused: Shouldnt this artical take precedence over this artical " Monegasque Princely Family " ? It seems to me they are one in the same. Prehaps in the intro to House of Grimaldi it should me noted that they are the Monegasque Princely Family, but not create a seperate artical for it. ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 05:22, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Strike that, there is precedence it seems There is a British Royal Family artical as well as a House of Windsor artical. ♦Drachenfyre♦ · Talk 05:23, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Intro information
With the first sentence, could we get a bit of context as to what there is to say about this house, rather than having to digress into the history portion? D arth B otto talk•cont 18:49, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

Link to Grimaldi, Calabria?
Well, I learned that Grimaldo Canella, as his father Otto, "is placed between the dark history and the beginning of the fame of the family. In fact, historians and heraldists have fabled about him ancestries and mythical origins. [...] Serious studies [have begun] only in the modern age even if the unknown on the real origin of the Canella still remains" [from the english Wikipedia text about Grimaldo C.]. Still, I would appreciate any hint about any relationship between the family and the place of Grimaldi, Calabria (if there is any), probably linked to Grimoald I of Benevento (c. 610-671). ThomasPusch (talk) 20:45, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:House of Grimaldi


text:
Vassy

Vassy may refer to:

 * Vassy, Calvados, a former commune in Valdallière, Calvados département, Normandy region, France
 * Vassy-sous-Pisy, formerly Vassy, a commune in the Yonne département, France
 * Vassy (singer) (born 1983), Australian singer, songwriter, and producer
 * Vassy Kapelos (born 1981), Canadian political journalist
 * Kin Vassy (1943–1994), American singer-songwriter

title: Vassy


text:
USS E-2

USS E-2 (SS-25) was an E-class submarine of the United States Navy. Originally named Sturgeon, the boat was launched on 15 June 1911 by the Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts; sponsored by Ms. Margaret Nelson Little; renamed E-2 on 17 November 1911; and commissioned on 14 February 1912d.

Service history
Serving in the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla, E-2 sailed out of Newport, Rhode Island for developmental exercises and training. From 5 January-21 April 1914, she cruised to Guantanamo Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. She returned to Naval Station Newport on 27 July, for training operations for the remainder of the summer and from February–May 1915 off Florida.

On 19 June, she entered New York Navy Yard for overhaul. While sitting in dry dock Number 2, E-2 was victim of a violent explosion and fire on 15 January 1916 when hydrogen gas ignited during conditions of severe battery testing; tests made under the direction of the Edison Storage Battery Company. At the time, E-2 was the test submarine for new nickel battery designed to eliminate the danger from chlorine gas asphyxiation. There were 32 men aboard the submarine at the time of the explosion, consisting of both crew and civilian electricians and mechanics making repairs. Four men were killed and seven injured. The government investigation, led by then Lieutenant Chester W. Nimitz, pointed blame away from the submarine's commanding officer, then Lieutenant Charles M. Cooke, Jr.

On 13 March, E-2 was placed out of commission for use as a laboratory, for exhaustive tests of the Edison storage battery. Recommissioned on 25 March 1918, E-2 served in training and experimental work at New London until 16 May. Two days later she arrived at Norfolk to operate against enemy submarines off Cape Hatteras. From 21 May-27 August, she made four war patrols, sighting a large enemy submarine for which she made extended submerged search on her last patrol. E-2 was commended by the Chief of Naval Operations for two of these anti-submarine patrols, which were exceptionally long for a submarine of her size.

Returning to New London on 31 August 1918, E-2 made two more patrols before the end of the war, then returned to training student officers and qualifying men for duty in submarines. She sailed from New London to Norfolk on 19 April 1920, arriving two days later. There she was placed in commission in ordinary on 18 July 1921. On 17 September, she sailed for Philadelphia Navy Yard where she was decommissioned on 20 October and sold on 19 April 1922.

title: USS E-2


text:
Sandsfoot Castle

Sandsfoot Castle, also known historically as Weymouth Castle, is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII near Weymouth, Dorset. It formed part of the King's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire, and defended the Weymouth Bay anchorage. The stone castle had an octagonal gun platform, linked to a residential blockhouse, and was completed by 1542 at a cost of £3,887. Earthwork defences were built around the landward side of the castle, probably in 1623. Sandsfoot saw service during the English Civil War, when it was held by Parliament and Royalists in turn during the conflict. It survived the interregnum but, following Charles II's restoration to the throne, the fortress was withdrawn from military use in 1665.

By the early 18th century, Sandsfoot was in ruins, its stonework taken for use in local building projects. The clay cliffs on which the castle had been built had always been unstable and subject to erosion. The castle's gun platform began to collapse into the sea and, by the 1950s, had been entirely destroyed. The ruins were closed to visitors on safety grounds, although civic gardens were planted alongside it in 1951. Repairs were undertaken between 2009 and 2012 at a total cost of £217,800, enabling the site to be reopened to the public. Historic England considers Sandsfoot to be "one of the most substantial examples" of the 16th-century blockhouses to survive in England. The ruins were once again closed to visitors on safety grounds in January 2021. It remains closed to the public.

16th century
Sandsfoot Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England, France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII. Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely. Modest defences, based around simple blockhouses and towers, existed in the south-west and along the Sussex coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.

After 1533, Henry broke with popes Pope Clement VII and Paul III in order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife, Catherine of Aragon, and remarry. Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles took the annulment as a personal insult. This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England. An invasion of England appeared certain. In response, Henry issued an order, called a "device", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the English coastline.

Sandsfoot Castle was built to protect the Weymouth Bay anchorage, being placed on cliffs overlooking the waterway, opposite Portland Castle on the other side. Sandsfoot was a blockhouse, intended to defeat enemy ships using a battery of heavy artillery, and had minimal protection against an attack from the land. It was completed by 1541, run by a captain appointed by the Crown, and cost £3,887 to build. There was probably an early agreement that the nearby village of Wyke Regis had a responsibility to support the castle, and in exchange they came to traditionally enjoy an exemption from taxes and militia duties. The antiquarian John Leland visited the castle soon after its construction, describing it as "a right goodlie and warlyke castle" with "one open barbican", probably referring to the castle's gun platform.

Coastal erosion quickly began to threaten the castle, causing what was reported as a "great gulf" on its seaward side, and repairs costing £383 were necessary by 1583, completed by John Wadham of Catherston, MP and Recorder for Weymouth and “Captain of the Queen’s Majestie at Sandesfoot Castle” who died in 1584. During the invasion scare that accompanied the Spanish Armada of 1588, the normal garrison of Sandsfoot was supplemented by another 50 men.

17th–19th centuries
Repairs were made to the castle between 1610 and 1611 by the captain, Sir George Bampfield, at a cost of £211. A survey in 1623 carried out by Sir Richard Morryson showed the castle to be equipped with ten iron guns – one culverin, five demi-culverins, two sakers, a minion and a falcon – and garrisoned by its captain, five gunners and three soldiers. It was in a poor condition, and one corner of the gun platform had been undermined by the sea; Morryson's team estimated the likely costs of repairs to amount to £459.

During the English Civil War between the supporters of Charles I and Parliament, Weymouth was predominantly Parliamentarian in loyalty and the surrounding forts were held by their garrisons. Robert Dormer, the Earl of Carnarvon, entered Dorset with an army in 1643 and Weymouth surrendered, resulting in Sandsfoot Castle being controlled by the Royalists between August 1643 and June 1644. During this period the castle may have been used as a Royalist mint. Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex, then retook the county for Parliament; Colonel William Ashburnham, the Royalist governor of Weymouth, retreated to Portland Castle without a fight. Devereux approached Sandsfoot and, after three hours of negotiations, the fort surrendered to him. In 1647, Parliament ordered the garrison at the castle to be demobilised but this did not occur, and John Hayne was appointed as its new captain.

Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 and the next year a fresh order was given to demobilise the garrison at Sandsfoot. An argument then broke out between Humphrey Weld, the lieutenant-governor of Portland and captain of Sandsfoot Castle, and Charles Stewart, the Duke of Richmond, over the control of the local defences. The village of Wyke Regis petitioned Weld in a bid to prevent the demobilisation, concerned that their traditional exemptions from militia service would be revoked by the Duke. Weld championed their case but was dismissed from his post as lieutenant-governor, and the Duke occupied Sandsfoot with his militia. Weld appealed to the government and in 1665 a compromise was announced in which Weld would be reappointed to his role as lieutenant-governor, while Sandsfoot would be declared redundant and be demolished. The order for its destruction was never carried out, and the castle was used as a storehouse until at least 1691.

By 1725, the castle had become ruinous. Early in the century, the remains of the castle was sold to the town of Weymouth, whose people reused some of the stone to construct their new town bridge. Local tradition in the 19th century maintained that several houses in Weymouth were also constructed using stone taken from the castle. In 1825, the carved stone Elizabethan arms of the castle were moved to All Saints Church in Wyke Regis. Captains continued to be formally appointed, however, and Gabriel Stewart held the post as late as 1795.

The majority of the gun platform collapsed into the sea as the cliffs eroded. It is uncertain precisely when this occurred; in a prolonged historical debate over this during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the historian Henry Symonds argued that the first falls occurred during the 18th century, W. Norman placed the main fall in 1835, and T. Groves argued in favour of a more recent collapse in the second half of the 19th century. The ruined castle was drawn and painted by various artists in the 18th and 19th centuries, including Samuel Buck, J. H. Grimm, C. Sawyer and Edward Pritchard. The castle featured in Joseph Drew's short novel "the Poisoned Cup" in 1876.

20th–21st centuries
In 1902, the Weymouth Corporation purchased the castle for the town from the Department of Woods and Forests for a total of £150. During the Second World War the castle housed an anti-aircraft battery as part of the defences created around Portland Harbour. Despite the construction of the Portland breakwaters nearby, the unstable clay cliffs remained vulnerable to erosion; in 1930 the ruins were closed to the public due to safety concerns and the remaining embrasure of the gun platform collapsed in the 1950s.

In 2009, £23,100 was awarded by the Heritage Lottery Fund for an initial survey of the site, which by now had been placed on English Heritage's register of listed buildings at risk of decline, followed by a further £194,700 in 2011 for substantial repair work. As part of the work, a three-dimensional laser scan of the stonework was undertaken, and a steel and oak walkway was installed around the interior of the castle. The castle reopened to the public in 2012, and the following year it was removed from English Heritage's at risk register. The castle is protected under UK law as a grade II* listed building and as a scheduled monument.

The castle was once again closed to the public in 2021 after vertical cracks on an internal wall were found to have widened. Permanent metal fencing now surrounds the castle preventing public access.

Architecture
Sandsfoot Castle was built from Portland stone with ashlar facings and a rubble core. It comprised a main blockhouse attached to an octagonal gun room, overlooking the sea. The two-storey blockhouse is 42 by across, with a gate-tower on its landward side. It probably originally had four rooms for the accommodation and cooking facilities for the garrison, with staircases leading up to the first floor and down into its basement. The gate-tower held a small room on the first floor and was designed to hold a portcullis. The one-storey gun room was approximately 36 by across with five embrasures for guns and a flat roof that also probably supported artillery. Both the gun room and the main block were probably protected by parapets.

The gun room has been lost to erosion, although the south-western embrasure is still visible where it fell onto the beach below. The ashlar facings of the blockhouse have been largely robbed, although some elements remain, and the roof and floors have been lost. Historic England considers that the castle "represents one of the most substantial examples" of an unaltered 16th-century blockhouse in England.

The castle originally had an outer ward, reached over a bridge, and stables, although these have been both been lost. Protective rectangular earthworks were constructed to protect the castle on the landward side, probably in 1623, with two bastions in the north and west corners, and some form of stone structure along the earthworks. In the 18th century these earthworks were described as forming a "deep trench" and mid-19th century accounts suggested that they were around 12 ft deep. Now only 100 ft of the bank and ditch survives, with the earthworks approximately 10 m wide overall and 2.2 m deep between the top of the bank and the base of the ditch. The north bastion still survives largely intact, although the west has been mostly destroyed. Outside the entrance to the earthworks are the Sandsfoot Gardens, civic gardens dating from 1951, designed in a Tudor style with an ornamental pond.

title: Sandsfoot Castle


text:
A Greek–English Lexicon

A Greek–English Lexicon, often referred to as Liddell & Scott or Liddell–Scott–Jones (LSJ), is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language originally edited by Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Roderick McKenzie and published in 1843 by the Oxford University Press.

It was most recently revised for its ninth edition of 1940. Abridged versions and a supplement exist. It was initially the basis for the 2021 Cambridge Greek Lexicon, although subsequently that became a complete rewrite from scratch.

Liddell and Scott's lexicon (1843–1940)
The lexicon was begun in the 19th century, and is now in its ninth (revised) edition, published in 1940. It was based on the earlier Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache by the German lexicographer Franz Passow (first published in 1819, fourth edition 1831), which in turn was based on Johann Gottlob Schneider's Kritisches griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch. The Lexicon has served as the basis for all later lexicographical work on the ancient Greek language, such as the ongoing Greek–Spanish dictionary project Diccionario Griego–Español (DGE).

It is now conventionally referred to as Liddell & Scott, Liddell–Scott–Jones, or LSJ, and its three sizes are sometimes referred to as "The Little Liddell", "The Middle Liddell" and "The Big Liddell" or "The Great Scott". The LSJ main edition has 116,502 entries.

According to Stuart Jones's preface to the ninth (1925) edition, the creation of the Lexicon was originally proposed by David Alphonso Talboys, an Oxford publisher. It was published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford rather than by Talboys, who died before the first edition (1843) was complete. The second through seventh editions appeared in 1845, 1849, 1855, 1861, 1869, and 1883.

The first editor of the LSJ, Henry George Liddell, was Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, and the father of Alice Liddell, the eponymous Alice of the writings of Lewis Carroll. The eighth edition (1897) was the last edition published during Liddell's lifetime.

The LSJ is sometimes compared and contrasted with A Latin Dictionary by Lewis and Short, which was also published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It is also sometimes compared with the Bauer lexicon, which is a similar work focused on the Greek of the New Testament.

The LSJ's definitions reflect the Victorian morality of its time. For example, χέζω (chezo, 'to shit'), is translated as "ease oneself, do one's need"; βινέω (bineo, 'to fuck') as "inire, coire, of illicit intercourse"; and λαικάζω (laikazo, 'to suck cocks') as "to wench".

Condensed editions (1843, 1889)
Two condensed editions of LSJ were published by Oxford University Press and remain in print.

In 1843, the same year as the full lexicon's publication, A Lexicon: Abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek–English Lexicon, sometimes called "the Little Liddell" was published. Several revised editions followed. For example, a reprint, re-typeset in 2007, of the 1909 edition is available from Simon Wallenberg Press.

In 1889, an intermediate edition of the lexicon, An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, was prepared on the basis of the seventh edition (1883) of LSJ. In comparison to the smaller abridgement, this "Middle Liddell" contains more entries covering the essential vocabulary of most commonly read Ancient Greek literature, adds citations of the authors to illustrate the history of Greek usage (without identifying the passages), and provides more help with irregular forms.

The Supplement (1968)
After the publication of the ninth edition in 1940, and shortly after the deaths of both Stuart Jones and McKenzie, the OUP maintained a list of addenda et corrigenda ("additions and corrections"), which was bound with subsequent printings. However, in 1968, these were replaced by a Supplement to the LSJ. Neither the addenda nor the Supplement has ever been merged into the main text, which still stands as originally composed by Liddell, Scott, Jones, and McKenzie. The Supplement was initially edited by M. L. West. Since 1981, it has been edited by P. G. W. Glare, editor of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (not to be confused with Lewis and Short's A Latin Dictionary). Since 1988, it has been edited by Glare and Anne A. Thompson. As the title page of the Lexicon makes clear (and the prefaces to the main text and to the Supplement attest), this editorial work has been performed "with the cooperation of many scholars".

The Supplement primarily takes the form of a list of additions and corrections to the main text, sorted by entry. The supplemental entries are marked with signs to show the nature of the changes they call for. Thus, a user of the Lexicon can consult the Supplement after consulting the main text to see whether scholarship after Jones and McKenzie has provided any new information about a particular word. , the most recent revision of the Supplement, published in 1996, contains 320 pages of corrections to the main text, as well as other materials.

Here is a typical entry from the revised Supplement:

"x ἐκβουτῠπόομαι to be changed into a cow, S.fr. 269a.37 R."

The small "x" indicates that this word did not appear in the main text at all; "S.fr." refers to the collected fragmentary works of Sophocles.

One interesting new source of lexicographic material in the revised Supplement is the Mycenean inscriptions. The 1996 revised Supplement's Preface notes:

"At the time of the publication of the first Supplement it was felt that the Ventris decipherment of the Linear B tablets was still too uncertain to warrant the inclusion of these texts in a standard dictionary. Ventris's interpretation is now generally accepted and the tablets can no longer be ignored in a comprehensive Greek dictionary [...]."

Electronic editions
The ninth edition of LSJ has been freely available in electronic form since 2007, having been digitized by the Perseus Project. Diogenes, a free software package, incorporates the Perseus data and allows easy offline consultation of LSJ on Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux platforms. Marcion is another open source application that includes the Perseus LSJ.

For mobile devices, both the Kindle E-Ink and the iPhone/iPod Touch feature data ported from Perseus. The Android market also currently offers the intermediate LSJ as an offline downloadable app for free or for a small price. A CD-ROM version published and sold by Logos Bible Software also incorporates the Supplement's additions to the ninth edition of LSJ. A new online version of LSJ was released in 2011 by the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG). The TLG version corrects "a large number of typographical errors", and includes links to the extensive TLG textual corpus. A Kindle version, the "Complete Liddell & Scott's Lexicon with Inflections", is also available: it allows searches of most Classical Greek word-forms and supports a growing number of Ancient/Classical Greek texts for the device.

Translations
The Lexicon has been translated into Modern Greek by Xenophon Moschos, ed.: Michael Konstantinidis and was published by Anestis Konstantinidis in 1904 with the title H. Liddell – R. Scott – Α. Κωνσταντινίδου (Μέγα Λεξικόν τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς Γλώσσης). Reprinted also by other publishers. Also, a supplement compiled by a group of Greek philologists. An Italian translation of the Intermediate Liddell-Scott, entitled Dizionario illustrato Greco-Italiano was published in 1975 by Le Monnier, edited by Q. Cataudella, M. Manfredi and F. Di Benedetto.

Cambridge Greek Lexicon (2021)
LSJ was the basis of the project of John Chadwick and James Diggle at Cambridge to publish the Cambridge Greek Lexicon of 2021. Although it was initially conceived as a mere update of LSJ, the editors eventually decided to start afresh since they considered LSJ "too antiquated in concept, design and content". The CGL has a smaller scope than the LSJ (and also the Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek), and is unlikely to replace it; however, it is still more comprehensive than the Middle Liddell, which it intends to replace. The Cambridge Greek Lexicon uses contemporary language for its definitions and, unlike the LSJ, no longer elides the meaning of words considered offensive in Victorian times.

Electronic editions

 * The Online Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek–English Lexicon at the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (archived 27 May 2016)
 * LSJ at Perseus: Word study tool; Search headwords and English definitions; Browse text Because it is not easy to computer-typeset breves and macrons in Greek, the Perseus transcription is "α^" for a short alpha, and "α_" for a long alpha.
 * LSJ at Harvard's Archimedes Project
 * LSJ at Univ. of Chicago
 * LSJ in wiki format and diacritics insensitive search in Greek and Latin characters
 * Modern Greek version of LSJ by the University of the Aegean
 * LSJ via the Philologus online interface

Scanned copies of the Great Scott

 * Fourth edition (1855) (archive.org)
 * Sixth edition (1869) (archive.org)
 * Seventh edition (1883) (archive.org)
 * Eighth edition (1901) (archive.org)
 * Ninth edition (1940) vol. 1 (archive.org)
 * Ninth edition (1940) vol. 2 (archive.org)
 * American edition (1853), ed. Henry Drisler (archive.org)

Scanned copies of the Middle Liddell

 * First edition (1889) (archive.org)

title: A Greek–English Lexicon