text:
User talk:Fred Bauder/Archive 4

Further explanation
here 20:07, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Proposed findings of fact / Rex arbitration
To facilitate easier access to the David Brooks article, I edited the URL to an AltaVista/NYT partnership one which requires no login:

see David Brooks NY Times, 9-11-04

(this is your old URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/11/opinion/11brooks.html)

19:25, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

LaRouche again
Hi Fred,

Could you please review the recent edit war at Eurasian Land-Bridge and consider whether Weed Harper and Hershelkrustofsky have violated the ArbCom ruling regarding LaRouche related "original research" ie:
 * 1) Wikipedia users who engage in re-insertion of original research which originated with Lyndon LaRouche and his movement or engage in edit wars regarding insertion of such material shall be subject to ban upon demonstration to the Arbitration Committee of the offense.

Thanks AndyL 18:28, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If I may express my view, the relevant part of the ArbCom decision is the part that allows reference to LaRouche only where "highly relevant." Since the article in question is about a proposal authored by LaRouche, I would submit that the inclusion of LaRouche's name is highly relevant. Andy and Adam are upset that LaRouche is being given credit for having authored the proposal, but I think that the evidence put together by Weed Harper makes the case. I would also ask you to consider whether the continued (and presently protected) attempts to inappropriately redirect the article may constitute vandalism.

 * Sincerely, Herschelkrustofsky 22:18, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I would interpret the decision to exclude areas like the Eurasian Land-Bridge which are original research and thus subject to reversion. Areas which are included would include articles about his political activities. Fred Bauder 23:09, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)

In my opinion the Lyndon LaRouche intiative regarding the Eurasian Land-Bridge is original research by Lyndon LaRouche and thus subject to deletion. Fred Bauder 23:30, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have found references to the Eurasian Land-Bridge proposal on the web, in press accounts from Hong Kong, India  and  , and Japan . None of these media are affiliated with LaRouche, so how do you reconcile this with your view that it is "original research"?  Weed Harper 20:13, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

It is his particular spin added to promote him which is at issue. Unless it is in the article on him. Fred Bauder 02:11, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * So, if I understand you right, it is not a question of original research, but rather that you feel LaRouche is not "highly relevant" to the article? Please advise. Weed Harper 15:44, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

To the extent LaRouche references are relevant to the Eurasian Land-Bridge proposal it is because of the original work he, and his wife have done with respect to it. Fred Bauder 17:40, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * What if Weed's article were edited so that it describes the proposal, but doesn't mentioned LaRouche or his wife? That would seem to me a bit peculiar, but preferable to deceiving the reader by re-directing the article to "Asian Highway." --Herschelkrustofsky 20:31, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * LaRouche's proposal? Fred Bauder 23:42, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, that would be LaRouche's proposal. Catch-22. But, out there in the real world, the proposal exists, it is acknowledged by the all-important press citations, and, there are numerous links on Wikipedia to an article that is presently re-directed to an article about a different topic. --Herschelkrustofsky 01:18, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ok, well it would seem best to let others straighten that all out, how about editing something about something else that interests you? Most of the known universe lies open to your editing. Fred Bauder 01:26, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

Rex071404 asks you to read his comments
here 17:52, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Also, to better see what I have been up against, please review the brief edit war over at Ann Coulter and read the recent talk page comments there  18:20, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Also, other than "anon ip" editors, please take notice that it is consistently the same few editors who revert, revert and revert me across different articles. 18:20, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Also, please take notice of user Kizzle who appears to be a sockpuppet and has not edited any pages other than those I am editing. Not even John Kerry which based on Kizzle's edits ought to interest him/her. 00:19, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If you have something to say to me, say it to my face. don't write it on someone else's talk page and have some anon-ip tell me about it.  If you want to open dialog write on my page instead of someone else's.  FB, I apologize for this thread, it doesn't belong on your page until Rex converses with me first. --kizzle 03:37, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

And, user Nysus (to a large degree) is another one who has done nothing but a edit a few similar articles and the lines of the above examples  16:43, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I started another new page tonight: Original Intent. I did this after not finding those words in a "find on this page" browser search of the United States Constitution page. Though my new page was quickly redirected to Originalism by user Neutrality, that's not the reason for this comment. I leave this note to point out that there seems to be no substanative discussion or article on this Wiki about the ongoing legal arena bruhaha over the issue of "Original Intent" (though I did add what I could to "Originalism" tonight). This really surprises me as to my knowledge, this issue is squarely in the center of the conservative legal theories which would block rulings such as Lawrence v. Texas. I haven't looked yet, but I am wondering about this Wiki's coverage of the issue of "Judicial Activism" as well. 06:19, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Rex, your history is not good. In the early years of the Republic there were a number of communities, for example, Oneida Community which adapted unusual sexual practices. They felt secure that the Liberty guaranteed by the Constitution protected them from legal harassment. It was Mormonism which eventually resulted in the Supreme Court abrogating the Liberty of American citizens in that respect as there was popular pressure to do something about polygamy. Fred Bauder 12:21, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

Fred, you said of me, "your history is not good". Do you mean my evident grasp of it? Or attempts to portray it? I am not sure what you mean. I cannot evaluate your statement and respond to it fully without more information. Please advise. Even so, while I am waiting for your reply, I will however, guess and try to reply.

Are you trying to suggest that simply bcause fom time to time in the past, the USA had occuring within its confines, various sexual practices that deviated enough from the "norm" that looking back, we ought to interpret the existance of those practices as defacto evidence of "license" for said practices, under the Constitution? If so, I don't agree with your reasoning. Fred, aren't you an attorney? If so, certainly you must know that evidence of lack of enforcement against something, is not evidence of license for that same thing, yes?

Fred, it is inarguably true that the vast majority of all those who designed and installed our government and guiding/governing documents (Declaration of Independance and Constitution) were theists of one ilk or another - that is, most (if not all) at minimum, believed that there is a God and He grants us our rights. It was from within this view of the world, that these leaders peered out. And it was from that vantage point, that they wrote our 1st laws which set up our initial set of stated presumptions. Simply because it was so widely understood back then that marriage meant one man and one woman, that it was not explicitly stated anywhere, does not mean that's not what the personal and governing view of the leaders of USA who authored our charters was premised on. Now, if people want to come along and say "hey, gay marriage, great!", they are free to do that. And under our system of self-governing laws, if they get enough votes, they are entitled to it. But please don't tell me that say the Massachusetts Constitution which was written by puritans and pilgrims, etc. and is the oldest active one in the world, omitted a definiiton of mariage as man/woman because they intended to leave the door open for man/man. etc. No, it was left out for the same reason that there is no mention of cannibalism or space travel either - no one expected anyone to be looking for that, so it was not addressed.

As for my grasp of history, I am offended that you would make such a broad sweeping condemnation of my understanding. I'll have you know that I've read quite a bit. As an example, I'll ask you, have you read these: "900 days - The Seige of Lenningrad". "Murrow, his Life and Times", "Ford, The Men and the Machine", "The House of Morgan", "Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee", "The Story of Civilisation" (Will & Ariel Durant), "Maus", Maus II"? This is a sampling of some I can remember off the top of my head. Have you read them all? Suffice it to say, we differ in our views, not because I am under-informed, but because I apply a different test to what I read than you and therefore come to different conclusions. By the way, since many of my discussions on the Wiki have beeen about Vietnam era issues and John Kerry, etc. I'd like to suggest that you read "The Tunnels of Cu Chi" if you haven't already. It is very interesting.

Also, neither do I agree with your suppositions about what any Oneida Community members felt. How do you know what they felt? Are there personal accounts written by them which reflect their feelings about "Liberty guaranteed by the Constitution"?

16:01, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Interesting stuff Rex, but to focus on the issue at hand, quote from the Supreme Court dissenting opinions or influential conservative commentators. Don't try to do your own analysis and put it in the article. Fred Bauder 16:52, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think that I was doing that. The 60%+ fact supports the word "disruptive". On the other hand, there is no consensus or majority view - among the USA citizenry - that the case is "most important" or even "important". The word I replaced was less on point than the word I replaced it with. The sentence originally read "Some suggest that Lawrence v. Texas may eventually come to be seen as one of the most important decisions by the United States Supreme Court.". To this, my edit was a big rhetorical "so what"! At least my edit had the 60%+ to support the "some" in my version of the sentence. Who are the "some" that the sentence referred to before I arrived? The answer is: gay activists. This sentence and the warfare Neutrality started over my edit to it is a 100% perfect example of the incredibly systemic liberal bias imbued onto parts of this Wiki. The word "important" was never flagged as being the mere supposed opinion that it is - why? Because basically all the editors on that page agreed with a view that the case is most important. And if not, how did that word stay in there so long as the unchallenged speculative opinion it is - all the while the article was progressing towards featured status? [[User:Rex071404|Rex071404 [[Image:Happyjoe.jpg]] ]] 17:28, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Dog references
Hi Fred, I'm just using the recommended APA style references from the cite your sources page. I used the semicolon because this better divides up the authors. HTH. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:09, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

P.S. it would be a good idea to break up references and further reading, because we need to know what the cited material is that goes into this story and what is thought to be good reading material that is supplementary to the article. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:20, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

It can be confusing, expecially if the text of the article does not contain comments which refer to the references. In this case all three are references and are interesting further reading. Fred Bauder 15:19, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

Dogs
Fred, I'm sorry that we seem to be not quite understanding each other on the dog page. I just wanted to say that there is so much work to do--and so much information out there--on everything related to dogs that I am always delighted when someone else starts pitching in to any dog article. I don't want to scare you away from the dog article by being annoyingly stubborn--not even by being just plain old ordinary stubborn. For example, it's nice to have more info on dog society. And there are so many other topics to cover, too! :-) Elf | Talk 21:55, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Kenneth Alan
What is happening with regard to Requests for arbitration/Kenneth Alan? It's been nearly a month. Mintguy (T) 17:32, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

User:209.135.35.83
What is your relationship, if any, with User:209.135.35.83? Fred Bauder 16:51, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

209.135.35.83 is an NAT IP address. All individuals within this site appear as this site's NAT IP addresses. I am not responsible for the actions or writings of all individuals within this site. Lance6Wins 17:59, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

How do I tickle your messages box without copying the information to both pages or having the discussion split over the two pages...hard to read that way. ;( Lance6Wins 19:06, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)

National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth
I saw the letter from Mr Meatyard and your response on the National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth talk page, Fred. Thanks for defending the article's editing process and our principles! Please note that this article was when I first saw it, 11 Sept, a complete advertisement, even though for a worthy non-profit cause. As soon as I saw it, I listed it on Cleanup for being advertising. The language used was the typical promotespeak of school websites, a little toned down compared to the exstasies of self-praise that you see on US private school homepages, but basically similar. I thought then that the text had probably been lifted from NAGTY's own website, but haven't been able to verify this since. I still think it came from somewhere, though: it looked quite unlikely to be the work of young students. Anyway, once the Cleanup tag was in place, User:Estel started to add new material, and I jumped in and removed most of it (:-( !) and discussed NPOV with her/him, see talk page. We're still working together, mostly in the sense that s/he adds, I copyedit.

I understand that the page the way it looks right now, the result of Estel's and my negotiations, might not inspire confidence. The process is a gradual one, partly because I'm anxious not to denigrate the contributions of Estel (who may indeed be a young NAGTY student), both on general principles and especially because Estel knows about the subject and I don't. I can't start adding free-hand material, I can only edit and rewrite that which appears, and do it tactfully. Such processes, as you know and NAGTY don't, usually have better end results than the middle stages seem to promise. For instance, once Estel rewrites the last paragraph (which certainly is an embarrassment right now) far enough for me to understand its drift, I think I might be able to take it the rest of the way. It would be a big help, though, if more editors joined us, especially more NAGTY students.

Btw, I don't exactly know which version of the article had given rise to Mr. Meatyard's concerns--even a few days may make a difference, as the page is being actively edited--but if he includes my editing from 12 September onwards in his reference to "even younger students", he's mistaken about that. I'm a Swedish university professor, and not a UK resident. The UK educational system is a bit of a mystery to me, so I knew I'd be likely to insert inaccuracies if I tried to clean up the article by myself. But as one of a team including students at the school (I wish there were more of them than Estel around right now), I think I have useful skills.

There is one way NAGTY could indeed help, not by rewriting the page themselves and asking for it to be protected and have its history deleted (which seems to be the drift of Mr Meatyard's letter), but by supplying up to date source material to us. A more detailed and sourced document, concerned more with "the remit and contractual obligations of the Academy" than appears on their own website, that would be great. (Well, perhaps most of this information is already on the website, but if so I have difficulty distinguishing it among the more pre-chewed and, well, again, promotional items.) A single fact-rich text from them for us to mine, that could be placed on a temporary subpage, prominently linked from the article, would be something that could really help us in removing any inaccuracies and adding facts. (And if young students should mine it too indiscriminately, which could easily happen, I will be removing blocks of text from the article again.)

In case you think it might be useful to pass this note on to somebody — anybody — please feel free. And very much shorten it any way you like for the purpose (I hadn't realized how horribly long it was getting, sorry about that). Thanks again for your staunch defence. --Bishonen 09:41, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, thanks for responding to this quickly. On the same subject, when you are responding to emails sent to Jimbo, rather than to posts made publicly on a wiki, please post a draft for feedback, spell checking, &c. Your response is unlikely to seem 'merely the opinion of one Wikipedia editor', even though the original message was posted publicly.  +sj +  21:31, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Umm... I don't know if the material itself was actually lifted from a source, I don't find it too improbable that it was actually written by a student that is far to used to looking at texts of that nature coming from the academy itself. The creator of the page is, by all accounts, a student (and most likely refered too in Mr. Meatyard's letter). I'd confirm that I am a member, and no doubt there are a number of others that contribute to the page (the history seems to show that a number have looked at it. The "offensive" material that was removed, by the style of the comment, appears to have been removed by a student. I apologise profusely for the need that I generate for copyediting, and the overall shodiness of any of the text that I write - the only feeble excuse that I can offer would be that they are generally written during the last five minutes of a rushed lunch time, or else sneaked into some lesson. Truthfully though, I am not so used to writing in an encylopedic style as I prefer Prose and thats why there are sooo many adjectives ;-). I'll go now and try to rewrite the last paragraph which... (I assume that you are refering to "Publications",) does look a bit of a mess.
 * At the time of Barry writing the letter, which I assume was written on about the same day as sent, was about the last day that I preformed an edit on the page. I assume by "even younger students", he refers mainly to me, on the basis that my name is the only one (except Bishonen's and various IP addresses) that appears in the history - and the nickname of "Estel" would most likely be recognisable to him (I am also younger, by a year). Estel 28/09/04 2125 UST

Disruptive editors
I've noticed in several proceedings now that there's been a trend - mostly led by you, it seems - to allow minority viewpoints a legitimate defence for disruptive behaviour, and to allow comparatively new disruptive editors to get off scot free. As when I discussed this with a couple of other arbitrators on IRC, the only answer they could come up with as to how the conduct of Rex and L6W differed from RK's was that he'd been around here longer.

I'm afraid just don't understand the rationale. If there's a viewpoint that needs to be presented, then that's a challenge for all the editors working on that article to do so effectively. Surely there's better ways of going about this than allowing someone who has persistently proven that they are unwilling or unable to edit neutrally, to then drive all the other editors in that area to the brink of madness. Ambi 04:09, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

It is those who hold a minority viewpoint who are motivated to present it. Where they go wrong is to assume that having presented their viewpoint, that settles the matter and that they have then trumped other viewpoints. The role of other editors is to help put such viewpoint in their place, expressed but identified as to the point of view expressed. Editor with a perspective not covered adequately in an article are dispruptive from a Wikipedia policy standpoint only if they won't follow policy, but keep on, like a bulldog, insisting on having their perspective dominate the article. As to new editors, there is a possibility that they don't understand Wikipedia policy and ought to be given a fair chance to conform. With old editors there is a possibility that they can be brought around to an understanding they must give up their old habits now that the NPOV policy is being enforced, not just mouthed. Fred Bauder 11:05, Sep 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Editor with a perspective not covered adequately in an article are dispruptive from a Wikipedia policy standpoint only if they won't follow policy, but keep on, like a bulldog, insisting on having their perspective dominate the article. If this is, indeed, your definition of disruptive behaviour, I'm a little bit bemused as to why you think the two editors I'm referring to don't fit under that definition.

 * Granted, new editors may not understand Wikipedia policy, and do need to be given a chance to conform. Watching Requests for mediation, I often see a fair few of these people go through there, and often, they do go on to become useful editors. Indeed, I myself was one of those, back in the day.

 * But by the time things have gotten to the point of arbitration, where there's been the RfC, where mediation has often been declined (and often by the user before the committee), I just don't think they're likely to get a clue anytime soon. In those cases, I believe that giving them chance after chance after chance just harms Wikipedia, by both directly driving other contributors away from editing those articles, and keeping pages semi-permanently protected. Tolerance is good. Too much tolerance is Slashdot. Ambi 11:52, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Ambi, what about editors such as JamesMLane, who (from my perspective) have mendacity as their watchword when it comes to their approach to inter-editor dealings? What do you say about someone (JamesMLane) who, on one hand, has an avowed goal of driving editor(s) off the wiki, but on the other, seems to think that others should want to dialog with him to any degree, hmmm...? Or what do you say about someone like Neutrality, who, as the edit history and talk page at Lawrence v. Texas shows, engage in an edit war with no talk page dialog, before or after? No Ambi, you have nothing to say about them, because you sympathize with their POV. And for the same reason, you are one of the lurkers who is ready to pounce - in efforts to hassle both myself and VV, whenever you can (example: your comments above). 16:16, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Amazing. You accuse me of being biased because I sympathise with their POV, when I clearly stated above that the other user I was complaining about is someone whose POV I agree with. Secondly, you accuse me of hassling VeryVerily. Others might have done this, but I have no problem with him or her, and indeed, any contact I've had with them has been positive. Ambi 01:20, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Perhaps I am misreading to whom you refer. If so, please accept my apologies. 01:27, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Mintguy RFAr restored
Per the Arbitration policy, I've restored the request, since one week has not yet passed. Although it looks like it will be rejected, the policy should be followed as it affords appropriate time for me to appeal to the arbitrators, and perhaps change their vote. -- Netoholic @ 14:26, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)

LaRouche
I believe User:Weed Harper has violated the ArbComm's decision regarding original research and Lyndon LaRouche. See where, despite your intervention in Talk:Eurasion Land-Bridge, he has continued to revert the article to a state that contains "original research". AndyL 18:33, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

If it is indeed original material which originated with Lyndon LaRouche it may be removed. Any user who re-inserts it may be subject to ban.

Enforcement
1) Wikipedia users who engage in re-insertion of original research which originated with Lyndon LaRouche and his movement or engage in edit wars regarding insertion of such material shall be subject to ban upon demonstration to the Arbitration Committee of the offense.
 * Passed with 5 of 6 active arbitrators on 2 August 2004. No votes against and no abstentions

3) If an article is protected due to edit wars over the removal of Lyndon-related material, Admins are empowered (as an exception to normal protection policy) to protect the version which does not mention Lyndon LaRouche.
 * Passed with 5 of 6 active arbitrators on 2 August 2004. No votes against and no abstentions

So if they keep reverting an application for a ban may be made. Fred Bauder 18:51, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Ban?
Please see my reply to you here.

Frankly, I am appalled that you are capitulating to complainers so easily. In fact, I am sufficiently offended at your inability to see the venality of that core group of accusers, that I am quitting this Wiki, effective with this edit. And whether or not I ever return in some form, is not something I am going to discuss with you. It's been a little over 30 years since I was last kicked out of a sandbox. Personally, I feel that once every 30 years is enough. Lastly, while your Arbitration style may be one that you think is "successful" the only thing you accomplish is driving away conservative editors. And by the way, I am right about Dedham, Massachusetts and I don't give a rat's ass whether an ego-blinded fool like Feldspar is willing to admit it or not. Unless and until you devise a better system for taming the mob rule around here, this Wiki will never be home to cutting edge knowledge on controversial topics. PS: If "Feldspar" isn't an an interested party in disguise, I'll eat my hat. Too bad I won't be here for you to prove me wrong. Oh well. Warmest Regards, 21:24, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fred Bauder/Archive 4


text:
Hot Shots!

Hot Shots! is a 1991 American comedy film directed by Jim Abrahams, co-writer and co-director of Airplane!, and written by Abrahams and Pat Proft. It stars Charlie Sheen, Cary Elwes, Valeria Golino, Lloyd Bridges, Jon Cryer, Kevin Dunn, Kristy Swanson, Bill Irwin, and Efrem Zimbalist Jr. The film is primarily a parody of Top Gun, with some scenes spoofing other popular films, including 9½ Weeks, The Fabulous Baker Boys, Dances with Wolves, Marathon Man, Rocky, Superman, and Gone with the Wind. A sequel, Hot Shots! Part Deux, was released in 1993, with Sheen, Golino, Bridges and Jerry Haleva reprising their roles.

Plot
The film begins at Flemner Air Base 20 years in the past. A pilot named Leland "Buzz" Harley loses control of his plane and ejects, leaving his co-pilot Dominic "Mailman" Farnham to crash. Although Mailman survives, he is mistaken for a deer owing to the branches stuck to his helmet and is shot by a hunter.

Topper Harley wakes up from a nightmare he is having about the event when Lt. Commander Block asks him to return to active duty as a pilot in the U.S. Navy, to help on a new top secret mission: Operation Sleepy Weasel, commanded by the senile and accident-prone Admiral Benson. Harley experiences intense psychological problems, especially when his father is mentioned. His therapist, Ramada, tries to stop Topper from flying, but she relents, and also starts to fall in love with him. Meanwhile, Topper gets into a feud with another fighter pilot, Kent Gregory, Mailman's son and a former boyfriend of Ramada, who blames Buzz Harley for his father's death and believes Topper is dangerous.

Block starts privately meeting with an airplane tycoon, Mr. Wilson, who has recently built a new "Super Fighter" that will make the American pilots superior. Block reveals that he brought back Topper for the reason of making Sleepy Weasel fail. Block would then report that it was the Navy's planes that were the real reason for the mission failure and that they need to be replaced with Wilson's planes. During one of the last training missions, an accident between Pete "Dead Meat" Thompson and Jim "Wash-Out" Pfaffenbach leaves Dead Meat killed and Wash Out demoted to radar operator. Block believes this is enough to convince the Navy to buy new fighters, but Wilson calls it a "minor incident", saying the planes need to fail in combat.

Topper develops a strong emotional attachment to Ramada, but she is haunted by her past with Gregory. On the carrier S.S. Essess, Benson reveals the mission to be an attack of an Iraqi nuclear plant and Block assigns Topper to lead the mission, much to Gregory's protest. Wilson, who is also on board, instructs a crew member to sabotage the planes, putting the pilots' lives at risk. In the midst of the mission, Block mentions Buzz Harley to Topper, who has a panic attack and is unable to lead. Block just starts to call out for the mission to be aborted when Iraqi fighters attack the squadron. All the planes' weapons fail, and Block, realizing what has happened, tells Topper that he saw what really happened with Buzz and Mailman: That Buzz tried to do everything possible to save Mailman, but ended up falling out of the plane, failing in his attempts.

With his self-confidence restored, Topper single-handedly beats the Iraqi fighters and bombs the nuclear plant, dropping a bomb directly on Saddam Hussein. Back aboard the ship, Wilson's plan is revealed, and his standing with the military is lost. Back in port, Gregory hails Topper as a great pilot and gives his blessing to Ramada to be with Topper. The end credits show Dead Meat and Mailman in spirit with Dead Meat saluting and Mailman giving a thumbs up with Elvis Presley (who was mentioned earlier in the film).

Cast

 * Charlie Sheen as LT Sean "Topper" Harley
 * Cary Elwes as LT Kent "Pirate" Gregory
 * Valeria Golino as Ramada Thompson
 * Lloyd Bridges as RADM Thomas "Tug" Benson
 * Kevin Dunn as LCDR James "Eyewitness" Block
 * Jon Cryer as LT Jim "Wash Out" Pfaffenbach
 * William O'Leary as LTJG Pete "Dead Meat" Thompson
 * Kristy Swanson as LTJG Janet "Bio" Kowalski
 * Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. as Mr Wilson
 * Bill Irwin as LCDR Leland "Buzz" Harley
 * Ryan Stiles as LT Dominic "Mailman" Farnham
 * Heidi Swedberg as Mary Thompson
 * Rino Thunder as Owatonna 'The Old One'
 * Charles Barkley as himself
 * Don Lake as Roy
 * Cylk Cozart as Drill Sergeant
 * Bill Laimbeer as himself
 * Jerry Haleva as Saddam Hussein
 * Gene Greytak as Pope John Paul II
 * Mark Arnott as Rosener

Production
Principal photography was filmed throughout California in locations such as Hollywood Forever Cemetery and San Diego.

Critical reception
The film debuted at number one in the United States,   and grossed $180 million worldwide. The film holds an 82% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Hot Shots! hits most of its parodic targets with aplomb, excelling as a daffy good time thanks to inspired gags and Charlie Sheen's crack comedic timing". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. The film was chosen for the 1991 Royal Film Performance.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hot Shots!


text:
Pirbright Institute

The Pirbright Institute (formerly the Institute for Animal Health) is a research institute in Surrey, England, dedicated to the study of infectious diseases of farm animals. It forms part of the UK government's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). The institute employs scientists, vets, PhD students, and operations staff.

History
It began in 1914 to test cows for tuberculosis. More buildings were added in 1925. Compton was established by the Agricultural Research Council in 1937. Pirbright became a research institute in 1939 and Compton in 1942. The Houghton Poultry Research Station at Houghton, Cambridgeshire was established in 1948. In 1963 Pirbright became the Animal Virus Research Institute and Compton became the Institute for Research on Animal Diseases. The Neuropathogenesis Unit (NPU) was established in Edinburgh in 1981. This became part of the Roslin Institute in 2007.

In 1987, Compton, Houghton and Pirbright became the Institute for Animal Health, being funded by BBSRC. Houghton closed in 1992, operations at Compton ended in 2015. The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research was sited at Compton until October 2005, when it merged with the vaccine programmes of the University of Oxford and the Institute for Animal Health.

The Pirbright site was implicated in the 2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak, with the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) concluding that a local case of the disease was a result of contaminated effluent release either from the Pirbright Institute or the neighbouring Merial Animal Health laboratory.

Significant investment (over £170 million) took place at Pirbright with the development of new world-class laboratory and animal facilities. The institute has been known as "The Pirbright Institute" since October 2012.

On 14 June 2019 the largest stock of the rinderpest virus was destroyed at the Pirbright Institute.

Directors of note

 * Dr John Burns Brooksby 1964 until 1980

Structure
The work previously carried out at Compton has either moved out to the university sector, ended or has been transferred to the Pirbright site. The Compton site currently carries out work on endemic (commonplace) animal diseases including some avian viruses and a small amount of bovine immunology whilst Pirbright works on exotic (unusual) animal diseases (usually caused by virus outbreaks). Pirbright has national and international reference laboratories of diseases. It is a biosafety level 4 laboratories (commonly referred to as "P4" or BSL-4).

Funding
25% of its income comes from a core grant from the BBSRC of around £11m. Around 50% comes from research grants from related government organisations, such as DEFRA, or industry and charities (such as the Wellcome Trust). The remaining 25% comes from direct payments for work carried out.

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has provided funding to the institute for research into veterinary infectious diseases and universal flu vaccine development.

Function
The Pirbright Institute carries out research, diagnostics and surveillance of viruses carried predominantly by farm animals, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), African swine fever, bluetongue, lumpy skin disease and avian and swine flu. Understanding of viruses comes from molecular biology.

It carries out surveillance activities on farm animal health and disease movement in the UK.

Services

 * Arthropod supplies
 * Diagnostics & Surveillance
 * Disinfectant testing
 * Flow cytometry & cell sorting
 * Products – Includes positive sera, inactived antigens, diagnostic kits, viral cultures and live midges.
 * Training courses

Location
The institute had two sites:
 * Compton in Berkshire – closed in August 2015 with services relocated to new facilities at Pirbright.
 * Pirbright in Surrey – shared with commercial company Merial

title: Pirbright Institute


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Talk:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)/Archive 2

This archive page covers approximately the dates between 22 December 2005 to 27 March 2006.

1
I moved all of the old discussions to an archive, as they were taking up far too much space on this page. Happy new year, folks. :) (Ibaranoff24 22:11, 22 December 2005 (UTC))

Nazgul at the Prancing Pony
The section which claims that the scene of the Nazgul slashing bedding is not in the book is not very accurate, but I hesitate to delete a section that has a screen capture next to it. In the book it is quite clearly stated that the hobbit's beds were fixed up to appear as if they were present, and when they returned in the morning the bedding had been slashed apart. I had always assumed that it was in fact the Nazgul who destroyed the room.
 * You had always assumed wrong. It's a common assumption made by people who were introduced to the story through one of the film versions. But the Nazgul were never revealed as the perpetrators -- this is just the way Bakshi's animators had interpreted it. (Ibaranoff24 23:12, 23 January 2006 (UTC))

Plot retelling
We have better plot summaries elsewhere in WP, don't really want to maintain two parallel accounts. It would be more useful to prune down just to the changes from the original story. BTW, as an accident of history I happen to be in possession of a 1979 calendar with film-related artwork, dunno if there is anything useful to be gleaned from it - there is no mention of "Part One" for instance (Who keeps an old calendar for 25 years!? Hey, I liked the artwork). Stan 22:10, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Sauron
Can sum1 tell me if this version of sauron is reincarnated as a body in the 3rd age or an eye in Jackson's version. Batzarro 15:20, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Screen captures
I have a question -- does anyone know what kind of limits Wikipedia has for the number of screen captures in an article about a copyrighted film? I might be going over the limit with the seven screen captures I currently have in the article, but I keep seeing these screen captures popping up in other articles after I've removed them from the article, and it's kind of my philosophy to take advantage of every possible use these screen captures have (if an image from this film is used on a page for the character, I try to have that image used in the article about the film as well). (Ibaranoff24 23:21, 23 January 2006 (UTC))
 * No, there's no precise number, it's just said to be "limited". I think you're OK at a rate of one per screenful of text, two per screenful (in other words, 2-3 visible at any one time) is dense but still OK, above that things get to be more image than text, and so starts to seem excessive. No galleries at the end either, galleries don't offer space for the "critical commentary" that is part of fair use. This just my guess, no one has written an actual guideline that I know of. Stan 00:20, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Aragorn
It's a pretty widespread criticism/observation that Bakshi's version of Aragorn looks Native American. I found five different sources from a very quick Google search — I think that makes it a widespread and notable bit of trivia. I know that Ibaranoff disagrees — but what do others think? Let's try to find a consensus on this. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 01:37, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It's pure POV. It shouldn't be in the article. (Ibaranoff24 02:51, 26 March 2006 (UTC))
 * The article should not say 'Bakshi made Aragorn look like an Indian'. However, it can say 'many critics feel that Bakshi made Aragorn look like an Indian' if the existence of that opinion can be verified from a reliable source. Include the fact that the opinion exists rather than the opinion itself. --CBDunkerson 03:00, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The opinion that Aragorn appears to be Indian in the film is held by fewer people than the opinion that this film is "used to counter criticisms made against Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy". It's POV and not notable. (Ibaranoff24 03:36, 26 March 2006 (UTC))
 * I disagree. A Google search for "Aragorn Bakshi Native American" yields 471 hits, and "Aragorn Bakshi Indian" yields 427, the vast majority of  which appear to be expressing exactly this opinion.  It's a widespread opinion and worthy of note. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 03:42, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It's a small minority of people who hate the film. The opinion doesn't matter. (Ibaranoff24 02:42, 27 March 2006 (UTC))
 * Three points: 1) I don't think it's such a minority opinion — I've heard/seen it mentioned independently in many different contexts. 2) Not everyone who thinks that Bakshi's Aragorn looks Native American hates the film. Some of the commentators I noticed in my (very quick) search said something to the effect of, "Although Aragorn looks oddly Native American, John Hurt's rich vocal performance gives the character grandeur" (paraphrased from memory).  3) Even if it were an opinion held by a minority who hate the film, I think it's a large enough minority that NPOV demands that it be included.  I quote:
 * "The policy requires that, where there are or have been conflicting views, these are fairly presented, but not asserted. All significant points of view are presented, not just the most popular one. It is not asserted that the most popular view or some sort of intermediate view among the different views is the correct one. Readers are left to form their own opinions."
 * I won't restore the note again at the moment; I'm supposed to be on a wikibreak, and don't have time to research the citations more thoroughly. However, if other editors feel that the note should be included, I hope that we will be able to come to a consensus suitable to all. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 05:56, 27 March 2006 (UTC)


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Jarinu

Jarinu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 30,617 (2020 est.) in an area of 208 km2. The elevation is 755 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Jarinu


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Yuen Kay-shan

Yuen Kay-shan, nicknamed Yuen Lo-jia was a Grandmaster of Wing Chun. The youngest of five brothers, he became known as "Foshan Yuen Lo-jia" (Yuen the Fifth of Foshan). He was the fifth child of wealthy firework monopoly owner Yuen Chong Ming, and was known as an undefeated champion of 1000 death duels during the 1920-1950s representing the Wing Chun.

Wing Chun studies
Yuen's family ancestral estate home was named Song Yuen (Mulberry Gardens), and located in Foshan, China. Initially, Kay-shan's father paid for him and his older brother Yuen Chai-wan to become students of Fok Bo-Chuen (also transliterated "Kwok Bo-chuen"). Wong Wah-bo and "Dai Fa Min" Kam from the Red Boat Opera Company also taught Yuen Kay-shan.

Yuen Kay-shan and his older brother (Yuen Chai-wan) or Yuen Chai-wan had developed an interest in the martial arts. Yuen Kay-shan's older brother Yuen Chai-wan was known as "Pock Skin Chai" and later became the founder of Yiu Choi and Vietnamese Branches of Wing Chun. Their father Yuen Chong Ming housed and paid a large sum of money to imperial constable Fok Bo Chuen to teach both of the Yuen brothers Wing Chun. From Fok Bo-chuen, Yuen learned all the extensive open hand patterns in Wing Chun, he structured them into and created three forms, Siu Lien Tau, Chum Kiu and the Biu Jee. In addition he mastered the knives, six and a half point pole and the flying darts. He had also been taught the Wooden Dummy, Bamboo Dummy and several different jong variations, as well as Red Sand Palm.

Later, Ma Bok-Leung, Jiu Gan-Heung, Lo Hao-Po, Ng Ngau Si, Leung Yan as well as Yuen Kay-shan and his brother, invited Fung Siu-Ching to come and teach. Fung stayed at the Yuen ancestral home, where the two brothers combined the teachings of their past and present teacher. From Fung Siu Ching they learned his skills in close body applications which included the kum Na, Fa Kum Na, body wrapping, sweeping, breaking and throwing skills. Fung Siu Chiong was a disciple of red boat master Dai Fai Min Kam. The Yuens cared for Fung Siu Ching until his death in 1936. 1936 also marked the year when Yuen Kay-shan and Yuen Chai-wan had gone their separate ways. Yuen's brother eventually was invited to teach in Vietnam, where he founded the Nguyễn Tế-Công branch (Vietnam WingChun 永春) branch of the art. Yuen Kay-shan remained in Foshan, where he became friends with other Wing Chun notables like Ip Man, Yiu Choi, Yip Chung Hong, Lai Hip Chi, Tong Gai and others. Yuen Kay-shan became close enough with Yip Man that he taught Yip's son, Yip Chun, the first form of the art.

In addition to having a high caliber skill in Wing Chun, Yuen Kay-shan had also been an educated man who had worked as a part-time lawyer. By being an educated individual he was also one of the first Wing Chun masters to document the theories, concepts, philosophies and strategies of the system. He is also considered a major contributor to luk dim boon gwun and had at one point was even challenged by a monk from Jianxi Province. Death waivers had been signed and the duel had taken place in the Palace of 1000 years longevity. Both fighters were armed with iron poles. Yuen Kay-shan disarmed the monk and spared his life in the duel not only demonstrating his skills in kung fu but also demonstrating his nobility as a martial artist. Yuen Kay-shan never looked for fights, but when challenges could not be avoided, Yuen Kay-shan took them as learning opportunities. Of the 1000 death duels Yuen Kay-shan fought in he was never defeated.

Sum Nung Yuen's disciple at first didn't believe he could learn anything from Yuen because he was already proficient with the Wing Chun he had learnt from Cheung Bo, so as a test Yuen placed a raw egg in each of his 2 pockets and challenged Sum to break an egg while he stood in the middle of a circle on the ground, Sam could not break an egg or even push Yuen out of the circle after this Sum was convinced that he could learn a lot from him and was now his disciple.

Ip Man movie controversy
Sin Kwok-lam (Ip Man's son's student and producer) apologized and served tea to Yuen Jo Tong for misrepresenting his grandfather Yuen Kay-shan's reputation and status in Wing Chun history. (In the movie, Yuen was portrayed as Ip Man's younger kung fu brother, not as skillful as Ip Man). This had the Yuen and Yiu families criticize the movie in interviews. After the Yuen and Yiu families voiced their displeasure about Yuen's portrayal in the movie on Ip Man, movie producer Kwok Si-lam and co-producer Ip Chun apologized six times and "served tea" to Yuen Kay-san's grandson, Yuen Jo Tong, for misrepresenting, and being disrespectful to, the legendary 1000 death duel champion during the 1920-1950s, Yuen Kay-shan.

Three Heroes of Wing Chun
Yao Wing Ken (Yoa Choy's grandson) explains that, "in the old days of Foshan, his grandfather Yao Choy, Ip Man and Yuen Kay-shan were called the "Three Heroes of Wing Chun" and often mentioned together. Yuen Kay-shan's disciple Leung Jan Sing also provided an ancestral document indicating that Yuen studied with Fung Siu-ching, while Ip Man and others studied under Yuen. This record was passed down in the 1970s. Although Ip Man is not necessarily Yuen's official student, in the order of seniority on the family tree, Yuen ranked at the first level, with Ip Man being last. It would be normal for Ip Man to ask Yuen Kay-shan for instruction.

Below is the original Chinese quoted from the original article in the Dayoo Newspaper of Guangzhou: “咏春三雄”齐名 姚永强介绍，当年在佛山，他的爷爷姚才与叶问、阮奇山并称“咏春三雄”，三人齐名，武功不相上下. 阮奇山的徒孙梁湛声还提供了祖传的记录，记录上写明， 阮奇山师从冯少青，而叶问与其他多个咏春武者一同在阮奇山的门下. “这本记录是上世纪70年代留下的， 这也不能说叶问是他的徒弟，但论资历，阮奇山排第 一，叶问最后，叶问向他请教很正常. .

title: Yuen Kay-shan


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Dark Empire

Dark Empire is a Star Wars comic book metaseries produced by Dark Horse Comics. It consists of a six-issue limited series written by Tom Veitch and drawn by Cam Kennedy, followed by a second six-issue limited series by Veitch and Kennedy, followed in turn by a two-issue limited series written by Veitch and drawn by Jim Baikie. The initial series is notable for being one of the first Star Wars comics to be produced by Dark Horse, which retained the comic rights to the franchise for over two decades.

Part of the Star Wars Expanded Universe, the trilogy picks up six years after the events of Return of the Jedi and just a year after Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy (1991–1993). The story deals with the resurrection of primary series antagonist Palpatine, revealed to have cheated death by transferring his spirit into a succession of cloned bodies. Other highlights include Luke Skywalker temporarily succumbing to the dark side of the Force, the return of Boba Fett (who seemingly died in Return of the Jedi), and the first appearance of Princess Leia and Han Solo's youngest son Anakin Solo.

The series received mixed-to-positive reviews, and is credited as helping revive interest in the franchise in the early 1990s. Audio dramas and action figures were produced, and the series has been referenced in various other Star Wars media. As of 2000, over 100,000 issues had been printed. Although the comic was amongst many works declared non-canon to the franchise in 2014, the final film of the Skywalker Saga, 2019’s The Rise of Skywalker, utilized the plot element of Palpatine returning via cloning.

Publication history
The Dark Empire I story was originally developed by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy for Marvel Comics. Veitch and Kennedy were approached by Lucasfilm based on their success with The Light and Darkness War. After difficulties with Marvel, the project was picked up by Dark Horse Comics. According to Veitch, he pitched franchise creator George Lucas the idea of a different character wearing Darth Vader's armor, which Lucas rejected but said he would allow Palpatine's return, as well as his use of a clone body. However, Star Wars Insider 's series of retrospectives on the creation of the series in 2015 clarified that Veitch's editorial contact throughout the development of the series was Lucy Autrey Wilson. This was further illuminated in 2022, when Wilson spoke about the development of the series, saying: "Tom Veitch, the story he wrote... You know, we were kind of letting people do what they wanted then. He wrote his story. I didn't ask George anything."

Dark Empire I was a six-issue limited series published bimonthly in 1991 and 1992. Dark Empire II was also a six-issue limited series published from 1994 to 1995. The final installment, Empire's End, was a two-issue limited series published in 1995. The trilogy is set after Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy, which was published from 1991 to 1993.

The individual comic issues each feature several pages of prose "endnotes" that provide additional background for the story, such as contextualizing Palpatine's goals and worldview through excerpts of encyclopedic volumes called the Dark Side Compendium written from his in-universe perspective.

Collections
The various series have been collected into trade paperbacks:

 * Dark Empire (collects Star Wars: Dark Empire #1–6, 182 pages, May 1993, ISBN 1-56971-073-2)
 * Dark Empire II (collects Star Wars: Dark Empire II #1–6, 168 pages, September 1995, ISBN 1-56971-119-4)
 * Empire's End (collects Star Wars: Empire's End #1–2, 64 pages, September 1997, ISBN 1-56971-306-5)

The entire metaseries has also been collected into a single hardcover, which also includes Star Wars Handbook 3: Dark Empire, a collection of illustrated essays on the characters, locations, and other elements of the story:
 * Dark Empire Trilogy (352 pages, Dark Horse Comics, September 2010, ISBN 1-59582-612-2, Titan Books, December 2010, ISBN 1-84856-887-8)

It was collected again under Marvel's Epic Collection as Volume 5 of the New Republic series. This volume collects the three parts of the Dark Empire storyline, as well as some strips from Star Wars Tales, and the Star Wars Handbooks for X-Wing Squadron and Dark Empire (496 Pages, Marvel Comics, March 2021, ISBN 978-1302926984).

Dark Empire
Six years after the events of Return of the Jedi, the Millennium Falcon leads a Rebel task force to Coruscant. Han Solo, Leia Organa, Chewbacca, and C-3PO are heading to the planet to rescue Luke Skywalker, R2-D2 and Lando Calrissian, who have spent the past several days holding out against Imperial attacks after an earlier raid using the captured Star Destroyer Liberator goes awry and the warship crashes. The Rebels successfully rescue the survivors, but a massive energy storm appears. Luke sees the storm as a large disturbance in the Force, and asks everybody to leave him behind; he lets himself be devoured by the storm.

The taskforce returns to the Rebel fleet in the Da Soocha system. Rebel commanders discuss the appearance of the Imperials coming out of the Deep Core and discover that Admiral Ackbar's homeworld of Mon Calamari is now under attack by a fleet of Imperial war machines. Called the World Devastators, the machines are designed to convert everything in their path into raw materials for building more war machines on the spot. Lando leads another taskforce with a second captured Star Destroyer leading the charge to aid in Mon Calamari's defense.

Meanwhile, Luke awakes from the light of the Force storm and finds out he is aboard an old Imperial prison ship heading to Byss. The ship docks and Luke is closely escorted to a chamber, where he is stunned to see Emperor Palpatine alive. The Emperor explains that he has revived himself in a clone body and makes Luke doubt any attempt to kill him knowing he will quickly manifest in another clone. Sensing the futility and seeing the horror of what is happening on Mon Calamari, Luke humbly surrenders to becoming the Emperor's new apprentice.

Leia has visions of Luke being pulled to the dark side of the Force and wants to travel to Byss and save him. She and Han travel to Nar Shaddaa and try to arrange a ship to bring them past Byss' security network. Han reunites with smuggler friends Shug Ninx, Salla Zend, and Mako Spince to make it happen. Along the way, an old woman named Vima-da-Boda—a former Jedi who survived the Empire's purge—feels Leia's Force energy and gives her an old Jedi artifact. However, the Hutts have put a large bounty on Han and Leia, with Spince selling him out to Boba Fett (revealed to have survived being devoured by the sarlacc during the events of Return of the Jedi); the two escape Nar Shaddaa aboard Salla's ship, the Starlight Intruder, with the Falcon attached. The Intruder has the proper codes to get inside Byss, and Imperial security lets them in (but lock out a pursuing Fett). Han, Leia, Chewie, and the droids are brought before Luke and Palpatine.

Leia discovers that he holds hostage an even greater treasure: a mysterious and intelligent artifact called the Jedi Holocron, a holographic cube that contains historical information about the Jedi. When Leia discovers that Palpatine is interested in possessing her third child, she steals the Holocron and the group successfully breaks out of Byss while having to leave behind Luke again. Luke faces the already frail Palpatine and destroys his clone tanks, but Palpatine possesses one living clone and subdues him to his will.

Han's group travels to Mon Calamari as Rebel commando forces lay siege to the World Devastators, which have been shut down by a special master code Luke was able to steal and give to R2 and C3PO for transmission to the machines. The Imperials aboard the machines still have the factories running and attack the Rebels. R2 rigs the World Devastators to destroy each other.

As the Rebels celebrate on Mon Calamari, Alliance command determines that the World Devastators are part of a larger Imperial offensive to conquer the galaxy. Leia studies the Holocron and sees an old prophecy about a pregnant woman coming to save the Jedi from doom. At the same time, a small Imperial fleet, led by the massive flagship Eclipse, appears above Da Soocha. The Emperor demands that the Alliance surrender Leia to him and Luke. Leia travels on her own and appeals to Luke to break away from the Emperor. Palpatine creates a large Force storm to destroy the Rebel fleet, but Leia and Luke work together to amplify the storm beyond the Emperor's power and turn it against him. The siblings escape the doomed warship, and as Luke sees the last remnants of the Eclipse being vaporized, he declares the Jedi Knights will rise again.

Dark Empire II
With Emperor Palpatine apparently perishing aboard the Eclipse, more worlds defy Imperial edicts, especially those that have been recently reconquered. One of these is the arms manufacturing planet Balmorra, whose planetary governor, Beltane, has begun supplying the Rebels with the latest military vehicles, such as the Viper X1 Automadon, a war droid designed to convert energy from enemy laser fire into power for its own turbolaser cannons. The Emperor's Dark Side Executor Sedriss leads a force to subdue the planet, but Beltane's troops hold the line and Sedriss is compelled to negotiate a supply agreement with him. Sedriss returns to Byss, where he kills two Dark Side Adepts who've been killing other clones of Emperor Palpatine that Luke missed. Palpatine possesses one clone to Sedriss' surprise and orders the Imperial offensive to continue.

Having pledged to reestablish the Jedi Order by finding any surviving Jedi in the galaxy, Luke Skywalker returns to Pinnacle Base on the moon Da Soocha V (orbiting Da Soocha in the Cyax System of Hutt Space of the Outer Rim) with Kam Solusar, a former Dark Jedi. Beltane tips the Rebel Alliance of a shipment of new Vipers bound for the Empire's Deep Core stronghold of Byss, and Alliance commanders accept Wedge Antilles' suggestion of intercepting the shipment for a surgical strike using the droids, with Rebel commandos in the attack. Although Luke presses for liberating more worlds to provide more staging areas for an all-out strike on Byss, Mon Mothma asks him to concentrate on rebuilding the Jedi Order instead. The Jedi Holocron educates Luke about the planet Ossus, a former Jedi-populated world destroyed by the Sith thousands of years earlier.

Han, Leia and Chewie fly back to Nar Shaddaa to find Vima-da-Boda, at least where Leia last saw her. However, Vima has disappeared and every bounty hunter on the moon is still out for them, including Boba Fett, as well as an Imperial force led by two Dark Side Elites. Leia successfully fetches Vima after flying into the deeper reaches of Nar Shaddaa. Aboard Nar Shaddaa's traffic control tower, Mako Spince sees Han and guides an Imperial Star Destroyer's tractor beam on him. Han turns the tables by flying close to the tower, forcing the tractor beam to lock onto the structure and pull it instead at full power. The tower impales the Star Destroyer and it crashes into Nar Shaddaa. Fett, back in his old ship Slave I, chases the Millennium Falcon into a nearby acidic gas cloud. Han takes the risk and flies into the cloud, surprisingly appearing on the other side and stumbling onto the long-lost world of Ganath. Ganathan engineers repair the Falcon and equip it with a lightning cannon while the team meets Ganath's ruler, Empatojayos Brand, a veteran Jedi who survived the Empire's Jedi Purge. Inspired by the possibility of a Jedi rebirth, Brand joins Han's party while leaving Ganath in the hands of a military officer. Han takes out Fett and heads to a secret hideout on New Alderaan, where Han and Leia's twin children are under care.

Luke and Kam fly to Ossus and chances upon the Ysanna, a warrior tribe which has rudimentary Force powers. They fight off the Ysanna attacks and sensing they are indeed Jedi, the Ysanna chief welcomes them. Having known about the trip, Palpatine orders Sedriss and fellow Dark Side Elite Vill Goir to capture them. Solusar kills Goir, but Sedriss takes one of the Ysanna hostage and leans against a tree. To everybody's surprise, the tree is a millennia-old Neti Jedi Master named Ood Bnar, who wraps Sedriss in a fatal embrace and they die in an explosion of Force energy. Bnar's heroic sacrifice leaves a part of him in the soil and a hole underneath his location reveals an old cache of lightsabers; Luke successfully discovers an old Jedi library. Two Ysanna tribe members, siblings Ralf and Jem, join Luke and Kam in leaving the planet with their elders' blessing.

Lando leads the Rebel infiltration into Byss and start the attack when the Viper droids are offloaded. The droids prove superior to existing Imperial defenses until Palpatine releases an army of dark side-mutated monsters on the attackers. The Vipers, which are attuned against energy attacks, are cut to shreds under the monsters' mauling. Salla Zend and Shug Ninx mobilizes fellow smugglers nearby to rescue the Rebel strike group and escape Byss.

On New Alderaan, Leia prepares for the birth of her third child as Han and Chewie attempt to rendezvous with Lando's group. Luke's party arrives with grim news: he had reached Da Soocha to see a large missile appear and destroy the planet, with the Rebel Alliance command presumably killed. He uses the time to train the Ysanna siblings as Kam and Empatojayos practice their Jedi skills as well. Unknown to them, Palpatine's Dark Side Elites have tortured a Rebel pilot into revealing the location of New Alderaan. Palpatine sees this as an opportunity to capture the Skywalker siblings and Leia's offspring in one fell swoop. The Darksiders attempt to poison Luke, but Vima saves him as the entire settlement goes into action to fight the Imperials, who have deployed AT-ATs as backup. In the course of the fighting, Jem is killed and Rayf saves Leia's twins from being kidnapped. The Millennium Falcon and Lando's forces arrive and defeat the Imperial assault, then evacuate the New Alderaan survivors.

The Rebels relocate to the space stations of Nespis VIII, where they discover that the Alliance had evacuated Pinnacle Base before it was destroyed. On Nespis VIII, Han and Leia's son Anakin (named after his deceased grandfather) is born and the Alliance plots the final destruction of the Empire.

Empire's End
After perishing in battle with Luke and Leia Skywalker in Dark Empire I, Emperor Palpatine is forced to occupy an inferior clone body, since it was the last clone body that remained. Unknown to him, his personal physician had been corrupted by Carnor Jax, backed by a number of other high-ranking Imperial personnel. The physician had deliberately inserted genetic material and contaminants into all stored samples of the Emperor's original body, to the effect that the resulting bodies would be nowhere as resistant to the ravaging effects of the dark side as the original.

The last clone body not destroyed by Skywalker or traitorous Imperials is now aging rapidly, and Palpatine's final end is near, unless he can either fix his genetic material (an impossibility since no unaltered samples remain) or insert his spirit into another body. After consulting with ancient Sith Lords on the mausoleum planet Korriban, Palpatine learns that Han and Leia's youngest child, Anakin, has the only workable body.

Palpatine follows the Solos to Onderon in order to gain a new body, to ensure the future of his rule. A fierce duel occurs between Luke Skywalker and his Jedi team and Palpatine; finally, Han Solo wrongly shoots the Emperor, allowing him to be out of his physical form and get what he wanted: Anakin's body. He desperately tries to send his spirit into the infant Anakin, but he is blocked by the soul of the dying Jedi Empatojayos Brand, who makes the ultimate sacrifice in willingly sending his eternal soul into the "madness beyond death" that is the dark side, to ensure Palpatine would go as well and can never return. Luke then vows to revive the Jedi Order. After the death of Palpatine, a projectile from the Galaxy Gun is shot into Byss (since the crew were frightened by the potential collision, and also misfired), utterly destroying Byss, and destroying the second Eclipse-class Star Destroyer, Eclipse II, which was steered into a collision course with the Galaxy Gun by R2-D2, thus ending the Empire's harsh rule.

Adaptations
In 1994 and 1995 respectively, Time Warner Audio Publishing released audio dramas of the first and second volumes of Dark Empire. The cast was:
 * John Cygan – as Luke Skywalker, Wedge Antilles, Vill Goir, Okko and Umak Leth
 * Joe Hacker – as Han Solo, Boba Fett, Empatojayos Brand and Lo Khan
 * Ann Patricio – as Princess Leia and Mon Mothma
 * Nick Jameson – as Emperor Palpatine and Governor Beltane
 * Jim Ward – as C-3PO, Kam Solusar and Executor Sedriss
 * Glynnis Talken – as Salla Zend, Vima-Da-Boda and Jem Ysanna
 * Andy Cowan – as Admiral Ackbar, Zevulon Veers and Baddon Fass
 * Billy Dee Williams – as Lando Calrissian

Later in 1995, a Dark Empire: Collector's Edition CD set was released that collected the two Dark Empire audio dramas as well as an exclusive adaptation of Empire's End.

Impact
Along with Timothy Zahn's books, Dark Empire has been credited with sustaining the profitability of Star Wars during the 1990s. By the end of the decade, it had sold over 100,000 copies.

Kenner released four action figures based on the series in 1998: Luke, Leia, Palpatine, and an Imperial sentinel (originally intended to be a new character called 'Atha Prime' for Kenner's aborted 1984 'Power of the Force' line of toys); the cases for each of the figures folded out into 3-D backdrops based on the comic. In 2008, figures of Luke and Palpatine from Dark Empire II were released.

Dark Empire has appeared on a number of lists of best Expanded Universe works. In a review for The Sci-Fi Block, Robert Ring called the series "an essential Star Wars classic" but commented that the ending was rushed. Writing for Tor.com, Ryan Britt stated that the first Dark Empire miniseries was superior to its sequels and praised it for taking stylistic departures from other works.

The later Dark Horse comic Crimson Empire trilogy takes place after and references events from the Dark Empire trilogy.

Following its 2012 acquisition by Disney, in April 2014 Lucasfilm branded most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film as non-canonical 'Legends' to create a clean slate for the sequel trilogy.

Following the release of the final sequel trilogy film, The Rise of Skywalker (2019), several critics interpreted the circumstances of Palpatine's return as amounting to a tribute to Dark Empire. The film's novelization reveals that Palpatine returned using a clone body, much like his return in the comic. Additionally, both the comic and film invoke the spirits of past Jedi to defeat Palpatine permanently.

Although first glimpsed prior to Dark Empire in Marvel's Star Wars comic, Boba Fett's survival was canonically depicted in the second season of The Mandalorian (2020) and its spinoff series The Book of Boba Fett (2022).

title: Dark Empire


text:
Talk:University of memphis

how do you change it if there is an error in the title of the page? (the 'm' is lowercase)

 * You can click on the "move" tab...but there's already an article there. This one should be deleted and whatever information you care to add to University of Memphis can be done by clicking on the blue link. - Lucky 6.9 00:48, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of memphis


text:
Talk:List of medieval abbreviations

Untitled
Isn't the word more commonly spelled medieval?

Goodralph 00:33, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Tilde vs. Macron
I propose that the page be ruled that the marks for missing "m", "n", "en", &c, and other nasal elements be marked by the ~, which is truly a suprascript n/m (as is an artifact in Spanish, Portuguese and Cursive Fraktur,) and take that is now used as ~ to represent a general abbreviation mark and replace it with a macron or an overline (except for certain characters which already have distinctive markings (ł or l with caron for l, eth for d, and yogh for -et -que.) I also want to ask if it is appropriate to use characters from Unicode block Latin-Extended-D, which is not visible in the out-of-date iOS for iPad and iPhone. 97.67.246.85 (talk) 14:06, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of medieval abbreviations


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Jaú

Jaú is a municipality in the center of the state of São Paulo, in Brazil. The population is 151,881 (2020 est.) in an area of 687 km2. The elevation is 522 m. The city takes its name from the native fish species jau.

History
The history of the city goes back to 1853, when a group of people decided to settle and found a village. Not until 1889, however, did it achieve the status of town. Its most widely known inhabitant is João Ribeiro de Barros, the first man to travel from Europe to South America by plane, in 1927, 23 days before Charles Lindbergh's flight.

Economy
Jaú is located in a tropical weather region, known for its very fertile lands, which were once called "terra roxa" (purple land). The city is known as the national capital of female shoes, which are exported to the whole world.

Sports
Esporte Clube XV de Novembro is a traditional sport club of the town, founded in 1924. The club plays its home matches at Estádio Zezinho Magalhães. Jaú is also the birthplace of freestyle swimmer Renata Burgos, who represented Brazil at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Jaú


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Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM) is a higher education institution with degree awarding powers and a registered charity located in Liverpool, United Kingdom. Established in 1898, it was the first institution in the world dedicated to research and teaching in tropical medicine. The school has a research portfolio of over £220 million, assisted by funding from organisations such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust and Department for International Development (DFID).

History
LSTM was founded on 12 November 1898 by Sir Alfred Lewis Jones, a prominent local ship owner. At the time, Liverpool was a prominent port city which carried on an extensive trade with overseas regions such as West and Southern Africa. Consequently, the number of patients in the region admitted to hospital with 'tropical' diseases soared. Recognising the need for a solution to this problem Jones, together with a number of fellow business men and health pioneers, pledged an annual donation of £350 for three years to promote the study of tropical diseases in the city. This offer of financial support was announced at the annual dinner of students of Liverpool's Royal Southern Hospital and was warmly accepted by the hospital's president who later went on to suggest that his hospital should act as the clinical focus of the studies in view of its proximity to the docks.

This initial endeavour later led to Jones's participation in helping to set up the School of Tropical Medicine. Having received news that the RSH greatly appreciated the collection of the hospital's 'tropical' cases into one centre rather than 'leaving them scattered about in the general wards' the suggestion was made that the arrangement might be made permanent. In light of this, the professional members of the hospital's committee were asked to meet and plan the new school; this they did and in due course the committee communicated its intention to the Colonial Office (which was, at the time, responsible for such matters).

In its response, the Colonial Office acknowledged the creation of the School of 'Tropical Diseases' at University College, Liverpool and commented on how 'excellently equipped for teaching of tropical medicine' it was, but made quite clear that no financial aid would be forthcoming as a similar Hygiene and Tropical Medicine had so recently been established in London with the support of the Colonial Secretary of the day, Joseph Chamberlain. The Colonial Office did concede, however, that all future candidates for the service who had attended training programmes in Liverpool would be given preference when applying.

Apparently the Liverpool School was nevertheless still unsuitable for doctors joining the Colonial Service since the letter continued: 'I propose that Officers already in the Colonial Service should be allowed to receive their instruction in Liverpool instead of at the School in London, but newly appointed Officers will always be sent to the latter School'. Liverpool did not accept this compromise and continued its pressure for full recognition. At last, on 12 July 1900 the Colonial Office finally acquiesced and the school was placed on the same terms as London with regard to newly appointed Officers. Similar recognition was given by the Foreign Office, which was responsible for Britain's protectorates. Thus, although the Liverpool School came into active being six months before the school in London, it took another year to persuade the Colonial Office to recognise it officially.

It was not long before the school, helped largely by private donations from individuals like Mary Kingsley (the author of "Travels in West Africa" and an expert in African culture), began to flourish. The school soon recruited the eminent physician Rubert Boyce as its inaugural dean. Boyce then set about the business of appointing teaching staff and secured the services of Ronald Ross as the school's first lecturer in Tropical Medicine. The department was based in the Thompson Yates Laboratory until 1903 when the Johnston Laboratories opened. In 1902 Ross became the first British recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on malaria transmission and in the same year a separate department of Tropical Veterinary medicine was set up with a dedicated laboratory at Crofton Lodge in Runcorn to allow for the study of large animals. Other notable staff of the time included Joseph Everett Dutton who discovered one of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness, Harold Wolferstan Thomas who developed the first effective treatment for the disease, and his collaborator Anton Breinl, who later became 'the father of tropical medicine' in Australia.

When Alfred Lewis Jones died in 1909 he left a large bequest to the school. Thanks to this and other donations that it received the school was able to set up its own laboratory and teaching premises in Pembroke Place, separate from the University of Liverpool, upon whose facilities it had previously relied. The laboratory was completed in 1914 but due to the advent of the war occupation of the building by LTSM was deferred and it was used as a Tropical Diseases Hospital offering courses to officers of the Royal Army Medical Corps. Professor R M Gordon joined the school in 1919 and by 1920 teaching had resumed and the school finally moved into its own building.

In 1921, the school opened its first overseas research laboratory in Freetown, Sierra Leone. This laboratory functioned continuously until the early stages of World War II and made many important discoveries in West Africa, including demonstrating that a species of black fly was responsible for transmission of filarial worm to humans, causing river blindness. It was work like this that was essential for the Liverpool school to understand tropical diseases and subsequently the school completed 32 expeditions to Africa and Central and South America over the following years.

In 1946, the appointment of LSTM's longest serving Dean, Brian Maegraith, marked a broadening of the School's size and curriculum. Maegraith famously declared 'Our impact on the tropics should be in the tropics!’ which resulted in the school forging links with other research institutions across the globe and bringing research innovations to those most in need. An ongoing example of this is the Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme which conducts research into local diseases of importance to Malawi.

From 2000 until 2019 LSTM was directed by Janet Hemingway, who initiated large financial investment and expansion. The school received higher education institution status in 2013 and in 2017 was awarded its own degree awarding powers by the Privy Council.

Location
The school is located in buildings in Liverpool close to Royal Liverpool University Hospital.

Organisation and administration
The school's traditional emblem depicts a Viking longboat under sail and was designed by the famed Glaswegian designer Herbert MacNair. The elements of the emblem all have meaning.

The Viking longboat depicted in the emblem is a reference to Liverpool's maritime heritage and the school's location in Northern England, an area with significant historical links to Scandinavia that was subject to Viking invasion and the Danelaw throughout the tenth century. The fact that the ship is depicted under sail refers to 'journeys to unknown destinations', a reflection on the school's mission to research and treat tropical diseases. Similarly, the rising sun placed directly behind the ship indicates the beginning of the journey and pays respect to its auspicious motives. Finally, the eye depicted on the ship's sail pays homage to ancient deities connected with healing, particularly in Greek mythology.

The school's current logo is derived from its traditional emblem and depicts a stylised red-maroon sail.

The school's director is elected by its governing council every three to five years, with no limit on the number of terms that any individual director can be re-elected to. While Sir Rubert Boyce became the school's first director upon its foundation in 1898 there would not be another 'director' for almost ninety years. This is because the director post that Boyce held became associated with the newly endowed chair of tropical medicine upon its creation in 1902. From this date the title of director was replaced with that of 'Dean' until it was brought back into use with the election of David Molyneux in 1991.

Academic profile
LSTM has a broad portfolio of basic and translational research and policy activities in infectious diseases and public health research. To achieve this, the school is split into four departments: (a) International Public Health (b) Tropical Disease Biology (c) Clinical Sciences and (d) Vector Biology.

Department of International Public Health
The Department of International Public Health specialises in the use of research to guide policies, strengthen health systems and improve health care. This is achieved through work on monitoring and evaluation, gender equity, capacity strengthening and research into the role of human resources in policy development. The Department also leads research into the development and scale-up of large scale, complex interventions to prevent the spread of HIV and houses the rapidly expanding Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health.

Department of Tropical Disease Biology
The Department of Tropical Disease Biology conducts internationally rated basic research on tropical parasites such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, soil-transmitted helminths, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, as well as research into snakebite and neglected tropical diseases. Housed in LSTM's Centre for Tropical and Infectious Disease the department is a global leader in drug and diagnostics discovery and disease pathogenesis.

Department of Clinical Sciences
The Department for Clinical Sciences focuses on improving the management of important diseases in the tropics. Researchers work across a broad spectrum of clinical sciences, including: experimental medicine; evidence synthesis; clinical trials; implementation and evaluation; teaching and clinical practice. Specific areas of interest include clinical infectious disease epidemiology, developing preventative and therapeutic strategies for respiratory infections, and improving child and adolescent health.

The Department also hosts the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group who help inform global policy by working closely with the World Health Organization and others to prepare systematic reviews in tropical infectious diseases.

Department of Vector Biology
The Department of Vector Biology has a research profile that spans from functional genomics of disease vectors to clinical trials, implementation research and the development of tools for monitoring and evaluation of disease transmission. The Department's research is centred on improving the control of vector borne diseases in the developing world, with a focus on neglected tropical diseases and malaria. Understanding mosquito behaviour, evolutionary genomics and the extent, causes and impact of insecticide resistance on malaria control is major research strength of the department.

This Department has long been one of the world's premier sites of research on African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT, nagana), the major livestock disease in Africa.

Cross cutting themes
Overlaid on this structure are five cross-cutting themes, which draw upon expertise from all four research departments. The themes are: Capacity Development; Centre for Applied Health Research and Delivery; Evidence-based Medicine; Neglected Tropical Diseases and the Centre for Health in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Teaching
LSTM offers a range of postgraduate education programmes, teaching over 600 students from around the world. These vary from taught master's degrees in humanitarian assistance and international public health, diplomas and short courses in tropical and infectious diseases, to research degrees leading to MPhil, DrPH and PhD.

Awards
The Mary Kingsley Medal was instituted by LSTM co-founder John Holt in 1903 and is awarded for outstanding contributions in the field of tropical medicine. It is named in honour Mary Kingsley, a noted traveller and writer of the late 19th century, who had a powerful influence on the way Africa was perceived at the time, and who died in South Africa at the age of 38 from suspected typhoid. The 100th award was made in 2015.

Recipients of the award include Patrick Manson, David Bruce, Waldemar Haffkine, Bernard Nocht, Hans Vogel, and Frederick Vincent Theobald.

Directors and deans

 * Sir Rubert Boyce (1898–1902)
 * Sir Ronald Ross (1902–1913)
 * Lt Col. John W Watson Stephens (1913-1929)
 * Prof. Warrington Yorke (1929–1943)
 * vacant (1943-46)
 * Prof. Brian Maegraith (1946–1975)
 * Prof. Wallace Peters (1975–1978)
 * Prof. Herbert M Gilles (1978–1983)
 * Prof. William MacDonald (1983-1988)
 * Prof. Ralph Hendrickse (1988-1991)
 * Prof. David Molyneux (1991–2000)
 * Prof. Janet Hemingway (2000–2019)
 * Prof. David Lalloo (2019–present)

Staff

 * Anton Breinl - discovered that atoxyl cures trypanosomiasis and established the first Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine in Townsville, Queensland, Australia
 * Janet Hemingway, CBE, FRS, FMedSci, FRCP - A British Parasitologist. Current Professor of Insect Molecular Biology at LSTM.
 * Warrington Yorke, FRS - A British parasitologist, and Professor of Tropical Medicine at the University of Liverpool. Was born on 11 April 1883 and he died on 24 April 1943, at the age of 71.

Alumni
The following are some of the notable alumni of the school:
 * Francis Edward Camps, FRCP, FRCPath - An English pathologist, who lived from 1905 until 1972.
 * Ian Clarke, MBChB BAO, DTM&H, MSc - Born and raised in Northern Ireland, he has both British and Ugandan citizenships. He migrated to Uganda in 1987 and built two hospitals from scratch. Ian Clarke is a physician, missionary, philanthropist, entrepreneur and politician, currently serving as Mayor of Makindye Division, a borough of Kampala, the capital city of Uganda.
 * Kevin De Cock, MD, FRCP (UK), DTM&H - An American physician. Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Country Mission to Kenya.
 * John William Kibukamusoke, MBBS, MRCP (UK), MB, FRCP-Ed, a Ugandan physician, an academic, a personal physician to Idi Amin, and the first Ugandan High Commissioner to Australia.
 * Matthew Lukwiya, MBChB, MSc, MPH - A Ugandan physician and pediatrician, formerly the Medical Director of St. Mary's Hospital Lacor. Died of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever at Lacor Hospital, on 5 December 2000, at the age of 43.
 * Sir Milton Margai - The first Prime Minister of Sierra Leone.
 * Letitia Obeng - studied at the school for her PhD in the early 1960s, becoming the first woman from Ghana to be awarded a doctorate. Her research focussed on the growth of disease vectors in freshwater lakes, particularly the blackfly that carry river blindness. She is often referred to as the 'grandmother of all female Ghanaian scientists'.
 * Brigadier John Alexander Sinton, VC, OBE, FRS, DL - A British military officer, medical doctor and malariologist, who was born on 2 December 1884 and died on 25 March 1956.
 * J. S. Steward, FRCVS, DVSM - English biologist and veterinary scientist specialising in mammalogy, chemical pathology and microbiology, who attended the school from 1930 after graduating from the University of Edinburgh.
 * Professor Fred Wabwire-Mangen, MBChB, DTM&H, MPH, PhD - Ugandan physician, public health specialist and medical researcher. Professor of Epidemiology and Head of Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics at Makerere University School of Public Health.

title: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine


text:
Jeriquara

Jeriquara is a municipality (município) in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,151 (2020 est.) in an area of 142 km2. The elevation is 860 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Jeriquara


text:
Betty Lou Holland

Betty Lou Holland (December 26, 1925 – January 10, 2021), also known as Betty Lou Cordier, was an American actress who worked on stage, in television, and in film during the decades of the 1940s, 1950s, and early 1960s. She was best known for her work on Broadway and as a lead in a 1960 television adaptation of The Devil and Daniel Webster.

Biography
Betty Lou Holland was born in New York City on December 26, 1925. She began acting on the stage in the 1940s and appeared on Broadway, in Call Me Mister, Annie Get Your Gun, and The Devil's Disciple.

In The Member of the Wedding, the actress was in her 20s when she played a 12 year old.

She continued to act on stage through the 1950s, playing a leading role in Six Characters in Search of an Author, and the George Bernard Shaw play, The Devil's Disciple.

Holland acted in television programs in the 1950s. Holland was one of the principal roles of the NBC television adaptation of The Devil and Daniel Webster.

Holland played in the NBC-television special, Johnny Belinda in 1958. She also appeared in a TV version of Daphne Du Maurier's The Birds on the CBS series Danger on May 31, 1955. In 1958 she portrayed a secretary recovering from mental illness in the TV drama series Decoy.

She was in only two motion pictures, playing the role of Mrs. Faulkner, mother of Kim Stanley's character, in The Goddess (1958) and playing Roz Moreland in The Man in the Net (1959).

In The Goddess, Holland recalled that the religious conversion scene, which was long, was applauded by the Hollywood crew, not for the acting, but because all actors had remembered their lines.

Personal life
She married Robert Cordier, a Belgian-Franco-American director and poet, in January 1962 in New York. They had two children, Cecilia Cordier and Horace Cordier. Robert Cordier died in Paris in April 2020, from complications of COVID-19. Betty Lou Cordier survived a COVID-19 infection, but died some months later in New York City on January 10, 2021, at the age of 95.

title: Betty Lou Holland


text:
Joanópolis

Joanópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 13,338 (2020 est.) in an area of 374 km2. The elevation is 906 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Joanópolis


text:
North Hobart, Tasmania

North Hobart is a suburb of the city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. As its name suggests, it lies directly north of the CBD.

The main street of North Hobart is Elizabeth Street, which extends northward from the Elizabeth Street Mall in the city, through North Hobart, and then becomes the Main Road in New Town and continues through many suburbs to Glenorchy and beyond.

The most recent median house price for North Hobart is $420,855 and the median unit price is $410,000.

Amenities
Two colleges are located in the area - Elizabeth College, one of Hobart's four public secondary colleges, and The Friends' School, a private school for years K-12. North Hobart was also home of the former Hobart High School from 1918 to 1984 - one of the first schools in the city. The building has been preserved and used by many educational establishments over the years, and is now a Millingtons funeral home.

Other places in North Hobart include:
 * The historic North Hobart Post Office, which still exists in its original form.
 * North Hobart Oval, one of the larger sports grounds in Hobart. It is the site of the Brickfields Hiring Depot during the mid 1800s, and is now predominantly used for Australian rules football matches. The suburb is represented by the North Hobart Football Club in the Tasmanian State League.
 * The State Cinema, Tasmania's largest independent cinema, generally shows independent and underground filmsState_Cinema_North_Hobart.jpg in 2022.]]Towards_Central_Hobart_-_Flickr_-_mikecogh.jpg in 2023.]]

Restaurant strip
Elizabeth Street (between Tasma and Federal Streets) contains many of the restaurants and cafes for which North Hobart is known. The area could be compared with Lygon Street in Melbourne, except on a much smaller scale.

Restaurants in the area include two Italian restaurants and two fish bars. Asian food dominates the strip with Indian, Thai, Japanese and Chinese food, all being popular. Other restaurants serve Mexican and Turkish food. Several chain restaurants are located here as well.

Redevelopment
In 2004 the area was redeveloped, including footpath widening and lining Elizabeth Street with trees. Alderman Zucco unsuccessfully proposed that the area be lined with olive trees to promote the multiculturalism that exists in the area.

title: North Hobart, Tasmania


text:
Cross Examination Debate Association

The Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA) is the largest intercollegiate policy debate association in the United States. Throughout the school year, CEDA sanctions over 60 tournaments throughout the nation, including an annual National Championship Tournament that brings together over 175 individual debate teams from across the nation to compete on the basis of research, persuasive speaking, argumentation, and philosophy.

For a number of years, CEDA employed a two-person team value debate format. CEDA utilized two topics each year, one governing the fall semester and the second governing the spring semester. For the spring 1996 topic, it was voted to continue debating the fall topic about Mexico. Beginning with the 1996–1997 season, however, CEDA has employed a single, year-long policy debate topic.

Controversy
In the 2013 tournament, the winning team from Emporia State University was criticized for using personal memoirs and rap music to criticize white privilege during the debate, while failing to address the stated resolution. CEDA President Paul Mabrey points to the value of limited actual formal rules in CEDA debate and the ways that a variety of forms of debate raise the educational value of the activity and call these objections "nothing other than thinly-veiled racism." Other teams participating in the debates have said "the pedagogical goals of policy debate are not being met-and are even being undermined."

In 2014, despite winning the tournament, the team from Towson University was criticized by observers for referencing racial slurs, failing to adhere to standard debate practices and arguing a topic unrelated to the proposed resolution. These types of debate strategies "[have] received mainstream acceptance, sympathy, and awards", despite objections and complaints from tournament participants, labelling the strategies as offensive. In the wake of this controversy, CEDA President Paul Mabrey stated in an official CEDA video of that the accusations of poor preparation and incomprehensibility "...[R]epresent the worst of our human bigotry. These attacks on Towson, Oklahoma, and others in our debate community are motivated by racism and fear."

National Tournament results

 * 2013 - Champion: Emporia State University (Ryan Walsh and Elijah Smith)
 * 2014 - Champion: Towson University (Ameena Ruffin and Korey Johnson) Runner-up: University of Oklahoma (Rashid Campbell and George Lee)
 * 2019 - Champion: University of Oklahoma (Jazmine Pickens and Darius White) Runner-up: University of Kansas (Azja Butler and Kenny Delph)
 * 2020 - Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic

title: Cross Examination Debate Association


text:
João Ramalho (municipality)

João Ramalho is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 4,551 (2020 est.) in an area of 416 km2. The elevation is 551 m. It is named after the Portuguese explorer João Ramalho (1493–1580).

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: João Ramalho (municipality)


text:
José Bonifácio, São Paulo

José Bonifácio is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is of 37,366 inhabitants and the area is 859.94 km2. The city belongs to the Microregion of São José do Rio Preto.

History
The history of José Bonifácio begins in 1906. The founder of the city, José Crescencio de Souza, built the first three houses. In 1910, the brothers Manuel, Justino e Carlos Rodrigues de Sant’Anna donated part of their land to the Catholic Church. The first chapel was built in 1913, and the town received the name of Cerradão.

In 1914, the town was elevated to district and on December 23, 1924, became a district of Mirassol, changing its name to the current form. José Bonifácio was officially established as a municipality on December 28, 1926.

Economy
The Tertiary sector is the economic basis of Bonifácio. Commerce, services and administration corresponds to 62.3% of the city GDP. Industry is 29.2% of the GDP, and the Primary sector corresponds to 8.5%.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Transportation

 * BR-153 - Rodovia Transbrasiliana
 * SP-425 - Rodovia Assis Chateaubriand

title: José Bonifácio, São Paulo


text:
Jumirim

Jumirim is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Sorocaba. The population is 3,418 (2020 est.) in an area of 56.69 km². The elevation is 561 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Jumirim


text:
Fourplay

Fourplay (stylized as fOURPLAY) is a contemporary American smooth jazz quartet. The original members of the group were Bob James (keyboards), Lee Ritenour (guitars), Nathan East (bass), and Harvey Mason (drums).

In 1997, Lee Ritenour left the group and Fourplay chose Larry Carlton as his replacement. In 2010, Larry Carlton left Fourplay and was replaced by Chuck Loeb, who died on July 31, 2017. During Loeb's illness, saxophonist Kirk Whalum joined the group for performances.

The group has enjoyed consistent artistic and commercial success by grafting elements of R&B and pop to jazz, appealing to a broad mainstream audience. Their debut album, Fourplay (1991), sold over a million copies and remained at the number one position on the Billboard contemporary jazz chart for 33 weeks. Their next album, Between the Sheets (1993), reached number one, went gold, and received a Grammy Award nomination. In 1995, their third gold album, Elixir, also reached the number one position and remained on the chart for more than 90 weeks. In 2015 the band celebrated its 25th anniversary with the release of the album Silver with former members Ritenour and Carlton.

DVD-Video

 * An Evening of Fourplay Volumes I and II (1994)
 * Live in Cape Town (2005)
 * Live at San Javier Jazz Festival (2006)

title: Fourplay


text:
User:Jengod/List of Iraq War rationales cited by Bush administration

This is a list of Iraq War rationales cited by Bush administration. The quantity and variety of the Bush administration's rationales for the Iraq War were first comprehensively compiled and analyzed by Devon M. Largio in his undergraduate thesis. Since the publication of the Largio thesis, the Bush administration has cited other reasons for going to war:

 * 1) Iraq's Saddam Hussein was "gaming the system" of the U.N. oil-for-food program - George W. Bush - Press conference - October 7, 2004