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Karasuk culture

The Karasuk culture (Карасукская культура) describes a group of late Bronze Age societies who ranged from the Aral Sea to the upper Yenisei in the east and south to the Altai Mountains and the Tian Shan in ca. 1500–800 BC.

Overview
The distribution of the Karasuk culture covers the eastern parts of the Andronovo culture, which it appears to replace. It is considered that the Karasuk culture primarily formed out of the Andronovo culture with influences from the Okunevo culture.

The remains of settlements are minimal, and entirely of the mortuary variety. At least 2000 burials are known. The Karasuk period persisted down to c. 700 BC. From c. 700 to c. 200 BC, culture developed along similar lines. Vital trade contact is traced from northern China and the Baikal region to the Black Sea and the Urals, influencing the uniformity of the culture. The Karasuk was succeeded by the Tagar culture.

The economy was mixed agriculture and stockbreeding. Its culture appears to have been more mobile than the Andronovo. The Karasuk were farmers who practiced metallurgy on a large scale. Arsenical bronze artefacts are present. Their settlements were of pit houses and they buried their dead in stone cists covered by kurgans and surrounded by square stone enclosures. Industrially, they were skilled metalworkers, the diagnostic artifacts of the culture being a bronze knife with curving profiles and a decorated handle and horse bridles. The pottery has been compared to that discovered in Inner Mongolia and the interior of China, with burials bronze knives similar to those from northeastern China. Their realistic animal art probably contributed to the development of the Scytho-Siberian animal art style (Scythian art).

The origins of the Karasuk culture are complex, but it is generally accepted that its origins lie both with the Andronovo culture and local cultures of the Yenisei. The ethnic identity of the Karasuk is problematic, as the Andronovo culture has been associated with the Indo-Iranians while the local cultures have been considered as unconnected to the steppe. Nevertheless, a specifically Proto-Iranian identity has been proposed for the Karasuk culture. The Karasuk tribes have been described by archaeologists as exhibiting pronounced Caucasoid/Europoid features. George van Driem has suggested a connection with the Yeniseian and Burushaski people, proposing a Karasuk languages group.

The contemporary Deer stones culture to the southeast may have been built in part by nomads from the Karasuk culture.

Chariots

The Karasuk culture had horse-drawn spoke-wheeled chariots, a technology first attested in the Sintashta culture (c. 2000 BC) which spread eastwards with the Andronovo culture. Although no Karasuk chariots have been found, their existence is indicated by petroglyph drawings, chariot equipment, horse bridles and 'charioteer burials'. These have close similarities to chariots and equipment from the Shang dynasty in China (c. 1200 BC), such as the use of wheels with numerous spokes and bow-shaped rein holders. Both Karasuk and Shang chariots also have close similarities to chariots from Lchashen in Armenia, dating from c. 1500 BC. According to Wu (2013) Shang chariots and their associated equipment originated from the Karasuk culture and can be understood as "a local version of the Karasuk set."

Metallurgy
The metallurgy of the Karasuk culture may have derived from the earlier Seima-Turbino tradition. It expanded on this tradition, and became the core of a regional hub in metallurgy, sometimes called the "East Asian Metallurgical Province".

Seima-Turbino had a westward expansion, encountering the Abashevo and Sintashta cultures during the 2200-1700 BCE period. On the contrary, the expansion of the Karasuk metallurgical culture was eastward. Karasuk styles were copied throughout Central and Eastern Asia, reaching China where numerous bronze objects on the Karasuk model have been excavated. In particular the royal complex of the Anyang Cemetery from the 13-11th centuries BCE during the Shang dynasty period is known for numerous such imitations.

It is thought that these metallurgical innovations from the Karasuk culture were transmitted by steppe nomads, within a context of rather conflictual relations between China and its northern neighbours. The Shang mainly imitated the curved one-edged knives with animal handles, and placed them in their tombs among other bronze paraphernalia. Altogether, these influences travelled over a distance of more than 3,500 kilometers, from the Sayan-Altai region to the heart of ancient China beyond the Yellow River.

Weapons of the contemporary Deer stones culture, as seen in their petroglyphs, are generally derived from those of the Karasuk culture, and belong to the Karasuk typology.

Comparisons of Karasuk and Chinese Shang-Zhou blades
Many bronze blades of the Shang dynasty (13th-11th centuries BCE) and Zhou dynasty were derived from Karasuk designs.

Genetics
Keyser et al. (2009) published a genetic study of ancient Siberian cultures, the Andronovo culture, the Karasuk culture, the Tagar culture and the Tashtyk culture. They surveyed four individuals of the Karasuk culture of four different sites from 1400 BC to 800 BC. Two of these possessed the Western Eurasian mtDNA U5a1 and U4 lineages. Two other ones exhibited the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early Indo-Europeans. The individuals surveyed were all determined to be Europoid and light-eyed.

Sites
Sites are not numerous, and are mainly found southwest of the Minusinsk basin. They consist in semi-subterranean houses and larger winter houses about 100-200 m2 in area, with domed or pitched roofs covered with earth to protect against the cold.

title: Karasuk culture


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Edah

 * Edah, should not be confused with the Haredi communal body in Israel known as the Edah HaChareidis.

Edah was a Modern Orthodox Jewish organization, generally associated with the liberal wing of Orthodox Judaism in the United States and with the Religious Zionism movement of Israel. Its headquarters were located in Manhattan, New York City.

Opening
Edah was founded in 1997 in response to what its founding director, Rabbi Saul Berman, called "the separatist trend in Modern Orthodoxy." It promised in its mission statement to "give voice to the ideology and values of modern Orthodoxy and to educate and empower the community to address its concerns."

Edah organized conferences, fellowships, and adult education programs, primarily in the New York metropolitan area, and to a lesser extent around the world. It also published the Edah Journal, an academic journal on Modern Orthodoxy and contemporary issues in the religious community.

The New York Times reported that Yeshiva University's biology department chairman, an ordained rabbi, "denounced Edah as 'outside the pale of Judaism'."

Closing
In July 2006, Edah announced plans to close down its operations as a stand-alone entity. In a news release, leaders of the organization claimed that it had made significant achievements, but given limited financial resources available, a tactical decision was made so that its goals would be able to continue through other means.

After winding down operations, Berman took on an administrative position at Yeshivat Chovevei Torah (YCT), an Open Orthodox rabbinical school in New York City. YCT also assumed Edah’s journal, website, and audio-visual library.

The Edah Journal was rebranded as Meorot: A Forum of Modern Orthodox Discourse and its publication continued by YCT.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edah


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Sultan Ali Keshtmand

Sultan Ali Keshtmand (born May 22, 1935, in Kabul), sometimes transliterated Kishtmand, was an Afghan communist politician, belonging to the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He served twice as Chairman of the Council of Ministers during the 1980s, from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Early years
Keshtmand was born in Kabul. He is a member of the Hazara ethnic group. He studied economics at Kabul University and became involved in the PDPA. He joined the Parcham faction of that party, which was led by Babrak Karmal. He sought and received political asylum from British Prime Minister John Major. He lives in the UK.

Role in politics
Immediately after the April 1978 coup d'état in which the PDPA came to power, Keshtmand became the minister of planning in the newly formed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

He lost that post in August 1978 when he was arrested for an alleged plot against President Nur Mohammad Taraki, a member of the rival Khalq faction of the party. The PDPA Politburo ordered the arrest of Keshtmand and Public Works Minister Muhammad Rafi'i for their part in the possible anti-regime conspiracy. He and the other inmates went through severe torture and long imprisonment. He remained in prison and was sentenced to death, but this decision was revoked and he was resentenced to 15 years in prison.

In December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, bringing Babrak Karmal and the Parcham faction to power. Keshtmand was released from jail, and once again joined the Politburo.

Friction among the People's Party members rose in 1980 when Karmal removed Assadullah Sarwari from his position as First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and replaced him with Sultan Ali Keshtmand. Keshtmand, a Parchami, soon became one of the most important leaders of the regime. In June 1981, Karmal retained his other offices, but resigned as Council of Ministers chairman and was succeeded by Keshtmand. A 21-member Supreme Defense Council headed by Mohammad Najibullah effectively assumed power.

The rise in the deficit greatly concerned the government, and as Council of Ministers chairman Keshtmand noted in April 1983, the tax collections were inadequate in view of the increased state spending. The security situation in the country, however, prevented the government from improving its tax collections.

In September 1987, the Kabul government sponsored a large convocation of Hazaras from various parts of the country and offered them autonomy. In his speech to the group, Keshtmand said that the government was going to set up several new provinces in the Hazarajat that would be administered by the local inhabitants.

Rise and fall of power
He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1981 to 1988 and 1989 to 1990, and as one of the vice presidents from May 1990 until April 1991, when he was dismissed shortly before the fall of the government.

A mujaheddin radio station reports intra-Parcham (a faction of the PDPA) (P) clashes in Kabul between supporters of Najibullah and Keshtmand, chairman of the executive committee of the Council of Ministers.

Non-PDPA member Mohammad Hassan Sharq was selected by President Najibullah to be the new Council of Ministers chairman, replacing Keshtmand. This move was made in order to free spaces in the new government for nonparty candidates.

He then left Afghanistan, first moving to Russia and then to England. There he became an outspoken defender of the rights of Hazaras and other minorities, claiming that the Pashtun majority in Afghanistan had had too much power in all of Afghanistan's regimes, past and present. After the communist Saur Revolution, which toppled Daud Khan's first Afghan Republic, he reportedly said, "Brothers, today the five long centuries of Pashtun political domination has come to an end."

title: Sultan Ali Keshtmand


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Todd McCormick

Todd McCormick was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep as a redirect. Rossami (talk) 21:34, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article does not establish notability. RickK 06:12, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Todd McCormick was the first person to be arrested for medicinal marijuana related charges after the passage of California Proposition 215.  Noteworthy under these conditions.  Radman1 06:24, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, merge and redirect. Radman1 19:59, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * But if he's only notable in the context of California Proposition 215 then he only deserved a mention in that article, not his own article. Merge and redirect. Gdr 06:40, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * Delete or at least stub and define why this apparent non-entity is in point of fact notable. There are plenty of (i.e. 99% probably if they thought they could get away with it) marijuana users who would no doubt argue this in mitigation. Sjc 06:44, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * !!!!!! First of all... you worship hitler if you think this should be deleted. While we're at it why don't we delete the article on Buddha? What's so notable about it? Expansion will come... it was just placed as a starting point. -- Unsigned by User:65.97.17.149
 * I'm baffled beyond belief. And it seems that I worship Hitler. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 07:38, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * ZEIG HEIL! VE MUST MERGE AND REDEERECT ZE MEDEECINAL MARIJUANA MAN! OOTEN EETEN HAUTEN GLOBEN! Lord Bob 08:03, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Anonymous votes don't count, even from the author of the page. One-liner about some poor guy who can't get dope. There are lots of them. Delete. — Bill 11:55, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into California Proposition 215 (1996) and redirect. —Stormie 08:55, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect, unless he's written a book or something. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 15:54, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect: When he's famous for something other than getting busted, he can get an article. Right now, the law is notable, and the first dude to go the can over it isn't. Geogre 16:27, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * When there's a notable event that involves an otherwise nonnotable person, the content should probably be put with the event, with the person mentioned only in the entry on the event. Whether to redirect at that point is an open question. Delete or Redirect --Improv 17:42, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge. The article, as it's currently written, is a borderline speedy candidate ("Jimmy Spligbertt is a guy who has the fuzz all up in his face for playing his stereo too loud..."). -R. fiend, Schutzstaffel Kommandant 17:53, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I am not certain that this even deserves a merge, but it should definately be removed as an independent article one way or the other. Indrian 17:57, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge redirect is the sensible thing to do (to California Proposition 215) — siro  χ  o  22:19, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. McCormick isn't notable for getting busted; just unlucky. Wile E. Heresiarch 22:40, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I worship Hitler errr... I mean Delete. :) NeoJustin 05:56 Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * According to BJAODN, Hitler likes people with funny faces. That must mean Mr. McCormick is a clown.  To make matters worse, I agree with Schutzstaffel Kommandant Fiend as well.  Merge and redirect.  The title certainly is legit if the article as it stands is not.  Love, Field Marshall Schickelgruber, aka Lucky 6.9 05:58, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge/redirect to California Proposition 215 (1996), or keep. — siro  χ  o  14:03, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect.  — Dan | Talk 00:00, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with California Proposition 215 (1996) and then Delete. --Nought 00:05, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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title: File:Lord Valentine's Castle.png


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Northland green gecko

The Northland green gecko (Naultinus grayii), also known commonly as Gray's tree gecko is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is found only in the Northland region of New Zealand, north of Whangaroa; it is one of the rarest and most highly sought after lizards.

Taxonomy
Naultinus grayii was originally described by Thomas Bell in 1843.

Etymology
The specific name, grayii, is in honour of British herpetologist John Edward Gray.

Habitat
The preferred natural habitats of N. grayii are freshwater wetlands, shrubland, and forest.

Description
The Northland green gecko is vivid green with grey or gold-coloured markings on either side along the dorsal surface. Males have a blue band along the sides just below the limbs. Underneath, the ventral surface of both sexes is bright pale green, sometimes with a yellow tinge. The inside of the mouth is deep blue with a bright red tongue.

Its total length (including tail) is up to 200 mm, and its snout-to-vent length (SVL) is up to 95 mm.

Behaviour
The Northland green gecko is diurnal, often found sun-basking. It has an arboreal lifestyle, especially favouring stands of manuka, kanuka, and mingimingi.

Reproduction
N. grayii is oviparous. Average litter size is two newborns. Sexual maturity is reached at approximately two years, after which reproduction occurs annually. The young are born in March, after a gestation period of four months.

Conservation status
In 2012 the Department of Conservation classified the Northland green gecko as "At Risk" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It was judged as meeting the criteria for "At Risk" threat status as a result of it having a low to high ongoing or predicted decline. This gecko is also regarded as being "Data Poor".

Captivity
The species N. grayii, like all the Naultinus species, is regarded as the "holy grail" of geckos among their keepers, often going for a large amount of money for a pair of lizards. Outside of its home range, it is most commonly kept in Europe where there are several keepers producing offspring, though still extremely rarely seen.

In 2001 a German tourist was fined $12,000 for attempting to smuggle Northland green geckos out of the country in his underwear.

title: Northland green gecko


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Andronovo culture

The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Late Bronze Age cultures that flourished c. 2000–1150 BC,  spanning from the southern Urals to the upper Yenisei River in central Siberia. Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. The slightly older Sintashta culture (c. 2200–1900 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately to Early Andronovo cultures. Andronovo culture's first stage could have begun at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, with cattle grazing, as natural fodder was by no means difficult to find in the pastures close to dwellings.

Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo-Iranian languages, though it may have overlapped the early Uralic-speaking area at its northern fringe and Yeniseian-speaking area to its eastern fringe. Allentoft et al. (2015) concluded from their genetic studies that the Andronovo culture and the preceding Sintashta culture should be partially derived from the Corded Ware culture, given the higher proportion of ancestry matching the earlier farmers of Europe, similar to the admixture found in the genomes of the Corded Ware population.

Discovery
The name derives from the village of Andronovo in the Uzhursky District of Kranoyarsk Krai, Siberia, where the Russian zoologist Arkadi Tugarinov discovered its first remains in 1914. Several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The Andronovo culture was first identified by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov in the 1920s.

Dating and subcultures

The culture of Sarazm (4th–3rd millennium BC) precedes the arrival of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.

Currently only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture:

 * Alakul (2000–1700 BC) between Oxus (today Amu Darya), and Jaxartes (today Syr Darya), Kyzylkum Desert
 * Fëdorovo (2000–1450 BC) in southern Siberia (earliest evidence of cremation and fire cult )

Other authors identified previously the following sub-cultures also as part of Andronovo:

 * Eastern Fedorovo (1850–1350 BC) in Tian Shan mountains (Northwestern Xinjiang, China), southeastern Kazakhstan, eastern Kyrgyzstan
 * Alekseyevka-Sargary (1450–1150 BC) "final Bronze Age phase" in eastern Kazakhstan, contacts with Namazga VI in Turkmenia, Ingala Valley in the south of Tyumen Oblast, in Tobol.

Some authors have challenged the chronology and model of eastward spread due to increasing evidence for the earlier presence of these cultural features in parts of east Central Asia.

Geographic extent
The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct, Srubna culture in the Volga-Ural interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the Minusinsk depression, with some sites as far west as the southern Ural Mountains, overlapping with the area of the earlier Afanasevo culture. Additional sites are scattered as far south as the Kopet Dag (Turkmenistan), the Pamir (Tajikistan) and the Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the Taiga. More recently, evidence for the presence of the culture in Xinjiang in far-western China has also been found, mainly concentrated in the area comprising Tashkurgan, Ili, Bortala, and Tacheng area. In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as Volgograd. Mallory notes that the Tazabagyab culture south of Andronovo could be an offshoot of the former (or Srubna), alternatively the result of an amalgamation of steppe cultures and the Central Asian oasis cultures (Bishkent culture and Vakhsh culture).

In the initial Sintashta-Petrovka phase, the Andronovo culture is limited to the northern and western steppes in the southern Urals-Kazakhstan. Since then, at the 2nd millennium, in the Alakul Phase (2000–1700 BC), the Fedorovo Phase (1850–1450 BC) and the final Alekseyevka Phase (1400–1000 BC), the Andronovo cultures move intensively eastwards, expanding as far east as the Upper Yenisei River, succeeding the non-Indo-European Okunev culture.

In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the Karasuk culture (1500–800 BC). On its western border, it is roughly contemporaneous with the Srubna culture, which partly derives from the Abashevo culture. The earliest historical peoples associated with the area are the Cimmerians and Saka/Scythians, appearing in Assyrian records after the decline of the Alekseyevka culture, migrating into Ukraine from ca. the 9th century BC (see also Ukrainian stone stela), and across the Caucasus into Anatolia and Assyria in the late 8th century BC, and possibly also west into Europe as the Thracians (see Thraco-Cimmerian), and the Sigynnae, located by Herodotus beyond the Danube, north of the Thracians, and by Strabo near the Caspian Sea. Both Herodotus and Strabo identify them as Iranian.

Characteristics

The Andronovo culture comprised both highly mobile communities and settled villages, with a notable concentration of settlements in its Central Asian regions. Fortifications include ditches, earthen banks as well as timber palisades, of which an estimated twenty have been discovered. Andronovo villages typically contain around two to twenty houses, but settlements containing as much as a hundred houses have been discovered. Andronovo houses were generally constructed from pine, cedar, or birch, and were usually aligned overlooking the banks of rivers. Larger homes range in the size from 80 to 300 m2, and probably belonged to extended families, a typical feature among early Indo-Iranians. Soma may have originated in the Andronovo culture.

Livestock, horse, and agriculture
Andronovo livestock included cattle, horses, sheep, goats and camels. The domestic pig is notably absent, which is typical of a mobile economy. The percentage of cattle among Andronovo remains are significantly higher than among their western Srubna neighbours. The horse was represented on Andronovo sites and was used for both riding and traction. According to the Journal of Archaeological Science, in July 2020, scientists from South Ural State University studied two Late Bronze Age horses with the aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery in the Lisakovsk city in the Kostanay region. Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the stallion was nearly 20 years old and the mare was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with the person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding. Agriculture did not play an important role in the Andronovo economy.

Metallurgy

The Andronovo culture is notable for regional advances in metallurgy. They mined deposits of copper ore in the Altai Mountains from around the 14th century BC. Bronze objects were numerous, and workshops existed for working copper.

Pottery
One of the characteristics of Andronovo culture is its pottery, especially in campsites located in Central Asia, some of them very close to settlements of Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in the south. This pottery is called Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), which is handmade and grey to brown in color, as well as incised with geometrical decoration, spread over much of Eurasian region, from Southern Urals to Kashgar, a pottery made by late Bronze Age nomads.

Warfare

"It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within the collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age" said Igor Chechushkov.

Burials

The Andronovo dead were buried in timber or stone chambers under both round and rectangular kurgans (tumuli). Burials were accompanied by livestock, wheeled vehicles, cheek-pieces for horses, and weapons, ceramics and ornaments. Among the most notable remains are the burials of chariots, dating from around 2000 BC and possibly earlier. The chariots are found with paired horse-teams, and the ritual burial of the horse in a "head and hooves" cult has also been found. Some Andronovo dead were buried in pairs, of adults or adult and child.

At Kytmanovo in Russia between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, dated 1746–1626 BC, a strain of Yersinia pestis was extracted from a dead woman's tooth in a grave common to her and to two children. This strain's genes express flagellin, which triggers the human immune response. However, by contrast with other prehistoric Yersinia pestis bacteria, the strain does so weakly; later, historic plague does not express flagellin at all, accounting for its virulence. The Kytmanovo strain was therefore under selection toward becoming a plague (although it was not the plague). The three people in that grave all died at the same time, and the researcher believes that this para-plague is what killed them.

Ethnolinguistic affiliation with Indo-Iranians

It is almost universally agreed among scholars that the Andronovo culture was Indo-Iranian. It is credited with the invention of the spoke-wheeled chariot around 2000 BC, if we include the Sintashta culture, where the oldest known chariots have been found. The association between the Andronovo culture and the Indo-Iranians is corroborated by the distribution of Iranian place-names across the Andronovo horizon and by the historical evidence of dominance by various Iranian-speaking peoples, including the Saka (Scythians), Sarmatians and Alans, throughout the Andronovo horizon during the 1st millennium BC.

The Sintashta site on the upper Ural River, noted for its chariot burials and kurgans containing horse burials, is considered the type site of the Sintashta culture, forming one of the earliest parts of the "Andronovo horizon". It is conjectured that the language spoken was still in the Proto-Indo-Iranian stage.

Comparisons between the archaeological evidence of the Andronovo and textual evidence of Indo-Iranians (i. e. the Vedas and the Avesta) are frequently made to support the Indo-Iranian identity of the Andronovo. The modern explanations for the Indo-Iranianization of Greater Iran and the Indian subcontinent rely heavily on the supposition that the Andronovo expanded southwards into Central Asia or at least achieved linguistic dominance across the Bronze Age urban centres of the region, such as the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex. While the earliest phases of the Andronovo culture are regarded as co-ordinate with the late period of Indo-Iranian linguistic unity, it is likely that in the later period they constituted a branch of the Iranians. According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), the expansion of the Andronovo culture towards the BMAC took place via the Inner Asia Mountain Corridor.

According to Hiebert, an expansion of the BMAC into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia", despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near East, or south of the region between Kopet Dag and Pamir-Karakorum. Mallory acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets the Indo-Iranian to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the Medes, Persians or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the Kulturkugel model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over Bactria-Margiana cultural traits but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India.

Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 17th–16th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of Sintashta, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian. Klejn (1974) and Brentjes (1981) found the Andronovo culture much too late for an Indo-Iranian identification since chariot-using Aryans appear in Mitanni by the 15th century BC. However, dated a chariot burial at Krivoye Lake to around 2000 BC.

Eugene Helimski has suggested that the Andronovo people spoke a separate branch of Indo-Iranian. He claims that borrowings in the Finno-Ugric languages support this view. Vladimir Napolskikh has proposed that borrowings in Finno-Ugric indicate that the language was specifically of the Indo-Aryan type.

Since older forms of Indo-Iranian words have been taken over in Uralic and Proto-Yeniseian, occupation by some other languages (also lost ones) cannot be ruled out altogether, at least for part of the Andronovo area, i. e., Uralic and Yeniseian.

Rasmus G. Bjørn (2022) describes the linguistic heritage of the Andronovo cultural complex as "Indo-Iranic dialect continuum", with a later split between Iranic and Indic. Early Iranic can be associated with later stages of the Andronovo horizon. Indo-Iranian derived loanwords via the Andronovo cultural complex can be found in both Proto-Uralic and later in Proto-Turkic, suggesting some forms of contact near the Altai Mountains (specifically the Minusinsk basin) and Mongolia respectively. Some loanwords related to horse pastoralism are also found in Old Chinese.

Physical appearance

In studies from the mid-2000s, the Andronovo have been described by archaeologists as having cranial features similar to ancient and modern European populations. Andronovo skulls are similar to those of the Srubnaya culture and Sintashta culture, exhibiting features such as dolicocephaly. Through Iranian and Indo-Aryan migrations, this physical type expanded southwards and mixed with aboriginal peoples, contributing to the formation of modern populations of India.

Archaeogenetics
The Andronovo culture and its population derived primarily from an eastwards expansion of the Central European Corded Ware culture via the Fatyanovo–Balanovo and Sintashta culture, which are characterized by the combination of mainly Yamnaya-like ancestry and Early European Farmers admixture. The spread of Sintashta-Andronovo ancestry correlates with the expansion of Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples. Andronovo ancestry (c. 57%), in tandem with BMAC admixture (c. 43%), represents the later Iranian dispersal into the Iranian Plateau, while BMAC admixture is not found among the Indo-Aryan migrations into South Asia, suggesing two independent routes, one via the BMAC and one via the Inner Asian mountain corridor.

Studies
Fox et al. (2004) established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.

Keyser et al. (2009) published a study of the ancient Siberian cultures, the Andronovo culture, the Karasuk culture, the Tagar culture and the Tashtyk culture. Ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in southern Siberia from 1800 BC to 1400 BC were surveyed. Extractions of mtDNA from nine individuals were determined to represent two samples of haplogroup U4 and single samples of Z1, T1, U2e, T4, H, K2b and U5a1. Extractions of Y-DNA from one individual was determined to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup C (but not C3), while the other two extractions were determined to belong to haplogroup R1a1a, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early Indo-Europeans. Of the individuals surveyed, only two (or 22%) were determined to be of Asian ancestry, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be of European ancestry, with the majority being light-skinned with predominantly light eyes and light hair.

In a June 2015 study published in Nature, one male and three female individuals of Andronovo culture were surveyed. Extraction of Y-DNA from the male was determined to belong to R1a1a1b. Extractions of mtDNA were determined to represent two samples of U4 and two samples of U2e. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the preceding Sintashta culture, which was in turn closely genetically related to the Corded Ware culture, suggesting that the Sintashta culture represented an eastward expansion of Corded Ware peoples. The Corded Ware peoples were in turn found to be closely genetically related to the Beaker culture, the Unetice culture and particularly the peoples of the Nordic Bronze Age. Numerous cultural similarities between the Sintashta/Andronovo culture, the Nordic Bronze Age and the peoples of the Rigveda have been detected.

A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of an Andronovo female buried c. 1200 BC. She was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup U2e1h.

In a genetic study published in Science in September 2019, a large number of remains from the Andronovo horizon was examined. The vast majority of Y-DNA extracted belonged to R1a1a1b or various subclades of it (particularly R1a1a1b2a2a). The majority of mtDNA samples extracted belonged to U, although other haplogroups also occurred. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the people of the Corded Ware culture, the Potapovka culture, the Sintashta culture and Srubnaya culture. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya culture and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic. People in the northwestern areas of Andronovo were found to be "genetically largely homogeneous" and "genetically almost indistinguishable" from Sintashta people. The genetic data suggested that the Andronovo culture and its Sintastha predecessor were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with steppe ancestry back into the steppe. This is in particular defined by the majority (n=12) of R-Z93 SNPs.

Manjusha Chintalapati, Nick Patterson, and Priya Moorjani (in a peer-reviewed paper, July 18, 2022) estimate through DATES (Distribution of Ancestry Tracts of Evolutionary Signals) that genetic characteristics, typical of Andronovo culture's people formed around 900 years before this archaeological culture appeared, c. 2900 BCE.

title: Andronovo culture


text:
Chromotropic acid

Chromotropic acid is a chemical compound with the formula (HO)2C10H4(SO3H)2.

It can be used for as a reagent in the quantitative determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

Chromotropic acid is also used for testing for the presence of formaldehyde. The usefulness of this reagent in quantitative determination is the formation of a red coloration (peaking at 580 nm wavelength) when chromotropic acid in 50% sulfuric acid reacts with formaldehyde. The coloration is specific to this aldehyde and is not produced from other organic species such as other aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. The NIOSH Formaldehyde method #3500 is the reference analytical standard that uses chromotropic acid.

title: Chromotropic acid


text:
Somena

The Somena (or S’amuna’) are one of several Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓-speaking indigenous peoples living in the Cowichan Valley-Duncan region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.

The Somena were one of seven tribes or nations that were forced to amalgamate into one "band", named the Cowichan Tribes after their general location, the Cowichan Valley and Cowichan Bay. The other peoples henceforth known as "the Cowichans" were the Quamichan/Kw’amutsun (the largest cultural group), Clemclemaluts (L’uml’umuluts), Comiaken (Qwum’yiqun’), Khenipsen (Hinupsum), Kilpahlas (Tl’ulpalus), and Koksilah (Hwulqwselu).

title: Somena


text:
Ashkenazy

Ashkenazy is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the name include:
 * Ben Ashkenazy (born 1968/69), American billionaire real estate developer
 * Dimitri Ashkenazy (born 1969), clarinetist
 * Severyn Ashkenazy (born 1936), American hotelier and philanthropist
 * Vladimir Ashkenazy (born 1937), pianist and conductor

Businesses

 * Ashkenazy Acquisition, a private real estate investment firm

title: Ashkenazy


text:
Puisne judge

Puisne judge and puisne justice are terms for an ordinary judge or a judge of lesser rank of a particular court. The term comes from a combination of the two French words, puis, "since, later" + né, and "born", which have been combined as puisné or puîné; meaning "junior".

Use
The term is used almost exclusively in common law jurisdictions: the jurisdiction of England and Wales within the United Kingdom; Australia, including its states and territories; Canada, including its provinces and territories; India, including its states and territories; Pakistan, its provinces, and Azad Kashmir; the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; Kenya; Sri Lanka; South Africa in rural provinces and Hong Kong. In Australia, the most senior judge after a chief justice in superior state courts is referred to as the "senior puisne judge".

Use is rare outside of, usually internal, court (judicial) procedural decisions as to which judge(s) will sit or has sat in hearings or appeals. The term is dated in detailed, academic case law analyses and, to varying degree direct applicability in higher courts.

The term excludes the court's chief judge(s)/justice(s); any seniormost judges, often specialists or a managerial head, sitting ex officio (by virtue of their office) as such in the court for which they have duties below; and any technically junior judges who may have been called to serve in a higher court, whom law reports and transcripts customarily specify as "sitting in" a judicial panel of a higher court or "sitting as" a judge of that court.

Bermuda
In Bermuda, the Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice and a number of puisne judges. As of January 2020, there are three puisne judges, with a vacancy for a fourth. New puisne judges are appointed by the Governor following a consultation with the Chief Justice.

Canada
In Canada judges other than the chief justice of a court are referred to as puisne judges.

Gibraltar
In Gibraltar, puisne judges, of which there must be at least one, are responsible for family law proceedings in the Supreme Court.

Jamaica
In Jamaica, the Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice, and between 25 and 41 puisne judges, one of whom is designated the Senior Puisne Judge.

Mauritius
In Mauritius, the Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice, the Senior Puisne Judge, and 20 other puisne judges.

England and Wales
In England and Wales, judges of the High Court are referred to as puisne judges, unless the judge in question holds a specific title, such as Lord Chief Justice. Puisne judges must have at least seven years' experience as a barrister, or at least two years' experience as a circuit judge. The maximum number of puisne judges permitted in England and Wales at any one time is the full-time equivalent of 108.

Puisne judges are styled as The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Ms Justice [ surname].

Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, judges of the High Court are referred to as puisne judges, with the exception of the Lord Chief Justice. The maximum number of puisne judges permitted in Northern Ireland at any one time is 15.

Puisne judges are styled as The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Madam Justice [surname].

title: Puisne judge


text:
Kissin

Kissin may refer to:

 * Kissing, the physically affectionate act of a kiss
 * Evgeny Kissin (born 1971), a Russian classical pianist
 * Joel Kissin, a British restaurateur
 * Kissin, Syria, a village in central Syria
 * KIZN, branded as Kissin' 92, a radio station in Boise, Idaho

title: Kissin


text:
Rubus occidentalis

Rubus occidentalis is a species of Rubus native to eastern North America. Its common name black raspberry is shared with other closely related species. Other names occasionally used include bear's eye blackberry, black cap, black cap raspberry, and scotch cap.

Description
Rubus occidentalis is a deciduous shrub growing to 2 to 3 m tall. The leaves are pinnate, with five leaflets on leaves, strong-growing stems in their first year, and three leaflets on leaves on flowering branchlets. The flowers are distinct in having long, slender sepals 6 to 8 mm long, more than twice as long as the petals. The round-shaped fruit is a 12 to 15 mm diameter aggregation of drupelets; it is edible, and has a high content of anthocyanins and ellagic acid.

Long stems also called canes grow up to 1.8 m in length, usually forming an arch shape, but sometimes upright. Canes have curved, sharp thorns, while immature canes are unbranched and have a whitish bloom.

The black raspberry is related to the red raspberry Rubus idaeus and Rubus strigosus, sharing the white underside of leaves, and fruit that readily detaches from the carpel.

Habitat
The plant grows in disturbed areas, especially those that are logged or cut. It is also found in meadows, and near streams and lakes, trails or roadways. The native range of Rubus occidentalis extends as far east as New Brunswick, as far west as Nebraska, as far north as Quebec, and as far south as Mississippi.

Pests and diseases
Apple mosaic virus, black raspberry necrosis virus, Elsinoë veneta, raspberry bushy dwarf virus, raspberry leaf curl virus, Rhizobium radiobacter, Rhizobium rhizogenes, Didymella applanata, Monilinia fructigena, Peronospora sparsa, and Peridroma saucia all infest black raspberries.

Cultivars
Common black raspberry cultivars include: Black Hawk, Bristol, Jewel, Cumberland, Morrison, Munger, and Logan.

Commercial growing and processing
The center for black raspberry production is in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The main cultivar, 'Munger', is grown on about 600 ha. Other cultivars include 'John Robertson', 'Allen', 'Jewel', 'Blackhawk', 'Macblack', 'Plum Farmer', 'Dundee', 'Hanover', and 'Huron'. The plants are summer tipped by hand, mechanically pruned in winter and then machine harvested. The yields are generally low per acre and this is why the fruits are often expensive.

The species has been used in the breeding of many Rubus hybrids; those between red and black raspberries are common under the name purple raspberries; 'Brandywine', 'Royalty', and 'Estate' are examples of purple raspberry cultivars. Wild purple raspberries have also been found in various places in northeastern North America where the two parental species co-occur and occasionally hybridize naturally.

The berries are typically dried or frozen, made into purées and juices, or processed as colorants. Fresh berries are also marketed in season. Two well-known liqueurs based predominantly on black raspberry fruit include France's Chambord Liqueur Royale de France and South Korea's various kinds of Bokbunja-ju.

title: Rubus occidentalis


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Reithy

 * Rhobite is asked not to edit this talk page until further notice due to his personal attacks and bias.

This is a sham request for arbitration by someone more sinning than being sinned against. Reithy 06:32, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

Will the evidence page be reorganized?
Chuck and Reithy have been having bickering in every possible page.. user talk pages, article talk pages, the RFC's, this RFA, and even this RFA's evidence page. Is it someone's job to remove the discussion from the evidence page, and organize it? I'd like to add evidence but I don't feel like being attacked by Chuck and Reithy. Rhobite 21:51, Oct 26, 2004 (UTC)

I am puzzled by this comment in light of Rhobite's persistent and sustained personal attacks on me. His abuse of power, including threats to block me, editing my comments on his talk page, proposals to edit highly contentious, protected pages are contrary to wikipedia principles. Reithy 21:09, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)

I tried putting my evideince in a different section and tried telling Reithy that he needs to respond in a different section then my section. Nut he just went right in there and acted like he was having a conversation with me 210.142.29.125 09:14, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Will you be even-handed?

 * Personal attack on me by Rhobite written here, was deleted by Rhobite, the following was my response.

Rhobite, I think I am perfectly entitled to defend myself to Chuck_F's sham request for arbitration and will when I get time do that. I believe if you review my recent contributions you will see quality additions (much of which is immediately reverted by Chuck_F). I considerably improved your article on Dick Morris by pointing out the obvious that he's no longer a campaign consultant in the US anymore. I have tried to bring interesting and relevant information to a number of articles and to ensure even-handed accounts of controversial matters. Reithy 00:34, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Reithy, anyone who reviews your recent contributions will find a long list of instances of stalking, nitpicking edits and copyvio notes, and rudeness. You are well aware that you can get a rise out of Chuck, and you've been doing it for some time now. Rhobite 01:04, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is an unjustified personal attack and I request its withdrawal within 24 hours. Reithy 19:11, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * That is not a personal attack, and I won't remove it. Those are factual observations about the subject of this RFAr: you. Rhobite 21:35, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

Edit war on the evidence page
I don't know what can be done about this, but it appears the participants are having an edit war on the evidence page of this RFAr. Perhaps they should get their own sections with a strict warning to stay out of each others' section. Reithy has even removed evidence from the page. Rhobite 00:32, Nov 1, 2004 (UTC)

Rhobite's Role in this Arbitration
Rhobite has presented evidence in this Arbitration. Some of that evidence relates to his own misconduct including deleting Talk from his own page and threatening use of Admin powers to enforce his own view of what should be said about him. Reithy 00:06, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm happy to explain. I deleted personal attacks from my talk page. Reithy started 3 sections on my talk page, in response to the fact that I edited one section header which he posted (also on my talk page). He repeatedly restored these harassing comments, so I threatened to block him. It's all in the November 1 history, and I welcome scrutiny by the AC. Rhobite 00:20, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * You have a lot of explaining to do Rhobite, so that's just as well. You have no right to delete material you don't like from your Talk page. I didn't delete your remarks. I wrote nothing stronger than you wrote about me. And yet you deleted them and even edited them. I stopped restoring the comments when you threatened to use your special powers as administrator to control the content of your talk page. This is not an appropriate use of your authority and you know it. I looked forward to your attempts to spin it. It won't be easy. Reithy 00:24, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

Everyone has every right to delete material from their Talk pages. That's under their own purview. They shouldn't modify other people's comments, but deletion is fine. The stuff is still in the history. And none of this has anything to do with Rhobite being an admin. RickK 00:40, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

Rick is right, it has nothing to do with Rhobite being an admin. Which is why his threat to use his admin powers was so utterly improper and an abuse of power. I'm glad Rick has clarified that we can delete whatever we like from Talk pages, that's fine, but Rhobite has edited my remarks in a way that I do not accept. He is guilty of precisely what Rick has said is not acceptable. What is the process for getting an admin removed for abuse of power? Reithy 03:45, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

Just having fun?
On the evidence page, Reithy said: "While Chuck and I have occasional revert wars, we do not pretend to be anything other than two dudes having some fun and contributing hopefully something useful."  I find this very hard to believe, given the fact that both users have stalked each other's articles, and revert each other on sight. Both users have engaged in personal attacks, and both have nominated the other for arbitration. Reithy has intimidated Chuck F by posting his location, and made frivolous copyvio notices in Chuck's articles. If this is all a joke, it's in poor taste. Rhobite 21:53, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

Rhobite is unfit to Administer Wikipedia
Well, trust me, I am having fun otherwise I wouldn't be here. Rhobite, it is really is time you stepped back from Wikipedia before you take it and yourself so seriously. Objectively look at my contributions and you'll see I have a lot more to contribute than folk who merely edit and correct the work of others. My work on Roppongi_Hills - while frequently edited - is possibly the most comprehensive English language work on the development in the world.

If you think I've intimidated Chuck, you clearly haven't been watching his contributions. He is about as intimidated as Osama bin Laden! He has referred to my location, as have others referred to his. I couldn't care less.

Location, location, location
My research reveals, in fact the first person to refer to his location was you! In his Request for Comment. So were you intimidating him as well? Your willingness to impose standards on others that you yourself are not willing to comply with reflects terribly on your ability to administer Wikipedia with propriety. I am very concerned about your threatened abuse of your authority.

I posted on copyvio notice on a very dubiously sourced photo "from a friend". He still hasn't explained its provenance. Again, I'll leave that decision to others. But if the decision is yours, those above you need to ponder whether you are exercising your powers objectively and reasonably. Reithy 23:36, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I mentioned that he used IP addresses from Japan, in order to establish that they were possibly the same user. That is very different from your habit of repeatedly mentioning that he lives in a certain place, works in a certain place, and that you have visited these places. Rhobite 23:55, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree, the number of English speakers in Japan from the IP numbers you identified is probably a very small class of persons. I speculated he was from Brisbane and you denied this and set out exactly where his IP addreses were. Who cares. You seem to. He has said he knows Roppongi Hills well, although does not live there. I don't really care, I just want a better article. Nor does he care. He is about as intimidated as Osama bin Laden, as is evidenced by his feisty posting. The simple fact is you brought up the issue of his location, not me, not him. It is not a big deal for anyone except you.

 * Your inference that there was somehow violence or threats involved in references to IP addresses is not worthy of your role as administrator. There was absolutely no such threat or implication. I said I visited Roppongi Hills once when visiting Tokyo and said no such thing about Temple U. The relevance of it was in writing my substantial entries on Roppongi Hills, I thought he could add some more and we could work collaboratively on it. My contributions speak for themselves.

 * Your failure to recuse yourself from presenting evidence against either of us is typical of your misuse of administrator powers and what I say is a misunderstanding of your role. Your credibility is at risk from such actions. You were appointed an administrator one week, the next week you are launching bitter personal attacks, threatening use of your powers improperly, editing other people's comments and acting in a highly provocative and unWiki manner. I suggest taking yourself less seriously, it is highly unfortunate that you don't focus on more productive matters than launching personal attacks on other users. Reithy 01:02, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Below are comments Rhobite improperly added to the RFA page, only parties to Arbitration are entitled to post here. He's an Administrator who thinks the rules don't apply to him:

 * Add User:NihonGo to the list of accounts created for the purpose of reverting Chuck. Rhobite 22:39, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * Add User:%C3%81%94%E3%81%BF%E7%AE%B1 who has now abusively moved Libertarianism to Libertarian capitalism. Rhobite 04:38, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

Reithy 23:25, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)

Improper use of RFA page
'''To Rhobite: Be advised, I deleted your inappropriately placed references on the RFA page and moved them to Talk as required under Wikipedia rules. You are not a party to the arbitration, although have expressed strong views about it, but are not entitled to amend the RFA page. I suggest you more carefully review the rules before posting again. Reithy 12:10, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)'''

 * I'm not going to revert this change, removing charges from the RFAr main page is a serious offense. I will point out that you already said I was a party to this arbitration in Talk:Ron Paul. Rhobite 18:11, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)

'''Please do not edit this page directly if you are not a participant in this case. Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.'''

Rhobite, which part of the above do you not understand. Participants are Chuck_F who made the request and me who made a request about him. Two participants. One sniper from the side. I am very consciously not bringing nor threatening arbitration against you. I don't think it would help in your case. Your ongoing abuse of power needs to be examined by someone other than me as I am sure it will. Reithy 23:06, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)

Reithy is editing my section on /evidence
Reithy is editing my section on /evidence. It's basically unreadable now, due to his inability to follow simple instructions. Rhobite 23:36, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)

Reithy is not editing anything
I am entitled to respond to each point made. I very clearly did so and signed each point. Reithy 23:39, Nov 4, 2004 (UTC)

Chuck F
According to this, a request for arbitration against User:Chuck F was supposed to be consolidated with this request. However, this request still seems to be solely about User:Reithy. The edit wars between these two over libertarianism and United States Libertarian Party are now spreading, most recently to Liberal Democratic Party of Australia, which Chuck F insists in labelling libertarian in the American sense even though the word does not carry the same meaning in Australia. Editing this page, and also Liberal Party of Australia, I found User:Reithy open to rational discussion and debate but Chuck F refuses to compromise or accept what two Australian users have told him about the word, and has wilfully broken the three revert rule. He seems to have a pattern of constant reverting. Several pages have been protected as a result of edit wars in which he and Reithy are involved. Chuck F seems to have been completely unwilling to listen to reason from anyone in those conflicts. Requests for comment/Chuck F has been active for almost a month and doesn't seem to have had any effect on the problem. Please can we make sure his actions and edit history are actually considered in this arbitration case? I believe it would be appropriate to add his name to the page title. --213.120.56.41 14:04, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I laid out my reasons for doing that in talk.. they refear to themselves as libertarian... all the info I've found comes to the fact it means the same thing... generally just random people who obviously are editing mainly socalist articles and are involded in the socalist world, who comment in talk can't be used as the best source. Note also: this is an anon ip that hadn't edited any articles for three months, and had only done 6 edits in the past two years untill this event. Chuck F 15:41, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * They do not refer to themselves as libertarian. All you have done is show they link to a website that uses the word. No context is given. If you go through all their policy statements they don't even use the word. And in Australia libertarians are not automatically people who believe in free market capitalism as they apparently are in America. In Australia libertarians believe in civil liberties and they may combine that belief with any number of other beliefs. Your constant reverting has now lead to the protection of this article as well. I may be an anon user but at least I don't go around causing havoc on articles until someone protects them. --212.140.118.143 15:56, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * They are allied with the group called Libertarian Independents(which has a blog that shows thourgh thier postions that libertarian means the same in Australia as it does in the rest of the world, they never on the pages add a modifer(besides indepdents to libertarian) . Chuck F 16:50, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Chuck F has resulted in the protection of United States Libertarian Party
I don't have the specifics, but I can tell you that an anon and Chuck F have been revert warring on United States Libertarian Party, and this has led to the article's protection. And a comment about this whole case: I'm really exasperated by both sides' obnoxiousness, and how they've screwed every page related to this RFAr with their edit warring. I hope both of you get banned from Wikipedia for a long, long time. Johnleemk | Talk 16:04, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with this sentiment, and I wouldn't rule out the possibility that the new anonymous users are Reithy or are connected with Reithy in some way. Rhobite 16:18, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * hey don't jump on me for that guy... I had talks going on all the pages that guy was reverting and he told me that because of my previous edits he refused to read anything (check out libertarian league where he said he was reverting just because the edits were done by me). Chuck F 16:46, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It would be a lot easier to not jump on you if you just followed the 3 revert rule and allowed yourself to compromise once in a while. Rhobite 16:54, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * How do I compromise with a guy that says he refuses to read anything place in talk by me and will revert any edit I make anywhere?

[] [] Chuck F 17:03, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Suggested modification of temporary injunction
The subject of Reithy's candidacy in the current ArbCom election has been discussed at Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements. I don't think that a temporary injunction should bar the user from the only chance for a year to join the ArbCom, just because the temporary injunction happens to fall during the election period. I've paid no attention to the merits of this case, but I suggest, as a matter of procedure, that the temporary injunction should be modified along these lines:
 * Both Reithy and Chuck F and any sockpuppets are to edit only on: their respective arbcom case; their own user and user talk pages; and, if a candidate in the Arbitration Committee election, on Arbitration Committee Elections December 2004/Candidate statements and its talk page. Edits to the mainspace may be reverted on sight.

That any questions posed to Reithy on his talk page would have to be answered by him there, instead of on the questioner's talk page, is unfortunate, but a de minimis problem, as compared with allowing him to make responsive comments and then being embroiled in deciding what is or isn't responsive. JamesMLane 19:01, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I respect your opinion, James, and I understand why you hold it. I would contend, however, that Reithy's behavior on the page in question justifies his exclusion.  If he had filed there without inflammatory remarks, and if he had avoided insulting and attacking users subsequent to filing, I think your comments would be met with approval from me.  However, I believe that the purpose of a temporary injunction is to prevent a candidate from continuing misbehaviors which cause offense to others and harm to this project's purposes.  It is clear to me that, based on his behavior thus far, Reithy will do those very things if he is allowed to continue his "candidacy" (which appears to me rather to be an attempt by him to insult and aggrieve the community -- I imagine he chose that page because he believed his right to participate there would be protected).  It may seem unfair that the injunction prevents a user from candidacy that won't come around again soon, however I would note that the injunction is a result of chosen misbehavior -- if a person is arrested, for example, and imprisoned until their trial, they are not allowed back into society simply because an important opportunity may otherwise pass them by.  Reithy's own misbehavior cost him an opportunity to run: it is unfortunate but not unfair.  That's my opinion. Jwrosenzweig 20:37, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your courtesy and your taking the time to respond. I will, in turn, acknowledge that there's a legitimate interest in preventing offensive misbehaviors.  A similar issue arises in the defamation law of New York and other states: False statements are actionable, but there's an exception if the statements are made in a judicial proceeding.  We have defamation law because we want people to be able to recover for being defamed.  That value, however, comes into conflict with the value of reaching the truth in a judicial proceeding by letting participants make all their arguments without fear of being sued.  Therefore, there's one small space where people can get away with defamation.  In the case of Wikipedia, I'd allow one small space where people who haven't been banned can get away with offensive behavior, in the interest of complete openness of elections.

 * Besides, some people who are offended by Reithy's behavior might want to mete out a really severe punishment by voting him onto the Arbitration Committee. :)  JamesMLane 23:57, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You speak with wisdom, and I promise to show off my hopefully customary openmindedness by giving this serious thought over the next few days. Regardless of my decision, I'll let you know here.  Thanks for your perceptive comments -- I appreciate them. Jwrosenzweig 02:41, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * All right, I agree. :-) Reluctantly, but I'd rather this election finished without a hitch....after all, if allegations of impropriety delay a final result, that will extend my sentence (er, I mean, term) as an arbitrator.  Jwrosenzweig 15:20, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Chuck violating temporary injunction
Chuck is now completely disregarding the temporary injunction and reverting willy-nilly in the main namespace. The previous 24-hour blocks seem to have been totally ineffective. RadicalSubversiv E 07:33, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Your the only one reverting me radical Chuck F 09:50, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Radicalsubversiv is not under a temporary injunction forbidding him or her from editing all but a few pages. You are. Reverting your edits is not only proper, but prescribed. —No-One Jones (m) 17:46, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Chuck violates the injunction nearly every day to revert a set of 6-7 articles including Libertarianism, Libertarian capitalism, Wal-Mart, etc. Whenever he is blocked, he uses open HTTP proxies. For reference, he has been reverted by me, Radicalsubversiv, Improv, Mirv, Fubar Obfusco, jni, and at least one anon. Rhobite 21:11, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Chuck now appears to be doing his usual round of reverts from 66.250.68.55. RadicalSubversiv E 07:34, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Under our banning policy, IP addresses are not subject to the same protections as longged in users. Also, if you have reasonable evidence that the IP address is being used as an ad-hoc sockpuppet to subvert the injunction, (both of which are against the rules) I would have no problem with you levying a week long ban. →Raul654 09:00, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

Closing this case?
I read with disbelief what Fred Bauder wrote: "some evidence exists which relates to Chuck F, but it is not fully developed. In any event disputes regarding Chuck F have not passed through the dispute resolution process." This statement baffles me, because Chuck F has been the subject of an RFC, a failed mediation (sannse can verify), and he was formally added to this RFAR (by Reithy). What more dispute resolution could you possibly want? There is comprehensive evidence here, over a period of months, of Chuck's stubborn whitewashing of corporate and libertarian-related articles. Chuck has violated his temporary injunction more times than I can count, he's violated the three revert rule habitually, he's been blocked by several users, and he evades blocks using open proxies. How is this evidence not fully developed? I spent a TON of time putting it into Raul's timeline format, and it's a little annoying to see that some arbitrators have apparently not even bothered to read it. Rhobite 18:31, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Exactly. In fact, the current content of the Proposed Decision is almost totally irrelvant to the situation as it stands. Reithy is under a de facto indefinite ban, and Chuck is using every means at his disposal to evade blocks and disobey the temporary injunction. I don't see a dispute that needs mediation -- I see two problem users with no interest in following any sort of community norms. RadicalSubversiv E 23:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Could ArbCom at least make clear whether the temporary injunction against Chuck F is still in force? RadicalSubversiv E 08:16, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Blue-tongued skink

Blue-tongued skinks comprise the Australasian genus Tiliqua, which contains some of the largest members of the skink family (Scincidae). They are commonly called blue-tongued lizards or simply blue-tongues or blueys in Australia or panana in Indonesia. As suggested by these common names, a prominent characteristic of the genus is a large blue tongue that can be bared as bluff-warning to potential enemies. The type of predator/threat that is near will determine the intensity of colour present in the tongue. The tongue can also deform itself and produce a thick mucus in order to catch prey. They are relatively shy in comparison with other lizards, and also significantly slower due to their shorter legs.

Systematics and distribution
Blue-tongued skinks are closely related to the genera Cyclodomorphus and Hemisphaeriodon. All species are found on mainland Australia with the exception of Tiliqua gigas, which occurs in New Guinea and various islands of Indonesia. The Tanimbar blue-tongued skink, a subspecies of Tiliqua scincoides, is also found on several small Indonesian islands between Australia and New Guinea. Tiliqua nigrolutea, the Blotched blue-tongued skink, is the only species present in Tasmania.

Ecology
Most species are diurnal, ground-foraging omnivores, feeding on a wide variety of insects, gastropods, flowers, fruits, and berries. The pygmy blue-tongue is again the exception, being primarily an ambush predator of terrestrial arthropods.

All are viviparous, with litter sizes ranging from 1-4 in the pygmy blue-tongue and shingleback to 5-24 in the eastern and northern blue-tongues.

Extinct species
Multiple extinct species have been proposed. T. frangens, the largest known species of the genus, lived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epoch around the Wellington Caves of New South Wales in Australia. Another extinct species T. laticephala may represent the same taxon as T. frangens. Its nearest relative is the extant T. rugosa, which is half the size and lacks the bony plates of T. frangens.

Another extinct species T. wilkinsonorum also lived during the Pliocene epoch. The earliest possible species is T. pusilla from the middle Miocene, but researchers question whether this species belong to the genus Tiliqua due to its uncertain phylogenetic position that causes paraphyly.

In captivity
Blue-tongued skink species are generally docile, gentle, quiet and easily tamed, and can make a good reptile pet for beginners. Although they are not aggressive, they have strong jaws and teeth, meaning that a bite from a skink can be painful. It is advisable not to startle or provoke them, as they may bite if they feel threatened. Individuals can live up to 20 years or more.

title: Blue-tongued skink


text:
Louise Talma

Louise Juliette Talma (October 31, 1906 –August 13, 1996) was an American composer, academic, and pianist. After studies in New York and in France, piano with Isidor Philipp and composition with Nadia Boulanger, she focused on composition from 1935. She taught at the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau, and at Hunter College. Her opera The Alcestiad was the first full-scale opera by an American woman staged in Europe. She was the first woman in the National Institute of Arts and Letters and the first woman awarded the Sibelius Medal for Composition.

Career
Born in Arcachon in France to an American mother, Alma Cecile Garrigues, a professional soprano who took the name Cecile Talma around 1900, and a father whose identity remains unknown. Mother and daughter returned to the United States in 1914, settling in New York City. Talma grew up surrounded by music but was also an excellent science student and considered becoming a chemist before deciding on a career as a musician. After graduating from Wadleigh High School, Talma studied chemistry at Columbia University while simultaneously studying piano and composition at the Institute of Musical Arts (now Juilliard) in New York from 1922 to 1930. She received her Bachelor of Music degree from New York University in 1931 and her Master of Arts degree from Columbia in 1933. She studied piano with Isidor Philipp at the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau, France, every summer from 1926 to 1935. From 1928, she studied annually composition with Nadia Boulanger, deciding in 1935 to focus on composition. She continued the studies with Boulanger until 1939. Talma taught at Hunter College of the City University of New York from the late 1920s.

In 1926, after making a successful debut as a concert pianist in New York, Talma spent her first summer at the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau, France, where she met pedagogue Nadia Boulanger. Under Boulanger's guidance, Talma gave up her piano studies in order to focus on composition, converted from agnosticism to Roman Catholicism in 1934 with Boulanger as her godmother, and adopted a lifestyle similar to Boulanger's in its devotion to music. While many of her early works express desire for an unattainable beloved (likely Boulanger), she also composed more than 20 religious works after her conversion, setting a number of sacred texts and spiritual writings. Talma's copious correspondence reveals several passionate affairs with women, including one in late life with Ethelston (Eth) Chapman, who had been a fellow student in Fontainebleau with Talma. She never married.

Talma's first pieces show an interest in neo-classical approaches and techniques and appear to be highly autobiographical, establishing compositional patterns that would continue throughout her career. Speaking of her creative life, Talma identified three periods: her early works, which were composed during her “neo-classical period,” 1925–1951; her “serial period,” 1952–1967; and her “non-serial atonal period,” 1967–1996. However, after adopting serial methods in 1952, the majority of her works even in this last period owe something to serial approaches, especially in terms of melody creation.

Talma's Piano Sonata No. 1 (1943), Toccata for Orchestra (1944) and Alleluia in the Form of Toccata for piano (1945) were highly praised by critics and helped establish Talma as an important American composer at the beginning of her career. Based in part on the success of these works, she was the second woman (after Ruth Crawford Seeger in 1930) to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship in music composition and the first woman awarded back-to-back Guggenheims in 1946 and 1947. In the 1940s Talma also began spending each summer at the MacDowell Colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, where most of her mature works were composed. Talma was a full-time member of the music faculty at Hunter College in New York from 1928 until 1979, during which time she helped author two harmony textbooks for her students.

In 1952, Talma heard Irving Fine's serial but tonally-centered string quartet and immediately began working with serial approaches and techniques in her works. Although she stated that her serial period primarily extended from 1952 to 1967, the majority of her works up until her death engaged with some form of serial practice. Her setting of e. e. cummings's “Let’s Touch the Sky” was her first completed serial work; her String Quartet (1954), Piano Sonata No. 2 (1955), and La Corona (1955), a setting of John Donne's Holy Sonnets all use clearly audible serial elements. As she developed her own compositional voice using serial elements, Talma created rows that allowed for tonal centering as well as more traditional, stricter use of pitch class sets.

Talma began working on a grand opera with writer Thornton Wilder in 1954 after the two had met while working at the MacDowell Colony. They considered several scenarios before deciding to base the opera on Wilder's existing stage play about the Greek figure Alcestis. Composed while Talma was in residence at the American Academy in Rome and at the MacDowell Colony, The Alcestiad was completed in 1958. Although several American opera houses, including the Lyric Opera in Chicago, the Met, and the San Francisco Opera, expressed interest in the work, all of them deemed it too difficult for American performers and audiences. Wilder had previously enjoyed considerable success in Germany, and Die Alkestiade was premiered by the Oper Frankfurt in 1962. It was the first time full-scale opera by an American woman was performed at a major European theatre. However, perhaps due to the enormous resources the work requires, and despite the fact that it was critically and publicly well-received, it remains relatively unknown. Nonetheless, The Alcestiad secured Talma a place in the ranks of ground-breaking American and female composers; in 1963 she was the first female composer to win the Harriet Cohen International Music Award; and in 1974 was the first woman elected to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.

Talma's extensive body of works include vocal and choral pieces and works for solo piano, chamber ensembles, and orchestra, as well as a chamber opera, and settings of texts by Auden, Browning, Dickinson, Donne, Hopkins, Keats, Marlowe, Shakespeare, Stevens, Wyatt, and others. Talma dedicated several works to John F. Kennedy after his assassination, including Dialogues for piano and orchestra (1964) and A Time to Remember (1967), an oratorio that sets Kennedy's own words. The Tolling Bell, Talma's setting of texts by Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Donne for baritone and orchestra, was completed in 1969 and nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in music. Talma wrote her own libretto for her 1976 chamber opera, ''Have You Heard? Do You Know?'', a work about the Cold War and the desire for utopias; and continued to compose prolifically into her eighties. She died in Saratoga Springs, New York while working on an elegiac piece, The Lengthening Shadows, while in residence at the Yaddo colony. The bulk of her papers are held at the Library of Congress.

A full-length study of Talma's music by musicologist Kendra Preston Leonard, Louise Talma: A Life in Composition, was published in 2014.

List of works
Opera

 * The Alcestiad, to a libretto by Thornton Wilder, premiered by the Oper Frankfurt on March 1, 1962 as Die Alkestiade in German
 * Have You Heard? Do You Know? for soprano, mezzo-soprano and instrumental ensemble, Chamber opera with music and libretto by Talma (1976)

Orchestra

 * Toccata (1944)
 * Dialogues for piano and orchestra (1963–1964)
 * The Tolling Bell for baritone and orchestra (1967–1969) (after Shakespeare, Marlowe, Donne)
 * Full Circle (1985)

Chamber
 * Wedding Piece: Where Thou Goest I Go for organ (1946)
 * Song and Dance for violin and piano (1951)
 * String Quartet (1954)
 * Violin Sonata (1962)
 * Three Duologues for clarinet and piano (1968)
 * Summer Sounds for clarinet and string quartet (1973)
 * Lament for cello and piano (1980)
 * Studies in Spacing for three winds and piano (1982)
 * Ambient Air for flute, violin, cello & piano (1983)
 * Fanfare for Hunter College for two trumpets and three trombones (1983)
 * Seven Episodes for flute, piano and violin (1987)
 * Conversations for flute and piano (1987)
 * Spacings for viola and piano (1994)

Piano
 * Two Dances (1934)
 * Four-handed Fun (1939)
 * Piano Sonata No. 1 (1943)
 * Italian Suite (1946)
 * Venetian Folly: Overture and Barcarolle (1946–47)
 * Alleluia in the Form of a Toccata (1947)
 * Pastoral Prelude (1949)
 * Six Etudes (1954)
 * Piano Sonata No. 2 (1955)
 * Passacaglia and Fugue (1955)
 * Three Bagatelles (1955)
 * Soundshots (1974)
 * Textures (1977)
 * Kaleidoscopic Variations (1984)
 * Ave Atque Vale (1989)

Vocal
 * Song of the Songless after Meredith (1928)
 * Five Sonnets from the Portuguese after E. B. Browning (1934)
 * Late Leaves after Landor (1934)
 * Never Seek to Tell Thy Love after Blake (1934)
 * A Child's Fancy, song cycle after Edith Gould (1935)
 * I Fear a Man of Scanty Speech after Dickinson (1938)
 * Seven Songs for Voice and Piano
 * One need not be a Chamber to be Haunted after Dickinson (1941)
 * Leap Before You Look after W. H. Auden (1945)
 * Sonnet after G. M. Hopkins (1946)
 * Spring & Fall: To a young child after G. M. Hopkins (1946)
 * Glory to God for Dappled Things after G. M. Hopkins) (1949)
 * Sonnet after G. M. Hopkins (1950)
 * Rain Song (Garrigue) (1973)
 * Terre de France, song cycle (1945)
 * La Corona, Holy Sonnets of John Donne for voice and piano) (1951–54)
 * Birthday Song after Edmund Spencer for tenor, flute and viola (1960)
 * Have You Heard? Do You Know? for soprano, mezzo-soprano and instrumental ensemble (1976)
 * 13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird after Wallace Stevens for tenor or soprano and oboe, flute or violin, and piano (1979)
 * Diadem after Confucius for tenor and Pierrot ensemble (1980)
 * Wishing Well Francisco Tanzes for soprano and flute (1986)
 * Infanta Marina, song cycle after Wallace Stevens for soprano (1990)
 * The Lengthening Shadows after Donne, Keats, Landor and Hopkins (1993)

title: Louise Talma


text:
Talk:Género chico

Untitled
well heres to our first collaboration, may there be many more to follow. The bellman 06:35, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry I couldn't contribute much.--Jondel 00:06, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Featured article of the week
Chameleon listed this page as afeatured article candidate, however withdrew it again due to certain critisisms. Since we still have untill sunday before the next translation starts, lets try and get this to featured article status for the rest of this week and resubmit it then.

btw, anyone who hasnt visted Spanish_Translation_of_the_Week there is a nomination and voting form for next weeks article, if you have time, go and have a vote (or nominate something new). The bellman 03:09, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Britannica
well i think we have some cause for pride, Britannica's article on género chico is a whole 73 words compared with ours (as of: 04:26, 26 Oct 2004 UTC) which is 2135 words The bellman 04:26, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Translating titles
There are a few titles I'm not sure how to translate:
 * El año pasado por agua - I'd conjecture "Last year by the water". Do others agree?
 * This is a tricky title to translate. "Pasado por agua" is the name for soft-boiled eggs, but the title applies to an autum with heavy rains. Maybe "The year that rained cats and dogs"?

Azucarillos is a new one to me; obviously from azucar, "sugar", I'd guess "sweets" or "candies", but I wouldn't guess with confidence.
 * Agua, azucarillos y aguardiente - Agua of course is "Water", and there's not much to do with aguardiente except to explain it as a strong liquor.
 * Yes, "azucarillo" was a sweet made from sugar, eggs and lemon, which was drinked dissolved in water. This could be loosely translated as "sugar cube" - so how about "Water, sugar cubes and spirits"?

 * El dúo de la africana - Well, literally, "The Duo of the African (female)", but I'm sure that someone who knows the piece could explain more felicitiously.
 * Sure, this one is easy. "La Africana" is the opera "L'Africaine" from Meyerbeer, so this one is "The Duet from L'Africaine". Diego Moya 16:38, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

- Jmabel | Talk 02:59, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)

A clearly wrong change in a redirect
- Jmabel | Talk 02:37, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Género chico


text:
Art Davis

Arthur David Davis (December 5, 1934 – July 29, 2007) was a double-bassist, known for his work with Thelonious Monk, John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, McCoy Tyner and Max Roach.

Biography
Davis was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States, where he began studying the piano at the age of five, switched to tuba, and finally to bass while attending high school. He studied at Juilliard and Manhattan School of Music but graduated from Hunter College.

As a New York session musician, he recorded with many jazz and pop musicians and also in symphony orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic and Los Angeles Philharmonic. He recorded with Dizzy Gillespie, Max Roach, and John Coltrane among other jazz musicians. Art Davis was a professor at Orange Coast College.

Davis is also known for starting a legal case that led to blind auditions for orchestras.

Davis earned a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from New York University in 1982. He moved in 1986 to southern California, where he balanced his teaching and practicing of psychology with jazz performances.

Davis died on July 29, 2007, following a heart attack. He was survived by two sons and a daughter.

As leader

 * Reemergence (Interplay, 1980) - with Hilton Ruiz, Greg Bandy
 * Life (Soul Note, 1985) - with John Hicks, Idris Muhammad, Pharoah Sanders
 * A Time Remembered (Jazz Planet, 1995) - with Ravi Coltrane, Herbie Hancock, Marvin Smith

As sideman
With Joe Albany With Gene Ammons With Count Basie With Art Blakey With John Coltrane With Buddy Emmons With Curtis Fuller With Dizzy Gillespie With Bunky Green With Al Grey With Eddie Harris With Freddie Hubbard With Hasaan Ibn Ali With Elvin Jones With Etta Jones With Quincy Jones With Clifford Jordan With Roland Kirk With Abbey Lincoln With Booker Little With Roberto Magris With Lee Morgan With Tisziji Munoz With Joe Newman With Dizzy Reece With Max Roach With Hilton Ruiz With Sal Salvador With Pharoah Sanders With Lalo Schifrin With Shirley Scott With Jack Teagarden With Clark Terry With McCoy Tyner With Leo Wright
 * Bird Lives! (Interplay, 1979)
 * Up Tight! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Boss Soul! (Prestige, 1961)
 * Back with Basie (Roulette, 1962)
 * A Jazz Message (Impulse!, 1963)
 * Africa/Brass (Impulse!, 1961)
 * Olé Coltrane (Impulse!, 1961)
 * Ascension (Impulse!, 1965)
 * The John Coltrane Quartet Plays (Impulse!, 1965)
 * Evenings at the Village Gate: John Coltrane with Eric Dolphy (Impulse!, 2023) recorded in 1961
 * Steel Guitar Jazz (Mercury, 1964)
 * Cabin in the Sky (Impulse!, 1962)
 * Gillespiana (Verve, 1960)
 * Carnegie Hall Concert (Verve, 1961)
 * Healing the Pain (Delos, 1990)
 * The Al Grey - Billy Mitchell Sextet (Argo, 1961) with Billy Mitchell
 * Bossa Nova (Vee-Jay, 1962)
 * The Artistry of Freddie Hubbard (Impulse!, 1960)
 * Ready for Freddie (Blue Note, 1961)
 * Metaphysics: The Lost Atlantic Album (Omnivore, 1965; released 2021)
 * Elvin! (Riverside, 1961–62)
 * And Then Again (Atlantic, 1965)
 * Lonely and Blue (Prestige, 1962)
 * Golden Boy (Mercury, 1964)
 * A Story Tale (Jazzland, 1961) with Sonny Red
 * We Free Kings (1961)
 * Straight Ahead (Candid, 1961)
 * Out Front (Candid, 1961)
 * Kansas City Outbound (JMood, 2008)
 * Expoobident (1960)
 * Visiting This Planet (Anami Music, 1980's)
 * Hearing Voices (Anami Music, 1980's)
 * Joe Newman Quintet at Count Basie's (Mercury, 1961)
 * Manhattan Project (1978)
 * Max Roach + 4 at Newport (EmArcy, 1958)
 * Deeds, Not Words (Riverside, 1958)
 * Award-Winning Drummer (Time, 1958)
 * The Many Sides of Max (Mercury, 1959)
 * Percussion Bitter Sweet (Impulse!, 1961)
 * It's Time (Impulse!, 1962)
 * The Max Roach Trio featuring the Legendary Hasaan (Atlantic, 1964)
 * The People's Music – Live at Jazz Unité, vol 1 (1981)
 * Green Street – Live at Jazz Unité, vol 2 (1981)
 * Juicy Lucy (Bee Hive, 1978)
 * Rejoice (Theresa, 1981)
 * Lalo = Brilliance (Roulette, 1962)
 * For Members Only (Impulse!, 1963)
 * Think Well of Me (Verve, 1962)
 * Clark Terry Plays the Jazz Version of All American (Moodsville, 1962)
 * Inception (1962)
 * Blues Shout (Atlantic, 1960)

title: Art Davis


text: User talk:24.164.137.104

title: User talk:24.164.137.104


text:
Talk:Norodom Sihamoni

Samdech Preah Bâromneath?
Does somebody know what "Samdech Preah Bâromneath" actually means? I strongly suspect some or most of this is the Khmer version of "His Majesty"... Jpatokal 06:38, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It means "great lord of somthing something", actually "King". Obviously different from HM. --Ramendra 18:46, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

It's a title. A redundant one to be exact. These words have several meanings, and put together it basically means a king. Samdech means a powerful person, king, etc. Preah doesn't have an equivalent in English, but it can mean many different things, from divine, sacred, excellent, superior, and many more. Baromneath means the king as well. You know, his title is actually longer than that? :) The "short" version is Preah Karuna Preah Bat Samdech Preah Baromneath Norodom Sihamoni. Pronounced: Préh Kâq-rô-nâ Préh Bâth Sôm-daik Préh Bâ-rôm-mân-neath Nô-rô-dôm Sei-hâq-mô-nee In Khmer Unicode: ព្រះករុណា ព្រះបាទសម្ដេច ព្រះបរមនាថ នរោត្តម សីហមុនី A graphic for those without Khmer Unicode: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sihamoni.gif Dara 11:07 PM, November, 07 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep. That's what I wanted to say hare. Thanks--Ramendra 20:48, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

King without a queen?
Does anybody know a ballet instructor who is not gay ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.51.109.209 (talk) 22:22, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Is this guy married? I see no mention of a wife or new queen.

 * I can guarantee first hand that this man is gay. I live in Paris most of the year, am gay myself, and knew very, very, very well as we both worked at the Opera-Ballet. I used to see him once in a while. No more unfortunately since he became king...95.115.28.198 (talk) 00:41, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

 * He's a lifelong bachelor. Given this and his career as a ballet instructor I would be tempted to make a guess or two about his sexual orientation... Jpatokal 06:59, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, no Queen... And hes over 50... But males can still produce babies even at that age, I think squash 04:53, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

In the Cambodia article, it says that he's unmarried due to the ban on gay marriages. This sounds a bit suspect without a citation, especially as he claims not to be gay. However, he does support the legalization of same-sex marriages, so maybe he's unmarried as a form of protest? Someone who has access to good sources could maybe sort this out. --Slashme 09:23, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't know if Sihamoni wants to legalise gay marriages; but I know Sihanouk wants to, after watching some American soap - to promote understanding or something was his position

Was in Cambodia last year and a UN Aid worker who i asked about that told me that he is gay. The thing is that while homosexuals in cambodia have a lot less trouble than in some other countries it is still not precived as something that is "good". (I guess that is since you cant get children if you are gay) So its not really good for the King (The Royal father (of the country)) too be gay since he cant have any Children ... He is also called "A man of the Buddah" since he is a lifelong bachelor... Well .. If he hadnt been the heir of the throne he probably would have a boyfriend and live a happy live somewhere ... but well ... cant change ones family.

--Sihamoni WASN'T the heir to the throne. Cambodia has no heir to the throne ala the Prince of Wales or Kronprinz etc. The King is chosen from the available princes (Norodom or Sisowath) by a 9-member Throne Council. The only time they meet is to choose the next king at the death or abdication of the old one. Sihamoni wasn't even the favourite for the throne, his older half-brother Rannaridh was, until he categorically stated he had no wish to be king. For the reason that there is no designated heir there is also no discussion of whether or not the king will marry. When a female escort is called upon for offical reasons Sihamoni is accompanied by one of the Sisowath princesses to represent Cambodian women. He has dozens of heirs eligible to succeed him. Next time you're in Cambodia, try asking a Cambodian.KhProd1 (talk) 05:12, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Prince?
Someone should edit that out. Because He's King now. Dara 11:07 PM, November, 07 2004 (UTC)

Does this guy have a birthday? Or I have missed it...

Too much information about etymology.
This is not an article about the words used in his name! Please, whoever wrote all that, clean it up. Or I will when I have the time to. This article is suppose to be about Norodom Sihamoni, but the section about his name takes up almost half of the page. We should try and write about more important stuff than the words in his name and title. Try making an article titled Norodom Sihamoni's Name, I would bet that would get deleted soon. --Dara 00:53, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Trivia section
Trivia sections do not belong in biographical articles. Incorporate the material into the text or omit it entirely. --Oden 10:17, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * They may not be useful, but why remove them? It does seem a little out of place for a biographical article indeed, but are there are any rules that goes against this? Cantharellus 07:20, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
It appears that a user from IP address 69.108.162.63 has been recently vandalizing this page. Please stop. These actions are evident from the history trail and from the vigilant undo's of this user's actions by other Wikipedia users. I am relatively inexperienced to how to handle this situation, but can this IP address be blocked, or alternatively can this article be shielded from vandalism in some way? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aaronlee (talk • contribs) 09:21, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

shortstop for the El Paso Sun Kings in 1973
During the 1970 coup d'état by Lon Nol, Sihamoni remained in Czechoslovakia, except for a brief stint visiting the United States, where he played shortstop for the El Paso Sun Kings in 1973, hitting .278 as a switch-hitter. In 1975, he left Prague and began to study filmmaking in North Korea.

Who edited this information? I search everywhere, Sihamoni never involved with baseball, nor El Paso Sun Kings in 1973. Please take this information offline. It's not good to lied about Sihamoni or other information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joekhmer (talk • contribs) 16:31, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080427112429/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/king.biography.html to http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/king.biography.html

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 * Norodom+Sihamoni+King+Norodom+Sihamoni+Cambodia+6OlD97Oo38ml.jpg
 * Regalia of cambodia king.jpg
 * Royal bath at the coronation by the supreme patrach of both head of cambodia monk.jpg
 * South korea president meet with king norodom sihamoni.jpg
 * The parade of the new king from khemrin palace to Throne hall.jpg
 * Throne hall of cambodia.jpg
 * Work as king.jpg

Praise of the king / Uncalled for content removal
Please block the user called "Contributorthewise" from contributing to this page, he turned this wikipedia article into a praise of the cambodian king and removed all elements critical of him, he clearly seems to be a cambodian regime propagandist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Snarcky1996 (talk • contribs) 14:05, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

--Snarcky1996 (talk) 14:10, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

Hi Team, Please block user "Snarcky1996" who is making personal attacks and removing large parts of his majesty's Wikipedia section. If there is a counter view to parts of the page, please cite information with relevant source under relevant section etc (Public Image, Monarchial stye), but to remove all parts, even the biography part is uncalled for by user Snarcky1996. The King has achieved a lot within his constitutional constraints since he became King, but for the user Snarcky1996 to insult editors' character is uncalled for. Many thanks heaps. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Contributorthewise (talk • contribs) 20:42, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

At this page, please try to restrict comments to the article content rather than contributors. I do agree that the wholesale removal of large parts of cited text appears to be uncalled for and unjustified by the claim that they were only praise. For example, his birth date was removed from the article body: how can a simple factual statement of a date be praise? If there are parts of the article that are bias towards a particular viewpoint, then they need to be discussed and targeted much more selectively. Celia Homeford (talk) 15:50, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:23, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Official Portrait of King Norodom Sihamoni.jpg

title: Talk:Norodom Sihamoni


text: User talk:63.87.241.187

title: User talk:63.87.241.187