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Agnes Varis

Agnes Varis (née Koulouvaris; January 11, 1930 – July 29, 2011) was an American businesswoman and philanthropist who was the founder and president of Agvar Chemicals Inc. and Aegis Pharmaceuticals.

Early life and family
Varis was born Agnes Koulouvaris to Dionysis and Demetroula Koulouvaris on January 11, 1930, in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was the youngest of eight children. Her parents, both Greek immigrants, moved the family to the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn, New York, where her father, who worked as an ice cream vendor, died when she was 14. Her mother could neither read nor write and was left to raise the family alone on the income she earned sewing buttons in a garment factory. Varis was the only child of eight to attend college. She earned her degree in chemistry and English from Brooklyn College. After attending New York University's Stern School of Business, she shortened her surname to "Varis" in preparation for entering the business world.

Varis was married to the late Karl Leichtman. Ted Leonsis, owner of the Washington Capitals NHL franchise and Washington Wizards NBA franchise, was her cousin.

Career
In 1970, aged 40, she started Agvar Chemicals and co-founded Marsam Pharmaceuticals in 1985. She became the founder and President of Aegis Pharmaceuticals in 1992. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Varis maintained a close relationship with Hillary Clinton and President Bill Clinton. Varis was appointed by President Barack Obama to the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, which encompassed 26 leading citizens from the private sector with an interest in and commitment to the humanities and the arts, as well as 12 heads of federal agencies which had cultural programs.

Varis also advocated for prescription drug reform. She helped draft the Hatch-Waxman Act of 1984, intended to ease generics' passage to market. She also helped draft the Greater Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals Act, which was co-sponsored by Senators Charles Schumer and John McCain and passed as part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003. Varis helped found the Generic Pharmaceutical Association, an industry group, in 2000, and chaired the organization.

Humanitarian causes
In 2004, Varis became involved with the Jazz Foundation of America. Her work with the Jazz Foundation included providing funding and creating employment opportunities for America's elderly jazz and blues musicians.

Through her work in response to Hurricane Katrina, in 2006 the Jazz Foundation of America established the Agnes Varis/Musicians in the Schools Program, first reaching out to displaced New Orleans musicians and subsequently employing more than 1,000 musicians in eight states, including some 120 elderly jazz and blues musicians performing free concerts in New York City public schools, hospitals and nursing homes. There is a New Orleans street named the Dr. Agnes Varis Way, dedicated to Varis in 2011. In 2009, then Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana Mitch Landrieu presented Varis with the coveted "Saint of the Century" Award at the Jazz Foundation of America's annual benefit concert, A Great Night in Harlem, at the Apollo Theater.

As managing director for the New York Metropolitan Opera's Board of Directors, Varis implemented the Rush Ticket Program funded by a $2 million contribution from her and her husband. The program enabled operagoers, senior citizens in particular, to purchase tickets at an 80 percent discount two hours prior to the show.

She was a resident of New York City and active in Democratic political campaigns. In 2004, she was the 24th largest individual contributor to 527 groups, donating more than $2,000,000 to pro-Democratic groups. She became known as the Fairy Godmother of the Democratic Party during the 2000s, in a New York Times published article in October 2003.

Varis made numerous contributions to Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, sponsoring graduate research fellowships as well as facilities throughout the school, among them the Agnes Varis Lecture Hall, the Agnes Varis Campus Center and Auditorium, and the Varis Cat Ward in the Foster Hospital for Small Animals. She also donated the Agnes Varis University Chair in Science and Society, dedicated to exploring scientific discovery and its impact on humankind. Varis maintained that one of her main reasons for making her name visible was to inspire other women, showing them that they, too, could achieve great success in their endeavors. In 2003, Tufts president Larry Bacow awarded her an honorary Doctorate of Public Service for her commitment to active citizenship. Varis later served as a member of the veterinary school's Board of Overseers and the university's Board of Trustees from 2004 until 2009.

In 2009, Varis also started the Zeus Varis Fund, a fund used to help treat animals with diseases for those who cannot afford it. The Zeus Varis Fund is established by Frankie's Friends, and operates in Manhattan NYC.

After Varis was diagnosed with cancer and met other patients in the radiation therapy waiting room, she decided to do something special for them. She worked with her Oncologist, Dr. Gabriel Sara at Roosevelt Hospital in NYC and funded Cleopatra's Touch. It consists of providing women with cancer the opportunity to be beautified by specialists during the course of their therapy. It includes a haircut, makeup, nail polishing, and a massage—a true Agnes touch.

The Rush Ticket Program at Met Opera in NYC initiated in 2006 by Dr. Agnes Varis and her husband, Karl Leichtman, is supported by generous grants from the Agnes Varis Trust among other donors.

Death
Agnes Varis died at her home in New York City on July 29, 2011, aged 81. The cause of death was cancer.

The lower portion of Central Park is dedicated to Varis. Embedded there is a plaque, with a Pericles quote, "What you leave behind is not what is engraved in stone, but what is woven into the lives of others."

title: Agnes Varis


text:
Talk:Clitoris/Archive 2

Questions for Cantus
Cantus, will you please answer the questions about the source of your Image:Vagina Clitoris.jpg and the legal status thereof?

I have already asked you about it here and I have asked on your talk page where you have already posted your comments directly above as well as directly below my questions, so I assume that you must have read them.

This is important because if it turns out that we cannot legally use the image you have uploaded it would make the reverting war resulting in article protection as well as the entire discussion with the Image Poll below a completely pointless waste of time.

Please answer. Thank you. Rafał Pocztarski 06:29, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Image:Vagina Clitoris.jpg has been added to Copyright problems. Rafał Pocztarski 04:22, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

pronunciation
I'm still not convinced that
 * "klih TOHR ihs, British ["klaItQr@s] KLY tor ihs

even belong in this article. It is certainly NOT true that the British pronunciation is "KLY -". It's "KLIHT uh rihs", the first pronunciation given in the article -- Tarquin 17:07, 27 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * As I said before, the Oxford English Dictionary disagrees. If you want to do a variety survey of the entire country to find out what percentage of people use a different pronunciation, from all classes and regions, and your results show that no one actually says the word that way, then go ahead and remove it. I think, until then, we should trust the "definitive dictionary of Modern English, especially British English." Just because you've never heard a word pronounced in a particular way doesn't mean people in other places don't say it that way. For example, until recently, I had no idea that a large number of English speakers don't pronounce the 'l' in "almond". And given that "clitoris" is not the kind of word that gets bandied about a lot in the (spoken) mass media, it seems likely that different pronunciations from your own may be quite widespread. Since you seem to disagree that the second and third pronunciations are valid, why don't you add it to List of words of disputed pronunciation? -- Nohat 06:50, 28 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I find it important to point out that you're quoting the second edition of 1989. My sixth edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2000, lists only one pronunciation: ['klIt@rIs] (SAMPA; IPA [ˈklɪtərɪs]). I do not think that we should trust any "definitive dictionary of Modern English" if it's fifteen years old. EldKatt 10:05, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I'm British and believe me, NO-ONE pronounces it KLY... You haven't provided evidence, by the way, your screenshot doesn't show the pronunciation. Exile

 * It does show the pronunciation (at the start on the left). However, I agree it's talking nonsense. In 25 years of living in the UK I've never yet heard anyone use this pronunciation. Marnanel 00:05, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I seem to recall that the popular beat combo The Stranglers used the KLY... pronunciation in their song "Peaches"... -- The Anome 08:50, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think that should be taken as an instance -- it was probably done like that to avoid censorship -- Tarquin 09:05, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * He actually pronounces it kliht AHR ihs (i.e. rhymes with guitarist :-)

 * chocolateboy 11:38, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Pronunciation (again)
Most of the pronunciation stuff is square boxes - is there a reason for this? It looks odd. 195.158.9.78 10:40, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * That is the International Phonetic Alphabet transcription. To not put it in [square brackets] or /slashes/ (depending on usage) would be incorrect. Livajo 17:52, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The current picture is missing, although some older versions are available. Wonder how that happened? Tualha 02:14, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * That is odd. I've commented it out for now. I tried to revert to the existing, older version, but no joy. See bug reports, I guess. Martin 21:37, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I re-uploaded the image, which seems to have fixed it for now. Martin 11:46, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Clitoris on the main page?
The link in the "See also" section:

http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/1/19/Clitoris.jpg

brings up a page that says,

Not Found The requested URL was not found on this server. Please try our main page.

and then redirects to the main page.

 * Yes, it seems to be broken. I'm going to try again one more time... well it's lasted a bit longer. Martin 22:58, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

image
If someone is going to remove the penis photos from the penis page and in effect, insinuating that MY penis is offensive! im going to be pissed. It's not the same with clitoris ofcourse, but for solidarity's sake, im upset. BL 23:25, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Seems that User:Cantus decided to remove the image. Personally I think that it is appropriate, though I will not revert his change directly. Consensus? UPDATE: Ah, this seems to be an ongoing argument. I'm staying out of it. Palnu 08:57, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * What I want to know is what Cantus does for a job to read up on clitorises at work - David Gerard 09:10, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That was only an example... there are multiple others. The fact is that it is inappropriate to have such an explicitly graphic image on display without any warning. --Cantus 09:53, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Isn't the title of the article a "warning"?
 * chocolateboy 11:19, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * He should tell his boss "but it's not porn, it's an encyclopedia!" I'd love to see this spurious policy that Wikipedia is to be "work-friendly" - David Gerard 11:33, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Most encyclopedias don't carry real pictures of human body parts, for obvious reasons. --Cantus 02:12, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not "obvious" to me. Could you explain it more fully? And stop marking major changes as minor? - Hephaestos|§ 02:15, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll explain, but you already know. Pictures of the sexual organs of actual people are stimulating to most human males.  That’s why pornography exists.  The purpose of an encyclopedia is to educate.  What that means is that the most value to an individual for reading an encyclopedia will occur when that individual is younger, and not older.  Therefore the audience for an encyclopedia needs to be those who are young (still in grade school, or middle school, or even high school).  Viewing pictures that excite (pornography) is not appropriate for those who are young.  To prevent Wikipedia from becoming banned by parents and by software meant to filter out porn, we need to be responsible and not include pictures that can excite young males.  Here is the test:  Imagine a 13 yr old middle school student browsing Wikipedia at school and finding this page.  What would his reaction be?  Would it be "Hmmmm, very educational, I will read the text in depth and learn from this."  or would his reaction be to call his buddy over and say "Look!  I found a picture of a pussy on Wikipedia!  Isn’t that NASTY!".  We want the reaction to all articles on Wikipedia to be the first one, not the second one.  Note, it is not that I believe all informative articles regarding sexuality should be removed.  In fact I contributed quite a lot to sexual attraction.  But I did so without being provocative and vulgar.  Whoever determined to include a photo of actual sexual organs of a person was just being provocative and trying to incite conflict (which they have achieved).  It adds nothing to the intellectual value of the article and removes all trustworthiness from the entire encyclopedia.  KeyStroke 21:25, 2004 Oct 10 (UTC)

 * I suspect that most 13 year old boys will first look at the picture then read every word of the article over several times. Which is a good thing IMO. I also suspect that most 13 year old girls will do exactly the same, seeing as sexual topics are fascinating to young people of that age. Quite a lot of girls don't actually know what a clitoris is (I suspect a lot of boys don't either) A straightfoward  photograph shwoing what a clitoris looks like is educational in itself. I do not consider it innapropriate to show exciting photographs to children. I consider censorship innappropriate. Having said that, I do agree that the original uploader of this image was probably trying to stir up trouble. However since that time many people have supported the inclusion of a colour image  (Personally I would rather have one with better copyright info). Remember that your argument above could have been applied to showing female ankles 120 years ago. Or female hair or arms in certain countries today (it's always female body parts that children need protection from isn't it?) Theresa Knott  (The torn steak) 22:27, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

What a marvellous piece of logic, indeed :O) - Yeah, that's progress! Let's proceed with foreskin reconstruction encyclopedia and we'll show the world how deeply intellectual this porn culture has become! Incidentally, TK - did you know that 120 years ago there were NO ENCYCLOPEDIAS focussing on the finer aspects of female ankles to start with? Do YOU know that 98% of the clitoris mass is NEVER seen ? Did you know that even in Victorian times people cared to spend more time doing the actual thing instead of talking, talking talking as you do on your non-talk page advertizing your needs? Moreover, "progressive" ankle shots did not show knees or knots in the same breath! Why on earth do you display the whole perineal region to "show" the clitoris - which is not seen AT ALL either? Why nailpolish on a photograph of the gross vulvar anatomy ? Why "vote" on it - to replace common sense or what? Why not increasing field depth in that photo, and inserting two painted tits in the background while we are here :O) ~(People easily offended and PERSONALLY ATTACKED by painted tits please avoid TK user page. Come here instead and contemplate the academic digression on high university ideas, and "censorship" on the matters of "clitoris"  encyclopedically  :O) - irismeister 15:53, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)

 * Lets examine your statement of "I do not consider it inappropriate to show exciting photographs to children." Now, taken verbatim I agree with you.  I uploaded Image:A37 Cessna firing Rockets.jpg, which is the most exciting picture my (now deceased) father ever took in his whole career at Cessna.  But you have to realize there is a difference between intellectually exciting, and sexually exciting.  Are you actually advocating showing sexually exciting pictures to young boys?  Are you actually advocating that Wikipedia facilitate such a criminal act?  Not only is that against the law, but I can tell you that is how sexual predators work.  I speak from personal experience, having been the victim of a sexual predator who (a male) who showed me sexually exciting photos when I was a pre-teen boy and took advantage of my inability to control my sexual excitement.  Is this what you are advocating?  On another point... I do want as many 13 yr old boys to be able to see my fathers best work Image:A37 Cessna firing Rockets.jpg, and Wikipedia is my best opportunity for that to happen.  So this means I don't want Wikipedia to wind up on ban lists (like Net-Nanny, if it still exists).  As an admin, there is nothing you can do to prevent churches, private schools, home-schooling parents and governments based on a religious fundamentalism from banning this site, with one exception... and that is to take the moral responsibility to make sure that no sexually exciting photos wind up here.  Remember the moral lesson of Spider-Man  "With great power, comes great responsibility."  Please live up to your responsibility as the internet site that is growing the fastest in popularity.  The drawing at the top of the article is sufficient.  We don't need to show a pornographic photo to children.  One last point (and it goes to your statement of "I consider censorship inappropriate"...  Is the purpose of Wikipedia to be a mechanism for engineering social or political change?  I believe that the sixth entry under What Wikipedia is not states that it is not to be "Propaganda or advocacy of any kind"... which would include your personal advocacy against censorship.  Please live up to the policies of Wikipedia and realize that your personal feelings about (what you consider) censorship should not be enforced by your admin powers.  KeyStroke 01:04, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but I do not consider a picture of a part of the female anatomy as a criminal act and I very much doubt the law courts would either. I'm sorry that you were sexually abused as a child but I can't see how your argument above holds water. You were abused therefore we'd better censor wikipedia? Surely dealing with the abusers rather than denying victims the knowledge of part of the female anatomy looks like is the best way to go? You are right about nannyware. There is absolutely nothing we can do about censorship by schools churches etc. I don't see why that means we should do there censoring for them out of fear of what they might do. This is primarily an adult encylopedia anyway - what about adults who don't know what a clitoris looks like? Are they to be denied the information? As for you argument about propaganda - again it's irrelavent. We are talking of censorship of wikipedia, not going to the censorship article and advocating that it's bad. As for your last comment -I am offended that you would say such a thing. I have every right to argue my feelings here. I have not used my admin powers to enforce my views. Theresa Knott  (The torn steak) 05:39, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Your actions belie your words. By protecting the page in the state that you argue for you used admin powers to enforce your viewpoint.  You have placed yourself in the position of judge in this matter, and have given us sufficient evidence of your prejudice towards one side of the issue.  A prudent person with your powers would recuse themselves and let another admin who is less biased toward either side of the argument take over.  The fact that you have not done so shows your intent to abuse your powers.  It is a conflict of interest to be the admin who determines the outcome of this situation, and be someone who is arguing one side of the conflict.  KeyStroke 11:48, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)

Theresa, why don't you do something decent instead? Didn't my ninetysix bans at the tip of your trembling hand and "shivering expectation" as you put it (look at "our" archives) provide at least a zest of vicariant satisfaction to your addictive "administrative" behavior? Yeah, how about criminalizing stupidity too ? And what a beautiful piece of "no personal attack" policy in insinuating sorrow for what in the next word is downright insulting! I am disgusted by your pretentious little hypocritical baseness. Denying victims the right to see, er ? Aren't you ASHAME of yourself, young lady? Personally attacking anyone still not admiring your painted tits ? With insinuations about how sorry you are for "child abuse" in other editors? No personal attack, er? Go push that ban bottom once more right now for "my personal attack on you here" - If only it could provide you with at least some surrogate of satisfaction! Didn't you remember what the Arbitration Committee instucted you to do. Won't you shupt up for once? And YOU a paragon of anti-censorship? YOU - WHO CUT with your own hands 217 pages of my medical articles, have the GUTS to pretend you are anti-censorship? Am I dreaming ? DECENCY, anyone? You are only showing misery of character - empowered nonsense, fantasies becoming virtue. Sorry - I forgot this is the "encyclopaedic offspring of Bomis :O) - irismeister 16:07, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)

 * When I protected the page 198 was removing the picture repeatedly against the views of the majoritory of other users. I beleive I acted properly given the circumstances. However since you have called my impartiality into question I an happy to unprotect the article as i do not wish to force my viewpoint on anyone else. You should note however that if you remove the picture without consensus among other wikipedians then someone will simply add it back in. Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 13:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * OK - I think I have hit upon a solution that will be amicable to everyone. I actually was inspired to come up with this solution by visiting Theresa's User page.  On that user page, she has a link to an image, but a warning to not look if you don't want to see what it is going to show.  This caused me to think about having a link on this page to an external pic of the female sexual organs.  That way, everyone gets what they want:  Those who want to see such an image can click on the link and go there and see it (if their filters will allow).  Those who want to protect their children from seeing such an image can simply include the destination site in their banned list.  BTW: If a more explicit image is needed, simply replace the destination link with one of your own, which takes people to whatever image you deem appropriate. KeyStroke 01:50, 2004 Oct 12 (UTC)

Sounds good but only puts the corpse in the neighbour's garden. It does not change the evidence about the murder by "moving" this body in other jurisdiction! My twelve-month INTENSIVE experience with censorship of any DECENT fact in this Bomipedia has demonstrated that: In conclusion, let's kill the corpse, dispose of the body, and call the coroner while we do something decent ourselves in stead. And let's show kids what a clitoris is, not what TK thinks she know this is by voting in a gross image of the perineum instead :O)' Why do I lose my time here ? - irismeister 16:24, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)
 * There is no use in arguing with TK and the gang of four - or the Wikipolice at large - they ban you when they can't argue decently with logic and facts :O)
 * First step in removing evidence and matters of fact is MOVING this factology around, to fool and annoy the editors.
 * Personal attack is to say something different than the line of the party :O)  UReitherwizUSoraterrost  :O)
 * You can only edit in the short time left between two successive bans :O)
 * Whatever you do, is in expectation of your future hard ban, for which TK secretely trembles in expectation ;O)

I'm sorry about this keystroke. Irismiester follows me around wikipedia spouting this sort of stuff. He's been temporary banned twice by the arbitration committee for making personal attacks and is currently under a personal attack parole, whereby any admin is authorised to block him for 24 hours every time he does it.He's checked my contributions list and that is why he is ranting here. Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 18:44, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Image
Is it too much to ask to attempt to keep this encyclopedia G-rated and safe for all the family? I support a version which links to the clitoris image, but does not display it in the article page. Is this really too much to ask? This sort of thing can get this whole site blocked from libraries. Besides that image is quite vulgar. (the clitoris itself is not, but the image elements are) --Cantus 02:56, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Responded to on Talk:Penis. →Raul654 03:10, Jul 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we need a picture, but I really hope we one day replace this one that frankly looks like it's been lifted from porn. -- Tarquin 08:33, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is too much. There is no consensus for anything of the sort. Why don't you try putting fuck on VFD. - David Gerard 11:28, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yes. G rated. A child, being born, might see, looking back, a vagina and a clitoris. Being breast fed, it should see breasts as well. So, eliminate images of a penis, and let female genitalia and mammaries stand. Ronabop 11:55, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yawn. --Cantus 03:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we could arrange to visually "bleep out" that terrible sight, so that they might be spared the trauma, by arranging for childbirth to occur in darkness? But even then, further shocks are likely later in life, as the poor unfortunate of either sex discovers their own genitalia... perhaps we should make everyone wear The Garment To Cover The Entire Human Body at all times, in addition to bowdlerizing all the encyclopedias?

 * Seriously, if you don't want to see a picture of a clitoris, not looking at an encylopedia article entitled "clitoris" might be a good precaution. -- The Anome 13:59, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yawn. --Cantus 03:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yes, it's too much to ask. The appropriate number of images is one or more for each reasonably frequently encountered variation in appearance - the book Famalia provides a fair initial selection of variations. The idea is to educate and inform, not to educate and inform only at the level some think appropriate for some 4 year olds. However, there is discusson of a tagging system which could be used to let those who want filtering choose to have a filtered view. Meanwhile, I suggest that you use one of the large number of filtering programs. Jamesday 03:06, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Could we at least get a non-vulgar version of a clitoris? A porn performer spreading herself with her large painted nails doesn't seem like a good way to illustrate a clitoris. A drawing would be MUCH preferable. It is not at all clear to me from that photo what a clitoris is or looks like. The graphic needs to be more general. --Cantus 03:46, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The war paint has been removed. Perhaps you saw an older version by mistake? Martin 11:10, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope, I'm referring to the current version. --Cantus 00:09, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

A photo seems perfectly appropriate, that's life...(and the good part of life, I know it's better to show weapons & violent images). May be something less vulgar, but for the time being we have to stay with that. Tom

Don't see why people are objecting to the current graphic. What's "vulgar" about it? Do we have to show a vulva that looks unattractive or something? It's a nice, clear photo.

The current picture gives the wrong impression that the clitoris be identical with the tiny glans visible through the clitoral hood. Especially the circle in the enlarged part is misleading. However, this picture shows the vaginal opening much better than the one on vulva, so maybe we should exchange the two pictures (of course, the black lines and the enlarged part would have to be removed, and labels added).

More importantly, we need a drawing showing the entire clitoris, including the "inverted V" shape of the crus. See for example figures 7-22 and 7-23 in http://www.the-clitoris.com/1r4/anatomy/disectb.jpg. AxelBoldt 13:15, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not really a wrong impression: it's important that people know where to find the externally visible part of the clitoris. I don't think it's misleading, but it could be improved by the addition of more diagrams. Marnanel 13:18, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Captioning
Captions wants better captioning and WikiProject Writing Captions has put clitoris on its list of pages needing better captions. For the photo, how about:

 * "Due to its central role in the physiology of female sexual arousal, the clitoris, and its male counterpart the penis, are taboo in many societies."

If you come up with something good, don't forget to update WikiProject Writing Captions --Kop 07:57, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

It could be useful to find or make a B/W photo of a clitoris. Black and white can be even more informative than color in some circumstances, while it is certainly less pornographic. See circumcision for an example of genital pics that are quite informative, but (I think) not particularly arousing. Shimmin 03:12, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's much too much to ask to have the entire encyclopædia done on the level of World Book. How should we obtain the G rating? Someone searches for clitoris, we send back "Naughty you! Go to bed without supper!"?

 * I'm sorry, but if you look up clitoris, you shouldn't be utterly shocked to see a picture of one. A photo done in good taste is perfectly fine. Remember that lots of people do not know where the clitoris is or how to find it. It's not as if we were being gratuitously smutty. By the way, if little children find these pictures, I say more power to them. I hope they learn a few things about clitorides. Shorne 08:55, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the state of decency
A well done drawing is better than a pornographic picture which will offend a lot of people. Jesus Christ would agree. Don't behave like children, please. --Cantus 20:46, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Jesus Christ would agree." — I'm not quite sure if I should regard this as a brilliantly hilarious joke or if I should feel offended at what could be seen as religious subversion by an apparent Christian (because I'm myself a polytheist, but I don't see myself ramming my religion down anybody else's throat). Actually, second thought, if it's not intended as a joke, then I shall choose not to feel offended but instead shall resign myself to concluding that Hanlon's Razor applies. Ropers 00:14, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll assume Hanlon's Razor applies to your post as well. --Cantus 07:30, Sep 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Cantus, you are a liar, meaning that you don't know what you're talking about. Jesus told everyone to become as little children, and offended many people saying that he came to bring a sword and not peace. lysdexia 07:01, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * What does Jesus Christ have to do with the matter, and how do you know his opinions on photographic depictions of the human body? Marnanel 00:36, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * A picture can be informative without necessarily being pornographic. Then again, if you have a necktie fettish, you might find Image:Neck_Tie_Platter.jpg positively erotic.  Should we do something more to make the photo here less "pornographic" and yet just as informative?  Black & white might help, but I would caution against further cropping.  If we were to get another picture with some inanimate apparatus (e.g. chopsticks) doing the necessary displacement of the labia rather than fingers, that might also help.  But I agree that the picture we have is better than none until someone goes to the trouble to make a special picture. -- ke4roh 00:56, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * The drawing I put up is MUCH better for an encyclopedia. You people just don't get it. You just think it's cool and bold to have a porn picture. It's not. --Cantus 02:35, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * Out of curiosity, how should the photography of clitoris look like, so it could not be considered “a porn picture”? Rafał Pocztarski 05:56, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Would Cantus be happy with the same pose as in the diagram, except as a photograph? If not, why not? -- The Anome 07:18, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Encyclopedias use drawings instead of pictures, because: a) Not all human parts are/look the same. In a drawing parts are sharply drawn out so they can be better distinguished from other parts. This way people can understand and learn the global structure. A real photograph is just a lot of flesh. b) Encyclopedias are for all ages and all types of people. Real photographs of genitalia are reserved for medical books which have limited access and have a special purpose. Third, the current picture is porn and suitable not even for a medical book. I'm reverting again, and I hope you people truly understand what I'm going for here. --Cantus 00:41, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Please leave it as is. It actually helped me much more than all those "non-pornographic" drawings in "serious" encyclopedias. --202.14.216.128 10:58, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The drawing is good for one who is familiar with female anatomy, but is it good for the unfamiliar? (I ask to learn the answer, not to cast doubt on the suitability of the drawing.) -- ke4roh 00:53, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * a) is a fair point: there are things which diagrams show better than photographs. However, I think there are things that can be shown by a photograph as well: a simple photo like this is more concrete, and I think both would help someone who was learning about human anatomy in different ways. So I think we need both. b) just begs the question. c) is meaningless unless you define what you mean by "porn". In summary: no, I don't really understand what you're going for here. Marnanel 01:59, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe the photograph should be in black-and-white, to reduce the "pornographic" effect that Cantus argues. At least the colors in the photo look subdued.  [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 01:02, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

A photo makes this Wiki less accessable to those who are shocked by such photos. On the other hand, the pro-Clitoris crowd does not get short-sheeted by a drawing, provided it's a quality one. I say nix the photo. 07:05, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Memo to admins: 4th revert outside 24 hours. --Cantus 05:42, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

What we can do

 * 1) we can use one of the photographs we have now if it is legal
 * 2) as is
 * 3) edited
 * 4) we can use the diagram we have when its legal status is clarified by Cantus
 * 5) as is
 * 6) edited
 * 7) someone can draw a new diagram
 * 8) someone can take a new photograph
 * 9) we can find a drawing we could use
 * 10) which is properly licensed or in the public domain
 * 11) asking copyright holder to license it
 * 12) we can find a photograph we could use
 * 13) which is properly licensed or in the public domain
 * 14) asking copyright holder to license it

Which image should we use to show the location of the clitoris?

 * Aren't the headings rather POV? Marnanel 14:02, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I have moved the opinions from section headers (both sides ) to points in Pros and Cons sections. Rafał Pocztarski 14:17, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Rrjanbiah, please stop removing opinions of other people from pros and cons. You have removed “pornographic” from photo cons and even “encyclopedic” from drawing pros as not clearly defined, and yet there are “accurate, scientific and encylopedic image” and “meant for researchers who want to know more about clitoris” in photo pros, which are just as subjective as those which you have removed. All of those are opinions and as such are subjective. Some of us will not agree with all of them, and that is the very reason we have this poll. I will restore the removed opinions of Cantus once again, this time adding proper attribution. Instead of removing arguments of other people please refute them. Otherwise there is no point of having a discussion page. I am not asking you to define ”childish cartoon” and I have moved this opinion of yours from the section title to the point in drawing cons, so please don’t demand from others to define “encyclopedic” especially when you [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk:Clitoris&diff=5586545&oldid=5585156

have entitled] the photo section as “This accurate, scientific and encylopedic image” yourself. Rafał Pocztarski 14:56, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I have restored the removed opinions adding proper attribution. Please sign any new opinions and please do not remove opinions of others. Thanks. Rafał Pocztarski 15:12, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This photo

 * 1) Rrjanbiah 11:53, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Marnanel 14:02, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) but in black and white [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 17:28, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Colour, as is - David Gerard 19:43, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) The best photo -- Ævar Arnfjörð [ Bjarmason]   22:20, 2004 Sep 1 (UTC)
 * 6) I appreciate people's squeamishness but the future orgasms of woman kind are in the balance here. Let's usher in a new era of female pleasure (that way us men won't get nagged so much), and cut down on clumsy fumbling... Seriously, it's a very clear picture, there is a certain class to it (the one below looks scary in comparison)--[[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod  »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 23:49, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) chocolateboy 01:40, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Very illustrative. --Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 01:55, Sep 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Simply more accurate and informative than a drawing, certainly not pornographic. — siro  χ  o  05:54, Sep 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * If a woman spreading her vagina is not pornographic, I don't know what is. --Cantus 06:05, Sep 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not pornographic in this context, it's a medical picture showing a body part. -- Ævar Arnfjörð [ Bjarmason]   12:14, 2004 Sep 2 (UTC)
 * I guess, one should spread her vagina to show clitoris. --Rrjanbiah 11:19, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Is it possible that you might consider any photograph of clitoris acceptable but you are only against using those particular ones? Also, could you please answer if you are the author of the diagram you have uploaded? Please add the copyright notice and a license. Thanks. Rafał Pocztarski 06:58, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * If that particular configuration, that pose were being used to illustrate nudity I'd agree - Cantus - that the spreading were inappropriate. However, this is about the clitoris.  As such, the spreading is a necessary evil.  We wouldn't see it without the spreading.  I mean, I suppose we could try and find a picture of the spreading being done by a pair of metal clasps or something... but frankly I think we'd be exciting a whole new, and rather disturbed crowd. --[[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod  »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 11:02, Sep 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) I don't see what the big fuss about this picture is. It illustrates the subject better than any of the other pictures, and it's not really pornographic. Unless, of course, you consider the human body inherently pornographic. I say use this one. Kairos 23:08, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The issue is not really the subject matter but the fact that the image is almost certainly a pornogrpahic one, and therefore copyright. There don't seem to be any better alternatives - so this poll seems rather biased. ed g2s  •  talk  23:24, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

(Please keep in mind that the scary picture below and the classy one above are actually one and the same photo and the latter is made from the former by flipping it horizontally and repainting the fingernails—compare it to this one. I say it in case it is not obvious and someone would prefer having a single, clear picture without the magnification which doesn't actually show any more details. Rafał Pocztarski 01:02, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC))
 * Yes, I was aware of that. The colour balance has changed too, which I think is good - it's clearer. --[[User:Bodnotbod| bodnotbod  »  .....TALK Q uietly  )  ]] 11:04, Sep 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I also think that the version retouched by Mbecker looks better, however it seems secondary to its legal status (same for every photograph on this page). I hope JohnQ or Marymary will answer and clarify this issue. Incidentally, we have the same problem with the drawing by Cantus except that, unlike the photo, no one has ever said that drawing is properly licensed or in the public domain. I hope Cantus will finally answer my questions and clarify this issue as well. He was the one who has added   to Image:ClitorisNewLoc2.jpg so I suppose he is concerned with the legal status of images on Wikipedia, but I'd rather be sure and have a copyright notice and license statement added to Image:Vagina Clitoris.jpg. Rafał Pocztarski 05:26, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I really cannot understand how people find the current picture clearer than the original. The current version is clearly inferior when it comes to clarity because of the additional JPEG compression that has been done. An old version that has disappeared from the english version, but is used on the german wikipedia is better. With current version we have a "zoom" that doesn't really zoom, a white background that should be transparent (I think), a "JPEG fuzzed detail" view and if you look a little closer you can even see the black ring that has been obfuscated. The version in use on the german wikipedia, solves all of those points except for still being "JPEG fuzzy". A clear closeup as an illustration or photo, as suggested, would of course also be very helpful. --Dittaeva 22:41, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * You’re right. I finally compared them side by side and this photo has indeed much lower quality than the German version. The JPEG compression artifacts are much more visible and the entire image seems out of focus, while the clitoris itself has been tempered with while removing the black circle, which is also visible. Previosly I thought that it was made using a picture without the circle but it turns out that the clitoris was redrawn where the circle used to be. Still, even the German version is a little bit out of focus when compared to the original. The only real difference is lower contrast and cropping the image but it can be done without such losses in quality by saving as PNG or with using lower JPEG compression. The thumbnails on this page are misleading, because larger images are scaled down more than the smaller ones, so one has to compare tham at 1:1 scale to see the real difference in quality. Still, there is the issue of legal status of all of the images discussed here which means that we’ll probably have to get something new anyway. Rafał Pocztarski 04:17, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Pros

 * 1) accurate, scientific and encylopedic image, meant for researchers who want to know more about clitoris —Rrjanbiah
 * 2) yes, I'm sure many researchers will find the wikipedia's image to be especially informative (bullshit)

Cons

 * 1) inadequate pornographic image lifted from the web —Cantus
 * Unsupported statement - give source to back your assertion that it's "lifted from the web" - David Gerard 19:43, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * (discussion moved to Legal status section below)
 * 1) shows clitoris as it is (it a con?) —Rrjanbiah
 * In French, maybe No, that's not a point against given it's an illustration for the article - David Gerard 16:38, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) I agree that Picture is pornographic!!--198 23:41, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) I want to see the crura clitoridis, the intricate vascular meshwork, the trabeculae carnae - in all, 98% of this organ. Does the article on ear show only the earring ? I can see nailpolish, a somewhat forced introitus, and almost nothing else. This is symptomatic of the superficiality of our collaborative editing, I'm afraid. - irismeister 23:59, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)

Legal status
public domain? copyright infringement? unverified?

 * IIRC the person who uploaded this image was not trustworthy. AFAIK he has never said who the photographer actually was only that he knew the woman. I personally believe that ther is a very good chance that this picture is a copyvio (if I'm wrong about this I apologise) Theresa Knott (Nate the Stork) 00:59, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If that is the case then we have no image we can legally use but there are other things we can do besides using one of the two images we have now (the photo uploaded by Guanaco and the diagram by Cantus). Rafał Pocztarski 07:09, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Who is exactly not trustworthy in your opinion? Image:ClitorisNewLoc2.jpg was uploaded by Guanaco and changed from   by Cantus to    by Guanaco, referring to JohnQ and Marymary, as a version edited by User:Mbecker using Image:Clitoris.jpg uploaded by Tanin. Most of the links to previous versions of Image:Clitoris.jpg are Forbidden or Not found, but looking at the history it seems that Dittaeva has added    to Image:Clitoris.jpg referring to de:Bild:20030520015715%21Clitoris.jpg on the German Wikipedia, which in turn was uploaded by Kurt Jansson as public domain referring to Image:Clitoris.jpg on the English Wikipedia—“Bild der Klitoris (public domain, aus der englischen Wikipedia).” Please correct me if I had made any mistake, but there seems to be a circular dependency between the public domain status of EN and DE versions of clitoris images. There is also Image:ClitorisNewLoc.jpg uploaded by MyRedDice. Rafał Pocztarski 08:01, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry I should have made myself clearer. The original photo was uploaded by JohnQ. I am not happy with his explanation (or lack of it). The discussion here makes me suspect that the image is in fact a copyvio.  If it were not for this suspicion I would vote for a colour photo rather than a diagram. Theresa Knott  (Nate the Stork) 11:20, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. So in other words, there are three statements indirectly suggesting the public domain status of this image, according to User:JohnQ:
 * “There is no copyright on this image.” (context)
 * “Nope. But I know who took it. Let put it another way then!” (answer to: Did you take the photograph yourself?) (context)
 * “Source : Personnal. Status : Free.” (context)
 * The last one was posted by User:Marymary and later signed with “JohnQ” by 80.11.238.49. User:JohnQ has no user page, User:Marymary contains only “Hi, this user is gonna be deleted very soon....” See also: User talk:JohnQ, User talk:Marymary. This starts to look rather problematic, owever the problem will be solved as soon as the author of this image either writes a proper copyright notice and a license statement on Image:ClitorisNewLoc2.jpg or formally dedicates it to the public domain, or possibly refers to another source with the same information, even if only giving a URL. It would be effortless for the author and would finally end the legal dispute, so we could focus on the content of the image. I will ask User:JohnQ and User:Marymary on their talk pages. Rafał Pocztarski 04:03, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The original image, as supporters of the new photo have commented, does look like porn. And it does look like the vulva rather than the clitoris is the emphasis. The dubious source of this picture alone should condemn it. I think we should look at this as an opportunity to find a more clitoral picture anyway. CHL 04:01, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

-or-

Original photo

This is the original photo which the above photo was made from.

Cons

 * 1) Too much detail compared to the version above. Marnanel 19:37, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Does look like a porn shot, unlike the above photo - David Gerard 19:50, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) Does not display pink nailpolish - a must for Wikipedia, as per NPOV policies - irismeister 23:55, 2004 Oct 16 (UTC)

Legal status
same as above

-or-

This drawing

 * 1) Cantus 07:47, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

Pros

 * 1) adept and respectful encyclopedic diagram —Cantus
 * 2) doesn't show clitoris, but shows clitoris —Rrjanbiah
 * 3) I agree with Cantus here--198 00:23, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) obviously there is no "consensus" to include the porn image

Cons

 * 1) childish cartoon —Rrjanbiah
 * 2) greatly inferior to an actual photo, being substituted out of squeamishness - David Gerard 19:50, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) See above --  Ævar Arnfjörð [ Bjarmason]   22:21, 2004 Sep 1 (UTC)
 * 4) This well done drawing seems to suffer one shortcoming — it's not clear that the anatomy has been displaced from its resting position.  -- ke4roh 23:47, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Silly.--Eloquence* 19:15, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) 172 22:35, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Has a Nineteenth Century air about it. It could be Victorian -  Lumos3 19:42, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) I can't tell at a glance what it is.  For some reason pubic hair is missing. lysdexia 07:01, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Legal status
Unknown, uploaded on August 30 by Cantus.

Have you drawn it yourself? Please add a copyright notice and a license please. Also, if you still have the original, please upload it as PNG instead of JPEG. Please see: Uploading images. Rafał Pocztarski 15:48, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

-or-

How should it look like
Encyclopaedic

How it should not look like
Bomis-like :O) - unless we build a Bomipedia. Happy serene editing :O) - irismeister 15:34, 2004 Oct 17 (UTC)

 * Iris miester - what is the copyright status of the drawing above? Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 18:25, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

-or-

How should it look like
See: Drawing vs. photo in general section below.

How it should not look like
...

a better pic :
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:20030520015715%21Clitoris.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Clitoris/Archive 2


text:
Whitchurch Canonicorum

Whitchurch Canonicorum is a village and civil parish in southwest Dorset, England, situated in the Marshwood Vale 5 mi west-northwest of Bridport. In the 2011 Census the parish – which includes the settlements of Morcombelake, Ryall and Fishpond Bottom – had a population of 684.

In the 899 will of King Alfred the Great it was left to his youngest son Æthelweard, and in 1086 in the Domesday Book, the village was recorded as Witcerce.

On the northern edge of the village is the Church of St Candida and Holy Cross. It is noteworthy as containing the only shrine in Britain to have survived the Reformation with its relics intact, apart from those of Saint Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey and St Eanswythe in Folkestone. The saint in question is the somewhat obscure Saint Wite (Latinised as Saint Candida) after whom the church and the village are named. She is thought to be either a Christian martyred by the Danes or alternatively a West Saxon anchoress. Nothing more is known of her. The shrine of St Wite in the north wall of the transept is foramina-style, with three large vesica-shaped apertures for pilgrims to insert heads, hands, arms or feet. When the shrine was opened in 1900 it was found to contain a lead casket with the inscription +HIC. REQUIESCT. RELIQU. SCE. WITE (Here rest the relics of Saint Wite). The flag of Dorset makes dedication to St Wite.

Sir George Somers (1554–1610) was the Mayor of Lyme Regis and later Governor of The Somers Isles (Bermuda). He died "of a surfeit in eating of a pig", on 9 November 1610 in Bermuda. His heart was buried in Bermuda but his body, pickled in a barrel, was landed on the Cobb at Lyme Regis in 1618. A volley of muskets and cannon saluted his last journey to the church at Whitchurch Canonicorum where his body is buried. It is also the burial place of Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov and Sir Robin Day.

The hamlet of Fishpond Bottom contains St John's Church, which was built in 1852 as a chapel of ease to the parish church at Whitchurch Canonicorum.

Politics
In the UK national parliament, Whitchurch Canonicorum is within the West Dorset parliamentary constituency. As of 2024, the Member of Parliament (MP) is Chris Loder of the Conservative Party.

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Whitchurch Canonicorum is part of the Marshwood Vale ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.

title: Whitchurch Canonicorum


text: Category:Olympic rowers for South Africa


text: Category:1359 births

title: Category:1359 births


text: Category:1350s births

title: Category:1350s births


text:
USS Atlanta (SSN-712)

USS Atlanta (SSN-712), a Los Angeles-class submarine, was the fifth ship of the United States Navy to be named for Atlanta, Georgia. The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia, on 1 August 1975 and her keel was laid down on 17 August 1978. She was launched on 16 August 1980 sponsored by Mrs. Sam Nunn, and commissioned on 6 March 1982, with Commander Robin J. White in command.

On 29 April 1986 Atlanta ran aground in the Strait of Gibraltar, damaging her sonar gear and puncturing a ballast tank in the bow section. The boat proceeded to Gibraltar under her own power. After a week, the Atlanta returned to Norfolk, VA under its own power, and was repaired in the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia.

During Atlanta's brief career, she completed six deployments to the Mediterranean Sea and three deployments to the western Atlantic. She was the first submarine certified to employ the Mark 48 torpedo and both Harpoon missiles and Tomahawk missiles. She was also the first nuclear-powered submarine assigned to directly support an Amphibious Ready Group (ARG).

Atlanta was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 16 December 1999. She was berthed at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, awaiting entry into the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington.

title: USS Atlanta (SSN-712)


text:
Tache noir

Tache noir may refer to:

 * Black heel and palm: a skin condition characterized by black macules occurring on the posterior edge of the plantar surface of one or both heels.
 * Tache noir de la sclerotique: one of the postmortem ocular signs. A film of cell debris and mucus, forms two triangle on sclera at each side of the iris with base toward the margin of cornea and apex towards medial and lateral canthus of eye.
 * La Tache noire, a painting by Albert Bettannier.

title: Tache noir


text:
Roberto Ardigò

Roberto Felice Ardigò (28 January 1828 – 15 September 1920) was an Italian philosopher. He was an influential leader of Italian positivism and a former Roman Catholic priest.

Ardigò was born in Casteldidone, in what is now the province of Cremona, in Lombardy, and trained for the priesthood. He resigned from the Church in 1871 after abandoning theology and faith in 1869. He was appointed as a professor of theology at the University of Padua in 1881, at a time when a reaction to idealism had taken place in philosophical circles.

Ardigò's "positive philosophy" was a synthesis of various philosophical and scientific theories, including positivism, evolutionism, and spiritualism. He also held controversial beliefs that women are subordinate to men and that homosexuality is a mental disorder.

Inspired by Auguste Comte, Ardigò differed from Comte in that he considered thought more important than matter and insisted on psychological disquisition. He believed thought was dominant in every action and the result of every action, and that it disappears only in a state of general corruption.

He died by suicide at Mantua in 1920, at the age of 92.

Works

 * Psychology as a Positive Science (1870)
 * The Moral of the Positivists (1879).

title: Roberto Ardigò


text:
Talk:The Enemy (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

Moving
I moved this from The Enemy (TV episode) to The Enemy (Star Trek) in order to bring it in line with the rest of the Star Trek episode disambiguation titles. -Branddobbe 23:34, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Changed redirect to The Enemy (TNG episode). - RoyBoy 800 06:02, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Source
In general, citing sources is a good thing, but having the same citation ("(Kemper, et al., 1989)") at the end of every single paragraph would be overkill under any circumstances, and in this case, when the article is _about_ the episode, and says so in the first sentence, it hardly seems necessary to have inline citations of the episode itself. It should be cited in the References section, obviously, but I'm removing the needless and repetetive inline citations. --Jonadab, 2006 Mar 30

summary
Think we should have the summary in screen-order. Putting things in internal chronological order may make it easier to comprehend the "plot", but it completely destroys the dramatic structure (see Memento (film) for example). Morwen - Talk 13:09, 5 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tetris & Dr.Mario

The result of the debate was delete [added by Andre🚐 22:41, 15 August 2022 (UTC) for afdstats]

Tetris & Dr.Mario
We already have articles for Tetris & Dr. Mario. This adds nothing. Dsmdgold 23:34, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Serving no purpose. Not even well-written. Barneyboo 00:26, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete--Lucky13pjn 01:19, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Fanfizz. Geogre 03:09, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Adds nothing significant to separate articles. Sietse 14:23, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and Delete. --Improv 20:52, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, probably a new user testing it out, and didn't realize that there were articles on both yet. — siro  χ  o  21:53, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I need to check this, but I'm pretty sure Tetris and Dr. Mario were bundled in one game with some additional features. If so, Keep... otherwise not, but I'm going to check up on it. Andre ( talk )A| 14:16, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Tetris and Dr. Mario were indeed released in one package (under that title) for the SNES, but I'm not entirely sure if there were any special features which warrant an individual article. Ian Pugh 18:16, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Bundling doesn't produce a new topic. Any useful info abt variations can go under "Version of X that was bundled with Y", and maybe a link in each to the appropriate section of each other's article. --Jerzy(t) 13:39, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg 16:40, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Little Tokyo, Los Angeles

Little Tokyo (リトル・トーキョー), also known as Little Tokyo Historic District, is an ethnically Japanese American district in downtown Los Angeles and the heart of the largest Japanese-American population in North America. It is the largest and most populous of only three official Japantowns in the United States, all of which are in California (the other two are Japantown, San Francisco and Japantown, San Jose). Founded around the beginning of the 20th century, the area, sometimes called Lil' Tokyo, J-Town, Shō-Tōkyō (小東京), is the cultural center for Japanese Americans in Southern California. It was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1995.

Origins: 1880s
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 played a pivotal role in the first large wave of Japanese Immigration to the United States as the Japanese were heavily recruited to serve as 'cheap labor' in place of the now excluded Chinese Laborers. One of the people influenced by this first wave of Japanese Immigration was Hamanosuke Shigeta, a Japanese Seaman, who settled in southeast Los Angeles, an area which would eventually become "Little Tokyo". There Shigeta established the first Japanese-owned business in LA, Kame Restaurant, along the East First Street. Attracted by the restaurant and nearby demands for labor, other Japanese immigrant men followed suit as they settled along East First Street in nearby boarding houses. To house the wave of new immigrants coming to the Little Tokyo area, early immigrants also opened more boarding houses. The first Japanese boarding house in Los Angeles was established by Sanjuro Mizuno who opened the Santa Fe Boarding House in 1898 to cater to Japanese laborers.

Initial development: Late 1890s to 1930s
By the early 1900s the Japanese population in the "Little Tokyo" Area had reached a number of around 3000. This Japanese population in the nearby area also jumped to 10000 following the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake which convinced many Japanese to move from San Francisco to Los Angeles. In 1907, The Gentleman's Agreement was signed between Japan and the United States in which Japan voluntarily restricted the emigration of Japanese Laborers, allowing only families of current residents to immigrate, in exchange for the United States to ensure no discrimination against the Japanese people in the US. The implementation of the agreement led to an influx of women who joined family or husbands as new brides in the "Little Tokyo" area. As a result, "Little Tokyo" saw a growth in community and establishment of a commercial district. By 1908, around 90 Japanese-run boarding houses could be found throughout Los Angeles.

In 1909 the area of "Little Tokyo" was described as "bounded by San Pedro, First and Requena streets and Central Avenue. The Los Angeles Times added: "It has a population of about 3,500 Japanese ... there are 10,000 Japanese in the city who make this section their rendezvous."

The area was a magnet for immigrating Japanese until the Exclusion Act of 1924 halted any further migration. Shops were along First Street, and vegetable markets were along Central Avenue to the south. Japanese Americans were a significant ethnic group in the vegetable trade, due to the number of successful Japanese American truck farms across Southern California.

Institutions, associations, and establishments
The East First Street area is where the first Japanese institutions, associations, and establishments were founded in Los Angeles as Issei or first generation Japanese immigrants began to congregate in the area.

The first Japanese-founded religious institution founded in the "Little Tokyo" area was the "Japanese Episcopal Mission of Los Angeles", now Century United Methodist Church, founded in June 1896 by a group of 5 issei from southern Japan. Other religious institutions continued to be founded: the Koyasan Buddhist Temple (1912), Japanese Union Church (1923), and Hompa Hongwaji Buddhist Temple (1925).

The growing population in "Little Tokyo" was supplemented by the establishment of primary, secondary, and trade schools. A large amount of trade schools in the little Tokyo area were sewing schools. The largest was the Rafu Yossai Gakuen which taught sewing skills to Issei women.

During this time period various newspapers catered towards Japanese Americans in Los Angeles were founded. The first Japanese newspaper in the United States is Rafu Shimpo, which was founded in "Little Tokyo" in 1903 and continues to operate.

Founded during this time were rotating savings and credit associations known as tanomoshiko which provided funding towards emerging business ventures in "Little Tokyo".

Community Leaders in the 1920s and 1930s established local entities of prominent Japanese American associations such as the Central Japanese Association, Japanese-American Citizen's League (JACL), and the Japanese American Chamber of Commerce. Concurrently, these leaders worked with Japan to establish kenjinkai or mutual aid societies each associated to one of the Japanese Prefectures. These associations would provide mutual aid and social opportunities to Japanese families that had immigrated from the same prefecture represented by the association. By 1940, the breadth of kenjinkai covered 40/46 Japanese Prefectures.

World War II
In 1941, Little Tokyo reached its peak population with approximately 30,000 Japanese Americans living in Little Tokyo. The 1941 Pearl Harbor bombing brought an end to the increase in Japanese American population in Little Tokyo. The incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II emptied Little Tokyo. Beginning in 1942, after the city's Japanese population was rounded up and "evacuated" to inland concentration camps, a large number of African Americans from the South moved to Los Angeles to find work in the labor-starved defense industry. Its share in the Second Great Migration almost tripled Little Tokyo's pre-war population, with some 80,000 new arrivals taking up residence there. For a brief time, the area became known as Bronzeville as African Americans and also Native Americans and Latinos moved into the vacated properties and opened up nightclubs, restaurants, and other businesses. Prohibited from buying and renting in most parts of the city by restrictive covenants, the area soon became severely overcrowded. A single bathroom was often shared by up to 40 people and one room could house as many as 16; people frequently shared "hot beds," sleeping in shifts. Poor housing conditions helped spread communicable illnesses like tuberculosis and venereal disease. Crimes like robberies, rapes, and hit-and-run accidents increased, and in May and June 1943 Latino and some African American residents of Bronzeville were attacked by whites in the Zoot Suit race riots. In 1943, officials bowed to pressure from frustrated residents and proposed building temporary housing in nearby Willowbrook, but the majority-white residents of the unincorporated city resisted the plans. In 1944, 57 Bronzeville buildings were condemned as unfit for habitation and 125 ordered repaired or renovated; approximately 50 of the evicted families were sent to the Jordan Downs housing complex. In 1945, many defense industry jobs disappeared and the workers moved elsewhere in search of new employment. Others were pushed out when Japanese Americans began to return and white landlords chose not to renew leases with their wartime tenants.

Post World War II
Following the War, many previous Japanese Residents returned to the Little Tokyo area to continue managing businesses by purchasing Bronzeville business leases. Albeit smaller, a commercial core still managed to exist in Little Tokyo. Due to lack of housing in Little Tokyo, many Japanese Americans returning from the camps moved into apartments and boarding houses in the neighborhoods surrounding the downtown Los Angeles area. Notably, Boyle Heights, just east of Little Tokyo, had a large Japanese American population in the 1950s (as it had before the internment) until the arrival of Mexican and Latino immigrants replaced most of them. The post-war Japanese American population in little Tokyo had become only one-third of its pre-war population.

Many Issei and Nisei who had previously owned large businesses or were heavily involved in agriculture now returned with little resources to work in civil service or other simple jobs. Concurrently, a large redevelopment plan was put in place to be enacted in the early 1950s, but due to a lack of state funding and wealth in the Japanese American community following three years of internment, the plan fell to stagnation.

Following the construction of the Los Angeles Police Department Headquarters construction in 1953, Little Tokyo's commercial area shrunk by one fourth of its original size. Furthermore, 1000 residents were displaced to other parts of Los Angeles. Similar urban development would continue in the 1960s and 1970s further shrinking the extent of the coverage of the Little Tokyo commercial district.

1970s to present
In the 1970s, a redevelopment movement started as Japanese corporations expanded overseas operations and many of them set up their US headquarters in the Los Angeles area. Named the Little Tokyo Project, this movement resulted in the opening of several new shopping plazas and hotels opened, along with branches of some major Japanese banks. Although this redevelopment resulted in many new buildings and shopping centers, there are still some of the original Little Tokyo buildings and restaurants, especially along First Street. The Little Tokyo Project would transform the Little Tokyo area into its present version: an area bounded by Los Angeles Street, Alameda Street, Third Street, and half a block north from First Street.

During the 1970s and 1980s, artists began to move into nearby aging warehouse spaces in the area, forming a hidden community in the industrialized area. Al's Bar, Gorky's, the Atomic Cafe, and LA Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) are some well-known sites.

Land use has been a contentious issue in Little Tokyo due to its history, the proximity to the Los Angeles Civic Center, the role of Los Angeles as a site of business between Japan and America, and the increasing influx of residents into the Arts District. Unlike a traditional ethnic enclave, there are relatively few Japanese residents in the area because of evacuation and internment. The Japanese American community was politicized by the internment and redress effort. This politicization, along with the global and local growth of overseas Japanese investment, has assured that Little Tokyo has continued to exist as a tourist attraction, community center, and home to Japanese American senior citizens and others.

The current site of Parker Center, the Los Angeles Police Department's former headquarters, was the original site of the Nishi Hongwanji Buddhist temple. The south edge of the block where Parker Center stands was part of the First Street business strip of shops. The warehouses and new condominiums to the east of Little Tokyo were once residential areas of the district. The Weller Court mall was opposed by some people in the community because it redeveloped a strip of family-owned small businesses. Community activists established First Street as a historic district in 1986. In 2004, they helped reopen the Far East Cafe, an acknowledged community hub.

Now, Los Angeles's Little Tokyo continues to develop and change with the general development of the greater Los Angeles Area through ordinances, construction, coalitions, etc.

Description

At its peak, Little Tokyo had approximately 30,000 Japanese Americans living in the area. Little Tokyo is still a cultural focal point for Los Angeles's Japanese American population. It is mainly a work, cultural, religious, restaurant and shopping district, because Japanese Americans today are likely to live in nearby cities such as Torrance, Gardena, and Monterey Park, as well as the Sawtelle district in the Westside of Los Angeles. However, the recent boom in downtown residential construction is changing the nature of Little Tokyo.

What is left of the original Little Tokyo can be found in roughly five large city blocks. It is bounded on the west by Los Angeles Street, on the east by Alameda Street, on the south by 3rd Street, and on the north by First Street, but also includes a substantial portion of the block north of First and west of Alameda, location of the Japanese American National Museum, the Go For Broke Monument, and a row of historic shops which lines the north side of First Street. A timeline has been set into the concrete in front of these shops, using bronze lettering, showing the history of each of the shops from the early 20th Century until the renovation of the district in the late 1980s. More broadly, Little Tokyo is bordered by the Los Angeles River to the east, downtown Los Angeles to the west, L.A. City Hall the Parker Center to the north, and Skid Row to the south.

Museums and galleries

Museums include the Japanese American National Museum and an extension of the Museum of Contemporary Art, formerly called the Temporary Contemporary and now known as the Geffen Contemporary (named after David Geffen). Additionally, the visual arts are represented by the arts non-profit, LAArtcore which devotes itself to creating awareness of the visual arts through 24 exhibitions each year along with educational programming. An art gallery called 123 Astronaut is housed within a kiosk on Astronaut Ellison Onizuka Street and contains a monument to Astronaut Ellison S. Onizuka, a Japanese American from Hawaii who was a mission specialist on the Space Shuttle Challenger when it disintegrated during takeoff in 1986.

Public art
Little Tokyo has a variety of public art, including a memorial statue of Chiune Sugihara, Japanese consul to Lithuania before World War II and Righteous among the Nations.

Events
The Nisei Week festival is held every August, and includes a large parade, a pageant, athletic events, exhibits of Japanese art and culture, a taiko drum festival, the Japanese Festival Street Faire, a car show, and other events.

Gardens
There are also two Japanese gardens in the area open to the public: the James Irvine garden in the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center and a rooftop garden in the Kyoto Grand Hotel and Gardens, formerly the New Otani Hotel. The Go for Broke Monument commemorates Japanese Americans who served in the United States Military during World War II.

Performing arts

With its proximity to Hollywood and its concentration as a focal point for the Pan Asian American community, Little Tokyo Los Angeles has long served as an incubator for Asian American and Pacific Islander artists and performers sporting a high concentration of legacy institutions.

East West Players, one of the nation's first Asian American theater companies and the longest continuously running theatre of color in the nation, specializing in live theater written and performed by Asian American artists, is located in Little Tokyo, performing in the David Henry Hwang Theater, a 230-seat venue in the Union Center for the Performing Arts.

The Japanese American Community and Cultural Center (JACCC) runs the 800 seat Aratani Theater, which features theatre, dance, concerts as well as cultural performances and events.

Visual Communications, an Asian Pacific American media arts organization that annually presents VC FilmFest (Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival), in several venues around Little Tokyo.

Tuesday Night Project is the longest running Asian American open Mic event in the nation running every 1st and 3rd Tuesday from April through October in the public courtyard of the Union Center for the Arts

Cold Tofu Improv was founded in 1981 as the nation's first Asian American Improv & Comedy Group. Teaching classes in short form and long form improv.

Kollaboration founded in 2000, is an organization focusing on advancing Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi Americans (APIDA) in the Music and entertainment industries. With affiliates in San Francisco, Atlanta, Hawaii, Houston, Boston and throughout the country, the organization hosts its annual national culmination "KOLLABORATION STAR" event at the Aratani Theatre, as well as their EMPOWER conference as incubator events for APIDA artists in the music industry.

With the proximity of these organizations and Arts non-profit organizations, many notable actors, musicians and entertainers of AAPI descent have either begun their careers here, or continue to maintain a presence. East West Players saw the early careers of actors such as Daniel Dae Kim, John Cho, Reggie Lee, Amy Hill, Lucy Liu, Isa Briones, as well as playwrights Qui Nguyen. Lauren Yee, and David Henry Hwang. In 2018, actor George Takei returned to Little Tokyo for the first Post Broadway staging of the musical Allegiance by Jay Kuo & Lorenzo Thione co-produced by East West Players and the JACCC at the Aratani Theatre. The Aratani has also served as a home venue to the Grammy Nominated Jazz fusion group Hiroshima (band) founded by Dan Kuramoto & June Kuramoto. Actress Tamlyn Tomita began her career when she was crowned "Nisei Week Queen" in 1984 which led to her breakout casting in The Karate Kid Part 2. Filmmakers such as Justin Lin, Quentin Lee, and Justin Chon have premiered some of their early career making films at the Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival. Actor Dante Basco has been a mainstay performing his poetry alongside many others at Tuesday Night Project. Musicians such as AJ Rafael, Jane Lui, MC Jin and more have long relationships with Kollaboration since before the "youtube-boom" that saw many AAPI artists and musicians find an internet based audience.

Little Tokyo continues to be a major convening point for AAPI artists in the entertainment industry, and a central incubator for the nation having twice before hosted the National Asian American Theatre Conference and Festival put on by the Consortium of Asian American Theatre Artists. Little Tokyo has also seen the rise of many adjacent movements in the AAPI entertainment world such as Asian American theater companies Teada, Lodestone Theatre, Artists at Play, Hereandnow Theatre, Asian AF Comedy shows, and the Comedy Comedy Festival.

Shopping and dining

There are numerous Japanese restaurants, catering to both Japanese and non-Japanese clientele. Many of them specialize in one type of Japanese cuisine, such as donburi, Japanese noodles (soba, ramen and udon), shabu-shabu (which translated from Japanese means 'swish-swish', referring to the motion of dipping meat and vegetables in a communal bowl of boiling water), Japanese curry, sushi, or yakitori. There are also a number of yakiniku restaurants, where meat is often cooked on a small grill built into the center of the table. Little Tokyo is the birthplace of the California roll, invented by a chef named Ichiro Mashita at the Tokyo Kaikan sushi restaurant.

Two wagashi (Japanese sweets) shops located in Little Tokyo are among the oldest food establishments in Los Angeles. Fugetsu-do, founded in 1903, appears to be the oldest still-operating food establishment in the city and the first one to celebrate a centennial; its best-known offerings include mochi and manjū, and it claims to be an inventor of the fortune cookie. Mikawaya was founded in 1910, but is now well known as the company that introduced mochi ice cream to the United States in 1994.

Little Tokyo has several shops that specialize in Japanese-language videos and DVDs, while other shops specialize in Japanese electronics and video games. These are a great way to find Japanese video games that were either never translated into English, or were never domestically released in North America. There are also several stores that sell manga and anime related products.

Japanese Village Plaza

The Japanese Village Plaza is located roughly in the center of Little Tokyo on the east side of San Pedro Street. There are several restaurants in the plaza, plus a number of shops geared towards tourists. First Street and Second Street border Japanese Village Plaza and have a number of restaurants that are open later than those in the court.

Weller Court
The Weller Court shopping mall is located along Astronaut Ellison S Onizuka St., backing up to 2nd St. on the south and what was originally the New Otani Hotel, now the DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Los Angeles Downtown, along Los Angeles Street, to the north and west. It has several restaurants, karaoke clubs, and a Bubble Tea cafe. For tourists visiting from Japan, there are a number of shops specializing in expensive name brand products such as Coach handbags. There is also a large bookstore, Kinokuniya, that is part of a well-known Japanese chain. They have a large selection of Japanese-language books, magazines, music CDs, manga, and anime, as well as a selection of English-language books on Japanese subjects and translated manga and anime.

Weller Court was the second major project of the East West Development Corporation in association with the Community Redevelopment Agency, after the $30 million New Otani. Groundbreaking was held in November 1978, to be completed in 1979 with 62780 sqft of gross leasable area. The architect was Kajima Associates.

In the 1920s, the southeast corner of First Street was the beginning of Little Tokyo. At this corner was the Tomio Building, home to the Japanese-American Tomio Department Store, and two more Japanese-American department stores, the Asia Company and Hori Brothers.

Education
The area is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District.
 * 9th Street Elementary School
 * Hollenbeck Middle School
 * Belmont High School

Los Angeles Public Library operates the Little Tokyo Branch.

The main office of the Asahi Gakuen, a part-time Japanese school, was formerly in room 308 on the third floor of the Japanese American Cultural & Community Center (JACCC, 日米文化会館 Nichibei Bunka Kaikan) building, located in Little Tokyo. Since then, it moved to Harbor Gateway, near Torrance.

Religion
There are several Buddhist temples in or near Little Tokyo, representing many major schools of Japanese Buddhism: Jodo Shinshu, Jodo Shu, Shingon, Nichiren, and Soto Zen. They are Zenshuji Soto Mission, Los Angeles Hompa Hongwanji (usually called Nishi Hongwanji), Higashi Honganji, Koyasan Buddhist Temple, Nichiren Shu Beikoku Betsuin, and the Jodo Shu North America Buddhist Missions. Together they form the Los Angeles Buddhist Temple Federation (Jodo Shinshu temples in Long Beach and near USC are also members).

Little Tokyo is also home to Japanese American Christian communities. Centenary United Methodist Church was founded in 1896 by first-generation Japanese American immigrants. Union Church of Los Angeles, founded in 1918, represents a long tradition of Japanese American Presbyterianism.

St. Francis Xavier Chapel and Japanese Catholic Center (also known as "Maryknoll") has been the base of the Japanese Catholic community in Los Angeles since 1912. Father Albert Breton, a Japanese-speaking missionary of the Paris Foreign Mission Society (M.E.P.) with the support of Bishop Thomas Conaty of the Diocese of Los Angeles, established the community on December 25, 1912, with the first Japanese mass celebrated at the Bronson House on Jackson Street near the current Fukui Mortuary on Temple Street. The center also formerly housed the Maryknoll School administered by the Maryknoll Fathers from the early 1920s until the mid-1990s. Currently, masses are offered in Japanese and English each Sunday.

One of the roots of Pentecostalism started in Little Tokyo. Where the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center Plaza is now located was once the home of the First Pentecostal Church, a multiracial congregation called the Azusa Street Mission. This is where the Azusa Street Revival started in 1906. Earlier, it was also the site of the First AME Church.

The former Catholic Cathedral of Saint Vibiana is just to the west of Little Tokyo. After being heavily damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the Archdiocese moved to a new site (now the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels) and the old site was redeveloped, with the former cathedral converted into a performing arts space and non-historic buildings on the site demolished and replaced with a new Little Tokyo Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library.

Transportation
The community is served by the Metro A Line and Metro E Line at Little Tokyo/Arts District station at the northeastern perimeter of Little Tokyo and is also walkable from the Metro B and D subway lines at either Civic Center/Grand Park station or Union Station – with connections to Amtrak, Metrolink, Metro J Line BRT, and Foothill Transit's Silver Streak BRT service. When the A and E Lines connected to the L Line, via the Regional Connector, the Little Tokyo/Arts District station was moved underground and across the street. This required demolition of two modest, one-story brick buildings. The two structures played an important role in the cultural life of the neighborhood for decades with one of the structures dating back at least to 1898. Metro Local lines 30 and 330 serve Little Tokyo. In March 2020, Metro selected a development firm responsible for constructing the new Regional Connector station. Community representatives from the Little Tokyo Business Association, the Japanese American National Museum, and former U.S. Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta expressed their concerns about Metro's decision. Matters regarding the selection process, community needs, and design aesthetics delayed the project. The Little Tokyo/Arts District station was completed and reopened on June 16, 2023.

In popular culture
The district appears in the films Showdown in Little Tokyo, Beverly Hills Ninja and The Crimson Kimono. When the Japanese anime series Kyatto Ninden Teyandee (キャッ党忍伝てやんでえ) was localized in English as Samurai Pizza Cats, the series' main setting "Edoropolis" was renamed "Little Tokyo".

title: Little Tokyo, Los Angeles


text:
Winfrith Newburgh

Winfrith Newburgh, commonly called just Winfrith, is a village and civil parish in Dorset, England. It is about 8 mi west of Wareham and 10 mi east of the county town Dorchester. It was historically part of the Winfrith hundred. In the 2011 Census the civil parish – which includes the hamlet of East Knighton to the northeast – had 300 households and a population of 669. An electoral ward simply named "Winfrith" exists but extends northwards to Briantspuddle. The total population of this ward was 1,618.

Description
The name Winfrith derives from the river Win, which runs through the village. In 1086 in the Domesday Book it was recorded as Winfrode, and Bolla the priest held the manor. It was later granted to Robert de Neubourg, whose descendants were Lords of the Manor until the death of Sir Roger Newburgh in 1514. The family name is incorporated into the village's name. The lordship then passed, along with the Newburghs' foundation of Bindon Abbey, to the Marney family, and then to the Poynings and the Howards, before being purchased by the Weld family in 1641.

The ancient road from Dorchester to Wareham ran through the centre of the village. However this was replaced by a turnpike (now the A352 road) in the 18th century, and the village is now south of the main road. The Red Lion Inn marks the turn to the village. North of the road is the hamlet of East Knighton. The hamlet of East Burton, further east, was formerly in the parish of Winfrith Newburgh, but is now part of Wool.

Also to the north of the village is the Dorset Green Technology Park, on the site of the former UKAEA Winfrith Atomic Energy Establishment. The latter was in service from the 1950s to early 1990s, and the Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor was developed there. The surrounding heathland is a Dorset Wildlife Trust nature reserve, Tadnoll and Winfrith Heath.

The Church of England parish church of Saint Christopher was extensively restored and enlarged in 1854. At this time the north aisle was added, however some Norman architectural features still remain, the most notable being the north doorway. The parish registers date from 1585. The parish was merged with those of Chaldon Herring, East Lulworth and West Lulworth in 1979.

The village has a Church of England Primary School (now merged with that at West Lulworth), a post office, a football team, a cricket club, a drama club, a swimming pool, and a basketball court. Knighton Heath, the Five Marys and Maggot Wood (Coombe Wood) are used for horse riding.

The Winfrith Riot
Winfrith was the scene of an initially peaceful protest by agricultural workers on Monday 29 November 1830 during the Swing riots. The Riot Act was read by the local magistrate, James Frampton of Moreton, however the protesters failed to disperse and three men were arrested. The events were described by Frampton's sister, Mary Frampton, in her journal:

"November 28th [1830] – Notice was received of an intended rising of the people at the adjacent villages of Winfrith, Wool, and Lulworth – the latter six miles off – which took place on the 30th [actually the 29th, the date given in the Dorchester prison registers]. My brother, Mr Frampton, was joined very early on that morning by a large body of farmers etc. from his immediate neighbourhood, as well as some from a distance, all special constables, amounting to upwards of 150, armed only with a short staff, the pattern for which had been sent by order of Government to equip what was called the Constabulary force. The numbers increased as they rode on towards Winfrith, where the clergyman [George Ingram Fisher] was unpopular, and his premises supposed to be in danger. The mob, urged on from behind hedges etc. by a number of women and children, advanced rather respectfully, and with their hats in their hands, to demand increase of wages, but would not listen to the request that they would disperse. The Riot Act was read. They still urged forwards, and came close up to Mr Frampton's horse; he then collared one man, but in giving him in charge he slipped from his captors by leaving his smock-frock in their hands. Another mob from Lulworth were said to be advancing, and as the first mob seemed to have dispersed, Mr F[rampton] was going, almost alone, to speak to them, when he was cautioned to beware, as the others had retreated only to advance again with more effect in the rear. The whole body of the constabulary then advanced with Mr Frampton, and, after an ineffectual parley, charged them, when three men were taken, and were conveyed by my brother and his son Henry, and a part of the constabulary force, to Dorchester, and committed to gaol. I was at Moreton that day with Lady Harriot F[rampton]. Our gentlemen returned about six o'clock; they described the mob they had encountered as being in general very fine-looking young men, and particularly well-dressed, as if they had put on their best clothes for the occasion."

The treatment of the three men arrested was fairly lenient by the standards of the day: one was imprisoned for three months and all three were bound over to keep the peace for two years. The underlying causes of the Swing Riots – low pay and increased mechanisation – remained however, and in 1832 a group of agricultural workers from Tolpuddle – eight miles north of Winfrith – formed a Friendly Society to protest against these same issues. In 1834 the same James Frampton who had read the Riot Act at Winfrith invoked an obscure law against oath-swearing to prosecute what became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs.

title: Winfrith Newburgh


text:
Palmares

Palmares may refer to:

 * Palmares, Pernambuco, a municipality in the state of Pernambuco in Brazil
 * Palmares Paulista
 * Palmares (canton), a canton in the province of Alajuela in Costa Rica
 * Palmares de Alajuela, a city and district in the canton of Palmares in the province of Alajuela in Costa Rica
 * Palmarès, a rider's accomplishments in professional cycling
 * Palmares (quilombo), powerful quilombo located in Brazil and destroyed by Portuguese artillery in 1694
 * Palmares River
 * Palmares, a 2021 novel by Gayl Jones
 * Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport

title: Palmares