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Talk:Religious war

The Troubles
It is a common misconception that the Troubles in Northern Ireland was a religious war, but it wasn't. We should remove all mention of the troubles in this wiki page (it's in the religious wars of europe timeline) to stop further confusion about the Troubles. Paokara777 (talk) 04:36, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

edit: i see that it was clarified in the Criteria for Clarification section, and agree with that clarification. Let's remove it from the timeline to outline those clarifications. Paokara777 (talk) 04:38, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

What is this article about?
I find it bizarre that this article nowhere mentions the two movements Al-Qaeda and Islamic State which most obviously represent religious war in this era, and it made me examine the idea more closely.

The term 'religious war' seems to be a folk term not found in most dictionaries. When originally introduced to Wikipedia it was described as a "term used in the programming community" (and at least I recognize that). The older term, "holy war", which Encyclopedia Britannica describes as "any war fought by divine command or for a religious purpose", puts a rather different slant on the idea. Mirriam-Webster defines it as "a war or violent campaign waged often by religious extremists for what is considered to be a holy purpose" and the Oxford English Dictionary similarly characterises holy war as "a war waged in a religious cause". Even Wiktionary defines holy war by referring to motivation (and doesn't currently include 'religious war').

There is no citation for this article's definition as a war "justified by religious differences" and I wonder where it came from. Most of the (secular) references used in the lede discuss the idea of "religious violence" rather than religious war, mainly discrediting it as a separate category. Cavanagh quotes Andrew Sullivan's New York Times article ("This is a religious war") but that article itself stresses that it's not "a war against the west". So is the emphasis on participants rather than motivation leading to a spurious article? Maybe it just reflects the confusion in a mainly secular society about what motivates people.

The most recent attempt to create a "Holy war" article used the more widely accepted definition ("any war declared or waged in support of a religious cause, by divine command or for a primarily religious purpose") and showed some promise but as is the way in Wikipedia, it was deleted after a day to point to the current less informed article.

The emphasis on participants has a curious side-effect that it becomes impossible for religious war to occur unless there are two religious sides. Since most nations these days are secular institutions the possibility of a religious war becomes much smaller, though certainly not impossible in the Middle East. If motivation is used as the criterion this artificial limitation does not exist.

I propose that the definition of religious (or holy) war at the beginning of the article be changed to one of the above definitions and the article be revised to reflect this. Chris55 (talk) 16:12, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I too am a bit puzzled as to the purpose of the article but There are not that many religious wars if you go by the definition you mentioned "any war declared or waged in support of a religious cause, by divine command or for a primarily religious purpose". I don't see how Al-Qaeda or ISIS are doing a religious war when many other factors are involved in their enterprise such as economic and political reasons for their activities. It is obvious that they are not really fighting to convert people to their belief systems (not sure how anyone would become a Muslim by war). This is not their main purpose. I think the lead can be adjusted because religious differences are usually not the motivation for any war. Rather ethnic and cultural differences define groups and these can delineate areas of conflict. Like in the religious wars of Europe, they were not really over religious, or sacred texts, but over power and economics. Purely religious wars are not easy to come by since not one really just engages in war without secular reasons heavily involved. Huitzilopochtli1990 (talk) 00:01, 24 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Are you reading "and" for "or" in the definition you quote? It seems to me there are plenty that come under one or the other head. Why does the existence of other reasons exclude the religious element? Has there ever been a war waged for a single reason? It doesn't need to be about conversion or theological notions. Usually one side thinks the other is evil for a whole variety of reasons. The crusades were fought firstly to protect Byzantium from Islam, then to liberate Jerusalem and by the way to enrich the crusaders. The Taiping Rebellion was caused by the uprising of a millenial sect but was put down to restore imperial unity. ISIS may have been created by disaffected Ba'athist generals carving out territory between Iraq and Syria, but it was largely fought on the ground by young people inspired by religious reasons many of whom travelled from Europe to take part. In many cases these simply would not have happened without the religious component. Even more obvious ethnic conflicts, like the Rohingya conflict, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Troubles in Northern Ireland would not happen without it. So what is the purpose of calling them secular? Chris55 (talk) 13:44, 24 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I used the quote you mentioned. I did not say much on exclusion of any element, but I am curious about "religious components" if such things even exist. In terms of definition of a holy war I think it can be refined since it is an ambiguous concept that was barely invented a millennia after Christ in Europe. Your suggestions look reasonable. I only mentioned that all conflicts are motivated by many factors of which religion usually plays a minor role, if any, in terms of both causes and outcomes. The religious and secular dichotomy is western invention that has no historical basis because people in most cultures today and in the past do not divide their worlds under such categories or false dichotomies. All of the examples you have mentioned clearly did not need religion to start any particular conflict at all because you still have the people in those regions with the same belief systems before and after the conflicts have ended and yet the conflicts ceased. Obviously the Israeli Palestinian conflict began when Israel took over Palestinian land and high foreign immigration in those lands (despite Jews and Muslims co-existing for centuries), the troubles in Northern Ireland was caused by people who wanted their lands back from the UK (Protestant and catholics still coexist without much of an issue today), ISIS and the rest of the breed have been fighting against international exploitation by foreigners (aka Western nations that have a history of exploitation of resources and people of other countries), etc. Clearly conflicts of major magnitude such as most civil wars, WWI and WWII did not need religion to start any conflicts whatsoever - and people still coexisted after the conflicts have ended . In civil wars in general, people of similar cultural and religious backgrounds fight each other for various reasons such as independence, economics, grievances, etc. This stuff is very complex, not reducuble to abstraction like religion, for which most scholars have no consensus over a definition of religion and most languages do not have an equivalent terms for it in their native tongues. Huitzilopochtli1990 (talk) 22:41, 24 May 2018 (UTC)
 * It all sounds rather abstract to you. I wonder if you've ever got to know anyone who's prepared to die for their faith? Chris55 (talk) 08:13, 27 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Check out Robert Pape's "Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism." He did a detailed study on exactly that and came to a similar conclusion on the matter as me - religion plays a minor role. One really needs to ponder as to why people of different faiths coexist before and after conflicts. Its not like massive conversions occur at the end any of these conflicts. War is not really a good way to win peoples minds and beliefs (it usually makes one group really dislike the other and vice versa but since people from different religious backgrounds are intermarried down the family lineages there is sympathy for "others"), but it sure is effective at getting independence, rights, land, resources, etc. Not one single religion tells people to die for their faith (the concept of religion did not exist for most of history in most languages and cultures and certainly was not found in any religious scriptures). Try finding one verse in the Bible that states that one should attack a Muslim or a Hindu or a Jew. It will be impossible because Muslims and Hindus were not part of the Biblical world and the earliest Christians (Messiahism if you translate that term) were all Jewish, Jesus and his disciples were all Jews, Paul was a Jew, most of the New Testament was written by Jews, Christians read and revered the scriptures of the Jews (Old Testament), etc. There are good resources on the history of the modern invention of religion. Huitzilopochtli1990 (talk) 18:02, 27 May 2018 (UTC)

 * As of 2/11/2021 the opening section obviously aims to minimize the impact of religion on war. I find it bizarre that the second sentence references the Encyclopedia of Wars as having only 123 religious wars. It's easy to check that book, the authors, Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod, did not intend to categorize wars as religious. The 123 wars mentioned comes from the index, they didn't intend to categorize wars as religious, and using their index to make this argument in a dictionary is really poor editing. Not sure who is managing the page but that is clearly intent to minimize the connection between war and religion. And it's poorly done. I had no intention of disputing the editing of this page but it's just so strange to come to a page and see such an obvious agenda in the main section. Hopefully it's only a temporary bias in the editing and will rectify itself over time. I'm not suggesting anyone overstate the connection between war and religion either. Just because social, political, economic, cultural, and religious factors are present in a war doesn't mean religion isn't a primary factor. It's just weak to use a page like this to push a "religion-doesn't-cause-war" narrative.Lecky333 (talk) 03:26, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Actually they did intend to classify cases by religion which is why they indexed them under "Religious Wars". The authors intended that. You can see that even other sources like The Great Big Book of Horrible Things that religion only made up 10% - they classify them accordingly too. So it is not an exception. Most conflicts have nothing to do with religion and for most of history there was no concept of religion in their languages or cultures. The Bible, Quran, and all other holy texts did not such a concept either.Ramos1990 (talk) 04:24, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I definitely agree it is clear that the lead of this article was written as an argument that religion doesn't cause wars, which of course is laughable. Of 19 (talk) 23:19, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The use of "some historians" when referencing a single theologian is far from appropriate on wikipedia.
 * The listing of non-religious wars as proof that religious wars don't exist makes this article look like a joke. Of 19 (talk) 23:24, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry but the arguments you have presented here are for your edit are not convincing so far. Perhaps will change to "scholars" because that is more generic. I will also add another source for that claim.Ramos1990 (talk) 23:54, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * This isn't a highschool essay where a child may present a straw man just to knock it down. Do not list non-religious wars just to point out they are non-religious, it makes the article look like a joke. Also do not present a single theologian as multiple historians, how is that not obvious? It is clear you have been editing this article for a while, so why is it still so horrible? Of 19 (talk) 00:03, 30 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Actually its multiple other sources making similar claims. I added a source and crosslinked another. I am not sure how you can honestly say that article says no religions cause war, the lead even mentions them, the problem is that they are a very low percentage. Most violence and wars are secular, not religious either way. There is no evidence that religion causes much of this stuff, but certainly a little.Ramos1990 (talk) 00:05, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Proposal
and I have done some improvements in recent days to try and make this article more balanced. Would it be okay to remove the "Unbalanced" template that put here in April 2021? Secondly, I hope we can agree on what the purpose of this article should be. In my view, the most appropriate approach to writing this article about this subject is:
 * A. to write/edit/present this article as a continuous scholarly discussion about what a religious war is and isn't (and whether such things even exist(ed));
 * B. to which degree scholars think that one should or shouldn't regard/classify conflict X as a religious war; and
 * C. to provide some room (a sentence or two per example) for expressing the ways in which conflict X is or isn't popularly regarded as a religious war, and what scholars have to say about these popular opinions.

Most theoretical aspects (broadly coinciding with A.) are to be reserved for the first sections (1. Definitions; 2. Applicability of religion to war; 3. Prevalence; and 4. Holy war concepts in religious traditions), while the practical application of theory to historical events (broadly coinciding with B.) is to be reserved for the latter sections by historical timeframe (which I've based on the common (Western) historiographical convention of Antiquity, Middle Ages, Early modern period and Modern period, while the Timeline is grouped by continent).

There is room for C. in all sections wherever this is suitable. E.g. I think it would be fitting if critics of religion and religious apologists got a say in sections 2 and 3, as a lot of discussions in popular culture involve claims about how many/all wars ever fought have been (primarily) caused by religion, or that on the contrary relatively few or none of them actually really were, and other factors were (also) partially or entirely to blame. Heated discussions about this are well-known, and Wikipedia should say something about it, but then also let scholars nuance views on both sides of these popular claims and show that it's a bit more complicated than what many non-scholars are saying.

For the historical sections, it's also possible to do this, e.g. in the case of the Greek War of Independence. I've written that subsection with a balanced scholarly summary to say it was especially religious in the early phase, but more nationalistic in the later phase. But if we wanted to add some relevant popular opinion, we could quote some influential Greek nationalist to say it wasn't about religion, it was about independence and building a nation-state for all Greek-speaking inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire, while also quoting some influential Christian church leader or theocrat to say that it wasn't about nationalism, it was about restoring the multi-ethnic Byzantine Empire under the dominion of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople. That way, Wikipedia could give a balanced view of scholars and relevant non-scholars about the degree to which the Greek War of Independence was or should be regarded as a religious war. But popular opinions are secondary; we should first and foremost give a balanced scholary summary.

Everything else seems to be beyond the scope of this article. E.g. I don't think it's of particular importance here to tell the reader that al-Ghazi's nickname was 'the left-handed', or that Cristóvão da Gama was 'son of the famous navigator Vasco da Gama', because that doesn't tell us anything about whether the Ethiopian–Adal War was a 'religious war' or not. Similarly, I doubt whether it is of much added value for the purposes of this article to mention how many casualties this or that war has had, unless we compare such figures with wars that one or more relevant scholars do not consider to have been 'religious' (e.g. wars of succession, wars of territorial conquest, violent trade wars, colonial wars, revolutionary wars against own government (e.g. wars of independence), wars caused by ethnic tensions, etc.). It seems to me that such figures are only relevant when they are part of an argument about how costly religious wars are/have been vis-à-vis other wars, otherwise it's useless information for the purposes of this article. Anyone who is interested in how many casualties or damage war X has done, can read the main article about that war; as an overview article about a particular type of war, or aspect/dimension of war, this article need not be concerned with such details. Note that it is very well possible and legitimate to try and make up a balance of a death toll of a particular war, or a well-defined set of wars, as has been done in European wars of religion. However, because unlike that article, this article covers all religious wars that there have allegedly ever been in the history of the entire world (a hotly-contested set – or rather category – of wars, as this article as well as this talk page shows), I would seriously discourage such an enterprise. It may have some room in the Prevalence section, but casually mentioning the number of casualties in examples in the historical sections of this article seems pointless and gratuitous to me.

I am interested in what you two and others think about this approach to this article. Cheers, Nederlandse Leeuw (talk) 15:26, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I think we can remove the banner because it is certainly much more balanced than before. I think that the purpose of the article is generally understood. It was resolved 4 years ago in this section of the talk page. What normally happens in this page is that some people wish to push anti-religious agendas complaining about it because they are not familiar with the scholarly discussions that contradict their "religion is the cause of all evil" narrative. But the way it is currently written is more nuanced.

 * I think the article is well and not in need of major changes. Perhaps you can remove the number of casualties since, as you said, they are not particularly relevant and the lack of comparison with secular wars, which is the most prevalent type of war in all of human history if you think in terms of religion-seculars dichotomy, are not mentioned for comparison.

 * Peripheral details like "al-Ghazi's nickname was 'the left-handed'" seem to be side info and can probably be removed is they do not add to any historical value aside from trivia.

 * I do not think we should do C. from your list because it is not the goal to make an article debating popularity of perceptions of which conflict is seen as a religious war. As you said the discussions are heated, and will likely not help inform readers. Most of the religion blaming for war comes from anti-religious sources almost exclusively, such as the New Atheists, without seeing the mundane basis of war. Popular literature is full of nonsense and hyperbole - which is why it is popular and so we should not have a section where claims by popular writers are brought up (e.g Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, etc) and then have scholars address them. We can make some room in some sections for to mention some popular claims, but it should be limited since they are usually not popular, but stereotypical (e.g. the Crusades). The presence of a section on a war on the historical part of the article is where any discussion of whether that war is religious or not, should be discussed and be left at that.Ramos1990 (talk) 18:56, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response and compliment. Could you indicate where I can find this understanding of the article's purpose of 4 years ago? Is it to be found in the comments of Chris55 and Huitzilopochtli1990 from May 2018? Because I do not find any agreement between them on the purpose of this article; it reads like an exchange that doesn't seem to reach any particular agreement.
 * Indeed, this page should neither promote an anti-religious agenda (which you called the "religion is the cause of all evil" narrative), nor should it promote a religiously apologetic agenda (which I'll conveniently call the "religion has never done anything wrong" narrative). Users such as Of 19 have raised legitimate concerns about the latter of these two, and I wonder if this concern has now been addressed, or whether it is still too apologetic in some areas.
 * Especially regarding the Prevalence debate, I'm worried that the tone is still a bit too apologist, and/or merely a few unscholarly or semi-scholarly assessments of the issue. What we've got is Phillips and Axelrod having categorised 121 (or 123) wars out of a non-exhaustive list of wars as 'religious wars' without a clear explanation as to why, and three non-scholars (Vox Day, Alan Lurie and Bruce Sheiman, each of which has an apologetical or pro-religious agenda - Day even has an explicitly anti-atheist agenda) who then run with it and make their own interpretation out of it, and then one fact-checker (Holt) who says that the number of 121 is essentially correct, but cannot be readily interpreted in the way the three non-scholars have done. This is hardly satisfactory if we want only scholarly assessments and no agendas. Especially if you maintain that popular opinions (C.) have no place in this article, then the entire paragraph of Phillips and Axelrod and their non-scholarly interpreters will have to go, because it cannot live up to the standards that we would like to see here. If the three apologist non-scholars are acceptable, then it would also be acceptable to present the views of some New Atheists on the prevalence of religious wars in this section, and I think you will agree that would not be appropriate (e.g. Dawkins may be an expert on biology, but not on history, and so is a non-scholar with respect to this subject). Howe can we best solve this?
 * I'm glad that you agree with me to remove some irrelevant statements such as those I mentioned, including casualty rates without attempts at comparison (as this could theoretically indicate the impact of religious wars versus other wars). Indeed, I do not think in terms of a dichotomy of 'religious wars' on the one hand and 'secular wars' (for lack of a better term) on the other; such a view seems oversimplified and generalised. From the evidence I've seen, I think a great many wars in history were primarily religious, but it's plausible that the majority wars in history were not primarily or even significantly driven by religious motives as opposed to other motives (with wars of succession being the main competitor in my submission, although many conflicts were both wars of religion and wars of succession simultaneously).
 * I hope that we could find some scholarly evidence for this, but I've found that scholars themselves are frequently puzzled by how to even calculate the prevalence of wars by cause. One place where we might start such an endeavour might be here: Bear F. Braumoeller, Only the Dead: The Persistence of War in the Modern Age §Issue and War p. 160–162. He lists several scholars who have attempted to categorise wars by causes, and to caculate their prevalence, but they don't seem to agree on what the categories should be. Cheers, Nederlandse Leeuw (talk) 20:23, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I am was saying a section on only popular opinions does not really help. I am not saying that an opinion piece is unacceptable. It goes down to what would be a reliable source. I am not saying there was an agreement in resolution 4 years ago, I am saying it was resolved in the sense that there was no consensus. Most of the complaints seem to be that they could not find sources blaming only religion in scholarly sources. Most scholarship does not have a consensus on causes of wars, let alone "religious wars" especially since the category of "religion" is a modern category - not a historical or ancient designation or idea. To talk about religious wars is generally anachronistic and is indeed foreign to people in the past.

 * Perhaps that is why Phillips and Axelrod and Matthew White both designate wars under "religious" in their texts and they list specific conflicts under these categories as a quick reference but they do not elaborate much, though they do a little - there is even a quote cited from Phillips and Axelrod on this. Sometimes the best thing to do is to leave controversial statements juxtaposed. Source A says x and source B says y. Let the readers sort out who is right or wrong. We as wiki editors don't solve issues that even trained scholars cannot get any consensus over.

 * I agree that the commentators paragraph is not the best but that would likely be the place to put in some of the popular views in there by more adequate scholars. You kind of have that in the "Applicability of religion to war" section already. Maybe make the "Prevalence" section a minor section than a major section and remove the non-academic ones (Vox Day, Alan Lurie and Bruce Sheiman, Andrew Holt (its a blog))?Ramos1990 (talk) 23:37, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your response. Ah, I think I now understand. I wasn't advocating writing entire sections full of only popular opinions, but to add a sentence or two containing relevant popular opinions to existing sections; I see that you agree that is acceptable if it comes from a reliable source. I've added "(a sentence or two per example)" to C. to make this clear. Preferably, a popular opinion should be presented by a scholarly RS (e.g. not a mainstream media article – which would be an adequate RS in other articles, but not here –, but a rather a historian's book or an academic journal paper), and then somewhat nuanced by the author of that same source. This is essentially what I've tried to do by having Ian Morris explain the goals of the two groups within the Filiki Eteria, and the philhellene Western volunteers, and to draw conclusions about what motivated each group to participate in the Greek War of Independence (Morris concedes it started out as 'mainly a religious war', but shifted focus to Greek nationalism, backed by philhellene ideas about Greece as the 'cradle of European civilisation' that needed to be 'regenerated'). Shall we take this proposed set (A., B. and C.) as our guidelines to improving this article from now on, then? Feel free to suggest additional suggestions or corrections. :)
 * Ah ok, well I agree that there is no clear consensus about the existence or nature of religious wars, and I would be surprised if there was any scholar bold enough to claim that war X, or that set of wars Y, was exclusively religiously driven. A number of fairly plausible claims have been made and some tentative agreements have been reached by scholars about particular wars or sets of wars, such as the Crusades and the European wars of religion, in that religion was a key factor in them, but not at all the only cause, justification or legitimisation in each and every case (in my view, Onnekink is a good example of a nuanced scholar on the latter set). No doubt discussions on these will continue, however (as they should). I also agree with you that what we now call "religion" and "religious wars" are fairly modern concepts, which I would situate in the early modern period (c. 1500–1800; most probably the concept first arose in French as guerre de réligion; we could try and delve into the etymology to settle the matter). So, they aren't 'ancient' (c. 3000 BCE - 500 CE), but I would contend that they have become 'historical' from that period onwards; nevertheless, we should indeed be very careful about how we use the source materials to use the designation 'wars of religion' or 'religious wars', and contrast them with other terms and factors that likely played significant roles in each case. Likewise, we should be careful when using scholarly literature which adjudicates on the question whether pre-modern wars can be considered 'religious wars' according to our modern ideas, even though these conflicts probably wouldn't have been called 'religious' by people living at the time. (Case in point which you'll probably agree with: the word 'crusade' itself doesn't necessarily mean 'war', and arose fairly late (13th century). Early sources in the 11th and 12th century simply called the movement of armed pilgrims from Europe to the Holy Land 'iter' or 'peregrinatio' (from which derives pilgrimage), which simply meant 'journey' and had no military or religious connotation at the time which they, but especially 'crusade', later attained. However, it would be rather silly to claim that these movements, which we now generally call 'the Crusades', weren't military in any sense, and had nothing to do with religion whatsoever. Classifying them as in some sense 'religious wars' avant la lettre is a legitimate scholarly move).
 * Hmmmm yes, I think that is a good suggestion how to treat the Prevalence section. I'd like to try and find a more scholarly exploration, discussion and reflection on the prevalence of religion as a cause of wars as opposed to other causes along the lines of Braumoeller. I hope to establish several categories of wars by cause, such as religion, succession, territorial conquest, trade disputes, water conflicts, colonialism, revolution, ethnic tensions etc. rather than lumping all non-religion-based wars into some artificial anti-category like 'secular wars' or 'government wars', because this reinforces the dichotomy that we agree is false, and exclude the demonstrable fact that these causes often (and perhaps always) overlap(ped) in practice. We could tolerate the non-academic sources for now, until we find scholarly sources who've got a more evidence-based approach to the issue, and then replace them. Cheers, Nederlandse Leeuw (talk) 09:23, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Biased or incomplete article
I notice some bias here. I feel like the author of this article may have tried to write it so like religion comes out blameless by making very narrow definitions on what it considers religious reasons, dismissing many wars because they also made material gains.

Example:

Ghenghis Khan was litterally the messenger of Tengri, the entirity of the mongol conquest should definitely be clasified as a religious war, even if it's a religion Western Scholars dismiss and the mongols where friendly towards other religions (as long as Tengri was greatest) after those conquests and is not as totalitarian as Abrahamic relgions.

Also: regardless of secular gains, would it not be more logical to look at reasons for mobilization? Of course most people at the top have (mis)used religion for political gains since it's conception, but that does not take away that the millions actually getting slaughtered did in fact believe they were fighting for their god(s) 94.111.220.203 (talk) 14:49, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Religious war


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Teistungen

Teistungen is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

Teistungen was first mentioned in 1090 as the site of Teistungenburg monastery, a filiation of Beuren monastery. The old monastery buildings were demolished in 1975.

It is located in the historical Eichsfeld, formerly a remote exclave of the Electorate of Mainz in Central Germany. In 1283 the fief was acquired by the knightly family von Hagen who resided in nearby Westernhagen Castle at Berlingerode (destroyed in 1525). The Westernhagen family built two tower houses here that were later replaced by manor houses. Between 1802 and 1807 the Eichsfeld became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia, then until 1945 of the Prussian Province of Saxony, thereafter it formed part of East Germany. Since 1990 it is part of the state of Thuringia.

Museums

Teistungen is the location of the Borderland Museum Eichsfeld, a history museum dealing with the inner-German border and the German division. The indoor exhibition covers more than 1,000 squaremetres and is complemented by an outdoor area including a circular trail along the former Iron Curtain. As the museum exhibition is displayed not only in German, but also in English, it attracts tens of thousands visitors from all over the world every year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Teistungen


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Wehnde

Wehnde is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Wehnde


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Howwood

Howwood (The Howewuid, Coille an Dail) is a village in Renfrewshire, Scotland. It is between Johnstone and Lochwinnoch, just off the A737 dual carriageway between the nearby town of Paisley and the Ayrshire border. It is served by Howwood railway station.

History
Its name is listed in the late 19th century Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland as "Howwood or Hollow-wood". Hollow-Wood is an anglicisation of the Scots language name Howewuid. The Surname Database gives the following etymology for the equivalent surname 'Howood': a topographical name from residence by a muddy wood, deriving from the pre-7th-Century Old English "horh", mud, slime, and "wudu", wood.

Historically part of the civil parish of Lochwinnoch, it now supports its own Community Council.

The chief industry in the village was formerly bleaching and the finishing of cotton cloth and thread, particularly from the mills of Paisley and the other Renfrewshire villages. Two main bleaching works existed at Bowfield and Midtownfield, the former being the last to close in the 1960s.

Overlooking the village on Kenmure Hill is the Temple, a circular folly built around 1760 and whose purpose is unknown. In the hills above Howwood also lie the remains of Elliston Castle, a tower house once home to the Semple family. A battle took place between Government forces and Covenanters at Muirdykes on the 18 June 1685, led by the Cochrane family of Johnstone The Iron Age hillfort of Walls Hill lies on Whittliemuir with the Walls Loch lying to the west of it.

title: Howwood


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Tjust

Tjust was one of the small lands of Småland, Sweden. It was divided into the hundreds of Tjust Northern Hundred and Tjust Southern Hundred. It corresponds to Västervik Municipality and the southern part of Valdemarsvik Municipality.

Early attestations
In his 500s Getica, Jordanes mentions a Scandinavian tribe theustes, possibly the inhabitants of Tjust. Tjust is also mentioned in the dative singular þiusti on the Södermanland runic inscription 40 from the 1000s. In the 1103 Florens list, it is also found in the Latin form Teuste.

title: Tjust


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Palitzsch (crater)

Palitzsch is a lunar impact crater that is located in the southeast part of the Moon, near the southeast rim of the crater Petavius. Just to the southwest of Palitzsch is Hase, while to the east-southeast is Legendre.

The northeast rim of Palitzsch forms the southern end of Vallis Palitzsch, a lunar valley that follows the eastern rim of Petavius for a distance of about 110 kilometers. The crater rim is relatively low and inconspicuous, while the floor forms a depression in the surface that follows the contours of the neighboring valley.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Palitzsch.

Due to its rays, Palitzsch B is mapped as part of the Copernican System.

title: Palitzsch (crater)


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Andrés Duany

Andrés Duany (born September 7, 1949) is an American architect, an urban planner, and a founder of the Congress for the New Urbanism.

Early life and education
Duany was born in New York City but grew up in Cuba until 1960. He attended The Choate School and Aiglon College and received his undergraduate degree in architecture and urban planning from Princeton University (1971). After a year of study at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he received a master's degree from the Yale School of Architecture (1974).

Career
In 1977, Duany co-founded the Miami firm Arquitectonica with his wife, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Bernardo Fort-Brescia, Laurinda Spear, and Hervin Romney. Arquitectonica was known for its playful, Latin-American influenced modernism. The firm's Atlantis Condominium was featured in the opening credits of the television series Miami Vice.

In 1980, Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk founded Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company (DPZ), an architecture firm based in Miami, Florida. DPZ participated in the formation of the international urban planning movement known as New Urbanism, intended to offer an alternative to suburban sprawl and urban disinvestment. The firm first received recognition as the designer of new towns such as Seaside, Florida and Kentlands, Maryland. The firm has since completed designs and codes for over three hundred new towns, regional plans, and inner-city revitalization projects. Duany is also considered to be a representative of New Classical Architecture.

Duany is a co-founder and emeritus board member of the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), established in 1993. He has co-authored five books: Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream; The New Civic Art; The Smart Growth Manual; Garden Cities; and Landscape Urbanism and Its Discontents. Duany has worked as visiting professor at many institutions and holds two honorary doctorates. He is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects and an adjunct professor at the University of Miami.

Awards
Duany and his partner, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, have been awarded several honorary doctorates and awards including the Vincent Scully Prize by the National Building Museum in recognition of their contributions to the American built environment. Duany has been awarded the Brandeis Award for Architecture, the Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture, the Arthur Ross Award in Community Planning, the Richard H. Driehaus Prize for Classical Architecture, the Society of American Registered Architects International Award, and the Albert Simons Medal of Excellence, among other awards.

Books

 * Duany, Andrés, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck (2000). Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-606-3
 * Duany, Andrés, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Robert Alminana (2003). The New Civic Art: Elements of Town Planning. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. ISBN 0-8478-2186-2
 * Duany, Andrés and Jeff Speck, with Mike Lydon (2009). The Smart Growth Manual. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-137675-5
 * Duany, Andrés and DPZ (2011). Garden Cities: Theory & Practice of Agrarian Urbanism, The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment

title: Andrés Duany


text:
Chevrolet Venture

The Chevrolet Venture is a minivan produced by General Motors for the 1997 to 2005 model years. The Chevrolet Venture, along with most of its General Motors minivan siblings, was built at GM's Doraville, Georgia, assembly plant.

Use of name
The Venture name was first used on a 1988 Chevrolet concept car, in this case a full-sized four-door sedan more aerodynamic than the 1991-1996 Chevrolet Caprice.

History
The Venture was introduced in 1996 for the 1997 model year as a replacement for the radically styled Lumina APV. In the United States, it was also sold as the Oldsmobile Silhouette and the Pontiac Trans Sport, which was later renamed as the Pontiac Montana for 1999 (2000 in Canada). The Venture came in three trim levels, the base, LS, and LT. The base models of the Venture were short wheelbase models which came equipped with cloth upholstery, front bucket seats with fixed head restraints, a 2nd-row 2-passenger bench seat, and steel wheels. The LS came in both short and long wheelbases, and offered aluminum wheels, a varied seating configuration, adjustable head restraints, side airbags, power windows (optional on the base models), and a remote keyless entry system. The LT model was an upscale of the LS and was exclusively a long wheelbase model and offered a power driver seat (optional on the base and LS models), optional leather seats, a roof rack (optional on the base and LS models), and a driver side sliding door (optional on the base and LS models from 1997 to 1999). The anti-lock brakes were standard on all Ventures from 1996 to 2002, but became optional on the base models later on.

The Venture and its siblings were powered by GM's 3.4 L LA1 V6, rated at 180 hp. After 1999, the engine was slightly redesigned to produce an extra 5 hp, for a total of 185 hp, and the alarm system for seatbelts, door ajar, low fuel, etc. have been changed. All Ventures used a four-speed automatic transmission. The Venture was one of the few minivans to have an 8-passenger seating configuration as an option when most minivans seated up to 7 passengers. In 2000, the driver side sliding door became standard on all trim levels, when the passenger side only sliding door models of minivans have rapidly fallen out of favor since the 1996 models of Chrysler minivans. The exterior was refreshed in 2001, a back-up alarm was added to indicate possible obstacles behind the vehicle, and all-wheel drive was introduced in 2002. Also for 2002 was a new steering wheel equivalent to the 2000-2005 Chevrolet Impala, replacing the steering wheel equivalent to the 1995-2001 Chevrolet Lumina. New for this generation, cabin air filters were installed, and the filters can be accessed from behind an access panel easily accessed from inside the glove compartment.

The optional 2-3-2 seating configuration was dropped in favor of the more conventional 2-2-3 and 2-3-3 seating configurations. The 2-3-3 was the standard for the Chinese-made Buick GL8, and a 10-seats arranged in a 3-4-3 configuration was used in a Chinese-made version of the Chevrolet Venture for export to the Philippines and Latin America (where it sold alongside the U.S. Venture) where 10-seaters are favored with lower taxes. Reviews and sales were generally lukewarm, especially about the relatively narrow cabin due to being designed for European roads. Models came in both short and long wheelbases, and with optional all-wheel drive. The third row bench seat was designed to fold flat (introduced for 2001 and available on LS and Warner Bros. models), but forming a higher floor unlike the Honda, Mazda and Nissan minivans that folded into a well behind the third row.

The Venture was replaced after 2005 by the Chevrolet Uplander, which was essentially a facelift with one long wheelbase configuration, and a longer nose which served chiefly to improve crush distance and styling more like an SUV. Only the long-wheelbase Venture was sold for 2005 in the US but the short-wheelbase was still offered in Canada. Production of the Chevy Venture ended on June 24, 2005.

Model year changes

 * 1997 model year-Introduction of the base model in early 1997. The 1997-1999 Ventures were their new version. The LS model is also introduced.
 * 1998 model year-power sliding doors and available OnStar were options on all models.
 * 1999 model year-A new Warner Bros. Edition is also introduced for the 1999 model year on the Venture, along with a built-in TV system with a DVD-player and a built-in VCR system as well.
 * 2000 model year-
 * 2001 model year (refresh)-OnStar is now a standard feature on the Venture. The Venture had also received a mid-cycle refresh with a redesigned front grille that matches the Chevrolet Impala's front grille. The 2001 Venture had also received a redesigned new steering wheel.
 * 2003 model year-More equipment packages were introduced for 2003. The Venture is now available with XM Satellite Radio.
 * 2004 model year-The LT trim is discontinued.
 * 2005 model year-This is the last year for the Venture. The Venture is unchanged. All-wheel-drive is discontinued. The short-wheelbase version of the Venture is now only available to rental car companies and to the fleet-market for the 2005 model year. The last Venture was produced on June 24, 2005. The Venture is replaced with the Uplander.

Warner Bros. Edition
A Warner Bros. edition, introduced in 1999 as part of an overall deal between GM and Warner Bros., included leather and cloth seats, standard built–in child restraints, Warner Bros. badging with Bugs Bunny leaning on the Warner Bros. Shield logo, and a DVD entertainment system, a novelty at the time (VHS players were offered at first; DVD capability was added for the 2002 model year, with the VHS option dropped).

The Warner Bros. edition was only produced for the 2000–2003 model years and the only model to come with a monochromatic exterior (like its Silhouette twin) as opposed to black accents that the other Ventures offered and this model only came in four colors: Blue, red, silver, and black. These models included a complementary membership in VentureTainment, which sent free gifts to owners of the van, including VHS and DVD compilations of Looney Tunes (as well as other Warner Bros. Family Entertainment titles), a cooler with can holders, a special keychain and other perks (including discounts at the Warner Bros. Studio Stores and Six Flags theme parks).

Safety

In late 1996, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) crash-tested the 1997 Pontiac Trans Sport (a twin of the Venture). Due to the poor structural performance resulting in extreme damage to the front of the vehicle, it received a "Poor" rating in the 40 mi/h moderate overlap crash test and was ranked the "Worst Performing Vehicle" of all the vehicles tested by the institute, with test results indicating a high risk of serious injury or fatality. This result affected both the Venture's and the Silhouette's safety reputations (as well its test subject, the Pontiac Trans Sport/Montana).

Additionally, its European twin, the Opel/Vauxhall Sintra, also did badly in the Euro NCAP's crash test from 1998 with near-similar results (despite performing well in the side-impact test), with a rating of 2.5 stars (out of 5).

On the other hand, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) gave the 1997 Chevrolet Venture a rating of 4 stars out of 5 in the 35 mph frontal-impact test, and 5 stars in the side-impact test. Tests on subsequent model years yielded results of 4 stars in most categories, and 3 or 5 stars in others. This applies to all other U-body minivans of the time. Unlike the IIHS, however, the NHTSA does not conduct moderate overlap crash tests.

The safety issues of the Venture and its U-body siblings would later be addressed with the Uplander in 2005, in which it earned the highest rating of "Good" given by the IIHS institute in the moderate overlap crash test.

title: Chevrolet Venture


text:
Jyrki Katainen

Jyrki Tapani Katainen (born 14 October 1971) is a Finnish politician who served as the European Commission's Vice-President for Jobs, Growth, Investment and Competitiveness from 2014 until 2019. Katainen was previously Prime Minister of Finland from 2011 to 2014 and chairman of the National Coalition Party from 2004 to 2014. He was succeeded by Alexander Stubb as chairman of Finland's National Coalition Party. After stepping down as Prime Minister, Katainen was elected as European Commission Vice-President in July 2014.

Education and personal life
Katainen was born in Siilinjärvi, a town in Finland. He graduated from Siilinjärvi Senior High School in 1990. He obtained a Master's degree in political science from the University of Tampere, spending one year at the University of Leicester as an Erasmus exchange student.

Jyrki Katainen has two children: Saara (born in 2005) and Veera (2009). In addition to Finnish, Katainen speaks English, French and Swedish. Katainen is an accomplished chef.

Political career prior to 2011
Katainen became involved in politics after a brief career in teaching. He was a member of the Siilinjärvi municipal council in his first political position, in 1993. He was elected member of the Finnish Parliament (Eduskunta) from the district of Northern Savonia in 1999, served as the vice-chairman of the party in 2001, and became the leader in 2004.

From 1990 to 2000, Katainen was Vice President of the Youth of the European Peoples Party.

Katainen was elected Vice President of the European People's Party (EPP) for a three-year term in 2006 and won the second election in 2009.

In the 2007 parliamentary election, Katainen's National Coalition was placed second. Katainen became the Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister in the new cabinet with the Center, the National Coalition, Greens, and the Swedish People's party.

As the Finance Minister, Katainen noted that Europe's leaders must do more to prepare voters for “exit strategies” and noted that "it is politically difficult but we have no choice. We have to do painful things in the coming years when economies begin to recover."

Prime Minister (2011–2014)
Following the parliamentary election held on 17 April 2011, Katainen was elected Prime Minister by the new parliament and assumed office on 22 June 2011. His centre-right National Coalition Party became the largest party for the first time in the history of Finland. Following government-forming negotiations, Katainen was elected Prime Minister by the Finnish Parliament, and his government of six parties (National Coalition Party, Social Democratic Party of Finland, Left Alliance (Finland), Green League, Swedish People's Party of Finland and Christian Democrats (Finland) ) was formally appointed by President Tarja Halonen on 22 June 2011.

In August 2013 Katainen invited participants representing political parties, interest groups and research institutes to a forum in Heureka science center. The forum was designed to explore the broad structural changes needed to improve Finland's economy over the coming years. In his speech (loosely translated to English) Prime Minister Katainen concluded that 'participants showed curiousness and commitment. I believe the discussions will provide an excellent basis for resolving difficult situations. We now need to take action and to address the structural reforms ahead.'

Finland's economic problems were apparent for many, but the government was forced to delay structural reforms because socialist parties in the six-party cabinet were opposed to the new measures. In September 2013 the six-party cabinet laid out plans for reform. However, Katainen warned that the reforms were not sufficient. In November 2012, the government elected not to have Finland to join the team of EU countries that proposed a financial transaction tax. This was a reportedly difficult issue for the six-party government because three of the parties favored the tax.

Katainen's views regarding the demise of Nokia may have been controversial in the international arena, however, the company has long been part of Finland's national fabric, making it difficult to view the issue from alternative perspectives.

As Prime Minister, Katainen encouraged investment in Finland, in part because of the country's excellent education system and political stability. He also encouraged the involvement of universities and higher education institutions in civil society in order to increase the country's competitiveness in the national arena.

According to Katainen's blog there was hope in the future for Finland's economy. For example, he highlighted Google’s investment of about 800 million Euros in Hamina, Russian data center Yandex’s investment in Mäntsälä and Microsoft’s plans for investing about 250 million in Finland. But he noted that Finland was still losing more jobs than those that were being created.

In November 2013, Katainen said "Finland needs more direct foreign investment to accelerate the economy and increase growth and employment. The government approved the strategy for attracting national investment last December. The strategy emphasis the ICT sector, including data centres, as a core area."

European Union
In his position as Prime Minister, Katainen recommended that European leaders rebuild the unity of the European Union because it was undermined by the euro zone debt crisis. Speaking at a Reuters Euro Zone Summit, he noted that mutual resentment between citizens of the northern creditor states and poorer debtor countries may have fuelled euroscepticism and perhaps this may have posed a threat to the 28-nation bloc's unity.

Katainen said calls for more European involvement were unpopular at a time when globalization had made people afraid of losing their jobs and lowering their standard of living.

The enforcement of overhauled budget discipline rules and the creation of a banking union with a single supervisor and a mechanism to wind up failed banks without making taxpayers pay had achieved the main changes needed to stabilize the euro zone.

Asked whether the EU treaty should be changed in the next five years after European Parliament elections in May, Katainen said he was a pragmatist and most of what Europe needed could be achieved by strengthening and extending its internal market.

According to Katainen, the key reforms to pensions, labor markets and education needed to keep European countries competitive with the rest of the world and make its social model affordable were in the hands of national governments.

Katainen called for a single market in clean technology, noting that Finland was producing third-generation non-food biofuels that could not enter some EU countries because regulation had not kept pace with innovation.

To combat eurosceptics in the pan-European election, EU leaders should address issues that are important to voters who support populist political parties.

Regarding the recent situation in Ukraine Katainen noted that Finland would not enforce economic sanctions against Russia. He recommended that leaders and citizens remain level headed regarding the situation in Crimea. According to the Prime Minister, sanctions against Russia may negatively impact the Finnish economy.

Vice-President of the European Commission
Katainen resigned as the chairman of Finland's National Coalition Party and as the Finnish Prime Minister in June 2014 and was elected as European Commissioner on 16 July 2014. He was later confirmed as Vice-President-designate for jobs, growth, investment and competitiveness in the European Commission. Katainen's new responsibilities as Vice-President are to formulate recommendations to ensure that Member States' economies are on a path of sustainable of growth and job creation, to supervise the Union's common currency (the euro) and to produce the Commission's regular economic forecasts and economic indicators.

According to Swedish social democrat Marita Ulvskog, "Katainen's strength is that he comes from a Nordic country, and he understands the importance of strong social partners in the labor market. We cannot solve the (Euro) crisis without social dialogue, and he understands this." Katainen has been assigned the task of finding €300 billion to invest in the growth and economy of the European Union.

In a 2015 interview, the former prime minister of Finland quickly pointed out that "investment is truly a golden thread that weaves together everything that we do – we need to invest in our people, in our partnerships and in our planet". This means not only "giving people the skills they need for the 21st century economy", but also promoting "mobility inside and outside the union, in a way that supports economic growth and social cohesion, protects against external threats and contributes to international development".

Ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election, Katainen was named among potential spitzenkandidats for the European People's Party. However, in June 2018, Katainen announced that he was not seeking candidacy and instead was going to leave politics after the end of his term in the commission.

Life after politics
After leaving politics, Katainen was appointed president of SITRA for a term of five years. In June 2023, Katainen was named head of the financial group Nordea's public affairs unit.

Other activities

 * European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2007–2011; since 2014)

Cabinets

 * Katainen Cabinet

title: Jyrki Katainen


text:
Bishopton, Renfrewshire

Bishopton (/bɪʃəptən/) (Bishoptoun; Baile an Easbaig) is a village in Renfrewshire, Scotland. It is located around 2 mi west of Erskine.

History
There was a Roman Fort at Bishopton which was discovered from aerial photographs in 1949. The fort is about 1 km (0.6 mi) west of the village. It overlooked the former ford at Dumbuck, on a flat-topped hill around 60 m above the river, allowing ready surveillance of the River Clyde. The fort at Whitemoss Farm may have been held initially from 140 to 155 A.D. Pottery with Antonine era date stamps was found at the site. The pottery and many other finds were catalogued at the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow along with several coeval items like the distance slab of the Twentieth Legion from Old Kilpatrick. There was an earlier Roman fort on Barochan Hill, less than 2 mi to the south-west towards Houston. Bishopton was originally in the Parish of Erskine. The name of the village is reflected in a nearby house: Bishopton House. A famous family called the Brisbanes lived there. The house became a convent known as Good Shepherd Centre and latterly Cora Foundation.

The former Royal Ordnance Factory site
A large explosive manufacturing factory was once sited in Bishopton. The Royal Ordnance Factory Bishopton (ROF) was opened during World War II on farm land, acquired by compulsory purchase order. It was situated on the western side of the railway line running through Bishopton. Over 2000 acres of land from up to seven farms was used to build the factory. The land included Dargavel House. The southern end of the site included the majority of the land formerly used by the World War I National Filling Factory, Georgetown. The ROF was privatised in 1984, being sold to British Aerospace (now BAE Systems), which has since scaled down and shut most of the site. The factory was in use from 1915 until 2002, producing ammunition, explosives and propellants.

After privatisation, the MOD Police moved out and the former MOD Police Social Club at HolmPark, and its adjoining sports field, became part of Bishopton. The former MOD Police houses at both HolmPark and Rossland Crescent were sold off to private buyers. Bishopton's Medical Centre was built in a corner of the sports field, opposite the shops.

Dargavel Village
In 2005, BAE Systems and Redrow submitted proposals to use a large part of the site for building new housing which would, at least, double the size of Bishopton. Local residents indicated their concern at the proposals; the major concerns they had were with the size of the expansion – with the associated knock-on effects to the local infrastructure – and fears of the contamination that was likely to be found on the site. In December 2008 Renfrewshire Council granted outline planning consent for the development and detailed planning consent for a related motorway junction off the A8/M8.

By early 2016, following extensive decontamination work, a significant portion of the development had been completed, with a number of the houses (the total number of dwellings having risen from 2,500 in 2008 to 4,000 in 2019, involving multiple housebuilders)  built and inhabited along with some shopping facilities. However, a new primary school which was originally approved in 2009 had still not been completed a decade on and was reassessed to be built in 2021 with fresh concerns over the proposed catchment zone potentially leading to division between the old and new communities in the area, and that the school would simply be too small to cope with the ongoing influx of children, with the majority of the Dargavel housing being marketed for young families to move there.

Education
Bishopton Primary School – a co-educational, non-denominational state school – was the only school within the village until Dargavel Primary School was opened in January 2022. A third primary school, also in Dargavel, is set to open in August 2027. For secondary education, the village falls within the catchment area of Park Mains High School in Erskine, and within the catchment of Trinity High School in Renfrew, as part of Scotland's network of Catholic educational institutions.

Notable people

 * Baroness Goldie, former MSP & leader of the Scottish Conservatives
 * Derek Mackay, former MSP & Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy
 * Gavin Newlands, MP for Paisley and Renfrewshire North
 * Douglas Alexander former MP & Foreign Secretary
 * Wendy Alexander, former MSP & leader of Scottish Labour Party

Transport
Bishopton is located around 2 mi from the southern end of the Erskine Bridge, which spans the River Clyde between Renfrewshire and West Dunbartonshire. Before the bridge was built, the Erskine Ferry transported vehicles across the Clyde. The A8 road passes through Bishopton, and the M8 motorway passes to the north, running parallel to the A8, with access to Bishopton from junctions 30 and 31. Bus services are provided by McGill's, with buses operating to Clydebank, Greenock and Erskine.

Bishopton is served by Bishopton railway station on the Inverclyde Line. The station opened in 1841. There are five services per hour (off-peak): four to/from Gourock, and one to/from Wemyss Bay with four per hour in the other direction to and from Glasgow Central. Evenings and Sundays there are two trains per hour to Glasgow Central and hourly services to both Wemyss Bay and Gourock. A short branch to the former ROF factory is now disused.

Bishopton is 4 mi north-west of Glasgow Airport.

Geography
Bishopton is situated in the north east of Renfrewshire. It lies to the south of the River Clyde. The village borders a number of nearby settlements, some separated by a rural hinterland. It is about 5 mi north-west of Paisley and around 195 ft above sea level. In terms of address names, Bishopton has Crescents, Roads and Drives, but no Streets.

title: Bishopton, Renfrewshire


text:
Asbach

Asbach may refer to:

Places in Germany

 * Asbach, Birkenfeld, in the Birkenfeld district, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Asbach (Verbandsgemeinde), a collective municipality in the Neuwied district, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Asbach (Westerwald), a local municipality
 * Asbach-Sickenberg, in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia
 * Asbach-Bäumenheim, in the Donau-Ries district, Bavaria
 * Asbach (Laberweinting), a village in Laberweinting, Straubing-Bogen district, Bavaria
 * A locality in Schmalkalden district, Thuringia
 * Asbach, Hesse, a district of the municipality Modautal

Other uses

 * Asbach Uralt, a German brandy

title: Asbach


text:
Rørvik

Rørvik is a port town and administrative centre in the municipality of Nærøysund in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is on the eastern side of the Vikna archipelago on the island of Inner-Vikna. The 1.82 km2 town has a population (2023) of 3,615 and a population density of 1715 PD/km2.The municipality has a population (2023) of 10,014.

Prior to 2020, the town served as the administrative centre of the old Vikna Municipality. There are several museums in Rørvik. The Norwegian Coastal Museum, with its center for coastal culture and vessel protection, is located here. The critically acclaimed museum building Norveg was designed by the architect Guðmundur Jónsson. Rørvik is also home to the Ytre Namdal Upper Secondary School, Ytre Namdal Vocational School for maritime education and the Safety Center Rørvik which offers safety training for seafarers. Old Rørvik church from 1896 burned to the ground in 2012, and new Rørvik Church, designed by the architectural firm Pir2, was consecrated on 22 December 2019. There is a hotel (Kysthotellet) and an apartment hotel (Rørvik rorbuer) in Rørvik.

The port of Rørvik is the largest port facility in Central Norway with over 15,000 ship calls each year. Rørvik is also a port of call for a number of cruise ships.

Economy: Significant industries are ship-related industry, fishing, and commercial salmon fish farming. Some work in public service. Telenor is an employer (as of 2024).

Geography
The town is located in the northwestern part of Trøndelag county in central Norway, approximately 200 km north of the city of Trondheim (320 km by road). Rørvik lies at the eastern part of the Vikna archipelago, on the Inner-Vikna island at the western shore of the Nærøysundet strait, facing the mainland on the eastern shore of the strait. The climate is maritime, and many private gardens have plum and apple trees even here at a latitude of 65°N.

History
This area was early settled, and there are several prehistoric burial mounds. Among the rocky slopes and cliffs on the islands are many surprisingly lush lowland fields, and farming and fishing were the traditional ways of life, as they partly still are. At the census in 1701, there were only four households in Rørvik. When the state established a postal and passenger route in northern Norway in 1838 served by steamships, they were dispatched at Kråkøya, which is located 4 km north of Rørvik. When Rørvik became a shuttle provider in 1859, the merchant on Kråkøya wanted a shuttle provider to be established on the Nærøy side of the strait, but the municipal council did not agree to it, instead they recommended that the port of call for the steamships be moved to Rørvik, something that happened in 1863. The post office was also moved there in 1866. Rørvik thus grew up as a town connected to the sea and communications. In addition, there was a trading post with merchants such as Johan Berg and Paul Anzjøn and somewhat later the Holand and Fossaa families as the largest merchants. The state withdrew from steamship traffic in the 1860s and private shipping companies took over with boats built for freight traffic. Rørvik was called at by Hurtigruten from the start in 1893. In addition, there were a number of accommodation and restaurants. The Czech author and journalist Karel Čapek described the place in transit in 1936: "Rørvik, the first small town on an island; inhabited by a number of small wooden houses, including three hotels, ten cafes and an editorial office for the local newspaper."

The subsidy schemes for the establishment of new small farms in Norway contributed to several of the islands in Vikna being populated as late as the 1930s. A few years later, in 1947, the first of the families moved from Ytre Vikna to Rørvik. The migration flow that occurred in the years that followed fell into three categories: those who moved completely out of the district and traveled to one of the industrial sites; those who moved to Rørvik and got work there; and those who moved to Rørvik, but continued to fish in the areas they came from. Before 1955, only Rørvik had access to electricity from a public electricity supplier, and the power lines became decisive for much of the settlement. The development of the road network, distance to public services such as schools, and relocation grants and offers of building-ready plots in Rørvik, were also important reasons why people moved.

The opening of the mainland connection at Fylkesvei 770 and Rørvik Airport, Ryum in the 1970s and 1980s laid the foundation for a new upswing in trade and service industries in Rørvik. In the 1970s, the first experiments with aquaculture also began in the region, which already during the 1980s and 1990s became an important industry.

Transportation
Rørvik is a port of call of the Hurtigruten coastal steamer, and the northbound and southbound ships meet in Rørvik in the evening.

Vikna has been accessible by car from the mainland since 1981 when the Nærøysund Bridge and Marøysund Bridge on Norwegian County Road 770 was completed. There are bus routes to Namsos, Brønnøysund and Grong (train station). The speedboat Namdalingen runs three times daily to town of Namsos, the regional center.

Rørvik Airport, Ryum is located just south of Rørvik, and it serves the region of Ytre Namdalen.

Culture
The Coastal Museum Norveg, with a center for coastal culture and ship protection, is located in Rørvik. The critically acclaimed museum building was designed by the architect Guðmundur Jónsson. The museum also owns Berggården in the center of Rørvik, and together with Nærøysund municipality they manage most of the historically important buildings in the vacated fishing village of Sør-Gjæslingan. The Sør-Gjæslingan fishery consists of approx. 80 islands, islets and reefs. In its time, this was one of the largest and most important fishing villages south of Lofoten, where several thousand fishermen could gather during the season. Sør-Gjæslingan was protected as a national cultural environment in October 2010. It is possible to go on a day trip to Sør-Gjæslingan by boat, and it is possible to spend the night there in simple rorbues. For those who come with their own boat, it is possible to dock at the guest quay at Flatholmen. The display center for aquaculture is a collaboration between Kystmuseet Norveg and SalmoNor AS and conveys the development of the modern Norwegian aquaculture industry. In the permanent exhibition in Norveg, there is a section on aquaculture and it is also possible to join a boat trip to a modern salmon farm. The sea-based part is with the viewing boat MS Sunniva, which has regular viewing trips in the summer. These trips go to a modern aquaculture facility where guides are responsible for tours of the facility, and it is possible to experience the salmon up close.

The Skreifestivalen, a festival of food and coastal culture, has been organized in Rørvik every year since 1998. During the Skreifestivalen, the spectacular outdoor walking theater "Rørvik... the first small town on an island..", which is a central part of the presentation, is shown every year of the coastal culture. Then the lights go out in the city centre, and a dormant hundred-year history is brought to life with all its ingredients of magic, charm, joy and sorrow! This is a somewhat unusual city walk, with a walking theater that stages the history of an entire small coastal town in 1907.

Rørvikdagan with music festival, martna, fun fair and other activities is organized every year in July

title: Rørvik


text:
Ruskin

Ruskin may refer to:

Surname
Surname Ruskin, also Russkin, Russkina, Ruskina. The name occurs especially in Russia, United States and some Asian countries.
 * Edward Ruskin, fictional character of the British soap opera Emmerdale Farm
 * Effie Ruskin, Scottish artists' model, wife of John Ruskin
 * Harry Ruskin, American screenwriter
 * Ira Ruskin, American politician
 * John Ruskin (1819–1900), English author, poet and artist.
 * Joseph Ruskin, American character actor
 * Morris Ruskin, American independent film producer and CEO
 * Scott Ruskin (baseball), American baseball player
 * Scott Ruskin (cricketer), English cricketer
 * Sheila Ruskin, English actress
 * Susan Ruskin, American film producer
 * Val Rapava-Ruskin, English rugby union player

Places

 * Ruskin, British Columbia, Canada
 * Ruskin, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
 * In the United States:
 * Ruskin, Florida
 * Ruskin, Georgia
 * Ruskin, Minnesota
 * Ruskin, Nebraska
 * Ruskin Colony, a utopian socialist colony which existed in Dickson County, Tennessee from 1894 to 1899 (the Florida and British Columbia Ruskins were also Ruskinite colonies)
 * Ruskin Drive, a road in Altoona, Pennsylvania

Institutions

 * Anglia Ruskin University, in Cambridge, England
 * "The Ruskin", the colloquial short form for the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art, Oxford University
 * Ruskin College, Oxford, an adult education college named after John Ruskin
 * Ruskin Colleges, a group of U.S. colleges named after John Ruskin
 * Ruskin Gallery, in Sheffield
 * Ruskin Museum, in Coniston, Cumbria
 * Ruskin Pottery, an English pottery studio in operation between 1898 and 1935
 * Ruskin Hall, a residence hall at the University of Pittsburgh and a National Historic Place
 * Ruskin High School (disambiguation)
 * Ruskin Library; Lancaster University, United Kingdom.

Forename

 * Ruskin Bond, an Indian author of British descent
 * Ruskin Spear, a British painter

Other

 * Ruskin Dam, in British Columbia, Canada
 * Ruskin's Ride, a bridleway in Oxford, England
 * A type of fried potato skin snack that's a clipped version of "russet skin", and may or may not be made from russet potato skins.

title: Ruskin


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Directional Infrared Counter Measures

Directional Infrared Counter Measures (DIRCM) are a class of anti-missile systems produced to protect aircraft from infrared homing missiles, primarily MANPADS and similar simple systems.

Earlier infrared countermeasures like flares or hot block systems that produce random flashes of IR light are semi- or omnidirectional. This results in the missile seeker receiving relatively little IR energy due to the inverse square law. DIRCM systems instead aim their IR output directly at the missile using some source of tracking information and a trainable emitter. This allows a relatively small device to overwhelm the missile seeker by focusing all of its output on it.

Examples are produced by many aerospace companies, such as Leonardo S.p.A., Elbit Systems, Northrop Grumman, ITT Corporation, and BAE Systems. A Russian example is the 101KS-O.

Method of operation
The systems use an effective method of jamming infrared missile seekers through the sensor aperture and can be placed in either active or standby mode. In the standby mode, the aircrew must select the active mode to begin jamming infrared (IR) threats. The pulsing flashes of IR energy confuse the missile guidance system, preventing the tracking of the target aircraft.

AN/AAQ-24
The AN/AAQ-24 system is a directional infrared countermeasure (DIRCM) system. It consists of a missile warning system (AN/AAR-54), an integration unit, a processor, and laser turrets (Small Laser Transmitter Assembly, SLTA). Early versions of this system used an arc lamp to generate the jammer signal. The newer versions of this system produced by Northrop Grumman use diode-based pump systems and are known by the name GUARDIAN. These systems are intended for potential fitting to commercial carriers pending the completion of multiple tests on the viability of such options.

The AN/AAQ-24 system is installed in the Northrop Grumman Guardian system marketed for commercial aircraft. The system will be installed by 2025 on C-17 Globemaster III, MC-130, CV-22, and the CH-53E Super Stallion.

Large Aircraft Infrared Counter-Measure system (LAIRCM) was a US Military requirement for protecting its large aircraft from infrared-guided missiles. The AN/AAQ-24 Nemesis system was produced to serve this requirement.

LAIRCM-Lite is a C-17 program that uses a combination of laser jamming DIRCM and flares due to the limited availability of LAIRCM components.

101KS-O
The 101KS-O is a DIRCM system mounted on the Sukhoi Su-57 fighter jet. It has sensors that are placed in turrets, which are mounted on two points: the dorsal spine and the forward fuselage under the cockpit. It uses modulated laser-based countermeasures to confuse or destroy incoming missiles' tracking mechanisms. The 101KS-O is the first DIRCM that is deployed on any fighter aircraft.

title: Directional Infrared Counter Measures


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Asbach-Sickenberg

Asbach-Sickenberg is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld, in Thuringia, Germany. As a result of the 1945 Wanfried agreement, formerly Hessian Asbach-Sickenberg became part of the Soviet occupation zone and the later German Democratic Republic.

title: Asbach-Sickenberg


text:
Birkenfelde

Birkenfelde is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld, in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Birkenfelde


text:
Talk:Andrés Duany

Untitled
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title: Talk:Andrés Duany


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Naco

Naco, NACO, or NACo may refer to:

Organizations

 * National AIDS Control Organisation, a Government of India "Apex Body" for managing the AIDS epidemic in India by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
 * National Angel Capital Organization, a Canadian association of angel capital groups
 * National Association of Counties, a non-profit liaison between county and federal government
 * National Arts Centre Orchestra, an orchestra in Ottawa, Canada

Places

 * Naco, Arizona, a small town in south eastern Arizona
 * Naco, Sonora, a small town in Mexico
 * Naco (Honduras), an archaeological site in Honduras

Other

 * Name Authority Cooperative Program (NACO), part of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging by the Library of Congress and some more national libraries
 * Netherlands Airport Consultants (NACO), a Dutch airport consultancy firm
 * Naco (slang), a pejorative slang term in Mexican Spanish
 * "Naco", a person from Nacozari de García, Sonora, Mexico
 * "Naco", a fictional product from Kim Possible, a portmanteau of nacho and taco invented by Ron Stoppable
 * National Association of Co-operative Officials, a British trade union
 * National Commodore of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary
 * NAOS-CONICA, an adaptive optics facility used for Very Large Telescope (VLT)

title: Naco


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Dietzenrode-Vatterode

Dietzenrode-Vatterode is a municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany.

title: Dietzenrode-Vatterode


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Ratcliffe College

Ratcliffe College is a coeducational Catholic private boarding and day school near the village of Ratcliffe on the Wreake, Leicestershire, approximately 7 mi from Leicester, England. The college, situated in 200 acre of parkland on the Fosse Way about six miles (10 km) north of Leicester, was founded on the instructions of Blessed Father Antonio Rosmini-Serbati in 1845 as a seminary. In 1847, the buildings were converted for use as a boarding school for upper-class boys. The college became coeducational under the presidency of Father Tony Baxter in the mid-1970s. As of the 2023-2024 academic years, there were 920 students on roll at Ratcliffe, from ages 3 to 18.

The school buildings were designed by the Victorian Gothic revivalist Augustus Welby Pugin. Pugin, who is associated with Catholic architecture throughout the Midlands and north of England, is also noted for his collaboration with Charles Barry in the reconstruction of the Palace of Westminster. The Square was designed by Charles Francis Hansom, brother of Joseph Hansom, the designer of the Hansom cab. Various building works over the years have contributed to Pugin and Hansom's work, and modern buildings include a "new" gothic refectory (constructed in the early years of the twentieth century) and a Byzantine-style church.

Management
The school, operated by Rosmini's Institute of Charity, used to use the title "Father President" for the most senior member of staff who, up until 1996, was always a Father of the Institute. In 1996, the school appointed its first lay President, Tim Kilbride, and the position was renamed Headmaster. He was succeeded in 2000 by Peter Farrar and then in 2009 by Gareth Lloyd. Its current Headmaster is Mr Jonathan Reddin who took up the post in January 2017.

Former Presidents and Headmasters

 * Father Peter Hutton IC 1851 – 1880

Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI)
Ratcliffe College is regularly inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI). This is the body approved by the Department of Education for the purpose of inspecting schools belonging to Independent Schools Council (ISC) Associations and reporting on compliance with independent school regulations.

The School received Excellent report in all areas, during the latest ISI Inspection, 2022 - Focused Compliance and Educational Quality Inspection. The Educational Quality Inspection reports on the quality of the College’s work. It focuses on two key outcomes:

1. The achievement of the students, including their academic development. 2. The personal development of the students.

The College was judged “Excellent” for both outcomes, the highest grade possible.

Partnership with Leicester City Football Club
Ratcliffe College has a partnership with the Leicester City Football Club Academy Programme. Academy players complete their GCSE programme studying and boarding at Ratcliffe College in Years 10 and 11.

Cricket ground
The college cricket ground is used by the college cricket team. The first recorded use of the ground came in 1948, when Ratcliffe College played King Edward's School, Birmingham. The ground has also played host to a single List-A match, when the Leicestershire Cricket Board played Denmark in the 1st round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was played in 2002.

Notable former pupils
Former pupils of Ratcliffe are known as Old Ratcliffians. They include:
 * Terence Alexander, film and television actor, singer
 * John Arnold, bishop
 * Fin Back, professional footballer
 * Ian Bannen, noted Scottish actor and Oscar nominee for Best Supporting Actor (1965)
 * Major Shaun Brogan, MC, SAS officer decorated for Dhofar campaign.
 * Sir Peter Caruana, KCMG QC, former Chief Minister of Gibraltar
 * Douglas Chamberlain, CBE KSG, cardiologist who transformed clinical care
 * Kit Cunningham, disgraced British priest
 * Louis Deacon, England and Tigers rugby player
 * Willie Doyle, Irish Jesuit Priest (killed in action during World War I)
 * Sir Patrick Robin Fearn, KCMG, Diplomat, British ambassador to Cuba and Spain
 * James Gillick, portrait and figurative artist
 * François Grosjean, psycholinguist and researcher on bilingualism
 * Michael Louis Hearn, Irish Nationalist MP for Dublin South
 * Peter Hildreth, British hurdling athlete
 * Major General David Jolliffe, CB FRCP, Director-General of British Army Medical Services
 * Tim Knox, FSA, Art historian, Director of the Royal Collection and former Director of Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
 * Joseph Lauwerys, prominent educationalist who helped to found UNESCO
 * Patrick McGoohan, American-born actor of Irish parentage who rose to fame in the British film and TV industry: starring in the 1960s television series Danger Man and cult classic The Prisoner.
 * Jon Moynihan, Lord Moynihan of Chelsea, businessman, venture capitalist and life peer.
 * Kevin Myers, Irish journalist and writer.
 * Patrick Nuttgens, noted architect, CBE
 * Dr Roderick O'Donnell, FSA, architectural historian
 * Sir Gordon Reece, former advisor to Margaret Thatcher
 * Kevin Shinkwin, Lord Shinkwin of Balham, Conservative politician and life peer.
 * Michael Shipster, diplomat
 * The Rt. Hon Lord St John of Fawsley, PC, former Conservative minister under Margaret Thatcher
 * Sir Henry Joseph Twynham KCSI, British administrator in India, Governor of Central Provinces.
 * Richard Wallace, former editor of the Daily Mirror
 * Tim Wilson, finalist of The Circle
 * Luke Wright, Sussex CCC, and England cricketer.
 * Martine Warmann, powerlifter

title: Ratcliffe College


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Eichstruth

Eichstruth is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. By area, it was the smallest municipality in what was East Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Eichstruth


text:
Lenterode

Lenterode is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2024 it became part of the municipality Uder.

title: Lenterode


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Pontiac Montana

The Pontiac Montana is a minivan that was sold by General Motors under the Pontiac brand for model years 1997 to 2009. Its badge-engineered variants were the Chevrolet Venture and the Oldsmobile Silhouette in the first generation, and the Chevrolet Uplander, Saturn Relay, and Buick Terraza in the second generation. Prior to the 1997 model year, it was known as the Pontiac Trans Sport.

In 1996 for the 1997 model year, the Trans Sport added the Montana moniker as part of an available trim package. This package proved so popular the line was renamed Montana in 1998 for the 1999 model year in the United States and 1999 for the 2000 model year in Canada. When the van was redesigned in 2004 for the 2005 model year, the name was changed to Montana SV6. It was discontinued after the 2006 model year in the United States because of slow sales, but continued to be sold in Canada and Mexico until 2009. Since their introduction, the Pontiac minivans were GM's most popular minivans among consumers in Canada.

The Doraville, Georgia assembly plant which produced the Montana and its siblings closed on September 26, 2008. Sales of the Montana SV6 continued for Canada and Mexico until 2009, a year before the Pontiac brand was discontinued in 2010.

First generation (1997)
The Montana nameplate was first used as a trim level of the Pontiac Trans Sport minivan for the 1997–1998 model years. GM dropped the Trans Sport name in 1998 for MY1999 (1999 and MY2000 in Canada respectively) and the van simply became Montana. It was related to the Chevrolet Venture, the Oldsmobile Silhouette, the Opel/Vauxhall Sintra, and the first generation Buick GL8.

The Opel and Vauxhall models were only sold in Europe, even though they were made in the same factory in the U.S. as with the other U-body minivans. Chevrolet also introduced a nearly identical twin to Pontiac save for its badging for European consumers, named as the Chevrolet Trans Sport. The 2000–2010 GL8 is similar to the first-generation Pontiac Montana, while the 2010–2016 GL8 and 2005–2016 GL8 First Land is similar to the later Pontiac Montana SV6. Both generations of the Buick GL8 minivans were only sold in China.

Despite the redesign of the Montana as the Montana SV6 in 2005, Pontiac continued to sell the original body style for the 2005 model year for fleet use. The last Montana rolled off the production line on March 31, 2004.

Chassis
The Pontiac Montana is based on the GMT200 platform (aka "U-body" in VIN designations), used by the Venture, Silhouette, Sintra, and the first-generation GL8. The new platform uses a unibody type chassis as opposed to the older, uniquely-designed space frame type chassis used in the GMT199 platform minivans. The short wheelbase version measured 112-inches, while the long wheelbase version measured 120-inches. The minivan uses disk brakes for the front wheels and drum brakes for the rear wheels, and uses front MacPherson struts with rear coil over springs.

Powertrain details
The Pontiac Montana continues to use the 180 hp 3.4 L V6 engine from the second-generation Pontiac Trans Sport. A four-speed automatic transmission continues to be offered as standard equipment.

Body

The Pontiac Montana was designed with a more conventional (and conservative) styling reminiscent of the third-generation Dodge/Chrysler/Plymouth minivans, moving away from the "Dustbuster" look of the previous generation U-body minivans. It came in both short and long wheelbase versions. It was initially produced with single or dual sliding doors when it was introduced as a trim level in MY1997, however dual sliding doors would become standard by 1998 when the van became Montana for MY1999. The B-pillars continued to be colored in black in most color choices but were also made as the same color as the body in some color choices.

The interior remained largely the same as the second-generation Trans Sport, including the steering wheel, instrument cluster, and the like. Three seating configurations were available, with eight-passenger (2-3-3) and seven-passenger versions (2-2-3, 2-3-2) being offered. Second-row modular seats with hidden child restraints were available in 2-3-3, 2-3-2, and 2-2-3 configurations, while the rear bench seats (split or full-length) were offered in 2-2-3 configurations. The Pontiac Montana (as well as other U-body minivans) was one of the few minivans which provided seating for eight. The seats were offered in both cloth and leather surfaces, with the latter being an option. New for this generation were cabin air filters, which can be easily accessed from behind an access panel inside the glove compartment. OnStar continues to be offered as an option.

Later model years

Two door/ignition warning chimes were used in the Montana for MY1999, one that was the same one found in the second-generation Trans Sport/Trans Sport Montana and the other was a different-sounding one used in other models.

For 2000, the different-sounding door/ignition warning chime offered in MY1999 was adopted for all models. The instrument cluster was also redesigned as well. No other changes were made to the exterior and interior of the vehicle.

For 2001, the Montana received a minor facelift, with a new front bumper and split grille design, the red markers on the rear bumpers being removed, the B-pillars becoming body-colored as opposed to black in most cases, and a new steering wheel that has, among others, removed the audio control buttons and the "PONTIAC" lettering on the airbag replaced with the Pontiac logo.

For 2003, the sport-style head restraints were dropped in favor of the conventional head restraints that were offered on the Venture and Silhouette. The anti-lock brakes became optional for the Montana as well as for the Venture, but remained as standard equipment for the Silhouette before the demise of the Oldsmobile brand in 2004. A new steering wheel with a completely different design than the previous one was also introduced.

Trim
The standard trim was simply named as the Montana. In contrast to the Trans Sport Montana, which exclusively featured grey/tan body cladding, the Montana offered both monochrome and grey/tan body cladding for all colors. Two rim choices for the wheels continued to be offered. A Montana GT trim came in later in the early 2000s.

The Montana Thunder was introduced in 2002 as the most up-level model of the Montana. It featured special "Thunder" badging, Thunder-specific 16" chrome 5-spoke wheels, upgraded ride and handling package, and a special spoiler on the back of the roof rack. Inside, it had special two-tone black and grey leather seating, and a perforated leather-wrapped steering wheel. Prior to its introduction in 2002, the Montana Thunder nameplate was first used on a 1998 minivan concept showcased at the 1998 North American International Auto Show.

The Thunder trim package was produced in 2002 and 2003, however it was made as an optional package on Montana GTs in 2004 called the "Chrome-Sport" package. Only the "Thunder" badges were discontinued.

Safety criticism

In 1996, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) crash tested a 1997 Pontiac Trans Sport among other minivans of the time. The minivan suffered extreme damage to the vehicle in the 40 mi/h moderate overlap crash test, which has resulted in some criticism by contemporary reviewers. The minivan received a "Poor" rating and was ranked as the "Worst Performing Vehicle" by the institute as a result. This status was also applied to the Chevrolet Venture and the Oldsmobile Silhouette as they both use the same chassis and body design, including the later first-generation Pontiac Montana.

Some comments made by the IIHS after the first test in 1996 were:
 * Major collapse of the occupant compartment left little survival space for the driver.
 * Extreme steering wheel movement snapped the dummy's head backward.
 * The unnatural position of the dummy's left foot indicates that an occupant's left leg would have been seriously injured in a real-world crash of this severity.
 * The forces on the left lower leg were so high that the dummy's metal foot broke off at the ankle.

In a semi-related event, the Trans Sport/Montana's European equivalent, the Opel/Vauxhall Sintra, also fared badly in Euro NCAP's frontal impact crash test on a 1998 model year minivan, made worse by the steering wheel (and airbag) breaking off from the dashboard (a phenomenon that was not present in the IIHS test). Despite performing well in the side impact test, it rated 2.5 stars as a result.

The safety issues of the Trans Sport/Montana and its U-body siblings were later addressed with the Montana SV6 (and the related Uplander), which earned the highest rating of "Good" given by the institute in the moderate overlap crash test.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration gave the van 4 stars for driver protection and 3 stars for passenger protection in the 35 mph frontal impact test. In the side impact test, it received 5 stars for front passenger protection, and 5 stars rear passenger protection. This applies to all other second-generation U-body minivans.

Second generation (2005)
For the 2005 model year, the Montana was restyled, with a higher, SUV-like front clip, while the name was extended to Montana SV6. The 2005 Montana SV6 used a 3.5 L High Value 3500 LX9 V6 that generated 200 hp and 220 ftlbf. For 2006, a 3.9 L LZ9 V6, with 240 hp (179 kW) and 240 lb·ft (332 Nm) torque, was added as an option, and the vehicle added GM badges to the front doors. For 2007, the 3.5 L V6 was dropped, leaving the 3.9 L as the base engine. Consequently, the optional AWD system was also dropped, since it could not handle the torque of the 3.9 L engine. A flex-fuel version of the 3.9 L V6 also became available for 2007, but was only available in Canada and Mexico for the SV6.

Similar to the Chevrolet Uplander, Saturn Relay, and Buick Terraza, it was the second-costliest of its cousins. In the United States and Mexico only the long-wheelbase version was sold.

In Mexico, the Montana continued until the 2009 model year, with the 3.9 L V6 as the only engine option. General Motors marketed it as the Pontiac Montana SV6, and it was almost identical to the discontinued US version, but different from the Canadian-specification model. In some parts of Canada, unsold 2009 models were sold as 2010 models. Some of these were also adapted as city taxis in Toronto and Montreal starting in 2010.

Discontinuation
On November 21, 2005, GM announced that it would close the Doraville, Georgia assembly plant, which produced the SV6, in 2008. However, several months later, GM announced that the SV6 would be discontinued after 2006 in the US due to poor sales, while production for both Canada and Mexico would continue because the SV6 sold better in those markets. The last SV6 for the U.S. market rolled off the assembly line on July 7, 2006. Production ended for Canada and Mexico with the 2009 model year, with the demise of the Pontiac brand a year later and the closing of the Doraville, Georgia plant on September 26, 2008. The last vehicle built was a Canadian-bound Montana SV6 SWB with roof rack in Liquid Silver Metallic. It was delivered to the Marvin Starr dealership in Scarborough, Ontario.

With the discontinuation of the Pontiac brand in 2010, there are no direct replacements for the Montana SV6.

title: Pontiac Montana


text:
Lutter

Lutter or Lütter may refer to:

France

 * Lutter, Haut-Rhin, a commune in the Haut-Rhin department

Germany

 * Lutter am Barenberge, a municipality in the Goslar district, Lower Saxony
 * Lutter am Barenberge (Samtgemeinde), a collective municipality in the Goslar district, Lower Saxony
 * Lutter, Thuringia, a municipality in the Eichsfeld district, Thuringia
 * Lutter, a locality of Neustadt am Rübenberge in the Hanover area, Lower Saxony

Rivers in Germany

 * Lutter (Aa), headwater stream of the Aa in North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Lutter (Ems), tributary of the Ems in North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Lutter (Frieda), tributary of the Frieda in Thuringia
 * Lutter (Lachte), tributary of the Lachte in Lower Saxony
 * Lutter (Leine), tributary of the Leine in Göttingen, Lower Saxony
 * Lutter (Oder), tributary of the Oder in Lower Saxony
 * Grade Lutter, headstream of this Lutter
 * Krumme Lutter, headstream of this Lutter
 * Lutter (Schunter), tributary of the Schunter in Lower Saxony
 * Lütter, tributary of the Fulda in Hesse

People

 * Alfred Lutter (born 1962), American former child actor
 * Howard Lutter (1889–1959), American musician and composer best known for creation of player piano rolls
 * Lilian G. Lutter, British educationist who spent most part of her career in India
 * Parke Lutter, fashion designer (Parke & Ronen)
 * Travis Lutter (born 1973), American mixed martial arts fighter
 * Vera Lutter (born 1960), New York-based artist

Other uses

 * Lutter (TV series), Germany 2007–2010

title: Lutter


text: Template:WikiProjectCSBTasks

title: Template:WikiProjectCSBTasks


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Talk:Dragon's teeth

I removed the link for British Dragons Teeth: http://www.pillboxes.co.uk/html/dragons_teeth.html. Seems to be dead. -NLK

Are they?
In the main article, is the phrase "Switzerland, which is heavily militarized," true or NPOV? It sounds a bit off. Anyone know about this? Thanx 68.39.174.150 02:37, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not the one who wrote it, but (if memory servers) Switzerland has for centuries maintained a very strong defense force (which is why they've stayed out of wars -- conquering them was more trouble than it was worth). →Raul654 07:57, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Split?
How about: Melchoir 11:05, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Dragon's teeth (mythology)
 * Dragon's teeth (fortification)
 * Dragon's teeth (novel)
 * Sounds like a good idea to me! Gaius Cornelius 20:04, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Just to clarify, I'd put the mention of the novel Evolution in the (mythology) daughter article. Melchoir 11:07, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Um, no. One combined article is preferable to three stubs. Raul654 05:45, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Novel and mythology can fit together... but I do think that fortification should be seperate. I'm sure that there is plenty of information about it Le Blue Dude 20:31, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dragon's teeth