text:
User talk:Cayte

ClockworkTroll 03:34, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Enteric nervous system
Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. As a member of the Wikipedia community, I would like to remind you of Wikipedia's neutral-point-of-view policy for editors, which you appear to have violated at Enteric nervous system. In the meantime, please be bold and continue contributing to Wikipedia. Thank you!
 * I understand that this information is very useful and is true, but as stated at WP:V, "the threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth." If you can provide reliable sources for this entry/edits, I have to problem with them. If you have further questions about this, feel free to ask me. Cheers! -- moe .RON   talk  19:50, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I apologize; any edit may be removed that lacks a source based on WP:V, but I may have jumped the gun. I have no problem with you enter the information back in the with proper citation or adding it in with some tags. Again, please don't let this deter your Wikipedia contributions. If you have further questions on this, or any other aspect of Wikipedia, feel free to ask. Cheers again! --  moe .RON   talk  22:23, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Line-by-line citation isn't what I am looking for, as long as a paragraph is cited. Also, WP:V states that the burden of evidence lies with the editors who have made an edit. You can't just post something and then say "let someone else look it up ... until then, it stays!" -- moe .RON   talk  00:21, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Confusing images on Pi bond
In your images Image:Pi-bond.png, Image:No-pi-bond.png, and Image:Sigma-bond.png, what do the grey lines represent what do the grey boxes on some of those lines represent? DMacks 17:51, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

External links on ballet
Hello! External links are often taken as a "For further reading" section, and as such, should complement the article, adding information we could not. As for ballet terminology, Wikipedia has a Glossary of ballet, and as we are working to create free content, it is more beneficial for us to create a better repository of terms and their meanings than to link to a copyrighted collection. Similarly, we shouldn't be linking to content which we should have, or which is only marginally related (physics of all dance is only marginally related to ballet). However, if you meant to reference a section, there's a different method of going about this documented at Citing sources. The links used would be contained in a ==References== section, and it'd especially help if you could indicate which facts were verified and which weren't. The Ballet article is currently undergoing a rewrite, and any help you could offer would be appreciated (see the talk page and WikiProject Ballet's article improvement page for more information on what needs doing). --Keitei (talk) 00:46, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Commercial reference not
You wrote: "The following reference contains a journal of clinical studies not adverts. It is available on sciencedirect.com, a site of Elsevier.  Elsevier is a publisher of science articles. I don't see how it could be construed as commercial except on the assumption that ANY studies of aromatherapy must be commercially rather than scientifically motivated. But that would be POV wouldn't it? Also the directory contained links to research orgs, only some were commercial"
 * International Journal of Aromatherapy Clinical studies of aromatherapy

 * I'm not quite clear on which edit of mine you're refering to, but when I go to the link above, I get to a page where I must pick an article to look at. When I do so, I land, for example, here, which wants $30 to let me view the article, unless I am a registered user.  I would call that commercial.  Perhaps you are a subscriber, and are therefore unaware of the charge?  If I am missing something here, please enlighten me.  Thanks, -- 01:00, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, was the "directory" you're referring to http://www.oilganic.com/associations-research-trade.htm? My problem with that link is twofold-- one, it contains a link, top right, to a page that sells books.  Secondly, it is a directory, something that Wikipedia is not.  You might want to read over Wikipedia's External links guideline.  Essentially, it takes a fairly extraordinary link to qualify as an external link (though you'll certainly see plenty of links in place that don't live up to the guideline).  Cheers! -- Mwanner | Talk 01:08, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, I'm having trouble understanding your statement that there are free abstracts available. If I click on the link above, click on the Full Abstracts tab, check the first article, and then click on Selected Articles, I end up here, which is nowhere.  Am I doing something wrong?  -- Mwanner | Talk 01:25, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ahah! I finally went back to the actual edit of mine that you're referring to, and I now see what you're talking about.  It's confusing because the first two entries don't have abstracts, the third does but it's an empty page, the next few have abstracts but they don't amount to much, finally down at the sixth article we get an abstract worth looking at, and from there on they look pretty good.  It's too bad all the weaker ones are up front.  Anyway, if you want to re-add that link, I won't revert it.  Happy editing! -- Mwanner | Talk 02:27, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Wolfberry edits
Hi! Um, I don't want to be rude, but you edited Wolfberry to read

"Proponents hope that this regulation provides important safeguards for consumers by checking whether new foods are suitable for the whole population, including people with food allergies. Opponents on the other hand fear that it will limit consumer choice and protect monopolistic interests rather than the public"

Can you provide a cite for the opposing views? If they're notable, they need included, but it does need to be shown they're notable. Adam Cuerden talk 20:15, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

I added some references but even w/o them, the text needs rewording because it is opinion not fact. ie "No published large randomized double blind tests for Wolfberry can be found in PubMed" is fact but "this regulation provides important safeguards for consumers" is opinion and must be presented as such. Cayte 01:56, 11 June 2007 (UTC)Cayte

List of plants used as medicine and Herbalism
Hey, I had an idea I thought I'd bounce off you, so to speak. With the two lists, I was thinking that if you had no objections, I would move your contributions from Herbalism to List of plants used as medicine ( which is looking pretty wan and wasted at the moment ), then replace the list in herbalism, with a paragraph or three, briefly outlining a few key examples. For instance, things like willowbark, and digitalis, as examples of plants with well proven efficacy, things like st johns wort, and echinacea, as examples of plants backed by promising research, and grape seed oil, as an example of a herbal remedy whose believed properties have been since disproven.

Anyway, we can discuss it at the talk page, I just thought I'd throw it out there for you to consider. ornis ( t ) 23:02, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well I agree, but my thought was that, rather than having two identical lists, we should keep most of the details on the list page and link to that, with just a handful of pertinent examples on the parent article. ornis ( t ) 00:39, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Homeopathy rewrite
I noticed you had some constructive criticism of my homeopathy rewrite. You posted it on the Herbalism talk page for some reason, I wanted to ask if you would be willing to participate in improving the draft itself by making proposed changes here User talk:Wikidudeman/Homeopathdraft. Thanks.  Wikidudeman  (talk) 02:22, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Tell me what you think of the draft now. I've improved the wording and prose and right now it's looking pretty good. Take a look over it and tell me what changes you would make. Thanks.  Wikidudeman  (talk) 05:50, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Phyllotaxis - needs citation
I noticed you were the one who added the 'researchers such as Snow and Snow' text. Can you please provide a citation for this? Simply dropping names in is obviously not much help, as nobody is going to know what you are talking about without a citation. Thanks. Richard001 01:51, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:Alternate.png
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Duplicate images uploaded
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Proposed Image Deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Cayte


text:
Pith and substance

Pith and substance is a legal doctrine in Canadian constitutional interpretation used to determine under which head of power a given piece of legislation falls. The doctrine is primarily used when a law is challenged on the basis that one level of government (be it provincial or federal) has encroached upon the exclusive jurisdiction of another level of government.

The Constitution Act, 1867, which established a federal constitution for Canada, enumerated in Sections 91 and 92 the topics on which the Dominion and the Provinces could respectively legislate. Notwithstanding that the lists were framed so as to be fairly full and comprehensive, soon, it was found that the topics enumerated in the two sections overlapped, and the Privy Council repeatedly had to pass on the constitutionality of laws made by the federal and provincial legislatures. It was in this situation that the Privy Council evolved the doctrine that, for deciding whether an impugned legislation was intra vires, regard must be had to its pith and substance.

Thus, if a statute is found in substance to relate to a topic within the competence of the legislature, it should be held to be intra vires even though it might incidentally trench on topics not within its legislative competence. The extent of the encroachment on matters beyond its competence may be an element in determining whether the legislation is colourable: whether in the guise of making a law on a matter within its competence, the legislature is, in truth, making a law on a subject beyond its competence. However, where that is not the position, the fact of encroachment does not affect the vires of the law even as regards the area of encroachment.

Nature of pith and substance analysis
The analysis must answer two questions:

 * 1) what is the pith and substance or essential character of the law?
 * 2) does it relate to an enumerated head of power in section 91 or 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867?

Essential character
The first task in the pith and substance analysis is to determine the pith and substance or essential character of the law:

 * What is the true meaning or dominant feature of the impugned legislation? This is resolved by looking at the purpose and the legal effect of the regulation or law. The purpose refers to what the legislature wanted to accomplish.
 * Purpose is relevant to determine whether, in this case, Parliament was legislating within its jurisdiction, or venturing into an area under provincial jurisdiction.
 * The legal effect refers to how the law will affect rights and liabilities, and is also helpful in illuminating the core meaning of the law: see Reference re Firearms Act. The effects can also reveal whether a law is colourable (does the law in form appear to address something within the legislature's jurisdiction, but in substance deal with a matter outside that jurisdiction?). For example, in R. v. Morgentaler (1993), the province of Nova Scotia passed a law that prohibited certain surgical procedures from being performed outside of hospitals under the guise of health services protection. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that in substance, the province was attempting to ban abortions.

The pith and substance analysis is not technical or formalistic it is essentially a matter of interpretation. The court looks at the words used in the impugned legislation as well as the background and circumstances surrounding its enactment. In conducting this analysis, the court should not be concerned with the efficacy of the law or whether it achieves the legislature’s goals.

Assignment
There are two significant principles to be used in determining whether a matter falls within a particular federal or provincial jurisdiction:

 * The Constitution must be interpreted flexibly over time to meet new social, political and historic realities
 * The principle of federalism must be respected, keeping in mind:
 * Power is shared by two orders of government, each autonomous in developing policies and laws within their own jurisdiction
 * Classes of subjects should be construed in relation to one another
 * In cases where federal and provincial classes of subjects contemplate overlapping concepts, meaning may be given to both through the process of “mutual modification”
 * Classes of subjects should not be construed so broadly as to expand jurisdiction indefinitely

Once the law has been characterized it must be assigned to one of the two heads of power. The matters in the exclusive domain of the federal government are enumerated under section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and matters in the exclusive domain of the provincial government are enumerated under section 92. Whether the characterization of a law fits within one of the enumerated matters depends on the breadth given by the court to each matter.

A law found to be valid under the pith and substance analysis of the law may also have some incidental effects upon matters outside of the government's jurisdiction. This is tolerated, as a law is classified by its dominant characteristic. The modern approach to Canadian Constitutional interpretation is to allow a fair amount of interplay and overlap into the other level of government's jurisdiction.

Ancillary effects doctrine
In many circumstances, however, a law that is found to be invalid under the pith and substance analysis may still be saved by using the doctrine of necessarily incidental or ancillary effects. In such cases, the intruding provisions of the law will only be upheld if they satisfy the "rational connection" test.

The doctrine was first articulated in Cushing v. Dupuy, where the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council held that certain rules of civil court procedure could be prescribed under the federal bankruptcy power. It was subsequently confirmed in Tennant v. The Union Bank of Canada, where rules governing warehouse receipts with respect to bank loans could be prescribed under the federal banking power.

The full test was articulated in General Motors v. City National Leasing by Dickson CJ, where he summarized and outlined the analysis to be used in that regard in future cases:

 * The court must determine whether the impugned provision can be viewed as intruding on provincial powers, and if so to what extent.
 * It must establish whether the act (or a severable part of it) in which the impugned provision is found is valid.
 * In cases under the second branch of s. 91(2) this will normally involve finding the presence of a regulatory scheme and then ascertaining whether the hallmarks articulated by the Court have been met by the scheme. If the scheme is not valid, that is the end of the inquiry.
 * If the regulatory scheme is declared valid, the court must then determine whether the impugned provision is sufficiently integrated with the scheme that it can be upheld by virtue of that relationship. This requires considering the seriousness of the encroachment on provincial powers, in order to decide on the proper standard for such a relationship. If the provision passes this integration test, it is intra vires Parliament as an exercise of the general trade and commerce power. If the provision is not sufficiently integrated into the scheme of regulation, it cannot be sustained under the second branch of s. 91(2).

In certain cases, it may be possible to dispense with some of the aforementioned steps if a clear answer to one of them will deal with the issue. For example, if the provision in question has no relation to the regulatory scheme, the question of its validity may be quickly answered on that ground alone.

Use outside of Canada
The pith and substance doctrine as applied in the jurisprudence of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, effectively the British Imperial Court of Appeal, has been carried to other Commonwealth federations. It is used in the Indian Constitution. It was also used in Northern Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The substance of the doctrine has been cast in statutory form in the Scotland Act 1998 for the purpose of devolution to Scotland. It was also used in Australia until 1964, when the High Court case of Fairfax v Commissioner of Taxation overruled its use by an alternate method.

In India
It is used in the Indian Constitution. The doctrine has been applied in India also to provide a degree of flexibility in the otherwise rigid scheme of distribution of powers. The reason for adoption of this doctrine is that if every legislation were to be declared invalid on the grounds that it encroached powers, the powers of the legislature would be drastically circumscribed. Cases relating to Pith and Substance.- Citation in the matter of M/s. Sky Gourmet Catering Private Limited V/s Tax Authorities (Commercial Tax and Service Tax) in the matter of Writ Appeal No. 671 to 726 of 2011 (T-Res) decided on 18th day of April, 2011 by Hon'ble High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore may also be seen.
 * Central Bank Of India vs State Of Kerala & Ors on 27 February, 2009
 * Ms Bharti Telemedia Limited vs Chief Secretory on 30 January, 2014
 * State Of Maharashtra vs Bharat Shanti Lal Shah & Ors on 1 September, 2008
 * The Gujarat University vs Krishna Ranganath Mudholkar And ... on 21 February, 1962
 * Zameer Ahmed Latifur Rehman ... vs State Of Maharashtra & Ors on 23 April, 2010

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pith and substance


text: File:St george staten island.jpg

title: File:St george staten island.jpg


text:
Paul Quinn College

Paul Quinn College (PQC) is a private historically black Methodist college in Dallas, Texas. The college is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). It is the oldest historically black college west of the Mississippi River and the nation's first urban work college.

Paul Quinn is home to the WE over ME Farm, which was created through a partnership with PepsiCo to bring healthy food to the food desert of Dallas.

History
The college was founded by a small group of African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church preachers in Austin, Texas, on April 4, 1872, as the Connectional School for the Education of Negro Youth. Originally, its classes were held in churches and people's homes, but in 1877 the school moved into its own building in Waco, Texas.

The college was renamed Waco College. Classes were held in a modest one-building trade school; freedmen were taught the skills of blacksmithing, carpentry, tanning, and saddle work, common occupations for the era, especially in the increasingly segregated state. This was the model established by the Tuskegee Institute. Later, under the direction of Bishop William Paul Quinn (1788–1873), A.M.E. districts were developed throughout the South and tasked with raising funds to improve the college. During this period, more than twenty acres of additional land was purchased and the curriculum was expanded to include the classical subjects of Latin, mathematics, music, theology, English, plus vocational skills in carpentry, sewing, and household, kitchen, and dining room work. In May 1881, the college was chartered by the State of Texas and changed its name to Paul Quinn College to commemorate the contributions of Bishop William Paul Quinn. In 1898 the school had seven faculty, including four women.

Expansion
The campus was expanded, with new buildings constructed with capital raised from interested patrons. In 1950, the college began significant physical expansion. A campus church, student union building, gymnasium and administration building were erected between 1950 and 1954. Two new dormitories, a modern two-story classroom building, a fully equipped science department, and a new library were added to the campus.

In spring of 1954, the Waco Chamber of Commerce successfully completed a campaign which raised $100,000 for a new women's dormitory to replace one destroyed by a fire. Bishop O.L. Sherman was assigned to supervise the work of the A.M.E. Church in Texas in 1962. His first official act was to have the Charter of the college changed so that trustees could be elected without regard to race, creed, or color. Because of this significant innovation, new leaders from Central Texas were added to the board of trustees.

Dr. Stanley E. Rutland became President of the college in 1969. Under his leadership, the physical plant of the college continued to improve. Among the changes were the addition of a new gymnasium, the renovation of historic Johnson Hall, and the development of the Ethnic Cultural Center. Under Dr. Rutland, the college received accreditation in 1972 with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) for the first time.

Move to Dallas
The college relocated to southeast Dallas, Texas, in 1990. It acquired the former campus of Bishop College from African-American businessman Comer Cottrell. During the first semester in its new home, the college boasted an enrollment of 1,020 students and became the only HBCU in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.

In 2006, Board of Trustees member Peggy Sterling and her employer, American Airlines, secured the services of global management-consulting firm the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) to analyze the operations and performance of the college. BCG's work ultimately provided the Institution with a blueprint that eventually became the college's Strategic Plan from 2007 to 2012.

New direction
In September 2007, Michael Sorrell, a former member of the Board of Trustees, was selected as president, after having served as the interim president since March of that year.

Since his arrival, the college has raised academic standards and embarked on an ambitious revitalization of the campus, which has included spending over $4 million in capital improvements. It has reduced institutional debt by 40 percent and resolved all previous issues with the audit findings.

Sorrell instituted a "business casual" dress code on campus in order to prepare students for work life after college. His next set of plans for the college call for an increased commitment to recruitment and retention.

In 2009, the college's accreditation was challenged by SACS, based on problems with institutional effectiveness and financial stability. Following a lawsuit, a judge issued an injunction which reinstated accreditation prior to hearing of the lawsuit.

Since that time, Sorrell has continued improvements: the college produced over $2 million in budget surpluses in fiscal 2009, 2010, and 2011; achieved unqualified audits for 2009 and 2010; invested more than $4 million in infrastructure improvements without adding any debt; and formed a groundbreaking partnership with PepsiCo to convert an unused football stadium into a fully operational urban farm.

In 2011, the college received membership into the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) accrediting agency.

Paul Quinn's Hispanic student population has grown steadily in recent years, making up at least 12% of the student body.

As of 2016, Paul Quinn is one of only eight work colleges in the nation and the first to be in an urban environment.

In 2016, Paul Quinn implemented the African-American Leadership Institute. President Sorrell stated the institute is Paul Quinn's attempt to address economic development, educational, public policy, and leadership development in the North Texas African-American community.

In 2018, Paul Quinn broke ground on the first new campus building in over 40 years. The Trammel S. Crow Living and Learning Center will include a 30000 sqft dormitory and gym to hold up to 1,500 people. Construction of the new building is expected to be completed in 2019.

Also in 2018, Paul Quinn opened a work program expansion site in Plano, Texas.

In 2021, it was announced Paul Quinn would house an International Baccalaureate school on its campus for students in grades sixth through 12.

The WE over Me Farm at Paul Quinn College
The WE over Me Farm at Paul Quinn College, formerly called the Food for Good Farm at Paul Quinn College, began as an answer to the food desert conditions in the Southern sector of Dallas. In 2008, college president Michael Sorrell, who had shuttered the school's football program shortly after taking office in 2007, talked with a real estate investor about devoting a tract of land to community farming. Although the idea of using the former football field was initially a joke by Sorrell, it soon became reality.

The reconstruction of the football field into a 100-yard farm that produces spinach, herbs, watermelon, potatoes, sweet potatoes, arugula, and other produce has produced partnerships with Yale University and other institutions for the continued study of the impact of urban farming. The dedication of the farm was on May 10, 2010. The farm gives 20 percent of the gross yield to the community. Even before the farm was officially dedicated, it had picked up a major customer in Legends Hospitality, a venue management firm partially owned by the Dallas Cowboys that provides food services for the Cowboys' AT&T Stadium. Yahoo! Sports reported in 2013 that the farm will produce about 17,500 pounds of food for AT&T Stadium in the 2013 football season.

In April 2011, the farm hosted its first major fundraising event. "A Community Cooks" featured 13 top local chefs cooking various dishes for the community. Will Allen, the keynote speaker, is a MacArthur Fellow and one of the foremost thinkers on urban farming. "A Community Cooks" is an annual event.

Cafeteria
Citing health concerns, in August 2012, Paul Quinn banned pork and pork products from being sold at the cafeteria. More turkey, salads and other healthy food options have been included.

We Are Not Trash
The college ended 2011 locked in a battle with the city of Dallas over the McCommas Bluff Landfill, which is approximately 1.5 miles east of the campus. The city's decision to re-route all of Dallas' waste to the landfill, effectively transforming it into one of the largest landfills in the southwest, infuriated the student population. This anger was exacerbated by the fact the school is located in the middle of an area the United States Department of Agriculture has labeled a food desert.

In June 2011, the students organized a town hall meeting and invited city officials to explain the efficacy of expanding the landfill. More than 250 residents attended. This was the largest town hall meeting in this city council district in more than 20 years. The town hall meeting eventually turned into "I AM NOT TRASH", two student-led demonstrations at the Dallas City Hall. Despite the students efforts, the city council voted 8–7 to move forward with the plans to dump all the city's waste into the landfill without any prior study as to the effect of such a decision.

In response, the Quinnite Nation mobilized into WE ARE NOT TRASH, a student-led, community-oriented effort to advocate for thoughtful, citizen-oriented policy-making from their elected leaders. On Saturday, November 5, 2011, approximately 500 people marched alongside a group of civic leaders from south Dallas across one of the Trinity River bridges into Downtown Dallas.

Trayvon Martin verdict
On March 23, 2012, hundreds of community members joined Paul Quinn students to protest the shooting of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida, by George Zimmerman on February 26 of the same year.

August 6, 2013, vice-president of content with HBCU Buzz, Robert K. Hoggard wrote, "Incensed by the legal protections that led to Zimmerman’s acquittal for the killing of Trayvon Martin, Paul Quinn College, a historically black college in Southern Dallas, is offering the new $7,500 Scholarship for Social Justice to a student who shows potential to bring about change in the community and in the justice system."

Student organizations
Student organizations on campus include the Student Government Association, class organizations, the Vocal Ensemble, and the PQC Spirit Team. Furthermore, students can be initiated into honor societies, such as Phi Delta Kappa and Alpha Chi National College Honor Society, as well as National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities. PQC also offers Multicultural Greek Council organizations.

Dress code
Since the 2007 academic year, the college uses a "business casual" dress code. This encourages students to develop professional attitudes and behaviors in preparation for future success. Students are not allowed to wear saggy pants, jeans, flip flops, slippers, pajama bottoms, nor shorts, sweatsuits, or shirts without collars outside their dormitories on weekdays from 7 am - 5:30 pm, unless involved in exercise. A college closet was established to help provide professional business clothing for students in need.

Athletics
The Paul Quinn athletic teams are called the Tigers. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Red River Athletic Conference (RRAC) since the 1998–99 academic year. They are also a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). The Tigers previously competed as a founding member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) from 1920–21 to 1928–29, which is currently an NCAA Division I FCS athletic conference.

Paul Quinn competes in nine intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, track & field and volleyball.

Accomplishments
Paul Quinn teams have won 18 conference championships since 1983.

The men's basketball team has won three national championships in the United States Collegiate Athletic Association, including two under coach James Summers. The first in 1990 featured Roland E. Williams, an NAIA All-American from Tampa. The Tigers and coach Summers won their second title in 1995 and their third in 2022.

The men's track and field team won two Red River Athletic Conference championships, in 2006 and 2007.

The 1924 Paul Quinn Tigers football team coached by Harry Long was the black college football national champion. The Tigers won the SWAC in 1922 and 1924.

Paul Quinn's football and marching band programs ended in 2007 due to budget cuts.

Campus
The John Hurst Adams Administrative Building, formerly Price-Branch Classroom Building, contains the presidential suite administrative offices and classrooms. In the fall of 2011, two fully interactive technology classrooms were built on the second level of the building. These classrooms have state of the art video conferencing capability.

The Isabel and Comer Cottrell Student Union Building, also known as the SUB, was completed in 1970. The SUB includes the cafe, the Tiger's Den, the student lounge, and the student workout facility. In the fall of 2012, the institution will convert the student workout facility into the Quinnite Retention Center, a 24-hour study facility that will aide in the college's efforts to improve retention rates. The space that was formerly the campus bookstore will now be a state of the art gym facility that students, staff, and faculty can use. The Grand Lounge is the campus' primary meeting space. It is also where the weekly Chapel services are held.

The Richard Allen Chapel, formerly Carr P. Collins Chapel, completed in 1970, is currently under renovation. The lawn of the chapel is the venue for the annual commencement exercises. Completed in 1970, it serves as the religious education building.

The gymnasium was completed in 1961. In spring 2011, the gymnasium was outfitted with a new HVAC system.

Zale Library was completed in 1963. The library contains a 9x23 foot mural that was painted by artist Louis Freund in 1968. The mural depicts the progression and struggles of African-Americans in the pursuit of an education. In spring 2011, more than 900 volumes of legal publications were donated by Hunton & Williams, LLP to start the Paul Quinn College Law Library.

The school has one residence hall, the Lucy Hughes Hall, formerly Pearl C. Anderson hall. the dormitory for females opened in 1969 as a facility of Bishop College. It currently serves men and women. The other dormitory buildings were demolished in a 15-building demolition that began in 2010. The campus is gated.

The campus is 91 mi from Waco, 190 mi from Austin, 230 mi from Houston, and 520 mi from New Orleans.

Notable alumni

 * Dick Campbell - theater producer and director in New York who helped launch the career of Ossie Davis
 * Andy Cooper - Negro leagues pitcher inducted into Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006
 * Mims Hackett - member of the New Jersey General Assembly (2002–2007)
 * Christopher Saunders - sports broadcaster for ZNS-TV in the Bahamas
 * Toni Rose - member of the Texas House of Representatives
 * Korey Williams - Canadian Football League player - Graduate of Northwestern Oklahoma State

Notable faculty

 * L. Clifford Davis, civil rights attorney, judge
 * Monroe Alpheus Majors, lecturer from 1900 to 1905

In popular culture
Paul Quinn College was featured in the 2007 movie The Great Debaters starring Denzel Washington.

title: Paul Quinn College


text:
Brewster Jennings & Associates

Brewster Jennings & Associates was a front company set up in 1994 by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as a cover for its officers. The most famous is Valerie Plame, a "covert employee of the CIA" whose then-classified status was published in a syndicated newspaper column by Robert Novak on July 14, 2003. Novak later said that his initial primary source was then-United States Deputy Secretary of State (2001–2005) Richard Armitage, though Armitage disagreed with Novak as to the extent of his role.

Plame affair
According to Walter Pincus and Mike Allen, in the Washington Post of October 4, 2003, Brewster Jennings & Associates was "the obscure and possibly defunct firm" at one time listing Valerie Plame as a staff member:"Plame's name was first published July 14, 2003, in a newspaper column by Robert D. Novak that quoted two senior administration officials. They were critical of Plame's husband, former ambassador Joseph C. Wilson, IV, for his handling of a CIA mission that undercut President Bush's claim that Iraq had sought uranium from the African nation of Niger for possible use in developing nuclear weapons.... The name of the CIA front company was broadcast yesterday [October 3, 2003, on CNN] by Novak, the syndicated journalist who originally identified Plame. Novak, highlighting Wilson's ties to Democrats, said on CNN that Wilson's 'wife, the CIA employee, gave $1,000 to Gore, and she listed herself as an employee of Brewster-Jennings & Associates.'"

Whereas, in his appearance on CNN on October 3, 2003, Novak insisted, as quoted by Pincus and Allen the next day: "'There is no such firm, I'm convinced. CIA people are not supposed to list themselves with fictitious firms if they're under a deep cover – they're supposed to be real firms, or so I'm told. Sort of adds to the little mystery,'" the Washington Post reporters disputed Novak's conviction: "In fact, it appears the firm did exist, at least on paper. The Dun & Bradstreet database of company names lists a firm that is called both Brewster Jennings & Associates and Jennings Brewster & Associates. The phone number in the listing is not in service, and the property manager at the address listed said there is no such company at the property, although records from 2000 were not available."

Pincus and Allen explain also that: "The company's identity, Brewster Jennings & Associates, became public because it appeared in Federal Election Commission records on a form filled out in 1999 by Valerie Plame, the case officer at the center of the controversy, when she contributed $1,000 to Al Gore's presidential primary campaign. After the name of the company was broadcast on October 3, 2003, administration officials confirmed that it was a CIA front. They said the obscure and possibly defunct firm was listed as Plame's employer on her W-2 tax forms in 1999 when she was working undercover for the CIA."

Reiterating that the company was listed on the Dun & Bradstreet database of company names, Ross Kerber and Bryan Bender, in an article published on October 10, 2003, in The Boston Globe, observe that "Plame's exposure as an intelligence operative has become a major controversy in Washington," stating: "Former intelligence officials confirmed Plame's cover was an invention and that she used other false identities and affiliations when working overseas. 'All it was was a telephone and a post office box,' said one former intelligence official who asked not to be identified. 'When she was abroad she had a more viable cover.'"

Furthermore, reporting for the news service Knight Ridder, Warren Stroebel writes: "Compounding the damage, the front company, Brewster Jennings & Associates, the name of which has been reported previously, apparently also was used by other CIA officers whose work now could be at risk, according to Vince Cannistraro, former CIA chief of counterterrorism operations and analysis. Now, Plame's career as a covert operations officer in the CIA's Directorate of Operations is over. Those she dealt with – on business or not – may be in danger. The directorate is conducting an extensive damage assessment. And Plame's exposure may make it harder for American spies to persuade foreigners to share important secrets with them, U.S. intelligence officials said."

D&B statements
A spokeswoman for Dun & Bradstreet, a New Jersey operator of commercial databases, said Brewster Jennings was first entered into its records on May 22, 1994, but wouldn't discuss the source of the filing. Its records list the company, at 101 Arch Street, Boston, Massachusetts, as a "legal services office," which could mean a law firm, with annual sales of $60,000, one employee, and a chief executive identified as "Victor Brewster, Partner."

Origin of the company name
The front company appears to have based its name on the late Benjamin Brewster Jennings, a president and founder of the Socony-Vacuum oil company, which would later become Mobil Oil and which then merged to become part of ExxonMobil. But the Jennings family denies any connection, said a grandson, Brewster Jennings, a real estate investor in Durango, Colorado. He said that since the firm was named as a CIA front he's heard from many friends and family members who "find tremendous humor in all this."

Physical location
According to research published by Pincus and Allen, "The phone number in the Dun & Bradstreet listing is not in service and the property manager at the address listed said there is no such company at the property, although records from 2000 were not available."

101 Arch Street is a 21-story "tower finished in 1988 at the corner of Summer and Arch streets with 405,511 square feet (37673 square meters) of office space, then housing the upscale Dakota's restaurant, since succeeded by Vinalia. Many commuters pass through the building as they exit the Downtown Crossing subway station. 101 Arch was sold in 2003 to CB Richard Ellis Investors of Los Angeles for an estimated $90 million."

Nuclear investigation
According to The Sunday Times and its main source Sibel Edmonds, Brewster Jennings & Associates was used by the CIA to investigate an alleged foreign intelligence ring, including Pakistan's ISI, which was attempting to recruit moles to obtain U.S. nuclear secrets. A parallel investigation was being run by the FBI. The American-Turkish Council put Brewster Jennings in contact with a number of Turkish agents involved in the ring, but who claimed to be conducting research in alternative energy sources. The Turkish agents were on the verge of hiring the firm for consultation when a senior US State Department official tipped them off, leading them to break off the relationship and warn the ISI and others of the front company. The State Department officially denies this. This official was later identified as Marc Grossman, the former Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2001-2005, both under sworn testimony by Edmonds and by other sources.

title: Brewster Jennings & Associates


text:
Probabilistic encryption

Probabilistic encryption is the use of randomness in an encryption algorithm, so that when encrypting the same message several times it will, in general, yield different ciphertexts. The term "probabilistic encryption" is typically used in reference to public key encryption algorithms; however various symmetric key encryption algorithms achieve a similar property (e.g., block ciphers when used in a chaining mode such as CBC), and stream ciphers such as Freestyle which are inherently random. To be semantically secure, that is, to hide even partial information about the plaintext, an encryption algorithm must be probabilistic.

History
The first provably-secure probabilistic public-key encryption scheme was proposed by Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali, based on the hardness of the quadratic residuosity problem and had a message expansion factor equal to the public key size. More efficient probabilistic encryption algorithms include Elgamal, Paillier, and various constructions under the random oracle model, including OAEP.

Security
Probabilistic encryption is particularly important when using public key cryptography. Suppose that the adversary observes a ciphertext, and suspects that the plaintext is either "YES" or "NO", or has a hunch that the plaintext might be "ATTACK AT CALAIS". When a deterministic encryption algorithm is used, the adversary can simply try encrypting each of his guesses under the recipient's public key, and compare each result to the target ciphertext. To combat this attack, public key encryption schemes must incorporate an element of randomness, ensuring that each plaintext maps into one of a large number of possible ciphertexts.

An intuitive approach to converting a deterministic encryption scheme into a probabilistic one is to simply pad the plaintext with a random string before encrypting with the deterministic algorithm. Conversely, decryption involves applying a deterministic algorithm and ignoring the random padding. However, early schemes which applied this naive approach were broken due to limitations in some deterministic encryption schemes. Techniques such as Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) integrate random padding in a manner that is secure using any trapdoor permutation.

Examples
Example of probabilistic encryption using any trapdoor permutation:

 * x - single bit plaintext
 * f - trapdoor permutation (deterministic encryption algorithm)
 * b - hard core predicate of f
 * r - random string

$$ {\rm Enc}(x) = (f(r), x \oplus b(r)) $$

$$ {\rm Dec}(y, z) = b(f^{-1}(y)) \oplus z $$

This is inefficient because only a single bit is encrypted. In other words, the message expansion factor is equal to the public key size.

Example of probabilistic encryption in the random oracle model:

 * x - plaintext
 * f - trapdoor permutation (deterministic encryption algorithm)
 * h - random oracle (typically implemented using a publicly specified hash function)
 * r - random string

$$ {\rm Enc}(x) = (f(r), x \oplus h(r)) $$

$$ {\rm Dec}(y, z) = h(f^{-1}(y)) \oplus z $$

title: Probabilistic encryption


text: User talk:81.153.236.59

title: User talk:81.153.236.59


text: Category talk:Cities in Ukraine

title: Category talk:Cities in Ukraine