text:
Palmerston Island

Palmerston Island is a coral atoll in the Cook Islands in the Pacific Ocean about 290 mi northwest of Rarotonga. James Cook landed there on 16 June 1774.

Overview
Palmerston Island is one of a number of sandy islets on a continuous ring of coral reef enclosing a lagoon. The only inhabited islet is Home. The total land area of the islets is approximately 1 sqmi. The coral reef covers about 3600 acre. The lagoon is some 7 mi across, covering an area of 22 mi2. There are several small passages through the reef for boats, though there is no safe entry for large ships. At a latitude of 18 degrees south, Palmerston enjoys a tropical climate but is exposed to severe tropical cyclones. A particularly destructive series of storms occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. The atoll rim consists of a series of motu or islets. Clockwise from Home, these include:
 * Home
 * North Island
 * Tara i tokerau
 * Marions bank
 * Motu Ngangie
 * Lee To Us
 * Leicester
 * Small Cooks
 * Karakerake
 * Primrose
 * Toms
 * Cooks

All the islets are wooded with coconut palms, pandanus, and native trees. There is some natural ground water on Palmerston but water captured from rainfall is preferred for drinking. Shellfish inhabit the reef, and fish are abundant although there are concerns about overfishing. 25 people live in Palmerston, all but three descended from 19th century English sailor William Marsters.

The economy is based on fishing and though Palmerston's extreme remoteness makes a cash market difficult to maintain; in fact it is more like the subsistence ways of life in the northern atolls. Electricity and other modern utilities are available. Communication to the outside world is provided by Vodafone Cook Islands, including landline, internet and cellular phone service. The island has no airport or air service, but cargo ships visit a few times a year.

History
Palmerston was recorded by Captain Cook in 1774, but he did not land on the island until 13 April 1777. He found it uninhabited, though some ancient graves were discovered. Cook named the island after Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston, then one of the Lords Commissioner of the Admiralty. The ancient name of the island was supposedly Avarau, meaning "two hundred harbour entrances". In 1863 William Marsters, a ship's carpenter and barrel maker, arrived on Palmerston from Manuae with two Polynesian wives. He added a third wife and sired a large family of some 23 children, whose descendants now inhabit Palmerston. Thus, Palmerston Island is the only island in the Cook Islands for which English is the native language.

Palmerston was annexed by the British Empire on 23 May 1891 and in 1892, the British Government granted William a 21-year lease which was extended until 1954. Palmerston came under New Zealand administration in 1901.

William Marsters, originally thought to have come from Leicestershire, England, is now believed to have come from Gloucestershire, which might explain why his descendants now spell the name "Marsters" due to the Gloucestershire accent. By the time his youngest daughter Titana Tangi died in 1973, there were over a thousand of Marsters' descendants living in Rarotonga and New Zealand.

Though only some 24 family members remain on Palmerston, all of Marsters' descendants consider the island their ancestral home. In 1954 the family was granted full ownership of the island. Three branches of the family remain on Palmerston, each branch being descended from one of William's three wives, marriage within a family group being prohibited. All of William's wives came from Tongareva and there are still many family links and common ancestors between these atolls.

Governance
Palmerston is administered by the Cook Islands government, through the Palmerston Island Administration (PIA), in association with New Zealand.

The Island's Council consists of six members, the three heads of each family and three other members appointed by each family. The Mayor is Bill Marsters.

title: Palmerston Island


text:
Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa

Jorge Nuno de Lima Pinto da Costa (born 28 December 1937) is the former president of Portuguese sports club Porto from 1982 until 2024. He is the president with most titles won (69) and most days in charge in world football. He was involved in the Portuguese football corruption scandal Apito Dourado, from which he was eventually absolved in April 2009 after receiving a two-year suspension and a €10,000 fine in May 2008.

Early years
Pinto da Costa was born in Porto, the son of José Alexandrino Teixeira da Costa and Maria Elisa Bessa Lima de Amorim Pinto, who fathered other four children, including future forensic pathologist José Eduardo.

In his late teens, Pinto da Costa started working as a bank teller. He began collaborating with Porto, while keeping his day job; in 1953, on his 16th birthday, his maternal grandmother registered him as a club associate and he was a frequent attender of the team's football and roller hockey games, eventually going on to work in directorial capacities in the latter department, in his early 20s.

Directorial beginnings
Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa's career at Porto started when he was just 20 years old, after accepting the club's invitation to join the rink hockey administrative commission. In 1962, he became chief of the rink hockey department, a job he would eventually accumulate after also taking over as chief of the boxing department in 1967. In 1969, he integrated Afonso Pinto de Magalhães's Chairman candidacy list as Head of all Amateur Departments. Their list won the elections and he held the job for the three following years. Despite being invited by future president Américo de Sá to join his then candidacy list, he refused the offer as he felt the candidate should bring forward a renewed list. He left the club in 1971 after Pinto de Magalhães's mandate was over.

Return
In 1976, Porto's most popular department, association football, was facing the longest title drought in the club's history, having not won the Primeira Liga for 19 years. This period coincided with the rise of neighbors Boavista, who under the guidance of Pinto da Costa's friend and Porto's former player and coach, José Maria Pedroto, would win later that season the Taça de Portugal.

On the same night, Porto's transfer target Brazilian player Amarildo, fled to city rivals Boavista at the last-minute; Pinto da Costa was provoked by friends, some of whom were directors of Boavista, with allegations that Boavista had surpassed Porto as the city's major sporting force. He considered this an outrage and vowed on that night to return to his beloved club. Soon after, he contacted then Porto's chairman Américo de Sá and both arranged his return through the formers re-election list, this time as director of football. Before the elections, he agreed terms with José Maria Pedroto, who was still coaching Boavista at the time. In May 1976, chairman Américo de Sá was re-elected and Pinto da Costa returned to the club as director of football, alongside Pedroto as a coach.

Rise and first victories
It was under Pinto da Costa's and José Maria Pedroto's guidance that, in 1976–77, Porto won the Taça de Portugal, their first silverware in 18 years. During the following season, their success continued when they finally broke their 19-year-old title drought and won the 1977–78 league. The 1978–79 season would mark a back-to-back league title for both men. Subsequently, though, in 1980 after failing a third title in a row, internal disputes regarding other sporting departments having too much influence in Porto football section led to their resignation. Following their resignation 15 first team players refused to play for the club. This specific period of time is dubbed as "Verão Quente" (Hot summer).

Pinto da Costa and Pedroto, Chairman and Manager
On 17 April 1982, following internal disputes in Porto, Pinto da Costa was elected the 31st Chairman of the club and took office on 23 April. He chose Pedroto as the association football manager and this partnership was to have a lasting effect on Porto's whole structure. Pedroto was a visionary, a highly talented football player whose charisma as coach was unique. Under Pedroto, in 1984, Porto reached its first European final. Porto lost 2–1 to Juventus in Basel, in the Cup Winners' Cup final. By then, Pedroto was already ill, having been diagnosed with cancer. He would resign his duties and died shortly afterwards, in 1985.

European Champions
Artur Jorge was appointed as Pedroto's replacement, and European recognition would finally come under his spell. In 1987, Porto faced Bayern Munich for the European Cup final. At half-time, Bayern took a 1–0 lead. But the rookie Portuguese side would come back to claim a historic victory. Algerian Rabah Madjer scored with his heel to draw the match, and Juary later sealed the 2–1 win that ensured Porto the biggest feat of its near centenary history.

Years of domestic success - association football
Domestic success continued to be a hallmark of Porto in subsequent years, and 1995–99 became the highest note of Portuguese domestic competition ever, following titles by Bobby Robson (1995 and 1996) and António Oliveira (1997 and 1998); Fernando Santos captured a record-setting fifth consecutive title in 1999.

Porto later achieved second place in the championship, but won the 2000 and 2001 Portuguese Cups (whilst reaching the European quarter-finals in both seasons), only to replace Fernando Santos with Octávio Machado. Octávio however only had a short stint at Porto. His replacement would be José Mourinho.

1999 Sweep
In the end of the 1998–99 season, Porto swept the Portuguese professional sports by winning all the competitions in which it had a professional team: football, handball, basketball and rink hockey. It also won the swimming national championship, which made a total of five championship titles in the same year. In Portugal, it was called the "double penta", making reference to the five consecutive championships in football.

José Mourinho era
Mourinho joined Porto in January 2002, the club was in fifth place on the table. Mourinho would ensure a UEFA Cup berth for the following season, ending the league in third. The summer of 2002 saw a lot of movement on the transfer market by Porto. The bets consisted mainly on Portuguese players playing in Portugal, yet to prove their true worth, as well as, for the most part, little known foreigners. It most certainly worked, and such was Mourinho's impressive work in Porto, that he managed to lead the club to two glorious seasons in 2003 and 2004, wrapping up consecutive Portuguese titles and a UEFA Cup and Champions League in quick succession. During this period, Pinto da Costa remained somewhat in Mourinho's shadow and allowed him a very firm grip on all matters regarding football.

Post-Mourinho era
Victory in the Champions League final in 2004 meant that Mourinho left Porto, looking for another challenge in a bigger league. He was replaced by Luigi Del Neri, who only lasted four weeks on the job. In came Victor Fernandez, who qualified the club for the Champions League last 16 and won the Intercontinental Cup. He was sacked in late January 2005 following a home defeat to Braga, which saw the club lose the championship lead. José Couceiro took over and led the club to a final standing of second in the league. He subsequently resigned his post.

In late May 2005, Co Adriaanse, the former coach of Willem II, Ajax and AZ Alkmaar, was appointed as the new Porto coach.

Under his guidance, Porto became an attacking team and the results were mixed, solid performances mixed with severe defensive flaws. European results, in particular, were terrible, and Porto suffered a humiliating exit from the UEFA Champions League in the group stage.

However, Adriaanse still guided Porto to a domestic double, wrapping up the title with two games to spare, and beating Vitória de Setúbal in the Cup final.

Adriaanse resigned before the start of the 2006–07 season, due to internal disputes with the club's board, and was subsequently replaced by former Benfica and Braga manager Jesualdo Ferreira, who had only just joined arch-rivals Boavista that season, and left without managing a single competitive match for Boavista. With him, Porto won the league three consecutive times in 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09.

In the 2010–11 season, with André Villas-Boas, Porto won the Portuguese SuperCup, the Portuguese title, the UEFA Europa League and the Portuguese Cup.

From 2013 to 2017, he failed to conquer any silverware, contributing to the biggest hiatus during his presidency.

Apito Dourado affair
Pinto da Costa was one of the people investigated by the police as part of the Apito Dourado (Golden Whistle) sports corruption scandal in Portuguese football. The investigation caused him to flee to Spain with his then partner Carolina Salgado in order to avoid detention in 2004. He was formally accused of corruption on 12 June 2007, along with Reinaldo Teles, another member of Porto's administration.

Following the inquiry, Pinto da Costa vowed to appeal the two-year ban placed on him by the LPFP's Discipline Committee in order to clear both his and the club's names. In a short interview, he stated: "We will not appeal the points deductions and we will still have a 14 or 15-point lead. But Porto's honour will be salvaged because I, personally, as president and a citizen, will appeal on Monday to the Justice Council. After this appeal, we will wait to see the truth come out and it will allow us to show there is no reason for Porto to have been penalised."

In early April 2009, Pinto da Costa was declared innocent in all allegations relating to bribery or any case dealing with Apito Dourado.

Later, on 21 January 2010, the Portuguese newspaper Correio da Manhã revealed that many of the wiretapped phone calls in the Apito Dourado scandal were made public on YouTube.

In May 2011, the decision made by the LPFP's Discipline Committee that initially punished Porto (six points were deducted) and Pinto da Costa (suspended for two years) was declared void and was thus annulled by the Administrative Court of Lisbon. Porto recovered those points in July 2017.

Domestic

 * Primeira Liga: 23
 * 1984–85, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2021–22

 * Taça de Portugal: 15
 * 1983–84, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1993–94, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23
 * Taça da Liga: 1
 * 2022–23
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 22
 * 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018, 2020, 2022

International

 * Intercontinental Cup: 2
 * 1987, 2004

 * European Cup/UEFA Champions League: 2
 * 1986–87, 2003–04

 * UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League: 2
 * 2002–03, 2010–11

 * European Super Cup: 1
 * 1987

In December 2011, he won the "Director's Career" and "Director of the Year" awards at the Globe Soccer Awards hosted in Dubai.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa


text:
User:Vulkan~enwiki

Hallo, I come from Germany (Bremerhaven) and my name is Uwe Horst Friese.

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Vulkan

title: User:Vulkan~enwiki


text:
Talk:Hubbert Peak/to do

 * Explain how theory applies to
 * Rates of Consumption
 * Reserve Depletion
 * Discovery
 * Fuel Efficiency
 * Rates of Production
 * Natural Gas

 * History
 * More biography info on Hubbert
 * More on 1956 prediction

 * Alternative energy
 * Details on what it means to be a renewable energy source.
 * Nuclear fusion
 * Abiotic oil
 * Hydrogen Fuel Cells
 * Wind Power

 * Theory's effect on...
 * Foreign policy
 * OPEC vs. non-OPEC production
 * PNAC and possible Iraq connection
 * Oil Monopoly
 * Oil Prices

 * Possible futures
 * Oil wars
 * Severe economic depression
 * Power outages and the Olduvai Theory
 * Widespread famine
 * Transitions through anarchy, scavengery, self-sufficiency
 * Challenges of increasing non-conventional oil production

title: Talk:Hubbert Peak/to do


text:
Feminist legal theory

Feminist legal theory, also known as feminist jurisprudence, is based on the belief that the law has been fundamental in women's historical subordination. Feminist jurisprudence the philosophy of law is based on the political, economic, and social inequality of the sexes and feminist legal theory is the encompassment of law and theory connected.The project of feminist legal theory is twofold. First, feminist jurisprudence seeks to explain ways in which the law played a role in women's former subordinate status. Feminist legal theory was directly created to recognize and combat the legal system built primarily by the and for male intentions, often forgetting important components and experiences women and marginalized communities face. The law perpetuates a male valued system at the expense of female values. Through making sure all people have access to participate in legal systems as professionals to combating cases in constitutional and discriminatory law, feminist legal theory is utilized for it all.

Second, feminist legal theory is dedicated to changing women's status through a rework of the law and its approach to gender. It is a critique of American law that was created to change the way women were treated and how judges had applied the law in order to keep women in the same position they had been in for years. The women who worked in this area viewed law as holding women in a lower place in society than men based on gender assumptions, and judges have therefore relied on these assumptions to make their decisions. This movement originated in the 1960s and 1970s with the purpose of achieving equality for women by challenging laws that made distinctions on the basis of sex. One example of this sex-based discrimination during these times was the struggles for equal admission and access to their desired education. The women's experiences and persistence to fight for equal access led to low rates of retention and mental health issues, including anxiety disorders. Through their experiences, they were influenced to create new legal theory that fought for their rights and those that came after them in education and broader marginalized communities which led to the creation of the legal scholarship feminist legal theory in the 1970s and 1980s. It was crucial to allowing women to become their own people through becoming financially independent and having the ability to find real jobs that were not available to them before due to discrimination in employment. The foundation of feminist legal theory reflects these second and third-wave feminist struggles. However, feminist legal theorists today extend their work beyond overt discrimination by employing a variety of approaches to understand and address how the law contributes to gender inequality.

History
The first known use of the term feminist jurisprudence was in the late 1970s by Ann Scales during the planning process for Celebration 25, a party and conference held in 1978 to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first women graduating from Harvard Law School. The term was first published in 1978 in the first issue of the Harvard Women's Law Journal. This feminist critique of American law was developed as a reaction to the fact that the legal system was too gender-prioritized and patriarchal.

In 1984 Martha Fineman founded the Feminism and Legal Theory Project at the University of Wisconsin Law School to explore the relationships between feminist theory, practice, and law, which has been instrumental in the development of feminist legal theory.

The foundation of the feminist legal theory was laid by women who challenged the laws that were in place to keep women in their respective places in the home. A driving force of this new movement was the need for women to start becoming financially independent.

Women who were working in law started to focus on this idea more, and started to work on achieving reproductive freedom, stopping gender discrimination in the law and workforce, and stop the allowance of sexual abuse.

Main approaches
Some approaches to feminist jurisprudence are:
 * the liberal equality model;
 * the sexual difference model;
 * the dominance model;
 * the anti-essentialist model;
 * and the postmodern model.

Each model provides a distinct view of the legal mechanisms that contribute to women's subordination, and each offers a distinct method for changing legal approaches to gender.

The liberal equality model
The liberal equality model operates from within the liberal legal paradigm and generally embraces liberal values and the rights-based approach to law, though it takes issue with how the liberal framework has operated in practice. This model focuses on ensuring that women are afforded genuine equality including race, sexual orientation, and gender—as opposed to the nominal equality often given them in the traditional liberal framework—and seeks to achieve this either by way of a more thorough application of liberal values to women's experiences or the revision of liberal categories to take gender into account. The liberal equality model applies Kimberlé Crenshaw's theoretical framework of intersectionality in relation to a person's lived experience. For example, when black women are only provided legal relief when the case is against her race or gender.

The sexual difference model
The difference model emphasizes the significance of gender discrimination and holds that this discrimination should not be obscured by the law, but should be taken into account by it. Only by taking into account differences can the law provide adequate remedies for women's situation, which is in fact distinct from men's. The difference model suggests that differences between women and men puts one sex at a disadvantage; therefore, the law should compensate women and men for their differences and disadvantages. These differences between women and men may be biological or culturally constructed. The difference model is in direct opposition to the sameness account which holds that women's sameness with men should be emphasized. To the sameness feminist, employing women's differences in an attempt to garner greater rights is ineffectual to that end and places emphasis on the very characteristics of women that have historically precluded them from achieving equality with men.

The sameness feminist also argued that there was already special treatment for these so-called "differences" in the law, which is what was oppressing women. The idea of there being differences between the sexes lead to the classical thought that feminist legal theory was trying to get rid of. It forced women to prove that they were like men by comparing their experiences to those of men, all in an attempt to gain legal protection. This all only led to women trying to meet norms that were made by men without questioning why these were accepted as the norm for equality.

Men and women cannot be seen or defined as equal because they have completely different lived experiences. Understanding that access must be equal, but difference must still be recognized to diffract fairness and power struggle including unpaid societal standards like caring for children and the home, rather than feminine characteristics.

The dominance model
The dominance model rejects liberal feminism and views the legal system as a mechanism for the perpetuation of male dominance. By recognizing the foundation of law, scholars are able to conceptualize how women and marginalized communities were not written into the foundation of many structures limiting access and equal rights in all areas of life. Further, dominance theorists reject the difference model because it uses men as the benchmark of equality. While the liberal equality model and difference theory aim to achieve equality for women and men, the dominance model's end goal is to liberate women from men. Dominance theorists understand gender inequality as a result of an imbalance of power between women and men and believe the law contributes to this subordination of women. It thus joins certain strands of critical legal theory, which also consider the potential for law to act as an instrument for domination. This theory focuses on how male dominate females, but it also talks about other groups being oppressed such as how legal aid is not often offered to the transgender population. Also, any white female would have good legal representation compared to minority groups.

In the account of dominance proposed by Catharine MacKinnon, sexuality is central to the dominance. MacKinnon argues that women's sexuality is socially constructed by male dominance and the sexual domination of women by men is a primary source of the general social subordination of women. According to MacKinnon, the legal system perpetuates inequalities between women and men by creating laws about women using a male perspective.

The anti-essentialist model
Anti-essentialist feminist legal theory was created by women of color and lesbians in the 1980s who felt feminist legal theory was excluding their perspectives and experiences. Anti-essentialist and intersectionalist critiques of feminists have objected to the idea that there can be any universal women's voice and have criticized feminists, as did Black feminism, for implicitly basing their work on the experiences of white, middle class, heterosexual women. The anti-essentialist and intersectionalist project has been to explore the ways in which race, class, sexual orientation, and other axes of subordination interplay with gender and to uncover the implicit, detrimental assumptions that have often been employed in feminist theory. This model challenges feminist legal theorists who only address how the law affects heterosexual, middle-class white women. Anti-essentialist feminist legal theory recognizes that the identities of individual women shape their experiences, so the law does not influence all women in the same ways. It is about building actual equality for all regardless or gender, race, sexual orientation, class, or disability.

When feminist legal theory practices under an essentialist lens, women of color are often dismissed as they would in historical legal theory. While race is an important factor in feminist legal theory, it can also be misconstrued in a way that silences women of color, furthering racism in a system created to build more access. For this reason, Crenshaw's "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color" should remain a canonical to this topic to continue to support and challenge the gender essentialism within feminism culture and ideology the marginalized women of color by protection them further in legal implications through support. Kimberlé Crenshaw's formation of intersectionality within feminist legal theory has given more women and people living multifaceted lives more representation in an arguable essentialist legal arena.

Mari Matsuda created the term "multiple consciousness" to explain a person's ability to take on the perspective of an oppressed group. Anti-essentialist feminist legal theorists use multiple consciousness to understand how the law is affecting women belonging to groups other than their own. Feminist legal theory is still evolving to diminish gender and race essentialism to recognize how oppression and privilege work together to create a person's life experiences.

The postmodern model
Postmodern feminist legal theorists reject the liberal equality idea that women are like men as well as the difference theory idea that women are inherently different from men. This is because they do not believe in singular truths and instead see truths as multiple and based on experience and perspective. Feminists from the postmodern camp use a method known as deconstruction in which they look at laws to find hidden biases within them. Postmodern feminists use deconstruction to demonstrate that laws should not be unchangeable since they are created by people with biases and may therefore contribute to female oppression.

Hedonic Jurisprudence
Feminist legal theory produced a new idea of using hedonic jurisprudence to show that women's experiences of assault and rape was a product of laws that treated them as less human and gave them fewer rights than men. With this feminist legal theorists argued that given examples were not only a description of possible scenarios but also a sign of events that have actually occurred, relying on them to support statements that the law ignores the interests and disrespects the existence of women.

Influence on judicial decisions
Over half of cases involving feminist issues in the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom included elements feminist jurisprudence in their judgements. The most common form of feminist legal reasoning was placing the case within a wider context of the experience of those involved or another wider context, which could involve showing empathy for women involved in cases. Judges also considered the impact of judgments on disadvantaged groups, challenged gendered bias and commented on historic injustice. Some feminist facts entered into the courts reasoning as common knowledge with feminist scholars being referred to. Lady Hale has used Intersectional arguments, arguments that extend the concept of violence in cases that domestic violence outside of physical violence.

Notable scholars

 * Martha Fineman
 * Mary Joe Frug
 * Catharine MacKinnon
 * Mari Matsuda
 * Kimberlé Crenshaw
 * Dean Spade
 * Ann Scales
 * Robin West

title: Feminist legal theory


text: User talk:64.252.39.49

title: User talk:64.252.39.49


text:
Talk:Yass, New South Wales

Untitled
It appears that there is also a Yass in Russia. Thortful 21:36, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Infobox Update
This page has had its infobox updated to Infobox Australian Place. This update has been automatically preformed by [[User:TheJoshBot|TheJoshBot. The following infomation has been lost in the transition, and will need to be converted to the document prose:

Vandalism ?
To Anyone whom is concerned,

The Second Reference - "Text of a brochure produced by Yass Tourist Information Centre, Printed June, 2000.", happens to be a false or non-existant URL. Also, www.yassnet.com.au is also either abandoned or no longer serving the purpose it once was. The user who placed this link needs to reply immediately before deletion is taken into consideration. However, the text will remain.

Yours Sincerly,

Nathan Furry.

 * 'The most historically significant individual to hail from Yass is Joshua 'Rocks' O'Brien, foundation player and lead statistician for the mighty Fargoff Yorout LMS cricket franchise. Anecdotally he is also the most destructive number 8 batsman in LMS cricket history globally."

 * This looks like vandalism. 2001:44B8:3102:BB00:A5EE:2239:A24C:D807 (talk) 00:38, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

McDonald's sign
Should the infamous "M YASS" sign be mentioned here. It is one of the most noticeable landmarks of the town for those driving past. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.86.211.155 (talk) 05:49, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Funny you should mention that. I plan on stopping over and taking a photograph of that sign next time I pass by Yass, just for the kicks. Perhaps I'll upload onto Commons as well. --  李博杰  | —Talk contribs email 03:59, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Yass, New South Wales. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/yass.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 04:11, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:02, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yass, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Microcontroller

Not quite the right illustration?
That image "Microcontroller.jpg" now on the article doesn't seem like a microcontroller to me, as it's a PCB, not a chip. It might have one on the board, but it doesn't seem like a good illustration of a microcontroller itself. Can anyone with more knowledge comment or fix? -R. S. Shaw 21:36, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)

 * In the meantime, I suggest the image instead be placed in the Printed circuit board article, where it would fit in just splendidly, as that article only has got an extreme close-up of a PCB side without any components. The "µC.jpg" image, however, shows lots of stuff. :-) --Wernher 01:47, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I've deleted the image because it's a copyvio by Cheung1303. This user has a history of uploading images he found on google. Theresa Knott (Tart, knees hot) 07:48, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comparison would be very helpful
If there ever was a site on the entire Internet, where folks would pilgrim, just to get a decent answer to the question "Ok, now there are like five hundred families of microcontrollers around. I've been surfing now for three entire work days, and I'm drowning in details and gratuituous data. If anywhere, I'd hope at least Wikipedia would have a page where the different families (i.e. from different manufacturers) would be concicely explained. (Like in two sentences eac.) From there of course one could click to their "favorite" brand, and get a listing of each of the submodels, again explained in ONLY two sentences.

Oh Bob, I could PAY for those pages!!!!!! 84.230.176.159 23:33, 10 December 2005 (UTC) Georg Wrede

I agree, having a listing of all the different uP and uC would be incredibly helpful if it were to have descriptions (short ones preferably). And especially why a certain chip or family is better than the others. I'm not saying that the companies could use this page as an advertising site, but their input would be very helpful.

An example of what I mean is:

Zilog:

Z80 Encore! MC -- designed for motor control applications

Microchip:

dsPIC30 family -- designed for DSP

I also realize that this sort of information would be more appropriate in a forum setting, but there really aren't any forums where the information is provided in a concise manner. Also, forums have a tendency to favor (or only support) one type of chip.

Lordfuzzz 17:05, 24 August 2006 (UTC)Fuzzz

''I agree -- that would be very nice. Is the microcontroller comparision at Embedded Systems/Particular Microprocessors at least headed the right direction? --68.0.120.35 01:34, 20 April 2007 (UTC)''

 * Embedded Systems Programming magazine has a yearly "directory" of micros (controller and processor) that they publish annually. Is it available on-line, and would that be 1. sufficient, and 2. allowable per WP:EL? Pfagerburg (talk) 07:26, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Knowing the URL in question would be helpful in deciding.
 * Yeah, it would be helpful for me, too. I can't seem to find it. Google has turned me into an idiot incapable of bookmarking anything because "I can just google it later." Pfagerburg (talk) 00:11, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I'd probably say yes. Partly because copyright prevents us taking a whole database on-board (so the WP:EL provision of "beyond Good Article" is still met). Mostly though because we simply won't have time or effort to impost such a list. I'd go with it. Andy Dingley (talk) 08:48, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sure that various contributors could provide details about the major families, like 8051, AVR, PIC, Z80, ARM, etc. But then we'd get someone who was offended that the list had "ARM" instead of individual controllers by Atmel, NXP, Analog, ST, and so on. By pointing to an external list, we get to deflect criticism towards that list's authors. Oh yeah, and avoid duplicating work. Pfagerburg (talk) 00:13, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

How about this link ? Sort and filter by company, instruction set, size, target application. Pfagerburg (talk) 03:15, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

SX from Ubicom to Parallax?
Since SX chips have only been available from Parallax for a while now, and are labled with their name, would it not be more appropriate to move the SX chip into a new Parallax category?

Ubicom's other processors would be better left as is, since Parallax has no involvement with them OwenS | T | C | 15:41, 6 October 2006 (UTC) I added a blurb about the Propeller, but there needs to be a disambiguation page between the Propeller IC and what's on an airplane. tdperk@hotmail.com205.161.221.144 20:06, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Additionally, thinking about it, Parallax needs an entry for their new Propeller too OwenS | T | C | 16:07, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

List of Manufacturers
Do we really need this list? There is a definite feeling around Wikipedia that lists like this serve no purpose. At the very least have just list of manufactueres, not their products as well Graemec2 13:25, 12 October 2006 (UTC) Im going to remove it a couple of days unless I get any strong objections. Graemec2 08:04, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

The list of manufacturers and features of their microcontrollers is very useful to someone who actually needs to use one. As an engineer, I look for this sort of summary to compare products all the time. Yeah, may not be useful to a layman, but how many laymen would read this article? TheBorg24 06:42, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

External Link Cleanup
Lots of external links that didn't meet WP:EL guidelines were removed. Broken links, links to personal websites, excessive advertising, commercial websites, etc. Calltech 23:09, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Added WP dmoz entry, removed Link Spam warning display, but included a warning message to editors wanting to add new links per WP:SPAM. If I removed any links that you feel should be restored, please make an entry here on the discussion page. Hopefully this will keep the article cleaner. Thanks! Calltech 23:52, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Those changes were much needed. Thanks. -R. S. Shaw 04:32, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

External Link Suggestion!
geocities.com/nozomsite WP:SPAM

 * Stop spamming WP. Your link pages don't add any new relevant content WP:EL and the pages are filled with Google Adsense ads WP:COI. You've attempted to add this same link using several User IDs and IP addresses and have been warned on other articles by several editors.  WP is not a medium for you to promote your website. Calltech 03:03, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * geocities.com/nozomsite WP:SPAM Has new and relevant content. Ads are not your business. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.201.222.198 (talk • contribs).

 * "Ads are not your business"? ...That's a new one. O_o Femto 12:02, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought editing other peoples entries was considered bad form, bordering censorship. From what I can see it was in fact the OP who added this to talk under the title extermal link suggestion, how can that be spamming? Rewriting the links is bad form since it makes it more awkward for others to see what it is all about. This is a talk page where talk is the issue, not having people doing the thinking for others. --18:00, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

It is a nice tutorial on Microcontroller and might be good reference for readers who looks for architecture of microcontroller. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.196.226.200 (talk) 08:00, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

No databus!
In contrast to general-purpose CPUs, microcontrollers do not have an address bus or a data bus,

That may be true for some smaller hobby microcontrollers but the majority of microcontrollers used in industry certainly do have address and data buses. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 87.84.74.52 (talk) 12:54, 23 April 2007 (UTC). Please check and remove this inside the page "fjfjfjf fjfgj fgjf jf jfgjffgjturtutrrurt"

 * Microcontrollers have data- and address bus. You just can't get to them externally.. Electron9 (talk) 13:25, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Merge with embedded microprocessor

 * Maybe you can merge embbeded into this article? but it can be a disambiguation problem.

 * No this merge is not appropriate. Embedded microprocessors can be finished chips in embedded systems, or processor cores in any of ASICs, ASSPs or MCUs. An MCU is a distinct class of chip that contains an embedded processor core - one of many

 * I oppose Electron9 14:14, 25 July 2007 (UTC).

 * I oppose as term Microcontroller is something including microprocessor and other "required" periphrels on single chip. Embeded microprocessor or microprocessor is not a big differance except some special characteristics, but micro processor and microcontroller have substancial differances. I think microcontroller should be kept appart.How ever this can be included in topic of embedded systems. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * I oppose, since a microcontroller is a generally accepted term for a chip containing not just a processor core, but also a set of peripherals making it suitable for control applications. An embedded processor is either a chip with just a core on it (like a PPC755), or a core used inside a more complex SoC (Freescale e500 or IBM PPC405 core, or a MIPS24k, or similar core targeting embedded applications). User:JakobE

 * I oppose, for the same reasons as described by JakobE above; a microcontroller is more than a microprocessor, since it must include memory, peripherals, etc. FlyByPC 19:54, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I support merging all the content currently in the embedded microprocessor into the microcontroller article, since (currently) all that content seems to be talking entirely about microcontrollers. I agree 100% with JakobE and FlyByPC that "microprocessor" and "microcontroller" are distinct enough to warrant separate articles. Since I agree with JakobE that "An embedded processor is either a chip with just a core on it ... or a core used inside a more complex SoC", I suggest (after moving all the content into the appropriate article) we make "embedded microprocessor" redirect to the other Wikipedia article with a name that is synonymous with "a chip with just a core on it ... or a core used inside a more complex SoC" -- CPU. --68.0.124.33 (talk) 01:51, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I oppose. Although they are occasionally confused, an "embedded microprocessor" and a "microcontroller" are two completely different animals. An "embedded microprocessor" is really a MICROPROCESSOR, after all. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are different devices, although people not deeply involved in the industry often confuse them. However, I am aware that in the past some companies have attempted to "re-brand" their microcontrollers by calling them "embedded microprocessors" or "microprocessors". The re-branding is not for technical reasons - it's really a poor attempt at marketing that leads to confusion. Consider that many large manufacturers have one person that is the microprocessor buyer and another person that is the micrcontroller buyer. There are also significant test differences because of the memory found in microcontrollers. Corwin8 (talk) 20:12, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I support. There is a difference between terms 'microcontroller' and 'microprocessor', but when we're talking about this subject, the difference becomes very small compared to similarities. Microcontroller has just RAM and ROM, that is needed for full operation, added. Everything else is the same - both can have similar speed range between <1MIPS and 100+MIPS, the same peripherals, etc.. I think that we should mark a line between processor and microprocessor/microcontroller instead of between uC and uP, because:    1. It's very confusing. I don't see any other difference between uC and uP except that uP must have two more chips for operation and that uC is more suitable for aggressive environment. These are differences only from practical side and other 95% of information will be the same for both.     2. There is very big gap between processor and microprocessor, as processors often don't have even memory controller, they must have at least south-bridge attached, though microprocessors have almost all common peripherals integrated. For example, we can take FreeScale i.MX31 which can run at 532MHz. It has even HDD controller integrated, followed a bunch of UARTs, CPIs and other even more sophisticated connection controllers. uC and uP ussually have RISC architecture, but processors are CISC.1exec1 (talk) 09:35, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

summary comparison
We need a good summary comparison of the DIY programmable microcontrollers -- the ones such as BASIC Stamp, PICAXE, and Arduino that can be developed for no more than about $100 (if you already have a general-purpose computer to host the development). It should list the power supply voltage range, the minimum power consumption, the max clock speed, the min cost for a development system (quan. one), the min cost for a target system (quan. one), the programming languages, and whether a complete open-source development set is available (no proprietary assembler-compilers etc). And the range of RAM and EEPROM available. (See also and ) -69.87.200.77 19:27, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Would this include low-to-medium-range DIP processors, such as the PIC16F84A etc? They are available for a few dollars each, and programmers can be bought for around $20. The Microchip IDE is free. Freescale also has similar development kits, though I'm more familiar with PIC development. I could write a brief overview of getting started with PICs, if this would be helpful.FlyByPC 19:57, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I would like to see your brief overview of getting started with PICs. However, Wikipedia is not a good place for it, because of Wikipedia's pesky WP:NOT policy. The Embedded Systems/PIC Microcontroller is a good place for that overview. (Is there an even better wiki elsewhere?)

 * I agree that brief summary comparison of the BASIC Stamp, PICAXE, Arduino, and similar things would be good. Alas, apparently not everyone agrees, because the entire "Development platforms for hobbyists" section of this article was deleted 04:39, 28 August 2008.
 * Should we revert that deletion, since "microcontroller development platform comparison" are just as encyclopedic as "comparison of image viewers" ?
 * Or is there some other wiki that would be better for "microcontroller development platform comparison"? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 12:54, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

No full version linux
It should be included in the article that at present, no microcontrollers exist that are capable of running a full scale Linux-version. As such, they cannot be used to make a "computer" from scratch (by soldering components together). Aldough KwikByte has been able to pull this off, for the good reader it is clear that even they had to make adjustments (they tweaked it) so it was possible and is thus no viable alternative. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.160.237 (talk) 14:43, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That seems to be a very narrow and arbitrary definition of a computer, the personal computers of the early 80s could not run Linux. Intel made a 8051 variant, 8052 I think or maybe MCS52? that had a built in basic interpreter and if connected to a serial terminal it could be used to edit code as well as run it so it could do a reasonable impression of a computer.
 * 80.229.249.36 (talk) 19:42, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Is that so? What about:
 * Atmel AT91RM9200
 * Freescale Semiconductor i.MX21 ARM9 also called Freescale DragonBall MX
 * Intel/Marvell XScale PXA270 (Gumstix)
 * Intel SA-1100 StrongARM
 * ADSP BF531, BF532, BF533 (Blackfin)
 * Atmel AT91SAM9261
 * and a variety of other processors that run Linux.

... or are you going to quibble that they don't really run "full scale Linux" or they can't be built "from scratch" ? Or perhaps that they aren't really "microcontrollers"? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 19:03, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Not only "Is that so?", but "so what?!" springs to mind too; furthermore, is the definition of a "computer" really that it has to run Linux, and are microcontroller based systems not computers? At least some of the processors that 68.0.124.33 identifies are described as microcontrollers in the literature, featuring embedded peripherals and general purpose I/O that is typical of a microcontroller, and they can run Linux. While Linux may not be the most suitable OS for the less powerful microcontrollers, other O/S's exist and can be easily implemented, and applications such as web servers have been developed for even modest PIC microcontrollers.

Moggie2002 (talk) 20:18, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

External Microcontroller Link Suggestion

 * Atmel AVR Serial Port Programmer
 * Atmel AVR USBasp USB Port Programmer —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gauravsangwan (talk • contribs) 19:16, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

http://www.microcontroller.com - This site has extensive reference material with minimal advertising. Contains a lot of educational material, including online webinars, white papers, and industry news and analysis. Online since 1996. Corwin8 (talk) 19:59, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

http://microcontrollershop.com/An%20Embedded%20Tools%20Introduction.php  Useful article on the process & tools used to develop code for microcontrollers. Cwatti (talk) 01:07, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Jc Beckt - predictable

 * To me, "predicable" as used in the fifth paragraph has nothing to do with "real-time".

 * Real-time indicates a synchronous response to a request for interaction with either human, sensor or interrupt input. By synchronous I mean the requesting process suspends further processing (by that particular process thread) until a response is received. The requesting process, stimulated by the response exits its wait state and resumes processing.

 * The response to a synchronous request is not "predictable" since the requestor may be required to wait a finite (or infinite) period of time. That time lag applies even if the system has carefully crafted a response timing protocol. A myriad of external factors may still delay or preempt the response entirely.  The process is still considered synchronous even if it includes a response time-out.

 * In contrast, an asynchronous interaction would entail a request which is not directly or immediately responded to, but is rather collected explicitly at some future point in time. The asynchronus collection action may be driven by an interrupt or some other cue from the responder or by periodic polling.  Aynchronicity does not necessarily require the initiator to poll for a response, only that processing continues until the response is received.

 * beckejc@gmail.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.223.116.200 (talk) 12:32, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Gary Boone — TMS0100
Shouldn't Gary Boone's TMS0100 be mentioned in article? 83.24.126.213 @ 2010-06-27 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.24.126.213 (talk) 20:57, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Possibly you mean TMS1000? Added, a year after the above comment. --Wtshymanski (talk) 04:22, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * (Six years after the previous comment...) No, he definitely meant the TMS 0100, a series of Texas Instruments calculator chips which should not be confused with the TMS 1000 microcontroller. The first chip in the TMS 0100 series was announced by Texas Instruments on September 17, 1971, originally designated as the TMS 1802. Later it was renamed to the TMS 0102, to be consistent with other chips in the same series. (TI wasn't particularly consistent in their calculator chip model numbering.) The TMS 0100 chips could be mask-programmed to vary details of the calculator's operation, but they weren't as powerful and flexible as the TMS 1000 microcontroller family, introduced in 1974, whose internal architecture seems significantly more advanced.
 * (It would be good to find better references than the datamath.org web site, but that's the first one which easily comes to mind on this topic.)
 * The reason I'm making an issue of this, six years after your comment, is because I keep running into edits in several articles, including the microprocessor and Intel 4004 articles, which claim that Texas Instruments invented the microprocessor, using either the TMS 0100 or the TMS 1000 as their justification. Someone just did it again two days ago. This stems both from confusion between a one-chip microprocessor and a one-chip microcomputer and from confusion between the earlier TMS 0100 and later TMS 1000 families. To make matters worse, the TMS 1000 doesn't even have its own article to describe the chip and clarify things, a deficiency which really should be rectified. (An article on the TMS 0100 series might also be nice, but the TMS 1000 is more important, having been far more widely used.)
 * --Colin Douglas Howell (talk) 08:47, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

History wrong
The 4004 was a chipset, one of the design goals was to be able to change product programming. The 4004 had chips on an external bus for RAM and ROM and I/O. A microprocessor System not a Microcontroller. The Texas Instruments TMS1000 (first single-chip microcomputer ever offered) and Rockwell PPS/4 were introduced 1972. First member of 8048 was 1976, PIC1650 was 1977, Z8 and TMS9940 were 1979, Computer museum notes "calculator on a chip" products since 1970, the LSI of these "controlled" the operation of the calculator using clocks and state machines, and technically meet the minimum requirements of (harvard arch) "micro controllers", but maybe not microprocessor.

http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/4004/index.html http://www.cpu-museum.com/ http://www.microcomputerhistory.com/f14patterson.htm/  "a 1970 microcontroller" http://www.datasheets.org.uk/ http://www.datasheetarchive.com/

Microcontroller uses: Television, Cable Box, Satellite Box, Cable Modem, Router, Printer, Microwave, Surround Sound System, Monitor, Digital Camera, Car (most all of them), Car stereo, Dishwasher, Dryer, Washing Machine, Cell phone, Fluke Digital Multi-Meter, Calculator, Air Conditioner, Ovens, Bread Machines, Hospital Equipment (IVs, Heart Monitors, Defibs, etc), Answering machines, Traffic Lights, Fax Machines, Copy Machine, Security Systems, Fire Alarms, Sprinkler Systems Shjacks45 (talk) 00:43, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Check out the current version. Looks like the TMS 1000 beat the 8048 to market by a considerable interval. --Wtshymanski (talk) 04:22, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Another issue in the History section, the article refers to PROM and EPROM as being exactly the same type of memory, with PROM simply missing the quartz window. This is not necessarily true. It's mostly true nowadays. But there are types of PROM (namely fuse / antifuse) that cannot be erased by UV, even if you could get it to them. These older types I would guess have been replaced by covered EPROM now, for most purposes. But they were certainly used as PROM in the past. Either cite proof on this, or take it out. Ideally, cite proof, since it's worth knowing, within the context. 188.29.165.100 (talk) 18:54, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
 * But were fuse-type PROM ever used in a microcontroller? --Wtshymanski (talk) 23:00, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't know. If nobody does, it needs to be taken out. There's no citation there. I'll leave it to someone else to do a neat and consistent job of. 188.29.165.189 (talk) 22:08, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Comments
After reading the article, I would like to point out two things.

1. Either "microcontroller" or "micro-controller" should be used throughout the article. There is no consistency.

2. I moved the history section to the top. I believe history should be there rather than at the end of the article.

ICE77 (talk) 04:44, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed, but looking over the internet, there doesn't seem to be any consistency, so it looks to be down to personal preference. 122.164.163.8 (talk) 05:35, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Relation to controller?
What is the relationship between this article and the article Controller (computing)? Are these the same concept? If not, what's the difference? If so, can the articles be merged? 70.247.162.60 (talk) 06:43, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * They have the word "controller" somewhere in the name, that's it. Otherwise they're totally different.
 * A microcontroller is a "controller" in the sense that it's in overall control and is the "main processor" of the system. A Controller (computing) in that sense is not: it's a subordinate peripheral that interfaces some external device to the main processor.
 * There's also the "micro" aspect, implying that a microcontroller is built around some form of single chip-integrated microprocessor. There's no such implication for a Controller (computing), they could be built from any scale of components. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:31, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

"a" UART vs "an" UART
This article has been flipped back and forth a couple of times in recent edits. Are we looking at an issue of English language variants? I would use "a" since I would pronounce UART or "universal" as if it has a leading "y" sound.  — jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  07:28, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I've never seen 'An UART' or 'An universal' or 'An universe' come to that in any text anywhere. I think you're being generous for considering this but that 'an UART' is not a regional variant of grammar, it's just incorrect grammar by a tiny group or individual.ToaneeM (talk) 08:25, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * But, who I would not revert without a discussion, is the one who put it back to "an". Waiting for more enlightenment....  — jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  09:04, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * You could be right. I have raised the issue at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style. --Guy Macon (talk) 22:34, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * This same flip-flop has occurred over at the UART page as well, so I can't suggest that we simply follow on this page what is done there. Over there, the change was made by a 1-edit IP editor. Here, the change was made by a different IP, whose history doesn't show any other activity on these sorts of topics. I'm satisfied to leave both pages using "A" rather than "An".  — jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  01:58, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Based on the limited feedback at MOS, I am going to use "a UART" from now on. If the back and forth flip-flopping becomes a problem I can post an RfC and get a rule added to MOS. --Guy Macon (talk) 13:17, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

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MOSFET
I propose that we either differentiate in the intro that the MOSFET is mostly modern technology or remove it from the top altogether. Best. AXO NOV (talk) ⚑ 09:23, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

Missing a decade of history?
So what happened to microcontrollers between 1980 and 1990?

Personal computing went through several generations and microcontrollers were definitely around but as far as I'm aware they hadn't penetrated the hobbyist scene significantly though I can't cite anything to back this. I also get the impression that microcontrollers just weren't available to smaller manufacturers as it wasn't unusual to find a Z80 or 6802 shoehorned into an embedded application. In microcontrollers there seemed to be an emphasis on mask ROM rather than programmable devices limiting microcontrollers to high volume products.

Then suddenly the Microchip PICstart and the Microchip forum appear in the early 90s and the PIC spreads through the hobbyist and small scale manufacturing scene. 80.229.249.36 (talk) 19:26, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Microcontroller


text:
Talk:Pioneer Valley

Several Large Bookstores?
Admittedly, I live I Franklin county, but I thought that aside from the Barnes & Noble in Hadley, the largest bookstores in Hampshire county were the tow-store local Raven chain and the giant, but one store Odyssey.

I won't contradict you without further information, since I'm only familiar with the downtowns of Noho, Amherst, SHadley and the Hadley Malls, but where, praytell?

--Quintucket 21:37, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Overlapping articles
This article has significant overlap with Connecticut River valley and Connecticut River. I've listed them on Duplicate articles with the idea that a merge would make sense (at least of Pioneer Valley and Connecticut River valley). How many different articles on this region does it make sense to have? -- Rbellin 23:55, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Disagree. We should deal with overlap and possibly move content between pages, but since this (Pioneer Valley) is listed as a distinct region of Mass in the template, it needs its own article. Rhobite 22:49, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, and also, the Connecticut River Valley is a geographic region spanning eight states. The difference is that the Connecticut river is really just the river, the Connecticut River Valley is the river, its towns, several inland towns, and the river's geology, and the Pioneer Valley is a part of Western Massachusetts only.  If you live here, they're all distinct. --Quintucket 20:44, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Look, I'm not saying that the topics of these three articles are exactly the same. But -- to me, at least -- it would make sense for one article to cover (a) the river, (b) the surrounding geography and culture, and (c) the specific Massachusetts portion (where I, too, lived for many years).  The benefit of this would be reduction in duplicated content and no need to keep articles in sync, re-factor, or move material between them.  I don't mind the idea of retaining three separate articles, and since there's disagreement I will withdraw the proposed merge.  But these articles need serious re-factoring and more prominent links to each other, and they're just not very good right now -- it looks to me like there is about one good article's worth of material spread around the three of them.  -- Rbellin 21:01, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that there is a problem. The articles do have a lot of overlap, and the writing style and organization are lacking, for instance it's redundant to have sections called "people" and "demographics." We should work on cleanin them up. Rhobite 21:10, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's my fault, I expanded the Pioneer Valley article, and then created the CRV article to explain the difference, but I don't know enought about the NH, CT, and northern VT, sections to make it into a good article. I could add a bit about The Brattleboro-Guilford-Putney area, and Keene, but I'm really familiar with very little of the non-MA valley.  I hope to learn more eventually, but in the meantime, I'm hoping that someone from Connecticut, Coos county, or Northern Vermont will add something, or at least somebody who knows something.  I had meant people to be a subsection of demographics, but I guess that I made it one heading too large.
 * I'll work on cleaning them up a bit this weekend. It's a habit that I have when I write something that it's always fairly incoherent at first, due to my tendency to slip into tangents. Quintucket 21:40, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

There is considerable overlap with Western Massachusetts too. OK, why not merge P.V. into Connecticut River Valley and let Massachusetts and Western Massachusetts link to it? P.V. could simply redirect. Granted, P.V. is different from the upper valley, but it's still part of CRV. If we don't do this, either we need to break the CRV into two or more articles, or maintain parallel text in several places, and that sux. LADave 23:08, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Valley women
The "valley women" section is absolute garbage. It's original research and is unverifiable. I'm not going to break the 3 revert rule by removing it, but I need to express my opinion of the section here. It is totally unsuitable for inclusion in Wikipedia, which requires that authors submit verifiable material. Rhobite 01:10, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * here as a result of RfC. I Agree w/ Rhobite and rv'd accordingly--FRS 02:42, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Very much so. RGTraynor 08:49, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Concur, with the proviso that if there were such a stereotype and if it were widespread (referenced in crass newspaper editorials, unkind talk shows, distasteful comedy routines, etc.) it could possibly be included if good, verifiable source citations were provided. Did I qualify that enough? I mean, "little old ladies in tennis shoes" is real enough to have become the title of a play. What was there was, however, exactly as Rhobite characterizes it, should definitely be removed, and should not be reinserted. Dpbsmith (talk) 13:39, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * yah- definatley remove Sethie 23:22, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Is this even still a live discussion? Sethie 04:48, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Disputed

 * "Over the last three decades the archetype of the "Valley Woman" has emerged." - no it hasn't. Please cite a mainstream use of this term.
 * "These Valley Women are generally extremely liberal in their political views since many of them grew up during the 1960's" - conjecture
 * "It is not uncommon for them to sport natural grey hair, sometimes in the form of a mullet, and on occasion accented with a rat tail." - juvenile and uncited, sweeping generalization
 * "Valley Women are often found driving Subarus plastered in political bumper stickers." - sweeping generalization
 * "They also often congregate at the Whole Foods Market in Hadley" - sweeping generalization
 * "Valley Women are undeniably a cultural phenomenon of the Pioneer Valley" - if they are a 'cultural phenomenon' there have been articles written about them. Rhobite 02:01, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The Valley Women section is unsourced and, even if there were citations supporting it, nevertheless unencyclopedic. IronDuke 20:05, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Gaming?
I admit that there are plenty of cultural niches I don't follow, but to have the primary cultural breakdowns be Art, Bookstores, and Gaming is not what I'd call a fair representation. "Art" as a broad grouping is fair -- the area's undeniably rich in the arts. The area is well-known in New England, at least, for its many bookstores. Their presence is almost a tourist magnet. But I have a hard time believing that "Gaming" is nearly pervasive enough a part of culture to merit top-level categorization within "Culture." Music should be there, and more could fit.

I'm not denigrating game-playing, but it is not a defining characteristic of the Valey. If one wants it to be, then just saying it is in a Wikipedia article is not where one ought to start.18.173.1.42 18:03, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm an avid RPG and board gamer myself, and I agree; it's a fringe activity at best, indulged in by a mere fraction of the population. RGTraynor 19:05, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Education
The Five Colleges are mentioned (and now listed) twice for Hampshire County. Actually I think I prefer the second way (listed under "Culture" instead of "Demographics"), but as it is now it's redundant. Other opinions? Stev0 06:44, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Be bold. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:54, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Map Colors are Poorly chosen
I hate picking on something that took effort from someone else, especially when I'm not in the position to fix it myself through a general lack of expertise or aesthetic/artistic skill. However, the colors on the map really should be changed. I see no orange, unless the large yellow part is in fact the orange listed in the caption, in which case, the yellow is missing. Choosing a peach color for the map generally, then orange, yellow, pink etc. just adds to the inability to tell things apart. Please choose bold contrasting colors. Black, red, blue, green, orange, white, and even an appropriate shade of grey not too close to black or white. The purpose of a figure in general is to enlighten the viewer, not sow further confusion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.60.102.88 (talk) 11:16, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The map colors don't seem to indicate anything useful and the caption adds to the confusion, misidentifying towns completely. A replacement map is needed. --Crunch (talk) 01:57, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The orange town in question is Deerfield, not Greenfield. --Prlambert76 (talk) 19:28, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Culture section
The entire Culture section is currently unsourced and also completely made up. Lesbian capital of the United States? It is certainly just like the Pixies song? {Gephydro —Preceding undated comment added 01:58, 22 December 2010 (UTC).

BORRRINNNG
how can u people read this... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.23.234.37 (talk) 16:18, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Because it's Wikipedia B-Movie Fan (talk) 17:16, 9 September 2018 (UTC)

Pioneer Valley name
I didn't see mention of this in the article and I need to do some more research since a cursory online search turned up nothing but I had read years ago that the name "Pioneer Valley" was a marketing term coined by several local Chambers of Commerce in the early 20th century. This makes sense as you drive around the major roads of the time and enter the "Pioneer Valley". There are signs in "odd" places that don't really mark the boundaries of the Connecticut River Valley. For example, there is a sign on Rte 5 in Longmeadow that says entering and leaving the Pioneer Valley but it's also not on the CT/MA border as the article indicates. There's also a sign on Rte 2 in western Franklin County that is neither in the Valley or at the county border. If someone has any further information, please post it. Dbroer (talk) 15:42, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

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text:
Nederlandse Omroep Stichting

The Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS or rarely ; Dutch Broadcasting Foundation) is one of the broadcasting organisations making up the Dutch public broadcasting system. It has a special statutory obligation to make news and sports programmes for the three Dutch public television channels and the Dutch public radio services. It is funded by the Dutch government.

The foundation's remit derives from the Dutch Media Act 2008, which stipulates that the NOS produce regular and frequent programming of a public service nature, including, notably, a full and impartial news service and coverage of parliamentary procedures and debates, as well as reporting on sporting and other national events. The NOS also acts as technical co-ordinator for the Dutch public broadcasting system as a whole. In the event of emergencies and/or the breaking of a major news story, it can assume control of the public networks in order to provide co-ordinated coverage of events in co-operation with the other members of the systems.

The NOS has correspondents in multiple countries, including a permanent studio in Washington, D.C. Programmes produced by the NOS include its daily television and radio bulletins, the NOS Journaal. Parliamentary reports are shown from a special studio in The Hague. It also supplies news programmes aimed at children (Jeugdjournaal), teens and young adults (NOS op 3) and sports fans (NOS Langs de Lijn, NOS Studio Sport). Programmes are made available via television, radio and online. The NOS also broadcast text pages and a website, which are both often used by the public.

Unions and foundations (1947–1969)
The Nederlandse Radio Unie (Netherlands Radio Union; NRU) was established in 1947. After several failed attempts to create a public broadcasting system and link up with a national station, the NRU was created as a union of broadcasting associations that provided operational support. The associations were responsible for their output, but studios, orchestras, and outside broadcast facilities were managed by the NRU. Weekly radio plays were also the domain of the NRU and would run until 1986. The NRU became the Dutch founding member of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950.

Meanwhile, the Nederlandse Televisie Stichting (Netherlands Television Service; NTS) was created in 1951, two years after public television returned to the airwaves. The NTS served as a similar organization to the NRU, in that broadcast and transmission facilities were supplied to member associations for making programmes.

It was not until 1956 that the NTS itself produced its first programme, a news bulletin called the NTS Journaal. This was followed by a sports round-up, Sport in Beeld (Sports Illustrated) in 1959, and 1967 Langs de Lijn (Along the Line), a joint production of several broadcasting associations. On 15 October 1967, Willem Leonard Oltmans interviewed the de Mohrenschildts for the NTS, which resulted in a 40-minute film that was the only full-length filmed interview of George de Mohrenschildt. However, the film, which was kept at Hilversum, disappeared in 1975.

The birth of the NOS (1969–1995)
A new Media Act was passed into law in 1967, merging the NRU and the NTS. The new organization, the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (Netherlands Broadcasting Service; NOS) was created on 29 May 1969. The NOS, as was its predecessors, was tasked with coordinating the whole public broadcasting system, as well as providing news and sports bulletins. It also inherited the technical and production facilities needed to make and broadcast radio and television programmes. All broadcasting members of the NRU and the NTS were made members of the NOS.

On 2 May 1977, a strike by sound engineers affected television news broadcasts. Upset viewers called on all broadcasters to resolve the situation.

On 1 April 1980, the NOS launched its teletext service, in the framework of supplying news and information. It first experimented with Teletext in 1977. In 1981, on the 25th anniversary, the NOS aired its first televised youth news bulletin, called Jeugdjournaal.

The Media Act of 1988 facilitated several changes to NOS and the broadcasting system. The Services Department, which was made up of the technical, broadcast, and transmission facilities of the NOS, was privatised, which meant the broadcasting associations were required to pay to use the facilities. The Nederlands Omroepproduktie Bedrijf (Netherlands Broadcast Production Company; NOB) consisted of those facilities, mainly based in Media Park in Hilversum. The Media Act also required broadcasting association members to take up positions on the NOS Board of Directors. A new government commission oversaw content and financial matters, as well as admitting potential new broadcasting associations.

The split of the NOS (1995–2007)
In 1995, another Media Act was enacted which saw the broadcasting duties of the NOS greatly reduced, with the creation of the Nederlandse Programma Stichting (Netherlands Programming Service; NPS). The NPS took on the programming tasks of the NOS concerning culture, art, children, education, and ethnic minorities, whilst the NOS concentrated on news, sports, and live events.

A new Supervisory Board replaced the Board of Directors in 1998. The previous management was replaced with a three-man board, now charged with developing strategies and responsibility for all public output. Programming co-ordinators were appointed for each television and radio network and channel identities were created, largely replacing the varying on-air presentation of the pillar broadcasters. The broadcasting associations also have a degree of input through the Supervisory Board.

In 2002, the coordination element of the public broadcast system, administered by the NOS was now made clearer with the creation of an umbrella organization, Publieke Omroep (Public Broadcasting), while programme makers operated under the name "RTV NOS". The reorganization caused NOS to be loosened from the public broadcasting system, causing it to be a neutral member of NPO, and then starting to reorganize itself.

A new look (2005–present)
In 2005, the organization obtained a new corporate identity. The previous NOS logo was in use for 36 years and featured the company's initials in lowercase, with round and obtuse angles. The new logo was designed by graphic designers Lambie-Nairn, complete with new idents for its television programmes. The typeface was Gotham.

Its news-gathering operations also changed, with the news departments for radio, television, and internet merging and re-organizing into different sections (NOS, NOS News, NOS Sports, with NOS Events added in 2009).

An announcement made by the Minister of Education in 2007 confirmed a further division of the NOS. The umbrella group Publieke Omroep, managed by the NOS was to be legally separated and renamed Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (Netherlands Public Broadcasting). The move was to ensure the NOS operated under the same conditions as its fellow broadcasting associations, as well as transferring membership of the European Broadcasting Union.

In 2009, the NOS became fully independent and now has its own Board of Directors.

Since 2012, the NOS has got a new style and layout and, for some programs, other titles. The biggest change is visible in the 8 o'clock NOS Journaal (traditionally the most viewed and therefore the most important news broadcast of the NOS), where they adopted a standing presentation.

Television
The NOS is responsible for news, sport, political and events programming on the public service television networks and produce the following:
 * NOS Journaal – one of the most important news programmes in the Netherlands, broadcast on all public stations whenever possible. The flagship edition is the 8pm bulletin on NPO 1, often called achtuurjournaal, supplemented by two shorter editions at 6pm & midnight and hourly bulletins throughout the day.
 * NOS Jeugdjournaal – A news programme aimed at 8–12 year olds, aired on children's channel NPO Zapp. It is broadcast at 7pm and lasts 20 minutes, and a short bulletin is broadcast every weekday at 8:45 am, when primary school starts.
 * NOS Studio Sport – A sports programme covering the most popular sports. It has the right to broadcast major sports tournaments, like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro. The NOS no longer has the right to broadcast full matches of the Eredivisie, but Studio Sport Eredivisie still provides summaries of matches played. The programme also covers matches and competitions in other sports, most notably tennis, ice skating, cycling, and field hockey. The editorial staff is also responsible for the NOS Sportjournaal, a news programme about sport, and NOS Studio Voetbal, a football talkshow on Sunday evening about the Eredivisie, the Netherlands national team and other news in football.
 * NOS Journaal op 3 – a 60-second news bulletin aimed at teenagers and young adults, aired on NPO 3, since 2011 called NOS op 3.
 * NOS Den Haag Vandaag – a daily roundup of events from parliamentary sessions and political reports, produced in cooperation with the NOS, NTR and BNNVARA.
 * NOS Events – The NOS is also responsible for broadcasting live special events, such as breaking news, weddings of the Dutch royal family and the Dutch elections. (This department was called NOS Actueel, but that name is defunct since on 1 January 2006 NOS RTV changed its corporate identity)
 * Nieuwsuur (Newshour) – Co-produced with the NTR, the NOS provides news and political affairs coverage for NPO 2's nightly hour-long news magazine programme.

Themed channels
Besides broadcasting on the main three public television channels, The NOS is also responsible for NPO Politiek en Nieuws, a television channel which was a result of the merger of NPO Nieuws and NPO Politiek in 2021, that airs news programs, including the latest NOS Journaal as well as covering live events, parliamentary sessions, debate and archive material of parliamentary sessions. When parliament was not in session, NPO Sport took its place where it featured live sports coverage or news and current affairs were being programmed which were also supplied by the NOS.

Radio
On the radio the NOS is responsible for the following programmes:
 * NOS Journaal, a radio news bulletin that is broadcast every hour on the public broadcasting channels NPO Radio 1, NPO Radio 2, NPO Radio 4 and NPO Radio 5.
 * NOS Headlines, a radio news bulletin especially made for a younger audience (like Newsbeat on BBC Radio 1), broadcast on NPO 3FM and NPO FunX. Since 2011 NOS op 3.
 * NOS Radio 1 Journaal, a news and current affairs programme that is broadcast mornings and afternoons on NPO Radio 1.
 * NOS Langs de lijn (Along the sideline), a sports programme on NPO Radio 1, featuring live sports coverage and results from the Eredivisie and other major sports.
 * NOS Met het Oog op Morgen (With a view to tomorrow), a late-night current affairs programme on NPO Radio 1.

Internet
The NOS is also responsible for the news and sports site of the Dutch public broadcasters. The editorial staff of the internet pages is also responsible for the teletext pages on NPO 1, NPO 2 and NPO 3.

title: Nederlandse Omroep Stichting


text:
User:HeikoEvermann

I am Heiko Evermann from Hamburg, Germany.

Since I discovered Wikipedia, I just liked it.

My special field of interest is Christianity.

My own church is the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

nds:User:HeikoEvermann

title: User:HeikoEvermann


text:
Media Transfer Protocol

The Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) is an extension to the Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP) communications protocol that allows media files to be transferred automatically to and from portable devices. Whereas PTP was designed for downloading photographs from digital cameras, Media Transfer Protocol allows the transfer of music files on digital audio players and media files on portable media players, as well as personal information on personal digital assistants. MTP is a key part of WMDRM10-PD, a digital rights management (DRM) service for the Windows Media platform. In 2011, it became the standard method to transfer files to and from Android.

MTP is part of the "Windows Media" framework and thus closely related to Windows Media Player. Versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows XP SP2 support MTP. Windows XP requires Windows Media Player 10 or higher; later Windows versions have built-in support. Microsoft has made an MTP Porting Kit available for older versions of Windows, back to Windows 98.

The USB Implementers Forum device working group standardized MTP as a full-fledged Universal Serial Bus (USB) device class in May 2008. Since then, MTP is an official extension to PTP and shares the same class code.

Overview
MTP is a high level file transfer protocol, as opposed to a general storage protocol like USB mass storage. That means that the MTP client (computer) does not see an array of byte blocks that makes up a data structure that makes up a file system, but instead speaks in terms of files and folders to the MTP device. This lets the MTP device take part in the high level operations (such as updating its metadata indexes) while keeping the integrity of its file system in its own hands. In particular, dropped transfers (such as by unplugging the USB cable too soon) do not corrupt the device file system. The non-generality of MTP has consequences for how a computer operating system can present the MTP device, both to other programs and to the user.

According to its specification, the main purpose of MTP is to facilitate communication between media devices with transient connection. A secondary purpose being to enable command and control of the connected device. A battery-powered mobile device can report its battery charge level through MTP.

The protocol was originally implemented for use across USB but extended for use across TCP/IP and Bluetooth. Windows Vista supports MTP over TCP/IP. Windows 7 and Windows Vista with the Platform Update for Windows Vista also support MTP over Bluetooth. The host connecting to an MTP device is called an MTP Initiator, whereas the device itself is an MTP Responder.

MTP allows MTP Initiators to identify the specific capabilities of device(s) with respect to file formats and functionality. In particular, MTP Initiators may have to provide passwords and other information to unlock files, or otherwise enable digital rights management. Nothing specific of this nature is in the core standard, but the features are available via vendor extensions. MTPZ, the Zune Extension to MTP, specifically denies access to files until authentication has been processed, which is only possible using Windows Media Player 10 or higher.

Comparison with USB Mass Storage
MTP's advantages are marked with " (+) " while disadvantages are marked with " (-) ".

File oriented instead of block oriented protocol
By not exposing the filesystem and metadata index, the integrity of these is in full control of the device.
 * (+) No risk of file system corruption if unplugging the device while writing. File transfers are atomic, meaning completed in a single operation, and no explicit file system unmounting ("safe removal") is required by the user, since the file system remains managed by the mobile device's operating system, and a mobile device is battery-powered, meaning power to the flash memory is not cut out unexpectedly.
 * The device can access its own file system while connected:
 * (+) Re-indexing after unplugging can be avoided. Also helped by the inclusion of metadata with the transfer.
 * (+) A separate file system for host exposure is unnecessary. This avoids the inflexibility of setting aside a fixed-size partition for this file system.
 * (+) File system support: The host does not need to support the file system of the device. Conversely, the device manufacturer is free to choose a file system (usually a Linux filesystem unsupported by Windows) other than the widely supported FAT family of filesystems.
 * (-) Undeletion: Filesystem recovery and undeletion tools on the computer cannot be used, since MTP is an abstraction layer that offers no block-level access.
 * (-) Missing time stamps: Many MTP-attached devices, particularly older ones, do not report file timestamps via the protocol, causing them to be lost when files are copied/moved to or from a computer. Some file formats still store timestamps internally, such as JPEG photos with embedded Exif meta data, but the date and time information of files without such internal metadata would be lost.
 * (-) Mislocation: Users have reported files occasionally showing up in incorrect locations as a result of poor communication between the MTP host (e.g. smartphone) and client (e.g. computer file manager). Should a directory be moved away from the MTP host without the client detecting all files, undetected files could end up deleted without all files having been transferred successfully.
 * (-) Truncation: If a file has newly been created on the smartphone while it was connected to the computer through MTP, the computer's file manager could potentially misreport the file size as too small due to having loaded the directory listing in a moment where the file was not complete. Moving the file away from the phone could cause it to be truncated (incomplete) on the target path while being deleted from the source, since the file manager might wrongfully assume that the file has been fully transferred while it hasn't.

Performance

 * (-) MTP operations are not multiplexable – any ongoing operation must either complete or be aborted before another operation can begin. Unlike USB mass storage, where the host operating system is free to multiplex block transfers, and logical operations are an emergent phenomenon, the operations supported by MTP are more coarse-grained, such as transferring entire files. Neither protocol is parallel or asynchronous by itself (aside from the UAS extension of USB mass storage, which adds multiple command queues).
 * (-) Limited support for transferring parts of files, such as blocks or byte ranges (see ).
 * (-) Limited support for direct modification of files (see ). To modify a file or its metadata, the whole file may need to be copied out of the device and reuploaded, which takes a long time for a large file or directory, and blocks the device for other operations in the meantime. Google's MTP implementation in Android includes extensions to deal with this limitation; however, these extensions must be supported by the host operating system.
 * (-) Loading long file listings of directories with thousands of items is slow. This could cause "preparing" for transferring files from highly populated directories to take longer than the file transfer itself, since the file manager needs to generate a list of paths to files it is about to transfer, which requires accessing the slow directory listings.

Transparency to MTP-unaware software
(-) Windows does not assign drive letters or UNC paths to MTP devices because it does not natively expose them as virtual file systems. Without drive letters or UNC paths, MTP-unaware software cannot access directories or files on these devices. The user has to switch to an MTP-aware application, or else work around by using an MTP-aware application such as Windows Explorer to copy or move the file to a file system that the application can access.

One specific concern is that antivirus software on the host computer may not be aware of MTP devices, making them potentially less secure than mass storage devices (although if files on MTP devices are copied or moved to the host before use, MTP-unaware antivirus software will have a chance to scan them). Antivirus scanning might also be impractical due to blocking regular use of the device.

Drivers know a fixed set of supported devices
(-) Despite identifiability by the PTP/MTP USB device class, libmtp documentation indicates that the vendor and product ID combination plays a functional role in identifying an MTP device, also by Windows drivers. Libmtp includes vast listings of vendor and product ID numbers of devices that it supports, along with workarounds for bugs. This non-generic methodology hinders MTP drivers' forward compatibility with new devices.

The spec knows a fixed set of defined file formats
The MTP specification includes an enumeration of file formats, called object format. The use of this enumeration is in communicating supported file formats, and formats of transferred files. Apart from some uncategorized formats in the beginning, the list of formats is grouped in categories of image, audio, video and document formats, with each category having one "Undefined" format followed by specific formats. There is also a super-generic "Undefined object" format.

Jolla cited lack of WebM support in MTP as one reason not to support the video format in their mobile operating system Sailfish OS. It is unclear if the limitation is in the tools or the spec, other than that WebM is not defined by the MTP 1.1 spec.

Direct modification and partial transfer features
These features can be used as more efficient alternatives to whole-file transfers and re-uploads:

From the MTP 1.1 spec:

Android extensions
According to go-mtpfs:

Adaption in Windows
MTP is supported in Windows XP if Windows Media Player 10 or later versions are installed. Windows Vista and later have MTP support built in. For older versions of Windows, specifically, Windows 2000, Windows 98 and Windows Me, Microsoft has released the MTP Porting Kit. which contains a MTP device driver. Some manufacturers, such as Creative Technology, also provide legacy MTP drivers for some of their players; these usually consist of MTP Porting Kit files with a customized INF file describing their specific players.

Support by software
Windows does not assign drive letters or UNC pathnames to devices connected via MTP; instead, they only appear as named devices in MTP-aware applications such as Windows Explorer. Compared to devices that implement USB mass storage, such devices cannot be accessed programmatically by scripts or normal Windows programs that depend on drive letters or UNC paths. Instead, files must be manipulated using Windows Explorer or applications with specially written MTP support.

Under Windows, MTP-compatible devices support a feature called Auto Sync, which lets users configure Windows Media Player to automatically transfer all copied or newly acquired content to devices whenever they are connected - provided that content is compatible with Windows Media player. Auto Sync is customizable so that the player will transfer only content that meets certain criteria (songs rated four stars or higher, for instance). Changes made to file properties (such as a user rating and file playback counts) on a device can be propagated back to the computer when the device is reconnected.

Copies of files accessed over MTP may remain on the host computer even after reboot, where they will be accessible to the user account which accessed them, as well as any other user accounts able to read that user account's files, including any administrative users. Windows 7's sensor platform supports sensors built into MTP-compatible devices.

File move behavior
In the implementation of MTP used by Windows Explorer, files from a selection moved out of a mobile device's storage, perhaps with the goal of freeing up space, are not deleted individually from the source after each file, but instead the entire selection becomes deleted at once from the source only after the transfer has finished.

As a result, file moves aborted untimely, whether manually or unexpectedly, will not have freed up any space on the source device.

Unix-like systems
A free and open-source implementation of the Media Transfer Protocol is available as libmtp. This library incorporates product and device IDs from many sources, and is commonly used in other software for MTP support.

Graphical
GNOME applications like GNOME Files (formerly called Nautilus) and Archive Manager (formerly called File-Roller) use GIO-based GVfs to access files on MTP devices. Proper MTP support was added to GVfs in version 1.15.2 (2013-01-15) by Philip Langdale. Early patches for GVfs to enable Google's direct I/O extensions are available.

The KDE Project develops the MTP KIO Slave with a similar level of integration as GVfs.

Not related to GNOME or KDE is the *NIX graphical MTP-capable media player, gMTP.

Virtual file system
Several tools provide a FUSE based file system for mounting MTP devices within the Unix filesystem hierarchy, making it accessible to any program that operates on files and directories.

macOS
macOS has built-in support for MTP (through the application "Image Capture" ) but no (third-party) drivers to mount MTP devices as drives. Also several third-party file transfer applications are available for Mac OS X v10.5 and later:

 * Android File Transfer is a simple MTP client.
 * Android File Transfer For Linux (and Mac OS X), Open Source, License GPL Version 3, Graphical UI, Command line tool, FUSE wrapper - mounting your device,
 * OpenMTP - Open Source MTP client. Advanced Android File Transfer Application for macOS. Graphical UI. Faster transfer speeds than Android File Transfer.
 * XNJB also offers syncing of iTunes playlists.
 * SyncMate Expert claims to also support MTP besides other synchronization tasks. The support can't be tested in the free version.
 * Commander One PRO Pack - file manager that allows mounting MTP devices to Mac and managing their content.

Other operating systems
Later versions of several operating systems, including AmigaOS, Android, AROS, MorphOS, and Symbian OS support MTP, sometimes with additional drivers or software.

A disadvantage of MTP devices on Android as compared to USB mass storage is that although file timestamps are preserved when copying files from the Android device to one's computer, when copying in the other direction, the file modification timestamps are replaced with the time the copy was done.

Other manufacturers
Companies, including Creative Technology, Intel, iriver, and Samsung Electronics, that manufacture devices based on Microsoft's "Portable Media Center specification", have widely adopted MTP. Supporting devices were introduced at the 2004 Consumer Electronics Show.

After an initial period of uncertain reactions, several large media player producers such as Creative Technology and iriver adopted the MTP protocol in place of their own protocols.

Many devices and audio software applications support MTP.

Alternatives

 * USB Mass Storage
 * Network-attached storage (NAS)

title: Media Transfer Protocol