text:
Mineriad

The mineriads (mineriade) were a series of protests and often violent altercations by Jiu Valley miners in Bucharest during the 1990s, particularly 1990–91. The term "mineriad" is also used to refer to the most significant and violent of these encounters, which occurred June 13–15, 1990. During the 1990s, the Jiu Valley miners played a visible role in Romanian politics, and their protests reflected inter-political and societal struggles after the Romanian Revolution.

28 January
After the National Salvation Front's decision to transform itself into a political party, an anti-Communist demonstration took place in Bucharest's Victoria Square (Piața Victoriei), organised by the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD), National Liberal Party (PNL), and other historical and newly founded oppositional smaller parties.

Even though the anti-Communist demonstration started out (and was intended to be) non-violent, the protesters charged the Parliament building and demanded the resignation of the FSN party. After that, the FSN started talks with the parliamentary opposition parties.

29 January
The miners boarded the trains at Gara de Nord and departed to their homes, but not before President Ion Iliescu thanked them for their services.

February 1990 mineriad

Less than a month after the January mineriad, another anti-Communist manifestation took place in Bucharest on February 18. Despite the demonstrators' pleas to non-violence, several persons started throwing stones into the Government building. Riot police and army forces intervened to restore order, and on the same night, 4,000 miners headed to Bucharest.

Opposition leaders and independent media speculated that the demonstration was manipulated by the Securitate and the FSN. Miners maintained their relative innocence of the violence, claiming that the agitation and most of the brutality was the work of Iliescu’s government agents who had infiltrated and disguised themselves as miners.

June 1990 mineriad
The Romanian miners of the Jiu Valley were called by the newly elected power to Bucharest to end the riots that broke up on 13 June 1990. As President Ion Iliescu put it, the miners were called to save the "besieged democratic regime" and restore order and democracy in Bucharest. The government trucked in thousands of miners from the Jiu Valley to Bucharest to confront the demonstrators. The rest of Romania and the world watched the government television broadcasts of miners and other unionized workers brutally grappling with students and other protesters.

Over the course of a month-long demonstration in University Square, many protesters had gathered with the goal of attaining official recognition for the 8th demand of the popular Proclamation of Timișoara, which stated that communists and former communists (including President Iliescu himself) should be prevented from holding official functions. Supporters of the opposition were dissatisfied with Iliescu's first government, which was made up mostly of former communists, claiming that it implemented reforms very slowly or not at all. The protests mostly ended after Iliescu’s FSN obtained a decisive victory (over two thirds of the votes) in the May 20th elections. However, a small group decided to continue protests and staged a hunger strike. Following attempts of the authorities to clear up the University Square, where the protesters had been squatting during the previous months, some among the protesters grew violent and attacked the police headquarters and the national television station. When the police were unable to contain the violence, Iliescu appealed to the miners to "defend the country". Special trains transported some 10,000 miners to the capital, where the miners violently confronted anyone they saw as opposing the government.

The official figures state that during the third mineriad, seven people were killed and more than a thousand were wounded. In contrast to state statistics, the opposition newspaper România Liberă claimed that on 29 June 1990 over 40 bodies were buried in a common grave in Străulești, near Bucharest. Conspiracy theories and rumors circulated as to the origins and development of the mineriad, with some believing that both the Romanian Presidency and Secret Service had a hand in it. Later parliamentary inquiries into the potential role of the Secret Service contributed to the widespread public mistrust of the post-Ceaușescu intelligence service.

Government inquiries would show that the miners had indeed been "joined by vigilantes who were later credibly identified as former officers of the Securitate", and that for two days, the miners had been aided and abetted by the former Securitate members in their violent confrontation with the protesters and other targets.

24 September
On September 24, 1991, the miners from the Jiu Valley began a general strike and requested that Prime Minister Petre Roman visit Petroșani to listen to their grievances. The trade union leader Miron Cozma warned representatives of the Government that if the miners' dissatisfactions were not resolved as demanded, the miners will come in large numbers to Bucharest. During this time the sub-prefect, Ionel Botoroaga, and the director of the Autonomous Directorate of Oil, Benone Costinaș, were assaulted in the Petrosani town hall. A group of miners then went to the Petrosani train station, where they demanded and were refused the use of trains for the miners to travel to Bucharest.

25 September
On the morning of September 25, around 10.00 am, the miners from the Jiu Valley arrived at Băneasa railway station on several trains. Upon hearing the news that the miners were heading to the capital, the Prime Minister and President Ion Iliescu unsuccessfully tried several maneuvers to prevent them from reaching their destination. Led by the miners' union leader, Miron Cozma, the first stop was made in Victoriei Square, where the miners asked for a meeting with Prime Minister Petre Roman. When he did not appear, they asked for his resignation. Roman then agreed and met with a delegation of miners. Cornel Tomescu, head of the sector within the General Secretariat of the Government, said that upon arrival in Victoria Square, the miners were not violent. "The miners were calm, they did not shout slogans to the Government or the president and they were sitting on the caldera." During this period, altercations with counter-protesters and security forces broke out. A Government building was attacked by some groups, leading to the evacuation of the building. In the evening, the miners, led by Cozma, headed towards the Romanian Television and University Square. They then went to the Cotroceni Palace to discuss with President Ion Iliescu the conditions under which they were willing to withdraw. Cozma demanded the dismissal of Prime Minister Roman in exchange for a cessation of the miners' protest.

26 September
On September 26, the miners attacked the Government building with new forces and called for the Government to be dismissed. Representatives of the miners met for private talks with government officials. Miron Cozma threatened that if by 12:00 PM the resignation of the prime minister was not announced, he would call 40,000 trade unionists from Pipera, adding that probably no one wants a civil war. At 12:00, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, the president of the Senate, announced on the public television the dismissal of the Romanian Government. The mining union leader asks the miners to go home because their claims have been resolved. In the afternoon of that day, the miners entered the Assembly Hall of the Assembly of Deputies and requested the resignation of President Ion Iliescu and the resolution of all the claims for which they came to Bucharest. Following discussion, the miners returned to the Jiu Valley with the promise made that their demands would be addressed. Two days later Miron Cozma and the president of the country Ion Iliescu signed a statement that formally ended the mineriad.

January and February 1999 mineriads
The Jiu Valley miners left again for Bucharest, unhappy with the governmental reduction of the subsidies, which would result in the closing of the mines. The barricade installed by the gendarmes at Costești was crossed by the miners and near Râmnicu Vâlcea a Gendarmerie unit was ambushed by the miners. Reaching Râmnicu Vâlcea, they sequestered the prefect of Vâlcea County. Radu Vasile, Prime Minister at the time, negotiated an agreement with Miron Cozma, the miners' leader, at the Cozia Monastery, nearby.

On 14 February 1999, Cozma was found guilty for the 1991 mineriad and sentenced for 18 years in prison. The miners led by Cozma left for Bucharest attempting a new mineriad, only this time they were stopped by the police at Stoenești, Olt. In the clash that followed, 100 policemen and 70 miners were wounded and at least one miner died. Cozma was arrested and sent to a prison in Rahova.

Legal issues
Ion Iliescu pardoned Cozma's sentence on December 15, 2004, a few days before his term ended, but revoked the decision two days later, having faced the outrage of Romanian and international media and politicians.

Cozma successfully challenged the legality of the withdrawal of the pardoning, and on the 14th of June 2005 he was freed by the Judge Court of Dolj county. However, on September 28, 2005, Cozma was sentenced by the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice to serve 10 years in prison for the January 1999 Mineriad, which included time already served. His request to be released on parole was denied on June 2, 2006. After serving the full term, Cozma was finally released on 2 December 2007, but was restricted from returning to either Petroșani or Bucharest.

title: Mineriad


text: User talk:67.122.13.33

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:67.122.13.33


text:
Lewis Duncan

James Lewis Duncan (1892 – 8 April 1960) was a Canadian politician and lawyer.

Early life
Duncan was the son of a physician and grandson of a Presbyterian minister. He studied at the University of Toronto and in Paris and won a silver medal as a student at Osgoode Hall Law School. He fought in the First World War at the Somme, Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele. He was appointed military administrator of occupied Bonn, Germany and ended the war with the rank of Major.

Career
Returning to Canada he was appointed chair of a Fair Price Commission on milk, wrote a book on bankruptcy law and sat on a royal commission investigating farm fraud in British Columbia and helped write Canada's Combines Investigation Act.

In the 1930s, Ontario Hydro retained Duncan for a two-year investigation, leading him to be criticized by the Ontario Premier Mitchell Hepburn for charging $17,000 in legal fees. Duncan was expelled from the ruling Ontario Liberal Party and responded by comparing Hepburn to Adolf Hitler and Hepburn called Duncan "a rat."

He was elected to Toronto City Council in the 1930s and ran for Mayor of Toronto in 1939 but was defeated by Ralph C. Day by a margin of 39,000 votes and again in 1940 by only 4,000 votes. He returned to city council as a member of the Board of Control in 1941 topping the polls in the election for the four-person executive body (the Mayor sat ex officio as the Chairman) and sat on the body until 1944. As Vice-Chairman of the Board of Control, Duncan charged the city with being run as a family compact and accused the Toronto Transit Commission of not disclosing its books. Duncan also started a major investigation in 1942 when he charged that a child receiving relief had died of malnutrition.

Duncan ran as a federal Liberal candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1940 election in the Danforth electoral district. He was defeated in a two-way race against Conservative John Henry Harris.

Duncan then joined the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section), and ran again for Mayor of Toronto in 1944 but was defeated by Frederick J. Conboy by 20,000 votes. He also ran in the 1945 Ontario election as the CCF's candidate in the riding of High Park against George Drew, accusing him of being financed by "beer barons", but was defeated. He then challenged Ontario CCF Ted Jolliffe for the party's leadership, but was defeated by Jolliffe at the 1946 leadership convention in Hamilton, Ontario.

Duncan had a colourful reputation as a lawyer. He once challenged a Supreme Court justice to step out of his courtroom and repeat his statements in the hallway and was fined $2,000 in 1957 for "scandalizing the court" when he asked a Supreme Court justice to withdraw himself from a hearing without giving a reason. He never paid the fine but was barred thereafter from arguing cases before the Supreme Court.

Death
Duncan died aged 68, on 8 April 1960, when he shot himself to death in the washroom of a downtown Toronto department store. According to The Globe and Mail newspaper, Duncan was "long disturbed over the death of his only son, John, in the Second World War."

title: Lewis Duncan


text:
Talk:Mineriad

Old stuff
Sorry for Romanian translations in (brackets) but I was in a hurry to finish so I had to add the original text where translations were uncertain.

- Revolutionary

I changed and "whether or not Iliescu directly told them to clear the University Square" by "following the orders of Iliescu, who directly told them to clear the university square".

This is not political propaganda but the pure truth. Go to http://www.avmr.ro/media.php and listen to Iliescu's original speeches to the miners. "Va rugam sa ocupati piata universitatii...ati venit la chemarea noastra" (English: Please occupy the university square...you came at our call).

Citation needed?I hardly think that's possible.There is no way to be citing that as nobody would officially state that.If any articles appear on the internet reflecting this view they can't be cited as attendable source.It is mostly propaganda or subjective views.These events are already of great historical nature and yet they can't be judged impartially by "offcial" historians.Whichever they may be.It takes not much knowledge of developments in Romania after 1990 to understand that.Many of the persons involved are still alive and in power.Iliescu is being heared by the Justice Court but that's about it. "The Mineriad of June 1990 was a staged event, not a spontaneous one" should be changed in "The Mineriad of June 1990 is (widely) believed to have been a staged event, not a spontaneous one, with political implications, going all the way to the Presidency and National Secret Services." as to reflect a degree of impartiality.(it is also true,and lots of proof exist,that a "wide believe" of this thesis exist among Romanians). "The Mineriads of 1990 and 1991 stand alongside the events in Târgu Mureş in 1990 as examples of mass manipulation in a KGB style"."KGB style" is very subjective so I can't think of an option to that but "examples of mass manipulation" could be changed to a form on the same judgement as above or a conclusion of it(staged event -> mass manipulation).--Radufan 17:06, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I subscribe to your post. Actually, we are not making history here. The fact that most editors here were of the "Piata Universitatii" stock really shows. But I presume these guys will not accept to change the current position. What I tried to do (look at the previous version) is to push to the surface actual facts. Dpotop 20:55, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I found a Caţavencu issue that has articles mostly from newspapers that were friendly to the FSN and Ion Iliescu. It includes quotes from Iliescu and Petre Roman. I'll try to add the information to the article this week. bogdan 16:10, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It would be perfect. And then, we will be able to rephrase a bit the introduction.Dpotop 16:49, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

New source
A new source on these events: Cristian Tudor Popescu in Gandul:. Dpotop 13:22, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:University Square Bucharest 1990.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 02:40, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

New source II
A site made by the Association of Victims of the Mineriads http://www.mineriada.org/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.40.240.184 (talk) 01:43, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Craiova or Dolj?
I have no idea whether this is a correction or the introduction of an error, since there is no edit summary, and in any case neither claim provides a citation. - Jmabel | Talk 08:07, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Considering there's no "Craiova" county, I think the edit is OK.Anonimu (talk) 14:01, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mineriad


text: Category:Cryptanalytic algorithms

title: Category:Cryptanalytic algorithms


text:
Simplicial homology

In algebraic topology, simplicial homology is the sequence of homology groups of a simplicial complex. It formalizes the idea of the number of holes of a given dimension in the complex. This generalizes the number of connected components (the case of dimension 0).

Simplicial homology arose as a way to study topological spaces whose building blocks are n-simplices, the n-dimensional analogs of triangles. This includes a point (0-simplex), a line segment (1-simplex), a triangle (2-simplex) and a tetrahedron (3-simplex). By definition, such a space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex (more precisely, the geometric realization of an abstract simplicial complex). Such a homeomorphism is referred to as a triangulation of the given space. Many topological spaces of interest can be triangulated, including every smooth manifold (Cairns and Whitehead).

Simplicial homology is defined by a simple recipe for any abstract simplicial complex. It is a remarkable fact that simplicial homology only depends on the associated topological space. As a result, it gives a computable way to distinguish one space from another.

Orientations
A key concept in defining simplicial homology is the notion of an orientation of a simplex. By definition, an orientation of a k-simplex is given by an ordering of the vertices, written as ($v_{0},...,v_{k}$), with the rule that two orderings define the same orientation if and only if they differ by an even permutation. Thus every simplex has exactly two orientations, and switching the order of two vertices changes an orientation to the opposite orientation. For example, choosing an orientation of a 1-simplex amounts to choosing one of the two possible directions, and choosing an orientation of a 2-simplex amounts to choosing what "counterclockwise" should mean.

Chains
Let $S$ be a simplicial complex. A simplicial $k$-chain is a finite formal sum

 * $$\sum_{i=1}^N c_i \sigma_i, \,$$

where each $c_{i}$ is an integer and $σ_{i}$ is an oriented $k$-simplex. In this definition, we declare that each oriented simplex is equal to the negative of the simplex with the opposite orientation. For example,
 * $$ (v_0,v_1) = -(v_1,v_0).$$

The group of $k$-chains on $S$ is written $C_{k}$. This is a free abelian group which has a basis in one-to-one correspondence with the set of $k$-simplices in $S$. To define a basis explicitly, one has to choose an orientation of each simplex. One standard way to do this is to choose an ordering of all the vertices and give each simplex the orientation corresponding to the induced ordering of its vertices.

Boundaries and cycles
Let $σ = (v_{0},...,v_{k})$ be an oriented $k$-simplex, viewed as a basis element of $C_{k}$. The boundary operator

 * $$\partial_k: C_k \rightarrow C_{k-1}$$

is the homomorphism defined by:

 * $$\partial_k(\sigma)=\sum_{i=0}^k (-1)^i (v_0, \dots , \widehat{v_i} , \dots ,v_k),$$

where the oriented simplex
 * $$(v_0, \dots , \widehat{v_i} , \dots ,v_k)$$

is the $i^{th}$ face of $σ$, obtained by deleting its $i^{th}$ vertex.

In $C_{k}$, elements of the subgroup

 * $$Z_k := \ker \partial_k$$

are referred to as cycles, and the subgroup

 * $$B_k := \operatorname{im} \partial_{k+1}$$

is said to consist of boundaries.

Boundaries of boundaries
Because $$(-1)^{i+j-1}(v_0, \dots , \widehat{v_i} , \dots , \widehat\widehat{v_j} ,\dots , v_k) = - (-1)^{i+j}(v_0 , \dots , \widehat\widehat{v_i} , \dots , \widehat{v_j} ,\dots , v_k)$$, where $$\widehat\widehat{v_x}$$ is the second face removed, $$\partial^2 = 0$$. In geometric terms, this says that the boundary of a boundary of anything has no boundary. Equivalently, the abelian groups

 * $$(C_k, \partial_k)$$

form a chain complex. Another equivalent statement is that $B_{k}$ is contained in $Z_{k}$.

As an example, consider a tetrahedron with vertices oriented as $$w,x,y,z$$. By definition, its boundary is given by
 * $$xyz - wyz + wxz - wxy$$.

The boundary of the boundary is given by
 * $$(yz-xz+xy)-(yz-wz+wy)+(xz-wz+wx)-(xy-wy+wx) = 0 $$

Homology groups
The $k^{th}$ homology group $H_{k}$ of $S$ is defined to be the quotient abelian group

 * $$H_k(S) = Z_k/B_k\, .$$

It follows that the homology group $H_{k}(S)$ is nonzero exactly when there are $k$-cycles on $S$ which are not boundaries. In a sense, this means that there are $k$-dimensional holes in the complex. For example, consider the complex $S$ obtained by gluing two triangles (with no interior) along one edge, shown in the image. The edges of each triangle can be oriented so as to form a cycle. These two cycles are by construction not boundaries (since every 2-chain is zero). One can compute that the homology group $H_{1}(S)$ is isomorphic to $Z^{2}$, with a basis given by the two cycles mentioned. This makes precise the informal idea that $S$ has two "1-dimensional holes".

Holes can be of different dimensions. The rank of the $k^{th}$ homology group, the number

 * $$\beta_k = \operatorname{rank} (H_k(S))\,$$

is called the $k^{th}$ Betti number of $S$. It gives a measure of the number of $k$-dimensional holes in $S$.

Homology groups of a triangle
Let $S$ be a triangle (without its interior), viewed as a simplicial complex. Thus $S$ has three vertices, which we call $v_{0}, v_{1}, v_{2}$, and three edges, which are 1-dimensional simplices. To compute the homology groups of $S$, we start by describing the chain groups $C_{k}$:

 * $C_{0}$ is isomorphic to $Z^{3}$ with basis $(v_{0}), (v_{1}), (v_{2}),$
 * $C_{1}$ is isomorphic to $Z^{3}$ with a basis given by the oriented 1-simplices $(v_{0}, v_{1})$, $(v_{0}, v_{2})$, and $(v_{1}, v_{2})$.
 * $C_{2}$ is the trivial group, since there is no simplex like $$(v_0, v_1, v_2)$$ because the triangle has been supposed without its interior. So are the chain groups in other dimensions.

The boundary homomorphism $∂$: $C_{1} → C_{0}$ is given by:
 * $$ \partial(v_0,v_1) = (v_1)-(v_0)$$
 * $$ \partial(v_0,v_2) = (v_2)-(v_0)$$
 * $$ \partial(v_1,v_2) = (v_2)-(v_1)$$

Since $C_{−1} = 0$, every 0-chain is a cycle (i.e. $Z_{0} = C_{0}$); moreover, the group $B_{0}$ of the 0-boundaries is generated by the three elements on the right of these equations, creating a two-dimensional subgroup of $C_{0}$. So the 0th homology group $H_{0}(S) = Z_{0}/B_{0}$ is isomorphic to $Z$, with a basis given (for example) by the image of the 0-cycle ($v_{0}$). Indeed, all three vertices become equal in the quotient group; this expresses the fact that $S$ is connected.

Next, the group of 1-cycles is the kernel of the homomorphism ∂ above, which is isomorphic to $Z$, with a basis given (for example) by $(v_{0},v_{1}) − (v_{0},v_{2}) + (v_{1},v_{2})$. (A picture reveals that this 1-cycle goes around the triangle in one of the two possible directions.) Since $C_{2} = 0$, the group of 1-boundaries is zero, and so the 1st homology group $H_{1}(S)$ is isomorphic to $Z/0 ≅ Z$. This makes precise the idea that the triangle has one 1-dimensional hole.

Next, since by definition there are no 2-cycles, $C_{2} = 0$ (the trivial group). Therefore the 2nd homology group $H_{2}(S)$ is zero. The same is true for $H_{i}(S)$ for all $i$ not equal to 0 or 1. Therefore, the homological connectivity of the triangle is 0 (it is the largest $k$ for which the reduced homology groups up to $k$ are trivial).

Homology groups of higher-dimensional simplices
Let $S$ be a tetrahedron (without its interior), viewed as a simplicial complex. Thus $S$ has four 0-dimensional vertices, six 1-dimensional edges, and four 2-dimensional faces. The construction of the homology groups of a tetrahedron is described in detail here. It turns out that $H_{0}(S)$ is isomorphic to $Z$, $H_{2}(S)$ is isomorphic to $Z$ too, and all other groups are trivial. Therefore, the homological connectivity of the tetrahedron is 0.

If the tetrahedron contains its interior, then $H_{2}(S)$ is trivial too.

In general, if $S$ is a $d$-dimensional simplex, the following holds:

 * If $S$ is considered without its interior, then $H_{0}(S) = Z$ and $H_{d}_{−1}(S) = Z$ and all other homologies are trivial;
 * If $S$ is considered with its interior, then $H_{0}(S) = Z$ and all other homologies are trivial.

Simplicial maps
Let S and T be simplicial complexes. A simplicial map f from S to T is a function from the vertex set of S to the vertex set of T such that the image of each simplex in S (viewed as a set of vertices) is a simplex in T. A simplicial map f: $S → T$ determines a homomorphism of homology groups $H_{k}(S) → H_{k}(T)$ for each integer k. This is the homomorphism associated to a chain map from the chain complex of S to the chain complex of T. Explicitly, this chain map is given on k-chains by

 * $$f((v_0, \ldots, v_k)) = (f(v_0),\ldots,f(v_k))$$

if $f(v_{0}), ..., f(v_{k})$ are all distinct, and otherwise $f((v_{0}, ..., v_{k})) = 0$.

This construction makes simplicial homology a functor from simplicial complexes to abelian groups. This is essential to applications of the theory, including the Brouwer fixed point theorem and the topological invariance of simplicial homology.

Related homologies
Singular homology is a related theory that is better adapted to theory rather than computation. Singular homology is defined for all topological spaces and depends only on the topology, not any triangulation; and it agrees with simplicial homology for spaces which can be triangulated. Nonetheless, because it is possible to compute the simplicial homology of a simplicial complex automatically and efficiently, simplicial homology has become important for application to real-life situations, such as image analysis, medical imaging, and data analysis in general.

Another related theory is Cellular homology.

Applications
A standard scenario in many computer applications is a collection of points (measurements, dark pixels in a bit map, etc.) in which one wishes to find a topological feature. Homology can serve as a qualitative tool to search for such a feature, since it is readily computable from combinatorial data such as a simplicial complex. However, the data points have to first be triangulated, meaning one replaces the data with a simplicial complex approximation. Computation of persistent homology involves analysis of homology at different resolutions, registering homology classes (holes) that persist as the resolution is changed. Such features can be used to detect structures of molecules, tumors in X-rays, and cluster structures in complex data.

More generally, simplicial homology plays a central role in topological data analysis, a technique in the field of data mining.

Implementations

 * Exact, efficient, computation of simplicial homology of large simplical complexes can be computed using the GAP Simplicial Homology.
 * A MATLAB toolbox for computing persistent homology, Plex (Vin de Silva, Gunnar Carlsson), is available at this site.
 * Stand-alone implementations in C++ are available as part of the Perseus, Dionysus and PHAT software projects.
 * For Python, there are libraries such as scikit-tda, Persim, giotto-tda and GUDHI, the latter aimed at generating topological features for machine learning. These can be found at the PyPI repository.

title: Simplicial homology


text:
User:Cosmosinu

I am ...

title: User:Cosmosinu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Private Snafu, numerous war-related cartoons

Private Snafu, numerous war-related cartoons
Private Snafu contains all the information this article provides. As about war-related cartoons, a new page can be created. utcursch 08:40, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * War related cartoons may warrant it's article, but Snafu is already covered... so this isn't a keep... it's a delete --Asmodai 12:36, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. A duplicate article with odd title. jni 14:56, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Duplicate article. Unsearchable. Geogre 15:16, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unneeded duplicate article. -- Infrogmation 22:19, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete duplicate. --Cje 07:20, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Year and a day

Year and a day can refer to:
 * The year and a day rule, a period tied into various legal principles in a number of jurisdictions
 * A Year and a Day (1998 novel), by Virginia Henley
 * A Year and a Day (2004 novel), by Leslie Pietrzyk (pub. William Morrow)
 * A Year and a Day (2006 novel), by Sara M. Harvey
 * A poem by Elizabeth Siddall
 * "Year and a Day", a song by the Beastie Boys
 * A Year and a Day, a 2005 film
 * A period used in handfastings – though more from the works of Sir Walter Scott than history
 * The time The Owl and the Pussycat sailed for in Edward Lear's poem of that name.
 * Long term assets are considered to be those held for a year and a day.
 * Pagans and secret societies often use a year and a day as a minimum period of initiation or between degrees of membership.
 * A Year and a Day, a 2008 mixtape by rapper T.I.

Note: a lunar year (13 lunar months of 28 days) plus a day is a solar year (365 days). Also that 366 days would be a full year even if a leap day was included.

title: Year and a day


text:
Geoffrey Moore

Geoffrey Moore (born 1946) is an American organizational theorist, management consultant and author, known for his work Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling High-Tech Products to Mainstream Customers.

Biography
Moore received a bachelor's degree in American literature from Stanford University (1967) and a doctorate in English literature from the University of Washington (1974).

Moore began his professional life as an English professor at Olivet College in Michigan, before moving his family to California, where he took a job as a corporate trainer and executive assistant at a technology company.

Prior to working with the McKenna Group, Moore was a sales and marketing executive at Rand Information Systems, Enhansys, and Mitem. He heads his own consulting firm, Geoffrey Moore Consulting, and is a venture partner with Mohr Davidow Ventures and Wildcat Venture Partners as well as managing director at Geoffrey Moore Consulting.

Books

 * Crossing the Chasm: Marketing and Selling High-tech Products to Mainstream Customers (1991, revised 1999 and 2014). ISBN 0-06-051712-3
 * Inside the Tornado: Marketing Strategies from Silicon Valley's Cutting Edge (1995). ISBN 9780887307652.
 * Inside the Tornado: Strategies for Developing, Leveraging, and Surviving Hypergrowth Markets (2004). Revised edition. ISBN 0-88730-824-4
 * The Gorilla Game: An Investor's Guide to Picking Winners in High Technology (with Paul Johnson and Tom Kippola, 1998). ISBN 9780887308871.
 * The Gorilla Game : Picking Winners in High Technology (1999). Revised edition. ISBN 978-0887309571.
 * Living on the Fault Line : Managing for Shareholder Value in the Age of the Internet (2000). ISBN 9780887308888.
 * Living on the Fault Line, Revised Edition: Managing for Shareholder Value in Any Economy (2002). Revised edition. ISBN 9780060086763.
 * Dealing with Darwin: How Great Companies Innovate at Every Phase of Their Evolution (2005). ISBN 978-1591841074.
 * Escape Velocity: Free Your Company's Future from the Pull of the Past (2011). ISBN 978-0062040893.
 * Zone to Win: Organizing to Compete in an Age of Disruption (2015). ISBN 978-1682301715.
 * The Infinite Staircase: What the Universe Tells Us About Life, Ethics, and Mortality (2021). ISBN 978-1950665983.

title: Geoffrey Moore


text:
Jiahu

Jiahu was the site of a Neolithic settlement based in the central plain of ancient China, near the Yellow River. It is located between the floodplains of the Ni River to the north, and the Sha River to the south, 22 km north of modern Wuyang in Henan. Most archaeologists consider the site to be one of the earliest examples of the Peiligang culture. Settled c. 7000 BC, the site was later flooded and abandoned around 5700 BC. The settlement was surrounded by a moat and covered a relatively large area of 55000 m2. At one time, it was "a complex, highly organized Chinese Neolithic society", with a population of between 250 and 800 people.

The important discoveries of the Jiahu archaeological site include the Jiahu symbols, possibly an early example of proto-writing, carved into tortoise shells and bones. The Jiahu flutes are believed to be among the oldest playable musical instruments in the world, comprising 33 pieces carved from the wing bones of cranes. There is also evidence of alcohol production through the fermentation of rice, honey, and hawthorn leaves.

Diverse artifacts are attested at the site, including residences, burial sites, pottery kilns, assorted stone and earthen implements, and a large central structure believed to be a communal workspace. These indicate a fairly advanced settlement for the early Neolithic period. To date, 45 residences have been excavated at Jiahu, with most measuring between four and ten meters. Most of these were partially dug into the earth and featured a single room, though some were later expanded to have multiple rooms. Garbage pits and storage cellars have also been excavated.

Discovery and excavation
Discovered by Zhu Zhi in 1962, extensive excavation of the site did not occur until the 1980s. Most of the site still has not been excavated, although work is slowly progressing. The excavation of Jiahu burial sites and rubbish pits has been productive, yielding abundant evidence about the lives of the Jiahu people. Chinese researchers from the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, led for many years by Zhang Juzhong, a professor from the University of Science and Technology of China, have carried out archaeological research around the site for decades.

Zhang's team conducted excavation of portions of the site in seven stages; each stage took two to three years. A large portion of the Jiahu site was excavated in the first two phases of the project, between 1983 and 1987. Zhang and his assistants published the findings of the first two phases in detail in the journal Antiquity.

Relationship to Peiligang
Some archaeologists point to cultural distinctions between Jiahu and Peiligang, as well as the distance: Jiahu is isolated, many kilometers south of the larger Peiligang grouping of over 100 archaeological sites in a fairly compact area. The distance would have represented a journey on foot of several days in the Neolithic era. This school of thought suggests that Jiahu and Peiligang represented separate, neighboring cultures that interacted and shared many characteristics. Other early Neolithic settlements in this part of the world were much farther south and east.

Archaeologists have divided Jiahu into three distinct phases. The earliest phase spans from 7000 to 6600 BC, the middle phase spans from 6600 to 6200 BC; and the latest phase spans from 6200 to 5700 BC. The last two phases correspond to the Peiligang culture, while the earliest phase is unique to Jiahu.

Careful examination of the skeletons of over 400 individuals, removed from more than 300 graves, by several scientific teams over the course of the past 30 years illustrates that the Jiahu ethnic group was a part of the Northern Mongoloid group, and identified closely with the Miaodigou and Xiawanggang sub-groups which were also descendants of hunter-gatherers in modern Henan, and the Dawenkou, Xixiahou and Yedian sub-groups that were later found in Shandong Province.

Agriculture, hunting, fishing and foraging
The inhabitants of Jiahu cultivated foxtail millet and rice. While millet cultivation is common in the Peiligang culture, rice cultivation at Jiahu is unique, and tends to support the theory that Jiahu was a separate culture from the Peiligang grouping. On the other hand, difference in local climate, moisture and soil conditions may have made cultivating rice in the Peiligang area more difficult. Jiahu rice cultivation is one of the earliest found, and the most northerly found at such an early stage in history. The rice was a kind of short-grained japonica rice. Scholars had previously thought the earliest domesticated rice belonged to the long-grain indica subspecies.

There is abundant proof of millet farming in cool, dry high latitudes of the Yellow River Valley, and rice farming dominated in warm, moist low latitudes of the Yangtze River Valley. The early Neolithic site of Jiahu lies near the boundary between the cool, dry north and the warm, moist south. In another sign of advancement, Jiahu's farmers had moved on from the usual slash-and-burn techniques of Neolithic farmers, and were using intensive cultivation in permanent fields. Jiahu is also the site of the earliest find of wild soybean seeds in China; a large quantity of soybean remains were discovered at Jiahu.

Food was plentiful, from farming as well as hunting and foraging, and contributed to considerable population growth for such an early settlement. Women of the Jiahu culture gathered wild pears and apricots, and foraged for acorns, chestnuts, broad beans, edible roots and tubers in the surrounding countryside. There is evidence of domesticated pigs, dogs, poultry, and small numbers of cattle. The Jiahu people used manure from their pigs and cattle as fertilizer, substantially increasing the yield of their rice crops. The livestock produced meat, milk and eggs. There was also evidence of deer, wild boar and rabbit hunting, and fishing in the nearby rivers to the north and south, with nets made of hemp fibers. The earliest evidence of Common carp aquaculture was also found at Jiahu. The red-crowned crane, a large bird indigenous to the region, was hunted for meat; its bones and feathers were also used for other purposes.

Due to this steadily improving and varied diet, the health and longevity of the Jiahu people gradually improved. This has been documented through comparison of the archaeological evidence. Over 400 burials have been unearthed at Jiahu, and many hundreds more are believed to await excavation. Skeletons have been measured and carefully examined, revealing the height, weight, gender, and approximate age of each of the deceased Jiahu at the time of death, as well as the general health, and in many cases the cause of death. The three phases of Jiahu history correspond to steadily increasing numbers of middle-aged and older people, suggesting an increase in survival and life expectancy, and fewer remains of children and infants, suggesting a reduction in child and infant mortality. By the third phase, the average height of an adult had increased by 2 cm and the bones and teeth were in significantly better condition.

Tools and fortifications
A stone sickle blade has been recovered. This was secured to a wooden handle to harvest grain. Evidence of baskets woven from wild grass has been uncovered. These were used to carry grain from the harvests. Remnants of a spinning loom have been found, indicating the production of cloth, probably from hemp fibers. Among the many tools and utensils unearthed at Jiahu are three-legged earthenware cooking pots with tight-fitting lids, and a variety of stone implements, including arrowheads, barbed harpoons, spades, axes, awls, and chisels.

Stone spearheads have also been found, and evidence of what may have been a wooden stockade fence along at least a portion of the interior shore of the moat. These improved weapons, and the moat surrounding the settlement, provided an ideal defense for such an early culture. The area is known to have been frequented by nomadic hunting and gathering tribes for several thousand years prior to the Jiahu settlement, and these may have been potential enemies, as well as the genetic forebears of Jiahu. The Jiahu people are not believed to have been warlike in nature, but capable of defending themselves if the need arose.

Examination of the site has revealed no evidence of armed conflict. Unearthed human remains showing signs of violent death are very rare, and scattered along the known timeline—rather than occurring at the same time which would indicate a battle. It is possible that the large size of the settlement, its substantial defenses, and the improved weapons of the Jiahu people may have caused potential enemies of that time to keep their distance. Such a scenario is consistent with the substantial growth in population and longevity exhibited by the Jiahu site. Without war, and with plenty of nutritious food, the village flourished.

Cultural evidence
After a thorough study of 238 skeletal remains, Harvard University forensic archaeologist Barbara Li Smith published findings that the Jiahu villagers enjoyed fairly good health. The average age of death by the third phase was around 40, representing a very good life expectancy for Neolithic people. Sponge lesions on the skulls indicate that anemia and iron deficiency were a problem. Hole bone lesions from disease and parasitic infections were rare, although fecal evidence indicated the occasional presence of hookworm parasites, possibly from poorly cooked pork.

Ceremonial burial
The burials at Jiahu were usually accompanied by burial offerings, with increasing frequency as the second and third phases progressed. Burial objects range from pottery to tortoise shells. Burial offerings varied between individuals, and are believed to be linked to the skills they displayed in life, providing evidence of an early specialization of labor. The types of labor specialization, from most common to most rare, included farmers, herdsmen, fishermen, hunters, potters, musicians, and a tribal priest.

Most of the burials were earthen pits; infants were buried in earthenware jars. As is common with Neolithic communities, the burials were in cemeteries which were separate from the residential areas, although many grave sites overlapped, so they were probably not marked. A few burials were multiple, while most burial pits contained single individuals. These did not follow any discernible pattern, although it is possible that in some cases, man–woman couples of roughly the same age were buried together.

In some graves the heads were severed from the body and pointed toward the northwest. Cut marks made when the bones were fresh indicates the heads were cut off shortly after the person died. A few burial offerings included turquoise carvings, and represented a significant level of material wealth, suggesting some differences in social status. Burial offerings in women's graves were more sparse, indicating lower social status, and indicated that their roles were limited to childbearing and child care, cooking, and foraging for food.

Flutes
Some of the most significant burial offerings discovered were playable tonal flutes made from red-crowned crane wing bones. This crane is 5 ft tall with a wingspan of 8 ft, yielding large bones for this purpose. The first of the flutes were found in the late 1980s, but were not described in the West until 1999. In total, 33 flutes have been found at Jiahu—around 20 are intact, with the rest being broken, fragmentary, and unfinished. All are between 7 and 10 in in length.

The oldest phase at Jiahu only contains two flutes, which are tetratonic and pentatonic; the middle phase at Jiahu contains several flutes, including an interesting pair of hexatonic flutes. One of the flutes was broken, and the other flute seems to be a replica of the first flute, as it shows evidence of adjustments made to match the pitch of the first. Innovations in the last phase include the use of heptatonic flutes. The flutes were cut, smoothed at the ends, polished and finally drilled with a row of holes on one side. One of the broken flutes was repaired by drilling fourteen tiny holes along the breakage lines and then tying the sections together with hemp string.

The flutes play in the so-called pentatonic scale, in which octaves are divided into five notes—the basis of many kinds of music, including Chinese folk music. The fact that the flute has a scale indicates that its original players played music rather than just single notes. The flutes were probably used in some kind of ceremonial capacity, but may have been played for entertainment.

Pottery and alcohol production
Jiahu yielded some of the oldest Chinese pottery yet found in Neolithic China. Patrick McGovern, of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, led a team of scientists who applied biomarker chemical analysis to pottery jars from Jiahu. They found signature molecules proving alcohol was fermented from rice, honey, grapes, and hawthorn. Researchers hypothesize that this hybrid beverage (a beer, wine, and mead combination) was fermented by the process of mold saccharification, a uniquely Chinese contribution to the art of beverage-making in which several mold species are used to break down the carbohydrates of rice and other grains into simple, fermentable sugars. Specific aromatic herbs and flowers such as chrysanthemum, in addition to tree resins such as China fir, had been added to the hybrid beverages, the researchers found. These aromatic additions, as well as the honey, indicate that fermented beverages with a pleasing aroma and sweet taste were important to the Jiahu people.

Substantial quantities of rice and millet were stored in pottery jars, enabling the specialization of labor. Jiahu society is believed to have been fairly egalitarian, with several hundred residents of the village at the height of its development. Comparative DNA evidence from remains in the Jiahu settlement itself, as well as other evidence gathered, leads to speculation among researchers that there were one or more other ancient villages nearby, with peaceful interaction with the Jiahu in some form; but the sites of other villages nearby have not been located.

Inscriptions
The Jiahu symbols are a corpus of distinct markings on prehistoric artifacts found in Jiahu, a neolithic Peiligang culture site found in Henan, China, and excavated in 1989. The Jiahu symbols are dated to around 6000 BC. Although at first a total of 16 signs were identified, intensive scrutiny has found there to be only 11 definitely incised signs, of which 9 were incised on tortoise shells and an additional 2 on bone. The archaeologists who made the original finds believed the markings to be similar in form to some characters used in the much later oracle bone script (e.g. similar markings of 目 "eye", 日 "sun; day"), but most doubt that the markings represent systematic writing. A 2003 report in Antiquity interpreted them "not as writing itself, but as features of a lengthy period of sign-use which led eventually to a fully-fledged system of writing". The earliest known body of writing in the oracle bone script dates much later to the reign of the late Shang dynasty king Wu Ding, which started in about c. 1250 BC or 1200 BC.

End of habitation
Based on the archaeological evidence, a severe flood from the nearby rivers submerged most or all of the Jiahu settlement under a few feet of water sometime around 5700 BC. The inhabitants evacuated, but it is not known where they went. The absence of tools and weapons in most of the residences indicates that they were able to salvage most of their belongings. They may have built a new village that has not been discovered, emigrated to the Peiligang villages, or scattered.

Zhang Juzhong imagines that they were led by their tribal priest to build a new village nearby on higher ground, so that they could send salvage parties to the old village site. The new village site has never been found. The demolishing of older structures to salvage materials for the construction of new ones may have eradicated the site of the new village if it existed.

title: Jiahu


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Talk:Poisson manifold

Problem
I think there is a problem with the condition on this page. It says "provided that ...", which is followed by a sum, but no equal sign (equivalence operator). I guess that as a condition this sum of permutations should be equal to something, possibly 0.

Is this copied from a book?
I noticed that this whole page is eerily similar to section 1.1 of Chari & Pressley, /A guide to quantum groups/. In fact, it reads like it was typewritten directly from the book. Looking at the history, I can't tell whether this is just coincidence, but shouldn't we at least cite Chari & Pressley? TorstenSchoenfeld (talk) 13:11, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I wrote this long, long ago with a copy of Chari & Pressley in my lap; the goal was to avoid stupid mistakes, rather than to transcribe. (writing from memory is an excellent way of making stupid mistakes). Perhaps I got carried away. Why I did not stick it in as a reference, I dunno. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 22:36, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

complex Poisson terminology
Note that one needs to be very careful using the term "complex Poisson" this way: this is what Chari and Pressley do, but one should be aware that the notion of complex symplectic manifold (=holomorphic symplectic manifold) is not a complex Poisson manifold in this sense (it has a holomorphic Poisson bivector, i.e. a section of wedge^2 of the holmorphic tangent bundle). For example if G=GL_n(C), then the dual of the Lie algebra of G is a holmorphic Poisson manifold, and its symplectic leaves are complex symplectic manifolds.

Since the terms complex symplectic=holomorphic symplectic are entrenched I would suggest to define a complex Poisson manifold to be a holomorphic Poisson manifold and to find another term for the objects discussed here (and in Chari-Pressley). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.239.179.184 (talk) 10:02, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Ichthyomorphism
Under the "Poisson maps" section, the term 'ichthyomorphism' is introduced. Is this term standard in the literature? I've tried to find an origin of the term, but this Wikipedia page appears to be the only source of it. I've not been able to find any older use of it. Was the term invented on this page? Could someone clarify this?

If you use Google Scholar to search for 'ichthyomorphism', you will find a few references to it in biology and various bio-related fields. A more common word is 'ichthyomorphic', which can even be found in the Mirriam-Webster dictionary and others. I do not know why it appears here. Sounds fishy. MidwestGeek (talk) 05:14, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * This word no longer appears in the article. It was added in this edit and I guess it was supposed to be an in joke, as "poisson" is "fish", in French. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 20:18, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poisson manifold


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Talk:Death Row Records

Vanilla Ice section
The section is a lot of hearsay and mostly sourced from one book, from a writer of questionable veracity. For his part Ice has had two interviews concerning the matter:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5b3_aS-Wy8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2aw9NorZAc

During the ABC interview Vanilla said Suge made a comment about how high up they were in the balcony, but during the more recent interview he states Suge was rather polite about it. I don't know what the truth is (probably somewhere in the middle), but this section is kinda iffy and Ice himself seems to go back and forth on what exactly happened. The 'allegedly tried to lure him into a van full of Bloods and Crips' sentence is really bizzare. Why would bloods and crips be in the same van together lmao? Did Suge have so much power over both gangs that he could have them work together, but couldn't stop a crip set from killing Tupac?2601:147:C102:DDA0:F000:B10E:643D:F2CF (talk) 03:51, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Request
Tupac was interviewed about Death Row East at the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards, not in Las Vegas. Please change this part.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Row_Records#Tupac_Shakur's_murder_and_Suge_Knight's_incarceration Aaron106 (talk) 16:25, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

Update that y'all should have known.
Update yall info. Snoop WAS signed to deathrow. He is now the owner. Give credit where credit is due 2601:545:8000:2FC0:B444:1FFA:D10D:DB61 (talk) 10:10, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

Tupac Shakur crew
What did tupac die for that is my question ❓ 47.214.236.216 (talk) 09:05, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

Distribution
AMPED Distribution (USA) was only in place from October 2020 or January 2021 up to when "Snoop" assumed ownership of the label in the first few months of 2022. It was announced around October 2020 that AMPED Distribution would assume distribution of the former Entertainment One (eOne) and the many labels that they distributed at the time, which included Death Row. Other notes: Entertainment One formerly distributed their own physical products up until October 2016 or so. At that time eOne was in the process of moving away from distribution of their own product. Initially another company, "Alternative Distribution Alliance" assumed physical media distribution of eOne's labels which included Death Row among others as well. Last note. eone music is presently known as MNRK. So, in conclusion: AMPED distribution is not corrent distributor of death row releases, should be listed as a former. Moonlightfocus (talk) 08:20, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Ownership
Gamma keeps appearing as the parent company, but doesn't Snoop Dogg still own Death Row?

Gamma bought a stake of the catalog, but that doesn't mean they own the company. Or...? WolfmanFP (talk) 03:58, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The answer to my own question: as of 2024, Snoop Dogg still owns the label with Michael 'Harry-O' Harris.
 * https://hiphopdx.com/news/snoop-dogg-resigns-danny-boy-death-row-records
 * https://www.tmz.com/2024/01/15/harry-o-death-row-records-snoop-dogg-suge-knight-releases/
 * https://rhymejunkie.com/posts/resurrecting-legends-the-dynamic-renaissance-of-death-row-records-under-harry-o-and-snoop-dogg-s-command-01hm8xqm8ryx WolfmanFP (talk) 18:21, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That means gamma shouldn’t be listed as Maybach Music Group’s parent company either because they have a partnership with gamma as well. Orlandus 426 (talk) 19:15, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Death Row Records


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Talk:Lambda phage

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Faithlawo. Peer reviewers: Faithlawo.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Title Change
I reverted the move, because the new title got far fewer hits on a Google Test search, and the mover had not changed any inbound links. Most biologists I know usually refer to it as "lambda phage", and it should be so-titled on Wikipedia. The full title can be given in the lead text, but it's wikipedia convention to use the most common term for an article (e.g. Bill Clinton versus William Clinton). --Lexor|Talk 09:00, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

Lytic or Lysogenic?
The discussion seems to be overly technical in places. Also, is point 7 under Lifestyle backwards? It seems to say it will lyse unstressed cells and integrate into stressed cells. 24.18.247.19 22:50, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

I think point 7 is correct, shough i am not 100% certain... any other input would be welcome.

Nah, I think point 7 is wrong. Particularly when u consider the fact that if bacteriophage lambda has intergrated a cell via the lysogenic pathway it will change to the lytic pathway if the cell becomes stressed. The process is called induction. Plus, it makes no sense logically, why would it want to integrate into a dying cell? once that cell's dead it can no longer reproduce. Hence the process of induction to lyse any dying cells it is integrated into the chromosome of. --81.109.113.201 16:44, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I think that the article is wrong about the function of pQ and pN in antitermination. In fact, they allow antitermination by allowing RNA polymerase to bypass terminator regions and not stop codons (which usually have no influence on transcription) Ilyas1978 06:26, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Ilyas1978 is correct, these descriptions are incorrect. Stop codons are recognized during translation, not transcription (RNA Polymerase doesn't even know what a codon is). The transcriptional stop inhibition, if it really does occur, must be performed in some other manner (i.e., it causes RNAPol to ignore rho sites, which are transcription stop sequences). -- Josh 19:22, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Please see this PDF file for information on this (Ilyas is right). I wish I could use some of the images, but they are undoubtedly non-free. --N Shar 01:22, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Re: point 7 (Lifestyle)
The statement is correct but confusing. When the phage first encounters the cell and all its genes are expressed, the activity of cII depends on the amount of nutrients available, because this controls protease activity. If nutrients are abundant, the proteases actively cleave cII and cause a lytic cycle (counterproductive, perhaps, but evolution does not result in the best possible organism). If nutrients are sparse, cII is not cleaved and the lysogenic cycle begins.

Later, however, when the lysogen is "stressed" by UV light, cI is cleaved by the bacterial protein RecA and the lytic cycle is induced. This is the reverse of what happens initially.

Perhaps it would be best to remove all occurances of the word "stressed" to clarify this. I may do this later when I can log in. --67.125.30.232 17:58, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. I'm not sure I did a good job, so if anyone wants to look at it... --N Shar 01:17, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Base-pairs of Genome
Why was this changed? My source was my uni notes but I can't find it anywhere else... If anyone can find a number with a reference that would be nice :).

It seems that there are 48,502 base pairs in the circular genome... actually in the phage particle head are 48,490 base pairs of dsDNA and 12 bases of ssDNA at either end of the molecule. These numbers could instead be 48,514 and 48,502... I'm trying to find out for sure.--Gorton k (talk) 15:56, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Figures
Personally, some figures (especially for the CI/Cro lysogenic regulation section) will really help with understanding for those new to the material. Does anyone know of any good ones [I have the diagram from "Molecular genetics of Bacteria" here]? Jimhsu77479 (talk) 05:13, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Intruduction revision needed
Can someone revise these sentences: "The phage genes expressed in this dormant state code for proteins that repress expression of other phage genes [what other phage genes? Those natural to the bacterium? What role do they play?]. These proteins are broken down when the host cell is under stress, resulting in the expression of the repressed phage genes"? For the last sentence, wouldn't it be better: "The proteins expressed by the inhibitory phage genes [...] resulting in the expression of the repressed ones"? Wisapi (talk) 20:49, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Done a bit =) does my edit make matters clearer? It did say "phage genes", which fairly clearly says that they are not "natural to the bacterium", but yes I did need to distinguish the roles of the repressors and the repressed. Hmm will look at the last sentence again... Gorton k (talk) 13:11, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Cro binding to PL
I notice that there is no mention of cro binding to PL and inhibiting protein N production. However I've not been able to figure out the physiological reason for this binding. Rhodydog (talk) 22:28, 10 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Feel free to add this or any other mention of protein interactions to the article. As for the physiological reason for the binding, it's entirely possible that it's not known. There's still a lot we don't understand about lambda phage even after more than half a century of study. §everal⇒|Times 17:33, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Suggest section
I am a physician, not a biologist. I got here from studying wikipedia on the Irish potato famine and it's causes, both social and biological. I wondered, and address those who are more veteran at things wikipedia. It occurs to me that this article needs a section, perhaps short, geared to an intelligent layman audience, on why this article is rightly classified as high importance. How is that done without going "off topic?" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Purebread (talk • contribs) 16:45, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

 * If you want to demonstrate importance, I would suggest an additional paragraph in the lede indicating two things that make lambda so notable - it is universally used in molecular biology for the construction and screening of genomic and cDNA libraries, prior to PCR the only way to clone genes, while likewise it served for about three decades as the prototypical example of a complex multi-gene regulatory system and was used to teach these coordinated processes to virtually all graduate students in biomedical fields. Without these dual bases for notability, it would be just another virus. 69.166.47.99 (talk) 22:07, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

Number of genes
The article should mention how many genes lambda has. 2A02:8388:1641:4980:91F8:9D5D:211B:93E3 (talk) 02:18, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lambda phage