text:
Radio window

The radio window is the region of the radio spectrum that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere. Typically, the lower limit of the radio window's range has a value of about 10 MHz (λ ≈ 30 m); the best upper limit achievable from optimal terrestrial observation sites is equal to approximately 1 THz (λ ≈ 0.3 mm).

It plays an important role in astronomy; up until the 1940s, astronomers could only use the visible and near infrared spectra for their measurements and observations. With the development of radio telescopes, the radio window became more and more utilizable, leading to the development of radio astronomy that provided astrophysicists with valuable observational data.

Factors affecting lower and upper limits
The lower and upper limits of the radio window's range of frequencies are not fixed; they depend on a variety of factors.

Absorption of mid-IR
The upper limit is affected by the vibrational transitions of atmospheric molecules such as oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O), whose energies are comparable to the energies of mid-infrared photons: these molecules largely absorb the mid-infrared radiation that heads towards Earth.

Ionosphere
The radio window's lower frequency limit is greatly affected by the ionospheric refraction of the radio waves whose frequencies are approximately below 30 MHz (λ > 10 m); radio waves with frequencies below the limit of 10 MHz (λ > 30 m) are reflected back into space by the ionosphere. The lower limit is proportional to the density of the ionosphere's free electrons and coincides with the plasma frequency: $$ f_p = 9 \sqrt{N_e},$$ where $$f_p$$ is the plasma frequency in Hz and $$N_e$$ the electron density in electrons per cubic meter. Since it is highly dependent on sunlight, the value of $$N_e$$ changes significantly from daytime to nighttime usually being lower during the day, leading to a decrease of the radio window's lower limit and higher during the night, causing an increase of the radio window's lower frequency end. However, this also depends on the solar activity and the geographic position.

Troposphere
When performing observations, radio astronomers try to extend the upper limit of the radio window towards the 1 THz optimum, since the astronomical objects give spectral lines of greater intensity in the higher frequency range. Tropospheric water vapour greatly affects the upper limit since its resonant absorption frequency bands are 22.3 GHz (λ ≈ 1.32 cm), 183.3 GHz (λ ≈ 1.64 mm) and 323.8 GHz (λ ≈ 0.93 mm). The tropospheric oxygen's bands at 60 GHz (λ ≈ 5.00 mm) and 118.74 GHz (λ ≈ 2.52 mm) also affect the upper limit. To tackle the issue of water vapour, many observatories are built at high altitudes where the climate is more dry. However, not many things can be done to avoid the oxygen's interference with radio waves propagation.

Radio frequency interference
The width of the radio window is also affected by radio frequency interference which hinders the observations at certain wavelength ranges and undermines the quality of the observational data of radio astronomy.

title: Radio window


text:
Maleševci (tribe)

Maleševci (Малешевци) was a historical Vlach tribe of Herzegovina that existed in the Late Middle Ages.

Origins
The Maleševci are mentioned alongside numerous Montenegrin and Herzegovinian tribes in the 14th and 15th archives from Dubrovnik and Kotor, where they are described as Vlachs organized into a katun. The name Maleševci is the plural of Maleševac, itself derived from the personal name Maleš, the likely founder of the tribe. Apart from the tribe, Maleš is attested in two Vlach katuns from the Prizren estate, in the 14th century. It also gave the patronymic names Malešev and Malešević, and might be related to the toponym Maleševo, found in several locations in present-day Serbia and Bulgaria.

Middle Ages
The earliest known written record referring to the tribe is a Ragusan document, written on January 14, 1374, addressing de Malleseva tribe-clan. They were part of a large group of Herzegovinian Vlachs, led by the katunar Stanko Perutinić (first mentioned in 1397) and his brothers and descendants in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The Maleševci katun developed on the territory of Rudine, Kuta and Korita, and the name Perutinić sometime replaced the name Maleševci, but the latter prevailed.

In 1422 as katunars were recorded Klapac Stanković and Radosav Milićević, later Dubravac Milićević (1428), Stanoje Stanković (1434), Vukac Dubravčić (1461-1468). Stanko Perutinić had three brothers, Milić, Miloš and Hrebeljan, and with their heirs were vassals of Pavlović, while Stanko's heirs of Kosača (Sandalj Hranić, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača) noble family. From 1466 are recorded under Ottoman rule. They like Vlachs from other tribes sometime collaborated with Ottomans as slave agents.

Families
Many Serbian Orthodox families were members of Maleševci katun. Characteristic for the tribe-clan in Herzegovina is that all families have the Serbian Orthodox slava (patron saint feast day) of St. Ignatius. Family descendants of the Maleševci clan are:

 * Aleksić
 * Arsenijević
 * Balmazović
 * Bamburač
 * Bamburać
 * Banović
 * Belić
 * Blagojević
 * Bogdanović
 * Bosnić
 * Božić
 * Bukara
 * Cacanović
 * Čakarević
 * Čavorović
 * Čučuković
 * Ćustić
 * Dabić
 * Dakić
 * Damnjanović
 * Dedijer
 * Dizdarević
 * Dimitrić
 * Doljančević
 * Dragić
 * Dragutinović
 * Drakul
 * Drakula
 * Dubovina
 * Durić
 * Đerić
 * Đokić
 * Đukić
 * Đurđević
 * Đurović
 * Filipović
 * Gačić
 * Gagričić
 * Gojković
 * Golić
 * Gospović
 * Gruić
 * Grujičić
 * Grujić
 * Ilić
 * Ivanović
 * Ivković
 * Janković
 * Jaramaz
 * Jevđić
 * Jevtić
 * Jokić
 * Jovanović
 * Kalajdžić
 * Kalem
 * Klisarić
 * Knežević
 * Kočić
 * Komlenović
 * Kos
 * Kovačević
 * Krecelj
 * Krnja
 * Krsmanović
 * Lalićević
 * Lazić
 * Leburić
 * Lukić
 * Maćešić
 * Majdov
 * Maletić
 * Mali
 * Mandić
 * Marinković
 * Marjanski
 * Marković
 * Matejić
 * Matić
 * Miladinović
 * Milaković
 * Miličević
 * Milošević
 * Milović
 * Mirjanić
 * Mirosavljević
 * Mostić
 * Nešić
 * Nikolić
 * Nović
 * Njegić
 * Obradović
 * Ogrizović
 * Pantelić
 * Pantić
 * Paspalj
 * Pavlović
 * Pejić
 * Pekmezović
 * Pelkić
 * Perišić
 * Petković
 * Petrić
 * Petrović
 * Plotan
 * Popov
 * Popović
 * Radičević
 * Radivojević
 * Radonjić
 * Radosavljević
 * Radulović
 * Rakić
 * Rankov
 * Ranković
 * Ristić
 * Rustić
 * Savatijević
 * Simić
 * Sjeran
 * Skender
 * Skorupan
 * Stanišić
 * Stanković
 * Stokrp
 * Supić
 * Sušić
 * Šašo
 * Šipčić
 * Šipragić
 * Škorić
 * Škrga
 * Šukurma
 * Šupić
 * Tegarić
 * Terzić
 * Tešendić
 * Timotijević
 * Tiosavljević
 * Todorović
 * Treskanica
 * Tuvedžić
 * Vakanac
 * Vasiljević
 * Vasović
 * Veletić
 * Vićentijević
 * Vidojević
 * Vignjević
 * Višić
 * Vitomir
 * Vučkovac
 * Vučković
 * Vujičić
 * Vukašnović
 * Vukić
 * Vuković
 * Vukšić
 * Zarić
 * Zečević
 * Živković

People
By ancestry;
 * Milan Aleksić, Water polo player
 * Jevto Dedijer, Bosnian Serb anthropologist
 * Stevan Dedijer, scientist; son of Jevto Dedijer
 * Vladimir Dedijer, Tito's biographer and historian
 * Žarko Paspalj, Serbian basketball player
 * Jovan Maleševac, Serbian Orthodox monk and scribe

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maleševci (tribe)


text:
Agile Communications

Agile Communications is a licensed national telecommunications carrier based in South Australia and was the first South Australian based company to gain this license. The company is the wholesale subsidiary of ISP Internode. The company was founded by Internode Managing Director Simon Hackett and Catherine Conway and is based in Adelaide. Internode and Agile were bought out by iiNet in 2012 and iiNet itself was acquired by TPG Telecom in 2015.

History
In May 2001, Agile built the Coorong Network, a microwave network interlinking Adelaide, Murray Bridge, Tailem Bend, Binnies Hill, Tintinara and Meningie using Cisco based hardware.

In October 2003, Agile installed its own equipment in the Telstra exchange at Meningie, South Australia to provide ADSL to a town where Telstra was yet to provide broadband ADSL. This made it the first exchange in Australia where ADSL was available, but not through Telstra.

In late 2003, Agile began a rollout of a national network, an Optic Fibre based IP network running on STM-1 Packet over Sonet (POS) links to connect all Agile POPs across Australia.

The national network currently extends to Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, Sydney, Perth, Canberra and Hobart. In 2005, Agile extended their national network to the United States with points of presence in Los Angeles and San Jose.

From 2007 Agile designed and rolled out a broadband service using licensed fixed WiMax radio technology across the Coorong and Yorke Peninsula regions of South Australia. The service was retailed to customers by Internode and regional Internode resellers.

At the time of its sale, Agile had built 45 rural microwave installations in country SA with the Riverland and Murraylands also added to the network.

The Agile International network has become the core of the international network of iiNet and Internode following the acquisition of the Internode company group by iiNet.

title: Agile Communications


text:
Talk:John Kerry military service controversy

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User:Chinasaur/Imaginary colors

Imaginary colors: not my forte but it's good for my education to try to explain it, so I'll give it a shot. The canon is the textbook Color Science (and more recent variations) by Wyszecki and Stiles. I don't know what your background is, so forgive me my pedagogy.

If you check out International Commission on Illumination, you'll see the CIE 1931 representation of human perceivable color space (for the "standard observer"). The short story on imaginary colors is simply that anything outside the horseshoe shape is an imaginary stimulus; you can assign it coordinates in the color coordinates system, but it cannot actually be evoked in the human eye; it's "bluer than blue" or "redder than red", etc. This is a pretty trivial point; the more interesting question is "why would we care about imaginary stimuli?".

If you take a second look at the CIE diagram, you can tell immediately that this is an important question; look at the axes that the horseshoe shape is plotted on. These are not axes of real primary colors; the point 0,0 in the CIE x,y system is outside the range of perceivable colors. Weird! Why would the CIE parameterize their color space based on imaginary axes?

Okay, here's where primaries come in: as you can see at gamut, no three primaries are going to define a gamut triangle that covers the entire horseshoe of possible human perceivable colors. This often comes as a surprise to math types since the human visual system is based at the input level on a set of three detectors. It seems like if we could just pick one light spectrum that stimulates only the blue cone, one spectrum for red, and one spectrum for green, then of course we could stimulate the cones in any combination and thus produce any possible perceivable color; since the human color system starts with a parameterization of light spectra into three variables, shouldn't we need only three different primary stimuli to cover the entire space? The problem is that there is no spectrum that stimulates only the green cone, so it isn't possible to get the necessary three pure basis functions for generating all possible greens.

You can see this from the cone response functions in the plot at right. This plot shows the response amplitudes of the three cone types to pure monochromatic light stimuli of varying wavelengths. As you move along the x-axis, you are stimulating with different pure wavelengths (basically going through the rainbow spectrum from indigo to deep red). If you think about it, you can see that there is a problem in the area around 500-600 nm. For the red and blue primaries it's a no-brainer; you pick wavelengths at the extremes of the spectrum that only stimulate these cones individually, giving you maximal linear combinatorial flexibility. But what are you going to pick for your green primary color? Something around 500, where you get mostly green response, followed by red, followed by blue, or something around 600 where you get red response followed by green response? If you pick 500 for green primary, then you won't be able to recreate 600 with your three primaries because you won't have any way of getting green without adding blue, which you don't want for 600. If you pick 600 for your green primary, you won't be able to recreate 500, because your green primary always has too much red in it.

As a math type, you could probably state this as a linear algebra, dependent systems sort of conflict (in fact, if you can do this off the cuff, I'd like to hear how you'd describe it), but I'm not gonna get into that :). What the visually minded (myself) can see is that on the horseshoe CIE diagram, the greens problem reads out really nicely as the impossibility to cover the horseshoe with a (contained) triangle; you can cover the red and blue ends of the space pretty well with the corners of a triangle, but because of the bulge around the green perimeter, you aren't gonna be able to do justice to that area of the spectrum no matter what primary (triangle corner) you pick there.

In practical color science, there are ways to get experimental measurements defining only the green cone response. For example, you pick a green primary at 600 and then ask how much red must be subtracted from the stimulus in order to recreate 500. How this subtraction is calculated practically has to do with color matching experiments and we don't need to get into it. The point is, now we can cover the entire perceivable color space with RGB primaries, it just requires negative primary coefficients sometimes. This is ugly, but it's functional, so one version of the CIE horseshoe shape is actually plotted on RGB coordinates with part of the visible area extending into the negative coordinates (mostly for R but a little bit for G too).

However, the negative numbers are ugly, and make calculations harder (in turn making color technology more computationally demanding). Therefore, the standard CIE horseshoe is plotted on XYZ coordinates, a linear transformation of RGB that moves the visible area out of the negative ranges. So the XYZ coordinates are a transformation of real RGB primaries into more convenient, imaginary primaries.

Whew, that was a lot longer than I expected. Hopefully it was helpful. Let me know if you have more questions. Maybe a discussion like this will eventually become an article... So little time...

title: User:Chinasaur/Imaginary colors


text:
World College West

World College West was an undergraduate liberal arts college in Marin County, California. Founded by Dr. Richard M. Gray, it offered a program that integrated a grounding in the liberal arts with work-study and a required two-quarter "World Study" in a developing country. It opened with its first seven students on September 17, 1973.

History
Fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, World College West had programs in International Service and Development (ISD), International Environmental Studies (IES), Art and Society (AS), and Meaning, Culture, and Change (MCC). In later years, Business and International Business was added to the program line-up. ISD focused on the economic, political, and social development of "Third World" nations; IES concentrated on the wise use and global conservation of natural resources; AS examined the relationship between culture and the performing and visual arts; and MCC focused on the variety of ways in which the world's diverse cultures, through their systems of religion, philosophy, and tradition, give meaning and purpose to human life, and to the world around us.

The college's World Study Programs were established in China, Mexico, Nepal, India, Ghana, and Russia. Students could spend two quarters (six months) studying in both an urban and rural setting in one of these countries. During the urban stay, students lived with a host family and attended regularly scheduled language, culture, and history classes. During the rural stay, students again lived with host families and conducted independent research studies while continuing to learn the country's language.

The college placed a special emphasis on work-study and internships, because the founders of the college believed that learning occurred best through "disciplined reflection on experience". Once an area of study was selected, students were required to complete 480 internship hours in their field of study as part of their graduation requirement.

During its first few years, the College leased space on the campus of the San Francisco Theological Seminary in San Anselmo, followed by several years in surplus army barracks at Fort Cronkhite on the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1980s the college built and moved to a permanent campus off U.S. Highway 101 in the rolling hills of northern Marin County, between Novato and Petaluma (now the home of the Institute of Noetic Sciences).

World College West closed due to inadequate funding in Fall of 1992, the result of difficulties in succession after its founding president retired. The spirit of WCW lives on in Dick Gray's successor institution Presidio Graduate School. The hundreds of WCW alumni call themselves "Westies".

After the college closed, alumni transcripts and records were transferred to nearby Sonoma State University.

Notable alumni

 * Jasmine Krotkov, retired postal worker and member of the Montana House of Representatives

title: World College West


text:
Category:Jefferson County, New York

Jefferson County, New York is the home of the U.S. 10th Mountain Division based at Fort Drum, New York as well as a portion of the Thousand Islands region. The county seat is Watertown and Jefferson Community College is part of the SUNY group. Watertown is also the home of broadcasters WWNY, WPBS-TV and WWTI.

title: Category:Jefferson County, New York


text:
List of ICON science fiction conventions

ICON is the name of at least five science fiction conventions:

 * ICON (Iowa science fiction convention) is held in the Cedar Rapids/Iowa City area since 1975, usually in late October or early November, under the auspices of the Mindbridge Foundation, a not-for-profit foundation which also sponsors the Gamicon and AnimeIowa conventions.
 * I-CON is held in Stony Brook, New York, every spring, on the campus of Stony Brook University since 1981. I-CON (with a hyphen) is short for Island Convention – a reference to its location on Long Island.
 * ICon festival is the main Israeli annual science fiction, fantasy and role-playing convention (now officially a festival) – standing for Israeli Convention. It has been held in Tel Aviv annually since 1996 during Sukkot.
 * Icon was the name of the 2005 National Science Fiction Convention in New Zealand.
 * iCON is an annual science fiction, fantasy and role-playing convention in Turkey, Istanbul held by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Club of Istanbul University.


text: Category:Indian River County, Florida

title: Category:Indian River County, Florida


text: Category:Fremont County, Colorado

title: Category:Fremont County, Colorado


text: Category:Lawrence County, Mississippi

title: Category:Lawrence County, Mississippi


text: Category:Orange County, New York

title: Category:Orange County, New York


text:
Category:Towns in Pennsylvania

There is only one municipality in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania that is officially incorporated as a "town": Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania.

If other names appear on in this category, they are probably in error.

title: Category:Towns in Pennsylvania


text:
Firebolt

Firebolt may refer to:

 * Starfire Firebolt, an American homebuilt aerobatic biplane
 * USS Firebolt (PC-10), a United States Navy coastal patrol boat
 * AQM-81A Firebolt, a target drone of the United States
 * Firebolt (Harry Potter), a flying broomstick in the fictional Harry Potter universe game of Quidditch
 * Firebolt Analytics, an Israeli software company
 * The Buell XB9R Firebolt and Buell XB12R Firebolt sport bikes

title: Firebolt


text:
User talk:Ekevu/Archive 1

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia my talk page! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links hints for newcomers:

 * I like it when the discussion is wholly on the same talk page.
 * If you want me to reply on your talk page, then I'll copy the discussion from here to yours.
 * If you reply to something from your talk page here, I'll copy the discussion from yours to here.
 * If the discussion is really about an article, I may copy it to the article talk page.
 * I won't try to keep the copies consistent.

 * I generally don't use personal talk pages, giving preference to article talk pages.

 * Reply is not guaranteed.
 * But I'll try.

 * I am a prepotent pseudo-intellectual who enjoys looking smart, but I do so in good faith.
 * If you piss me off, I'll assume so are you, without the good faith part. ;-)

Manual do Bixo
Thanks for replying at Wikisource about Manual do Bixo. I think that this contribution would be more appropriate on pt:wikibooks than Wikisource. The difference between the two projects is based on whether the contribution has been previously published. (This is perhaps why I jumped to the conclusion that you could be violating the copyrights of the University.) All items on Wikisource should have been published before. Wikibooks exists for people to write collaborative texts as you suggest. If I can be of more help please let me know on my Wikisource talk page. Eclecticology 07:54, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)

 * I understand. There seems to be a little official support onto some official server Wiki. I'll look into that. I'll be removing Manual do Bixo from Wikisource within two to three weeks. Thank you. :) Omar "Ekevu" Balbuena 15:19, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

FYI
You might find this handy. Cheers, 'man'. --bquanta 06:09, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry to have offended you in such a horrible, arrogant and impersonal way. It certainly was not my intention, and this is certainly not how I see the use of the word 'man'. If we can't communicate adequately, we better not communicate at all. Apologies, cheers, and goodbye. --Ekevu (talk) 11:47, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Furry stuff
Hey, thanks for your work on yiff, fursona etc. =:) It's nice to see how many furry Wikipedians there are; we get everywhere, it seems! =;) And I believe we have at least two friends in common - Aimore and Hawthorn - so it's another example of the furry community in action! =:) Loganberry 15:33, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you as well. :) I'm glad to see it being useful. And thank you for making that last section so much clearer amd so on. I'm glad these articles are growing healthy thanks to the furry community! =)
 * Your name is not new to me, I've seen you somewhere out there-- actually I'm still wondering how you found out I know these great people - Aimoré and Hawthorn. LiveJournal or so? Anyhow... Thanks again! ^_^ -Ekevu (talk) 13:14, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Yep, it was LJ, as you've now discovered for yourself. =:) One quick question, though - on the yiff article, you've added "either effectively or desiderably" - what do you mean by "desiderably", please? Loganberry 23:28, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I meant something in the sense of "I wish I could..." as opposed to "I can easily..." Ekevu (talk) 13:37, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Voting history
Hello there! :) I was just wandering around Wikipedia and sumbled into your talk page. Since you're keeping track of what you vote, I got interested on where are these votes. :) --Ekevu (talk) 17:45, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Both of them I found while wandering around looking at Vfd and the Recent changes page. Nice to meet you. }:) --Sillydragon 21:57, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

1984 births
Hi Ekevu. I notice that your user page has a category tag. This has the effect of putting your user page into the general WP space which is probably not how categories should be used. --Lee Hunter 01:30, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I removed it promptly, but apparently the categories usage has changed... ≈ Ekevu (♥, ★) 21:19, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Furry Wikipedians
Heya. You don't know me, but I'm a fellow fur here on Wikipedia, and I'm trying to get all the furries on Wikipedia together on a category, just for fun. All you'd have to do would be to copy and paste into your user page, and you'd be added to the list.

If you'd do that, I'd be grateful. :) Almafeta 16:15, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I added it, but apparently someone created an userbox. Well, great!

Usercategorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Brazil page as living in or being associated with Brazil. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Brazil for instructions. Rmky87 06:39, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Added. Thanks. ≈ Ekevu (♥, ★) 21:19, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Superpower
hi, sorry for interruption, could you please see to the NPOV of exclusion of Brazil from this article. It was there until a month ago, and some guys keep excluding South America and Brazil from what I believe is its just place (and I am not alone, since these previous edits were there long before, to include Brazil). thanks Perroot 21:52, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll take a look at it, no promises. :) Ekevu (talk) 16:43, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Re: Templates
Both templates were originally used on my user page and talk page. I took them off when I started the survey though. The Template:Neutral user talk was later used as a base for the beginning of the Once upon a time... page, but that didn't work out. If you feel a strong need to do something, go ahead, but I would prefer that you didn't. Thanks 03:25, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I won't. I assumed you had not used them, since you were listing them there. Fortunately, I was wrong. ≈ Ekevu (♥, ★) 21:19, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

hmm.
You made the statement that the blog post at http://www.timboucher.com/journal/2005/12/16/furries-plushies-otherkin/ was "widely cited original research"

Can you please cite your source for this statement? As it stands, the link violates WP:RS, which states that "Personal websites and blogs may never be used as secondary sources." On it's face, "Tim Boucher.com" is a personal website. Do you have reason to believe it is not? Please note that the cite was added to the article by a linkspammer. Hipocrite - « Talk » 01:23, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ack! Sorry. I somehow thought you removed another link ( by David Rust)... Yes, that link I reverted back into the article is a blog and it does violate RS. I'm sorry again. ≈ Ekevu talk contrib 14:13, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Comment at Talk:FurAffinity
Thank you for going back and changing the tone. :) Happy editing! --AySz88 ^ -  ^  01:44, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * And thank you for pointing it out! ^_^ ≈ Ekevu (♥, ★) 21:19, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Possible impersonation
Hello. Anonymous user User:147.210.245.2 (talk • contribs) has manually signed a comment as you in Talk:Portuguese language (see diff). Could you please confirm whether you're the author of this message? Thank you! ≈ Ekevu (♥, ★) 13:49, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

I confirm : when I'm at school, I'm not everytime loggued. So I write my User:NAME, that's more convenient. (see lusophone)Yug (talk)  00:25, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * PS : Lyhana8 is my brother, sometime I use his account by mistake too. ... In this case I think "Lyhana8" was me. Yug (talk)  00:30, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok... I'm glad this has been cleared out. Four editors have been actually one. :) • Ekevu • ♥ • ★ 17:06, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Male and Female, this week's Collaborations of the week. Please come and help them become featured-standard articles. -- King of Hearts | (talk) 23:17, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

En-5
Since like me, you are a native speaker of Portuguese who contributes to the English-language Wikipedia at a high level, you may wish to consider changing your Babel definition in the Pt version to "En-5" (which I have recently created) from "En-4." "En-5," which has existed for some time in the En Wikipedia defines a user who can contribute at a level comparable to that of a well-educated native speaker, but is not in fact one. If you feel that you fall into this category, I would greatly appreciate if you made the change, since I would then no longer be the only user in it. (Wfgiuliano 01:23, 22 March 2006 (UTC))

Latin America won!
Joyous | Talk 18:28, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

List of shock sites nominated for deletion for a fourth time
The article List of shock sites has been nominatied for deletion again. I noticed that during its past nominations for deletion you voted to have the article deleted. If you have time, please support me in my attempt to have this article deleted by casting your vote in favour of deletion. Thank you. - Conrad Devonshire 08:41, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ekevu/Archive 1


text: Category:Washington County, Pennsylvania


text: User talk:149.99.165.117

title: User talk:149.99.165.117


text:
Clobetasol propionate

Clobetasol propionate is a corticosteroid used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and psoriasis. It is applied to the skin as a cream, ointment, or shampoo. Use should be short term and only if other weaker corticosteroids are not effective. Use is not recommended in rosacea or perioral dermatitis.

Common side effects include skin irritation, dry skin, redness, pimples, and telangiectasia. Serious side effects may include adrenal suppression, allergic reactions, cellulitis, and Cushing's syndrome. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. Clobetasol is believed to work by activating steroid receptors.

Clobetasol propionate was patented in 1968 and came into medical use in 1978. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 162nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Clobetasol propionate is used for the treatment of various skin disorders including eczema, herpes labialis, psoriasis, and lichen sclerosus. It is also used to treat several auto-immune diseases including alopecia areata, lichen planus (auto immune skin nodules), and mycosis fungoides (T-cell skin lymphoma). It is used as first-line treatment for both acute and chronic GVHD of the skin.

Clobetasol propionate is used cosmetically for skin whitening, although this use is controversial. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved it for that purpose, and sales without a prescription are illegal in the U.S. Nonetheless, skin-whitening creams containing this ingredient can sometimes be found in beauty supply stores in New York City and on the internet. It is also sold internationally, and does not require a prescription in some countries. Whitening creams with clobetasol propionate, such as Hyprogel, can make skin thin and easily bruised, with visible capillaries, and acne. It can also lead to hypertension, elevated blood sugar, suppression of the body's natural steroids, and stretch marks, which may be permanent.

Clobetasol propionate is, along with mercury and hydroquinone, "amongst the most toxic and most used agents in lightening products." Many products sold illegally have higher concentrations of clobetasol propionate than is permitted for prescription drugs.

Brand names
Clobetasol propionate is marketed and sold worldwide under numerous names, including Clobex, Clob-x (Colombia), Clovate, Clobet (Biolab Thailand) Clonovate (T.O. Chemicals, Thailand), Cormax (Watson, US), Haloderm (Switzerland, by ELKO Org), Pentasol (Colombia), Cosvate, Clop (Cadila Healthcare, India), Propysalic (India), Temovate (US), Dermovate (GlaxoSmithKline, Canada, Estonia, Pakistan, Switzerland, Ukraine, Portugal, Romania, Israel), Olux, ClobaDerm, Tenovate, Dermatovate (Brazil, Mexico), Butavate, Movate, Novate, Salac (Argentina), and Powercort, Lotasbat and Kloderma (Indonesia), Lemonvate and Clobesol (Italy), Dovate (South Africa), Delor (Ethiopia), Psovate (Turkey) or Skineal (Nigeria).

title: Clobetasol propionate


text:
Talk:Public holidays in North Macedonia

LET IT STAY
Free speech is imperative.

please note that there are many other important holidays in Macedonia. Considering the fact that Macedonia is a an Orthodox country, I think that there are some holidays that should be added on the list. I am not sure about the dates (I can post them later), but there are important holidays like: St. Mother of Christ(macedonian:Bogorodica; there are two dates on which this holiday is celebrated), St. Nicholas (Macedonian: Sveti Nikola), St. Archangel Michael (Arhangel Mihail), St. John Baptiser (Sveti Jovan Krstitel - this holiday is on 20th January, I can remember that), '''Sts. Cyril and Methodius - the Salonika brothers (Sveti Kiril i Metodij - Solunskite braka), Ilinden''' ( August, 2nd - the day of the great Ilinden uprising against the Otomans in 1903, when the 10 -day lasting Krusevo Republic - "Krusevska Republika" was declared; also the date of the meetings of ASNOM (Eng: Anti-fascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia) in 1945, where Macedonia was declared as a free state with its official flag, language and alphabet), and others...

I think, there is an error in the table regarding the Ramadan: It's not the first day, which is celebrated, but the last day or the first day of the next month "Ramazan Bajram". On the web-site of the US embassy in Skopje, an elaborate list of official holidays as well as Government-designated religious and ethnic community holidays is provided. It would be great, if someone with a broad Macedonian background could maintain this page of F.Y.R.o. Macedonia state holidays for those of us, who are visiting this multi-ethnic and -religious country. Thanks.

title: Talk:Public holidays in North Macedonia


text:
RIM-162 ESSM

The RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missile (ESSM) is a development of the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile used to protect ships from attacking missiles and aircraft. ESSM is designed to counter supersonic maneuvering anti-ship missiles. ESSM also has the ability to be "quad-packed" in the Mark 41 Vertical Launch System, allowing up to four ESSMs to be carried in a single cell.

Design
The original Sea Sparrow was an expedient design intended to provide short-range defensive fire in a system that could be deployed as rapidly as possible. The AIM-7 Sparrow was the simplest solution, as its radar guidance allowed it to be fired head-on at targets. The radar signal could be provided by mounting an aircraft radar on a trainable platform on a ship. In the years after its introduction, it was upgraded to follow improvements being made in the air-to-air Sparrow models used by the US Navy and US Air Force. The ultimate version in this line was the R model, which introduced a new dual-seeker homing system and many other upgrades. In the air-to-air role, however, this was passed over in favor of the AIM-120 AMRAAM, which offered much higher performance from a smaller and lighter missile. Development of the air-to-air Sparrow ended in the 1990s.

Only the Sea Sparrow, therefore, remained using the basic platform — with no need to be suitable for aircraft. Rather than using the existing P and R models, it was decided to dramatically upgrade the weapon. The Evolved SeaSparrow (ESSM) emerged as a completely new weapon, sharing only the name with the original. All of the same support equipment was used, though, allowing it to be fitted to ships already mounting the older models. Compared to the Sea Sparrow, ESSM has a larger, more powerful rocket motor — developed by Orbital ATK in cooperation with Nammo Raufoss — for increased range and agility, as well as upgraded aerodynamics using strakes and skid-to-turn. In addition, ESSM takes advantage of the latest missile guidance technology, with different versions for Aegis/AN/SPY-1, Sewaco/Active Phased Array Radar (APAR), and traditional target illumination all-the-way.

In the 2000s the NATO Seasparrow Project Office began planning an upgraded Block 2 version of the ESSM. In 2014 Canada pledged 200M CAD to underwrite their share of the Block 2's development cost. ESSM Block 2 leverages the existing Block 1 rocket motor and features a dual-mode X band seeker, increased maneuverability, and other enhancements. Block 2 features enhanced communications systems that allow mid-course guidance correction, making the missiles easy to network into the Navy's emerging Cooperative Engagement Capability. Unlike Block 1, Block 2's active radar homing seeker supports terminal engagement without the launch ship's target illumination radars. The upgraded blast-fragmentation warhead was designed, developed and is being produced by Roketsan. The improved ESSM Block II will be fielded by the US Navy from 2020.

Mk 29
The original launcher is Mark 29 Guided Missile Launching System Mod. 4 & 5 (Mk 29 GMLS Mod 4 & 5), which is developed from earlier models Mk 29 Mod 1/2/3 for Sea Sparrow. Mk 29 launchers provide on-mount stowage and launching capability for firing up to eight missiles in a self-contained environmentally controlled trainable launcher design.

Mk 41
The Mark 41 Vertical Launching System is the primary launch system for the Evolved SeaSparrow Missile. The Mk 41 is deployed aboard destroyers and frigates, primarily of the United States and allied nations. The ESSM is quadpacked within a Mk 41 cell allowing a significantly increased missile load over SM-2.

Mk 48
In addition to the Mk 29 GMLS and Mk 41 VLS, the other primary launcher is Mk 48 VLS. The 2-cell module of Mk 48 makes the system very versatile and enables it to be installed on board in spaces that otherwise cannot be utilized. The weight of a 2-cell module of Mk 48 is 660 kg (1,450 lb; including empty canisters), 330 kg (725 lb) for exhaust system, and 360 kg (800 lb) for ship installation interfaces. Each canister of the Mk 48 VLS houses a single RIM-7VL (Vertically Launched) Sea Sparrow cell or two RIM-162 ESSM cells, though, with modification, other missiles can also be launched. There are a total of four models in the Mk 48 family, with Mod 0 & 1 housing either 2 RIM-7VL or 4 RIM-162 cells, Mod 2 housing either 16 RIM-7VL or 32 RIM-162 cells. Mod 0/1/2 are usually grouped into either a 16-cell module for RIM-7VL or a 32-cell module for RIM-162. Mod 3 fits into the StanFlex modules on Royal Danish Navy ships and can house either 6 RIM-7VL or 12 RIM-162 cells; the Danes now use the latter.

Mk 56
The successor of the Mk 48 VLS is the Mark 56 Guided Missile Vertical Launching System (Mk 56 GMVLS) or simply Mk 56. In comparison to its predecessor, the Mk 56 utilizes a greater percentage of composite material, reducing the weight by more than 20%. The Mexican Navy will be one of the customers of the Mk 56, using an 8-cell launcher on their Sigma-class design frigates.

Specifications:

Mark 57 (Mk 57)
The Mk 57 Peripheral Vertical Launching System (PVLS), an evolution of Mk 41 VLS, is used on Zumwalt-class destroyers. It is designed to be installed on the ship periphery instead of centralized magazines. It comes in 4-cell launcher modules and provides backwards compatibility with existing missiles, while allowing new missiles with significantly increased propulsion and payloads.

AMRAAM-ER
The AMRAAM-ER is an Extended Range upgrade to the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile for the NASAMS ground-based air defense system, which combines ESSM rocket motor with the AMRAAM two-stage seeker head.

Operational history
US operational evaluation was conducted in July 2002 aboard USS Shoup. Initial operational capability did not occur until later.

In October 2003, at the USN Pacific Missile Range Facility near Hawaii, Australian frigate HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152) conducted a successful firing of an ESSM. The firing was also the first operational use of the CEA Technologies CWI for guidance.

In November 2003, approximately 200 nmi from the Azores, the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) frigate HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (F802) conducted a live fire test of a single ESSM. This firing was the first ever live firing involving a full-size ship-borne active electronically scanned array (i.e. the APAR radar) guiding a missile using the Interrupted Continuous Wave Illumination (ICWI) technique in an operational environment. As related by Jane's Navy International:

During the tracking and missile-firing tests, target profiles were provided by Greek-built EADS/3Sigma Iris PVK medium-range subsonic target drones. [...] According to the RNLN, ... "APAR immediately acquired the missile and maintained track until destruction". [...] These ground-breaking tests represented the world's first live verification of the ICWI technique.

In August 2004, a German Navy Sachsen-class frigate completed a series of live missile firings at the Point Mugu missile launch range off the coast of California that included a total of 11 ESSM missile firings. The tests included firings against target drones such as the Northrop BQM-74E Chukkar III and Teledyne Ryan BQM-34S Firebee I, as well as against missile targets such as the Beech AQM-37C and air-launched Kormoran 1 anti-ship missiles.

Further live firings were performed by the RNLN frigate HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën in March 2005, again in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 180 nmi west of the Azores. The tests involved three live-firing events (two of which involved the ESSM) including firing a single SM-2 Block IIIA at an Iris target drone at long range, a single ESSM at an Iris target drone, and a two-salvo launch (with one salvo comprising two SM-2 Block IIIAs and the other comprising two ESSMs) against two incoming Iris target drones.

All ESSM launches from De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate and Sachsen-class frigates involved ESSMs quad-packed in a Mark 41 Vertical Launching System.

The first "kill" by the RIM-162D from a United States Navy carrier's Mk 29 launcher was achieved during a training exercise by USS John C. Stennis on 7 October 2008.

On 14 May 2013, the ESSM intercepted a high-diving supersonic test target, demonstrating the ability to hit high-G maneuvering, low-velocity air threats, as well as surface targets. No software changes were needed to prove the ESSM's enhanced capability.

On 30 August 2015, during the annual 'Co-operation Afloat Readiness and Training' ('CARAT') exercise, the ESSM was fired from the Royal Thai Navy Naresuan-class guided-missile frigate HTMS Naresuan and achieved a direct hit on a BQM-74E drone missile launched from the USN amphibious dock landing ship USS Germantown.

On 9 October 2016, USS Mason (DDG-87) fired one RIM-162 ESSM and two SM-2s to defend against two incoming Houthi anti-ship cruise missiles, potentially Chinese-built C-802 missiles. It is unknown if the RIM-162 was responsible for intercepting either of the missiles, but the incident marked the first time the ESSM was used in a combat situation.

In 2018, the ESSM Block 2 passed its first live fire test, successfully intercepting a BQM-74E target drone using its active guidance seeker-head.

Operators

Source: US Navy—Fact File: Evolved Seasparrow Missile

ESSM Consortium Members:

 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * 🇺🇸 United States

Foreign Military Sales (FMS):

 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates

title: RIM-162 ESSM


text: Category:Cities in Peru

title: Category:Cities in Peru


text:
Talk:Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize

Redirect
Tezuka Award is redirected here. That's problematic, because the Tezuka Award is a separate and older award. See ja:& and ja:&. A-giau 03:43, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * When I created the page, I didn't find a lot of info in languages that I understand (and Japanese is not among them !). Is the "Tezuka Award" a separated award from the "Osamu Tezuka Culture Award" ? Are they both still running ? If you got some times, un-redirect the Tezuka Award page, and add the specific content. Lvr 09:12, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I've created a stubby page. Unfortunately my Japanese proficiency is superficial at best. :(  A-giau 07:49, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Great. If I find more information, I will complete the pages. Lvr 10:20, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Confusingly, there's also an American award! See http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/tezuka.php --Gwern (contribs) 19:48 5 November 2009 (GMT)

title: Talk:Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize


text:
User talk:Supreme Moolah of Iran

Hello "Supreme Moolah of Iran" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 03:46, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:Supreme Moolah of Iran


text:
Franco Cerri

Franco Cerri (29 January 1926 – 18 October 2021) was an Italian guitarist and double bassist.

Biography
Cerri was born in Milan and learned to play guitar when he was 17. In 1945 he became a member of the group led by Gorni Kramer and joined the orchestra of the television show Buone vacanze. He played double bass in addition to guitar starting in the 1950s, such as with Chet Baker and Buddy Collette. He has also played with Dizzy Gillespie, Johnny Griffin, Stéphane Grappelli, Lars Gullin, Billie Holiday, Lee Konitz, Gerry Mulligan, Lou Bennett, Bud Shank, Tony Scott, Django Reinhardt, Phil Woods, and the Modern Jazz Quartet. He cited as influences Django Reinhardt, Barney Kessell, and René Thomas.

Cerri has led quartets and quintets with Tullio De Piscopo, Pino Presti, Gianluigi Trovesi, Flavio Ambrosetti, and Jean-Luc Ponty.

In 1980 he formed a duo with pianist Enrico Intra, with whom he founded the "Civica Scuola di Jazz" in Milan.

On 1 January 2006, he was knighted by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

Cerri died on 18 October 2021, at the age of 95.

As leader

 * Franco Cerri and His European Jazz Stars (Columbia, 1960)
 * International Jazz Meeting (Columbia, 1961)
 * Bossa Nova (Columbia, 1963)
 * Franco Cerri (Columbia, 1964)
 * La Sera a Casa Con Te (CGD, 1965)
 * 12 Bacchette Per 1 Chitarra (GTA, 1966)
 * 6 (Dire, 1971)
 * Metti Una Sera Cerri (1973)
 * A Limmen (Malobbia, 1975)
 * From Cathetus to Cicero (Malobbia, 1975)
 * Querce Platani e Cerri (PDU, 1975)
 * Franco Tony and Pompeo (Malobbia, 1976)
 * Nuages (Ricordi, 1976)
 * Uno Suo Modo Di Dire (Dire, 1977)
 * Franco Cerri Jazz (Dire, 1977)
 * Noi Duero (Malobbia, 1978)
 * Demoiselle (Dire, 1979)
 * Omaggio a Bill Evans (Dire, 1981)
 * Effetto Alfa (Paragon, 1983)
 * Today! (Dire, 1984)
 * From:Milan to:Frankfurt/Main Re: Jazz Twins (Dire, 1985)
 * Pregiata Ditta Dal 1980 (Ariston, 1990)
 * Cerri & Cerri (Dire, 1994)
 * En Souvenir De Milan (CDpM LION, 1995)
 * In Punta Di Cerri (MAP, 2000)
 * Jazz Italiano Live 2007 (Casa Del Jazz, 2007)
 * Cerrimedioatutto (MAP, 2011)
 * Passavo Di Qui (Musica Jazz, 2012)
 * Barber Shop (Abeat, 2014)
 * Antonio Onorato & Franco Cerri (Abeat, 2016)
 * Take the A Train with Gianni Basso (VideoRadio, 2008)
 * E Venia Da' Campi Che Di Cerri Sentia (Red, 2008)

As sideman
With Chet Baker
 * In Milan (Jazzland, 1960)
 * Chet Baker with Fifty Italian Strings (Jazzland, 1960)
 * Stella by Starlight (West Wind, 1989)

With Bruno Lauzi
 * Palla Al Centro (Numero Uno 1983)
 * Back to Jazz (Dire, 1989)
 * Lauzi Cantava Il Jazz (Musica Jazz, 2016)

With others
 * Nicola Arigliano, Go Man! (NuN, 2001)
 * Basso-Valdambrini, New Sound from Italy (Jolly Hi-Fi, 1960)
 * Matteo Brancaleoni, Just Smile (Philology, 2007)
 * Buddy Collette, Polyhedric Buddy Collette (Dejavu, 2008)
 * Milt Jackson, Sings with the Enrico Intra Group (seriE.WOC, 2013)
 * Renato Rascel, Ninna Nanna Del Cavallino/E Arrivata La Bufera (Odeon, 1958)
 * Caterina Valente, A Briglia Sciolta (Ariston, 1990)
 * Claude Williamson, Modern Jazz in Nude (Columbia, 1968)

title: Franco Cerri


text:
Powerade

Powerade is a sports drink created and sold by the Coca-Cola Company. Its primary competitor is Gatorade, owned by PepsiCo.

History
Powerade was created by the Coca-Cola Company and first released in 1987. The company developed the soft drink as an alternative to sports drinks, which were becoming more and more popular. Powerade was originally marketed to athletes, who needed a drink that would keep them hydrated during strenuous workouts.

In 2000, Powerade became the official sports drink of the Olympics, alongside Aquarius, another sports drink made by Coca-Cola. It is a rival of another sports drink, Gatorade. In July 2001, the Coca-Cola Company launched a new formula for Powerade including vitamins B3, B6 and B12, which play a role in energy metabolism.

In 2007 Powerade acquired Fuze Beverage, a leading energy drink company.

In July 2002, the Coca-Cola Company started in Toogoolawah by updating the bottles of the standard Powerade (previous logo styling) to a new sport-grip bottle.

In 2002, the Coca-Cola Company introduced Powerade Option to the United States, in response to Gatorade's popular Propel. Option is a "low Calorie sports drink" that is colorless and sweetened with high fructose corn syrup, sucralose, and acesulfame potassium, to provide sugar-conscious consumers with another rehydration choice. Powerade Option took 36% of the Fitness Water category behind Propel's 42%.

In 2007, Powerade Zero was released, a sports drink with electrolytes, which contains no sugar, no calories and no carbohydrates.

In June 2009, the Coca-Cola Company bought Glacéau, owner of brands such as VitaminWater and SmartWater, for $4.1 billion, a price tag that signaled the company's seriousness in pursuing growth of non-carbonated beverages. Since then, the company has also given its Glacéau management team control of its Powerade sports drink brand.

Competition
Powerade's main competition is Gatorade marketed by the Quaker Oats Company, a division of PepsiCo. Gatorade, which was branded at the University of Florida in 1965, was the first commercially available sports drink in the United States. It now holds a commanding share of the market. As of 2011, Gatorade held a 70% market share to Powerade's 28.5%.

All Sport is a competitor marketed by All Sport, Inc. and distributed by Jel Sert. All Sport was marketed by PepsiCo until 2001, when Gatorade's maker, the Quaker Oats Company was acquired by PepsiCo. All Sport was sold to the Monarch Beverage Company soon after. Powerade and All Sport have each been distributed through their own direct store deliver channels. It was subsequently purchased by Gary Smith, the Chairman & CEO of All Sport, Inc. of Austin, Texas.

Outside the United States, the Lucozade energy drink (manufactured since 1927 by the pharmaceutical company now known as GlaxoSmithKline) competes with Powerade. Lucozade's formulation differs in that it uses primarily glucose and contains caffeine. The more direct competitor to Powerade and Gatorade is Lucozade Sport.

Sponsorships

 * Powerade is the official sports drink of the Australian rugby league team and the Australian union team, the Australian Football League, PGA Tour, NASCAR (2003–present), NHRA, NCAA, the U.S. Olympic Team (excluding U.S.A. Basketball and U.S. Soccer, which have deals with Gatorade) and many other national Olympic federations, The Football League and many other soccer leagues and teams around the world, FIFA, such as Rangers F.C, Club Universidad de Chile, Club Bolívar, Associação Atlética Ponte Preta, Racing Club de Avellaneda, Independiente de Avellaneda, O'Higgins, Universitario de Sucre, Club Atlético River Plate, Club Cerro Porteño or Club Atlético Peñarol and the IOC in no small part due to their overall contracts with Coca-Cola. Various other competitions also have sponsorship deals with the brand, although Gatorade historically has secured the majority of sponsorships. The drink is also Sponsor of the Honduran Soccer Team C.D. Olimpia.
 * Powerade is the Official Hydration Partner of Melbourne Storm.
 * The brand is also the exclusive beverage sponsor of the Hoops in the Sun basketball summer league, based at Orchard Beach in the Bronx, New York. It is the only summer basketball league to be sponsored by the brand.

United States
Source:
 * Water
 * High fructose corn syrup
 * Salt
 * Potassium citrate
 * Phenylalanine
 * Sucrose acetoisobutyrate
 * Sodium citrate
 * Malic acid
 * Potassium phosphate
 * Vitamin B6
 * Vitamin B2
 * Sugar

Note: Standard 8-ounce servings meet the FDA definition of 'low sodium' and have less sodium than a glass of chocolate milk.

Criticism
Like its main competitor, Gatorade, Powerade is made with sugar, syrups and salt. One Powerade ad campaign stated that Powerade's ION4 is superior to Gatorade, as the claims made by Pepsi, the parent owner of Gatorade were apparently deceptive and false. The courts ruled in favor of Powerade as of August 2009.

Being high in sugar Powerade may contribute to diabetes and weight gain if combined with other sugar sources.

title: Powerade


text:
Luna Park Sydney

Luna Park Sydney is a heritage-listed amusement park located at 1 Olympic Drive, Milsons Point, New South Wales, Australia, on the northern shore of Sydney Harbour. The amusement park is owned by the Luna Park Reserve Trust, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It is one of Sydney's most famous landmarks and has had a significant impact on culture through the years, including being featured as a filming location for several movies and television shows.

It is one of two amusement parks in the world that are protected by government legislation, namely the Luna Park Site Act 1990 which specifically protects the site and sets it aside for the purpose of an amusement park. Several of the buildings on the site are also listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate and the New South Wales State Heritage Register.

The park was constructed during 1935, approximately 600 m from the northern approaches of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was an extremely popular attraction during World War II and the post-war period. The park suddenly closed in mid-1979 after the Ghost Train fire which killed six children and one adult. Most of the park was demolished and a new one was constructed, which operated for a brief time as Harbourside Amusement Park before the name was reverted. The park was closed again in 1988 as an independent engineering inspection determined that several rides needed urgent repair. The owners failed to repair and reopen the park before a Government of New South Wales deadline, and ownership was passed to a new body.

The park reopened in 1995, but closed yet again within thirteen months due to noise complaints about the Big Dipper rollercoaster from local residents, which led to reduced hours and a drop in attendance that made the park unsustainable to run. Luna Park opened only sporadically for the next nine years, including for special charity events and as a filming location. After another redevelopment, it reopened in 2004 and has continued operating ever since.

Pre-colonisation to 1830s: Establishment of Milsons Point
The Cammeraygal people are the traditional owners of the North Sydney area, having lived there for at least 5,000 years.

After the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, a block of land between Lavender Bay and Careening Cove was granted by colonial authorities to a private soldier named Robert Ryan. This land passed down via surveyor-general Charles Grimes to politician Robert Campbell by 1805, with James Milson later settling there in the 1820s.

In 1830, Jamaican ex-convict Billy Blue commenced the first ferry service across Sydney Harbour. By 1837, a regular wharf and waterman's service was operating from the site now known as Milsons Point. A regular vehicular ferry was operating by 1860, joined by a tram line to North Sydney in 1886. The North Shore railway line opened in 1890, and was extended to Milsons Point in 1893.

1915 to 1935: From New York to Glenelg

The first Luna Park was opened at Coney Island, New York in 1903. The first Luna Park in Australia opened in, Melbourne in 1912, followed by Luna Park Glenelg in Adelaide in 1930.

From 1924 onwards, the future site of Luna Park Sydney was used extensively by Dorman Long to fabricate and assemble steel components for the Sydney Harbour Bridge, which officially opened in 1932. Once the bridge was completed, North Sydney Council opened up applications for tenders to develop the site.

At the same time, the owners of Luna Park Glenelg - Herman Phillips, his brothers and A. A. Abrahams - happened to be searching for a new location to establish the park due to difficulties with their local council and residents.

Phillips and his associates won the tender for the North Sydney site and began a 20-year lease on 11 September 1935, forming Luna Park (NSW) Limited. The rides from Glenelg were dismantled and transported to Sydney over a three-month period - an elaborate process undertaken by Stuart Brothers under the direction of David Atkins, Ted Hopkins and Arthur Barton. Construction of the park employed almost 1,000 engineers, structural workers, fitters, and artists. Architectural plans and drawings of the park from this era are held at the State Library of New South Wales.

There were noise complaints and protests from North Shore residents against the park's construction as early as April 1935, before it had even opened. Members of a "Parks and Playgrounds Movement" were quoted as saying the park was the result of "a deplorable lack of aesthetic taste", and akin to "Coney Island under the Tower of London" - as in, not worthy of proximity to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. These sorts of complaints would turn out to be a theme throughout the park's history.

1935 to 1969: Official opening and heyday
On 4 October 1935, Luna Park Sydney was officially opened to immediate success. The park's signature entrance face, designed by Rupert Browne, was placed between two Art Deco-style towers with spires imitating New York's Chrysler Building. The Big Dipper roller coaster was an instantly popular attraction. After a successful opening season, the park closed down for the winter months so that rides and attractions could be overhauled and repainted, and new ones could be added. In 1936, the North Sydney Olympic Pool was also opened on an adjacent site.

During World War II, Luna Park was a magnet for servicemen, many of whom were either treating their girlfriends to a night out or looking to meet someone. The influx of servicemen also drew sex workers to the area and large-scale brawls were a common occurrence, usually between Australian home defence troops and American sailors on shore leave. As non-essential uses of electricity were curtailed in wartime, the park's neon lights were disconnected and many ride facades were dimmed. The park's external lights were also 'browned out' in case of a Japanese sneak attack on Sydney.

In 1950, the Phillips brothers were bought out by Atkins & Hopkins. Numerous changes and additions were made over the next few years, as the two men travelled the world to bring back new concepts from amusement parks in the Netherlands, the United States, Germany and Britain. A version of The Rotor - a spinning drum that uses centrifugal force to pin guests to the sides, developed by Professor Ernst Hoffmeister in Germany - was constructed and installed, and became the stage of many stunts. It remains in place today. Barton also redesigned and reconstructed the park's entrance face, which had begun to sag and distort. The new design was based on illustrations of Old King Cole, and became the inspiration for all future variants.

Atkins' passing in 1957 saw Hopkins become the park's manager. Meanwhile, the rise of television and car culture throughout the 1960s saw the park facing increased competition. Several initiatives were attempted to maintain public interest throughout this era, including the installation of the Wild Mouse roller coaster and the hiring of silhouette artist S. John Ross.

1969 to 1979: New ownership and Martin Sharp involvement
Hopkins retired in 1969 and sold the remaining six years of the park's lease to World Trade Centre Pty Ltd. Winter closures were abandoned under this new management, meaning there was no opportunity to carry out regular maintenance works on the rides. Barton also retired in 1970, the last of the park's original showmen.

Soon after this, the new owners applied to construct a $50 million international trade centre on the Luna Park site, consisting of seven high-rise buildings, 929000 m2 of exhibition space, and a heliport. However, this plan was rejected by the Government of New South Wales. After a reshuffle within the consortium, the decision was made to continue operation as an amusement park.

Over the next few years, the new managers scrapped several of the old rides and replacing them with new, American-designed thrill rides. After consultation with Hanna-Barbera, Luna Park's slogan was temporarily changed from "Just for Fun" to "The Place Where Happiness Is". Another result of the consultation was the creation of a short-lived park mascot, "Luna Bear - the Space Age Koala."

In 1973, Martin Sharp and Peter Kingston undertook repainting works on the park in a pop art style. The face was repainted with a new expression and a clown-like mask, offset by strong primary colours. Sharp would turn out to play a major role in the park's history in the decades to come.

By 1975, Luna Park was operating on a week-to-week lease with plans to develop the Lavender Bay foreshores as a "Tivoli Gardens". When the park's lease expired that same year, the directors went into negotiation with the New South Wales government to renew it. However, when Neville Wran became Premier in 1976 the negotiations ground to a halt, and the park was allowed to continue operating.

In 1977, an exhibition was held at the Art Gallery of New South Wales entitled Fairground Arts and Novelties, highlighting many important aspects of Luna Park. Meanwhile, Sharp and Kingston, as well as Richard Liney and Garry Shead, were involved in many major redesigns and artwork installations throughout the park. Sharp was quoted as saying:

"It took us a while to realise that Luna Park was an artwork in itself, a city state of illusion, a brilliant feat of engineering with imagination, created and maintained by men. Sydney must acknowledge the importance of Luna Park. To lose it now would be a tragedy."

1979: Big Dipper accident, Ghost Train fire, and closure

On 16 April 1979, a steel runner came loose on the Big Dipper, halting one train and leading to a collision with another. Thirteen people were injured.

On 9 June 1979, the park's Ghost Train burnt down during operation. The fire quickly destroyed the ride, although it was contained before spreading to the nearby Big Dipper and River Caves. Searches of the charred rubble revealed the bodies of seven people: John Godson and his two children, Damien and Craig, and four Waverley College students, Jonathan Billings, Richard Carroll, Michael Johnson, and Seamus Rahilly. The park was immediately shut down.

Sydney newspapers and the NSW Police reported at the time that the fire was caused by an electrical fault. A contemporaneous coronial inquest was unable to establish the cause of the fire, but concluded that Luna Park's managers and operators had failed in their duty of care towards the park's patrons. Investigations led by Sharp in future decades, backed up with the testimony of multiple eyewitnesses and several NSW police officers, would determine the blaze was in fact deliberately lit by associates of Abe Saffron in an attempt to gain control of the park site.

1980 to 1990: Friends of Luna Park campaign and Harbourside ownership
The NSW government called for tenders for the site's development at the end of July 1979. and again in March 1980.

Meanwhile, a group named "Friends of Luna Park" was formed by impassioned community members. A "Save Luna Park" protest marched from the Opera House to the Face, followed by a free concert headlined by Mental As Anything. As a result, the Face was an item of national heritage by the National Trust of Australia and the rest of the park was given a 'recorded' classification.

Australian Amusements Associates won the tender in September 1980, and took over administration of the site in early June 1981. Much of the original park was then either demolished or sold off, including the Big Dipper, Tumble Bug, Turkey Trot, Barrels of Fun and the River Caves. Later that year, the Luna Park Site Act was passed, meaning Luna Park Holdings had to vacate the site. Everything that remained - with the exception of the Face, Crystal Palace, and Coney Island - was bulldozed and burnt.

The park was then rebuilt by Australian Amusements, following design advice from Texas-based LARC International. It reopened as the "Harbourside Amusement Park" in April 1982. The change in name was caused by a dispute between the current and previous owners, preventing the use of the Luna Park name until August of that year.

Over the next six years, the Face was removed from over the entry gates on two occasions, the owners of Harbourside were involved in two disputes with the Department of Public Works and one director was the subject of an inquiry by the Corporate Affairs Commission. Reports from independent engineers were then presented stating that several rides in the park had to be shut down for "renovations and repairs". The park closed again in 1988, and the entrance face was re-located to storage owned by the Powerhouse Museum.

Harbourside's lease was then transferred to Luna Park Investments Pty Ltd. With a year, after no efforts had been made to repair and reopen Luna Park, and several submissions hade been made to replace most or all of the amusement park with high-rise apartment blocks and hotels, the New South Wales State Government issued an ultimatum to the company: open Luna Park by 1 June 1990, or lose the lease. Despite this ultimatum, Luna Park Investments did little to prepare the site. Rides were moved around, repainted, and renamed to give the appearance that the new owners were trying to make an effort. The directors kept putting forward excuses to try to gain an extension, even declaring a trade union ban on their own site.

Four days after the government ultimatum passed, the lease was terminated and the Luna Park Reserve Trust was established. Soon after this, the National Heritage Trust added several buildings on the site to its list of protected structures.

On 12 October 1990, the Luna Park Site Act 1990 was gazetted, although the act had been used prior to this to terminate Harbourside's lease and establish the Luna Park Reserve Trust. The Act was intended to protect the site of the park, dedicating it for amusement and public recreation. This act made Luna Park one of only two amusement parks in the world to be protected by government legislation, the other being Denmark's Tivoli Gardens.

1991 to 1995: Reconstruction
In 1991, the first two stages of the three-stage redevelopment and restoration plan for Luna Park was given the green light, with $25 million granted by the Open Space and Heritage Fund towards the project. The third stage, involving the demolition of sections of the old North Shore railway line (which had been in use as a holding area for trains outside peak hour since 1932), construction of parkland, an amphitheatre, art gallery, and museum, was not approved.

In 1992, the Trust commissioned Godden Mackay heritage consultants to prepare a Conservation Plan for the site. The plans were approved by North Sydney Council in August 1992, with Ted Hopkins also supporting the plans shown to him. Work began in January 1993, with the Face being moved back to its place over the entry gate. An 'army' of tradesmen and artists worked for six months on the restoration of the park's buildings, and on the repair of numerous artworks, including several of Barton's murals.

During the reconstruction, there was vocal opposition from a number of nearby residents and companies,on a variety of issues. The main points of opposition were the noise levels of the park after opening, and the installation of a 40 m tall steel roller coaster to be named the Big Dipper after the original. The Environmental Protection Authority approved the construction of the new Big Dipper on the condition that the Trust abided by strict noise control guidelines and covered the cost of soundproofing for any residents affected by excessive noise. In addition, North Sydney Council imposed a series of times when the roller coaster could not operate.

1995 to 2001: Brief reopening, closure and redevelopment
Luna Park reopened in January 1995. In the months that followed, the park was affected by poor weather conditions, causing lower than predicted attendance. Legal claims against the operation of the park and roller coaster were filed by some local residents and supported by business figures whose tenders for the redevelopment had not been accepted. The newly elected Carr government put the park's long-term viability in doubt; first removing the government guarantee of a $14 million loan to the trust, then dissolving the trust's board of directors and appointing an administrator. The park was forced to close again on 14 February 1996.

In 1997 the Department of Land & Water Conservation (DLWC) engaged the Urban Design Advisory Service (UDAS) to investigate urban design and land use options for the future use of Luna Park. The Luna Park Plan of Management was prepared by the New South Wales government in 1998 to guide the future management of the Luna Park Reserve. This plan identified a preferred option for Luna Park's future use, determined in consultation with residents, the general public and other stakeholders. It sought to preserve Luna Park's amusement park character while introducing new uses to improve its viability and accordance with the parameters in the Luna Park Site Amendment Act 1997. There was also grassroots community support for the park's reopening; one example of this was the collection of a 5,000 signature petition by a pair of high school students.

In June 1997, the New South Wales government presented four development proposals to the public. After a month of public viewing and comment, a 'diverse-use' plan, encompassing rides and amusements, restaurants, cafés, and function capacity was announced as the winning plan. In February 1998, the NSW Department of Public Works and Services called for proposals to redevelop Luna Park, and 20 proposals were submitted, with eight selected for further consideration.

In July 1999, the results of the tendering process were made public. Metro Edgley Group (consisting of Metro Edgley, Multiplex Facilities Management, and a group of private investors) was awarded the tender. Their proposal intended for most of the rides to stay, but called for the Big Dipper to be replaced with a multipurpose concert venue, and asked to redevelop the Crystal Palace as a function centre.

A Master Plan for the site was prepared in 1999, which included a Heritage Report prepared by Godden Mackay Logan. Further consultation with North Sydney Council brought the development to a standstill, with the Council and the directors of Metro Edgley clashing over several aspects of the proposed redevelopment. In January 2002 the Minister for Planning approved a development application for the site. On top of this, specific applications had to be lodged for each element of the plan, each of which in turn would require community consultation. The development eventually began in 2003.

During the long decision-making and approval process, Luna Park was permitted to operate for several charity-organised events, including for Variety Club and the Spastic Centre. The park was also allowed to operate on selected weekends and school holidays in late 2000 and early 2001, under strict, court-appointed conditions. In July 2001, the Big Dipper rollercoaster (installed in 1995) was sold to Dreamworld in Queensland.

2004 to 2020: Reopening, legal action, heritage listing and further redevelopment
The redevelopment and restoration of the park was conducted over a 14-month period between 2003 and 2004. The rides were removed, restored, and in some cases upgraded to comply with modern safety standards. The Crystal Palace was redesigned with several modular function rooms, the largest of which took up the entire lower floor. A 2,000 seat multipurpose auditorium, the Big Top, was constructed.

On 4 April 2004, the park reopened once again and has remained open ever since. Despite rain and low temperatures, several thousand people attended the opening day, and an accumulated attendance figure of 200,000 was reached within two months.

Legal action against the park by a group of seven Milsons Point residents and one developer began again in April 2005. The claim was of noise nuisance from the amusement rides, particularly those in Maloney's Corner. The case was defeated when legislation was passed by the New South Wales government protecting Luna Park from such claims, although it was later revealed that these laws may have been influenced by court documents leaked to then-Tourism, Sport, and Recreation minister Sandra Nori by two Luna Park executives. The executives were charged with contempt of court in August 2007.

A new case began in June 2007, with the residents instead claiming breaches of the Trade Practices Act. Stating that they had been misled as to the types of amusement ride that were located in the Maloney's Corner area, the residents and developer attempted to claim over $20 million in damages, and demanded the relocation or permanent closure of the Ranger and Spider rides. The case was dismissed by the Supreme Court of New South Wales on 6 February 2009, with the supervising Justice ruling that the development applications submitted by the park had not been "misleading or deceptive", as claimed.

On 1 January 2007, a staff member working on the Golden Way Amusements-owned Speed (hired for the Christmas holidays) was struck in the head by the armature while the ride was in motion. The employee was taken to hospital and placed in intensive care.

In October 2007, Multiplex announced that it was intending to sell the lease to one of the undeveloped sections of Luna Park. The section of land, advertised for approximately $7 million, had initially been leased from the NSW Government for $1, on the condition that any profit made from property built on the site was invested in the amusement park. There were concerns that the money will be used to allow Multiplex to recoup the financial outlay made when redeveloping the park, instead of going towards the ongoing operation and maintenance of Luna Park's facilities.

In February 2010, the Park was placed on the NSW State Heritage Register.

In late 2011, the NSW government allocated $78,000 in the state budget for upgrades of the park's lighting to LEDs, along with repairs to the park's buildings.

2020 to present: COVID-19 era
On 19 March 2020, Luna Park confirmed that the park would be closed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The park reopened on 3 July with the implementation of additional safety measures, including regular cleaning between rides, limits on the number of visitors per ride and health checks upon arrival.

The park closed again in January 2021, and nine new rides were built including three roller coasters; one a Gerstlauer family shuttle coaster called Boomerang, and another a coaster designed for children called Little Nipper. These were supposed to open on 26 June, but was delayed until 22 October due again to the COVID pandemic and resulting lockdowns. The third coaster is an Intamin Hot Racer that is Australia's first single-rail coaster, and is named Big Dipper after the coasters that operated before it. Big Dipper opened on December 26, 2021.

In March 2023, the park held a reunion of the Friends of Luna Park activist group at Coney Island. A plaque was unveiled to commemorate their efforts, and particularly Sharp's, in saving the park from development. In June 2024 Luna Park's lease that runs until 2044, was put up for sale by Brookfield.

Park entrance

The iconic 9-metre wide (30 ft) smiling face, as well as its Art Deco towers, have presided over the main entrance for almost all of the park's existence. The idea was based on the large smiling faces at Luna Park, Melbourne, Australia, and Steeplechase Park in the United States.

There have been eight distinct faces, installed in 1935, 1938, 1947, 1958, 1960, 1973, 1982, and 1995. The seventh face was donated to the Powerhouse Museum in May 1994. The eighth and current face was created by Australian sculpture company Natureworks. It was built in 1993 from heavy duty fiberglass and installed in 1995. The design is based on Arthur Barton's 1960 "Old King Cole" face.

Midway
Stretching from the Face to Coney Island, the Midway has always been the main thoroughfare of Luna Park. The Midway is the focus of many activities and amusements, and provides access to the Crystal Palace, Big Top, and Coney Island, along with the majority of Luna Park's permanent rides.

The Rotor
The Rotor was designed by German engineer Ernst Hoffmeister in the late 1940s. The Rotor is a large, upright barrel, rotated at 30 revolutions per minute. The rotation of the barrel creates a centrifugal force equivalent to between 1 and 1.5 g. Once the barrel has attained full speed, the floor is retracted, leaving the riders stuck to the wall of the drum. At the end of the ride cycle, the drum slows down and gravity takes over. The riders slide down the wall slowly. Although Hoffmeister was the designer, most Rotors were constructed under licence. The first Luna Park Rotor was built by Ted Hopkins in 1951. Three Rotors were built in Australia based on Hoffmeister's design. All had been demolished or destroyed by the 1980s, although a slightly redesigned Rotor was rebuilt for Luna Park Sydney in 1995, which is still in operation.

Crystal Palace
Beginning life in 1935 as a dodgem hall and office space, the Crystal Palace has seen many uses over the park's history, including as a dance hall, a BMX track, a games arcade, and a restaurant and bar. The essential form of the Crystal Palace is a large rectangular thirteen-bay steel-framed structure, two storeys in height with a hip roof behind extended walls. The end bays are framed with heavy Oregon members and the roof ends above them are gabled hips with louvered ventilation in the gables. The exteriors were originally symmetrical, the two long elevations having emphatic central elements and end pavilions. Parapets conceal the main roof; these are crenulated except for the tower motifs where chamfered blocks of timber, imitating machicolation, have been planted on. The cladding, once predominantly asbestos cement, has been replaced in the early 1990s works with fibre-cement. The centre of the east or Midway entrance elevation has a steep hipped roof between tall pinnacles, while the four "towers" of the end pavilions have steep pyramid roofs.

Since the 2004 reopening, Crystal Palace has been host to four of the seven rooms used by Luna Park's functions business. The main room stretches across the entire lower floor of Crystal Palace, and is often used for wedding receptions and other large social functions. The Midway-facing exterior of the building is host to numerous sideshow games, such as the Laughing Clowns, Crazy Crooners, and Goin Fishin'.

Big Top
Constructed during the 2003 redevelopment on the site of the Ghost Train, the Big Top (originally to be named the Luna Circus) is a fully licensed, multi-purpose venue capable of seating 2,000 people (this capacity can increase to 3,000 for standing-only concerts). The modular design of the stage and seating allows the entire venue to be easily reconfigured for different event types, and the concrete building is heavily soundproofed to cut down on noise pollution. Examples of events run in the Big Top include concerts (including shows from Kylie Minogue's Anti Tour and the annual Come Together Music Festival), award shows and presentations (like the inaugural MTV Australia Video Music Awards or the live finals for the 2005–2008 seasons of Australia's Next Top Model), sporting tournaments (like the Australia Mixed Martial Arts Cage Fighting Championship and the 2013 Sydney Darts Masters), trade shows, and other large events.

Coney Island
First constructed in 1935, Coney Island - Funnyland is the only operating example of a 1930s funhouse left in the world. Although some changes have been made over the years, the layout is almost identical to when Luna Park opened in 1935. It is a rectangular building with the longest side running east–west. It has a corrugated iron hip roof with its external walls forming parapet walls around each side. The basic structure of Coney Island is virtually identical to that of the Crystal Palace. It is similar in width but slightly shorter, having twelve bays. Internally the steelwork of the main structure is concealed by mural panels or decorated motifs which were physically conserved during 1994. The roof purlins and sheeting are exposed. The industrial light fittings are suspended from the roof. The open space contains large and small fun devices, giant slides 1–4, joy wheel, turkey trot and barrels of fun. The design was based on funhouses in Europe and the United States, and contains rotating barrels, moving platforms, large slides, and arcade games. Today's Coney Island is also host to the restored artworks of Arthur Barton, who started as one of 35 artists, along with photographs and memorabilia spanning Luna Park's 85-year history. The slides and amusements are the same ones first used in 1935, but modified to meet modern safety standards. The amusements were saved from the 1981 demolition by the 'Friends of Luna Park' action group, who purchased them for $9,200, on the condition that they remain in the heritage-listed building.

Luna Land
Originally named Maloney's Corner, after Tony Maloney, a long-time Luna Park employee who started at 13 years old. Maloney's Corner was built on land purchased from the New South Wales government and the State Rail Authority during the 1994 development, so that supports for the Big Dipper could be built, and a park, including a Ghost Train Fire Memorial. During the 2003 redevelopment, this area was paved over so the Ranger, Spider and various children's rides could be relocated here from the Midway, to provide room for other developments. In addition, temporary rides were hired by Luna Park for use during peak periods (such as school holidays) by Joylands for this area. Around 2013, the Ranger was renamed to Moon Ranger. In late October 2020, the Spider and the Moon Ranger were removed. In November 2020, it was announced that the whole area would be cleared to make a new land called "Luna Land", with 9 brand new rides. 3 being Roller Coasters, 1 being a Thrill Flat Ride, and the rest being Children's Rides. The Park closed on January 26, 2021, and reopened with 8 new rides on October 22. These rides are: Boomerang, Bug, Cloud 9, Freaky Frogs, Little Nipper, Loopy Lighthouse, Sledgehammer, and Silly Sub. Big Dipper would open to the public on December 26, 2021.

Current rides
This is a list of all permanent rides in operation at Luna Park as of 2024.

 * Rotor - Luna Park's Rotor was first installed in 1951. It was continually a popular ride until its demolition at the end of 1986. A slightly smaller Rotor was constructed during the 1995 redevelopment.
 * Carousel - A carousel by John H. Rundle Ltd.
 * Ferris Wheel - Standing 35 metres tall, the 24 gondola Ferris wheel was introduced to the park during the 1982 Harbourside development.
 * Volaré - A Preston & Barbieri Wave Swinger and Luna Park's first permanent ride since 2013, opening in 2019.
 * Tango Train (2016) - Opened in 2016 on the site of the original Tango Train. A 20-Car Musik Express manufactured by SBF Visa.
 * Hair Raiser - A 50 m Larson International Super Shot drop tower added to the park in 2013.
 * Wild Mouse - A wooden Wild Mouse roller coaster, Luna Park's Wild Mouse was first installed in 1962, and although it has been disassembled and removed on several occasions, it has remained at Luna Park since 1995. It is one of only three wooden Wild Mouse roller coasters left in the world. As of January 2024, the ride has been moved offside temporarily and is undergoing major restoration works.
 * Big Dipper (2021) - The first single rail coaster in Australia, the first Intamin Hot Racer model, and the first launched single rail coaster in the world. The ride opened on 26 December 2021.
 * Dodgem City - A nineteen car dodgem hall. Dodgem City was originally located underneath Wild Mouse from 1995, before being moved to its current location underneath Big Dipper in 2004.
 * Sledgehammer - A Zamperla Discovery 360 opening in October 2021.
 * Silly Sub - A Zamperla Crazy Bus
 * Loopy Lighthouse - Zamperla Jumping Tower
 * Freaky Frogs - A Zamperla Jump Around
 * Bug - A Zamperla Mini Ferris Wheel
 * Boomerang - A Gerstlauer family shuttle coaster. The layout is a mirrored and slightly modified clone of Rewind Racers.
 * Little Nipper - A Preston & Barbieri Mini Coaster.
 * Cloud Nine - Zamperla Samba Balloon

Previous rides of note

 * Big Dipper (1935) - A wooden roller coaster constructed in 1930 for Luna Park Glenelg. Operated at the Milsons Point site from 1935 to 1979, when it was demolished and burned in 1981 following the park's closure as a result of the Ghost Train fire.
 * Ghost Train - A ghost train operating at Luna Park from 1935 until it burned down in mysterious circumstances on 9 June 1979. Seven people were killed in the fire.
 * Cha Cha - A Scrambler, removed around 1981.
 * River Caves - An Old Mill style dark ride, which was demolished in 1981.
 * Big Dipper (1995) - A large custom looping coaster designed by Arrow Dynamics and opened in January 1995. Noise pollution complaints by a resident action group focused primarily on the Big Dipper, putting heavy restrictions on its operation. The resulting loss of revenue was partially responsible for the park's 1996 closure. In 2001 the ride was relocated to Dreamworld and renamed Cyclone. It is currently known as The Gold Coaster.
 * Geronimo - A Schwarzkopf Jet Star 2 that ran from 1982 to 1988.
 * Tango Train (1995) - A Music Express . Was closed on 25 April 2016 to be replaced with another Music Express of the same name. The Tango Train was dismantled and sold as parts.
 * Flying Saucer - A 1988 HUSS UFO. Was closed in 2013 and replaced by Volaré in 2019.
 * Moon Ranger - A HUSS Ranger coming to the park in 1995. Was closed and removed in 2020.
 * Tumblebug - A 1988 HUSS Troika, the Tumblebug was installed in 1995. The ride, named after the Tumble Bug operated by Luna Park from 1935 to 1973, was closed and removed in 2020.
 * Spider - A HUSS Breakdance installed during the 1995 redevelopment, the Spider received its name from the park's 1938 ride. This was the last of the four HUSS rides that came to the park in 1995 remaining when it was closed and removed in late November 2020.
 * Octopus - An Octopus ride that came to the park in 1995 however was removed after the park closed in 2001.

Film

 * In 1959, the entire park was used for Leslie Norman's film adaptation of Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, based on the play by Ray Lawler.

 * In 2000, scenes for Our Lips Are Sealed, starring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, were filmed at the park after its 1995 closure.

 * In 2006, scenes for Candy were filmed in the park after its 2004 reopening.

Television

 * Luna Park was used as a filming location by the ABC pop music series Six O'Clock Rock, which ran from 1959 to 1962.

 * In 1969, the 38th episode of the 2nd season of Skippy the Bush Kangaroo was filmed at the park. The episode, simply entitled "Luna Park", was based on the premise that Skippy had won a trip to the park in a newspaper competition.

 * In 1976, television soap opera Number 96 had characters Dorrie and Herbert Evans, Flo Patterson and Junior Winthrop (Pat McDonald, Ron Shand, Bunney Brooke and Curt Jansen) visit the park, including scenes of them in Coney Island, eating fairy floss, and riding on the Big Dipper and the Topsy-Turvy House. This footage, from Episode 920, has been preserved digitally and was featured in Number 96: And They Said It Wouldn't Last, a bonus feature on the 2006 DVD release of the feature film version of the show, Number 96: 2 Disc Collectors Edition.

 * In 1977, the park was featured in the telemovie Gone to Ground.

 * In 1989, the park was featured in the New Zealand children's drama/adventure programme Betty's Bunch.

 * In 2000, scenes for the two-part 100th episode of JAG, entitled "Boomerang", were filmed at the park.

 * In 2001, the "memory sequences" in the Farscape episode "Infinite Possibilities Part I: Daedalus Demands" were shot at the park.

 * In 2001, scenes for the Bollywood film Dil Chahta Hai were shot at the park.

 * In 2010, Luna Park was featured in the first season of the Australian TV series Dance Academy.

 * In 2019, the auditions for season 9 of Australia's Got Talent were filmed in the Big Top, with the judges being seen on the rides at the beginnings of some episodes.

 * In 2019, scenes for a Season 2 episode of the Australian crime drama Mr Inbetween were filmed at the park.

Documentaries

 * In 1996, a documentary about the park entitled Spirits of the Carnival – The Quest for Fun was released.

 * In 1979, Martin Sharp brought Tiny Tim to Luna Park to set a new record for the world's longest professional non-stop singing marathon. Tiny performed for two hours and seventeen minutes. Footage of the complete show was released as The Non-Stop Luna Park Marathon by Planet Blue Pictures in 2014. As of 2023, it can be viewed for free on Vimeo.

 * Footage of the above marathon was originally intended for Street of Dreams, a feature film directed by Sharp that investigated the Ghost Train fire and the history of the park in general, as well as telling Tiny's life story and showcasing his eccentric personality. The film was never completed in Sharp's lifetime, but a leaked rough cut exists on the internet.

 * In March 2021, a 3 part documentary aired on ABC TV and ABC iview called EXPOSED: The Ghost Train Fire which investigated the cause of the fire, interviewing many witnesses and drawing posthumously on Sharp's extensive research into the topic.

Music and music videos

 * In 1983, Luna Park was mentioned in the song "Upstairs In My House" by the Australian band Men at Work on their 1983 album Cargo.

 * In 2016, the park was featured in Seventeen's "Healing" music video which was released on 16 October 2016. It was filmed during their Shining Diamonds: Asia Pacific Tour.

 * In 2018, Lady Leshurr filmed her music video for "On My Way" at the park.

 * In 2020, Sydney post-punk band Johnny Hunter filmed their music video for "Innocence Interrupted" at the park.

Video games

 * In 2022, the video game Newfound Courage's expansion Return to Otherwhere featured a theme park inspired heavily by Sydney's Luna Park, including several of the rides which players are required to use.

title: Luna Park Sydney


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User talk:Kiwinewt

Hello Kiwinewt, welcome to Wikipedia. I noticed you made an article called "Kiwinewt". In general, Wikipedia strongly discourages autobiographies in the main encyclopedia (see Auto-biography). It's quite okay, however, to have this kind of information on your user page so I have moved it there. If you want to learn more about editing here, the tutorial is a good place to start, and you can introduce yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. Angela. 03:54, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kiwinewt