text:
User talk:Dscos/archive6

=September 2004=

Help!
I'm sorry, this is a terrible thing to do now that voting has started, but the "These votes will be combined with "Support voting procedure but not standalone page idea" if a consensus to support is not reached." bits of [] are confusing the hell out of me. And while I may not be the brightest person here, I suspect I'm not the only one. I'm not sure how to correct it now that voting has started, and I didn't notice it as much as I was concentrating on the talk page, but I'm worried it has the potential to really confuse the outcome of the vote -- because I with it, I can't tell what I'm voting for. -- orthogonal 01:00, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It's really really not confusing. All it means is that:
 * IF there is no consensus on either of the support options, that the votes under "Support" will be combined with the votes under "Support voting procedure but not standalone page idea" in hopes of reaching a consensus. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  01:04, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The idea of consolidating votes had me a bit worried I'd end up "voting" for something other than what I'd voted for, but I finally decided just to trust you, figuring you'd earned that trust by your unflinching answer about "personal attacks", even when it involved your own.

 * Actually, I didn't come here to read your answer (this is why I always copy my responses to others' talk pages, so their sure to see them) but to leave you a note: on the larger issue of the votes on Administrator Accountability Policy, please take heart. The vote right now may be against passage, but I don't think your hard work is for nought -- whether your proposal passes or not, the trail-blazing you did needed to be done, and if like Moses, this particular proposal does not make it to the Promised Land of enactment, be assured the Israelites -- your proposal's intent -- will. -- orthogonal 23:34, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah. Well, thank you.  :-)  Interesting analogy.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  23:41, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

33451/Mr. Grinch
I just wanted to update everyone who endorsed the complaint at Requests for comment/33451. After some dialogue, Mr. Grinch has acknowledged his vandalism and committed to make only good-faith edits in the future. I'm not seeking any further action, and I think we can consider the problem resolved. Thank you for your support in dealing with this matter. --Michael Snow 20:45, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Broken user page
http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/d/d5/Screenshot1.jpeg

http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/d/d4/Screenshot2.jpeg

Darrien 04:21, 2004 Sep 2 (UTC)

CyborgTosser
His username is explained on his user page, if you care to take a look. Don't know whether that explanation still rubs you the wrong way. --Michael Snow 22:54, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Any chance of you toning down your comments at his RFA? 5 "No ways", comments in all caps. Anyone would think this guy was a troll or vandal, rather than some poor sod who just wants to be an admin. Theresa Knott (Nate the Stork) 00:36, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Your page design
This message is just to let you know I've used your page design for my user page in Spanish. Thanx! Sabbut 14:20, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow, that's awesome! blankfaze | (беседа!)  17:32, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Template:In the news
Please don't change American English into British English unless the subject is specific to a country that uses BE or the majority of a non-country specific article already uses BE. Bill Clinton is an American. The original spelling at Template:In the news was "hospitalized". Your change to "hospitalised" was highly inappropriate. --Jiang 19:08, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't find it inappropriate at all. I was merely correcting a spelling error.  I think it would be inappropriate to have such ugly errors on the MAIN PAGE!  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  03:55, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I don't see how the word "hospitalized" is misspelled. Can you explain how it is a spelling error? --Jiang 03:59, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * There is a "z" in it. The correct spelling of the word is h-o-s-p-i-t-a-l-i-s-e-d.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  04:01, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

That's only in British English, and even then, there's some debate over the "correctness" of it (OED uses 'ize' over the common 'ise' usage). In American English, it's always spelled "hospitalized" (to the best of my knowledge). A search in the American Heritage Dictionary will yield no such word for 'hospitalised'. --Jiang 04:45, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * British English is correct English. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  04:57, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you should take another look at the Manual of Style, which, among other things, states that, "Articles which focus on a topic specific to a particular English-speaking country should generally aim to conform to the spelling of that country (for instance the British "Labour Party")." --Slowking Man 05:09, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm aware of this. That's why I haven't gone and moved United States Secretary of Defense to United States Secretary of Defence or something of the like.  However, when the MAIN PAGE, the most visible part of the project, is concerned, I think we should use the superior and proper form of the language, no?  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  05:14, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Except that your assertions of superiority are unfounded as far as this project is concerned. The same page also states that, "For the English Wikipedia, there is no preference among the major national varieties of English." Linguistically, I disagree with you, as I feel words such as "hospitalized" generally have their sounds better emulated with American spelling. Regardless, this project has established the coexistence of different versions of English, and your assertion of one version as "superior" and your subsequent actions upon that belief are unsettling to me, especially with your status as an administrator. --Slowking Man 05:33, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Haha. You speak well, my dear rival, well indeed.  It's only my opinion.  As I said earlier, I'm not on some sort of rampage to enforce it uniformly throughout the Wikipedia or anything (although that would be nice).  So I think you're making a big deal of out something that's not that big of a deal. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  17:04, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Now isn't acting unilaterially like that against established community norms bad wikiquette? If you think one form is superior, then go argue your case, but it's not up to you to be "correcting" other people's spelling against wikipedia convention. That said, be reminded again that the Cambridge University Press and Oxford English Dictionary have always maintained the "ize" spelling.--Jiang 05:52, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Blankfaze, there are a few things you should think about before making spelling changes where both versions are accepted. First off its not considered polite to change a spelling to your preferred one unless the context requires it to be changed (New York Harbour to New York Harbor, etc). Also, when changing spelling, do note where and what the spelling is in context of, this was in regards to an American political figure on American soil, and should therefore be in American English, if either choice is preferable. I'd also like to point out that in controversial cases like this, it can only help your case to note in the edit summary "Changed spelling to British English, due to context", if you can't claim that, then you probably shouldn't be changing it. Hope this helps. — siro χ  o  04:52, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, Siroxo, thank you, really, for trying to help... But I'm going with proper English. I understand your points, but using correct spellings is in the best interest of an encyclopaedia.  I think it's silly to insist on corrupted spellings over the correct ones.  Even still, I DO NOT go around changing spellings on topics explicitly American.  The main page, however, is an exception.  It is the most visible page there is, and as such, ought to look like it!  So I will continue to correct any such misspelling on the main page, and defend it if I have to.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  05:59, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

British English is not "proper" English. There is no such thing as "proper English" in the way you seem to be implying. Having said that if you want to talk about which form of english is best then the only reasonable authority would be the OED. How else could you possibly define it? Conventions in this Encylopedia is to use either spelling, at not to correct spelling difference across the pond either way. This convention (it could even by policy but i can't be bothered to search for it) has the wonderful propert of averting these kind of argument. Having said all that, putting all seriousness aside, everyone should read Guerilla UK spelling campaign Theresa Knott (Nate the Stork) 15:19, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Note re:Academic Challenger for admin
I know you are a firm believer in the 2,000 edit count requirement for administrator, and I respect your perspective. I just wanted to note here, in case you were unaware, that AcademicChallenger's user page makes mention of the fact that he is blind, an obstacle which has made learning and using Wiki format more difficult than it is for most of us. I'm not saying you should necessarily alter your vote on that account, but I did want to note that the circumstances Michael Snow and I were alluding to are not the more common "ah, but this person writes substantial edits and new articles, which reduces edit count"....even though that is true of Academic Challenger. I assumed that, if you were not aware of this circumstance, you might want to be made aware of it. Of course I can still understand your desire for administrators with more experience in personal disputes, etc., and therefore your sticking by the edit count requirement. I just thought you'd want to know if you didn't already. Sorry to ramble, and sorry I never seem to drop by here to, say, thank you for being a good editor and an intelligent contributor (I do think you are both, and I am thankful). Best wishes this fall, and thanks for hearing me out. :-) Jwrosenzweig 19:43, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the information. My vote was borderline anyhow... I may look into reconsidering my vote.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  19:52, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Image:JohnHNorthrop-No.JPG
I see that you deleted this image, which is referenced at Copyright problems and was removed from John Howard Northrop per the policy for handling possible copyright problems, which requires temporarily removing the image from the article. Your reason given was (orphaned and obsoleted, listed on IfD since 16 August). The image is not orphaned or obsoleted. You should be aware that the list of articles which link to images is not reliable and ALL such link records were lost during the June outage. Even with more recent edits, the links remain unreliable and cannot be trusted to be sufficiently complete even for references in the English language wikipedia. A search (with the Wikipedia internal search engine) is required to determine whether an image is actually unused and obsolete. It's also advisable to check whether an image is at copyright problems when it bears the copyright problems template. Never trust the what uses this image section to be accurate evidence that something is unused. Jamesday 04:56, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Admin Accountability Proposal
Blankfaze, I'm, sorry to see admin accountability failed. I do think you did a god job ending it gracefully, leaving it "as a historical record", etc. It may have lost but it was handled smoothly and that's an improvement on some past proposals.

If I can help in any way in drafting a policy that will achieve the same effects in a way that conforms to community consensus, please don't hesitate to ask me for whatever you need. -- orthogonal 04:58, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, man, I'd be delighted to work with you in the future on a proposal that suits everyone's fancy a little more. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  17:25, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Spare Gmail invite
You said you have a few. Can you toss one for me? Thanks. --Gene s 08:48, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I just need your email address to send the invite to. Leave it here or email it to me at blankfaze AT gmail DOT com.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  17:20, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you. report1414-AT-hotmail-DOT-com --Gene s 04:35, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Just ran out again, sorry, it's first come first serve, but as soon as I get some more, I'll get one out to you. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  04:56, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Got it, activated. Thanks a lot. --Gene s 06:07, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I could use one, too. Thanks!--Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 16:25, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I just need your email address to send the invite to. Leave it here or email it to me at blankfaze AT gmail DOT com.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  17:20, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for your kindness. Email received and activated.--Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 14:33, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

I requested a Gmail invite a while ago. Did you ever send it out? --Diberri | Talk 04:44, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC) From: Derek Stricklen  Reply-To: Derek Stricklen  To: Diberri Somethingortheother  Date: Thu, 26 Aug 2004 15:29:42 -0500 Subject: Diberri, Derek Stricklen has invited you to open a Google mail account
 * Ah, I think so... (*checks*)... Yep:

Oh poo. *pouts* Either I never received it, or Yahoo's junk mail filter picked it up. Could I bother you to resend? In exchange, I promise to expand that poor Omar Epps substub ;-) --Diberri | Talk 05:23, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Haha. Well, unfortunately, I'm out for the time being.  But when I get in some more, I'd have no problem sending out another one for you.  Just watch that junk filtering... Yahoo! probably does it on purpose, like Hotmail... after all, why would they want to lose their customers?  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  05:46, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * OH!! You know what?  I still have the actual invite link in my copy of the sent email!  I could give it to you, if we could communicate covertly... I'd post it here, but I'm sure someone would get jealous and click it before you did!  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  05:48, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh how interesting... Would it be possible just to e-mail me the invite link (same e-mail address as before)? --Diberri | Talk 05:54, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, I shall certaintly try. Drop me a message here as to the outcome, eh?  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  05:57, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * You are the king, my friend. I received the invite and activated the account. Thank you so much! --Diberri | Talk 17:39, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

Any left? --Phil | Talk 08:25, Sep 15, 2004 (UTC)

User page layout
I took the liberty of using your user page layout and framework on my own user page. Thanks for creating it, it must've taken ages. Cheers -- [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 15:53, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool, man! blankfaze | (беседа!)  17:21, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

WTF?
I didn't type "put down". Be more careful when chastising me; it hurts my feelings! :-( Mike H 06:16, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, I know! The two were unrelated!!!!  I was just making a fix, and I noticed you had just edited, so I decided you ought to be told to go to bed!!  You silly goose!  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  06:20, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Hehe. :-) I have to wake up at 7:30, too. I actually considered just not going to bed. Mike H 06:23, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

Welcoming Committee
I was attempting to do a query search for new members but got totally lost. I figured since you were a welcoming committee member, you probably had an idea how to do a query search. Care to fill me in here? I've been playing around trying to figure it out for the past hour. Please respond on my talk page (just in case I forget I left you this message here :-)--ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 22:55, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, nevermind. I was just told only admins were able to do that. I was inquiring because I was wanting to do some "welcoming" in my spare time. I guess I'll leave it up to sysops on the welcoming committee though. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞  23:32, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, well, I am an admin but I don't really know how to run a query. I just watch Recent Changes a lot, and when I happen to see someone new and unwelcomed, I welcome them.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  04:22, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

This page was created by Tim Starling during an incident back in june where we has a disgruntled ex user run a vandalbot. The bot created a new user then vandalised with that user, then another new user and so on. Ayway the page shows the edits of the last 50 edits by newbies, and so is a great way of finding new users to welcome. HTH. Theresa Knott (Nate the Stork) 15:31, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, why thank you muchly, Miss Knott. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  18:58, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Some Anon
Thanks for reminding me why it so important that We RE ELECT Bush.
 * Haha, well, I don't know what you mean, but okay! blankfaze |  (беседа!)  01:23, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

1,800 edits
Hi blankfaze, just informing you that I now have a little over 1,800 edits. Your support on my request for adminship would be greatly appreciated! Andre 01:05, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

An homage to you
Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Sample Vote on sub-page for User:Jimbo Wales. -- orthogonal 22:51, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * L M F A O ! ! ! ! ! blankfaze | (беседа!)  06:47, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * That's hilarious! :D [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 21:15, Sep 18, 2004 (UTC)

Adminship
Thanks for your support of my adminship. Truly, I am honored, especially in your position. :)  – Andre ( talk )  17:34, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

2000 edits
Hey, I'm not up for adminship or anything, but I figured it would be appropriate for my 2000th edit to be to your talk page. Ha ha! CryptoDerk 01:36, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Haha... I am most honoured. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  06:53, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

comments
Wondering if I can get you to slightly refactor your comments here and here, to remove the reference to me. I am trying to resolve the last couple issues with people, and little comments like that just tend to undermine my efforts, and are honestly very embarrassing. Feel free to disagree with me, but please don't make such comments. Try to stay constructive and respectful, and I will do the same. Thanks. -- Netoholic @ 07:41, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)
 * I will, out of politeness, remove the reference in the Mackensen nomination. However, I will decline to do so in the case of CryptoDerk's, because your reason for opposing is wholly stupid, and such should be noted.  blankfaze |  (беседа!)  07:44, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Comments on votes are outside bounds of good etiquette. I may be stupid, but calling me out on it serves no purpose, other than to embarass me.  Please don't do that.  -- Netoholic @ 07:46, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)
 * I disagree that such comments are outside the bounds of good etiquette. It does serve a purpose - it lets onlookers know, "Hey!  This vote is really stupid and ridiculous, not to mention baseless!  Don't take it into consideration at all!"  That said, I do not seek to embarass you.  You do that fully well on your own, by opposing CryptoDerk. blankfaze |  (беседа!)  07:52, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I have removed the attack (and that is certainly what I consider it). After getting to know Crypto, I have formed a different opinion of him, and have changed my vote. Calling people or votes "stupid" is completely uncivil.... take that sort of thing directly to the voter before posting something so inflammatory. Jwrosenzweig's comment is an example of a good way to handle the same thing, and I respect him for it... yours is an example of the opposite. -- Netoholic @ 07:58, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)

 * I've asked you a number of times to stop. Calling me stupid serves no purpose, and is a blatant personal attack.  You have "won" and a I have changed my vote -- leave it at that and stop with the flamebait. -- Netoholic @ 18:49, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dscos/archive6


text:
Talk:UNIVAC 1110

The 1110 did not have CORE memory, it had WIRE for main memory

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:UNIVAC 1110


text:
Disney A to Z

Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia is the official encyclopedia of The Walt Disney Company. It was written by Disney's head archivist, Dave Smith.

It has over five hundred pages of entries, hundreds of photographs, and provides coverage of the history of Disney, park attractions, television shows, songs, animated features and shorts, and films. It also includes details of Disney company personnel and primary actors.

Editions

 * Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia. 1st ed. New York: Hyperion, 1996. ISBN 0-7868-6223-8.
 * Disney A to Z: The Updated Official Encyclopedia. Updated ed. New York: Hyperion, 1998. ISBN 0-7868-6391-9.
 * Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. New York: Disney Editions, 2006. ISBN 0-7868-4919-3.
 * Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia. 4th ed. New York: Disney Editions, 2015. ISBN 1-4847-2133-0.
 * Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia. 5th ed. Disney Editions, 2016 ISBN 1-4847-3783-0.
 * Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia. 6th ed. Disney Editions Deluxe, 2023 ISBN 1-3680-6191-5.

title: Disney A to Z


text:
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), also known as feto-fetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS), twin oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence (TOPS) and stuck twin syndrome, is a complication of monochorionic multiple pregnancies (the most common form of identical twin pregnancy) in which there is disproportionate blood supply between the fetuses. This leads to unequal levels of amniotic fluid between each fetus and usually leads to death of the undersupplied twin and, without treatment, usually death or a range of birth defects or disabilities for a surviving twin, such as underdeveloped, damaged or missing limbs, digits or organs (including the brain), especially cerebral palsy.

The condition occurs when the vein–artery connections within the fetuses' shared placenta allow the blood flow between each fetus to become progressively imbalanced. It usually develops between week 16 and 25 of pregnancy, during peak placental growth. The cause of the developmental effects on a surviving fetus may include necrotic embolisms from a dead fetus, low blood volume due to pooling in the dead fetus or velamentous cord insertion (insertion of the umbilical cord into the chorioamniotic membranes).

The primary treatment of TTTS is fetoscopy and laser ablation of the interconnecting blood vessels to cut off the exchange of blood between the fetuses. This treatment is associated with an 85% survival rate of at least one fetus. Other treatments include periodic removal of amniotic fluid (serial amniocentesis), which is associated with a 66% survival rate of at least one fetus. Without treatment, there is an almost 100% mortality rate of one or all fetuses. Even with treatment, the condition is associated with premature birth and a risk of cerebral palsy in a surviving fetus.

Around 5–15% of identical twin fetuses will go on to develop TTTS. The condition was first described by German obstetrician Friedrich Schatz in 1875.

Cause
As a result of sharing a single placenta, the blood supplies of monochorionic twin fetuses can become connected, so that they share blood circulation: although each fetus uses its own portion of the placenta, the connecting blood vessels within the placenta allow blood to pass from one twin to the other. It is thought that most monochorionic placentae have these "shared connections" that cross the placenta, with the net flow volumes being equal between them. This state is sometimes referred to as "flow balance". When the placenta has deep vein–artery connection, this can cause blood flow to become unbalanced.

Depending on the number, type and direction of the interconnecting blood vessels (anastomoses), blood can be transferred disproportionately from one twin (the "donor") to the other (the "recipient"), due to a state of "flow imbalance" imparted by new blood vessel growth across the placental "equator", the line that divides each baby's proportion of the shared placenta. This state of transfusion causes the donor twin to have decreased blood volume, retarding the donor's development and growth, and also decreased urinary output, leading to a lower than normal level of amniotic fluid (becoming oligohydramnios). The blood volume of the recipient twin is increased, which can strain the fetus's heart and eventually lead to heart failure, and also higher than normal urinary output, which can lead to excess amniotic fluid (becoming polyhydramnios). The demise of the fetus is typically a result of ischemia related to the lack of blood flow. The lack of blood flow causes bowel atresia, brain damage, and kidney failure.

TTTS usually develops during the period of peak placental growth, starting in week 16 and proceeding through week 25; after this point, the placenta's growth decelerates, essentially stopping just after week 30. While TTTS has occasionally been detected beyond this timepoint, it is thought that its occurrence beyond week 30 may be due to a placental embolism that upsets the flow balance of the shared connections between the babies. TTTS is potentially lethal to either or both twins, no matter when it is detected. However, when detected past week 25, emergency delivery may be considered to rescue the babies if the TTTS is severe.

Other than requiring a monochorionic twin (or higher multiple) pregnancy, the underlying causes of TTTS are not known. It is not known to be hereditary or genetic.

Effects to the surviving fetus
The fetal demise of one of the twins during the second trimester of a monochorionic pregnancy can result in serious complications to the surviving fetus. Complications include gangrenous limbs, hands and feet, cerebral palsy and IQ deficits, constriction rings of limbs and digits, reduced digits, skin defects, brain cysts, hydranencephaly, multicystic encephalomalacia, microencephaly, renal agenesis and bowel atresia. There are three hypotheses explaining these complications.

 * 1) Embolic Theory: The demise of the donor twin allows necrotic tissue, presumably thrombosis-plastin like material, to pass through the vasculature of the surviving twin via the placental vessels. The necrotic tissue embolizes the surviving twin's mesenteric artery, resulting in bowel atresia, the renal artery, resulting in renal agenesis, or the peripheral arteries, resulting in limb ischemia and skin abnormalities.
 * 2) Ischemic Theory: The demise of the donor twin creates a low-pressure state resulting in the shunting of blood into the low-resistance vascular system of the dead fetus. This state of low pressure acutely causes hypovolemia, resulting in ischemia and poor end-organ perfusion.
 * 3) Placentation Theory: The incidence of velamentous cord insertion, an abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta, is higher in TTTS. The exact mechanism of effect this has on fetal damage is unknown.

Quintero stages
A staging system is commonly used to classify the severity of TTTS.

Stage I: A small amount of amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) is found around the donor twin and a large amount of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) is found around the recipient twin.

Stage II: In addition to the description above, the ultrasound is not able to identify the bladder in the donor twin.

Stage III: In addition to the characteristics of Stages I and II, there is abnormal blood flow in the umbilical cords of the twins.

Stage IV: In addition to all of the above findings, the recipient twin has swelling under the skin and appears to be experiencing heart failure (fetal hydrops).

Stage V: In addition to all of the above findings, one of the twins has died. This can happen to either twin. The risk to either the donor or the recipient is roughly equal & is quite high in Stage II or higher TTTS.

The Quintero staging does not provide information about prognosis, and other staging systems have been proposed.

Treatment
Various treatments exist for TTTS.

Non treatment
This is equivalent of zero intervention. It has been associated with almost 100% mortality rate of one or all fetuses. Exceptions to this include patients that are still in Stage 1 TTTS and are past 22 weeks' gestation.

Serial amniocentesis
This procedure involves removal of amniotic fluid periodically throughout the pregnancy under the assumption that the extra fluid in the recipient twin can cause preterm labor, perinatal mortality, or tissue damage. In the case that the fluid does not reaccumulate, the reduction of amniotic fluid stabilizes the pregnancy. Otherwise, the treatment is repeated as necessary. There is no standard procedure for how much fluid is removed each time. There is a danger that if too much fluid is removed, the recipient twin could die. This procedure is associated with a 66% survival rate of at least one fetus, with a 15% risk of cerebral palsy, and average delivery occurring at 29 weeks' gestation.

Septostomy, or iatrogenic disruption of the dividing membrane
This procedure involves the tearing of the dividing membrane between fetuses such that the amniotic fluid of both twins mixes, under the assumption that pressure is different in either amniotic sac and that its equilibration will ameliorate progression of the disease. It has not been proven that pressures are different in either amniotic sac. Use of this procedure can preclude use of other procedures as well as make difficult the monitoring of disease progression. In addition, tearing the dividing membrane has contributed to cord entanglement and demise of fetuses through physical complications.

Laser therapy (fetoscopic laser photocoagulation)

This procedure involves endoscopic surgery using laser to interrupt the vessels that allow exchange of blood between fetuses under the assumption that the unequal sharing of blood through these vascular communications leads to unequal levels of amniotic fluid. Each fetus remains connected to its primary source of blood and nutrition, the placenta, through the umbilical cord. This procedure is conducted once, with the exception of all vessels not having been found. The use of endoscopic instruments allows for short recovery time. This procedure has been associated with 85% survival rate of at least one fetus, with a 6–7% risk of cerebral palsy and average delivery occurring at 32–33 weeks' gestation.

Twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS) may occur after laser surgery for TTTS (post-laser form). The spontaneous form of TAPS complicates approximately 3–5% of monochorionic twin pregnancies, whereas the post-laser form occurs in 2–13% of TTTS cases. The pathogenesis of TAPS is based on the presence of few, minuscule arterio-venous (AV) placental anastomoses (diameter <1mm) allowing a slow transfusion of blood from the donor to the recipient and leading gradually to highly discordant Hb levels.

A 2014 review found that laser coagulation resulted in fewer fetal and perinatal deaths than amnioreduction and septostomy, and recommended its use for all states of TTTS.

Selective reduction
Selective termination of one of the fetuses is usually not considered until TTFS has reached either stage III or IV, and is indicated when the death of one twin is imminent, but the fetus is too premature to deliver, as the death of one twin will cause the death of the second twin due to the shared blood supply if not immediately delivered.

One procedure for selective reduction is umbilical cord occlusion. This procedure involves the ligation or otherwise occlusion of one twin's umbilical cord to interrupt the exchange of blood between the fetuses. The procedure is typically offered in cases where one of the fetuses is presumed moribund and endangering the life or health of the other twin through resultant hypotension. Use of this treatment has decreased as TTTS is identified and treated in earlier stages and with better outcomes. When used, it is associated with an 85% survival rate of the remaining fetuses with 5% risk of cerebral palsy and a 33–39 weeks of gestation at delivery.

Voluntary termination
Some women choose to have an abortion of both fetuses as the health of both fetuses is impacted by TTFS.

Epidemiology
Based on recent (2005) US NCHS data, the rate of multiple births is now approximately 3.4% (4,138,349 total births, of which 139,816 were twins or higher-order multiple births). The majority of identical twins share a common (monochorionic) placenta, and of these approximately 15% go on to develop TTTS. By extrapolating the number of expected identical twins (about one-third) from annual multiple births, and the number of twins with monochorionic placentae (about two-thirds), and from these the number thought to develop TTTS (about 15%), there are at least 4,500 TTTS cases per year in the U.S. alone: 139,816 × 0.33 × 0.66 × 0.15 = 4,568 cases of TTTS per year in U.S. (involving more than 9,000 babies.) Since spontaneous pregnancy losses and terminations that occur prior to 20 weeks go uncounted by the C.D.C., this estimate of TTTS cases may be very conservative. Although infertility treatments have increased the rate of multiple birth, they have not appreciably diluted the expected incidence of identical twins. Studies show a higher rate of identical twins (up to 20 times with IVF) using these treatments versus spontaneous pregnancy rates.

One Australian study, however, noted an occurrence of only 1 in 4,170 pregnancies, or 1 in 58 twin gestations. This distinction could be partly explained by the "hidden mortality" associated with MC multifetal pregnancies—instances lost due to premature rupture of membrane (PROM) or intrauterine fetal demise before a thorough diagnosis of TTTS can be made.

History
TTTS was first described by a German obstetrician, Friedrich Schatz, in 1875. Once defined by neonatal parameters—differences in birth weight and cord hemoglobin at the time of delivery—TTTS is now defined differently. Today, it is known that discordant fetal weights will most likely be a late manifestation, and fetal hemoglobin through cordocentesis is often equivalent in the twin pair even in severe TTTS.

In art

A painting known as the De Wikkelkinderen (The Swaddled Children), from 1617, is thought to represent a depiction of TTTS. The drawing shows twins that appear to be identical, but one is pale, while the other is red. Analysis of the family histories of the owners of the painting suggests that the twins did not survive to adulthood, although whether that is due to TTTS is uncertain.

title: Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome


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File:Book disney a to z.jpg

Summary
Disney A to Z, by Dave Smith

title: File:Book disney a to z.jpg


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Butter tart

A butter tart (tarte au beurre) is a type of small pastry tart highly regarded in Canadian cuisine. The sweet tart consists of a filling of butter, sugar, syrup, and egg, baked in a pastry shell until the filling is semi-solid with a crunchy top. The butter tart should not be confused with butter pie (a savoury pie from the Preston area of Lancashire, England) or with bread and butter pudding.

Recipes for the butter tart vary according to the families baking them. Because of this, the appearance and physical characteristics of the butter tart – the firmness of its pastry, or the consistency of its filling – also vary.

Traditionally, the English Canadian tart consists of butter, sugar, and eggs in a pastry shell, similar to the French-Canadian sugar pie, or the base of the U.S. pecan pie without the nut topping. The butter tart is different from the sugar pie given the lack of flour in the filling. The butter tart is different from pecan pie in that it has a "runnier" filling due to the omission of corn starch. Often raisins, walnuts, or pecans are added to the traditional butter tart, although the acceptability of such additions is a matter of national debate. As an iconic Canadian food and one of the most popular desserts in the country, the raisin-or-no-raisin question can provoke polarizing debate.

More exotic flavours are also produced by some bakers. Examples such as maple, bacon, pumpkin, chili, and salted caramel cardamom flavours have been made for competitions.

History
Butter tarts became common in pioneer Canadian cooking, and they remain a characteristic pastry of Canada. It is primarily eaten in and associated with the English-speaking provinces of Canada.

The butter tart is a derivative of one or more of the following:
 * Border tart: a similar pie including dried fruit from the Anglo-Scottish border country,
 * Sugar pie (tarte au sucre): which possibly came with the arrival of the "King's Daughters" in Quebec during the 1600s, where the imported brides used maple syrup, butter and dried fruit to make a possible precursor to modern examples of the butter tart,
 * Pecan pie: which possibly came north from the southern United States,
 * Backwoods pie: which is found in the Maritimes and western Canada and made with corn syrup,
 * Shoofly pie: which is made with molasses and comes from the Pennsylvania Dutch community,
 * Treacle tart: which is an English pastry made with golden syrup or treacle.

The earliest published Canadian recipe is from Barrie, Ontario, dating back to 1900 and can be found in The Women's Auxiliary of the Royal Victoria Hospital Cookbook, to which a Mrs. Mary Ethel MacLeod submitted the recipe for a butter tart filling. The original cookbook and recipe is housed at the Simcoe County Archives. Another early publication of a butter tart recipe was found in a 1915 pie cookbook. The food was an integral part of early Canadian cuisine and often viewed as a source of pride.

Similar tarts are made in Scotland, where they are often referred to as Ecclefechan butter tarts from the town of Ecclefechan. In France, they are related to the much more common tarte à la frangipane, that differs from the basic Canadian recipe only by the addition of ground almonds.

Cultural identity
Butter tarts are an integral part of Central Canadian cuisine and are objects of cultural pride of many communities across Ontario and other provinces in central Canada. This cultural and community connection with the tart has spawned butter tart themed tourism such as the Butter Tart festival at Muskoka Lakes, Ontario, the trademarked "Butter Tart Trail" at Wellington North, Ontario, and the "Butter Tart Tour" in Kawarthas Northumberland, Ontario. The two competing associations have since resolved their dispute, called "The Butter Tart Wars" by Canadian Living, through the mutual agreement to modify "The Butter Tart Tour" to "Kawarthas Northumberland Butter Tart Tour". The first Kawarthas Northumberland Butter Tart Tour Taste-Off was launched at the Flavour Festival in Peterborough on Sunday, April 28, 2013, where four bakeries were crowned winners by a panel of celebrity judges.

Ontario's Best Butter Tart Festival and Contest is an annual event held in Midland, Ontario. The contest portion of the festival attracts bakers from across Ontario, and is Canada's largest butter tart–themed celebration, with over 50,000 tarts sold in the festival market in 2014.

National Geographic recognized the significance of the butter tart in an article on Georgian Bay, Ontario. In October 2013, referring to a stand in Wasaga Beach, they stated that "It's the homemade Canadian butter tarts – flaky crust with gooey pecan filling – that set this place apart from other lakeside ice cream stands."

The production of butter tarts in Canada slowed after a flood in Quebec, in April 2019, striking a major production centre. Global News reported the Vachon bakery in Sainte-Marie-de-Beauce had to be evacuated after a long-term flood. In July, Global News reported the bakery was slowly getting back to speed.

As part of the "Sweet Canada" series, a commemorative postage stamp was issued by Canada Post in April 2019 to celebrate the butter tart.

The Canadian alternative rock band Len referenced butter tarts on their 1999 international hit "Steal My Sunshine", which confused some non Canadian listeners.

title: Butter tart


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Prospect Heights, Brooklyn

Prospect Heights is a neighborhood in the northwest of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The traditional boundaries are Flatbush Avenue to the west, Atlantic Avenue to the north, Eastern Parkway – beginning at Grand Army Plaza – to the south, and Washington Avenue to the east. In the northern section of Prospect Heights are the Vanderbilt Rail Yards, built over as part of the Pacific Park (formerly Atlantic Yards) project. The Barclays Center, home to the NBA's Brooklyn Nets basketball team, is located in the northwestern corner of the neighborhood in Pacific Park at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues.

Compared to other Brooklyn neighborhoods, Prospect Heights is relatively small and is notable for its cultural diversity as well as its tree-lined streets. Prospect Heights has seen rapid demographic changes over the 2000s, and its shifts are exemplified by a mixture of older buildings under reconstruction, rows of classic 1890s brownstones, and newly built luxury condominiums. The neighborhood is served by the New York City Police Department's 77th and 78th precincts.

Boundaries and land use
Along the southern boundary, Eastern Parkway, from Grand Army Plaza to Washington Avenue is reminiscent of Fifth Avenue's "Museum Mile" in Manhattan. Immense, opulent buildings line the north side of the parkway, and the south side features the Brooklyn Public Library, Mount Prospect Park (not to be confused with Prospect Park), the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the Brooklyn Museum. To Prospect Heights' north lies Fort Greene, to its south Prospect Park, to its west Park Slope, and to its east Crown Heights. Its portion east of Vanderbilt Avenue is under the jurisdiction of the 77th NYPD precinct; its portion west of Vanderbilt Avenue is under the jurisdiction of the 78th.

The interior portion of the neighborhood consists mostly of brownstone-style residential rowhouse buildings, some built as early as 1890, although some blocks, such as Lincoln and St. Johns Place between Underhill and Washington Avenues, include larger multi-unit apartment buildings. A number of new condominium complexes are under construction in many parts of the neighborhood. Defunct bakeries and factory spaces line Pacific Street from Vanderbilt Avenue to Carlton Avenue, and some have recently been renovated and converted into lofts; still others have recently been purchased by developer Bruce Ratner in anticipation of his Pacific Park project. Recently, a number of these have begun to be demolished. Ratner's company Forest City Ratner has planned a controversial development on top of the neighborhood, the plans for which would include a basketball arena and luxury housing. An upscale, glass high-rise residential building designed by the architect Richard Meier and located off of Grand Army Plaza was completed in 2008.

As demand for housing within Prospect Heights increased, some residents of Crown Heights came to consider Franklin Avenue the western border with Prospect Heights rather than Washington Avenue. However, most residents continue to consider Washington Avenue the border, and Washington Avenue remains the eastern border of Prospect Heights as recognized by major New York City media such as The New York Times, The New York Post, and The Wall Street Journal.

The name "Prospect Heights" can be traced as far back as 1889 to a letter to the editor published in the Brooklyn Eagle, although at that time it was one of several potential names for the neighborhood that has since come to be known as Park Slope. The letter began by noting that it was "amusing to see the attempts made to fix upon a name for the rapidly growing part of Brooklyn near Prospect Park, bounded by Flatbush, Fifth and Ninth avenues, Some call it Park Slope, some Park Hill Side, some Prospect Heights and others Prospect Hill..." Additionally, Prospect Heights once shared the name "Gowanus Heights" with Prospect Park, Greenwood and Bay Ridge.

Controversy

In the late 2000s and early 2010s, the neighborhood experienced controversy over a development project by developer Bruce Ratner, initially designed by the architect Frank Gehry, for the portions of Prospect Heights and Fort Greene known as Pacific Park (formerly Atlantic Yards). This included the construction of the Barclays Center, an arena to serve as a new home for the Brooklyn Nets basketball team, as well as housing and commercial space in a cluster of high-rise buildings much taller than the borough's existing low-rise architecture. A number of community groups opposed the project, claiming abuse of the principles of eminent domain, among other concerns. Supporters of the project believed in its potential for reinvigorating an unattractive space.

Architecture
The area has many Italianate and Neo-Grec rowhouses, and much of the neighborhood has been designated a New York City historic district. The Prospect Heights Historic District covers an area roughly bounded by Flatbush Avenue, Sterling Place, Washington Avenue, and St. Marks Avenue, though a section of the historic district extends as far north as Pacific Street. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The district was designated by the city Landmarks Preservation Commission on June 23, 2009, and approved by the New York City Council on September 17, 2009. It is the fifth largest historic district in New York City.

The Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn, built in 1912 in Spanish Colonial style, is located at 856 Pacific Street between Vanderbilt and Underhill Avenues in Prospect Heights.

The neighborhood is also notable for its unusual street grid. The original street plan was based upon Lenape Indian paths and the boundaries of Dutch farms. As part of the Commissioners' Plan of 1839, this was redrawn to better match the rest of Brooklyn, resulting in several buildings that are oddly-shaped or face the street at an angle.

Demographics
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Prospect Heights was 19,849, an increase of 194 (1.0%) from the 19,655 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 237.30 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 83.6 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 47.2% (9,359) White, 30.1% (5,979) African American, 0.2% (34) Native American, 6.6% (1,316) Asian, 0.1% (12) Pacific Islander, 0.5% (106) from other races, and 3.9% (768) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.5% (2,275) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 8, which covers Crown Heights North and Prospect Heights, had 97,130 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.2 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 20% are between the ages of 0–17, 37% between 25–44, and 22% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 12% respectively.

As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 8 was $60,107. In 2018, an estimated 21% of Community District 8 residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 50% in Community District 8, lower than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation,, Community District 8 is considered to be gentrifying.

Culture
A diverse ethnic neighborhood in the 1910s through the 1960s, combining Italian, Irish, Jewish, German, Greek and Yankee residents, Prospect Heights is currently well known for its mixed black and white culture. Every year the West Indian Day Parade, the largest annual parade in New York City, follows Eastern Parkway, beginning in Crown Heights and ending at Grand Army Plaza in Prospect Heights. During the last thirty years, the neighborhood has seen an influx of new residents, increasingly young and white, perhaps due to real estate prices slightly lower than neighboring Park Slope. A thriving commercial zone has emerged along Vanderbilt Avenue and Washington Avenue, which since 2000 has seen a surge in new bars, restaurants, and specialty shops, including a restaurant opened by Michelin-starred chef Saul Bolton, and stores emphasizing gourmet ice cream and even, for a while, artisanal mayonnaise.

Fire safety
The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates two fire stations in Prospect Heights:

 * Engine Company 280/Ladder Company 132 – 489 St Johns Place
 * Engine Company 219/Ladder Company 105 – 494 Dean Street

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers in Community District 8 are more common than in other places citywide. There were 92 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Community District 8 (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide) and 24.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Community District 8 (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Community District 8 has a relatively high population of residents who are uninsured, or who receive healthcare through Medicaid. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 12%, compared to the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, is 0.008 mg/m3 in Community District 8, slightly higher than the citywide and boroughwide averages. Eighteen percent of Community District 8 residents are smokers, compared to the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Community District 8, 26% of residents are obese, 13% are diabetic, and 33% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 19% of children are obese in Community District 8, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-four percent of Community District 8 residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 78% of Community District 8 residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", compared to the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket, there are 25 bodegas in Community District 8.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Prospect Heights is covered by ZIP Codes 11217 and 11238. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices nearby: the Times Plaza Annex Station at 594 Dean Street, and the Adelphi Station at 950 Fulton Street.

Education
Community District 8 generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to the rest of the city. In Community District 8, 44% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 40% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Community District 8 students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 22 percent to 47 percent within the same time period.

Community District 8's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. The proportion of elementary school students who missed twenty or more days per school year was 28% in Community District 8, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 71% of high school students in Community District 8 graduate on time, compared to the citywide average of 75% of students.

Schools
Prospect Heights contains the following public schools:
 * PS 9 Sarah Smith Garnet, formerly PS 9 Teunis G Bergen (grades PK–5)
 * IS 340 (grades 6–8)

German School Brooklyn, a German international school, was once on the fifth floor of the Union Temple of Brooklyn. In 2021 the school moved all levels to 9 Hanover Place in Downtown Brooklyn.

Library
The Brooklyn Public Library's Brooklyn Central Library is located at Grand Army Plaza, on the southern side of Prospect Heights.

Transportation
Five New York City Bus lines serve Prospect Heights:

 * B41: to Bergen Beach/Mill Basin or Downtown Brooklyn via Flatbush Avenue
 * B45: to Crown Heights or Downtown Brooklyn via Atlantic and Washington Avenues
 * B65: to Crown Heights or Downtown Brooklyn via Bergen and Dean Streets
 * B67: to Kensington or Brooklyn Navy Yard via Flatbush Avenue
 * B69: to Kensington or Dumbo via Vanderbilt Avenue

Several New York City Subway stations are located in Prospect Heights. The IRT Eastern Parkway Line has stations at Bergen Street, Grand Army Plaza, and Brooklyn Museum, while the BMT Brighton Line  has a station at Seventh Avenue.

Notable residents

 * Amy DuBois Barnett (born 1969), magazine editor who was formerly editor-in-chief of Ebony magazine
 * Barbara Barrie (born 1931), actress
 * Matt Berninger (born 1971), musician
 * Matt Bomer, actor
 * Clara Bow, actress
 * Jabari Brisport (born 1987), politician, activist, and former public school teacher who represents New York's 25th State Senate district.
 * Foxy Brown (born 1978), rapper
 * Paul Byard (1939–2008), lawyer and architect
 * Peter A. Carey, Brooklyn Boro President
 * Melissa Clark, food writer, cookbook author and columnist for The New York Times
 * Aaron Copland (1900–1990), composer
 * Howard Cosell (1918–1995), sports journalist, broadcaster and author
 * Soffiyah Elijah, lawyer, author and social justice activist
 * Bobby Fischer, chess grandmaster lived on Lincoln Place near Underhill
 * MC Frontalot, founder, Nerdcore
 * Keith Gessen, co-editor-in-chief of n+1, novelist
 * Montego Glover, actress
 * Diana al-Hadid (born 1981), artist who creates sculptures, installations, and drawings
 * Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970), U.S. Representative for New York's 8th congressional district
 * Ingrid Michaelson, singer, songwriter
 * Isa Chandra Moskowitz, vegan chef, cookbook writer, and host of "The Post Punk Kitchen", which is filmed in Prospect Heights
 * Michael Moss, Pulitzer Prize winning author
 * Eddie Ocampo, drummer
 * Joe Pepitone, NY Yankees player lived on St. Mark's Avenue between Vanderbilt and Washington
 * Joan Rivers (1933–2014), comedian
 * Mark Rudd (born 1947), leader in the 1960s' Weather Underground, and Columbia University's 1968 protests. When he lived "underground" in the early 1970s, it was in one of the large apartment buildings on Plaza Street.
 * Emanuel Weiss, member of the Mafia hit squad Murder, Inc. during the 1930s
 * Tobias Wilner, musician

title: Prospect Heights, Brooklyn


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Category:Disney books

See also Category:Books about Disney.

title: Category:Disney books


text: User talk:62.148.42.66

title: User talk:62.148.42.66


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Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life

Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life (later republished as The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation) is a book by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, two of the key animators at Disney during the Golden age of American animation.

Contents
This book gives a history of Disney animation, explaining the processes involved in clear, non-technical terms. The philosophy is expressed in the so-called 12 basic principles of animation. It contains 489 plates in full color, as well as thousands of black-and-white illustrations, ranging from storyboard sketches to entire animation sequences.

Editions
The 1981 edition published by Abbeville Press (ISBN 0896592332) used better quality paper and consequently possessed higher image quality than either the 1988 edition or the revised edition from 1995 (ISBN 0-7868-6070-7) (published by Disney's Hyperion with the inverted title The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation).

Legacy
Topping the list of "best animation books of all time" in a poll at AWN, The Illusion of Life is still used as reference on and source of inspiration for character animation.

In 2013, the book's third chapter (which explains the twelve basic principles of animation) was republished in its entirety with the permission of the authors' heirs in the Disney Animated iPad app from Touch Press. All the illustrations were fully animated in the app version, and many parts of the chapter were annotated with explanatory comments from Disney's current animators.

title: Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life


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Japanese battleship Mikasa

Mikasa (三笠) is a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1890s, and is the only ship of her class. Named after Mount Mikasa in Nara, Japan, the ship served as the flagship of Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō throughout the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, including the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war and the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima. Days after the end of the war, Mikasa's magazine accidentally exploded and sank the ship. She was salvaged and her repairs took over two years to complete. Afterwards, the ship served as a coast-defence ship during World War I and supported Japanese forces during the Siberian Intervention in the Russian Civil War.

After 1922, Mikasa was decommissioned in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty and preserved as a museum ship at Yokosuka. She was badly neglected during the post-World War II Occupation of Japan and required extensive refurbishing in the late 1950s. She has been partially restored, and is now a museum ship located at Mikasa Park in Yokosuka. Mikasa is the last remaining example of a pre-dreadnought battleship anywhere in the world and also the last example of a British-built battleship still existing.

Background
The combat experience of the lightly armoured Matsushima-class cruisers during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the Jeune Ecole naval philosophy, and Japan embarked on a program to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations. In particular, Japan promulgated a ten-year naval build-up programme, with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core. These ships were paid for from the £30,000,000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino-Japanese War.

As with the earlier Fuji-class battleship and Shikishima-class battleships, Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships, and turned again to the United Kingdom for the four remaining battleships of the programme. Mikasa, the last of these ships, was ordered from the Vickers shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness in 1898 at the cost of £880,000 (8.8 million yen at that time). Although she closely resembled several of the other ships ordered in this program, she was the only ship in her class.

Design and description
The design of Mikasa was a modified version of the Formidable-class battleships of the Royal Navy with two additional 6 in guns. Mikasa had an overall length of 432 ft, a beam of 76 ft, and a normal draught of 27 ft. She displaced 15140 LT at normal load. The crew numbered about 830 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller, using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers. The engines were rated at 15000 ihp using forced draught, and designed to reach a top speed of 18 kn although Mikasa proved to be faster during her sea trials in December 1901, reaching 18.45 kn from 16341 ihp. She carried a maximum of 2000 LT of coal which allowed her to steam for 9000 nmi at a speed of 10 kn.

Mikasa's main battery consisted of the same four Elswick Ordnance Company 40-calibre twelve-inch guns used in all of the preceding Japanese battleships. They were mounted in twin-gun barbettes fore and aft of the superstructure which were additionally protected with armoured hoods, thus resembling true gun turrets. The hydraulically powered mountings could be loaded at all angles of traverse while the guns were loaded at a fixed angle of +13.5°. They fired 850 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2400 ft/s.

The ship's secondary armament consisted of fourteen 40-calibre 6 in quick-firing guns mounted in casemates. Ten of these guns were positioned on the main deck and the other four guns were placed above them at the corners of the superstructure. They fired 100 lb shells at a muzzle velocity of 2300 ft/s. Protection against torpedo boat attacks was provided by twenty QF 12-pounder 12 cwt guns. The 12-pounders fired 3 in, 12.5 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2359 ft/s. Lighter guns consisted of eight 47 mm three-pounder Hotchkiss guns and eight 47-millimetre 2.5-pounder Hotchkiss guns. The three-pounder gun fired 3.19 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1927 ft/s while the 2.5-pounder fired 2.5 lb shells at a muzzle velocity of 1420 ft/s. The ship was also equipped with four submerged 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.

The waterline armour belt of Mikasa consisted of Krupp cemented armour that had a maximum thickness of 9 in over the middle of the ship. It was only 4 in thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six-inch strake of armour that ran between the barbettes. The barbettes were 14 in thick, but reduced to six inches at the level of the lower deck. The armour of the barbette hoods had a thickness of 8 - 10 in. The casemates protecting the secondary armament were 2 - 6 in thick and the deck armour was 2 - 3 in in thickness. The forward conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour, but the aft conning tower only had four inches of armour.

Mikasa, like all the other Japanese battleships of the time, was fitted with four Barr & Stroud FA3 coincidence rangefinders that had an effective range of 7300 m. In addition the ships were also fitted with 24-power magnification telescopic gunsights.

Construction and career
Mikasa, named after Mount Mikasa, was laid down by Vickers at their Barrow-in-Furness shipyard on 24 January 1899. Baroness (later Countess) Hayashi, the wife of the then resident minister to Great Britain (later Ambassador), served as Mikasa's sponsor, launching the hull on a rainy, but otherwise perfect ceremony on 8 November 1900. She would be completed on 1 March 1902, and after a visit to Devonport, she left Plymouth on 13 March, bound for Yokohama, under the command of Captain Hayasaki.

At the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Mikasa, commanded by Captain Hikojirō Ijichi, was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet. She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 when Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur. Tōgō had expected his surprise night attack on the Russians by his destroyers to be much more successful than it actually was and expected to find them badly disorganized and weakened, but the Russians had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. The Japanese ships were spotted by the cruiser RUSSIAN CRUISER Boyarin which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences. Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the Russian ships with his secondary guns. Splitting his fire proved to be a bad idea as the Japanese 8 in and six-inch guns inflicted very little significant damage on the Russian ships who concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect. Although a large number of ships on both sides were hit, Russian casualties numbered only 17 while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged. Mikasa was hit by two ten-inch shells during the engagement that wounded seven crewmen.

The ship participated in the action of 13 April when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron, including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov's flagship, the battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Petropavlovsk. When Makarov spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division, he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night. The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded, and Makarov was one of the 677 killed. Emboldened by his success, Tōgō resumed long-range bombardment missions, which prompted the Russians to lay more minefields which sank two Japanese battleships the following month.

During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August, Mikasa was at the head of the column of Japanese battleships and was one of the primary targets of the Russian ships. She was hit twenty times, two of which knocked out her aft 12-inch gun turret, and suffered 125 casualties among her crew. In turn, she concentrated most of her fire upon the battleships RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Poltava and RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Tsesarevich although both ships were only lightly damaged by the Japanese shells which generally failed to penetrate any armour and detonated on impact.

Battle of Tsushima
At the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, Mikasa again led the 1st Fleet into combat, this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons detached from the Baltic Fleet. The ship opened fire at the battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Knyaz Suvorov, the Russian flagship, at 14:10, and was joined by the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Asahi and the armoured cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Azuma shortly afterwards. Within an hour the Japanese ships had started a serious fire aboard the Russian ship, badly wounded the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, knocked out her rear twelve-inch gun turret, and jammed Knyaz Suvorov's steering so that she fell out of formation. During this time, Mikasa was the focus of the Russian fire as the leading ship in the Japanese column and was hit by 6 twelve-inch and 19 six-inch shells. They did very little damage and Tōgō was able to cross the T of the Russian squadrons. Knyaz Suvorov's steering was later repaired, but she blundered between the Japanese and Russian fleets several times later in the battle and Mikasa fired three torpedoes at her to no avail. Later in the battle, the ship appears to have fired mostly on the battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Borodino although JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Fuji fired the shots that caused the Russian ship's magazines to explode and sink her. At 18:04, a twelve-inch shell detonated prematurely in the barrel of the right gun of the forward turret, disabling the gun and knocking out the left gun until 18:40. Another twelve-inch shell had exploded in that same barrel almost two hours earlier, but had not damaged the gun. One six-inch gun jammed after firing 19 rounds, but the only other damage to any of the ship's guns was one six-inch gun that was disabled by a Russian shell of the same size that entered through the gun port. She fired 124 twelve-inch shells during the battle, more than any other ship except Asahi's 142. In total, Mikasa was hit more than 40 times during the battle, including 10 twelve-inch and 22 six-inch shells, but none of them seriously damaged her. While Mikasa suffered 113 personnel casualties, the entire Japanese force combined only lost 117 men killed and 583 wounded to all causes during the battle.

Six days after the Treaty of Portsmouth that ended the war was signed, Mikasa sank at her moorings after a fire and magazine explosion at Sasebo on the night of 11/12 September 1905 that killed 251 crewmen. She was refloated on 7 August 1906, reconstructed and repaired at Sasebo Naval Arsenal. The navy took the opportunity to upgrade her existing armament with more powerful 45-calibre twelve-inch and six-inch guns during the two years it took to repair the ship. Mikasa was restored to active service on 24 August 1908. In 1912, Mikasa came extremely close to suffering another main magazine detonation, when a suicidal sailor attempted to blow her up at anchor near Kobe. During World War I, she served on coast-defence duties, based at Maizuru, during 1914–15 and was then assigned to the Second and Fifth Squadrons, in that order, for the rest of the war. The ship supported the Japanese intervention in Siberia during the Russian Civil War during 1921 and was reclassified on 1 September 1921 as a first-class coast-defence ship. On 17 September, Mikasa ran aground near Askold Island off Vladivostok, but was not seriously damaged.

Preservation

The ship was decommissioned on 23 September 1923 following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and scheduled for destruction. However, at the request of the Japanese government, each of the signatory countries to the treaty agreed that Mikasa could be preserved as a memorial ship with her hull encased in concrete. All of her engines and guns were removed. On 12 November 1926, Mikasa was opened for display in Yokosuka in the presence of Crown Prince Hirohito and Tōgō. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, the ship deteriorated under control of the occupation forces. Mikasa had been heavily damaged by U.S. bombers during World War II and after the war American troops removed her superstructure, added a Quonset hut on her deck, and turned the remaining wreckage of Mikasa into an aquarium and "Club Mikasa", a nightclub for American servicemen. When the Japanese and Americans later restored Mikasa in the 1950s they were able to retrieve some of the removed superstructure for restoration, but the majority of the new Mikasa museum ship's superstructure was actually made up of cannibalized sections from the decommissioned Chilean dreadnought battleship Almirante Latorre and, possibly, the Argentine dreadnought battleship ARA Moreno. In 1955, American businessman John Rubin, formerly of Barrow, England, wrote a letter to the Japan Times about the state of the ship, which was the catalyst for a new restoration campaign. With the support of the Japanese public, and also Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the restored battleship reopened in 1961. On 5 August 2009, Mikasa was repainted by sailors from USS Nimitz (CVN-68). Mikasa is the only surviving example of a pre-dreadnought battleship in the world. Unfortunately, all the guns and turrets on Mikasa are replicas. Almost all of the equipment and superstructure on Mikasa today are replicas or equipment taken from other vessels.

Mikasa is remembered in Barrow-in-Furness, the town of her construction, by Mikasa Street on Walney Island.

title: Japanese battleship Mikasa


text:
Socialist Students of Austria

The Socialist Students of Austria (Verband Sozialistischer StudentInnen Österreichs, VSStÖ) is a socialist and social democratic student organization at Austrian universities.

History
The preliminary organization of the VSStÖ was formed in 1893 in Vienna. In the beginning, it was more a student debate club that was sympathetic to young workers and the union movement. It fought for general elections in which both men and women could vote, free access to universities, and against bourgeoisie science. The resistance to nationalist and anti-semitic movements at universities led to discrimination and attacks against members of the Socialist Students and led finally to the prohibition of the VSStÖ during the Austrofascism period until the end of World War II.

After the liberation from the National Socialists by the Allied Forces in 1945, the Socialist Students were actively involved in the foundation of democratic student representation, which was established in 1946 as the Austrian National Union of Students. On the ideological basis of Marxism, the VSStÖ has subsequently fought for free and open access to universities, sufficient social funds for students, gender equality, and has taken an active role in the peace movement as well as the anti-globalisation.

Organization and Activities
The VSStÖ is active nationwide and has chapters in all university cities. Their members run in students union elections every two years at every university levels. In a coalition with the Greens, the VSStÖ became the president of the national Student Union in 2001 and remained in this position until 2007. Since 2007, the VSStÖ is in coalition with the Greens and varying independent groups (Fachschaftsliste or FEST).

The VSStÖ's international activities include being a member of the Young European Socialists (YES) and International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY).

title: Socialist Students of Austria


text:
Pacific Air Forces

The Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) is a Major Command (MAJCOM) of the United States Air Force and is also the air component command of the United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM). PACAF is headquartered at the Hickam AFB portion of Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, and is one of two USAF MAJCOMs assigned outside the Continental United States, the other being the United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa. Over the past sixty-five plus years, PACAF has been engaged in combat during the Korean and Vietnam Wars and Operations Desert Storm, Southern Watch, Northern Watch, Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.

The mission of Pacific Air Forces is to provide ready air and space power to promote U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific region during peacetime, through crisis, and in war. PACAF organizes, trains, and equips the 45,000 Total Force personnel of the Regular Air Force, the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard with the tools necessary to support the Commander of United States Indo-Pacific Command. PACAF comprises three numbered Air Forces, nine main bases and nearly 375 aircraft.

The command's area of responsibility extends from the west coast of the United States to the east coast of Asia and from the Arctic to the Antarctic, more than 100000000 sqmi. The area is home to nearly two billion people who live in 44 countries.

Far East Air Forces
The beginnings of PACAF can be traced back to June 1944, when Major General St. Clair Streett's Thirteenth Air Force was added to Allied Air Forces, South West Pacific Area. At approximately the same time, Lieutenant General George Kenney created the Far East Air Forces (FEAF) from his Fifth Air Force headquarters, while the Advanced Echelon became the Fifth Air Force under Major General Ennis Whitehead, Sr.

The RAAF also formed the Australian First Tactical Air Force under Air Commodore Harry Cobby in October 1944, and when General Douglas MacArthur became commander of all Army forces in the Pacific, the Seventh Air Force was added as well.

Far East Air Forces (FEAF) was activated on 3 August 1944, at Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. FEAF (Provisional) had actually been created on 15 June 1944, and Fifth Air Force assigned to it. FEAF was subordinate to the U.S. Army Forces Far East and served as the headquarters of Allied Air Forces Southwest Pacific Area.

The creation of FEAF consolidated the command and control authority over United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) units widely deployed throughout the southwest Pacific in World War II. On 15 June 1945, Fifth Air Force, Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines; Seventh Air Force, Hickam Field, Hawaii, USA; and Thirteenth Air Force, Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines were assigned to FEAF to support combat operations in the Pacific.

With the end of World War II in September 1945, the USAAF found its units deployed throughout the Pacific, from Hawaii to India, from Japan to Australia, and based on a hundred island airstrips, along with bases in China and Burma. A realignment of these forces was needed by the USAAF to better organize its forces in the Pacific for peacetime. On 6 December 1945, Far East Air Forces was redesignated Pacific Air Command, United States Army (PACUSA), and its Air Forces were redeployed as follows:

 * Fifth Air Force: Assigned to Tokyo, Japan
 * Primary mission performing allied occupational assistance on the Japanese Home Islands and the Korean peninsula.

 * Seventh Air Force: Assigned to Hickam Field, Hawaii
 * Returning to its prewar mission for the defense of the Hawaiian Islands, including Midway Island; the Marshall Islands and other Central Pacific islands

 * Eighth Air Force: Assigned to Kadena Army Air Base, Okinawa
 * Defense of the Ryukyu Islands, including Iwo Jima

 * Thirteenth Air Force: Assigned to Clark Field, Philippines
 * Defense of the Philippines, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

 * Twentieth Air Force: Assigned to Harmon Field, Guam, Mariana Islands
 * Reassigned to PACUSA 6 December 1945; provided a strategic deterrent for the entire Western Pacific region

With this realignment and reassignment of forces, PACUSA controlled and commanded all United States Army Air Forces in the Far East and Southwest Pacific, and all air forces were placed under one Air Force commander for the first time.

In November 1945, the 509th Composite Group left North Field on the island of Tinian and was reassigned to Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico, taking the atomic bomb delivery capability of PACUSA to the United States. Shortly afterwards, Eighth Air Force was reassigned to the newly established Strategic Air Command (SAC) on 7 June 1946 and its strategic units reassigned to the 1st Bombardment Division.

The major mission of PACUSA in the postwar years (1946–1950) was occupation duty in Japan and the demilitarization of the Japanese society in conjunction with the United States Army. In addition, PACUSA helped to support atomic bomb testing in the Pacific Proving Grounds beginning with the Operation Crossroads test on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands in 1946. With the impending establishment of the United States Air Force as an independent service later that year, PACUSA was redesignated Far East Air Forces  (FEAF) on 1 January 1947. On that same date, Seventh Air Force in Hawaii was inactivated with its organization absorbed by HQ, FEAF.

USAF established
Coinciding with the establishment of the United States Air Force (USAF) as an independent service in September 1947, PACUSA/FEAF deployments to Korea prior to the 1948 partition of the country helped in the establishment of the Republic of Korea (e.g., South Korea), along with the transfer of surplus military equipment and other aid to French Indochina as well as aid to the Nationalist Chinese during the Chinese Civil War which resumed after the end of World War II (1945–1949).

Korean War
On 25 June 1950, the armed forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (e.g., North Korea) invaded South Korea. On 27 June, the United Nations Security Council voted to assist the South Koreans in resisting the invasion. President Harry Truman authorized General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (commander of the US occupying forces in Japan) to commit units to the battle. MacArthur ordered General George E. Stratemeyer, CIC of FEAF, to attack attacking North Korean forces between the front lines and the 38th parallel.

Order of Battle, June 1950
Despite the post-World War II demobilization of United States armed forces, the United States Air Force still had substantial forces in the Pacific to oppose the North Korean military. When the North Koreans crossed the 38th parallel on 25 June 1950, FEAF consisted of the following primary units*:

 * Fifth Air Force (Japan)
 * Itazuke Air Base, Kyushu
 * 8th Fighter-Bomber Wing/Group (F-80, F-82)
 * Johnson Air Base, Honshu
 * 3d Bombardment Wing/Group (B-26)
 * Nagoya Air Base, Honshu
 * 347th Fighter All Weather Wing/Group (inactivated 24 June 1950)
 * Tachikawa Air Base, Honshu
 * 374th Troop Carrier Wing/Group (C-54)
 * Yokota Air Base, Honshu
 * 35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing/Group (F-80, RF-80, F-82)
 * Misawa Air Base, Honshu
 * 49th Fighter-Bomber Wing/Group (F-80)

 * Twentieth Air Force (Okinawa and the Marianas)
 * Naha Air Base, Okinawa
 * 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing/Group (F-80, F-82)
 * Kadena Air Base, Okinawa
 * 31st Photo Reconnaissance Squadron, VLR** (RB-29)
 * Andersen Air Force Base, Guam
 * 19th Bombardment Wing/Group (B-29)

 * Thirteenth Air Force (Philippines)
 * Clark Air Force Base, Luzon
 * 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing/Group (F-80)
 * 21st Troop Carrier Squadron (C-54)
 * 6204th Photo Mapping Flight (RB-17)

At that time, the combat units of the FEAF were equipped with the Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star jet fighter, the North American F-82 Twin Mustang all-weather escort fighter, the Douglas B-26 Invader light attack bomber, the Lockheed RF-80A Shooting Star tactical reconnaissance aircraft, and the Boeing B-29 Superfortress heavy bomber. Support units were equipped with the Douglas C-54 Skymaster cargo aircraft and the Boeing RB-17 Flying Fortress, a former heavy bomber converted to photo mapping duties. FEAF personnel also trained, supported and flew with the fledgling Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) under the Bout One Project, primarily operating excess World War II-vintage F-51D Mustang fighter aircraft transferred from USAF inventory, re-marked with ROKAF insignia, and operated in interdiction/ground attack and close air support roles.

* Elements of the 2d and 3d Air Rescue squadrons, attached to FEAF by the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), were located at various bases where they could best perform emergency rescue services with their SB-17 Flying Fortresses. The 512th and 514th Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons of the 2143d Air Weather Wing were located at Yokota Air Base, Japan, and Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. All USAF units engaged in combat during the Korean War were under the overall command of Far East Air Forces.

 * The 31st Photo Reconnaissance Squadron was a Strategic Air Command unit, attached to FEAF for operations. On 29 June 1950, the unit began flying combat missions over the Korean Peninsula in their RB-29 Superfortresses to provide FEAF Bomber Command with target and bomb-damage assessment photography.

In response to the threat posed by the introduction of Soviet-built (and often Soviet-manned) MiG-15 jet fighters into the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF), USAF F-80 and F-82 units were later re-equipped with the North American F-86 Sabre jet fighter between December 1951 and Spring 1953. Eventually, these USAF F-86 units would establish a kill ratio of 10:1 versus their KPAF adversaries. During the Korean War (1950–1953), alongside the U.S. Navy and small allied contingents, FEAF's Fifth Air Force bore the brunt of the coalition air combat operations.

Cold War
With the 1953 Korean Armistice, the deployed SAC and TAC units to Japan and Korea were gradually withdrawn, and returned to the United States. Twentieth Air Force was inactivated on 1 March 1955, leaving FEAF with two Air Forces, the Fifth in Japan and the Thirteenth in the Philippines, although units were maintained on Guam and Okinawa.

PACAF established
On 1 July 1954, Pacific Air Force was activated at Hickam Air Force Base, Territory of Hawaii, and assigned to Far East Air Forces (FEAF), which was headquartered in Japan. Pacific Air Force at Hickam functioned primarily as the Air Force staff component and planning element of U.S. Pacific Command. On 1 July 1956, Pacific Air Force was redesignated Pacific Air Force/FEAF (Rear). Headquarters FEAF began preparations to move from Japan to Hawaii. Smith assumed additional responsibilities as deputy commander, Far East Air Forces. This was followed on 1 July 1957 with United States Far East Air Forces being redesignated as Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) and transferring its headquarters to Hickam AFB, Territory of Hawaii.

On 1 October 1955, the Far East Air Materiel Command was transferred from Far East Air Forces to Air Force Materiel Command.

Tensions between the Communist Chinese on the mainland and the Nationalist Chinese on Taiwan dominated FEAF and PACAF during the mid and late 1950s. The 1954 and 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis both threatened to break out into a war, and USAF F-104C fighter squadrons were deployed to Kung Kuan Air Base on Taiwan in 1958. The question of "Matsu and Quemoy" became an issue in the 1960 American Presidential election when Richard Nixon accused John F. Kennedy of being unwilling to commit to using nuclear weapons if the People's Republic of China invaded the Nationalist outposts.

By 1960, PACAF maintained a combat-ready deterrent force of some 35 squadrons, operating from 10 major bases in a half-dozen countries.

Vietnam War
In the early 1960s, communist military strength and firepower in Vietnam increased. As a result, PACAF began a buildup in the area with the addition of troops and better arms and equipment.

In response to what has become known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, Tactical Air Command (TAC) pilots, navigators and support personnel found themselves deployed from the CONUS to PACAF bases such as Da Nang Air Base and Phan Rang AB in South Vietnam. Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base and Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base in Thailand were also used by deployed TAC fighter squadrons.

As the American effort in Southeast Asia increased, TAC permanently reassigned entire wings of aircraft from CONUS bases to PACAF and increased the number of rotated tactical fighter and reconnaissance squadrons on rotating Temporary Duty (TDY) commitments to PACAF bases in Vietnam and Thailand, along with units to South Korea, Japan and the Philippines. On a daily basis, flight crews would hurl themselves and their planes at targets across the area of operations over the skies of North and South Vietnam.

At the height of the Vietnam War (1968), PACAF commanded forces at major air bases in the following countries:

 * Japan (Fifth Air Force)
 * South Korea (Fifth Air Force)
 * Philippines (Thirteenth Air Force)
 * Taiwan (Thirteenth Air Force)
 * South Vietnam (Seventh Air Force)
 * Thailand (Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force)

In 1962, PACAF activated the 2d Air Division to be the main warfighting organization in South Vietnam. As the conflict escalated, Seventh Air Force was activated on 1 April 1966, replacing 2d Air Force. PACAF units in Thailand were under the command of Thirteenth Air Force beginning in 1964, then in 1973 a joint Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force headquarters was established in Bangkok to direct PACAF forces in Thailand operating in Indochina (until 15 August 1973), and Thailand until the final USAF withdrawal from Southeast Asia in the beginning of 1976.

By 1970, direct PACAF involvement the war was winding down as the conflict was being increasingly turned over to the South Vietnamese under the process known as Vietnamization. Units from the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) took on more and more combat to defend their nation while PACAF tactical air strength was being reduced as several air bases were turned over to the VNAF. Combat aircraft of PACAF flew their last strikes in Cambodia 15 August 1973, writing the final chapter to the long and costly history of active American participation in the Indochina War. The Paris Peace Accords of 1973 ended PACAF's use of South Vietnamese bases, and by 1976 bases in Thailand were turned over to the Thai government. In 1979, normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China also led to the withdrawal of PACAF personnel from Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Republic of China (Taiwan).

Post Cold War
The post-Vietnam era found the command focusing on improving its readiness and PACAF's organizational structure saw a marked period of rapid and extensive changes. Inactivated at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, Seventh Air Force was reactivated at Osan Air Base, South Korea in 1986 to take over Fifth Air Force activities in South Korea. Also in 1986, the Goldwater-Nichols Act reworked the overall command structure of the United States military. With the creation of Unified Combatant Commands (UCC) organized either on a geographical basis (known as "Area of Responsibility", AOR) or on a functional basis, Pacific Air Forces became a part of the United States Pacific Command (USPACOM).

Andersen AFB in Guam was reassigned from Strategic Air Command (SAC) to PACAF in 1989, and Eleventh Air Force became a part of the command in late 1990. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, civil unrest in the Philippines and negotiations with the extant government of the Republic of the Philippines for the lease of Clark Air Base, along with other U.S. military installations in the Philippines, had reached an impasse. However, following the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo, the resultant damage to Clark AB, and with a post-Cold War desire by the U.S. Government to reduce defense spending, Clark AB was closed and Thirteenth Air Force relocated in 1991.

In 1992, changes took place in force structure within PACAF as the command assumed control of theater-based tactical airlift wings, theater C-130 aircraft and crews, and associated theater C-130 support following the disestablishment of Military Airlift Command (MAC). PACAF also gained control of all operational support aircraft and all aeromedical airlift assets in the Pacific previously under the cognizance of MAC. With the concurrent disestablishment of Strategic Air Command (SAC) and Tactical Air Command (TAC) the same year, PACAF also assumed responsibility for all active KC-135 aerial refueling aircraft based in Hawaii and Japan, "gaining command" responsibility for all Air National Guard KC-135 aircraft in Hawaii and Alaska, and all E-3 AWACS aircraft in Japan and Alaska.

Throughout its history PACAF has played a vital role in world events. In addition to its key combat role in World War II, Korea and Vietnam, PACAF units fought in Desert Storm in 1991 and continued to deploy to Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Italy for peacekeeping operations such as Operation Southern Watch and Operation Northern Watch. PACAF provided its expertise, aircraft, personnel and equipment to facilitate the new Expeditionary Air Force, especially as it applied to successful airbridge operations spanning the vast Pacific Ocean. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, PACAF again demonstrated its intrepid spirit through its units deployed in support of Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom and, in 2003, Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Since 1944, the command has also participated in more than 140 humanitarian operations within its area of responsibility and beyond. In these operations PACAF people quickly and efficiently airlifted food, medicine and other supplies to areas devastated by storms, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes and other natural disasters.

As PACAF entered the second decade of the 21st century, expanding theatre challenges and simultaneous resource constraints have forced continuing innovation and adjustments by PACAF in order to meet mission requirements. Previously assigned four numbered air forces, PACAF downscoped to three numbered air forces in September 2012, inactivating 13th Air Force and merging its functions into PACAF. Base consolidations and infrastructure limitations have also required the Air Force and PACAF to developed increased capability while striving to remain within budgetary resource constraints. One such example has been the evaluation of alternate runway(s)/divert field(s) in the Marianas since late 2011 as a backup to Andersen AFB on Guam, a process that remains on-going as of 2014. In 2023, The first Royal Australian Air Force Deputy Commander took up position alongside the USAF Command Chain.

Lineage

 * Established as Far East Air Forces (Provisional) on 31 July 1944
 * Reestablished: Far East Air Forces on 3 August 1944
 * Activated on 3 August 1944
 * Redesignated: Pacific Air Command, United States Army, on 6 December 1945
 * Redesignated: Far East Air Forces on 1 January 1947
 * Redesignated Pacific Air Forces on 1 July 1957

Assignments

 * Southwest Pacific Area, 3 August 1944
 * US Army Forces, Pacific, 6 December 1945
 * United States Air Force, 26 September 1947 – Present

Historical Operational Components
Commands
 * Far East Air Forces Bomber Command, Provisional: 8 July 1950 – 18 June 1954
 * Far East Air Forces Combat Cargo Command, Provisional: 20 August 1950 – 25 January 1951
 * Far East (later, Pacific) Air Service Command, later Far East Air Materiel Command (from 1 January 1947) later, Far East Air Logistics Force): 18 August 1944 – 1 October 1955.

Force
 * Japan Air Defense: 1 March 1952 – 1 September 1954

Air Forces
 * Fifth Air Force
 * 3 August 1944 – Present

 * Seventh Air Force
 * 14 July 1945 – 1 January 1947; 5 January 1955 – 1 July 1957; 1 April 1966 – 30 June 1975; 8 September 1986 – Present

 * Eighth Air Force: 6 December 1945 – 7 June 1946
 * Eleventh Air Force: 9 August 1990 – Present
 * Thirteenth Air Force: 3 August 1944 – 1 June 1955; 1 July 1957 – 28 September 2012
 * Twentieth Air Force: 6 December 1945 – 1 March 1955

Air Divisions
 * 1st Bombardment Division (later: 1st Air Division): 7 June 1946 – 1 December 1948
 * 2d Air Division: 10 September – 10 October 1962; 8 July 1965 – 1 April 1966
 * 17th Air Division. 17 1 July 1975 – 1 January 1976
 * 85th Air Division: 11 May 1945 – 1 September 1945
 * 91st Air Division: 8 August 1944 – 27 January 1946
 * 314th Air Division: 18 May 1951 – 1 March 1952
 * 315th Air Division: 25 January 1951 – 15 April 1969
 * 326th Air Division: 1 July 1957 – 15 February 1989
 * 327th Air Division: 26 January – 8 February 1966

Wings
 * 8th Tactical Fighter Wing: 18 June – 8 July 1964
 * 18th Fighter Wing: 1 December 1948 – 16 May 1949
 * 19th Bombardment Wing: 16 May – 17 October 1949
 * 27th Fighter-Escort Wing: attached, 19–29 November 1950 and 6–13 October 1952
 * 35th Tactical Fighter Wing: 14 March – 8 April 1966
 * 322d Troop Carrier Wing: 30 December 1944 – 15 February 1946

Stations

 * Brisbane, Australia, 3 August 1944
 * Hollandia, New Guinea, 16 September 1944
 * Leyte, Philippines, 7 February 1945
 * Tolosa, Leyte, Philippines, 17 February 1945
 * Fort William McKinley, Leyte, Philippines, 20 March 1945
 * Tokyo, Japan, 17 May 1946
 * Fuchu AS, Japan, 13 May 1956
 * Hickam AFB, Hawaii, 30 June 1957 – Present
 * Ching Chuan Kang Air Base, Taiwan, 8 January 1954 – April 1979

Component units
Pacific Air Forces comprises the following wings and major units.

 * Headquarters Pacific Air Forces (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii)
 * 319th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron, Kanoya Air Field, Japan, established October 2022 (UAVs).

Fifth Air Force
The Fifth Air Force is responsible for USAF operations in Japan. Its role is to defend Japan, respond to regional events, and enhance the U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement alliance between the U.S. and Japan.

Permanent units

 * Headquarters Fifth Air Force (Yokota Air Base, Japan)
 * 18th Wing (Kadena Air Base, Japan) – E-3B/C Sentry, HH-60G Pave Hawk, F-15C/D Eagle, E-8C J-STARS and KC-135R Stratotanker
 * 35th Fighter Wing (Misawa Air Base, Japan) – F-16CJ/DJ Fighting Falcon
 * 374th Airlift Wing (Yokota Air Base) – C-12J Huron, C-130J Hercules and UH-1N Iroquois
 * 605th Air Operations Group (Yokota Air Base)

Seventh Air Force (Air Forces Korea)
The Seventh Air Force contributes to maintaining the armistice between South Korea and North Korea.

Permanent units

 * Headquarters Seventh Air Force (Osan Air Base, South Korea)
 * 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan Air Base South Korea) – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 * 51st Fighter Wing (Osan Air Base) – A-10C Thunderbolt II and F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 * 607th Air and Space Operations Center (Osan Air Base)
 * 607th Air Support Group (Osan Air Base)
 * 607th Air Support Operations Group (Osan Air Base)
 * 607th Support Group (Osan Air Base)

Eleventh Air Force
The Eleventh Air Force is responsible for USAF operations across the Pacific, including the states of Alaska and Hawaii and the US territory of Guam.

Permanent units

 * Headquarters 11th Air Force (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska)
 * 3rd Wing (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson) – C-130H Hercules, C-17A Globemaster III, F-22A Raptor and E-3B Sentry
 * 15th Wing (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii) – C-17A Globemaster III, C-37B, C-40A, F-22A Raptor
 * 36th Wing (Anderson AFB, Guam)
 * 354th Fighter Wing (Eielson AFB, Alaska) – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon and F-35A Lightning II
 * 611th Air and Space Operations Center (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson)
 * 611th Air Support Group (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson)
 * 613th Air and Space Operations Center (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam)
 * 613th Support Group (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam)
 * 673rd Air Base Wing (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson)
 * Pacific Air Forces Regional Support Center (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson)

Expeditionary units

 * 13th Air Expeditionary Group (Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand and McMurdo Station, Antarctica) – C-17A Globemaster III and LC-130 Hercules

Air Force Reserve
Pacific Air Forces has operational "gaining command" responsibility for several Air Reserve Component (ARC) units, comprising personnel and aircraft from Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG).

Air Force Reserve Command

 * 477th Fighter Group (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson) – F-22A Raptor
 * 624th Regional Support Group (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam and Andersen AFB)
 * 701st Combat Operations Squadron (March Air Reserve Base, California and Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam)

Alaska Air National Guard

 * 176th Wing (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson) – C-130H Hercules, C-17A Globemaster III, HC-130J Combat King II and HH-60G Pave Hawk
 * 168th Air Refueling Wing (Eielson AFB) – KC-135R Stratotanker
 * Alaska Rescue Coordination Center (Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson)

Guam Air National Guard

 * 254th Air Base Group (Andersen AFB)

Hawaii Air National Guard

 * 109th Air Operations Group (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam)
 * 154th Wing (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam) – C-17A Globemaster III, F-22A Raptor and KC-135R Stratotanker
 * 201st Air Operations Group (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam)
 * 298th Air Defense Group (Wheeler Army Airfield, Hawaii)

Missouri Air National Guard

 * 157th Air Operations Group (Jefferson Barracks National Guard Base)

Other units

 * USAF Band of the Pacific – Asia (Yokota Air Base)
 * USAF Band of the Pacific – Hawaii (Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam)

title: Pacific Air Forces