text:
Talk:Alcohol 120%

Deletion and Content
AfD Page The discussion about deletion has demonstrated that the article belongs, but needs to be cleaned up to make its significance clear. User BenWhitey said, "I added the reference to Alcohol 120 winning the Epsilon Award 2006 by the European Shareware Conference, which seems to be somewhat notable. It is sponsored by notable companies/organizations including: Avangate, Digital River, Infacta, Microsoft, Plimus, Shareware Promotions, Software Marketing Resource, and Tucows." This notability could perhaps go in the article text. V-pizz 21:34, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

---

Has the article really been listed for deletion? --GatesPlusPlus 15:58, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The article reads like a corporate flyer

I guess its informational... but yea, real bad NPOV problems. I'm not too familiar with it though, not sure how to balance it. King 10:43, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

This is nothing but an advertisement
"What makes it differ the most from Nero is that it uses the latest technology to constantly develop and improve by adding new features to maintain its performance and stability." I don't have a Windows machine to run this software on, so I couldn't rewrite this article. Can an Alcohol 120% user please have a look at this page and make it a little less like an advertisement?

 * Article was edited. Shawnc 18:28, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Alcohol runs under Wine.

Well I'll consider editing it since I use Alcohol quite frequently and I HATE Nero (which probably doesn't help). But deleting this page is just dumb. It needs some rewording to be sure, but Alcohol is a significant enough program to have its own Wikipedia page. Kestrel 23:33, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Alcohol and Nero both have their uses. I use both

Could someone please elaborate and explain the uses of Alcohol 120%, like in laymen terms. I read the article and found it hardly useful, i resorted googling the info i was looking for. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.103.11.60 (talk) 09:25, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Possible deletion musings
I've only just come across this article/program as I came across a .mdf file that I wanted to open, came to Wikipedia to find out what the hell it was and according to its disambiguation page it is the proprietary file format for Alcohol 120%. I guess overall I didn't need this article though, simply the .mdf disambig page nod would have been enough to help me find how to open my file. aLii 23:56, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * http://cdemu.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/cdemu/trunk/libmirage/src/parsers/ has the format information. Too bad there's not a public domain document describing the format.   Provided for those that come across this discussion later.  JWhiteheadcc (talk) 19:20, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

"blacklisting" result in a ruined cd burner?
Apparently, the drivers for my cd burner blacklisted Alchohol 120%, so that the next time the drive was used, something in the mechanics made it impossible to burn CDs - predominantly - but it would still read OK.
 * That's just your rootkit added kindly by the makers of your game or such. ;)

Fair use rationale for Image:A120 logo.png
Image:A120 logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 04:49, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Softpedia Certification

 * *Softpedia "100% CLEAN" Award

This is not a software award. Rather, it's a certification given to some of the software listed on Softpedia, after they have been tested and reviewed by the softpedia staff. I'm removing this now. 124.43.211.220 18:14, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia in hibernation?
As of today, the latest Alcohol version is 1.9.6.5429. But I will not change that in the article to leave it as a demonstration that it is generally not a good idea to write anything in an article that is likely to change soon anyway. --217.232.249.184 21:02, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia in 1856?
According to the "Sources and References" tag: "This article has been tagged since April 1856."89.165.143.40 13:41, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Version history
I believe that this article should have a version history for alcohol 120%, 52% and 52% Free Edition, noting things like which version is the last to run under certain operating systems 9x for example. I have been trying to find the relevant information and if I do I will try and add this section, if someone else is able to though it would be great. 79.76.203.172 (talk) 16:14, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

PSX/PS2 Backups?
It can also create images of PlayStation and PlayStation 2 file systems.

This kinda implies that it is possible to create working backups of psx/ps2-discs that acutal run a unmodded consoles. Well, that's simply not true, A120% can't do it (nor any other tool of such kind). Ingnoring modchips, the disc-protection is still unbroken, and will possible remain so forever. Contrary, copying gamediscs (even libcrypted ones) that run on chipped console is quite trival, i did this 15 years ago on a crappy HP Surestore 2x (!) with clonecd; any other burning tool can do it nowadays as well.

Furthermore, it doesn't even do a particular good job on dumping mixed-mode cds (a lot of psx-games used additional cdda-tracks for background music). Like most other burning tools, it doesn't check for audiotrack offsets, which results, simply spoken, in changing the position of the data on the disc. A chipped console won't mind though, still is not a faithfull backup. Hence an A120% image of a psx-cd isn't even far related to a "true" 1:1 copy.

--77.177.19.10 (talk) 15:33, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Why 52?
Abc41 (talk) 13:23, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Malware warnings?
Following the links provided here, that the Alcohol Soft website and then proceeding to the download section there, raises a Malware warning in my browser. Can this be addressed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:E2:3743:4800:9D4B:FE78:902:7D62 (talk) 16:50, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alcohol 120%


text: Category:Bulgarian artists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Bulgarian artists


text: Category:Bulgarian people by occupation

title: Category:Bulgarian people by occupation


text: Category:Chinese artists

title: Category:Chinese artists


text: Category:Chinese people by occupation

title: Category:Chinese people by occupation


text:
Villy

Villy may refer to the following places:

 * in France:
 * Villy, Ardennes, in the Ardennes département
 * Villy, Yonne, in the Yonne département
 * Villy Bocage, in the Calvados département
 * Villy-en-Auxois, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Villy-en-Trodes, in the Aube département
 * Villy-le-Bois, in the Aube département
 * Villy-le-Bouveret, in the Haute-Savoie département
 * Villy-le-Maréchal, in the Aube département
 * Villy-le-Moutier, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Villy-le-Pelloux, in the Haute-Savoie département
 * Villy lez Falaise, in the Calvados département
 * Villy-sur-Yères, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Villy, Burkina Faso, a town in central Burkina Faso

title: Villy


text:
Villy-Bocage

Villy-Bocage is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Villy-Bocage


text:
Talk:Agustín Barrios

Plagiarism
Some of the article is taken directly from this page: http://www.dailyguitar.com/Sheet-Music/index.php?page=scores&id=14

Page move
I've moved the page to the most common form of the name used in English per Naming conventions (common names) and Naming_conventions. --Viriditas | Talk 00:10, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Merged
I took all the info from the Agustin Barrios-Mangoré article and added to this one. I created a redirect afterwards. Bruno18 04:07, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

List of works
I have added a list of works (pieces and poems) and some other external links. edward, 09:10, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

I have added Vals 4 to the list of his outstanding works since this is invariably included on all albums devoted to his music. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.69.109.93 (talk) 03:11, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Listening to different recordings, I found four Barrios works under different titles: London Carape = Danza Paraguaya; Aconquija = Vals Op.8 No.3; Madrigal = Choro de Saudade; Jha Che Valle = Un Sueno en la Floresta Graeff (talk) 18:48, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Williams quote
I took out one sentence that qualified Williams' assessment of Barrios and Giuliani/Sor, because it's Williams' opinion; we don't have to subject it to NPOV scrutiny, as if it were an entry by a contributor.

However, just out of interest, can anyone explain what Williams meant when he said "regardless of ear"? It's always puzzled me. ---

Typo? - era? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.157.213.136 (talk) 14:30, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I have also removed an unsourced claim that Williams, "perpetuated the myth" of Barrios having made the first classical guitar gramophone recordings, which does not seem justified. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:48, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mangore.jpg
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Composer project review
I've reviewed this article as part of the Composers project review of its B-class articles. This is a Start-class article; the biography is too sketchy too support a B rating. My full review is on the comments page; questions and comments should be left here or on my talk page.  Magic ♪piano 17:16, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Banknote
Mention he appears on the Paraguayan_guaraní. Jidanni (talk) 06:53, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:50, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Images
There are more very good images at barriosworldwide.com. Are these all now copyright free because of their age? The full colour image, third down, in the section "Inseparable... Barrios and the Guitar. Part 3" is particularly striking. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:53, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Agustín Barrios


text: Category:Danish artists

title: Category:Danish artists


text:
Villy-lez-Falaise

Villy-lez-Falaise (, literally Villy near Falaise) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Villy-lez-Falaise


text:
Book review

A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is merely described (summary review) or analyzed based on content, style, and merit.

A book review may be a primary source, an opinion piece, a summary review, or a scholarly view. Books can be reviewed for printed periodicals, magazines, and newspapers, as school work, or for book websites on the Internet. A book review's length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial essay. Such a review may evaluate the book based on personal taste. Reviewers may use the occasion of a book review for an extended essay that can be closely or loosely related to the subject of the book, or to promulgate their ideas on the topic of a fiction or non-fiction work.

Some journals are devoted to book reviews, and reviews are indexed in databases such as the Book Review Index and Kirkus Reviews; but many more book reviews can be found in newspaper and scholarly databases such as Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, and dscipline-specific databases.

History
Photios I of Constantinople has been called "the inventor of the book review" for his work, Bibliotheca.

Academic reviews
Academic reviews are both a form of academic service and a contribution to the academic literature. They are frequently published as a section or part of academic journals. They help the profession understand what has been happening in their profession, and work on the emerging intellectual challenges of their field. However, not all academics are incentivized to take on the work required in a book review, because they are often not rewarded for that work. Book reviews can be used to predict which monographs are likely to have subsequent citations.

Newspaper and magazine reviews
Newspaper reviews became prominent in the 18h century, as a form of reader responses.

In academic criticism, popular book reviews in newspapers and magazine reviews are often used to evaluate the relative audience and impact of books during a period.

title: Book review


text:
Talk:King Soopers & City Market

Article quality
Article has too much of a whimsical feel. Peter O. (Talk) 16:02, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Article is too short and not very discriptive. Jason (Talk) 03:18, August 13, 2006 ((GMT-7:00)Mountain Time(US & Canada)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kscm.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:30, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Soopers
The article says the store is named for its founder, Lloyd King, but where exactly does the Soopers part come from? Is it just a play on "super?" --Quilokos (talk) 23:44, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:King Soopers & City Market


text: Category:Flemish artists

title: Category:Flemish artists


text: Category:C (programming language) headers


text:
User:Sohshi

Hello, I am Sohshi and a doctoral student at the University of Tokyo. I am majoring in physical chemistry. Currently, I am studying the structures and dynamics of aromatic carbonyl compounds in excited states with infrared spectroscopy.

title: User:Sohshi


text: Category:German artists

title: Category:German artists


text: Category:Icelandic artists

title: Category:Icelandic artists


text: Category:Icelandic people by occupation

title: Category:Icelandic people by occupation


text:
Hampstead Heath railway station

Hampstead Heath railway station is in the London Borough of Camden in north London on the North London Line, between Finchley Road & Frognal and Gospel Oak stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 2. Since 11 November 2007 it and the service there have been run by London Overground. It is located on South End Road close to South End Green and Pond Street in the old South End of Hampstead.

History
In the nineteenth century up to 100,000 people per day used the station at weekends and on public holidays as the Heath was a popular leisure destination for Londoners. The station was rebuilt, after Second World War bomb damage, and in the 1990s in conjunction with works to allow Eurostar trains to use the North London Line.

Design
The platform canopies are in a pseudo-antique style which is in stark contrast to the poured concrete style of the rest of the station's structural features. The line runs below street level with access via staircases to each platform. Lifts providing access to both platforms were added in 2014. During the same refurbishment works new ticket barriers were added.

Artwork
In 2011, Evenings' Hill by British artist Clare Woods was installed along the length of the platform, made from porcelain tiles. The artwork was commissioned by TfL in 2011, as part of London Overground's art programme.

Services
All services at Hampsted Heath are operated by London Overground using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 8 tph to Stratford via Camden Road
 * 4 tph to Richmond
 * 4 tph to Clapham Junction

During the late evenings, the services to and from Clapham Junction do not operate.

Connections
London Buses routes 1, 24, 46 and C11 serve the station.

title: Hampstead Heath railway station


text: Category:Mexican artists

title: Category:Mexican artists


text:
User talk:Gulseren

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text:
Leonard Howell

Leonard Percival Howell (16 June 1898 – 23 January 1981), also known as The Gong or G. G. Maragh (for Gangun Guru), was a Jamaican religious figure. According to his biographer Hélène Lee, Howell was born into an Anglican family. He was one of the first preachers of the Rastafari movement (along with Joseph Hibbert and Archibald Dunkley), and is known by many as The First Rasta.

Born in May Crawle River on 16 June 1898, Howell left Jamaica as a youth, traveling to many places, including Panama and New York, and returned in 1932. He began preaching in 1933 about what he considered the symbolic portent for the African diaspora—the crowning of Ras Tafari Makonnen as Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. His preaching asserted that Haile Selassie was the "Messiah returned to earth", and he published a book called The Promised Key. Although this resulted in his being arrested, tried for sedition, and imprisoned for two years, the Rastafari movement grew.

Over the following years, Howell came into conflict with all the establishment authorities in Jamaica: the planters, the trade unions, established churches, police, and colonial authorities. Howell was seen as a threat largely due to the anti-colonial message of the Rastafarian movement, which he was perpetuating along with the sermons promoting the idea of a positive black racial identity. Local ruling elites were uneasy with Howell’s popular call for black people to take a stand. Colonial authorities hoped to quell Howell’s growing movement early so as to snuff out support early on.

As his following grew, the threat of Howell's core beliefs in the power of black people to overcome white oppression, and his movement, expanded to become an international concern given his strong messages of black liberation and Pan-Africanism that resonated with blacks across the globe. He formed a town or commune called Pinnacle in Saint Catherine Parish that became famous as a place for Rastafari. This movement prospered, and today the Rastafari faith exists worldwide. Unlike many Rastafari, Howell never wore dreadlocks.

Leonard Howell died in Kingston, Jamaica, on 23 January 1981 after suffering a vicious attack months earlier where he was slashed in the face and beaten badly at the age of 83 in Tredegar Park, St. Catherine not far from Pinnacle.

Although Leonard P. Howell suffered much abuse for the foundation of Rastafari, his legacy as a perceived true hero and leader in anti-colonialism took root throughout Jamaica and the Caribbean and eventually globally. Ironically, the same government who sought his continual persecution has in 2022 awarded L.P. Howell or 'Gong' with an Order of Distinction.

Early life
Howell was born on 16 June 1898 in May Crawle village in the Bull Head mountain district of upper Clarendon in Jamaica. He was the eldest of a family of 10 children. Charles Theophilus Howell, his father, worked as peasant cultivator and tailor. Clementina Bennett, his mother, worked as an agricultural labourer.

During the First World War, Howell worked as a seaman and served as part of a Jamaican contingent sent to Panama. Before temporarily settling in Panama in 1918, he travelled back and forth between New York City and Panama several times. While in New York he became a member of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) after being confronted with his identity as a black man in Harlem for the first time and meeting Garvey, the revolutionary UNIA leader, in person.

Howell lived abroad for a total of some twenty years in his early life, during which time he was arrested and jailed for his involvement with the UNIA because the organization's pro-black messages were viewed as threatening. After migrating to Panama and the United States, he eventually returned home in December 1932 at the age of 34 after being deported from the US. He was deported because of his involvement with the UNIA, which was perceived as threatening by the US government, due to the organization's messages of black power and anti-colonialism. Upon returning to his homeland, he decided to leave his family home and spread the word about Rastafari. This decision to break away from his home was due to a conflict between Howell and his family, presumably because of his controversial belief in the divine nature of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia.

Personal life
Howell married Tethen Bent, whose grave in Pinnacle is said to have been desecrated. Howell's eldest son is named Monty Howell Very little information is available about Tethen Bent (who is a descendant of several south St. Elizabeth families, including the Bents, Elliotts, Parchments, Powells, Ebanks, among others), their marriage or other children of Leonard Howell.

Rastafari evangelism
Howell's first public articulation of the divinity of Haile Selassie occurred in January 1933. This first open deification, which proclaimed the Emperor of Ethiopia to be the incarnation of God, took place at "Redemption Ground" in Kingston but was not successful in gaining converts.

In February 1933, Howell relocated his meeting to a south-eastern parish of St. Thomas and two months later, on 18 April, he addressed about two hundred people at a meeting in Trinity Ville, St. Thomas. During this meeting, police were present to monitor and control the event, which they deemed to be of a "seditious nature". Despite concerns, authorities chose not to press charges against Howell so as not to draw additional attention to his movement and decided instead to closely monitor him.

According to Howell and his followers, Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was the "Black Messiah" – an incarnation of God predicted by biblical prophecy. Howell believed that the grand coronation of Haile Selassie (who was widely traditionally claimed to be the descendant of King David, King Solomon, and the Queen of Sheba, in part due to the medieval Ethiopian text Kebra Nagast), was the realization of a prophecy. The grandness of the emperor's ascension to power appeared to validate Howell's imperative claim.

Howell's teachings often began with background information about the people, land, and sovereignty of Ethiopia as an unchanged land populated by original, primitive Christian people who were under direct rule of a king who was a direct descendant of King David. He idealized Ethiopia in his preaching, calling the country a land with unmatched people and a perfect language, the sole uncorrupted language on Earth. Howell emphasized the coming of a new civilization based upon and founded in the glory and power of Haile Selassie, the "Supreme Black King". He instructed his followers to adore the Ethiopian emperor as the supreme God over all of humanity. In Howell's view, it was through Ethiopia that the truths of good character, social order, manhood and womanhood were preserved and were unfolding for all to see. Howell preached that Ethiopian culture was re-emerging to overtake hegemonic Anglo-Saxon forces that had kept Africans enslaved.

Core values, leadership, and social network
Among his followers, Howell preferred being called Gangunguru Maragh or G.G. Maragh to distinguish his ritual, mystical personality from his secular identity. Howell's ritual name is thought to be a combination of three Hindi words – gyan (wisdom), gun (virtue or talent), and guru (teacher). In Hindi, Maragh means "great kings" or "king of kings". Howell used this name as a pseudonym when he published The Promised Key.

During a meeting at Port Mortant, St. Thomas, in September 1933, it is recorded that Howell held a meeting that began with the singing of hymns. Then, Howell reportedly taunted clergymen of other religious denominations at the gathering and discouraged people from attending church because "ministers were liars". He also spoke critically of slavery, claiming that "the White man stole Africa from the Africans, and that Black people should think that Africa is their home, not Jamaica".

Howell's message of praise for Emperor Haile Selassie also came with an open call for black supremacy as a way to combat colonialism and reject oppression by whites. At times, Howell would ask his congregants to join together and sing "God Save the King" – the king being Haile Selassie. Howell's central doctrine acted as a force against white colonial ideology due to his placement of blackness as morally superior to whiteness, as is explained in his widely read publication, The Promised Key.

Howell is remembered as being a charismatic and authoritarian leader who sincerely cared about the wellbeing of his followers. In 1939, Howell founded the Ethiopian Salvation Society (ESS) whose objective was to use collective savings to better its members. A secondary purpose of the ESS was to help spread the good news about salvation and Christianity and underscore the value of self-help and good citizenship. These secondary purposes were expressly stated so as to shield the organization from suspicion that it was promoting sedition. Nevertheless, in 1940 the Jamaican governor responded to pressure from the colonial secretary and the labour leadership by officially banning a meeting of the ESS due to the resentment the organization was creating as well as its internationalization.

In addition to his leadership role in the ESS, Howell served as a role model and father figure for the growing Rastafarian community. His audacious, generous personality, combined with his well-travelled background, made early Rastafarians particularly receptive to his messages. Howell brought "the hope of a new generation, one which was inspired by the magnificence of the new Ethiopian emperor."

To expand Howell's Rastafarian network, he formed relationships with other black groups such as the Afro-Athlican Constructive Gaathly and the UNIA. Additionally he collaborated closely with other icons of the Rastafarian movement such as Marcus Garvey and George Padmore, a Trinidadian journalist.

Howell's appeal for identification with Africa was in opposition to concurrent movements in Jamaica promoting a Jamaican creole nationalism. Howell positioned himself as an opponent of the labour nationalists Bustamante and Manley who had gained a substantial following among the working class. Howell preached to both the working class and the peasantry in Jamaica, attempting to unite disenfranchised black people to overcome colonial oppression. Jamaica's independence in 1962 (which nevertheless maintained social, political and economic ties between Jamaica and Great Britain) was largely a disappointment for Howell, who had called for the complete severance of relations with Britain.

Trials and punishments
In January 1934, Howell and Robert Hinds, another pioneer of the Rastafari movement, were arrested and charged with sedition due to their gatherings and speeches at a meeting of 300 people at Seaforth, St Thomas, on 10 December 1933.

Howell was put on trial for sedition on 13 March 1934, and pleaded not guilty to openly expressing hatred and contempt for the Jamaican government and the King in addition to disturbing public peace on the island. Howell defended himself in court, using a photograph of Haile Selassie as evidence. During this historic trial, Howell is remembered as being the first person to declare that Haile Selassie was "the Messiah returned to earth". Ultimately he was sentenced to two years in jail for sedition by the Jamaican chief justice, Robert William Lyall-Grant.

Later, in 1938, Howell was sent to a mental asylum in Kingston called the Bellevue Asylum after being certified as insane for the inflammatory statements he published in his book The Promised Key. In this publication, which was released while Howell was still incarcerated, he labelled the Roman Catholic Pope as "Satan the Devil" and created the impression that war was being declared against colonialism and white supremacy – which Howell asserted should be replaced with "Black supremacy". Furthermore, he openly objected to locally created religious systems like Revivalism and Obeah, a Jamaican folk practice. Although small, the book was powerful and very popular to the dismay of the Jamaican government.

As one of the most charismatic and outspoken of Rastafarian leaders, Howell was incarcerated at notably higher rates than other pioneers of the Rastafarian movement, such as Joseph Nathaniel Hibbert and Hinds. Described as "the most persecuted Rastafarian to date", Howell suffered considerably under constant state surveillance because of his Rastafarian teachings. Especially threatening to the powers that be was his prophetic call for people to destroy the legitimacy of "international white supremacy", a message that caused people to reconsider their identity, agency and socio-political mobilization in Jamaica and elsewhere.

Creation of Pinnacle Community
Following his release from prison for his teachings and denunciation of colonial rule, Howell created the first Rastafarian village in Jamaica at Sligoville, St. Catherine in 1940. The settlement was called "Pinnacle" due to its high hilltop elevation and was symbolically located in the first free village established to house former slaves in Jamaica. Pinnacle was one of the country’s first self-sustaining communities, its community members were able to meet their needs without dependence on outside resources. Some refer to Pinnacle as a commune, in which Howell's form of socialism was practiced. Soon after its foundation, other similar Rastafarian communities were established across the country. Pinnacle was especially known for the cultivation of ganja (marijuana) that has religious significance for Rastafarians. In efforts to shut down Howell and his followers, police raided Howell’s community of Pinnacle multiple times and labeled the community a "communist experiment" in 1941. Just one year after the creation of the settlement, government forces infiltrated and arrested many of Howell's followers. After escaping immediate arrest, Howell was eventually arrested and tried once again for sedition and consequently was faced with two more years behind bars. Upon his release in 1943, he returned to Pinnacle once again. Howell hired guards and brought in watch dogs to protect Pinnacle from future attacks.

The police raided Pinnacle several more times in the 1950s. In 1954, militia invaded the community and almost completely destroyed the village. Even after this mass destruction, settlers returned, though the settlement was never restored to its previous thriving state. During a final raid in 1958, the police cleared out the remaining residents completely. Despite its ultimate destruction, the impact of the settlement made it legendary among other settlements around the country, who were observed to have been "miniature Pinnacles".

Alleged disappearance and ongoing legacy
Some claim that Howell disappeared from public sight between 1958 and 1960, completely dropping out of his role as a Rastafarian leader. Accounts that he was neither heard from nor interacted with between this period and his death in 1981 have been challenged by historians who examined his life, however. Even after the final major raid of Pinnacle and Howell's confinement in a mental asylum, he reportedly continued in his leadership of the Pinnacle community and as a Rastafari foundational role model, as evidenced by his role as a defendant in several cases at the Home Circuit Court, Kingston, regarding disputes about his ownership of Pinnacle.

Today Howell is remembered as a pioneer of the Rastafarian movement. Additionally, in honour of his values and persistent fight against colonial authority, he is seen as a leader of Pan-Africanism. To fight for his remembrance, the Leonard P. Howell Foundation was created to "perpetuate and honor the memory of Leonard P. Howell." The Foundation calls for the restoration of a portion of the Pinnacle Property so that it can become a UNESCO world heritage site, an international Rastafarian worship and research center, and a monument in tribute to the vision and leadership of Leonard Percival Howell.

title: Leonard Howell


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Takht-e Soleymān

Takht-e Soleymān or Adur Gushnasp, is an archaeological site in West Azerbaijan, Iran dating back to Sasanian Empire. It lies midway between Urmia and Hamadan, very near the present-day town of Takab, and 400 km west of Tehran.

The fortified site, which is located on a hill created by the outflow of a calcium-rich spring pond, was recognized as a World Heritage Site in July 2003. The citadel includes the remains of Adur Gushnasp, a Zoroastrian fire temple built during the Sassanid period and partially rebuilt (as a mosque) during the Ilkhanid period. This temple housed one of the three "Great Fires" or "Royal Fires" that Sassanid rulers humbled themselves before in order to ascend the throne. The fire at Takht-i Soleiman was called Adur Gushnasp and was dedicated to the arteshtar or warrior class of the Sasanid. A 4th century Armenian manuscript relating to Jesus and Zarathustra, and various historians of the Islamic period, mention this pond. The foundations of the fire temple around the pond is attributed to that legend. Takht-E Soleyman appears on the 4th century Peutinger Map.

This site got its biblical name after the Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century. Folk legend relates that King Solomon used to imprison monsters inside a nearby 100m deep crater which is called Zendan-e Soleyman "Prison of Solomon". Solomon is also said to have created the flowing pond in the fortress.

Archaeological excavations have revealed traces of a 5th-century BC occupation during the Achaemenid period, as well as later Parthian settlements in the citadel. Coins belonging to the reign of Sassanid kings, and that of the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II (AD 408–450), have also been discovered there.

Ilkhanid period of Takht-e Soleyman
Situated in the province of Azerbaijan of northwestern Iran, the remains of the Takht-e Soleyman complex can be found upon a grassy plain, surrounded by a volcanic mountain region. Meaning “the Throne of Solomon” in Persian, Sughurlukh in Turkish, translating to “a place abounding in marmots”, Takht-e Soleyman was built in the thirteenth century under the Ilkhanid dynasty as a summer and hunting palace. Beforehand, the site was a Zoroastrian fire temple, which was the state religion of the Sasanian dynasty, which they built during the fifth century. The Ilkhanid patron, Abaqa Khan (r.1265-82), the second Ilkhan ruler and son of Hülagü, the first ruler of the Ilkhanid dynasty, chose this site for his summer residence partly because of the massive ruins remaining of the old fire temple and Sasanian palace. He could create his complex using the ancient layout and general direction to help dictate his own architectural plan. Choosing this historic site in Iran also legitimized their presence within previous Iranian culture. The Ilkhanids wanted to integrate themselves into the historical Iranian fabric, hence them using the pre-existing and pre-Islamic Sasanian structure to build their own post-Islamic and Mongol inspired complex.

Context
The complex was created during the early phase of the Ilkhanid empire, and was a synthesis of Iranian and Central/Eastern Asian traditions. During the reign of Hülagü, the Ilkhanids experienced great success in continuously conquering lands, so the province of Azerbaijan in Iran and three Iranian cities nearby (Tabriz, Maragha, and Khoi), as well as an ordū (royal encampment) on the Jaghatu river, became the political headquarters for the dynasty now in Iran. This was partially due to the natural advantages of the landscape, with high mountains that sloped to lowland plains, a warm climate around Lake Urmia (the large body of water in the proximity of the complex), and lush, fertile grounds for ideal agriculture. The Ilkhanids were originally used to a nomadic Mongol lifestyle, living in tent encampments as their proper residences. Therefore, families could easily flock to this livable, fertile and safe land to set up their tents. However, now in Iranian land and upon new cultural and architectural influences, Ilkhanid nobility built Takht-e Soleyman, actually settling into the land and incorporating both nomadic and sedentary architecture. Also, Hülagü was focused on conquering Syria and Egypt, so his son wanted to continue his original plan after his father's death. The construction of this site began soon after Abaqa's accession, possibly beginning in 1271, and he decided to stay close to the dynasty's current main headquarters in northwestern Iran, close to Syria and Egypt. Overall, he built this magnificent summer resort for himself, those in the Ilkhanid court living in the nearby city of Maragha and in the Jaghatū ordū. In the end, the site of Takht-e Soleyman was extremely beneficial due to historical, geographical, social, and political reasons.

Influences
The Ilkhanids were not originally an Islamic dynasty, but as they settled into the Iranian lands and established a new kingdom, they needed to adapt. They converted to the main religion of their new territory, and intertwined the established art and architectural traditions of their new home with the traditions of Mongols and those from Eastern Asia. They combined temporary and permanent architecture together, which is evident at Takht-e Soleyman, the only surviving secular structure of the Ilkhanid period. This complex has the tangible ability to show the connection between China and Iran through the layout and decorations. There were polygonal shaped tower structures said to be based on the shape of Mongol tents. There are Chinese motifs such as dragons and phoenix found on rectangular tiles from Takht-e Soleyman, showing the transmission of cultural motifs deliberately chosen by the Ilkhanids. The plan itself is reminiscent of the Mongol headquarters in China, which was inspired by a traditional Chinese city plan, as well as a classic Mongol nomadic camp. This links the Ilkhanid empire to great and powerful dynasties from the East, in a line of dynastic artistic traditions. The activities within Takht-e Soleyman are also similar to those in the pleasure palaces of those in China, where there was plenty room for hunting within the structure's walls, and there was a lake on the palace grounds. The Ilkhanids also conducted administrative and courtly duties within this summer outpost, with many trials, appointments with foreign rulers and courts, celebrations, and enthronements. It was a place for the elite to get away from the busier cities and the wars, a place for retreat filled with colorful decorations, luxuries for the Ilkhanid court and soldiers, and a place for important activities to be fulfilled.

The complex
Takht-e Soleyman, constructed by Ilkhanid ruler Abaqa and later completed by his son Arghun, is an Ilkhanid summer palace situated directly on top of the ruins of the Sassanian sanctuary. The palace is oriented cardinally as in Mongol tradition with the entire complex being surrounded by a fortified ovular wall. Within this wall, the complex consists of a large courtyard with an artificial lake at its center. The entire courtyard is framed by porticoes, four iwan complexes in each cardinal direction, and “several polygonal structures”. Two large rectangular halls are placed in front of the south iwan and connect the surrounding ovular wall with the porticoed courtyard of the palace proper. An audience hall with a large dome is located behind the north iwan on the location of what was the Sassanian fire temple. While the north and south iwans are centered on porticoed walls of the complex, the east and west iwans are placed on the northern edges. The hall behind the west iwan stands between two polygonal structures, specifically octagonal chambers to the south and north of the iwan, which served as the throne room and later as a residence for the Ilkhanid ruler. Plaster remnants on the floor within the west iwan provide evidence that the dome of the southern chamber room was elaborately decorated with muqarnas. The walls of the palace, but specifically the northern chamber attached to the west iwan, were decorated with painted stucco on the upper sections and on the lower sections, the dado, with elaborate luster tiles in the lajvardina technique. These tiled designs consisted mostly of stars and similar geometric shapes and also included heroic figural imagery. There were also friezes across many walls with similar geometric and figural designs in addition to inscriptions. The muqarnas and luster tiles, as well as the painted stucco walls, all demonstrate the importance of lavish decoration of Ilkhanid architecture, especially with palatial structures. Furthermore, Takht-e Soleyman demonstrates the importance the Ilkhanids placed on secular architecture.

Muqarnas ceiling
Excavated from under the ruins of Takht-e Soleyman, specifically in the southern octagonal chamber of the west iwan, is a stucco plate now kept in Tehran at the National Museum of Iran. On this gypsum plate is a muqarnas plan believed to correspond to one quarter of the muqarnas vault of the southern chamber of the west iwan. This muqarnas plate is of the earliest known examples of an Islamic architectural plan for a muqarnas design. Although now broken into several pieces, the design on the plate consists of a geometric grid, 42 cm in length, for a curved muqarnas design. The majority of the design consists of squares, rhombi, and isosceles triangles all arranged along a diagonal axis with the empty upper right corner corresponding to the center of the muqarnas vault. The angles of each element are in multiples of 45° with few exceptions.

Scholars and archeologist of Islamic architecture have made numerous attempts to reconstruct the designs of the muqarnas plate found at Takht-e Soleyman to then understand what the muqarnas might have looked like in the palace. These scholars have based their designs in historical and cultural context by referencing the writings by Islamic mathematician and astronomer Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi (in which he describes the use, design, and construction of muqarnas), various structures of the same Ilkhanid time period that contain muqarnas (the Great Mosque of Natanz and the tomb of Shaykh Abd al-Samad al-Isfahani of Natanz), previous interpretations of the muqarnas plate (chiefly of experts Ulrich Harb and Mohammad-Ali Jalal Yaghan), as well as the muqarnas traditions used today directly inherited through the traditions of the Ilkhanid period (as with the muqarnas workshops of Fez, Morocco).

Takht-e Soleyman tiles
Tiles found at Takht-e Soleyman are great artistic marks that demonstrate the interaction with and influence from China during the fourteenth century. There were six types of tiles: unglazed, partly glazed, monochrome glazed, luster-painting, Lajvardina (cobalt blue and white), and inglazed Lajvardina. The exterior tiles, including unglazed, partly glazed and monochrome glazed, are shaped as hexagons and composed with reddish clay, with turquoise or blue coloring. The design is inspired by Mongol and Chinese ceramics, mainly from ceramics including dragon or phoenix motifs, and an interwoven line design. On the other hand, interior tiles include the luster-painting, Lajvardina and inglazed Lajvardina. They were white and yellow glazed, and were also usually hexagonal shaped. Regarding design, these tiles included multiple objects with floral, animal and human subjects, such as a horse rider surrounded by a floral arc. Geometric patterns were very prevalent, with the inclusion of interwoven lines, hexagon shaped tiles, and eight-pointed star symbols, deriving from Chinese ceramics that were very popular with Iranian merchants during the fourteenth century. The highly skilled glazing upon the tiles with their surface patterns in blue and white can be followed back to the Islamic city of Baghdad.

Takht-e Soleyman's tile decorations show a mixing of multiple cultures, using artistic traditions from Buddhism, Chinese mythology, and pre-Islam Iran, and the current Islamic world itself. For example, the lotus flower, which is adopted from the Buddhist religion, is often used in floral designs as a symbol for wealth or is viewed as sacred. Secondly, as mentioned before, the dragon was a common motif related with Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. It presented notions of sovereignty, and was viewed as the ancestor of all existing animals. The reinterpretation of a dragon or a lotus flower in an Iranian-Islamic way expanded the diversity of Islamic art in the medieval period. Thirdly, birds can also be seen in the tiles, specifically the crane, symbolizing longevity and wisdom from Chinese mythology. Mongol traditions are reflected in the frequent, deep blue color of the tiles, representing the sky or eternity. Also, there are Mongol scenes of horsemen hunting, expressing their important military matters.

Iranian elements, on the other hand, are also expressed in the Takht-e Soleyman tiles. These are mainly literary themes from the Shahnama, the ‘Book of Kings’. The Shahnama a historical account of Iranian kings and mythological matters through the use of calligraphy and illustrations. For example, a tile has an image of Faridun, one of the legendary pre-Islamic Iranian kings, seen defeating the tyrant Zahhak. There is a tile with an image of Bahram V, who reigned in the 5th century in the Sassanian dynasty, shown hunting deer with Azada, his slave. Another scene is explained with calligraphy using a luster painting of Rustam (a famous Iranian warrior frequently included in the Shahnama) killing his son, Sohrab. Using stories and images from the Shahnama contributes to the integration of the Ilkhanid king into Iranian history, showing how Mongols are not just foreigners, but successors of Iran. There are also religious themes on the tiles, presented through Qur’an quotes, mentioning themes from the Shi’a branch of Islam. Many of the tiles were produced by craftsmen who followed the Shi’a path, where a hexagonal, exterior tile has the name ‘Ali’, the Prophet Muhammad's cousin, around the border six times.

The British explorers Theodore and Mabel Bent dug “in front of a mosque” at the site in early May 1889, returning to London later with at least one tile fragment.

title: Takht-e Soleymān


text:
User talk:Dove1

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brigsoft

Brigsoft
Brigsoft was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was a consensus to delete the article.

This company makes Alarm Master Plus, and is otherwise entirely unnotable. We're not a catalog of companies. JFW | T@lk  16:14, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete JFW | T@lk  16:14, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Repeated instance of spam, non-notable.  – Andre ( talk )  16:15, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. —No-One Jones (m) 16:15, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a corporate index. Not notable. --Improv 17:54, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not important, only spam. Same applies to the obscure products of this company. andy 19:41, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a notable company. Seems to be here for advertising. MarkS 20:10, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Spam, along with the pages of their obscure products that are created repeatedly these days (e.g. Spam Trapper for Outlook and the like). - Strangeloop (talk)  22:13, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all as spam, speedy if possible. Isn't "Alarm Master Plus" protected from editing because of this continuing idiocy? - Lucky 6.9 23:05, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, spam, and the spammer has three times reverted my deactivation of the external link in the article. —Stormie 06:03, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikispam. Speedy delete Alarm Master and Alarm Master Plus after few days of protection. jni 08:40, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a notable company. Gamaliel 05:55, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Painters by period

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User talk:Robert sullivan8@hotmail.com

My name is Robert Sullivan. Obviously.

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text:
Template talk:Geo-stub

Please leave the leading <BR>! It makes pages easier to read and more attractive. -- added to the template by Bill Thayer on 11 Oct 2004

 * I disagree: it makes pages harder to read and less attractive. The stylesheet is there for a reason; the div class specifies the spacing.  If you dislike the spacing the stylesheet specifies, that's a reason to suggest changes to the stylesheet, not to avoid using it in one particular plage. --Delirium 02:48, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

I wish people would make their minds up, I'm at a loss as to how many lines to leave before the template's position in an article (i.e. I've been adding/removing lines to the same articles as they keep showing up differently!). Personally, I think a good bit of whitespace between encyclopaedia content and a notice is no bad thing. zoney ♣ talk 16:00, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This is discussed in general at Template talk:Stub. --Joy [shallot]

 * As I just wrote at Template talk:Stub a minute ago, I only just now realized — I'm rather absent-minded — that I'd done this (twice, apparently) before! and that there would prolly be an edit history, Talk, etc. Which I should have checked, sorry. No reason for the appropriately named Delirium to be grossly uncivil, though. I'm reverting my edit, but I hope someone will explain to me where these Wikipedia personal stylesheets are. (You don't have the burden of explaining about stylesheets to newbies though, I run a 4000-page website that makes ample use of them: all I need to know is where to get at it.) Thanx in advance. — Bill 23:33, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Word? --Eric Cartman 77 20:36, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Geo-stub


text:
Digestive enzyme

Digestive enzymes take part in the chemical process of digestion, which follows the mechanical process of digestion. Food consists of macromolecules of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats that need to be broken down chemically by digestive enzymes in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and duodenum, before being able to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Initial breakdown is achieved by chewing (mastication) and the use of digestive enzymes of saliva. Once in the stomach further mechanical churning takes place mixing the food with secreted gastric acid. Digestive gastric enzymes take part in some of the chemical process needed for absorption. Most of the enzymatic activity, and hence absorption takes place in the duodenum. Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) and in the tracts of carnivorous plants, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside cells, especially in their lysosomes, where they function to maintain cellular survival.

Digestive enzymes are classified based on their target substrates: lipases split fatty acids into fats and oils; proteases and peptidases split proteins into small peptides and amino acids; amylases split carbohydrates such as starch and sugars into simple sugars such as glucose, and nucleases split nucleic acids into nucleotides.

Types
Digestive enzymes are found throughout much of the gastrointestinal tract. In the human digestive system, the main sites of digestion are the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Digestive enzymes are secreted by different exocrine glands including salivary glands, gastric glands, secretory cells in the pancreas, and secretory glands in the small intestine. In some carnivorous plants plant-specific digestive enzymes are used to break down their captured organisms.

Mouth
Complex food substances that are eaten must be broken down into simple, soluble, and diffusible substances before they can be absorbed. In the oral cavity, salivary glands secrete an array of enzymes and substances that aid in digestion and also disinfection. They include the following:
 * Lingual lipase: Lipid digestion initiates in the mouth. Lingual lipase starts the digestion of the lipids/fats.
 * Salivary amylase: Carbohydrate digestion also initiates in the mouth. Amylase, produced by the salivary glands, breaks complex carbohydrates, mainly cooked starch, to smaller chains, or even simple sugars. It is sometimes referred to as ptyalin.
 * Lysozyme: Considering that food contains more than just essential nutrients, e.g. bacteria or viruses, the lysozyme offers a limited and non-specific, yet beneficial antiseptic function in digestion.

Of note is the diversity of the salivary glands. There are two types of salivary glands:
 * Serous glands: These glands produce a secretion rich in water, electrolytes, and enzymes. A great example of a serous oral gland is the parotid gland.
 * Mixed glands: These glands have both serous cells and mucous cells, and include sublingual and submandibular glands. Their secretion is mucinous and high in viscosity.

Stomach
The enzymes that are secreted in the stomach are gastric enzymes. The stomach plays a major role in digestion, both in a mechanical sense by mixing and crushing the food, and also in an enzymatic sense, by digesting it. The following are enzymes produced by the stomach and their respective function:
 * Pepsin is the main gastric enzyme. It is produced by the stomach cells called "chief cells" in its inactive form pepsinogen, which is a zymogen. Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach acid into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down the protein in the food into smaller particles, such as peptide fragments and amino acids. Protein digestion, therefore, primarily starts in the stomach, unlike carbohydrate and lipids, which start their digestion in the mouth (however, trace amounts of the enzyme kallikrein, which catabolises certain protein, is found in saliva in the mouth).
 * Gastric lipase: Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa of the stomach. It has a pH level of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity.
 * Cathepsin F: is a cysteine protease.

Pancreas
Pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland, in that it functions to produce endocrinic hormones released into the circulatory system (such as insulin, and glucagon), to control glucose metabolism, and also to secrete digestive/exocrinic pancreatic juice, which is secreted eventually via the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. Digestive or exocrine function of pancreas is as significant to the maintenance of health as its endocrine function.

Two of the population of cells in the pancreatic parenchyma make up its digestive enzymes:
 * Ductal cells: Mainly responsible for production of bicarbonate (HCO3), which acts to neutralize the acidity of the stomach chyme entering duodenum through the pylorus. Ductal cells of the pancreas are stimulated by the hormone secretin to produce their bicarbonate-rich secretions, in what is in essence a bio-feedback mechanism; highly acidic stomach chyme entering the duodenum stimulates duodenal cells called "S cells" to produce the hormone secretin and release to the bloodstream. Secretin having entered the blood eventually comes into contact with the pancreatic ductal cells, stimulating them to produce their bicarbonate-rich juice. Secretin also inhibits production of gastrin by "G cells", and also stimulates acinar cells of the pancreas to produce their pancreatic enzyme.
 * Acinar cells: Mainly responsible for production of the inactive pancreatic enzymes (zymogens) that, once present in the small bowel, become activated and perform their major digestive functions by breaking down proteins, fat, and DNA/RNA. Acinar cells are stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK), which is a hormone/neurotransmitter produced by the intestinal cells (I cells) in the duodenum. CCK stimulates production of the pancreatic zymogens.

Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, contains the following digestive enzymes:
 * Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.
 * Chymotrypsinogen, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, turns into chymotrypsin and breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.
 * Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a protein
 * Several elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins
 * Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride
 * Sterol esterase
 * Phospholipase
 * Several nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNAase and RNAase
 * Pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch and glycogen which are alpha-linked glucose polymers. Humans lack the cellulases to digest the carbohydrate cellulose which is a beta-linked glucose polymer.

Some of the preceding endogenous enzymes have pharmaceutical counterparts (pancreatic enzymes) that are administered to people with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

The pancreas's exocrine function owes part of its notable reliability to biofeedback mechanisms controlling secretion of the juice. The following significant pancreatic biofeedback mechanisms are essential to the maintenance of pancreatic juice balance/production:
 * Secretin, a hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the stomach chyme containing high hydrogen atom concentration (high acidicity), is released into the blood stream; upon return to the digestive tract, secretion decreases gastric emptying, increases secretion of the pancreatic ductal cells, as well as stimulating pancreatic acinar cells to release their zymogenic juice.
 * Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar cells to release their content. CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, resulting in bile squeezed into the cystic duct, common bile duct and eventually the duodenum. Bile of course helps absorption of the fat by emulsifying it, increasing its absorptive surface. Bile is made by the liver, but is stored in the gallbladder.
 * Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is produced by the mucosal duodenal cells in response to chyme containing high amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, and fatty acids. Main function of GIP is to decrease gastric emptying.
 * Somatostatin is a hormone produced by the mucosal cells of the duodenum and also the "delta cells" of the pancreas. Somatostatin has a major inhibitory effect, including on pancreatic production.

Duodenum
The following enzymes/hormones are produced in the duodenum:
 * secretin: This is an endocrine hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the acidity of the gastric chyme.
 * Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar cells to release their content. CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, causing release of pre-stored bile into the cystic duct, and eventually into the common bile duct and via the ampulla of Vater into the second anatomic position of the duodenum. CCK also decreases the tone of the sphincter of Oddi, which is the sphincter that regulates flow through the ampulla of Vater. CCK also decreases gastric activity and decreases gastric emptying, thereby giving more time to the pancreatic juices to neutralize the acidity of the gastric chyme.
 * Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP): This peptide decreases gastric motility and is produced by duodenal mucosal cells.
 * motilin: This substance increases gastro-intestinal motility via specialized receptors called "motilin receptors".
 * somatostatin: This hormone is produced by duodenal mucosa and also by the delta cells of the pancreas. Its main function is to inhibit a variety of secretory mechanisms.

Throughout the lining of the small intestine there are numerous brush border enzymes whose function is to further break down the chyme released from the stomach into absorbable particles. These enzymes are absorbed whilst peristalsis occurs. Some of these enzymes include:
 * Various exopeptidases and endopeptidases including dipeptidase and aminopeptidases that convert peptones and polypeptides into amino acids.
 * Maltase: converts maltose into glucose.
 * Lactase: This is a significant enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose. A majority of Middle-Eastern and Asian populations lack this enzyme.  This enzyme also decreases with age.  As such lactose intolerance is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middle-Eastern, Asian, and older populations, manifesting with bloating, abdominal pain, and osmotic diarrhea.
 * Sucrase: converts sucrose into glucose and fructose.
 * Other disaccharidases

Plants
In carnivorous plants, digestive enzymes and acids break down insects and in some plants small animals. In some plants, the leaf collapses on the prey to increase contact, others have a small vessel of digestive liquid. Then digestion fluids are used to digest the prey to get at the needed nitrates and phosphorus. The absorption of the needed nutrients are usually more efficient than in other plants. Digestive enzymes independently came about in carnivorous plants and animals.

Some carnivorous plants like the Heliamphora do not use digestive enzymes, but use bacteria to break down the food. These plants do not have digestive juices, but use the rot of the prey.

Some carnivorous plants digestive enzymes:
 * Hydrolytic process
 * Esterase a hydrolase enzyme
 * Proteases enzyme
 * Nucleases enzyme
 * Phosphatases enzyme
 * Glucanases enzyme
 * Peroxidases enzyme
 * Ureas an organic compounds
 * Chitinase enzyme

title: Digestive enzyme


text:
Talk:Megumi Hayashibara

Juvenile
Actually, Megumi Hayashibara appeared on-screen in the movie "Juvenile". Check out: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0223593/

Engrish?
What is this sentence supposed to mean?? "In 2006, she returned to her state starting her guest role in "Inukami"." I can't fix it b/c I don't know what the intent of the sentence was. Shirley Ku 06:01, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it means that she returned to her usual working tempo, but I think that tempo dip is a bit too small to mention, so I removed it. I might be wrong. --GunnarRene 19:23, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Infobox
Shouldn't her infobox be a "voice actor infobox"? I mean, there's no doubt she has a successful singing career, but she was, and still is, a voice actress first. Seigi Choujin 00:21, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Solo albums
I have recently been creating seperate pages for each of her Solo albums. So far I have done Enflerauge, iravati and Bertemu and I will be doing Whatever, SpHERE and Shamrock over the next week or two. I am changing the list of albums to links to these articles as I go. If someone could start articles for her other albums, that would be great (I only have the ones listed in physical form). Or if you have any more info to add (reissues, alternate covers, or any other info), please do so. Then we can start a category for her albums and add some other catergories. Dandy Sephy (talk) 18:40, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust
Technically, wouldn't her work on Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust be a dub? The information I've found in the Bloodlust Wikipedia article and other places indicates that the film was originally recorded in English, then dubbed to Japanese -- a dub that apparently didn't even make it onto the Japanese DVDs. I'm going to move it to the dub section. —Leejc (talk) 02:14, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

DoCo
How come the songs she sang with DoCo are not listed under the music section? They must have appeared on CDs I'm sure. Also this article fails to mention DoCo altogether, which she was a member of. - 89.17.134.9 (talk) 23:50, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Megumi Hayashibara


text:
Category:Modern painters

 * Painters who have played a role in the history of modern art, dating from the late 19th century until (approximately) the 1970s.
 * See also the list of modern artists.

title: Category:Modern painters


text:
Macatuba

Macatuba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 17,214 (2020 est.) in an area of 225 km². The elevation is 515 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Macatuba


text: User talk:205.188.116.17

title: User talk:205.188.116.17


text:
Macaubal

Macaubal is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 8,147 (2020 est.) in an area of 248 km2. The elevation is 516 m.

History
The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Macaubal


text: Template:North American named trains

title: Template:North American named trains


text: User talk:63.149.177.4

title: User talk:63.149.177.4


text: Category:Norwegian painters

title: Category:Norwegian painters


text: Category:Norwegian people by occupation

title: Category:Norwegian people by occupation


text:
Macedônia

Macedônia is a municipality (município) in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The population is 3,692 (2020 est.) in an area of 328 km2. Its elevation is 502 m.

Etymology
Municipality's name has derived from the ancient Kingdom of Macedonia, of the same name.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Macedônia


text: User talk:67.87.84.231

title: User talk:67.87.84.231


text:
User talk:Mindriot

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Contribution
Hey Mindriot,

Thank you for correcting my English in 'Doctor of Medicine'. Since I am not an Englishman, I find it difficult to write in perfect English. I'll do my best, ofcource... I'd say: Keep helping foreign contributors! Fc turner 13:10, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:Conceptions Colomb map-en.svg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 15:10, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mindriot


text:
User:Broeker

Tim Broeker
 * Minneapolis, MN
 * USA

title: User:Broeker


text:
IGES

The Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) is a vendor-neutral file format that allows the digital exchange of information among computer-aided design (CAD) systems. It is an ASCII-based textual format.

The official title of IGES is Digital Representation for Communication of Product Definition Data, first published in March, 1980 by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards as NBSIR 80-1978. Many documents (like early versions of the Defense Standards MIL-PRF-28000 and MIL-STD-1840 ) referred to it as ASME Y14.26M, the designation of the ANSI committee that approved IGES Version 1.0.

Using IGES, a CAD user can exchange product data models in the form of circuit diagrams, wireframe, freeform surface, boundary (B-rep) or solid modeling (CSG) representations. Applications supported by IGES include traditional engineering drawings, models for analysis, and other manufacturing functions.

History
IGES was an initiative of the United States Air Force (USAF) Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) project (1976-1984).

ICAM sought to develop procedures (IDEF), processes (Group Technology), and software (CAD/CAM) that would integrate all operations in Aerospace manufacturing and thus greatly reduce costs. Earlier the USAF Manufacturing Technology Program had funded the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for programming Numerically Controlled (NC) machine tools. To close the data gap between parts design and manufacturing, one of the ICAM goals was to develop CAD software that would automatically generate numerical control programs for the very complex Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machine tools used throughout the Aerospace industry. A serious issue was the incompatibility of data produced by the many CAD systems in use at the time. USAF/ICAM called a meeting at the National Bureau of Standards (now known as National Institute of Standards and Technology or NIST) in 1978 to address this issue. Boeing offered to sell its CAD translation software to USAF for one United States dollar. USAF accepted this offer and contracted NIST to bring together a group of users and vendors, including Boeing, General Electric, Xerox, Computervision, Applicon and others to further develop and test this software. Though it was the practice to begin the name of ICAM developments with the word integrated (for example the IDEFs) believing that there would be rapid development of graphical exchange software, USAF decided that the IGES would be the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification not the Integrated Graphics Exchange Specification.

Since 1988, the DoD has required that all digital product and manufacturing information (PMI) for weapons systems contracts (the engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, etc.) be delivered in electronic form such as IGES format. As a result, CAx software vendors who want to market their products to DoD subcontractors and their partners needed to support the import (reading) and export (writing) of IGES format files.

An ANSI standard since 1980, IGES has been used in the automotive, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries. It has been used for weapons systems from Trident missile guidance systems to entire aircraft carriers. These part models may have to be used years after the vendor of the original design system has gone out of business. IGES files provide a way to access this data decades from now. Today, plugin viewers for Web browsers allow IGES files created 20 years ago to be viewed from anywhere in the world.

After the initial release of STEP (ISO 10303) in 1994, interest in further development of IGES declined, and Version 5.3 (1996) was the last published standard.

File format
An IGES file is composed of 80-character ASCII records, a record length derived from the punched card era. Text strings are represented in "Hollerith" format, the number of characters in the string, followed by the letter "H", followed by the text string, e.g., "4HSLOT" (this is the text string format used in early versions of the Fortran language). Early IGES translators had problems with IBM mainframe computers because the mainframes used EBCDIC encoding for text, and some EBCDIC-ASCII translators would either substitute the wrong character, or improperly set the parity bit, causing a misread.

Here is a very small IGES file from 1987, containing only two POINT (Type 116), two CIRCULAR ARC (Type 100), and two LINE (Type 110) entities. It represents a slot, with the points at the centers of the two half-circles that form the ends of the slot, and the two lines that form the sides.

S     1 1H,,1H;,4HSLOT,37H$1$DUA2:[IGESLIB.BDRAFT.B2I]SLOT.IGS;,               G      1 17HBravo3 BravoDRAFT,31HBravo3->IGES V3.002 (02-Oct-87),32,38,6,38,15, G      2 4HSLOT,1.,1,4HINCH,8,0.08,13H871006.192927,1.E-06,6.,                  G      3 31HD. A. Harrod, Tel. 313/995-6333,24HAPPLICON - Ann Arbor, MI,4,0;    G      4 116      1       0       1       0       0       0       0       1D      1 116      1       5       1       0                               0D      2 116      2       0       1       0       0       0       0       1D      3 116      1       5       1       0                               0D      4 100      3       0       1       0       0       0       0       1D      5 100      1       2       1       0                               0D      6 100      4       0       1       0       0       0       0       1D      7 100      1       2       1       0                               0D      8 110      5       0       1       0       0       0       0       1D      9 110      1       3       1       0                               0D     10 110      6       0       1       0       0       0       0       1D     11 110      1       3       1       0                               0D     12 116,0.,0.,0.,0,0,0;                                                   1P      1 116,5.,0.,0.,0,0,0;                                                   3P      2 100,0.,0.,0.,0.,1.,0.,-1.,0,0;                                        5P      3 100,0.,5.,0.,5.,-1.,5.,1.,0,0;                                        7P      4 110,0.,-1.,0.,5.,-1.,0.,0,0;                                          9P      5 110,0.,1.,0.,5.,1.,0.,0,0;                                           11P      6 S     1G      4D     12P      6                                        T      1 The file is divided into 5 sections: Start, Global, Directory Entry, Parameter Data, and Terminate indicated by the characters S, G, D, P, or T in column 73. The characteristics and geometric information for an entity is split between two sections; one in a two record, fixed-length format (the Directory Entry, or DE Section), the other in a multiple record, comma delimited format (the Parameter Data, or PD Section), as can be seen in a more human-readable representation of the file.

When displayed, the user should see two yellow points (hard to see on a white background, but most CAD systems use a black background), one located at the origin of model space [0,0,0], two red circular arcs, and two green lines.

Foreign-language support
Due to its growing international popularity (several countries, including Australia and the UK, adopted IGES as their own National Standards for PMI interoperability), support was added to the TEXT (Type 212) entity to support the ISO 8859 (Latin-1) alphabet for European characters.

In the 1990s, IGES added support for the JIS encoding for Kanji (漢字) as double-byte characters (JIS-6226), allowing members of the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) to exchange part models with their American and European partners without loss of the Kanji text.

The current version of IGES does not support Unicode 16- or 32-bit character encoding, so Arabic and other scripts (like Thai) cannot be represented.

A recursive standard
One of the unique features of the IGES standard is that it was the first ANSI standard to be documented using itself. Since Version 4.0, all of the technical illustrations for the printed version of the standard have been generated from IGES files. The electronic publishing system (LaTeX) integrates raster images generated from IGES files into the PostScript sent to the laser printer, so text and images are printed on the same page for subsequent use as camera-ready copy for commercial publication. Beginning with IGES Version 5.2, this is how the standard was generated, and Version 5.3 (the most recent ANSI-approved version) is available as a PDF document.

Many of the illustrations (all of which conform to the Defense Department's MIL-D-28000 Engineering Drawings Subset of IGES) use the entities that they describe, e.g., the illustration of the LEADER (ARROW) ENTITY (Type 214) can be used as a test case for translator implementers, because it contains all 12 arrow head styles defined by the standard. These WYSIWYG example files can be distinguished by a leading "F" and trailing "X" in the file name (like f214x.igs ), and this library is called the IGES X-files by members of the IGES community.

Here is one of the example figures, Figure 2 from Appendix A (fmeparte.igs ), that has appeared in every version of IGES since Version 3.0. It uses linear, angular, and ordinate dimension entities, as well as examples of both circular and conic arcs. It is usually the first part used when testing an IGES translator, because the standard has a picture of what it should look like.

title: IGES


text: Category:Businesspeople by nationality

title: Category:Businesspeople by nationality


text:
File:Sbot mobile robot passing gap.jpeg

Image of Sbot mobile robot passing a gap in the Swarmbot configuration.

This picture has been taken by Francesco Mondada and Michael Bonani.

title: File:Sbot mobile robot passing gap.jpeg


text:
User talk:Goosegoosegoose

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

The Archives
Am I correct you are a user there? Scapler (talk) 00:25, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Spiral Architect

The article Spiral Architect has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No demonstration of notability (see WP:MUSIC). If references exist that can prove notability please add them. They do not have to be in English but they do have to meet the reliable sources criteria. Without independent references this article is also unverifiable for accuracy.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. DanielRigal (talk) 23:15, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of A Sceptic's Universe

The article A Sceptic's Universe has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No demonstration of notability. Seemingly not on a notable label. If professional reviews or other reliable references can be added to show notability then please add them.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. DanielRigal (talk) 23:16, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goosegoosegoose


text: User talk:Unused000701

title: User talk:Unused000701


text: Category:Dutch people by occupation

title: Category:Dutch people by occupation


text:
Magda, São Paulo

Magda is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 3,102 (2020 est.) in an area of 312 km². The elevation is 526 m.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: Magda, São Paulo


text: Category:South African people by occupation