text:
Talk:Homecoming

Riots as a tradition
"Riots" should really be in some other section of the article. By putting it under "traditions" it sounds like riots are an acceptable thing to do. Also it says "schools usually denounce these activities" but has anyone ever heard of a school who's officials encourage vandalism?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.69.54.202 (talk) 18:26, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Purpose of Homecoming
CAN WE THINK OF ANYTHING ELSE OTHER THAN PARADES?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.218.55.118 (talk) 02:48, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

"Its purpose is to welcome back former residents and alumni" - maybe that was the original purpose and maybe some schools still follow that tradition, but my high school (and I'm guessing most high schools) celebrate homecoming without actually welcoming back alumni. I'm not certain though so I don't want to make any changes. Oct. 5, 2006

No, yeah, that's true at my school too... it probably just varies. But it WAS the original purpose... hence name, 'homecoming'! Oct. 20, 2006

 * I have never heard of alumni being involved in homecoming. I really had no idea that was part of the original purpose. It would be nice if the article more accurately reflected current customs. Lagringa (talk) 18:20, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, technically, homecoming is supposed to be about alums coming back. However, considering that alums may haves moved away, and (particularly for high school) no longer care, many alums just don't bother. I've been to the grand total of one homecoming game at my college, and absolutely none for my HS, because I didn't have the time or money to attend more.Wschart (talk) 00:40, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Missing Info
When does homecoming occur? Is this an annual event? Does it happen at a particular time of year? User:Ianeiloart

Usually, a high school or college homecoming celebration will take place in the fall (late September or anytime in October), and is centered around football.

However, many smaller schools that do not field a football team may have their homecoming during the winter (with a basketball game as the centerpiece event). In other communities that do not have athleteic programs, homecoming often amounts to an alumni banquet or other similar event.

So what is this tradition about? Where did it originate? When did it originate? What should is symbolize? What/who is honoured? What should it express? Where does the name come from? The article is all about WHAT is happening, but not at all WHY this is happening. 85.72.181.161 18:26, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

A time to get out of class

History of Homecoming
To User:85.72.181.161 – Perhaps these missing details – such as the origin of homecoming, etc. – is something you can supply. After all, Wikipedia is "the encyclopedia anyone can edit." If you believe an article is lacking in any way, it should be up to you (or someone else who shares the same opinion) to fix it. That said, I sincerely hope this article does not become an analytical article with details nobody cares about. If you're going to add information you suggest, I'd highly recommend following the KISS principle – "Keep It Simple ..." (you fill in the rest). Briguy52748 17:44, 26 October 2005 (UTC)]]
 * Update – I guess some bright fella already added info about the history of homecoming celebrations. Thanks to whomever, and yes, you did keep it simple! :-) Briguy52748 01:41, 27 October 2005 (UTC)]]
 * I don't think it's possible to pin down an exact history without an in depth study of the subject. University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) claims to have started the homecoming tradition, but I've heard other schools make that claim as well.  I believe Northern Illinois University is one of those schools, but I could be mistaken.  My guess would be that several schools independently started a homecoming like event, and eventually the traditions merged into one common celebration.  That said, this is just a guess, I haven't done any sort of research into this, so I could be wrong.74.134.83.126 20:13, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As recognized by the NCAA, University of Missouri held the first homecoming in 1911. This occured when the football coach asked alumni to come back to support the team in the rivalry game against the The University of Kansas.  Several sources for this are:

Grey Wanderer 22:37, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * [|The School's Website]
 * []
 * []

I could not find mention of the NCAA recognizing Missouri as the first in your links. Many schools lay claim to the first homecoming as is noted in the source cited in the article [|the link], illustrating that first depends on your definition of first. Technically Baylor's first "Home-Coming" was held in 1909 with the professors inviting the alumni to return to "renew former associations and friendships, and catch the Baylor spirit again." It wasn't made annual until 1915, but the annual celebration was suspended some years because of WWI and WWII. [The School's Website]

 * My apologies, I've now got a source for that. It is in the references section, but I'll put it here as well: . Grey Wanderer | Talk 08:06, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

I may not be the best person to make this argument because I have a bias towards the University of Missouri, but here goes nothing: this page defines homecoming as an annual tradition, and in that light the Illinois and Baylor claims don't make much sense, it was five years before between their first and second 'homecoming' games. It is impossible to tell who used the word 'homecoming' to first describe the annual alumni games that have been going on in the US since before any of the three claimants existed. Anyways it would be good to have organizations and sources that aren't affiliate with the university in question and recognize it's claim. Sorry if i came across harshly. Comments welcome. Grey Wanderer | Talk 00:47, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I find the article compiled by the archivists at the University of Illinois to be quite compelling in terms of defining the origins of homecoming. While it may be fair to state that Missouri has held the most consecutive annual homecoming events, it is not clear to me that this adequately describes the origins of university homecoming events.  It seems to me that the homecoming phenomenon sprang up in several places around the country in varying guises at or around a similar time frame.  It is not surprising that the form and function and frequency of homecoming varied in the early years.  Specific elements of this history that strike me are the idea that it is an event around a central event and several schools have had such events pre-dating Baylor, Illinois, Missouri and the lot.  Further, at least one school actually called their pre-1911 event Home-coming and it was an event that fits the rest of the definition very well other than not being annual.  There are sources that lead you to believe that the school (Baylor) contemplated making it a recurring event in the future.  And it did lead eventually to an annual event.  Personally, I started off wanting to say Baylor held the first homecoming, but after doing some research I think the whole story of the various schools starting up similar, but somewhat varied events to be more interesting and useful to potential researchers and readers than the simple point of pride that we have now or might have with a simple revision to one of the other schools.  I suggest that we add a section on the history of homecoming that describes a more diverse origin for homecoming that includes and cites the information in this University of Illinois archivists' statement and other info that we can find.  As a final point, I believe that the article from University of Illinois is effectively more neutral than anything else I've seen regardless of the connection to the university.  While the NCAA and Jeopardy may report something specific, I think that is too simplistic, and those sources do not impress me much as definitive sources.  The line we have today strikes me more as a marketing claim than a point of fact.  I don't know that the NCAA has a big research staff out verifying these kinds of things.  In the end, the information on this subject is going to be found in university archives and libraries, which is what we have from the University of Illinois paper.IBqwerty 05:19, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

I agree that homecoming was a movement rather than created at one university. I have no problems with you listing Baylor's and Illinois' claims, in fact we most certainly should. My earlier revert was simply because of sentence structure that seemed to have an agenda and the presence of a photo from one of our three contenders. Like I said, I may have a bias just because of my location, sorry if thats true. I'll make an edit and you can tell me what you think. Thanks Grey Wanderer | Talk 05:36, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually the photo was already there when I found the article. There was a caption in the photo and I knew where there was a reference (maybe not a great reference).... and the tag at the top of the article said we needed more citations/references.  At this point I don't much like the short simple approach of adding the Illinois and Baylor claims.  I am more inclined to try to write a new section that tells a more complete story of the history of the development of homecoming (and homecoming-like) events in a number of places. IBqwerty 05:51, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

I've written a history section from what was in the intro already. Feel free to add to it, though I would recommend against removing the most traditional first-homecoming-schools (Missouri, Baylor, and Illinois) because they are widely known as such. I tried to add a little bit about how the homecoming we know today is likely a mesh of traditions from across the nation using the Illinois and Missourian sources. Grey Wanderer | Talk 06:01, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

I know you admitted you have a pro-Missouri bias Grey, but how could you doubt the veracity of the sources I provided when they are equal to or more trustworthy than the ones on the site (local paper and university hosted sites)? It's logically inconsistent. The Bentley source isn't just an article but appears to be an actual archive from a respected library (http://bentley.umich.edu/). The other source is a fairly widely distributed/published book. The paper article cited is from some local paper with, by all indications, a circulation of only 5000-6000 people! Perhaps the reporter didn't check their facts, as nothing is available on the NCAA's website. In any case, the Michigan claim is almost certainly better documented than any of the others. As a compromise, I'll soften up the language of the Michigan claim, but there exists no rational basis under which one can claim that Michigan's claim doesn't belong while all three others do. 67.175.160.51

Please read this and this this might help to clear up some of your questions. Grey Wanderer | Talk 13:08, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Other Members of the Court
The article as stands mentions other members of the court, such as dukes and duchesses, princes and princesses, but what are the escorts of the queen called? (escorts, maybe?) And what started the election of King/Queen? What is the history behind that?

OK, why the move
OK, why should this page be moved to "Homecoming"? Briguy52748 14:05, 22 December 2005 (UTC)]]

Support move Homecoming already redirects to Homecoming (tradition). Since the disambiguation page is linked to from the article, the redirect is redundant and this page should be moved to replace the redirect. This move will require administrator assistance. --Lox (t,c) 22:18, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved. — Nightstallion (?) 07:56, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Referencing Stephen King's Carrie
This may seem like a minor nitpick but the book/movie Carrie is used as an example for the negative aspects of Homecoming. Except Carrie centers around the high school prom not homecoming. Can anyone correct that. Sorry if I seem nitpicky. LadyJ3000 12:26am 14 February 2007

Queen/King
This article redirects from homecoming queen but doesn't explain the concept. For me as a foreigner who never has been to the US and knows the word only from the refrain of a song, a lapidary sentence mentioning a coronation of queen and king does not suffice to explain it. What is a homecoming queen? I.e. who elects, by what criteria, how? --Ben T/C 11:37, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Portugal
Does anybody else think that the portugal section is out of place and bears little resemblance to "homecoming." I'm suggesting creating Festa Das Latas(The Tin Can Festival) as its own article. Grey Wanderer | Talk 13:08, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
 * There was already a Festa das Latas article that was prodded and merged here per this discussion. I think all the unreferenced material needs to be seriously trimmed. -- VegitaU 13:38, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

The consensus was to merge to University of Coimbra not to homcoming right? I'm just trying to figure out where the moniker "homcoming" got attached to this festival. Grey Wanderer | Talk 13:46, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, you're right about that. My mistake. Maybe it should be cut. -- VegitaU 13:48, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In case it's useful to anyone who writes further on Festa Das Latas, I just deleted this link *Some pictures and a description of Festa das Latas (Coimbra) - travelblog.org while cleaning up some asbdirector.com spam. It's a blog, so while not a reliable source, I didn't want to just eliminate it while you were all discussing how and where to cover the subject properly.  -- SiobhanHansa 13:15, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

I've done some more investivating and I don't see any reason for this festival to be mentioned on the homcoming page. It does seem to be historicaly significant, but bears little resemblence to the homcoming tradition. It should be moved to the University of Coimbra article, made into its own article, or deleted. It also needs and english source as this is the english wikipedia. Grey Wanderer | Talk 19:27, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and moved the section to University of Coimbra. --Apoc2400 19:50, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

...around the world?
The article currently opens with: "Homecoming, welcoming back of former residents and alumni, is a tradition in several universities, colleges and high schools around the world." At present though, only two countries, both of them in North America, are covered in the article. Can anyone add more info? I know "homecoming" isn't a tradition in the UK: I came here to find out what it means after a quarter-century of ignoring my puzzlement at pop-culture homecoming references! Casper Gutman (talk • contributions) 15:20, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Now it says "in North America" not "around the world", so I've taken off the "globalize/USA" thing. Juzhong (talk) 11:24, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Similar events occur in the UK, but not every year. For instance, there was one at St John's College, Cambridge in 2011 to celebrate its 500th anniversary.NRPanikker (talk) 15:50, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Language
Just throwing this out there, there are some specific American-English words used in this article that might make it slow to read for those living outside of America and Canada. Since the page would probably be read by international readers more often than Americans, a shift away from the American only words might be a good. idea.60.229.67.61 (talk) 13:03, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Care to share any examples of the words you are referring to? BlueGold73 (talk) 00:22, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Dead link
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-no-date-04oct04,0,5174976.story seems to no longer link to the story about going to homecoming in groups. I added this section because I don't know how else to handle this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.144.218.157 (talk) 21:21, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Canadian homecoming's at highschool uncommon?
"Homecomings are not popular among Canadian high schools, and it is rare to find one that celebrates homecoming. Newmarket High School and London South Collegiate Institute are the only known schools in Ontario to arrange homecomings"

Umm... my high school has homecoming dances and so do many others. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.54.25.21 (talk) 21:02, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I think perhaps it is more of an eastern Canadian thing. I had only heard of it in Archie comics, and therefore assumed it was a purely American thing, until I went to a university in Nova Scotia where they celebrate homecoming. But where I'm from originally (southern Alberta), it is almost unheard-of. I don't know where to find information on geographic distribution of Canadian homecoming celebrations, but if someone could find that, it should definitely be added to the article. Because I was just as surprised to see it listed as "common" in Canada as the OP was to find it listed as "uncommon." 70.65.141.58 (talk) 12:11, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I've further modded the wording, which listed them as common in Eastern Canada. It now says they're mostly in eastern Canada, but nevertheless uncommon. --  Zanimum (talk) 11:31, 12 June 2017 (UTC) Zanimum (talk) 11:31, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

Origins of homcoming
I restored and reworked an older version of the origins paragraph. I mentioned Missouri first since it is the best documented and supported by the NCAA. Baylor and the Universtiy of Illinois strong claims are also mentioned in the lead. Grey Wanderer (talk) 21:44, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

The current organization of this section doesn't work. The key for an "origins" paragraph/section is to follow chronological order, not the order of which school is "best documented." That, the evidentiary aspect, can be controlled in the text itself. But the origins passage should go from earliest onwards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.84.60.199 (talk) 12:54, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

Origin: Observations on Change to "Origin" Section
Based on the primary-source references in the version that was removed by Grey Wanderer on 2009-12-28, it seems that the University of Illinois has at least as much documentation as the University of Missouri, if not more. In addition, Missouri's first "homecoming," per se, occurred in 1911, one year later than Illinois' first homecoming—and Illinois has celebrated what it calls "Homecoming" annually since 1910. Finally, given the several claims, a chronological approach seems to make more sense than elevating one school to the primary position simply because the NCAA (or Trivial Pursuit, for that matter) declared it so; we have no record of how rigorously the NCAA pursued the matter. Let's let the historical record hold sway. PlaysInPeoria (talk) 23:52, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Origins (of Homecoming): A Neutral Approach
What follows is the version that was removed by Grey Wanderer on 2009-12-28 (with a few revisions on 2009-12-31). Opinions on whether to take this chronological (and more neutral) approach to the section on "Origins" are encouraged. PlaysInPeoria (talk) 18:37, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Origins
The tradition of Homecoming has its origins in alumni football games held at colleges and universities since the mid-1800s. Many schools lay claim to having the first Homecoming, but several seem to have the strongest claims.

University of Illinois, 1910—

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign credits two senior members of the class of 1910 with establishing the tradition of homecoming at Illinois. These two men were Clarence F. Williams and W. Elmer Ekblaw. According to recollections Williams in 1930, the idea came to the two men in early 1910 while they were sitting on the steps of the YMCA discussing ways of contributing to their alma mater. The men's idea culminated in Illinois' first homecoming event on October 14–15, 1910.

Illinois celebrated its 100th annual Homecoming in 2009. The accompanying events were cancelled in 1918 due to the influenza pandemic, but the football game was held, albeit behind locked gates without an audience.

The name "Homecoming" was used in 1910 and every year since then.

On the afternoon of Friday, October 14, three events took place: a match between the Illinois baseball team (nicknamed the "Illinois 1,000 Per Cent Team" because of its perfect record in 1910) and the Alumni All Stars, a squad composed of ex-Illini; the annual pushball contest pitting the sophomores against the freshmen; and performances of the Hobo Band. For Friday evening, a band reunion, a mass meeting, and various initiations and banquets were held. The following morning, Saturday, October 15, the annual interclass track meet took place. And then, at 2:30 p.m., the centerpiece of the entire event—the Illinois-University of Chicago football game—kicked off.

In the years after 1910, the Illinois homecoming model, with its parade and spirit rally centered around a large football game, very quickly spread to other colleges and high schools across the United States. Within the next several years, many other universities—for example, Wisconsin and Missouri in 1911; Arizona in 1914—launched their own homecomings. Indiana University held its first "homecoming," which is what the football game against Illinois was called, on November 5, 1910.

University of Missouri, 1911—

For the record, the NCAA, Trivial Pursuit, and Jeopardy! have chosen to give the title of "first homecoming" to the University of Missouri's 1911 football game during which alumni were encouraged to attend.

The history of the University of Missouri Homecoming can be traced to 1891, when the Missouri Tigers first faced off against the Kansas Jayhawks in football in the first installment of the Border War, which is also the oldest college football rivalry west of the Mississippi River. The intense rivalry originally took place at neutral sites, usually in Kansas City, Missouri, until a new conference regulation was announced that required intercollegiate football games to be played on collegiate campuses. To renew excitement in the rivalry, ensure adequate attendance at the new location, and celebrate the first meeting of the two teams on the Mizzou campus in Columbia, Missouri, Mizzou Athletic Director Chester L. Brewer invited all alumni to "come home" for the game in 1911.

Along with the football game, the celebration included a parade and spirit rally with bonfire. The event was a success, with nearly 10,000 alumni coming home to take part in the celebration and watch the Tigers and Jayhawks play to a 3-3 tie.

Baylor University, 1909, 1915—

In 1909, Baylor University was the first university to hold an organized alumni event described as a "Home-Coming" whose focus point was a varsity sports match, as well as a concert, pep rally, parade, and bonfire; however, the extensively planned event was isolated and was not replicated again at Baylor until 1915.

Northern Illinois University, 1911, 1914—

On Oct. 12, 1906, Northern Illinois State Normal School held its first annual alumni banquet. The following day, Northern Illinois’ football team played an alumni squad in a match that resulted in a 0-0 tie. Subsequently, a provision in the 1907 constitution of the school’s Alumni Association stated that "There shall be a social meeting of the alumni and guests, annually following the annual football game, on the evening of the second Saturday of October." Significantly, in these annual football games, Northern Illinois did not play an intercollegiate opponent until 1914 in a contest against Wheaton College. According to Glen Gildemeister, university archivist at NIU, "homecoming" was not used formally as a proper noun by the school until 1911.

By the 1920s, Homecoming was widely celebrated across the nation.

 * I'm not sure of what the correct method of listing the schools is. I liked the way it was before with the schools listed by the number of organizations that recocogized their claim as having the first homecoming. But I can also understand why some would want to go with a chronological method. The only issue I have with the current version is the dubious citation that was added to the Missouri part. I think if you're going to say that their claim is dubious, the same citation should be added to all the schools in the article.

Who was first?
The whole who was first issue came up again in recent edits. I added an intro to the origins sections ''Several schools claim the first Homecoming[1]. Baylor, the University of Illinois, the University of Indiana, and the University of Missouri all have strong claims.'' This is ABC order. I then reversed it in the list to be fair. Of course, it's not up to us to decide who was first, that for the historians. We just cite what they say & in this case they don't agree. I hope this calms the waters for a while. Let me know what you think or if you have other ideas. Thanks HornColumbia   talk  21:16, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * PS - all the claims could use better citations. I think add some cite tags.  HornColumbia   talk  21:16, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

 * ps2 even better: The tradition of Homecoming has its origins in alumni football games held at colleges and universities since the mid-1800s. Many schools lay claim to having the first Homecoming, but several seem to have the strongest claims. this entry from above.  Why'd we ever take that out? HornColumbia   talk  21:23, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Couple of thoughts the Mizzou claim is for a homecoming football game. The Southwestern University claim is for an event in April without a football game (as far as I can tell, anyway).  No reference yet on the other claims, but modern-day homecoming pagentry seems to always involve a football game.  Something to think about.--Paul McDonald (talk) 19:36, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

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What about Criticism? Or am I missing something?
Found this...

https://bluestreaknewsonline.net/5671/opinion/homecoming-queen-an-outdated-and-sexist-tradition/ 149.20.252.132 (talk) 17:49, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Seems like WP:Undue emphasis to me. Opinion articles arn't WP:Reliable sources. The link you've provided is the opinion of one teenage girl in her high school newspaper. My thoughts are also colored by a high school in Missouri where a gay guy was elected homecoming queen; he attended in drag. Seems to me that homecoming's level sexism/outdatedness is dependent on the quality of the people celebrating it, not something innate to the tradition. But this is just my personal opinion, which carries no weight on Wikipedia. If you found multiple reliable sources perhaps something could be included, but they shouldn't be opinion articles.Grey Wanderer (talk) 21:13, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

Nebulous at best, or just plain bogus concept?
I graduated from San Dieguito High School, Encinitas Calif. in 1963. I remember a certain amount of fuss in anticipation of Homecoming. From what I read in school yearbooks, the school paper and what I heard said, the purpose was to welcome alumni to return to the school for a celebration. I gathered from the conduct of the celebration that the little more than handful of alumni that showed up were not the object of the celebration, but rather that the homecoming celebration was celebrating itself! Since there was nothing different about the football game from any other except maybe the halftime appearance of a "queen" and her court and maybe a few alumni standing up in the bleachers, the game did not require much special preparation, just some ballyhoo announcing it in advance. There was a dance with a few of the alumni trotted in if they wished to stick around. Yet these "celebrations" were regarded with solemn awe, indeed effusive displays, e.g. the picture of a girl with tears in her eyes, in the Homecoming page in the yearbook. The gymnasium/auditorium used for the dance was decorated with the usual crepe paper and balloons. The detritus swept up the next morning by the school's maintenance staff. This time-honored American tradition boils down to "Much ado about nothing". 75.172.109.121 (talk) 04:44, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Well I tend to disagree with you, but never-mind that. This is a place to discuss improvements to an encyclopedia article. Wikipedia uses WP:Reliable sources to construct articles. This is not the place for personal opinions on the topic of the article. Consider that your personal opinion is based on an experience you had nearly sixty years ago as a teenager. Seems an unreliable way to source information for an encyclopedia, wouldn’t you agree? Grey Wanderer (talk) 21:28, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

Lacking Citations
The number of inline citations and references are very sparse for a majority of the sections of this article. (For all sections except for "Origins.")

There needs to be proper sources to fact-check this information. Resukalt (talk) 15:22, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

My high school experience
San Dieguito H.S. Encinitas, CA Class of '63 At my high school, a big fuss was made about Homecoming by a small select portion of the student body. The main events consisted of a football game, dance, and, I believe, a tour of the campus by returning Alumni. There was no parade nor festivities around town. While the purpose of the whole thing was ostensibly to honor returning alumni, someone apparently neglected to notify what must have been a couple of thousand alumni because very few showed up. This might have been embarrassing if it the appearance of the returning alumni were really important. Everything went well though, and I suspect nothing has changed in the intervening years, the actual participation of any alumni being pretty much superfluous. Homecoming gave the homecoming committee and all the participants something to fuss about and brought a few of the girls involved to tears, which, if they needed a good cry, made it all worthwhile. 67.40.177.215 (talk) 08:41, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homecoming


text:
Patrick V, Earl of March

Patrick de Dunbar, 9th Earl of March,     (c. 1285–1369) was a prominent Scottish magnate during the reigns of Robert the Bruce and David II.

Early years
The earldom, located in East Lothian, and known interchangeably by the names Dunbar and March (so-called Northumbrian or Scottish March), was one of the successor fiefs of Northumbria, an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom and later Earldom. The Dunbar family descended from one branch of ancient Earls of Northumbria, specifically from a branch which also had Scottish royal blood.

He is said to have been aged 24 in 1309 at the death of his father, Patrick, 8th Earl of March, who had been one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland in 1291. The 8th Earl's wife, Marjory, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan, was also descended from King Donald III.

Bannockburn to Durham
After the Battle of Bannockburn, Patrick de Dunbar gave sanctuary and quarter to the English King Edward II at the fortress of Dunbar Castle, on the east coast of Scotland between Edinburgh and Berwick-upon-Tweed, and managed to effect the king's escape by means of a fishing boat whereby that monarch was transported back to England. The earl afterwards made his peace with his cousin Robert the Bruce, and was present at the parliament held at Ayr on 26 April 1315, when the succession to the Crown of Scotland was settled.

In 1318 he assisted in retaking Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English, at which time he is noted as Sheriff of Lothian. In 1320 he was one of those nobles who signed the Declaration of Arbroath sent to Pope John XXII asserting the independence of Scotland.

Laing relates a charter of a Precept originally written in Norman-French by Patrick de Dunbar, Earl of March, to Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood, for heritable sasine of the reversion of the lands of Whitelaw within the Earldom of Dunbar, plus 10 livres yearly from the mill of Dunbar, and the farms and issues of the granter's said town (ville) of Dunbar, according to the terms of charters to the grantee. Dated at Berwick-upon-Tweed, 20 October 1324.

Sometime after 1331 the Bishop of Durham complained to the Regency in Scotland that the village of Upsettlington, on the Scottish side of the River Tweed west of Norham, belonged to the See of Durham and not the Earl of Dunbar, who had seized it. The King of England now became involved also and it appears the lands were restored to the Bishop.

In 1332 the Earl of Dunbar was appointed by the assembly of the estates (Parliament) at Perth, joint Guardian of the Crown, upon the death of the Regent, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. He opposed Edward Balliol in several battles and skirmishes following the Battle of Dupplin Moor. In January 1333 he was appointed Governor of Berwick Castle but was forced to surrender it following the Battle of Halidon Hill in July 1333. The Earl of Dunbar and several others of the nobility paid fealty to King Edward. The Earl attended Edward Balliol at the parliament held at Edinburgh in February 1334 when they ceded to England Berwick, Dunbar, Roxburgh, and Edinburgh, as well as all the southern counties of Scotland. Earl Patrick had had his castle levelled to the ground, but Edward III of England now compelled him to rebuild the fortress at his own expense and garrisoned it with English troops. Dunbar castle was not restored to the Earl until 1338.

In 1335 when King Edward III and Baliol had made another attack upon the Scots, the Earl cut off a body of archers on their return southward, and afterwards assisted John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray in defeating the Count of Namur at the Battle of Boroughmuir close to Edinburgh.

In 1339 the Earl of Dunbar assisted the High Steward of Scotland, in the reduction of Perth, where he led the second division of the army. In 1340 he and the Earl of Sutherland were routed by Sir Thomas Grey and Sir Robert Manners, assisted by John Copeland and the English garrison of Roxburgh Castle, during border skirmishes. Patrick, Earl of Dunbar, had a Safe-Conduct dated 24 March 1342, from Westminster, in order to travel to England.

Patrick, Earl of Dunbar, commanded the right of the Scottish army in the Battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham. From this disaster the Earl escaped, with considerable losses, which included his wife's brother, John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray. However, other accounts including that of The Chronicle of Lanercost and Bower's Scotichronicon relate that Dunbar retreated without engaging the English and with no losses. It is unlikely that Dunbar remained to fight after the first arrows reached them.

In 1355 with William, Lord of Douglas and Sir William Ramsay of Dalhousie, the Earl of Dunbar again invaded Northumberland, and subsequently recovered Berwick-upon-Tweed, although not the castle. In 1357 he was one of the Scottish ambassadors who met at Berwick to discuss the liberation of King David, who had been taken prisoner at Neville's Cross. He was subsequently one of the hostages for David until the ransom was paid, although it would appear from Safe-Conducts that he was out and about thereafter. Following this his town of Dunbar was erected into a Royal Burgh.

In 1366 he made a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. In May 1367 he confirmed to the monks of Coldingham Priory by charter to the Prior and Convent of Durham, the church and manor of Edrom, and Nisbet, with the agreement of his wife.

In June 1368 the King was advised by parliament at Scone to consult with the Earls of Dunbar and Douglas on the security of the Eastern marches. He was not present at the Coronation of King Robert II in 1371 so it is assumed that he died before then. Brown gives a year of death as 1368. If that is so it would probably be 1368/9.

Marriage
Patrick Dunbar is not as well remembered as his second wife Agnes Randolph, also known as Black Agnes of Dunbar who died just a few months before him. From her brothers she obtained by inheritance the Isle of Man, the Lordship of Annandale (which she brought to her marriage), and the feudal baronies of Morton and Tibbers in Nithsdale, Mordington (where she is buried), Longformacus, and Duns, in Berwickshire; Mochrum in Galloway, Cumnock in Ayrshire, and Blantyre in Clydesdale.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Patrick V, Earl of March


text:
Sully, Vale of Glamorgan

Sully (Sili) is a village in the community of Sully and Lavernock, in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, lying on the northern coast of the Bristol Channel, midway between the towns of Penarth and Barry and 7 mi southwest of the Welsh capital city of Cardiff.

Origins of the name
The origins of the name Sully / Sili are unclear, but the most likely explanation is that it is a Norman name, taken from the de Sully family who were in possession of the manor in the twelfth century. If so, it may be that neither the Welsh or English forms are based on the other, but that both are derived from the Norman name. There is strong documentary evidence for the Welsh form over several centuries, and in the local dialect of Welsh that was spoken in the area into the twentieth century, the name was pronounced or, which corresponds to the modern Welsh form Sili. If the name is Norman, it is likely that the Welsh form is closer to the original pronunciation than its English equivalent.

Bilingual road signs at either end of the village announce Sully and Sili. Although both forms could be considered to have unfavourable connotations, only the Welsh name has been controversial, as some residents have expressed the view that it belittles the village.

It has been suggested that Abersili would be a more appropriate Welsh name, and an unofficial referendum has shown significant support for that view amongst residents. But it is unclear whether the name Abersili has ever been in common use; the earliest known example is by Iolo Morganwg, a notoriously untrustworthy source. Furthermore, Abersili means 'the mouth of the river Sili', but Sully Brook (assuming that that is the watercourse in question) does not reach the sea at Sully, but joins the Cadoxton River farther west near what is now Barry Docks. As such, the name has been considered inappropriate for Sully itself.

The Welsh Language Board has stated that Sili is found in the standard reference works and that it is 'well-established in Welsh writing and is used widely both locally and nationally'.

Medieval Sully
The village could be named as an abbreviation of "south lea" meaning "southern pasture" but it is more commonly understood to be named after the noble Norman family of Baron Reginald de Sully, one of the 'Twelve Knights of Glamorgan' who was awarded the Manor around 1093 by the conqueror of Glamorgan Sir Robert Fitzhamon, probably under charter by William II of England. In 1591 Sir Edward Mansel of Margam wrote his historical document recording 'The winning of Glamorgan' and recorded:

 * "To Sir Reginald de Sully he (Fitz Haymon) gave the castle and town to be called Sully with the Manor of it, and the Manors of St Andrews and Dinas Powys for his Granary and provisions. This Sir Reginald bestowed much land in fee frankliege to his men and came to be a man of wealth and fame. He had at Sully besides his Castle a fair Manor house built after a new manner, where he did live the most of his time, which house as well as the Castle was broke down by Owain Glendower"

De Sully also had extensive estates in Devon but he is recorded as having built a small fortified castle in Sully, the remains of which have mostly vanished, except for a short length of wall, located to the east of the Norman parish church in the village. The site of a 13th-century moated manor house can still be observed on Sully Moors.

The castle at Sully was the smallest in Glamorgan by a very long way. It covered a site of only about half an acre and stood in a location that was, until only recently, called Castle Wood. Occupation of the castle lasted less than three hundred years till around the mid 14th century, probably as a result of the extinction of the de Sully family line. The present church dates from around the same time as the castle and is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The resident Sully clergyman has always been referred to as the Rector which indicates the tithes that produced his annual income were never appropriated by a monastery and he was therefore probably supported by the Lord of the Manor directly, although appointed by the Bishop.

There is a mostly complete late medieval lime kiln on Ashby Road, Sully. Composed of stone and brick it is 40 feet long and 18 feet high by 13 feet wide. Buttressed with three brick on edge archways and draught holes on the south elevation. Five iron pegs are inserted into the face of the kiln. Briarside and Middleton Cottage on Cog Road is a yeoman's cottage built in the mid 16th century with later 18th century additions. The cottage contains a Tudor-style archway and an original circular stone staircase. The remains of the village mill can be found at Hayes Farm on Hayes Road.

Changes in the Manor
The Manor of Sully reverted to Crown ownership and is recorded as being sold in its entirety to Sir Thomas Stradling in 1538. It remained in the Stradling family for exactly two hundred years after which it was administered first by Christopher Mansel and later by Bussy Mansel until his death in 1780.

There followed a number of lawsuits with several landowners claiming rights to the manor until a private Act of Parliament granted the manors of both St. Donats and Sully to Sir John de la Fountaine Tyrwhit. It stayed in his family until 1811 although the family had changed their name to Drake by then. When the last of the Drake family died without heirs the estate was sold by public auction to a Mr Evan Thomas who resided in Old Sully House until he died in 1832. Thomas built Cog Farm between 1816 and 1817. The rickstands at Cog Farm are probably contemporary. The eight circular rickstands are approximately 3 metres high, stone built and lipped at the top. In plan they form a right angle at the edge of the former rickyard. The rickstands kept unthreshed corn above the moist ground and the lips provided protection against rodents. There was a six-year gap while ownership was disputed until in 1838 the estate was finally taken by Sir Josiah John Guest of Dowlais and Merthyr Tydfil, whose eldest son would later become the first Lord Wimborne of Ashby. In 1889 Lord Wimborne purchased the rights to use the Sully foreshore for the manor estate purposes.

By the early 20th century Lord Wimborne's estate began to sell off various lands within the parish, and during 1914 the last of the Sully estate interests were sold at public auction to a number of individual private landowners, the main purchaser being Lieutenant-Commander Charles E. Evans, RNVR, who in 1917 split his overall Sully holding into a number of rented properties. These various properties then formed part of Evans' estate, which in 1956 was established as a private limited letting company (Evans' Estate (1956) Ltd), based in Newton Abbott, Devon.

Village Growth
In the 19th century Sully was almost entirely agricultural in nature and the population fluctuated between only 150 to 200 individuals. By 1920 this had still only increased to 550 despite the explosive growths of nearby Penarth and Barry. However, in just the past forty years Sully has grown steadily along the various commercial plastics factory developments and with the wider spread of private car ownership. Sully is now mainly a middle income dormitory suburb of Cardiff with a still expanding population of just over 5,000.

From 1890 until the end of the 1960s Sully was connected eastwards to Penarth and Cardiff and westwards to Barry and the South Wales Valleys by an extension of the Taff Vale Railway line. The coastal spur fell victim to the sweeping Beeching Axe in 1968. Sully station, on Cog Road opposite the Sully Inn and Swanbridge Halt were closed. The redundant rail track bed and station buildings have mostly been sold into private ownership and built on, with any unsold stretches being overgrown and impassable as far as the Fort Road bridge at Lavernock. Between Lavernock and Penarth the track bed is a rural greenway and cycle track.

In the 1960s the local plastics factory and principal employers in the immediate area, a subsidiary of Distillers Company, built a new sports and social club at the east end of the village, opposite Swanbridge Halt railway station. In 1966 members of the club formed a rugby team initially known as 'Barry Plastics RFC' but now renamed as 'Sully View RFC'. Today Sully Sports & Social Club fields three teams in the Cardiff and District Rugby Union and the sides are regular competitors in the Welsh Brewers Cup, the Mallett Cup and the Ninian Stuart Cup. Touring venues have included Holland, Spain, Germany and Belgium, as well as many within the U.K.

SS Pilton
SS Pilton was a ship that ran aground on Sully Beach in 1924. Owned by William J. Tatem of Cardiff, Pilton ran aground during gale-force winds in December 1924. She was aground for three months, and provided a steady source of income for Sully caterers from the large number visitors arriving by train to view the spectacle.

Community Council
Sully is represented by nine community councillors of Sully and Lavernock Community Council, elected from the community wards of Lavernock (2) and Sully (7).

County Council
Sully is also a county ward which has representatives on the Vale of Glamorgan county council. The ward elected two Independent councillors to sit on the County Council in the May 2017 election.

Cllr Mahoney had been elected for UKIP at the previous elections in 2012. He 're-designated' himself as an Independent in February 2016 over disagreements with UKIP's approach to the Welsh Government.

Prior to the May 2004 Vale of Glamorgan Council elections the ward elected only one councillor to the county council, increasing to two following The County Borough of The Vale of Glamorgan (Electoral Changes) Order 2002.

National government
The ward falls within the Cardiff South and Penarth constituency for the Westminster Parliament, and within the Cardiff South and Penarth constituency in the National Assembly for Wales.

Landmarks
The St John Baptist Church, known as Sully Church, is a Grade II listed building. The hamlet of Swanbridge includes a caravan park and holiday camp and The Captain's Wife public house, which opened in 1977 after a conversion of several quayside cottages. There is foot access at low tide from the pub car park to Sully Island but tides are high and fast - and therefore dangerous. There is an access time of only three hours each side of low tides and extreme care is advised. The Atlantic Trading Estate is between Sully and Barry, and The Bendricks is a major site of interest for paleontologists due to its extensive fossils. Sully Island is situated off the coast.

Sully School moved to its present site in 1936. It is a primary school with a twenty-six place nursery unit. There are over 400 pupils and seventeen teachers. There are no secondary schools in the village. Most children attend Stanwell School in nearby Penarth. Sully School is a main feeder school for Stanwell School and other schools are selected by parental choice. Free school bus services are provided.

Sully Hospital is described in the Glamorgan section of Nikolaus Pevsner’s ‘The Buildings of Wales’ as “An outstanding example of inter-war architecture, which has survived almost unaltered” and is considered to be the finest representation of Modernist sanatoriums in Britain and one of the last great Modernist landmarks remaining in the whole of Wales.

Transport
The main road going through Sully is South Road. It is one of three roads which form part of the B4267, running from near Cog Road up to Swanbridge Road on the border with Lavernock. The other two parts of the B4267 are Sully Moors Road, leading up to roundabout just into the border of Barry and Lavernock Road, leading up to Penarth near Stanwell School.

Sully railway station was opened by the Taff Valley Railway in 1865. It ran on the Penarth line through: Alberta Halt (by the Archer Road bridge), Lower Penarth (Cosmeston) Halt, Lavernock Halt, Swanbridge Halt and Sully. However, rail services from Penarth ceased to operate in 1968 as a result of the Beeching Axe, which affected many branch lines all over the country. As a result, Sully no longer has a railway service. At present, the nearest station is Cadoxton, on the Barry branch of the Vale of Glamorgan Line operated by Transport for Wales, approximately 2.1 miles away, roughly about a forty-minute walk.

Bus services are provided by Cardiff Bus, who operate route 94 between Cardiff and Barry via Penarth half-hourly on weekdays and hourly on evenings and Sundays. Journey times to Barry are approximately twenty minutes, journey times into Penarth are approximately fifteen minutes and journey times into Cardiff are just over half an hour. A second service, route 88, is run by Easyway runs between Lower Penarth and Barry with journey times to both places being approximately 15 minutes.

In popular culture
Sully is featured in the third series of the BBC One/BBC Three hit sitcom Gavin & Stacey, when the character of Ness, played by Ruth Jones, moves into a caravan in the village with fiancé Dave Coaches.

In the Big Finish Torchwood audio episode Flight 405, Yvonne Hartman says that a crashing plane will cause a dent in the house prices of Sully, as well as in Sully itself.

Notable people

 * Hana Lili, pop singer
 * Thomas Frederick Worrall, Watercolour artist

title: Sully, Vale of Glamorgan


text:
Steve Stone (baseball)

Steven Michael Stone (born July 14, 1947) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) player and current sportscaster and author.

Stone pitched for four MLB teams between 1971 and 1981. In 1980, he was the AL Cy Young Award winner and an American League All Star, finishing the season with a record of 25–7 for the Baltimore Orioles. He was WGN-TV's color commentator for Chicago Cubs broadcasts between 1983 and 2004, missing a couple of seasons late in his tenure due to health problems. He worked in radio until 2009, when he became the color commentator for Chicago White Sox television broadcasts.

Early life
Stone is Jewish, and was born in South Euclid, Ohio, a Cleveland suburb, to Dorothy (a waitress) and Paul Stone (who changed records in juke boxes, and later became an insurance salesman), who were Orthodox Jews. His maternal grandfather, Edward Manheim, lived to see Stone celebrate his bar mitzvah in September 1960. Stone played high school ball at Charles F. Brush High School for baseball Coach Jim Humpall. Growing up he also won several tennis championships, was a ping pong champion, and was a proficient golfer.

At Kent State University, Stone was an outstanding pitcher and his catcher was Thurman Munson. He was selected to the All Mid-American Conference team, and was named team captain as a junior. He had a 2.00 ERA for the Chatham Anglers in the Cape Cod League in 1968. He also starred on the bowling, volleyball, and tennis teams. He joined Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. He graduated in 1970 with a teaching degree in history and government.

Draft and minor leagues
In 1968, he was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 16th round of the draft, but did not sign. In February 1969, he was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the fourth round of the draft (secondary phase).

From 1969–1971, Stone pitched in the minor leagues. In 1969, he pitched for the Fresno Giants, in 1970 for the Phoenix Giants and Amarillo Giants, and in 1971 again for Phoenix. He compiled a 32–24 record, and struck out nearly a batter per inning.

San Francisco Giants (1971–72)
Breaking the stereotype of ballplayers in his era, Stone said: "Charlie Fox (manager of the Giants in 1971) felt the only way a ballplayer could perform was to chew tobacco, wear a sloppy uniform and, as he put it, not be afraid to get a bloody nose, and eat, drink and sleep baseball. I never thought a bloody nose was all that comfortable, and tobacco upsets my stomach. I like to eat – but not baseball – and I never thought sleeping with the game would be all that enjoyable. I think he thought reading hurt your eyes." Ron Fimrite mused in Sports Illustrated in May 1971 that Stone was "a Jewish intellectual … who just might be a right-handed (Sandy) Koufax."

In 1972 he was 6–8 with a 2.98 ERA. After suffering a sore arm, Stone was traded by the Giants with Ken Henderson to the Chicago White Sox for Tom Bradley on November 29, 1972.

Chicago White Sox (1973)
In 1973, he was 6-11 with a 4.24 ERA, and was fourth in the AL in strikeouts per 9 innings pitched (7.04), and 8th in hit batsmen (7).

Chicago Cubs (1974–1976)
Stone was acquired along with Steve Swisher and Ken Frailing by the Chicago Cubs from the crosstown White Sox for Ron Santo on December 11, 1973. Jim Kremmel was also sent to the Cubs to complete the transaction one week later on December 18. In 1974 he was 8–5 with a 4.14 ERA. In 1975 he was 12–8 with a 3.95 ERA, and pitched 214.3 innings.

Chicago White Sox (1977–78)
In November 1976, after suffering a torn rotator cuff and undertaking cryotherapy after refusing surgery and cortisone injections, he signed as a free agent with the Chicago White Sox for $60,000 ($0 today), turning down offers from four other teams.

In 1977, he was 15–12 with a 4.51 ERA in 207.1 innings. During that year on August 29, Stone gave up a home run to Cleveland Indians second baseman Duane Kuiper – Kuiper's only career home run in 3,379 at bats. In 1978, when he was paid $125,000 ($0 today), he was 12–12 with a 4.37 ERA in 212 innings.

Baltimore Orioles (1979–1981)
In November 1978, he signed a 4-year, $760,000 ($0 today) deal as a free agent with the Baltimore Orioles, again turning down four other offers. In 1979 Stone was 11–7 with a 3.77 ERA in 186 innings, and was 7th in the league in fewest hits allowed per 9 innings pitched (8.37).

His best year was 1980, when he went 25–7 (.781) for the Orioles, won the Cy Young Award and The Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award, and came in 9th in the AL MVP voting. Stone's relief pitchers did not blow a save for him all season until his last start of the year. He led the league in wins (his 25 wins set a team record) and won-lost percentage, and was second in games started (37), seventh in ERA (3.23), strikeouts (149), hits allowed/9 IP (8.04), and hit batsmen (6), and ninth in innings pitched (250.7). He also won the American League June 1980 Pitcher of the Month Award. He also started and pitched three perfect innings in the All-Star Game that year.

Stone threw as many as 73 curveballs in a game at least twice that season, even though he knew he might damage his pitching arm.

"I used to try not to lose before", Stone said in 1980. "Now, when I go out, I go out to win every time, and I'm certain I am. I try to envision myself literally walking off the mound a winner. I allow no negatives in my thinking. When certain ones start creeping in, I erase them and make it like a blank blackboard waiting to be filled in with things like, 'The team is going to play well, is going to score some runs, I'm going to throw strikes, I'm going to win.' "

After his Cy Young season, the pitcher who was listed as 5' 10" commented: "All my life, because of my size, people have been telling me what I couldn't do. They said I was too small and not durable enough. First they said I'd never pitch in high school. Then they said I'd never pitch in college. Then they said okay, but you'll never pitch professionally. Then they said well, maybe you're pitching professionally but you'll never make it out of the minors. When I got to the majors, they said well, you may be in the majors but you'll never be good. Now those same people are saying I won't have a good year this year. That kind of thing is reiterated by people who've never achieved a great deal themselves."

Stone suffered from shoulder tendinitis in 1981, going 4–7 with a 4.60 ERA. He appeared in a pair of spring training contests before going on the disabled list on March 21, 1982. He announced his retirement as an active player $2 1/2$ months later on June 2 due to recurring arm problems. His MLB career record was 107–93, 40–21 with the Orioles for a .656 winning percentage which was the best ever by a Baltimore pitcher over a three-year span.

He is considered one of the best Jewish pitchers in major league history. Through July 2011, Stone was third among Jewish pitchers in career wins (107) and strikeouts (1,065), behind Ken Holtzman and Sandy Koufax and directly ahead of Jason Marquis, and ninth in games pitched (320), behind Barry Latman. Reminiscing about Sandy Koufax's influence on him and others when he was a child, he said, "He gave little Jewish boys some hope."

Monday Night Baseball / ABC Sports (1982)
Following his retirement, Stone was hired by ABC to serve as a color commentator for their Monday Night Baseball telecasts. Stone was normally paired with Al Michaels and Bob Uecker in the booth.

Chicago Cubs / WGN (1983–2004)
In 1983, Stone became a color commentator for the WGN television broadcasts of the Chicago Cubs, teaming for 14 years with Hall of Fame announcer Harry Caray. In 1985, he posed for Playgirl. After Harry Caray's death in February 1998, Stone was paired with Caray's grandson Chip Caray. Stone left the booth for health reasons in 2000, including a case of coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) and kidney stones, and returned to the Cubs booth in 2003 and 2004.

Stone temporally took over play-by-play duties from Caray while the latter was recovering from a stroke at the start of the 1987 season. WGN announced that until Caray was well enough to return, guest announcers would fill in and sit alongside Stone.

On August 7, 1993, Stone provided commentary alongside Jim Kaat for a Cubs game against the St. Louis Cardinals for CBS.

Leaving the Cubs booth
Stone refused a contract extension as the Cubs color-man after the 2004 season amid a controversy involving Cubs players who felt he was being overly critical of their performance. Even so, he was a fan favorite. One reason he was so well-liked was his ability to accurately predict what might happen in various game situations, explaining to the audience why the strategy or pitch would be successful prior to the play. A famous example of this was him expressing "I wouldn't pitch to this guy" in a 2004 game, seconds before the batter (Adam Dunn) hit a home run off Cubs pitcher Mike Remlinger to give the Cincinnati Reds the lead.

Stone expressed frustration with Cubs manager Dusty Baker for not controlling his players. At one point during the 2004 season, Kent Mercker called the broadcast booth from the bullpen during a game to complain about comments made, also confronting Stone in a hotel lobby. Among the comments that reportedly irked Mercker were Chip Caray's praise of Houston Astros pitcher Roy Oswalt. It was also reported that Mercker and left fielder Moisés Alou shouted at Stone on a team charter plane to a road game in 2004, and that Alou tried to have Stone and Caray banned from the team charter flights.

On September 30, 2004, in the wake of a 12-inning loss to the Cincinnati Reds that all but eliminated the Cubs, Stone strongly criticized the team. "The truth of this situation is [this is] an extremely talented bunch of guys who want to look at all directions except where they should really look, and kind of make excuses for what happened. ... This team should have won the wild-card [playoff berth] by six, seven games. No doubt about it." The comments stunned manager Baker and were a factor in Stone's resignation as a Cub broadcaster the following month.

Chicago White Sox (2005–present)
In early 2005 Stone was hired by Chicago radio station WSCR to provide commentary and host a weekly talk show, hosted on Mondays by Terry Boers and Dan Bernstein, on Tuesdays by Mike North, and on Thursdays by Brian Hanley and Mike Mulligan. He was also hired by ESPN to work some of that network's baseball telecasts.

In early August 2007, Stone filled in for Chicago White Sox color commentator Darrin Jackson, while Jackson took leave for the birth of his child, during which he successfully predicted a walk-off home run by Juan Uribe in extra innings. In October 2007, Stone called postseason games between the Boston Red Sox and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for TBS, partnered with play-by-play announcer Ted Robinson. On March 4, 2008, Stone was named the color commentator for White Sox radio broadcasts for the 2008 season on WSCR AM670 The Score, replacing Chris Singleton, who moved to ESPN's Baseball Tonight.

On September 13, 2008, Stone accepted the job as the color commentator for White Sox television broadcasts for six years beginning with the 2009 season. He said he enjoyed being in the booth with Hawk Harrelson, stating that he liked his nickname "Stone Pony." Stone also acted as a fill-in play-by-play announcer when Harrelson wasn't available. He worked with either analysts Tom Paciorek or Tony Graffanino.

After Harrelson's retirement, Stone had been paired with Jason Benetti on White Sox telecasts. Benetti has since departed for division rival the Detroit Tigers, and John Schriffen will work with Stone beginning in 2024.

Writing
In 1999, Stone, along with Barry Rozner of the Chicago suburban area Daily Herald, authored Where's Harry?, a memoir of his experiences with Harry Caray in the WGN booth.

Books

 * Where's Harry? (1999) (with Barry Rozner) Taylor Publishing; ISBN 0-87833-233-2
 * Said In Stone: Your Game, My Way (2011) Triumph Books; ISBN 1-60078-538-7

title: Steve Stone (baseball)


text: Category:Towns in Limerick

title: Category:Towns in Limerick


text:
Nicholas de Moels

Nicholas de Moels or Nicholas Molis (c. 1195 – 1268 or 1269) was an AngloNorman royal administrator and household knight of King Henry III of England. In this capacity he was assigned many and varied offices and duties, often of a temporary nature. He married a wealthy heiress from North Cadbury in Somerset which transformed him into a major landholder and feudal baron. In 1244 whilst serving as Seneschal of Gascony, he inflicted a defeat on the King of Navarre, whom he took prisoner in the field.

Origins
His parentage is unknown. His surname appears to derive from the Norman manor of Meulles in Calvados, southwest of Orbec, in the Diocese of Lisieux. Devonshire historian Tristram Risdon (d. 1640) stated that he "descended of an ancient lineage in this shire" but provided no further detail. One of the many tenants of Devonshire baron Baldwin de Meulles (d. 1090), a Domesday Book tenant in chief, was a certain "Roger de Moles", who held from him at least the two manors or estates of Lew Trenchard and Waddlescot / Warson. His successor in 1066 was a Joel de Moels. In 1242, as recorded in the Book of Fees, Lew Trenchard and Waddlescot were held by a certain "John de Molis" from John de Courtenay, feudal baron of Okehampton, who had inherited much of the land formerly held by Baldwin de Meulles. This John de Molis, perhaps a brother of Nicholas, would also hold Lashbrook, Dornaford, Exbourn and Highampton, which had been held by a Roger de Molis in 1086.

Nicholas was born about 1195 and appears to have spent some of his early life in the court of King John of England (1199–1216), whose son King Henry III (1216–1272) he would later serve.

Career
During the reign of Henry III, Nicholas served as Sheriff of Hampshire (1228–1232), Sheriff of Devon (1234), and Sheriff of Yorkshire (1239–1242), and also as Constable of Winchester Castle, Pembroke Castle, Haverfordwest Castle, Cilgerran Castle, Tenby Castle, Rochester Castle (1247), Canterbury Castle (1247) and Corfe Castle. He was also Governor of the Channel Islands.

Seneschal of Gascony
The contemporary Benedictine monk Matthew Paris wrote as follows concerning events in 1243:
 * Unde cito post contigit quod cum rex a Burdegali recessurus custodemque quem senescallum vocant, ei idoneum, videlicet Nicholaum de Molis, providisset, jam jamque omnia ad custodiam terrae provide pro curasset, et ascensa nave, alta freti velificando versus Angliam jam sulcasset orta excogitati scismatis inter ipsos Wasconienses occasione rex missis galeis festinanter revocaretur et redire cogeretur ut exortus gravissimus conflictus ibidem sedaretur.

Which may be translated as follows:
 * "And it happened soon after, that when the king was about to leave Bordeaux, and had appointed Nicholas de Molis as a fit person to act as governor, whom they call seneschal, and had taken all precautions for the safety of the land, and had embarked, and was even ploughing the depths of the sea, sailing towards England, a furious quarrel having arisen among those Gascons, the king was hastily recalled by galleys sent after him, and compelled to return, that he might quell the great disturbance which had arisen".

In September 1243, Henry III left Gascony to return to England, having on 17 June 1243 appointed Nicholas de Moels as Seneschal of Gascony, as related by Matthew Paris in his Chronica Majora, with a marginal illustration of the King and Queen on board a ship with a man in a small boat alongside, apparently de Moels seeing him off. The Latin text following the illustration is as follows:
 * De reditu regis in Angliam de Pictavia et Wasconia. Eisdem quoque temporibus, scilicet circa festum Sancti Remigii, rex Angliae, dispositis in Wasconia disponendis commissaque custodia terrae Nicholao de Molis, militi strenuissimo et circumspecto, quem praefecit Wasconiae senescallum, naves ascendens, prospere velificando redeundo in Angliam, transfretavit et septimo kalendas octobris apud Portesmues applicuit.

Translated as:
 * "At that time also, namely about the feast of StRemy, the King of England, having settled what was to be settled in Gascony, and having intrusted the government of the land to Nicholas de Molis, a very brave and prudent soldier, whom he created seneschal of Gascony, and taking ship, had a most pleasant voyage across the Channel, and returned into England; he landed at Portsmouth on the 25th of September".

In 1244, de Moels inflicted a defeat on Theobald I, King of Navarre, capturing him in person on a battlefield in Gascony, according to the Devonshire historian Tristram Risdon (d. 1640). He was relieved of that office, with commendation for his service, in July 1245.

The event is related as follows by Matthew Paris:
 * Nicholaus de Moles senescallus Wasconiae contra regem Navariae dimicans ad votum triumphavit: Anni ipsius eodem tempore Nicholaus de Molis Wasconiae senescallus quem rex a Wasconia ibidem terrae suae custodem constituerat contra regem Navariae guerram viriliter continuans ad votum in quodam casu inito certamine triumphavit.

Which may be translated:
 * "Of the victory gained by Nicholas de Molis, seneschal of Gascony. About this time of the year, Nicholas de Molis, seneschal of Gascony, whom the king, on leaving that country, had appointed governor of that province, and who had been carrying on a fierce war against the king of Navarre, was favoured by fortune in one engagement, and gained a victory over him".

Return to England
Nicholas returned to England to fight in the Welsh wars and was made governor of Caernarvon Castle and Cardigan Castle. He was made Constable of Dover Castle in 1246, Sheriff of Kent in 1247 and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1258.

Landholdings
Many of the gifts of land he received from the king were temporary in nature, comprising lands forfeited by other landholders but later restored to them. In 1217 he was granted a lease of the manor of Watlington in Oxfordshire "for his sustenance in the king's service". In 1226 he was granted Little Berkhamstead, which was later confirmed to him in fee. After his marriage in 1230 to Hawise de Newmarch, heiress of North Cadbury and many other manors, he became a major landholder in his own right. He continued to receive royal grants. In 1230 he was granted the royal demesne manors of King's Carswell and Diptford in Devon. In 1250 or 1251 he was granted free warren in his manors of Cadbury and nearby Mapperton in Dorset.

Personal life
In or after 1230, Nicholas married Hawise de Newmarch (as her second husband), widow of John de Botreaux (whom she had married in 1218) and younger daughter and coheiress of James de Newmarch (d. 1216), feudal baron of North Cadbury in Somerset. Hawise's sister, Isabel de Newmarch, married Ralph Russell (died c. 1250), son of her guardian Sir John Russell (died c. 1224) of Kingston Russell in Dorset, who was also a household knight of King John and of the young King Henry III to whom he also acted as steward.

Nicholas and Hawise had several children, including:
 * James de Moels (d. March 1252 or 1253), eldest son and heir apparent who predeceased his father. In 1243 he was assigned to be educated with Prince Edward, son of King Henry III.
 * Roger de Moels (c. 1233 or 1237–1294), second but eldest surviving son and heir, Marshal of the Army and Governor of Lampsdervour Castle in Ceredigion. His second son was John de Moels, 1st Baron Moels (d. 1310).
 * Agnes de Moels (born 1230), born at Cadbury, the second wife of William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose, feudal baron of Bramber and Gower.
 * Maud de Moels (born c. 1258), married Richard de L'Orti, or de Urtiaco, heir to the barony of Stoke Trister, Somerset.

Nicholas de Moels died between November 1268 and 24 June 1269.

title: Nicholas de Moels


text:
Talk:Miraj Khalid

Untitled
I thought it was copied also at first, but quoting from the main page : Data from this site may be queried and copied on a not-for-profit basis only if the source is accurately credited., so it really just needs a link to the source of the information. --Khalid 19:25, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure of the policy on non-commercial content, but you'd better mention it at WP:CP. Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 19:44, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miraj Khalid


text:
Steam dummy

A steam dummy or dummy engine, in the United States and Canada, was a steam locomotive enclosed in a wooden box structure made to resemble a passenger railroad car. Steam dummies had some popularity in the first decades of railroading in the U.S., from the 1830s but passed from favor after the American Civil War.

Overview
It was thought that the more familiar appearance of a coach presented by a steam dummy, as compared to a conventional steam locomotive, would be less likely to frighten horses when these trains had to operate in city streets. Later it was realized that it was actually the noise and motion of the operating gear of a steam engine that frightened horses, rather than the unfamiliar outlines of a steam engine.

Production
Baldwin Locomotive Works manufactured steam dummies or steam motors for many American tramways. Baldwin exported to places such as Sydney, Australia - where they were known as 'steam tram motors' - and New Zealand, where two, both built in 1891, survive at museums today.

H. K. Porter, Inc. preferred the term "noiseless steam street motor" in their 20th-century catalog, although they used the term "dummy" (in quotes) in the 19th century. In the 20th century, they offered 0-4-0 and 0-4-2 wheel arrangements. In the 19th century, they also offered a double-ended dummy with a 2-4-2 wheel arrangement. Porter recommended using anthracite or coke as a fuel in order to avoid smoke. Side flaps to hide the mechanism were optional. Operating speeds between 15 and 25 mph were reported by 19th-century users.

In the UK, the Great Western Railway equipped two engines each from the 2021 and 517 classes with coach bodywork between 1906 and 1911.

title: Steam dummy