text:
South Otago

South Otago lies in the south east of the South Island of New Zealand. As the name suggests, it forms the southernmost part of the geographical region of Otago.

The exact definition of the area designated as South Otago is imprecise, as the area is defined not in geopolitical or administrative terms, but rather by the area's topographical features and the similarity of its communities. Overall, it encompasses some 8,000 km² (3,100 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 20,000, but these figures vary according to the various definitions of South Otago's boundaries. The area is often seen as roughly congruous with the Clutha District, which has its administrative centre at Balclutha. However, most of the Taieri catchment, from Taieri Mouth and Henley to Mosgiel and Middlemarch, with the coastal areas around Brighton, has been part of the City of Dunedin since 1989. The southwestern part of Clutha District, around the townships of Tapanui and Clinton, are regarded as part of a separate area, West Otago.

Geography
South Otago is dominated by three main topographic features: forests, hill country, and floodplains. To the south is the rough bush country of the Catlins, with its forests and rugged coastline. To the north of that the land is mainly rolling hill country, dissected by the floodplains of several large rivers. With the exception of the flat, fertile floodplains, South Otago is quite sparsely populated because of relatively cold winters, geographical isolation and lack of a decent port. A former port, Port Molyneux, located near the mouth of the Clutha River was abandoned in the early 20th century after rail transportation made freighting produce by rail to and from Dunedin more economically attractive.

There are a number of rivers flowing through South Otago, the largest being the Clutha / Matau-Au, the country's second longest river, which flows from Lake Wānaka in Central Otago for 340 kilometres, through Balclutha (Scots Gaelic for "Town on the banks of the Clyde") and there splits in two around the large delta island of Inch Clutha before reaching the Pacific Ocean. A significant west-flowing tributary is the Tuapeka River, starting point of the 1860s Central Otago Gold Rush near Lawrence.

Also of note is the Taieri, the country's fourth longest river, which winds through rough hill country before forming the Taieri Plains to the north-east of Milton then cutting through coastal hills to reach the ocean at Taieri Mouth. Lakes Waihola, Mahinerangi, and Waipori, which ultimately drain into the Taieri through its tributary the Waipori River, are also located in South Otago.

Between and roughly parallel with those two large rivers is the smaller Tokomairaro River, which drains the Milton area.

The most populous town is Balclutha, 81 km south of Dunedin by road (except for the occasional inclusion of the larger Mosgiel in definitions of South Otago). It serves as the main service town for the area's large farming community. Balclutha's population, by the 2006 census, was 4,062 (down from 4,137 in 1996). Other towns are Milton (pop. 1,887), Kaitangata (pop. 810), Brighton, Lawrence (pop. 432), Owaka (pop. 327), Stirling (pop. 309), Waihola, Outram, Allanton, Henley, Momona, Kaka Point (pop. 201), Taieri Mouth, and Benhar (pop. 96). For a while in the 1980s Balclutha was New Zealand's most wealthy town, per capita.

History
The area has a rich history, with Māori iwi and predominantly Scottish settlers, the latter of whom arrived in the 1840s and 1850s. As happened in most of the South Island, the land was bought by these settlers from its original Māori inhabitants. Later, the main Māori tribe from the area, Kai Tahu, received a large cash settlement from the New Zealand Government as reparation for the confiscation of land that took place during that colonisation period.

The Central Otago Gold Rush of the 1860s, initially centred around Lawrence, drew thousands of men to the district in search of wealth. The discovery of coal at Kaitangata was also important for the regions development, and was also responsible for one of Otago's worst disasters, an explosion at the mine in 1879. Other minerals mined in South Otago include silica and phosphate.

In more recent times the region has been associated with woollen milling and forestry. Sheep, dairy cattle and deer are farmed locally, and farming and farm-related industries are the mainstay of the region's economy. Tourism, particularly around the Catlins, is also becoming important to the region.

South Otago's close association with Dunedin has increased since the reorganisation of local government areas in the 1980s. The northern part of South Otago, including much of the Taieri Plains, is now within the boundaries of Dunedin City (the rest of the area is almost entirely within Clutha District). The location of Dunedin International Airport at Momona is the area's most important transport hub, though most of the people who use this travel only briefly through South Otago while commuting to and from Dunedin. South Otago is also home to Lake Mahinerangi, Dunedin's most important reservoir, which is located close to the top of Maungatua.

People
Residents of South Otago and Southland have a prominent accent which is noticeably different from that of the rest of New Zealand, with a rolling 'r' that is almost certainly an indication of the Gaelic roots of many of the residents. This is also indicated in the Scots Gaelic and Lallans Scots origins of many of the area's placenames. The people are paradoxically warm and friendly yet wary of strangers in their midst.

The main schools are South Otago High School in Balclutha and Tokomairiro High School in Milton.

Notable residents

 * Ken Bloxham (rugby player)
 * Amy Bock (con artist)
 * Tony Brown (rugby player)
 * James Edward Fulton (surveyor and civil engineer)
 * Frank Oliver (rugby player)
 * Daryl Tuffey (cricketer)
 * Hone Tuwhare (poet)
 * John Joseph Woods (writer of the music of New Zealand's national anthem, God Defend New Zealand)

title: South Otago


text: User:Billlion/Sandbox

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Billlion/Sandbox


text:
If I Could Make a Living

If I Could Make a Living is the second studio album by American country music singer Clay Walker, released in 1994 on Giant Records. Like his self-titled debut album, this album was certified platinum by the RIAA. It produced the singles "If I Could Make a Living", "This Woman and This Man", and "My Heart Will Never Know", which respectively reached #1, #1, and #16 on the Hot Country Songs charts.

Background
In a telephone interview with Tulsa World Walker said, "I approached the second [album] a little bit differently from the first one, because it's kind of like scuba diving, the first time, you're down there at the bottom, and it's a little bit dirty, so you have to feel around a lot before you can find the treasure. For the second one, the water was a little more clear." He also said, "The only thing I try to do is just look for good songs, and not worry about what kind they are. I think if you do that, it does two things: It gets you some hits on radio, and it gives the listener a little variety."

In an interview with The Plain Dealer Walker said, "Speaking of the `sophomore jinx,' I've got the `sophomore jitters.' I hope my second album does as well as the first album. I think I've progressed some as a singer and performer since the first one, but they (the buying public) have to like what's on the album itself if they're going to buy it." He also stated, " On the first album, I'd been writing for years and had all my best work to pick from ... That's one thing I've missed, not being able to write on the road. I went home for two weeks and wrote three songs for this album." Walker told the Boca Raton News, about his success of his albums and said, "It's really because of radio. They'll play music they think is good. I'm flattered to be considered one of the artists they like."

After the album's release, Walker stated, "I'll be honest, the second album could have been stronger, but with the success we've had, I know we avoided the sophomore jinx. I just felt really pressed when selecting songs for the entire album." In an interview with The Dallas Morning News, Walker said, "In the early '80s and maybe even the late '80s it was an artist-driven business. You probably weren't taken seriously if you weren't over 35 years old. Now, it's a song-driven format. You still have to go out there and hit a home run with every single you release. There are so many artists out there that do mediocre material but can sing. And it doesn't matter how good you sing, how many notes you can hit, how high or how low you can go, you have to make people believe what you're singing. You can't fool the public all the time. It makes me buckle down and try to find the best music I can find. I don't take any chances. I'm not looking for one-hit wonders or that gimmick record. I want growth. I want it to take a steady climb."

In an interview with Bankrate when asked about if the lyrics to the song "Money Ain't Everything" represent a longing for a more simple life Walker responded "Well, I feel blessed everyday for what God has given me. I think I appreciate every show more than I used to because I know it could be taken from me. But part of the song -- "What good is first place when you're in a rat race ... money ain't everything," means I have tried to remain true to myself and be completely honest as a recording artist and a man. Everything that has happened to me over the last several years gave me a newfound courage."

Critical reception
Chris Rimlinger of Rocky Mountain News gave the album a B+ rating and wrote "This sophomore project, while not quite as satisfying as his first one, reinforces his credibility as an up-and-coming major player. Walker has written and chosen material that treat old themes in new ways. And his vocal intensity carries them all off. Susan Beyer of The Ottawa Citizen gave the album a mixed review and wrote, " At times, he sounds a little too congested, especially when he sings ballads written by others. But when he gets into a Texas swing on his own he's fine. What Do You Want For Nothing stands out for its tougher sentiments and sound. Occasionally, he heads for Garth Brooks territory in story songs that try to make a mountain out of a molehill of emotion. Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News wrote, "If I Could Make A Living, offers a slightly more inventive batch of tunes (excluding the by-the-numbers title cut) than his first record."

Personnel
As listed in liner notes.
 * Eddie Bayers – drums1
 * Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 * Glen Duncan – fiddle
 * Stuart Duncan – fiddle, mandolin
 * Paul Franklin – steel guitar, Dobro
 * Sonny Garrish – steel guitar
 * Jim Horn – saxophone
 * Dann Huff – electric guitar
 * Mark Ivey – background vocals
 * Paul Leim – drums2
 * Brent Mason – electric guitar
 * Terry McMillan – harmonica
 * Steve Nathan – keyboards
 * Michael Rhodes – bass guitar2
 * Matt Rollings – piano
 * Brent Rowan – electric guitar2
 * Clay Walker – lead vocals
 * Dennis Wilson – background vocals
 * Glenn Worf – bass guitar1
 * Curtis Young – background vocals
 * Notes
 * 1Performed on all tracks except for "Lose Your Memory"
 * 2Performed only on "Lose Your Memory"

title: If I Could Make a Living


text:
Talk:Hans Christian Ørsted

Name
It would be nice if someone could put up an ogg file with the pronounciation of his name.

Randomblue 15:44, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

I'm not familiar with "ogg files", but I can tell you that the pronounciation of the initial Ør syllable is like the end part of the English word fur – without the initial f. Rgds / Mkch (talk) 22:20, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

If one is not able to do the "Ø", what is an alternative spelling in so-called western spelling? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.246.190.101 (talk) 06:13, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Danish alphabet character "Ø" is pronounced as "OE" in the same way as a German alphabet character "0118.210.20.245 (talk) 01:11, 2 April 2014 (UTC)" in the word "Österreich" is pronounced "Oesterreich". I think that the English edition of Wikipedia (if it is correctly derived from Latinized originally Greek word "encyclopædia/encyclopaedia" Wikipedia should be "Wikipædia/Wikipaedia" - for comparison see the site of "Encyclopædia Brittanica") should be not using foreign (confusing - as you can read in the note above) language alphabet characters. For example the German alphabet character "ß" in the word "straße" (English: "street") is not used in English transcriptions. Instead it is written as a "strasse" even if it is the last name of a person. So let's build here in discussion the consensus to change (not only in this article, but in all English Wikipedia articles with similar problems) "Ørsted" to proper "Oersted". We should do it as Russian, Bulgarian or Bosnian editions have it: Hans Christian Oersted (Danish: Ørsted)... --ThinKinGdave (talk) 08:07, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

 * English Wikipedia tends to spell names with all accents, etc. in place; but there's usually a forst of redirects from nonaccented variants and nonaccented transliterations. In this case "Oersted" is common enough in English language usage it should be noted in the article - David Gerard (talk) 15:09, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Also, it would be great if a phonetician can add IPA for his name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Baka toroi (talk • contribs) 15:50, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Date of Ørsted's discovery in electromagnetism
I've changed the date given for Ørsted's discovery in electromagnetism. The source cited lists it as 21 July 1820 on the precise page cited.

Z!zek (talk) 20:19, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

Piperine
I am planning on adding a part about him discorvering piperine, the spicy chemical in pepper, but if someone can do it better or faster please do so. Or if you have any problem with me adding it. Dreyer66 (talk) 21:04, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hans Christian Ørsted


text:
San Juan Bautista School of Medicine

The San Juan Bautista School of Medicine (SJBSM) is a private medical school in Caguas, Puerto Rico. It formally opened its doors in 1978. The school grants the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Master in Public Health (M.P.H.), Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies (MPAS), and Bachelor of Science in Nursing degrees. The institution also has a local Transitional Year program.

History
SJBSM was founded in 1978 in San Juan, Puerto Rico as a non profit corporation, incorporated under the laws of Puerto Rico. In 1979, it was authorized by the Council of Higher Education of Puerto Rico to offer studies pertinent to the M.D. degree. The institution continued to develop through the years, and it moved its facilities to the city of Caguas in 1988, an important urban center in Puerto Rico with nearly 150,000 inhabitants.

In February 1998, the Middle States Association, granted Candidacy for Accreditation Status to the School. It was in November 1998 that was certified to participate in the Title IV Program of the Department of Federal Education, specifically in the Federal Family Education Loan Program. In 1999, the school bought Caguas' Regional Hospital, Dr. Eduardo Garrido Morales, and took control over its operations under the name of San Juan Bautista Hospital. In 2004, SJBSM was accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. SJBSM has been accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education since 2007. It also became a member of the Board of Medical Examiners of Puerto Rico.

In late 2011, the assets of the San Juan Bautista Hospital were acquired by the Mennonite Health System (Sistema de Salud Menonita), changing its name to Hospital Menonita de Caguas. As part of a thirty-year rental agreement, the Department of Health of Puerto Rico conditioned the acquisition on retaining the school of medicine and its residencies.

Licenses and accreditations

 * Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME)
 * Middle States Commission on Higher Education
 * Council on Higher Education of Puerto Rico (CHE-PR)
 * Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO)
 * Board of Medical Examiners of Puerto Rico
 * Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant (ARC-PA)

title: San Juan Bautista School of Medicine


text:
Juwayriya bint al-Harith

Juwayriya bint Harith (جويرية بنت الحارث; c. 608–676) was the eighth wife of Muhammad and so, considered to be a Mother of the Believers.

Family background
She was the daughter of Al-Hārith ibn Abi Dirar, the chief of Banu Mustaliq, who was defeated with his tribe in a battle.

Conflict between Muslims and Banu Mustaliq
Two months after Muḥammad returned from the Expedition of Dhū Qarad, he began to hear rumours that the Banū al-Muṣṭaliq were preparing to attack him, so he sent a spy, Buraydah ibn Al-Ḥasīb Al-Aslamī, to confirm this. The Banū al-Muṣṭaliq also believed that Muḥammad was preparing to attack them. So they in turn sent a spy reconnoiter to explore the positions of the Muslims, but he was captured and killed by them.

The two armies were stationed at a well called Al-Muraysī', near the sea, a short distance from Mecca. They fought with bows and arrows for an hour, and then the Muslims advanced rapidly, they surrounded the al-Muṣṭaliq and took the entire tribe as prisoners, with their families, herds and flock. The battle ended in full victory for the Muslims. Two hundred families were taken as captives, two hundred camels, five thousand sheep, goats, as well as a huge quantity of household goods which were captured as booty. The household goods were sold in an auction to the highest bidder.

The Mustaliq lost a total of ten men. Only one Muslim was killed by mistake by a Helper. Juwayrīyah bint al-Ḥārith, daughter of the Banū al-Muṣṭaliq chief was one of the captives.

Marriage to Muhammad
After minimal casualties, the Muslim forces were victorious. Among the many captives was Juwayriya, whose husband Mustafa bin Safwan, had been killed in the battle. She initially fell among Muhammad's companion Thabit ibn Qays ibn Al-Shammas. Troubled by this, Juwayriya sought a deed of redemption from Muhammad. Muhammad proposed to marry her and, as a result, freed her from the bondage of Thabit ibn Qais and consequently ameliorated the condition of her captured tribe.

This incident was described in more detail:

"At the first opportunity (after her capture) she went to the Prophet, and pleaded her case with him. She told him that she was the daughter of a chieftain and used to command and because of her unfortunate circumstance she found herself in this helpless position. From a throne made of gold she had fallen into dust. ......How could she possibly live the life as a slave? She pleaded with the Prophet, to take notice of the pitiful and desperate condition in which she found herself.

The Prophet, was moved by her sorrowful plea and asked her if she would like to live as a free woman and be part of his household if he paid her ransom. She had never in her dreams expected this offer. Moved deeply by this unexpected elevation in her status, she exclaimed she would be more than happy to accept."

Some time later her father and all the men of her tribe who had been freed also accepted Islam as their religion.

Consequently, she was married to Muhammad, the Islamic prophet when he was 57 years old and she was 19, thus placing the marriage in 627-628. She was married to the prophet for four years, and died 44 years later.

Death and burial
She died at the age of sixty-five in the 50th year after migration and was buried with the other wives of Muhammad in Jannatul Baqi'.

Her qualities
Juwayriya was described as being very beautiful and refined:
 * She was brought up in the lap of luxury, and had all the refinements and graces of a princess. Intelligent and wise, she mastered language and literary style. This was an accomplishment much prized by contemporary Arabs.
 * All who saw [Juwayriya] were stunned by her exceptional beauty. Brought up as she had been in one of the foremost families of the time, she was not only beautiful but graceful, elegant, and eloquent.
 * When Muhammad's wife 'Aisha first saw her it is said she exclaimed that Juwayriyah was "as beautiful as a fairy".

title: Juwayriya bint al-Harith


text:
Florencia de la V

Florencia Trinidad (born 2 March 1975), better known by her stage name Flor de la V, is an Argentine trans-woman, actress, television personality, comedian and vedette. As producer Gerardo Sofovich's protégée, who discovered her in a 1998 revue in Buenos Aires, De La V gained media exposure and got small television roles. Her role in the widely successful Los Roldán gave her international notoriety. Over the years, she has become a household name in Argentine show business.

In 2014, GLAAD stated that "through her advocacy and proud visibility, [she] has contributed immensely to advancing the equality movement around the world and particularly in Argentina." She became the first transgender person in Argentina to get her name and the gender on her government-issued ID legally changed without pathologizing her gender identity, two years before the national Gender Identity Law was established.

In 2021, Flor de la V announced that she identified as a travesti, writing: "I discovered a more correct way to get in touch with how I feel: neither woman, nor heterosexual, nor homosexual, nor bisexual. I am a dissident of the gender system, my political construction in this society is that of a pure-bred travesti. That what I am and what I want and choose to be."

Early life
De La V was born in the city of Monte Grande, Buenos Aires Province. The family home was located in Villa Los Lirios. When De La V was two years old, her mother died, and she moved to Lomas de Zamora (Province of Buenos Aires) with her father and brother.

At age 16, De La V dressed-up as a young lady to attend the sweet 16th birthday party of her best friend. From then on she became known as Karen, until she was renamed by a friend as “Florencia de la Vega”; eventually for legal reasons her name was adapted to Florencia de la V.

Education
She completed her primary and high-school in the suburbs of Lomas de Zamora, located in the southwest part of greater Buenos Aires. A fashion enthusiast since she made her first dress, she decided to follow a career in fashion design at the UNNE, the National University of the Northeast, Argentina. As Karen, she began her career producing outfits and theatrical garments for Burlesque and Musical productions.

Career summary
Florencia de La V expressed that she felt a little uncomfortable at first with being given a job as a transvestite in the soap opera. Later on, however, she accepted the fact that her character shares some life characteristics with her, which made her more comfortable about playing "Laisa Roldán". She has said, however, that for her next roles, she would prefer to play a woman. After Los Roldán ended, Florencia De La V worked in Mar Del Plata.
 * Florencia de La V began cross-dressing at the age of 16. She enrolled in a university in fashion design, and later took jobs as a designer and promoter.
 * She also worked at the popular Buenos Aires club "Tabaris", replacing Cris Miró, a well known transvestite, in the show. It was while working there that she became a vedette, catching the eyes of television and theater producer Gerardo Sofovich.
 * She made her acting debut in the TV show Polémica en el Bar ("Controversy at the Bar").
 * De La V subsequently played small roles in many telenovelas and variety shows for Argentina's Telefe, but the show that made her an internationally known star has arguably been Los Roldán (2004), a sitcom that became a hit across South America and among digital television viewers in the United States. In Los Roldán, she played as "Raul Roldán", a transvestite who goes under the name "Laisa Roldán" when dressed as a woman.
 * In 2012 she became the hostess of the semi-acted comedy and gossip show "La Pelu", with actress and comedian Gladys Florimonte.

In 1998, she met her partner, dentist Pablo Goycochea, whom she married on 2011 in Buenos Aires. She has two children, twins, a boy and girl.

Gender controversy
During August 2014, well-known Argentine reporter Jorge Lanata declared that De La V was not a woman but a transsexual. Actor Dario Grandinetti made a public comment on a Buenos Aires radio station supporting De La V and Lanata threatened Grandinetti with a perjury lawsuit.

Filmography

 * Bailando por un sueño (Participant)
 * Súper Bailando 2019 (Participant)
 * La Noche de la V (Host)
 * Intrusos en el espectáculo (Host)

title: Florencia de la V


text: Category:Grand Dukes of Luxembourg

title: Category:Grand Dukes of Luxembourg


text:
Talk:Metabolomics

Untitled
Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" (This definition is ridiculous, I think these people have been watching too much CSI! Chemical fingerprint Horatio?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.198.149.176 (talk) 17:50, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think perhaps a better definition to start with might be from Oliver Fiehn, i.e. "a comprehensive analysis in which all the metabolites of a biological system are identified and quantified" (Plant Mol Biol (2002) 48:155-71).Amaher (talk) 03:53, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Full ack. Compare to proteomics ("Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins.", and that is that) and genomics Wikipedia articles. OMICS means "all at the same time". The first three sentences are hideous. --2001:638:1558:9418:A40F:8592:DBDC:EF48 (talk) 12:06, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

Hi -- I have taken the liberty to put down some of my thoughts on metabolomics. Any suggestions as to what else would be useful -- what about links to some metabolomics sites? Or what about citations to some of the more significant (peer-reviewed) scientific papers? thanks --jake b 10:10, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The additions that you've made look really good. The only other things I think could be added are about matching experimental data to compund libraries, and the statistic and bioinformatic analysis of results. Oliver Fiehn's group at the Max-Planck-Institut has a good list of publications, I can't tell if they're they're fee for public access since I'm on a university network .--nixie 21:32, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * "Matching experimental data to compound libraries" -- fully agree with you, but it's a big job! Also think your suggestion about data analysis is a good one, I might add some bits in a day or two and let some more experienced biostatisticians correct where necessary. Do you feel like adding some external links, starting with the MPI one (or even just that for now)?? many thanks ... --jake b 21:46, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I can quiz a girl in my lab, she's just started her PhD on a metabolomics project, the details are mind boggling- but a basic outline of an experiment would be good.--nixie 01:44, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm going to add some things on databases, please feel free to add and remove as necessary. Also I'm putting everything in alphabetical order as to not step on peoples toes. FYI I removed a link about proteomics soc as it has very little to do with metabolomics/metabonomics. --Hpbenton (talk) 00:54, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

I've made a few changes: deleted one reference (seemed gratuitous, and more 'journalistic' than authoritative). Main thing I tried to do was rewrite the 'analytical technologies' section as it had got a bit confused, with reference to HPLC twice. comments? jake b 18:51, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm not an expert in NMR, but I'm pretty sure some of the statements made on this page are incorrect. For example, it says "All kinds of small molecule metabolite can be measured simultaneously", but that's not true of any NMR techniques I know. For NMR you typically need to isolate your compound of interest in a very pure form for analysis. If significant impurities are present, you won't be able to properly characterize the analyte. This, along with lack of sensitivity, is among the major drawbacks of all NMR techniques. HPLC combined with mass spectrometry is popular in part because it eliminates the need to isolate pure compounds, as the separation is done on-line. Some scientists use HPLC combined with NMR, but this is a much more difficult set-up and I don't know if it's pratical for metabolomics. 146.6.144.113 19:29, 15 November 2005 (UTC)BDD

 * There are now (many many) publications using 1H NMR as a profiling tool -- typically, you obtain a spectrum of a complex mixture, and then use some kind of multivariate data analysis to detect which spectral regions vary (according to e.g. experimental treatment). You can then (try to) relate these back to specific metabolites. HPLC-NMR isn't really close to being a standard technique for metabolomics; main problems are that (a) sensitivity is an even bigger problem, and (b) RPHPLC is poor for highly polar metabolites, i.e. most of them. jake b 10:08, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

I have a couple of suggestions: 1. Implement a Metabobox similar to the Drugbox (Template:Drugbox) to be used in constructing metabolite entries so that all entries have a consistent look and feel. 2. I know of a really great website, the Human Metabolome Database, that could be used as a source for some of the initial entries. --Metabolite 17:15, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Contrary to the statement on the main page, Arthur Robinson did NOT invent the field, and certainly did not author the first paper in the area of metabolic profiling. The 20-odd references to this author are mostly redundant, and do not represent the field. It's pretty clear that this is simply self-aggrandizing self-citation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.87.29.154 (talk) 00:17, 26 May 2008 (UTC) I have attempted to edit the numerous references to A. Robinson, by removing citations of conference proceedings, two other articles that were apparently not peer-reviewed, as well as a number of papers that do not relate to metabolomics, but rather to protein chemistry. The justification was provided above. These edits were immediately reverted, with no explanation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.87.29.154 (talk) 01:21, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Last section
I don't want to stand on anyone's toes, but I think the section I've removed from the article and pasted below reads like an advert for one company's technologies and has no references so shouldn't be included. Otherwise the rest of the article seems quite informative. Terri G (talk) 14:58, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

'Application of metabolomics to drug discovery and development' The use of biomarkers to improve drug discovery and development is a well established paradigm that, unfortunately, has yet to be achieved. While expectations have been set for biomarker discovery to be the engine for improved discovery and development, the mechanisms for achieving this remain unclear. In an attempt to clarify the approaches to help speed the development and approval of medical and pharmaceutical products, the US Food and Drug Administration developed the Critical Path initiatives in 2006. Within these guidelines, the importance of using qualified biomarkers is defined for the areas of: drug candidate safety testing, dose range identification, dose response evaluation, clinical trial subject selection, and using the biomarker as a surrogate endpoint to determine product efficacy. With these agency-defined objectives as a guideline, researchers are now beginning to fully leverage the benefits of biochemical biomarkers, by improving the prioritisation of drug candidates. Recently, Metabolon has developed a series of defined metabolomics-based solutions to address these needs. The first of these, mSelect, is designed to identify the leading drug candidate in early stage discovery. For example, in addition to interacting with the intended target, many drug candidates are likely to have unanticipated affects on other pathways. These effects can lead to safety issues that do not surface until late in the development process. With mSelect, metabolomics is used to isolate significantly altered biochemical biomarkers from dosed cell cultures. Through further analysis, the effected biochemical pathways are also identified so researchers can effectively assess the broad biological impact of each candidate drug. Using these data, the most promising lead compound(s) can continue to the next phase of development. Ideally, further evaluation of lead candidates throughout the discovery and development processes would be based on a consistent set of qualified biomarkers. Metabolomics offers a promising approach to achieve this objective because of the highly conserved nature of biochemical biomarkers across species. In addition, processing of biological samples from various sources can be examined on the same platforms, thus reducing variability introduced by differences in analytical equipment. Metabolon’s second solution, mVivo, is designed to evaluate the changes in drug-induced biochemical biomarkers during pre-clinical animal model testing. In many ways, this solution is similar to mSelect except that it is used in conjunction with routine animal studies and utilises various sample types such as plasma or biopsy material. mVivo can monitor the metabolism of the drug as well as measuring all of the other changes related to the action of the chemical. Finally, mProveClinical, the third solution, is designed to evaluate drug effects on biochemical biomarkers in first-in-human clinical studies. Currently, drug development companies make large investments to advance a compound to the point where the first tests in man can take place. However, since these studies are designed to test for drug safety, there is a relatively small amount of rich biomarker data derived from these studies. In addition to the traditional safety assessments performed at this stage of evaluation, with mProveClinical a preliminary read of the drug-induced effects on thepreviously identified biomarkers can be achieved. By applying these three solutions on a single metabolomics platform, researchers can leverage highly conserved biochemical biomarkers in a stepwise manner throughout the drug discovery and development process. Findings at each stage can be compared to the earlier results, whether in tissue culture, animals, or humans, to fully leverage biomarkers as a tool for rationale decisions ultimately leading to more reliable product development.

Edits regarding separation methods
I have made a few edits to this page today - there were several instances where the article stated that metabolomics requires "extraction of metabolites" and "separation of analytes". This is a misleading generalisation since NMR-based methods do not require "separation" or "extraction" of any metabolites - just a spot of D2O and away you go. In general the article itself can do with a massive clean up. --Amaher (talk) 23:57, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

History section
The history section of this article is mostly original research and as such does not belong in Wikipedia. This article is about Metabolomics, which means that the History section should detail the background to the field with respect to what people have published within the Metabolomics field. I'm going to clean this up very soon to align this section more closely with Wikipedia guidelines contained in WP:OR--Amaher (talk) 01:59, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * OK I have made substantial additions to the History section - based on sources that were written by modern day metabolomics people and published in peer-reviewed journals. I have left the Arthur Robinson section in for now but it needs citations (i.e. ones that specifically relate it to modern day metabolomics - rather than the primary sources) as do a few other things in there. Let me know what you think. --Amaher (talk) 03:08, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I've removed a number of the Robinson refs since it was giving undue weight to this group and thus not in alignment with WP guidelines (WP:NPOV). Although I have left some of the info in and cleaned up the ref list by adding an inline citation since some people in the field have acknowledged the contribution of this group. Although it still problably should only have refs from modern players in the field. I'll come back to this soon.--Amaher (talk) 11:09, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

Intensive care applications
10.1186/s13054-016-1222-8 JFW | T@lk  06:13, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

Commercial labs
Hi - I think it makes sense to add a section for commercial labs. Knowledge of metabolomics is not limited to academia; there are many commercial organizations that provide an excellent source of research of the field, and many commercial labs run within academic institutions themselves. I've included as many as I could find, but please add any others you know of. DrJaneHarrison (talk) 21:13, 8 January 2019 (UTC)Jane

title: Talk:Metabolomics


text:
Mark Gosche

Mark James Gosche (born 2 December 1955) is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the Labour Party. He was born in Auckland to Samoan parents, and has been active in New Zealand's Pasifika community.

Early life and career
Gosche was born in 1955 to German-Samoan parents. He was raised and educated in South Auckland. He was a full-time official with the Hotel, Hospital & Restaurant Workers Union later the Service & Food Workers Union − or SFWU) for 15 years. He was later a union secretary with the SFWU for 7 years. This led him to join the Labour Party in 1981.

Gosche founded the Union Health Centres (four low cost medical centres for union members, doctors and nurses) and was the original director of the organisation. He was a trustee of the Union Law Centre and a member of the national executive of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions (NZCTU). He was also on several boards including the Trade Union Authority and New Zealand Tourism Council.

Member of Parliament
He was first elected to Parliament as a list MP in the 1996 election, and was seen as a key bridge builder between Labour and the Alliance. He was later MP for the Auckland seat of Maungakiekie following the 1999 election. He held a number of Cabinet posts, including Minister of Corrections, Minister of Housing, Minister of Transport, and Minister of Pacific Island Affairs. In May 2003, however, he resigned all his ministerial roles due to the serious illness of his wife, who had suffered a brain haemorrhage.

At the 2008 election, Gosche retired from politics to spend more time with his family.

Post-parliamentary career
In 2009 he was nominated as a director on the New Zealand Rugby League board, being confirmed on 27 June. On 31 May 2011 Gosche was elected the Chairman of the Asia Pacific Rugby League Confederation. Gosche's term on the NZRL board ended in 2012 after he decided not reapply for the position.

Gosche is the Chief Executive of Vaka Tautua, a role he took up in July 2014 after five years on the governance board. Vaka Tautua is a not-for-profit ‘for Pacific by Pacific’ community health and social service provider working in the areas of disability, mental health, older people, family violence and financial capability – with offices in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. The governance board and staff of Vaka Tautua are almost all of Pacific Island heritage and all operational staff are bilingual. Since leaving politics he has held a large number of governance roles including being Chief Advisor Strategic Relationships at the Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs in Auckland, TYLA Trust, COMET Auckland, Vaka Tautua, Brain Injury Association, Talklink Trust and Fonua Ola. He currently serves on the board of Lifewise and was recently elected to the Mt. Wellington Licensing Trust which owns and operates hotel and conference centres – the profits of which are returned to the community via a charitable trust. Gosche's experience is also informed by his wife Carol whom he is a caregiver for. Carol, had a severe brain haemorrhage in 2002. He and his wife had four children.

Gosche is currently employed by the Manukau Institute of Technology as External Relations Manager for MIT's Pasifika Development office.

At the 2016 Auckland elections, Gosche was elected to the Mt Wellington Licensing Trust. In April 2018 Gosche was appointed chair of the Counties Manukau District Health Board, effective 3 May 2018.

In June 2018 Housing and Urban Development Minister Phil Twyford announced Gosche as deputy chair of the Housing New Zealand (Kāinga Ora) board. He became chair of the board and resigned from that position in 2024.

Honours
In April 2007 he was bestowed with the Samoan matai title Vui at his grandmother's village of Lano in Samoa.

title: Mark Gosche


text:
Go Down, Moses (book)

Go Down, Moses is a 1942 collection of seven related pieces of short fiction by American author William Faulkner, sometimes considered a novel. The most prominent character and unifying voice is that of Isaac McCaslin, "Uncle Ike", who will live to be an old man; "uncle to half a county and father to no one". Though originally published as a short story collection, Faulkner considered the book to be a novel in the same way The Unvanquished is considered a novel. Because of this, most editions no longer print "and other stories" in the title.

The year is about 1859. "Cass" lives with his grand-uncles Theophilus and Amodeus McCaslin, called "Uncle Buck" and "Uncle Buddy" respectively by most of the characters in the book. The story opens with the news that Tomey's Turl, a slave on the McCaslin plantation, has run away. But this is not the first time this has happened and Uncle Buck and Buddy know where he always goes, to Hubert Beauchamp's neighboring plantation to see his love, a slave girl named Tennie. Beauchamp himself has an unmarried sister, Sophonsiba, nicknamed "Sibbey", who seems romantically interested in Buck. Forced to stay the night to look for Tomey's Turl, Buck and Cass accidentally enter Sophonsiba's room, thinking it to be their room. This situation is exploited by Hubert who tries to pressure Buck into marrying Sophonsiba. Buck does not agree to Hubert's exploitive interpretation of events. Buck, Buddy and Hubert settle both their situation and that of Tomey's Turl by tying them to the outcome of a poker match. If Buck loses, he is to marry Sophonsiba and must agree to buy the slave girl Tennie so Turl will stop running away to see her. Buck loses, but coaxes Hubert into allowing another game, Hubert against Buddy, to determine the marriage and property issues. The stakes are changed many times, but in the end Buddy wins and the McCaslins take Tennie for free.

Uncle Buck and Sophonsiba Beauchamp eventually marry and become the parents of Isaac McCaslin, the central character who serves to unify most of the stories in the novel.

"Was" serves to introduce the reader into the practices and mentality of the antebellum South. Where Tomey's Turl is first introduced, he seems to be referred to more as an animal, such as a horse, than a person. When Hubert and Buck are taking bets on where Tomey's Turl will show up, the reader further sees how far removed from human the slaves are in the eyes of the owners. (Faulkner later reveals that Tomey's Turl is Buck and Buddy's half-brother, the son of their father, Lucius Quintus Carothers McCaslin, and his slave Tomey.) Additionally, it is possible Faulkner intends for the entrapping of Buck into marriage with Sophonsiba to be analogous to slavery, although Buck seems to accept it silently.

Summary
Old Isaac McCaslin heard this story, relating events that took place before he was born, from his older cousin, McCaslin Edmonds, who was 16 years his senior and like a father to him: A young child, McCaslin Edmonds, rides with his Uncle Buck to the neighboring plantation of Hubert Beauchamp, in pursuit of an escaped slave. The slave, Tomey's Turl, runs away frequently to visit Tennie, a slave of the Beauchamps with whom he is in love. Tomey's Turl eludes McCaslin and Uncle Buck, who are forced to rely on the leisurely Hubert Beauchamp for help. They are forced to eat dinner with Beauchamp and his sister Sophonsiba, "Sibbey", who is looking for a husband and has Uncle Buck in mind. Hubert and Buck search through the woods for Turl and make a 500-dollar bet over whether he will be caught outside Tennie's cabin that night. That night he is indeed at the cabin, but he runs past them and eludes capture. Buck and young McCaslin are forced to spend the night at the plantation house.

Buck and the boy accidentally go into the wrong bedroom and discover Sophonsiba lying in the bed. She wakes up and screams, and Beauchamp takes advantage of the situation to try to pressure Buck to marry Sophonsiba. Buck rejects the idea angrily, and the two men play cards to settle things: a single hand of poker will decide whether Buck will have to marry Sophonsiba and also who has to buy the other's slave, since the situation with Tennie and Tomey's Turl is clearly unmanageable as it is. Buck loses the hand and sends McCaslin home to fetch Buck's twin brother, Buddy, a legendary poker player. Buddy arrives and coaxes Beauchamp into another poker game. They spend a great deal of time hammering out the stakes, but in the end, Beauchamp folds, and Buddy wins the game. Uncle Buck, Uncle Buddy, McCaslin, Tennie, and Tomey's Turl return to the McCaslin plantation—Tennie and Tomey's Turl will be married.

Themes
Faulkner's technique in Go Down, Moses is to present stories whose full significance in the overall history of his characters is not apparent until later in the book. The book explores the history and development of the McCaslin family, descended from Lucius Quintus Carothers McCaslin ("Carothers McCaslin") and occupies the plantation he founded. Faulkner incorporates into the McCaslin family many of the characteristics he viewed as essential to an understanding of the South as a whole, including the painful racial divide between whites and blacks that defined Southern history in the decades before and after the Civil War. He does this by splitting the McCaslin family tree into two branches, one white and the other black. The white branch, obviously, descends from Carothers McCaslin and his wife; the black branch descends from Carothers McCaslin and the slave-girl Tomey, with whom McCaslin had a sexual relationship.

"Was", which appears at first to be simply an innocuous and amusing story (if one historically appalling in its treatment of blacks and women as things to be gambled over) about the marital maneuverings between a spinster and an affirmed bachelor, is actually the story of the origin of the black branch of the McCaslin family tree. Tomey's Turl is Carothers McCaslin's son, Buck and Buddy's half-brother, by the slave girl Tomey. Turl and his own wife, Tennie, will continue the black McCaslin branch into the future.

On its own terms, "Was" is a brilliant set-piece, a probing look at the past and a handy opportunity for Faulkner to establish some of the important McCaslins—Buck and Buddy, the old bachelor twins, and the young McCaslin Edmonds. With the brief introduction to the story, Faulkner also creates a presence for old Isaac McCaslin and indicates a distant future in which this story is simply a memory of something overheard, a "was" instead of an "is." Isaac McCaslin will prove to be the central character in Go Down, Moses, and Faulkner helps build his stature in the reader's mind by introducing him in advance in the first two stories of the book.

Summary
Many years later (around 1941) Lucas Beauchamp, the son of Tomey's Turl and Tennie, lives and works on the McCaslin plantation, now owned by Carothers "Roth" Edmonds, the grandson of Carothers McCaslin "Cass" Edmonds (Isaac and Lucas' elder cousin). Lucas discovers a gold coin on the land and becomes convinced of a large hidden treasure. Also, Lucas' daughter is being pursued for marriage, despite her father's wishes, by a poor black man, George Wilkins.

Lucas and George both distill liquor illegally, and Lucas decides to prevent Wilkins' marriage to his daughter by telling Roth, since the liquor is being made on Roth's land. Roth calls the authorities, but they arrive just as Wilkins has put large jugs of whiskey on Lucas' porch and as his daughter hides the still in his own backyard. While Lucas' daughter cannot testify against Lucas due to kinship, George Wilkins can. Consequently, Lucas is forced into allowing the marriage between Wilkins and his daughter to prevent Wilkins from having to testify against him. Lucas returns to the plantation and cons a salesman out of a metal detector to search for the treasure he adamantly believes exists. The search becomes an obsession, and Lucas' wife asks Roth for a divorce. Lucas initially agrees to the divorce but recants at the last moment, deciding he's too old. The treasure isn't meant for him to find.

Themes
Touched upon is the impotence of the black man's actions. Lucas must persuade Roth, a man a generation younger than Lucas and seemingly less deserving of the Carothers plantation than Lucas is, to report George Wilkins in order for the tip off to be taken seriously by authorities.

Summary
Rider, an incredibly strong and large black man who lives on Carothers "Roth" Edmonds' plantation, is bereaved by the death of his wife. He digs his wife's grave at great speed, and the visitors at the funeral wonder why he is digging his wife into the ground so quickly.

That night, Rider believes he sees his wife's ghost. He returns to work at a sawmill the next day, but after chucking an incredibly large log down a hill, walks off the job and buys a jug of whiskey, drinking copiously. Rider goes to the tool room at the mill and confronts a man named Birdsong, who has been cheating black men in dice for years. Rider cuts Birdsong's throat. The narrative shifts, and the story is now in the home of the local sheriff's deputy.

Rider is quickly tried and taken to the sheriff's cell. He breaks the cell up a good deal. A party of white men arrive, take Rider, and lynch him.

Summary
In the forest, Sam Fathers, the son of a Chickasaw chief and a black slave-girl, teaches Isaac McCaslin how to hunt. When Isaac is deemed old enough to go on the yearly hunting expeditions with Major de Spain, General Compson, and Isaac's older cousin McCaslin Edmonds, he kills his first buck, and Sam Fathers ritualistically anoints him with its blood. Isaac remembers Sam Father's history; the son of Ikkemotubbe, the chief who sold the land to the white people and also sold his son and wife into slavery, Sam left the Jefferson area for the big forest after the death of Jobaker, his Choctaw friend. Sam now tends the hunting camp of Major de Spain and McCaslin Edmonds.

After Isaac kills his buck, the group is making ready to leave, when Boon Hogganbeck rides in on a mule declaring that he has just seen a massive buck. The group disperses to try to hunt the big deer before they leave. Sam leads Isaac to a clearing; they hear Walter Ewell's horn, and Isaac assumes the buck has been killed. But then a giant buck comes down the slope toward them and looks at them with gravity and dignity. Sam calls it "grandfather." They do not shoot at it.

That night, McCaslin and Isaac stay at Major de Spain's house near Jefferson, 17 miles away from the McCaslin plantation. In bed, Isaac tells McCaslin about the buck, and McCaslin speculates that it represented some form of indomitable, primal energy that grows up out of the earth from all the blood that seeps into it and all the lives it absorbs. Isaac thinks that McCaslin does not believe him, that he is accusing him of claiming to have seen a ghost; but McCaslin tells him solemnly that he, too, has seen the buck: Sam took him into that same clearing the day he killed his first deer.

Summary
As Isaac grows older, he becomes an expert hunter and woodsman, and continues going with the hunting parties every year. The group becomes increasingly preoccupied with hunting down Old Ben, a monstrous, almost immortal bear that wreaks havoc throughout the forest. Old Ben's foot was maimed in a trap, and he seems impervious to bullets.

Isaac learns to track Old Ben, but hunting him is futile, because all the hounds fear him. Sam Fathers, who teaches Isaac Old Ben's ways, says that it will take an extraordinary dog to bring Old Ben down.

Isaac sees Old Ben several times. Once, they send a tiny fyce-dog with no sense of danger after him, and Isaac has a shot at the huge bear. But instead of taking the shot, Isaac runs after the fyce and dives to save him from the bear. Isaac looks up at Old Ben looming over him and remembers the image from his dreams about the bear.

At last they find a dog capable of bringing Old Ben to bay: Lion, a huge, wild Airedale Terrier mix with extraordinary courage and savagery. Sam makes Lion semi-tame by starving him until he will allow himself to be touched; soon, Boon Hogganbeck has devoted himself to Lion and even shares a bed with him.

Using Lion, they nearly catch Old Ben, but Boon misses five point-blank shots. General Compson hits the bear and draws blood, but Old Ben escapes into the forest.

Isaac and Boon go into Memphis to buy whisky for the men, and the next day, they go after the bear again. General Compson declares that he wants Isaac to ride Kate, the only mule who is not afraid of wild animals and, therefore, the best chance any of the men have to get close enough to the bear to kill him.

In the deep woods, near the river, Lion leaps at Old Ben and takes hold of his throat. Old Ben seizes Lion and begins shredding his stomach with its claws. Boon draws his knife and throws himself on top of the bear, stabbing it in its back. Old Ben dies, and a few days later, Lion dies. Sam Fathers collapses after the fight and dies not long after Lion. Lion and Sam are buried in the same clearing.

Isaac returns to the farm near Jefferson, to the old McCaslin plantation. Time passes; eventually he is 21, time for him to assume control of the plantation, which is his by inheritance. But he renounces it in favor of his older cousin (once-removed), McCaslin Edmonds. Isaac has a long argument with McCaslin in which Isaac declares his belief that the land cannot be owned, that the curse of God's Earth is man's attempt to own the land, and that curse has led to slavery and the destruction of the South. McCaslin tries to convince him to accept the land, with a convoluted metaphysical argument about the fated responsibilities the white race has taken on. But Isaac remembers reading the old ledger books of Uncle Buck and Uncle Buddy, piecing together the sordid story of the plantation's slaves, and he refuses the inheritance.

(One of Isaac's inferences is particularly appalling: Tomey, the slave whom Carothers McCaslin took as a lover and begat Turl, may also have been Carothers McCaslin's daughter by another slave, Eunice, who committed suicide shortly before Turl's birth. From this and other factors, Isaac deduces that she must also have been Carothers McCaslin's lover.)

After refusing the inheritance, Isaac moves into town and becomes a carpenter, eschewing material possessions. He marries a woman who urges him to take back the plantation, but he still refuses when she attempts to convince him sexually. It is suggested there are no further conjugal relations between them after this as they have no children. Isaac tries to distribute fairly the money left to the children of Tomey's Turl and Tennie. He travels to Arkansas to give a thousand dollars to Lucas' sister, Fonsiba, now married to a scholarly negro farmer, who seems to neglect both his farm and wife. She refuses the money, but Isaac arranges for a nearby bank to pay it out in small monthly portions. Isaac continues to hunt and spend all the time he can in the woods.

One November, a few years later, he and a few of the old hunting group return to the wilderness camp where they had stalked Old Ben for so many years. Major de Spain has sold it to a logging company, and the trains come closer and louder than before. The wilderness is gradually being whittled away by farmers and loggers. Isaac visits the graves of Lion and Sam Fathers, then goes to find Boon Hogganbeck. Boon is in a clearing full of squirrels, trying to fix his gun. As Isaac enters, Boon shouts at him not to touch any of the squirrels: "They're mine!" he cries.

Publication history
"The Bear" has a complex publication history. Its earliest version, first published in The Saturday Evening Post (May 9, 1942), differs substantially from the Go Down, Moses version. A third version was published in Faulkner's collection of hunting stories, Big Woods (1955).

Summary
This story serves as a sort of sequel or coda to "The Bear". Ike McCaslin and Roth Edmonds are in a car with some friends, headed for what Ike suspects will be the last of his annual hunting expeditions. The wilderness has receded in recent years, and it is now a long trip by automobile. Along the way they discuss the worsening situation in Europe, with Roth taking the cynic's view against Ike's idealism. At one point Roth slams on the brakes, as if he saw someone or something standing along the road. He seems preoccupied and out of sorts.

The men eventually arrive at their campsite and set it up under Ike's direction. During the night, the old man thinks about his bygone life and about how he and the wilderness are dying together.

The next morning the rest of the party set out to hunt while Ike chooses to sleep in. Roth gives him an envelope full of cash and mentions that a messenger might show up during the day. Ike is to hand over the money and “tell her I said ‘No.’” Later that morning a boat arrives. It carries a dark-eyed young woman with a baby wrapped in a blanket. Ike, ashamed of acting as a go-between in such a sordid matter, informs her that Roth has left and tries to thrust the money on her. She refuses to take it immediately, and remarks that Roth has abandoned her. Ike contemptuously asks how she could have expected anything different from him.

As the conversation goes on, it becomes clear that the young woman knows a great deal about Ike’s family and his own life, more than Roth would probably have told her; she is part of the family herself, a distant Beauchamp cousin. Ike is dismayed at the miscegenation, even though he imagines the human race might one day be ready for interracial alliances. He tells the woman to marry a man “of her own race” and go far away. She replies that he is hardly qualified to advise anyone about love and leaves with the money in her slicker's pocket and General Compson's horn.

Ike is still pondering this disturbing incident when one of his hunting companions runs in, frantically looking for a knife. The old hunter deduces that Roth has killed a doe and is trying to hide the evidence: another family sin that must be covered up.

Publication
"Delta Autumn" was published in Story (May/June 1942).

Summary
The book's final story begins with a census interview, which places the action in 1940. A well-dressed and well-spoken young black man identifies himself as Samuel Beauchamp, a native of Yoknapatawpha County. After completing the census form, he is led back to his cell on Death Row.

The action shifts to Jefferson, the Yoknapatawpha county seat. The protagonist is Gavin Stevens, a local attorney and amateur Biblical scholar and detective. Mollie Beauchamp (Lucas' wife) has had a premonition of harm involving her long-lost grandson, Samuel. She begs Stevens to discover his whereabouts and condition. Stevens pities the old woman and accepts the job for a token fee.

Stevens soon discovers that Samuel Beauchamp is due to be executed in Illinois within hours. Without quite understanding why, he donates and collects enough money to bring the young man's body home for a proper funeral. That evening, Stevens drops by the memorial service but quickly leaves, because he feels out of place. The funeral is held two days later.

Analysis
This is the shortest and most straightforward story in the book. The action is minimal. Its real importance lies in the fresh perspective it provides through Gavin Stevens, an educated and worldly man of the 20th century who would eventually become a key figure in Faulkner's later fiction. Stevens is like several other white characters in Go Down, Moses in that his impression of blacks in general is quite paternalistic and tradition-bound. He is, however, capable of change; at the story's end he experiences an epiphany when he learns that Mollie wants the funeral to be covered in the local newspaper "just like anyone else's". His realization ends the book on a somewhat hopeful note; perhaps the old cycle of exploitation and willful ignorance will not last forever after all.

Gavin Stevens also interacts with the Beauchamp family in the novel Intruder in the Dust (1948), in which he helps to save Lucas Beauchamp from a murder charge and a lynching. Some subtle clues seem to place that story a few years before "Go Down, Moses."

Publication
"Go Down, Moses" first appeared in Collier's (January 25, 1941).

title: Go Down, Moses (book)


text:
Baila music

Baila (also known as bayila; from the Portuguese verb bailar, meaning to dance ) is a form of music, popular in Sri Lanka and among Goan Catholics in India. The genre originated centuries ago among the Portuguese Burghers and Sri Lankan Kaffirs. Baila songs are played during parties and weddings in Sri Lanka, Goa, and Mangalore accompanied by dancing.

Baila music, as a form of folk art, has been popular for centuries in Sri Lanka. During the early 1960s, it entered into Sri Lanka's mainstream culture, primarily through the work of police officer turned singer Wally Bastiansz. He began adapting the 6/8 "kaffirhina" rhythms to accommodate Sinhala lyrics. By the 1970s musicians, including MS Fernando and Maxwell Mendis, had helped Baila grow into a well known and respected style of Sri Lankan popular music. It is primarily considered dance music.

History
After their arrival in 1505, the Portuguese began to convert the Sinhalese to Roman Catholicism, building their wealth and power through the spice and slave trade. As early as 1630, African Kaffirs were brought to Sri Lanka to work as slaves or soldiers. The Kaffirs were once described as a people 'steeped in opium and witless with drink'. The Kaffirs' carefree spirit inspired two music forms known as chicote and "kafrinha" infusing them with humour and satire.

In 1894, Advocate Charles Matthew Fernando wrote that chicote as a "slow and stately" music, while "kafrinha" is "faster and more boisterous" and "with a peculiar jerky movement". The word "kafrinha" itself comes from "kaf" (Kaffirs) and "rinha" which means "local lady". The Kaffirs and Portuguese Burghers mixed freely, and chicote and "kafrinha" gradually came to be known as baila, from Portuguese verb 'bailar' meaning 'to dance'.

Historically, Baila was a popular folk tradition along the coastal districts, where the Portuguese cultural influence was the strongest. These communities, mainly consisting of Portuguese traders, and the slaves that they had brought with them from the western coast of Africa, gradually combined with communities of native Sri Lankans. The musical style, now referred to as "Baila", emerged from this cultural interchange. The genre was quick to spread around the whole island of Sri Lanka and was even influenced by Cuban 'habanera' music, a form of dance music popular in the 1800s. With a history of over five hundred years, it is older than other relatively recent semi-classical traditions.

The kafirs, particularly in Puttalam, view Baila and "Kaffirinha" tradition to be as intertwined with wedding ceremonies as wine and cake. The songs are accompanied exclusively by percussion instruments. Sri Lankan Burghers (the descendants from Portuguese) are the other group of inheritors of Baila and "Kaffirinha", particularly in Baticaloa. The violin, viola, acoustic guitar and the tambourine are the accompanying instruments.

Along with some rhythmic elements, the often light-hearted comical lyrics, deceptively philosophical and the wada (debate,) baila tradition appears to be uniquely Sri Lankan. The western coast, in particular Modara and Moratuwa-Galkissa regions, are the traditional abodes of the art of Wada-Baila. The viola, mandolin, rabana as well as the harmonium and tabla were used. The trumpet and military drums such as the snare and cymbals form part of the Papare bands popular throughout the coastal districts. In addition the tavil is used when accompanying religious processions such the Kataragama and the Devinuwara temple festival.

The popular Baila singer Wally Bastiansz, who introduced the chorus to the traditional baila, is referred to as the "Father of Baila in Sri Lanka". There is a popular Baila song by Saman de Silva in tribute to him. M.S. Fernando A.K.A. "Baila Chakrawarthi" was a key figure in Sri Lankan Baila history between the 1950s and 1980s. Nithi Kanagaratnam started Baila's in Tamil in 1967 and was also the key figures in the development of the genre.

Contemporary song
Today, this "kaffirhina" style (often referred to by its "6/8" time) has been adapted from violin, bongo drums and mandolin to accommodate modern instruments — specifically the electric guitar and synthesiser/workstation keyboards, octapad, bass guitar and drum kit. Due in part to this evolution, it is most often heard during parties, school reunions, charity dinner dances, hotel concerts and weddings. Contemporary Baila is also characterized by comical lyrics, often loosely adapted from themes derived from Sri Lanka's history and/or folklore.

There are four subgenres of Baila:

 * Chorus song: typical Baila song.
 * Waada song: this is a contest between several Baila singers, often spontaneous. Judges give them a topic and competitors must compose their own lyrics for the specific Baila rhythm. Marks are given in different criteria including quick-wittedness, meaningfulness, flow and rhyme.
 * Papare Baila: instrumental baila usually played outdoors using trumpets and drums influenced by marching bands. Popular in carnivals and cricket matches, the crowd joins in by singing and dancing.
 * Calypso baila: influenced by Calypso music, played typically with acoustic guitars and bongo drums.
 * Bailatronic: introduced by Ranidu Lankage, by mixing baila and electronic music together.

Popular Baila artists include: M. S. Fernando, Anton Jones, Paul Fernando, Desmond de Silva, Nihal Nelson, Maxwell Mendis, Sunil Perera (The Gypsies), Saman De Silva, Dhanapala Udawaththa, Rajiv Sebastian, Claude de Zoysa, Mariazelle Goonetilleke, Nithi Kanagaratnam, A. E. Manoharan, and Dalreen among others.

Baila has also influenced the music of many popular artists such as: Annesley Malewana, Clarence Wijewardene, C.T. Fernando, Anil Bharathi, Christopher Paul, Priya Peiris La Bambas, Super Golden Chimes, Los Flamingos, Sunflowers (band), The Gypsies, and even Pandit W. D. Amaradeva.

Moratuwa has produced a large number of these artists and is often referred to as the unofficial home of Baila. Gerald Wickremesooriya and his Sooriya records played a significant role to promote this genre of music. Radio broadcaster Vernon Corea promoted Baila music in the English-speaking world via the English-language programmes aired on Radio Ceylon and BBC Radio London during the late 1960s and 1970s. The Roshan Fernando foundation is a charity committed to the welfare of baila and other musicians.

In December 2006 a nonstop dance CD with the greatest Baila hits titled Sri Lankan Open House Party was released in Sri Lanka. The music was directed by renowned composer Suresh Maliyadde while the music on the CD was provided by Niresh Perera (The Gypsies) on drums, Mahinda Bandara Fortunes) on guitar, Tilak Dias on bass, Tissasiri Perera on keyboard, and Visharadha Monaj Pieris on percussion. Singers who were empowering these all time evergreens are Kanishka Wijetunga, Ganesha Wijetunga, Mariazelle Goonetilleke, and Suresh Maliyadde.

There are Baila songs in Tamil, which were popularized by Nithi Kanagaratnam, Stany Sivananthan, Tobel Ragal, Kanapathipillai, Emanuel, S Ramachandran, Ceylon Manohar (A.E.Manoharan), M.P.Paramesh, Amuthan Annamalai, et al.

The Sinhala Baila song Pissu Vikare (Dagena Polkatu Male) by H. R. Jothipala, Milton Perera, M. S. Fernando is a cover version of the Tamil song Dingiri Dingale (Meenachi) from the 1958 Tamil film Anbu Engey. And it was covered again in Sinhala as a folk song named Digisi/Digiri Digare (Kussiye Badu).

title: Baila music


text:
Talk:List of museums in Vermont

General Information
This list of museums in the state was separated from List of museums in the United States on January 07, 2008. Please see List of museums in the United States for all history prior to that date.

Feel free to include Template:Infobox Museum when adding or editing articles on individual museums. Noroton (talk) 02:17, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Inclusion criteria
In February 2008 at Talk:List of museums in the United States, a consensus was reached on this statement on what kind of institutions to include on state museum-list articles:

 * Historic houses or halls of fame may be listed if they function as or include public museums -- see Biltmore Estate, Plumb House, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and Baseball Hall of Fame for examples. Art galleries that function primarily to sell art should not be listed, but public art museums that use "gallery" as part of their name may be listed. Nature centers and botanical gardens may be listed only if they contain historical or educational exhibits in a museum format.

Also inappropriate for this list are planetariums, aquaria and zoos, which have their own lists. Please follow these criteria when considering additional items for this list, or suggest changes at Talk:List of museums in the United States. Keep in mind there are lists for institutions similar to museums, as noted in the See also section of this article. Noroton (talk) 02:17, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Links
It seems that none of these museums have their own article in Wikipedia? If I'm wrong then please start adding the links! --Cje 10:12, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

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Amarok

Amarok may refer to:

Music

 * Amarok (band), a Spanish progressive rock band
 * Amarok (Mike Oldfield album), 1990
 * Amarok (Nargaroth album), 2000
 * Amarok, 2010 album by Francisco López (musician)

Other uses

 * Amarok (wolf), in Inuit mythology
 * Amarok (software), an open-source audio player named after the Mike Oldfield album
 * Volkswagen Amarok, a pickup truck

title: Amarok


text:
Punji stick

The punji stick or punji stake is a type of booby trapped stake. It is a simple spike, made out of wood or bamboo, which is sharpened, heated, and usually set in a hole. Punji sticks are usually deployed in substantial numbers. The Oxford English Dictionary (third edition, 2007) lists less frequent, earlier spellings for "punji stake (or stick)": panja, panjee, panjie, panji, and punge.

Description
Punji sticks would be placed in areas likely to be passed through by enemy troops. The presence of punji sticks may be camouflaged by natural undergrowth, crops, grass, brush or similar materials. They were often incorporated into various types of traps; for example, a camouflaged pit into which a soldier might fall (it would then be a trou de loup).

Sometimes a pit would be dug with punji sticks in the sides pointing downward at an angle. A soldier stepping into the pit would find it impossible to remove their leg without doing severe damage, and injuries might be incurred by the simple act of falling forward while one's leg is in a narrow, vertical, stake-lined pit. Such pits would require time and care to dig the soldier's leg out, immobilizing the unit longer than if the foot were simply pierced, in which case the victim could be evacuated by stretcher or fireman's carry if necessary.

Other additional measures include coating the sticks in poison from plants, animal venom, or even human feces, causing infection or poisoning in the victim after being pierced by the sticks, even if the injury itself was not life-threatening.

Punji sticks were sometimes deployed in the preparation of an ambush. Soldiers lying in wait for the enemy to pass would deploy punji sticks in the areas where the surprised enemy might be expected to take cover, resulting in soldiers diving for cover potentially impaling themselves.

The point of penetration was usually in the foot or lower leg area. Punji sticks were not necessarily meant to kill the person who stepped on them; rather, they were sometimes designed specifically to only wound the enemy and slow or halt their unit while the victim was evacuated to a medical facility.

Vietnam War
In the Vietnam War, this method was used to force wounded soldiers to be transported by helicopter to a medical hospital for treatment.

Punji sticks were also used in Vietnam to complement various defenses, such as barbed wire.

Etymology
The term first appeared in the English language in the 1870s, after the British Indian Army encountered the sticks in their border conflicts against the Kachins of northeast Burma (and it is from the Tibeto-Burman language that this word probably originated).

title: Punji stick


text:
Sandra Goudie

Sandra Anne Goudie (born 1952) is a New Zealand politician. She was the mayor of Thames-Coromandel from 2016 to 2022 when she resigned. She was the Member of Parliament for the Coromandel electorate from 2002 to 2011, representing the National Party. During the COVID-19 pandemic she was criticised for her anti-vaccination stance.

Early years
Goudie was a dairy farmer before entering politics. She was elected to the Thames-Coromandel District Council in 1998, and held that role until 2003.

Member of Parliament
Goudie was elected to Parliament in the 2002 election, narrowly winning the seat of Coromandel by defeating Labour candidate Max Purnell and pushing incumbent Green MP Jeanette Fitzsimons into third place.

Goudie was re-elected in the 2005 election with a 9700 vote majority. The day after the election, Goudie participated in a protest clearing mangroves in the Whangamata Harbour against environmental regulations.

Goudie retained her seat in the 2008 election, with a majority of 14,560. During the 2008 term, Goudie was the National Party's opposition spokesperson on Internal Affairs, Senior Citizens and Associate Local Government until 2008.

She retired from parliament at the 2011 general election, citing the need to spend more time with her family. She was succeeded by Scott Simpson.

In 2012 Goudie left the National Party and joined Focus NZ, a small rural-based political party which subsequently deregistered in 2016.

Local government
At the 2016 local elections, Goudie was elected as the mayor of Thames-Coromandel, with a 498-vote majority. Goudie was re-elected at the 2019 local elections, increasing her majority to 7560. In 2022, she did not seek re-election, and was succeeded as mayor by Len Salt.

Vaccination controversy
In August 2021 a person infected with COVID-19 visited the Coromandel, prompting concern that there could be community transmission of the virus. Goudie attracted media attention when she said that she did not normally use the NZ COVID Tracer app and that the outbreak would probably not encourage her to scan more often. She later said that had been a throwaway remark, that she had been complacent about using the app, but that she would now use the COVID tracer app and urged everyone to do so.

In October 2021 Goudie received media attention when she said that she was not vaccinated, and would not take the Pfizer vaccine, saying that she would instead wait for the Novavax vaccine to be approved in New Zealand. She did not give reasons for this, but public health academic Siouxsie Wiles said that Goudie's actions were "putting others in danger." She was criticised by COVID-19 Response Minister Chris Hipkins in a media conference. Despite her stance on the Pfizer vaccine, Goudie and the Thames-Coromandel District Council voted unanimously to support the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in October 2021.

In December, Thames-Coromandel councillor Gary Gotlieb lodged a complaint against Goudie due to her COVID-19 vaccination stance and for speaking to an Australian anti-vaccination group called Reignite Democracy Australia on 11 November. The Thames-Coromandel District Council decided not to proceed with the investigation, opting to resolve the issue informally.

In February 2022, after Novavax was approved in New Zealand, Goudie said that she would not take it despite her earlier statements. Goudie stood by her decision in early March 2022.

Climate change controversy
In 2019, Goudie refused to confirm whether she believed climate change was happening, and refused to sign the Local Government Leaders' Climate Change Declaration.

In February 2022 she was still refusing to sign the Declaration, despite a majority of councillors on the Thames Coromandel District Council endorsing it.

In March 2022 the Declaration was signed on behalf of Thames Coromandel District Council by another councillor, with Mayor Goudie being the only vote against doing so.

In May 2022, Goudie announced that she would be retiring at the October 2022 election.

title: Sandra Goudie


text:
Ann Hartley

Margaret Ann Hartley (born 1942) is a former New Zealand member of parliament, a former mayor of North Shore City, and a member of the Labour Party.

Early years
Hartley was born in 1942 in the town of Warkworth. Before entering politics, she was a real estate agent. From 1980 to 1986 she was a member of the Birkenhead City Council, a member of the Child Abuse Prevention Society from 1983 to 1986 and a member of the Auckland Education Board from 1984 to 1989.

Mayoralties
From 1986, Hartley was the mayor of Birkenhead City, which in 1989 was absorbed into the newly created North Shore City. She then became mayor of North Shore City.

In 1990, Hartley was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.

Member of Parliament
She unsuccessfully contested the Birkenhead electorate in the, coming second to National's Ian Revell. She unsuccessfully contested the electorate in the, again coming second to Revell. As she was ranked 47th on Labour's party list in this first MMP election, she did not enter Parliament as a list MP either.

She was first elected to Parliament in the, winning the Northcote electorate. She was re-elected for Northcote in, but in was defeated by Jonathan Coleman, a long-standing rival. She remained in Parliament as a list candidate.

Hartley served as the Deputy Speaker of the House in the 47th New Zealand Parliament and the Assistant Speaker from the 2005 general election until her retirement from national politics in February 2008. She was replaced by former environment minister Marian Hobbs as Assistant Speaker and by Louisa Wall as Labour list MP.

Later activities
In the 2007 local body elections Hartley was elected to the North Shore City Council, and left Parliament in 2008 after the summer recess.

At the 2010 local government elections, when the North Shore City Council (along with all the other councils in the Auckland region) was amalgamated into the single Auckland Council, she stood for the North Shore Ward under the Shore Voice ticket and was successful. She started her new role when the council came into existence on 1 November 2010. Hartley was not re-elected at the 2013 Auckland Council election where she placed third running for re-election to one of the two seats in the North Shore Ward.

Hartley was elected to the Kaipātiki Local Board at the 2016 Auckland elections.

In the 2022 New Year Honours, Hartley was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order, for services to local government and the community.

title: Ann Hartley


text:
Harry Cust

Henry John Cockayne-Cust, JP, DL (10 October 1861 – 2 March 1917) was an English politician and editor who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Unionist Party.

Origins
He was a son of Henry Cockayne-Cust, a younger grandson of Brownlow Cust, 1st Baron Brownlow, of Belton House near Grantham in Lincolnshire, by his wife Sara Jane Cookson.

Career
Cust received his education at Eton College where he served as captain of the Oppidans. He later attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts and second-class honours in the Classical Tripos. Cust initially pursued a career in law and was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1888, but he ultimately decided to enter politics. He won a by-election for Stamford, Lincolnshire in 1890 and served in Parliament until the general election of 1895. He later won a seat in the constituency of Bermondsey in Surrey in 1900 and served until 1906. During this time, he also served as a Justice of the Peace for Bedfordshire and Lincolnshire, as well as Deputy Lieutenant of Bedfordshire.

Cust was a member of The Souls, a prominent social group in late-Victorian England. He was romantically involved with Pamela Wyndham, who later married Edward Tennant, 1st Baron Glenconner. Other members of the group included Margot Asquith, Arthur Balfour, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon, Alfred Lyttelton, Godfrey Webb, and George Wyndham. Cust was known for his exceptional conversational skills and had a reputation as a womanizer. He was also rumored to be the biological father of Lady Diana Cooper, a socialite and philanthropist, by his mistress the Duchess of Rutland, although this was not acknowledged until much later. There were also rumors that he may have been the biological grandfather of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, through his supposed illegitimate begetting of her mother Beatrice Ethel Stephenson. Although there was no solid proof of this connection, Lady Diana Cooper often jokingly referred to Mrs Thatcher as her niece.

In 1892, Cust was invited by William Waldorf Astor to edit the Pall Mall Gazette, despite having no prior experience in journalism. Cust quickly transformed the newspaper into the best evening journal of the period, largely due to his success in securing contributions from prominent writers such as Rudyard Kipling and H. G. Wells. However, Cust rejected contributions submitted by Astor himself, who had literary aspirations. This, along with political disagreements, led to Cust's dismissal in February 1896.

After leaving the Pall Mall Gazette, Cust continued his career as an author, writing several poems including "Non nobis". During World War I, Cust was active in propaganda efforts on behalf of the British Government. In August 1914, he founded the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organizations.

Death
He died in 1917 of a heart attack at his home in Hyde Park Gate, London. As the most senior male relative of his childless second cousin Adelbert Brownlow-Cust, 3rd Earl Brownlow, 3rd Viscount Alford, 4th Baron Brownlow, 7th Baronet (1844–1921), he had been the heir apparent to the barony of Brownlow, the Cust baronetcy and to the extensive Cust estates centred on Belton House. However, having predeceased the 3rd Earl by three years, the inheritance fell to his surviving younger brother Adelbert Cockayne-Cust, 5th Baron Brownlow, 8th Baronet (1867–1927).

Marriage
As the result of a purported pregnancy, he married on 11 October 1893 Emmeline Mary Elizabeth Welby-Gregory (1867 – 29 September 1955), known as Nina, a daughter of Sir William Welby-Gregory, 4th Baronet by his wife Victoria Stuart-Wortley. The pregnancy was either false or a misrepresentation, and the couple, whose marriage was thereafter contentious, did not have any children. Nina Cust was an artist and a translator and editor of her mother's papers. She and her husband are buried together at St Peter and St Paul's Church, Belton in an elaborate white marble monument with a recumbent effigy of Harry Cust, sculpted by her.

Lady Diana Cooper
His best-known lovechild was the socialite Lady Diana Cooper (1892-1986), legally the daughter of Henry Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland. Internationally famous for her beauty, she married the politician Duff Cooper in 1919.

Lady Thatcher (rumoured)
A long-standing rumour has held that Cust had an affair with a servant at Belton House called Phoebe Stephenson, who consequently gave birth to a daughter named Beatrice, who having married Alfred Roberts, a grocer in nearby Grantham, became the mother of Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In the 1980s, the very elderly Diana Cooper referred to Thatcher as "my niece, the Prime Minister".

Others
Anita Leslie, in her book Marlborough House Set, implies that Cust had many more children by aristocratic mistresses: Leslie writes— "So much of the Cust strain entered England's peerage that from such a number of cradles there gazed babies with eyes like large sapphires instead of the black boot buttons of their legal fathers."

Legacy

 * An annual Cust Lecture "on some important current topic relating to the British Empire" was endowed in the University of Nottingham to commemorate his work.
 * His Occasional Poems appeared in 1918, printed in Jerusalem.

title: Harry Cust