text:
User talk:Osmosis~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Osmosis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Osmosis~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:15, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:18, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Osmosis~enwiki


text:
User talk:Sandy Q

Hi Sandy Q, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

– Andre ( talk ) 18:47, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sandy Q


text: Category:Prime ministers of Greece

title: Category:Prime ministers of Greece


text: User talk:69.211.96.55

title: User talk:69.211.96.55


text:
Sylviane Félix

Sylviane Felix (born 31 October 1977 in Créteil, France) is a track and field sprint athlete, competing internationally for France, who won the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

Felix started running at age fifteen. She suffered knee and back injuries which forced her out of competition for two years between 1998 and 2000. She did not know anything about athletics and was not particularly interested in it but she won her first race. "The sensations were extraordinary so I continued with it." Her best senior solo result was finishing 4th in the 200m final at the 2002 European Athletics Championships in Munich.

Felix was the 1996 world junior 200m champion. Her occupation is police officer. She is a graduated sociologist. She finished 5th in the 200m final and 7th in the 100m final at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg.

Personal Bests

 * 100m: 11.15 s
 * 200m: 22.56 s
 * French Record Holder in 4 × 100m Relay in 2003, time: 41.78 s

title: Sylviane Félix


text:
User talk:Heck~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Heck. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Heck~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:30, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:43, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Heck~enwiki


text:
Andrew North (journalist)

Andrew North is a journalist and writer. For several years, North was the BBC's South Asia correspondent. North has been covering Afghanistan since 2001, and was based in Kabul for the BBC for many years. He has also worked in conflicts in Iraq, Libya, and Georgia. From 2021, he has written about the Taliban’s return to power for a wide range of international publications, with repeated trips to the region. His work has appeared in Nikkei Asia, The Economist, Tortoise, Foreign Affairs, and The Guardian, and various other outlets.

North was nominated for the RTS Foreign Reporter of the Year award for his coverage of the 2008 Georgia-Russia war, for a Webby for his multi-media web story "The Big Draw: Selling the Soviet Past” on markets of left-over relics of the Soviet period in Georgia. Some of his work uses a mix of reportage and drawing. In 2022, North was also nominated for a Foreign Press Association (London) award, for "Afghanistan nightmare: a humanitarian crisis that threatens to dwarf all others", for Nikkei Asia, with Paula Bronstein.

North has been a speaker at various journalism festivals. His analysis has been cited in various books and articles, including on the culture of foreign correspondents and their relationship with fixers, and on the use of mobile phones by insurgents to spread their messaging.

North was the subject of wide coverage when he was detained by the Taliban in Kabul in February 2022, while working on an assignment for the UN. After being detained for several days, North was released and allowed to leave the country. His arrest was widely covered in international media. The Committee to Protect Journalists described his detention as a "a sad reflection of the overall decline of press freedom and increasing attacks on journalists under Taliban rule." In 2012, North had described a looming tipping point for the presence of foreign troops in Afghanistan, and a drastic change in the mood of the country.

North is the author of "War & Peace & War: Twenty Years in Afghanistan", an account of Taliban resurgence over two decades, told through the lives of five Afghans.

title: Andrew North (journalist)


text: User talk:81.77.228.192

title: User talk:81.77.228.192


text:
Meteor (film)

Meteor is a 1979 American science fiction disaster film directed by Ronald Neame and starring Sean Connery and Natalie Wood. The film's premise, which follows a group of scientists struggling with Cold War politics after an asteroid is detected to be on a collision course with Earth, was inspired by a 1967 MIT report, Project Icarus. The screenplay was written by Oscar winner Edmund H. North and Stanley Mann.

The international cast also includes Karl Malden, Brian Keith, Martin Landau, Trevor Howard, Joseph Campanella, Richard Dysart and Henry Fonda. The film was a box-office flop and received negative reviews, but it was nonetheless nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound.

Plot
After the asteroid Orpheus in the Asteroid Belt is hit by a comet, dozens of asteroid fragments are sent on a collision course with Earth, along with a five-mile-wide fragment that will cause an extinction-level event. While the United States government engages in political maneuvering, the smaller asteroid fragments preceding the main body wreak havoc on the planet, revealing the threat. The United States has a secret orbiting nuclear missile platform satellite named Hercules that was designed by Dr. Paul Bradley. It was intended to defend Earth against a threat like Orpheus, but instead was commandeered by the U.S. Armed Forces to become an orbiting weapon now aimed at the Soviet Union. After many calculations, it is determined that the fourteen nuclear missiles on board Hercules are not enough to stop the asteroid.

The United States has known that the Soviet Union also has a similar weapons satellite in orbit called Peter the Great, with its sixteen nuclear warheads pointed at the United States. Needing the additional firepower to stop Orpheus, the President goes on national television and reveals the existence of Hercules, explaining it was created to meet the threat that Orpheus represents. He also offers the Soviets a chance to save face by announcing that they had the same program and their own satellite weapon. To coordinate the counter-effort between the two countries, Bradley requests a Soviet scientist named Dr. Alexei Dubov.

Bradley and Harry Sherwood of NASA meet at the control center for Hercules, located beneath 195 Broadway in Lower Manhattan. Major General Adlon is the commander of the facility. Dubov and his interpreter Tatiana Donskaya arrive, and Bradley gets to work on breaking the ice between them. Since Dubov cannot admit the existence of the Soviet device, he agrees to Bradley's proposal that they work on the "theoretical application" of how a "theoretical" Soviet space platform's weapons would be coordinated with the American platform.

Meanwhile, more meteorite fragments strike Earth (one inside Siberia), and the Soviets finally agree to join in the effort. Both satellites are coordinated and turned toward the incoming large asteroid as smaller fragments continue to strike the planet, causing great damage, including a deadly avalanche in the Swiss Alps and a tsunami that devastates Hong Kong. With hours remaining until Orpheus' impact, Peter the Greats missiles are launched first as planned because of its relative position to the asteroid, with Herculess missiles timed to be fired forty minutes later.

Immediately prior to Hercules's missiles being launched, a splinter fragment is discovered to be heading toward the command center in New York City. If the center is destroyed, Hercules will not be able to launch. With seconds to spare, Hercules receives the signal to fire from the command center and launches its missiles. The splinter impacts the city, destroying the top half of the World Trade Center twin towers in a direct hit, and creating a large crater in Central Park. Several workers inside the control center are killed when the facility is partially destroyed by the collapse of the building above, and the survivors are forced to work their way out of the control center by going through the New York subway system, which becomes a trap due to water from the East River flooding the tunnels. Meanwhile, the two flights of missiles link up into three successively larger waves. The Hercules crew reaches a crowded subway station and waits while others try to dig them out.

Eventually, the missiles reach the meteoroid. The first wave of missiles strikes the rock, causing a small explosion; the second wave follows with a larger blast, and the third wave creates an enormous explosion. When the dust clears, the asteroid appears obliterated. In New York City, the radios broadcast the good news: Orpheus is no longer a danger to Earth. Just then, the subway station occupants are rescued.

Later, at an airport, Dubov, Tatiana, Bradley and others exchange goodbyes before Dubov and Tatiana depart on a plane for the Soviet Union.

Production
Theodore R. Parvin received the idea for the story from a Saturday Review article by Isaac Asimov about a meteor hitting a major city in the United States. Parvin hired Edmund H. North to write the screenplay, and North took further inspiration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Project Icarus. However, Ronald Neame and Sean Connery disliked both North's script and a rewrite by Steven Bach, so Stanley Mann was hired to completely re-write the screenplay. This led to a Writers Guild of America dispute over whether North should be credited as a co-writer.

During the writing of North's first draft, Parvin secured financing and investment from the Shaw Brothers Studio, Warner Bros. Pictures, Nippon Herald Films and American International Pictures. The film was an American International Pictures co-production with the Shaw Brothers Studio in British Hong Kong. $2.7 million of the budget came from AIP.

Neame cast Natalie Wood as Tatiana because she was the daughter of Russian immigrants, and she worked with George Rubinstein to perfect a Leningrad accent. Alec Guinness, Yul Brynner, Rod Steiger, Maximilian Schell, Peter Ustinov, Eli Wallach, Telly Savalas, Theodore Bikel, Richard Burton and Orson Welles were each considered for the role of Dr. Dubov. Donald Pleasence was cast for the role and filmed a few scenes as the character. However, he departed the production to work on the film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. He was replaced by Brian Keith, who had been cast as General Adlon. Keith was replaced in that role by Martin Landau.

Principal photography took place from October 31, 1977, to January 27, 1978, mainly at MGM Studios in Culver City, California, with some location filming in Washington, D.C., St. Moritz, Switzerland, and Hong Kong. The release date was scheduled for June 15, 1979, but it was pushed back to October 19 due to special effects reshoots after special effects director Frank Van der Veer was fired.

Special effects
With most of the special effects budget already expended by Van de Veer (whose work was not usable and was subsequently discarded), William Cruise and Margo Anderson were hired to reshoot as many special effects as possible with what money remained. They were also fired and replaced by Paul Kassler and Rob Balack, who were asked to complete the special effects, again with what money remained in the budget (and just two months before the film's release). To complete the film on time, Kassler and Balack reused footage from the 1978 disaster film Avalanche, filmed the Hong Kong "tidal wave" scene in Los Angeles in an improvised water tank using cardboard cutouts of buildings, and used 22-inch-long nuclear missile satellite miniatures that were far too small for effective filming.

Prop designer John Zabrucky, who had previously worked only in television, provided props for the film.

Music
The film was originally supposed to receive a score by John Williams, but he was forced to leave the project after delays on the film's production conflicted with his commitments to Steven Spielberg's 1941.

Reception
Meteor was received poorly by critics. In her review in The New York Times, Janet Maslin called the film "standard disaster fare", adding that "the suspense is sludgy and the character development nil".

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1½ stars out of 4 and wrote, "Let's face it, the bottom line on a disaster film is how special are its special effects. With 'Meteor,' the answer is not very. The big meteor in the picture, hurtling toward Earth at 30,000 miles an hour, looks like something I recently found at the bottom of my refrigerator — green bread."

Variety called the acting "uniformly good", but the "principals mostly stand around waiting for the next calamity to happen ... What really matters to audiences for this kind of film, of course, is not the acting, but the visuals, and here, 'Meteor' gets good, but not great, grades."

Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "against its own odds, it is—for what it intends to be—uninspired but competent, efficient, commercial and entertaining, with some random moments that are very nice indeed."

Judith Martin of The Washington Post called it "your standard 'My God — here it comes!' job, for those that like that sort of thing".

John Pym of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "As effects go, and effects rather than surprises (or any real plotline) are what the producers have banked on, Meteor looks decidedly old-fashioned and second-hand."

TV Guide wrote: "An $18 million, star-studded disaster film, which in itself is a major disaster."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 5% based on 19 reviews, with the site's consensus being: "Meteor is a flimsy flick with too much boring dialogue and not enough destruction. At least the pinball game is decent."

Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Ralph Macchio and artists Gene Colan and Tom Palmer in Marvel Super Special #14.

Samuel Z. Arkoff called Meteor the most difficult production ever undertaken by American International Pictures due to the high production, special effects and marketing costs. After the film flopped, the studio was forced to enter negotiations for a buyout from Filmways.

Accolades
At the 52nd Academy Awards in 1980, the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound (William McCaughey, Aaron Rochin, Michael J. Kohut and Jack Solomon). It lost to Apocalypse Now.

Scientific basis
A voiceover at the end of the film mentions "Project Icarus", a report on the concept to use missiles to deflect an earthbound asteroid. The original Project Icarus was a student project at M.I.T., in a systems engineering class led by Professor Paul Sandorff in spring 1967. It examined methodologies that could deflect an Apollo asteroid named 1566 Icarus if it were found to be on a collision course with Earth. Time published an article about the research in June 1967. The results of the student reports were published in a book the following year.

title: Meteor (film)


text:
User talk:Jaleho

Notes:

Root cause

---

http://virtual.clemson.edu/groups/dial/lap102/Argument/causeff.html

Good - describes types of causes

---

http://www.nature.com/news/2004/041004/full/041004-17.html

Causation linking relativity and quantum theory

Figure out where to include it

(Perhaps something in causality physics that says "according to studies by yadda yadda, causality has been found to be a possible link between a and b, which produces a universe unlike our own, see a and b")

--Jaleho 14:09, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

http://www.montalk.net/metaphys/70/freewill-fate-and-causality-in-matrix-reloaded

--Jaleho 16:20, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Metaphysics_Causality.html

--Jaleho 03:03, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Change Deterministic universe Epiphenomenalism Event Explanation Fallacy of the single cause Faster-than-light General relativity Joint effect Philosophy of action Pratitya-samutpada Questionable cause Special relativity Time

Speedy deletion nomination of OpenArtist

A tag has been placed on OpenArtist requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. θvξr    magξ   spellbook 05:50, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Invitation to wikiFeed
Hello Jaleho,

I'm part of a team that is researching ways to help Wikipedia editors find interesting content to contribute to Wikipedia. More specifically, we are investigating whether content from news sources can be used to enhance Wikipedia editing. We have created a tool, called wikiFeed, that allows you to specify Twitter and/or RSS feeds from news sources that are interesting to you. wikiFeed then helps you make connections between those feeds and Wikipedia articles. We believe that using this tool may be a lot of fun, and may help you come up with some ideas on how to contribute to Wikipedia in ways that interest you. Please participate! To do so, complete this survey and follow this link to our website. Once you're there, click the "create an account" link to get started.

For more information about wikiFeed, visit our project page. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask via my talk page, or by email at wikifeedcc@gmail.com. We appreciate your time and hope you enjoy playing with wikiFeed!

Thanks! WorldsApart (talk) 19:55, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jaleho


text: User talk:81.242.156.114

title: User talk:81.242.156.114


text:
File talk:Pthchallceiling.jpg

From the initial description from the uploader, it could be that the image is public domain, but I erred on the side of caution and put it as CopyrightedFreeuse for now. -- elykyllek 18:55, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

title: File talk:Pthchallceiling.jpg


text:
Christine Arron

Christine Arron (born 13 September 1973) is a former track and field sprinter, who competed internationally for France in the 60 metres, 100 metres, 200 metres and the 4 × 100 metres relay. She is one of the ten fastest female 100 metres sprinter of all time with 10.73 seconds which is still the European record. She set the record when winning at the 1998 European Championships, where she also won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay. Also in the relay, she is a 2003 World Championship gold medallist and a 2004 Olympic bronze medallist.

Running career
Born in Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, Arron arrived in Metropolitan France in 1990 and first trained with Fernand Urtebise, who also coached the former 400 metres hurdles and 4 × 400 metres relay world champion Stephane Diagana.

On 19 Aug 1998, Arron won the 100 metres gold medal at the 1998 European Championships in Budapest by finishing the final in a new European record time of 10.73 seconds. Her time of 10.73 seconds made her then the world's second-fastest ever, female 100 metres sprinter, behind Florence Griffith-Joyner (10.49 seconds, set in 1988). She also won the 4 × 100 metres relay gold medal at the same championships. She was named the 1998 European Women's Athlete of the Year.

In 2001, after a heavy training period in the US with John Smith and the HSI group, Arron quit training for a year, saying she was physically exhausted from the experience. "It was hell. Every morning I wondered how I was going to put up with the burden of training." She had a hip injury which kept her out of the 2001 World Championships.

Arron was also the anchor runner of the French 4 × 100 relay team which upset the heavy favourites the US to win the gold medal at the 2003 World Championships in Paris. She recovered from 3 m behind the newly crowned, 100 m 2003 World Champion, Torri Edwards, to give the home crowd at the Stade de France an unexpected joy.

Arron won her only Olympic medal, a bronze medal, in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

In August 2005, Arron won a bronze medal in the 100 metres and 200 metres at the 2005 World Championships.

At the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, Arron competed in the 100 metres event. In her first round heat, she placed first in front of Lauryn Williams and Tahesia Harrigan in a time of 11.37 sec to advance to the second round. But in the second round, she failed to advance to the semi-finals as her time of 11.36 sec was only the fourth fastest time of her heat, behind Debbie Ferguson, Oludamola Osayomi and Vida Anim, causing her elimination from the event.

As of September 2023, Arron is the world's ninth-fastest, female 100 metres sprinter (10.73 sec) of all time. Considering the controversy surrounding the performances of the world record-holder (10.49 sec, set in 1988), Florence Griffith-Joyner, many considered Arron's time of 10.73 sec. set during the 1998 European Championships to be the 'true' world record. Besides Griffith-Joyner, only Marion Jones, Carmelita Jeter, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Elaine Thompson-Herah, Shericka Jackson, Marie-Josée Ta Lou and Sha'Carri Richardson have run faster than Arron in the 100 metres.

In December 2012, Arron announced her retirement from athletics. She was expecting her second child then. She did not rule out the possibility of returning to athletics competition after the birth of her second child.

On 9 October 2013, Arron was awarded the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur by French President François Hollande in the Élysée Palace.

Views on doping
Arron has voiced her annoyance with Marion Jones, her fiercest rival during her career: "She has lied for years [...] She treated everyone as idiots. I'm not shocked she is going to jail. Many people criticised me because I was always the one who lost in the Jones-Arron battle, even if I had very good results. We started running together in 1997. She has stolen my best years. Everything could have been different for me."

Family
In 2002, Arron gave birth to her first child, a son by the name of Ethan. On 16 May 2013, Arron gave birth to her second child, a daughter by the name of Cassandre. Cassandre's father Benjamin Compaoré, a French triple jumper, became Arron's companion in 2009. -

Achievements
Note: Results in brackets indicate a superior time achieved in an earlier round.

title: Christine Arron


text:
High-altitude balloon

High-altitude balloons or stratostats are usually uncrewed balloons typically filled with helium or hydrogen and released into the stratosphere, generally attaining between 18 and 37 km above sea level. In 2013, a balloon named BS 13-08 reached a record altitude of 53.7 km.

The most common type of high-altitude balloons are weather balloons. Other purposes include use as a platform for experiments in the upper atmosphere. Modern balloons generally contain electronic equipment such as radio transmitters, cameras, or satellite navigation systems, such as GPS receivers. Hobbyists frequently purchase weather balloons because of their ease of use, low price point, and widespread commoditisation.

These balloons are launched into what is defined as "near space", defined as the area of Earth's atmosphere between the Armstrong limit (18-19 km above sea level), where pressure falls to the point that a human being cannot survive without a pressurised suit, and the Kármán line (100 km above sea level ), where astrodynamics must take over from aerodynamics in order to maintain flight.

Due to the low cost of GPS and communications equipment, high-altitude ballooning is a popular hobby, with organizations such as UKHAS assisting the development of payloads.

The first hydrogen balloon
In France during 1783, the first public experiment with hydrogen-filled balloons involved Jacques Charles, a French professor of physics, and the Robert brothers, renowned constructors of physics instruments.

Charles provided large quantities of hydrogen, which had only been produced in small quantities previously, by mixing 540 kg of iron and 270 kg of sulfuric acid. The balloon took 5 days to fill and was launched from Champ de Mars in Paris where 300,000 people gathered to watch the spectacle. The balloon was launched and rose through the clouds. The expansion of the gas caused the balloon to tear and it descended 45 minutes later 20 km away from Paris.

Crewed high-altitude balloons
Crewed high-altitude balloons have been used since the 1930s for research and in seeking flight altitude records, including Auguste Piccard's flights up to 16,201m, the Soviet Osoaviakhim-1 at 22,000m, and the American Explorer II at 22,066m. Notable crewed high altitude balloon flights include three records set for highest skydive, the first set by Joseph Kittinger in 1960 at 31,300m for Project Excelsior, followed by Felix Baumgartner in 2012 at 38,969m for Red Bull Stratos and most recently Alan Eustace in 2014 at 41,419m.

Uses
Uncrewed high-altitude balloons are used as research balloons, for educational purposes, and by hobbyists. Common uses include meteorology, atmospheric and climate research, collection of imagery from near space, amateur radio applications, and submillimetre astronomy.

High-altitude balloons have been considered for use in telecommunications and space tourism. Private companies such as Zero 2 Infinity, Space Perspective, Zephalto, and World View Enterprises are developing both crewed and uncrewed high-altitude balloons for scientific research, commercial purposes, and space tourism. High-altitude platform stations have been proposed for applications such as communications relays.

Amateur high-altitude ballooning
In many countries, the bureaucratic overhead required for high altitude balloon launches is minimal when the payload is below a certain weight threshold, typically on the order of a few kilograms. This makes the process of launching these small HABs accessible to many students and amateur groups. Despite their smaller size, these HABs still often ascend to (and past) altitudes on the order of 30,000 m, providing easy stratospheric access for scientific and educational purposes. These amateur balloon flights are often informed in their operations by the use of a path predictor. Before launch, weather forecasts containing predicted wind vectors are used to numerically propagate a simulated HAB along a trajectory, predicting where the actual balloon will travel.

Amateur radio high-altitude ballooning
Testing radio range is often a large component of these hobbies. Amateur radio is often used with packet radio to communicate with 1200 baud, using a system called Automatic Packet Reporting System back to the ground station. Smaller packages called micro or pico trackers are also built and run under smaller balloons. These smaller trackers have used Morse code, Field Hell, and RTTY to transmit their locations and other data.

The first recorded amateur radio high-altitude balloon launches took place in Finland by the Ilmari program on May 28, 1967, and in Germany in 1964.

ARHAB program
Amateur radio high-altitude ballooning (ARHAB) is the application of analog and digital amateur radio to weather balloons and was the name suggested by Ralph Wallio (amateur radio callsign W0RPK) for this hobby. Often referred to as "The Poorman's Space Program", ARHAB allows amateurs to design functioning models of spacecraft and launch them into a space-like environment. Bill Brown (amateur radio callsign WB8ELK) is considered to have begun the modern ARHAB movement with his first launch of a balloon carrying an amateur radio transmitter on 15 August 1987.

An ARHAB flight consists of a balloon, a recovery parachute, and a payload of one or more packages. The payload normally contains an amateur radio transmitter that permits tracking of the flight to its landing for recovery. Most flights use an Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) tracker which gets its position from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and converts it to a digital radio transmission. Other flights may use an analog beacon and are tracked using radio direction finding techniques. Long duration flights frequently must use high frequency custom-built transmitters and slow data protocols such as radioteletype (RTTY), Hellschreiber, Morse code and PSK31, to transmit data over great distances using little battery power. The use of amateur radio transmitters on an ARHAB flight requires an amateur radio license, but non-amateur radio transmitters are possible to use without a license.

In addition to the tracking equipment, other payload components may include sensors, data loggers, cameras, amateur television (ATV) transmitters or other scientific instruments. Some ARHAB flights carry a simplified payload package called BalloonSat.

A typical ARHAB flight uses a standard latex weather balloon, lasts around 2–3 hours, and reaches 25–35 km in altitude. Experiments with zero-pressure balloons, superpressure balloons, and valved latex balloons have extended flight times to more than 24 hours. A zero-pressure flight by the Spirit of Knoxville Balloon Program in March 2008 lasted over 40 hours and landed off the coast of Ireland, over 5400 km from its launch point. On December 11, 2011, the California Near Space Project flight number CNSP-11 with the call sign K6RPT-11 launched a record-breaking flight traveling 6,236 mi from San Jose, California, to a splashdown in the Mediterranean Sea. The flight lasted 57 hours and 2 minutes. It became the first successful U.S. transcontinental and the first successful transatlantic amateur radio high-altitude balloon. Since that time, a number of flights have circumnavigated the Earth using superpressure plastic film balloons.

Each year in the United States, the Great Plains Super Launch (GPSL) hosts a large gathering of ARHAB groups.

BEAR program
Balloon Experiments with Amateur Radio (BEAR) is a series of Canadian-based high-altitude balloon experiments by a group of Amateur Radio operators and experimenters from Sherwood Park and Edmonton, Alberta. The experiments started in the year 2000 and continued with BEAR-9 in 2012, reaching 36.010 km. The balloons are made of latex filled with either helium or hydrogen. All of the BEAR payloads carry a tracking system comprising a GPS receiver, an APRS encoder, and a radio transmitter module. Other experimental payload modules include an Amateur Radio crossband repeater, and a digital camera, all of which is contained within an insulated foam box suspended below the balloon.

BalloonSat
A BalloonSat is a simple package designed to carry lightweight experiments into near space. They are a popular introduction to engineering principles in some high school and college courses. BalloonSats are carried as secondary payloads on ARHAB flights. One reason BalloonSats are simple is that they do not require the inclusion of tracking equipment; as secondary payloads, they already are being carried by tracking capsules.

Space Grant started the BalloonSat program in August 2000. It was created as a hands-on way to introduce new science and engineering students interested in space studies to some fundamental engineering techniques, team working skills and the basics of space and Earth science. The BalloonSat program is part of a course taught by Space Grant at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

Often the design of a BalloonSat is under weight and volume constraints. This encourages good engineering practices, introduces a challenge, and allows for the inclusion of many BalloonSats on an ARHAB flight. The airframe material is usually Styrofoam or Foamcore, as they are lightweight, easy to machine, and provide reasonably good insulation.

Most carry sensors, data loggers and small cameras operated by timer circuits. Popular sensors include air temperature, relative humidity, tilt, and acceleration. Experiments carried inside BalloonSats have included such things as captive insects and food items.

Before launch, most BalloonSats are required to undergo testing. These tests are designed to ensure the BalloonSat will function properly and return science results. The tests include a cold soak, drop test, function test, and weighing. The cold soak test simulates the intense cold temperatures the BalloonSat will experience during its mission. A launch and landing can be traumatic, therefore the drop test requires the BalloonSat to hold together and still function after an abrupt drop. The function test verifies the BalloonSat crew can prepare the BalloonSat at the launch site.

Variety payloads
Besides conducting scientific activities, schools, influencers and other individuals have launched a wide variety of novelty payloads to the stratosphere with high-altitude balloons. These have included teddy bears, LEGO figurines, hamburgers, pizza,  Cornish pasties, garlic bread, bacon and cans of beer. Japanese electronics manufacturer Toshiba attempted to record an advertisement in near space with an armchair and cameras tethered to a high-altitude balloon.

Geostationary balloon satellite
Geostationary balloon satellites (GBS) are proposed high-altitude balloons that would float in the mid-stratosphere (60,000 to 70,000 ft above sea level) at a fixed point over the Earth's surface and thereby act as an atmospheric satellite. At those altitudes, air density is around 1/15 to 1/20 of what it is at sea level. The average wind speed at these levels is less than that at the surface. A propulsion system would allow the balloon to move into and maintain its position. The GBS would be powered with solar panels.

A GBS could be used to provide broadband Internet access over a large area. Laser broadband would connect the GBS to the network, which could then provide a large area of coverage because of its wider line of sight over the curvature of the Earth and unimpeded Fresnel zone.

Arizona space balloon port
World View Enterprises built and operates a balloon spaceport (high-altitude balloon port) in Pima County, Arizona.

title: High-altitude balloon


text: User talk:204.108.65.10

title: User talk:204.108.65.10


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Kabak

Kabak or Qabaq may refer to one of the following.

 * A type of shooting in Turkish archery
 * Kabak kemane, a kind of violin
 * Carrie Kabak, an author and former children's book illustrator
 * Kabak, another name for binangkal, a Philippine doughnut
 * Kabak, Turkish name for Cucurbita (squash) fruits
 * Ozan Kabak, Turkish professional footballer
 * Aaron Abraham Kabak, Lithuanian born Hebrew language author

title: Kabak


text:
Monique Henderson

Monique Marie Henderson  (born February 18, 1983, in San Diego, California) is an American track and field athlete, who specializes in the 400-meter dash. Henderson was a gold medalist in both the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece and the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China as a member of the American 4×400-meter relay squad.

As a young runner, she set the still standing American record for 9-10-year-old girls in the 400 meters.

Henderson prepped at Morse High School in San Diego '01. She is the only four-time 400 meters California State Champion in the state's history from 98–01. In 1999 while in high school, age 16, she won the 400m at the World Youth Championship in Bydgoszcz, Poland. At age 17, she set a US junior class, as well as high school national record (since broken), at 50.74 in the 400 m at the CIF California State Meet. In 2000, still in high school, she was named to the US Olympic track and field team. Selected as an alternate (Pool) for the 4 × 400 m squad but did not run. That year she was named the national Girl's "High School Athlete of the Year" by Track and Field News.

After graduating from high school in 2001 she accepted a scholarship to attend UCLA. While at UCLA in 2002, she place 1st in the 400m at the World Junior Championship held in Kingston Jamaica. Also at UCLA she went on to be a five-time Pac-10 champion. In 2004, she placed second at the NCAA championships at 400 m. The next year she became the 2005 NCAA outdoor champion at 400 m, establishing a new NCAA record (50.10). In 2005, she won the Honda Award as the nation's best female collegiate track and field athlete.

Since 2010, the gold medal at the Athens Olympics in 2004 has been in doubt as Crystal Cox, who ran for the team in a preliminary round, admitted to doping. However, as of 2012 the original result still stands.

She holds a master's degree in kinesiology and worked as a professor in the exercise science department at San Diego Mesa College until 2015 when she became the head coach at Golden West College in Summer 2015.

Honors
Monique Henderson was nominated and inducted into the San Diego County Women's Hall of Fame in 2009 hosted by Women's Museum of California, Commission on the Status of Women, University of California, San Diego Women's Center, and San Diego State University Women's Studies.

title: Monique Henderson


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Talk:John Webster

Untitled
Some discrepancies of dating. I'm using the Cambridge Companion of English Literature, and it provides dates for the plays that don't square with those in the original article. Since my source also lists some of the plays that weren't mentioned, and because the dates I have are more consistent with his life and ages, I've replaced the originals with the ones I've gotten. Geogre 19:03, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm; my reference source (an Oxford edition of W's plays) has slightly different dates than those. Did you use the Cambridge Companion from 1910 (it was reprinted many times after)? There have been refinements to Webster's biography and chronology since then, which may explain the discrepancies. Maybe I'll have a rummage in the library and see if I can find an authoritative modern source. The Singing Badger 01:28, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Dude, you fixed my busted up Eliot reference, so you'll get no arguments from me. The Cambridge that I was using is frequently in error -- many I've found -- and, although its copyright is 40's, the point of view in it is heavily 19th century when it comes to 18th century topics.  (There is a "Macaulay bias" present in regard to the 18th century that dominates scholarship in England to 1920 or so.  This is the "Whig history" approach whereby Jonathan Swift is a derelict madman, Pope was good only when he wrote "nice" things like Essay on Man, and Samuel Johnson is just a Peter Lawford precursor.)  My thinking is that this Cambridge is somewhat around 1910 with a new edition in the 40's, where they basically just added in what had happened since 1910, like James Joyce, who warrants a good 3 paragraphs.  I was irritated with myself for being sloppy with the TSE & was going to check and come back (what I'm doing here now, in fact).  The Cambridge Companion has its good points -- minutiae and patience being chief -- but it has its bias.  I must say, though, that it does make more sense for his father to have been a tailor than a cartwright.  Oh, well. Geogre 04:37, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No, it's COOL that Webster's dad was a cartmaker: he made the wagons that were used in the pageants of Elizabethan London when actors dressed as allegorical figures would ride around the streets spouting verse and acting out scenes from mythology. Imagine young Webster watching all that stuff and thinking 'wow, theatre is awesome'. The Singing Badger 13:41, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've made the dates consistent with the latest authoritiative edition of Webster's works; the actual changes are very small. The Singing Badger 20:12, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

BTW
I love the break into "Reputation." The reason I added the TSE was to suggest that "John Webster in literature" is different from "John Webster's literature," that he has become a symbol for nihilism. I thought it was important to set the stage by laying out Eliot so that contemporaries who know nothing of the Elizabethan stage could understand the in-joke of Webster the rat-boy in the mass market Shakespeare in Love. I doubt anyone has seen that movie and been moved to investigate Marlowe and Burbage, but, if there are any, they'll wonder about John Webster, since the movie kind of makes a point of stopping the action and signalling a joke is being made when he tells his name. The informing business is even more of an in-joke. Geogre 04:43, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I noticed that you removed the informing in-joke from the article. It's not a major loss, but Dekker and Heywood and Jonson were put in prison on Webster's evidence.  The jailing wasn't such a big deal, as they all got out pretty quickly, but Webster has been rumored to have actually worked as a spy for James.  Note, though, that many folks got imprisoned on evidence, and there is reason to believe that turning evidence was the alternative to torture.  Like I said, that was just another in-joke for people who study the Elizabethan stage that someone put into "Shakespeare in Love," and there isn't enough clear documentation to make Webster-the-informer part of the biography. Geogre 15:32, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Where are you getting this information from? I thought I knew my Webster, but I've never heard this informing story. Jonson was certainly imprisoned at one point for writing a scandalous play, but I've never heard anything about it being Webster's evidence that put him there. Dekker and Heywood only went to prison for debt, so far as I recall. Neither have I heard anything about Webster as a spy. I'm happy to put this stuff in the article if it really did inspire Webster's portrayal in the film, but could you suggest a source so I can check its veracity? Cheers! :) The Singing Badger 15:59, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Urgh! Damn.  I got it from Greenblatt, but I need to get it from a better source than a critic.  In Shakespearean Negotiations, the essay on "invisible bullets," he talks about the trials for atheism and alludes to Webster's offering information.  I'm definitely no Renaissance person.  I recall that being a given, but it was nothing I ever researched first hand.  Like I said, happy to have it out, but you'll remember in the movie that he's the one who tells on "Juliet," and there is a big grin to the audience over it.  He was supposed to have informed on Dekker, in particular.  Like I said, though, I haven't bones enough to give it shape.  I'm sure of the legitimacy of my hearsay, but it's just hearsay. Geogre 04:21, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Dude, I may be wrong, but I'm pretty sure you're talking about Christopher Marlowe, not Webster. It's Marlowe who is the subject of 'Invisible Bullets', not Webster. And I think you've got Thomas Kyd in the mix there, too, somehow. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I ain't convinced yet! :) The Singing Badger 13:57, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right about the Greenblatt article. Kindly disregard until I can get to a copy of the Dictionary of National Biography.  I know it's a thing I know, but I no longer know how I know it, and that's not good enough.  (I even went looking for used copies of the Concise DNB today.  The only place that had one wanted $500 for a used set.  The full set, even used, runs about $5,000, and this is with libraries dumping their old sets in favor of the new ones.  I gather librarians are hip enough to realize that the new one has cut out material from the old and that therefore they ought not dump them after all.) Back when I was on my dissertation, I crawled all over the DNB.  I was mainly looking at satirists, but I went everywhere.  I took copious notes on satirists (which is why, for example, my Thomas Percy article mentions a lot about his Hermit of Warkworth and why he was writing it), but not on the "pleasure reading" I did in it, and the DNB is about the best hope I have of finding where I learned of the informing, if it wasn't from one of the fashionable New Historicists.  Geogre 00:14, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Webster the Rat
I will keep looking. The Elizabeth M. Brennan New Mermaid edition of The White Devil has one tantalizing bit: "In September 1624 The Late Murder of the Son upon the Mother, or Keep the Widow Waking was rapidly written by Dekker, Rowley, Ford and Webster.  It was acted often, but no text survives, and we know of it only through the Proceedings of the Court of the Star Chamber"  (emphasis added). I'll keep looking as I am able. Geogre 14:49, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

From this source: "Dekker also was jointly summoned in 1625, along with William Rowley, John Ford and John Webster, to the Star Chamber on charges of conspiracy and libel for the lost play Keep the Widow Walking, which dealt with two recent scandals of matricide and seduction in London." It's looking better for my allegation that this is a thing I know I know but know not how I know. A great deal more evidence is needed, however, and I will keep looking. Geogre 14:57, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, there we go. Fortunately, I know this one. Sorry I didn't think of it right away, but although it was certainly scandalous, it wasn't political, and didn't involve spying for King James. What happened was the four dramatists wrote a play, based on a recent real-life event, about a widow who had been conned by some nasty con-men who got her drunk and then nicked all her money. When they heard about the play, the widow and her family were furious and sued the playwrights for libel. It went to court, and Dekker's testimony survives, in which he explains how the play was written. I don't think we know what the outcome of the case was (so Dekker may not have gone to prison for it). And I don't think there's any evidence that Webster 'informed against Dekker'; as far as I know, Ford and Webster weren't actually called to testify themselves, just Dekker (presumably he was speaking jointly for them all). That's what I remember anyway: if you want to read more, the best source is C.J. Sisson's Lost Plays of Shakespeare's Age, although Muriel Bradbrook's book about Webster probably has some stuff too.
 * Anyway, the story is interesting, but I don't think this obscure tidbit of knowledge is really meant to inform an audience's understanding of Shakespeare in Love. If the spying of ratboy Webster means anything to an ordinary educated audience member, it might remind them of all the spying and eavedropping that goes on in The White Devil or The Duchess of Malfi. But I don't think the real Webster is generally thought of as a spy or an informer. The Singing Badger 15:35, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Disambig?
There's also another guy named John Webster (technically John B. Webster) who is professor of systematic theology at the University of Aberdeen. Theopedia has a good article on him (http://www.theopedia.com/John_Webster) and I am interested in adding him here at Wikipedia as well. Would this become a disambig page? Or how would this work? A heads up too, Theopedia is temporarily down. Thanks. JordanBarrett 23:07, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the best way to disambig this article is to create a John Webster (disambiguation) page with links here and to the article on your Webster who should likely be listed as John Webster (theologian). Once you have created the dismbiguation page, simply put a link to it at the top of this article. If you have any questions, let me know, I'll do my best to answer them or send you to the right source for information. Cheers! *Exeunt* Ganymead | Dialogue? 23:44, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Article confusing dramatist with someone else?
One of my professors asserted in class today that this article confuses the playwright with another John Webster living at the time. She didn't go into any more detail so I don't know how to fix it, but it's probably worth checking whether the Forker book really does confirm what's in the article and whether it's still regarded as correct. If the article is correct, it would be nice to have proof of that within a week so I can counter the aspersions she cast on Wikipedia while we're still reading Webster. LW izard @ 03:30, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Seems like the famous John Webster to me who wrote Duchess of Malfi and White Devil. Unless there are some minor inaccuracies I don't know about. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Capotalina (talk • contribs) 17:35, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Family & decendants?
I am curious if anyone has dug into Webster's family or relations more then just the reference to his being married & father of at least one son? My paternal grandmother had one line of our ancestry, the Webster line, traced back to their arrival in the US. In 1634, a John Webster, his wife and their son John arrived in Massachusetts, having left from Warwickshire, England. Could the “past tense″ tone of Thomas Heywood be because Webster had left England (at about age 56) for the colonies? Or could the first born son John, now 28 years old, be the Webster traveling to the Americas with his family, after his father's death — possibly to avoid his father's creditors &/or because his inheritance was so insufficient. Granted, Webster is a common enough last name in England. But two father-son sets of John Webster in and about England in 1634 - with one John Webster dropping out of the picture in England about the same time as a new John Webster arrives in the picture in America? And if the playwrite Webster was connected to the Protestant King James political sphere, wouldn't an escape or exile to the Americas during Catholic King Charles reign be a reasonable action?Redslippers (talk) 00:22, 18 October 2008 (UTC) Redslippers

title: Talk:John Webster


text:
Wiener Neustadt

Wiener Neustadt (lit. 'Newtown in the land of Vienna' [i.e. Lower Austria]; Weana Neistod) is a city located south of Vienna, in the state of Lower Austria, in northeast Austria. It is a self-governed city and the seat of the district administration of Wiener Neustadt-Land District. The city is the site of one of the world's oldest military academies, the Theresian Military Academy, which was established by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in 1751 to train officers for the Austrian army.

History
The area once belonged to the County of Pitten, which had been inherited by Margrave Ottokar III of Styria in 1158. After the dynasty of the Otakars became extinct with the death of his son Ottokar IV, the Duchy of Styria passed to the Austrian House of Babenberg according to the Georgenberg Pact. Duke Leopold V of Austria established the town called Neustadt in 1194 and financed the construction of a fortress close to the Hungarian border with the ransom paid for the English king Richard the Lionheart, whom he had previously captured and held as a hostage at Dürnstein Castle. In 1241, a small Mongol squadron raided Neustadt during the Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire but was later repulsed by Duke Friederich and his knights. In 1246 it was the scene of a victory of the Hungarians over the Austrians.

Neustadt gained important privileges given to the city in order to enable it to prosper. It remained a part of Styria, which after the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld fell to the House of Habsburg and in 1379 became a constituent duchy of Inner Austria. In the 15th century, Wiener Neustadt experienced a population boom, when Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg took up a residence here and established the Diocese of Wiener Neustadt in 1469. His wife, Eleanor of Portugal, died in Wiener Neustadt in 1467, and the late Gothic church of the old Cistercian abbey contains a monument to her memory. The Wappenwand (coat-of-arms wall) at the local castle displays the coats of arms of his possessions in the middle. His son Maximilian I maintained his court in Wiener Neustadt and is buried here at St. George's Cathedral. The town then also had a significant Jewish commune with Rabbi Israel Isserlin as its most notable member, until all Jews were expelled by order of Emperor Maximilian I in 1496.

Habsburg's long-time rival King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquered the city in August 1487 after having laid siege to it for two years. According to legend he dedicated the magnificent Corvinus Cup to the inhabitants after his victory. Maximilian I managed to reconquer his native city in 1490. During the 16th century, Wiener Neustadt lost its status as imperial residence and much of its importance. However, it still fulfilled its function as bulwark against the Turks and the Kuruc.

It was at Neustadt that the emperor Rudolf II granted to the Bohemian Protestants, in 1609, the Majestätsbrief, or patent of equal rights. The revocation of this patent helped to precipitate the Thirty Years' War.

In 1751 the city received greater attention when Empress Maria Theresa of Austria decided to dedicate the First Military Academy, worldwide, inside the imperial castle. In 1752, the Theresian Military Academy took up its operations, which have continued to this day with only a few interruptions (Erwin Rommel was appointed commandant after the Austrian Anschluss in 1938). In 1768, Wiener Neustadt was destroyed by an earthquake that damaged the castle, which was rebuilt using plans made by the architect Nicolò Pacassi. In 1785, Emperor Joseph II of Habsburg transferred the see of the Wiener Neustadt diocese to Sankt Pölten.

In the 19th century the city, which was almost entirely rebuilt after a destructive fire in 1834, became an industrial town, especially after the opening of the Austrian Southern Railway in 1841. In 1909, the "first official Austrian airfield" was inaugurated north of the city. It served as a training ground for the flight pioneers Igo Etrich, Karl Illner and Adolf Warchalowski, who conducted their tests there.

The Austro-Hungarian strike of January 1918 was started in Wiener Neustadt by workers from the Austro-Daimler factory, which was engaged in arms production, and inspired by the Bolshevik seizure of power to take strike action to oppose the war. A key factor in the strike was the halving of the flour ration. Porsche met the workers and agreed to drive to Vienna to speak to the Minister of Food. However his plea to the workers to return to work was ignored and they marched on the Town Hall. Here they were joined by other workers from the locomotive factory, the radiator works, the aircraft factory and local ammunition plants of G. Rath and the Lichtenwörther. On 14 January over 10,000 workers gathered outside the town hall to complain about the halving of the flour ration. Inspired by the Russian Revolution the workers set up Workers Councils.

During World War II, strategic targets in Wiener Neustadt, including the marshalling yards, the Wiener Neustädter Flugzeugwerke (WNF) factory, and two Raxwerke plants which used forced laborers imprisoned at Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, were repeatedly bombed. Bombing operations such as Operation Pointblank left only 18 of 4,000 buildings undamaged.

Climate
The average monthly temperatures are generally cool (see table below), with summer months reaching 21 - 26 C and winter months reaching a few degrees above freezing in the daytime.

Main sights

 * The Late-Romanesque cathedral, the Dom, consecrated in 1279 and constructed from 1469 to 1785. The choir and transept, in Gothic style, are from the 14th century. In the late 15th century 12 statues of the Apostles were added in the apse, while the bust of Cardinal Melchior Klesl is attributed to Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
 * Former church of St. Peter an der Sperr, erected in the 13th century and modified in the mid-15th century by the imperial architect Peter von Pusica. Secularized in the 19th century, it is now used for exhibitions.
 * The Theresian Military Academy, a 13th-century formerly four-towered castle which was later used as residence by Frederick III of Habsburg. The latter had it enlarged and the St. George Chapel built in the mid-15th century: it has notable glassworks and houses the tomb of Emperor Maximilian I. It became seat of the Academy in 1752. Destroyed during World War II, it has been rebuilt to the original appearance.
 * Water tower
 * Tower of Tortures (Reckturm, early 13th century), now housing a private weapons collection.
 * Mariensäule (a plague column at Hauptplatz)
 * Church of the Capuchins, documented from the 13th century. Of the original construction today the Gothic choir (late 14th century) and the statues of St. Mary and St. James can be seen.
 * The medieval walls, built using part of the ransom of Richard I of England.
 * Communal Museum of Wiener Neustadt
 * City archives
 * Aviation museum Aviaticum
 * Industrial museum
 * Hospital museum
 * Mineralogical museum
 * The Casemate (Kasematten), a medieval fortification and expansion of the city walls, partially reconstructed and opened for visitors in preparation for the Lower Austrian exhibition 2019

Transportation
Wiener Neustadt Hauptbahnhof (main station) lies on the Südbahn (German: southern railway) as well as several regional railways. It is owned and operated by the ÖBB and is the busiest railway station in Lower Austria. There are also two additional S-Bahn stations and one regional train station within the city. Wiener Neustadt lies on the A2 Süd Autobahn and the S4 Mattersburger Schnellstraße.

The cities' bus network has 11 lines operating in the city and connecting it to neighboring villages.

The city has two airfields (the military Wiener Neustadt West Airport, the first airfield in Austria, and the civilian Wiener Neustadt East Airport) and is the starting point of Austria's only shipping canal, the Wiener Neustadt Canal, which was meant to reach out to Trieste but was never finished.

Local council
Elections in January 2020:
 * ÖVP 19 seats
 * SPÖ 11 seats
 * FPÖ 6 seats
 * The Greens – The Green Alternative 4 seats

Total: 40 seats

Mayors

 * 1467–1471: Johann Roll
 * 1945–1965: Rudolf Wehrl
 * 1965–1984: Hans Barwitzius
 * 1984–1993: Gustav Kraupa
 * 1993–1997: Peter Wittmann
 * 1997–2005: Traude Dierdorf
 * 2005–2015: Bernhard Müller
 * since 2015: Klaus Schneeberger

University, professional schools, vocational academies
Austria's first and largest Fachhochschule for business and engineering, the University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, is located here.

City partnerships

 * 🇩🇪 Monheim am Rhein, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Desenzano del Garda, Italy
 * Harbin, People's Republic of China (PRC)

Development of the city
The most recent extension of the city is the Civitas Nova, Latin for new city, an ambitious project for an industrial, research and commercial center. In 2015, on the area of the Civitas Nova, a cancer treatment center for ion therapy was opened under the name of MedAustron.

Culture
In 1996 Wiener Neustadt received international attention as the so-called "sidewalk" designed by Japanese artist Tadashi Kawamata was built around the main square. Wiener Neustadt is the setting for the book Reluctant Return: A Survivor's Journey to an Austrian town. It was announced that Wiener Neustadt would host the European leg of Woodstock '99 over the weekend of July 16 to 18 1999. It was intended that up to 300,000 people would the festival, but the European leg of Woodstock '99 was ultimately canceled.

Association football
1. Wiener Neustädter SC and then 1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008) played in the Austrian Football First League at the Stadion Wiener Neustadt before the stadium was demolished and replaced by the Wiener Neustadt Arena, which opened in 2019.

Speedway
In 1995, the Stadion Wiener Neustadt hosted the world championship round called the 1995 Speedway Grand Prix of Austria. It also hosted rounds of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1978, 1986 to 1989 and 1993 and rounds of the Speedway World Pairs Championship in 1988, 1990 and 1993. When speedway ended at the Stadion Wiener Neustadt, a smaller speedway venue was used in nearby Eggendorf.

Baseball
The city is home to a baseball and softball team called the "Diving Ducks", which have had success both within the country and internationally. They provide teams for various age groups, starting from the youngest team to the softball team "Crazy Chicklets", the adult team "Rubber Ducks" as well as their professional team the "Diving Ducks".

Other sports

 * The European horseback jumping championships of 2015 for children, juniors and young riders was set up at Lake Arena, outside of Wiener Neustadt.
 * Wiener Neustadt played host to the sixth round of the 2018 Red Bull Air Race World Championship.
 * The Arena Nova hosts sporting events such as handball.
 * The Aqua Arena is a large swimming facility.

People

 * Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Israel Isserlein, (1390–1460), Slovenian and German rabbi
 * Queen Mariana of Spain (1634–1696)
 * Johanna Beisteiner, (born 1976), classical guitarist
 * Elazar Benyoëtz
 * Thérèse de Dillmont writer on textiles
 * Joseph Matthias Hauer, composer
 * Karl Merkatz, actor
 * Carl von In der Maur, Austrian statesman (1852–1913)
 * Kurt Ingerl, (1935–1999), sculptor
 * Irfan Skiljan, computer programmer and creator of IrfanView now working in Wiener Neustadt.
 * Viktor Gernot, actor and comedian.
 * Arnold Grabner, politician and Vice President of the OeOC
 * Michael Haneke, (born 1942), film director
 * Werner Schlager, Professional Table Tennis player
 * Dominic Thiem, tennis player
 * Dennis Novak, tennis player

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Theresienfeld
 * Neudörfl
 * Lichtenwörth
 * Katzelsdorf
 * Weikersdorf am Steinfelde
 * Bad Fischau-Brunn

title: Wiener Neustadt


text:
Darknet

A dark net or darknet is an overlay network within the Internet that can only be accessed with specific software, configurations, or authorization, and often uses a unique customized communication protocol. Two typical darknet types are social networks (usually used for file hosting with a peer-to-peer connection), and anonymity proxy networks such as Tor via an anonymized series of connections.

The term "darknet" was popularized by major news outlets and was associated with Tor Onion services when the infamous drug bazaar Silk Road used it, despite the terminology being unofficial. Technology such as Tor, I2P, and Freenet are intended to defend digital rights by providing security, anonymity, or censorship resistance and are used for both illegal and legitimate reasons. Anonymous communication between whistle-blowers, activists, journalists and news organisations is also facilitated by darknets through use of applications such as SecureDrop.

Terminology
The term originally described computers on ARPANET that were hidden, programmed to receive messages but not respond to or acknowledge anything, thus remaining invisible and in the dark.

Since ARPANET, the usage of dark net has expanded to include friend-to-friend networks (usually used for file sharing with a peer-to-peer connection) and privacy networks such as Tor. The reciprocal term for a darknet is a clearnet or the surface web when referring to content indexable by search engines.

The term "darknet" is often used interchangeably with "dark web" because of the quantity of hidden services on Tor's darknet. Additionally, the term is often inaccurately used interchangeably with the deep web because of Tor's history as a platform that could not be search-indexed. Mixing uses of both these terms has been described as inaccurate, with some commentators recommending the terms be used in distinct fashions.

Origins
"Darknet" was coined in the 1970s to designate networks isolated from ARPANET (the government-founded military/academical network which evolved into the Internet), for security purposes. Darknet addresses could receive data from ARPANET but did not appear in the network lists and would not answer pings or other inquiries.

The term gained public acceptance following publication of "The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution", a 2002 paper by Peter Biddle, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman, four employees of Microsoft who argued the presence of the darknet was the primary hindrance to the development of workable digital rights management (DRM) technologies and made copyright infringement inevitable. This paper described "darknet" more generally as any type of parallel network that is encrypted or requires a specific protocol to allow a user to connect to it.

Sub-cultures
Journalist J. D. Lasica, in his 2005 book Darknet: Hollywood's War Against the Digital Generation, described the darknet's reach encompassing file sharing networks. Subsequently, in 2014, journalist Jamie Bartlett in his book The Dark Net used the term to describe a range of underground and emergent subcultures, including camgirls, cryptoanarchists, darknet drug markets, self harm communities, social media racists, and transhumanists.

Uses
Darknets in general may be used for various reasons, such as:
 * To better protect the privacy rights of citizens from targeted and mass surveillance
 * Computer crime (cracking, file corruption, etc.)
 * Protecting dissidents from political reprisal
 * File sharing (warez, personal files, pornography, confidential files, illegal or counterfeit software, etc.)
 * Sale of restricted goods on darknet markets
 * Whistleblowing and news leaks
 * Purchase or sale of illicit or illegal goods or services
 * Circumventing network censorship and content-filtering systems, or bypassing restrictive firewall policies

Software
All darknets require specific software installed or network configurations made to access them, such as Tor, which can be accessed via a customized browser from Vidalia (aka the Tor browser bundle), or alternatively via a proxy configured to perform the same function.

Active
Tor is the most popular instance of a darknet, and it is often mistakenly thought to be the only online tool that facilitates access to darknets. Alphabetical list:

 * anoNet is a decentralized friend-to-friend network built using VPN and software BGP routers.
 * Decentralized network 42 (not for anonymity but research purposes).
 * Freenet is a popular DHT file hosting darknet platform. It supports friend-to-friend and opennet modes.
 * GNUnet can be utilized as a darknet if the "F2F (network) topology" option is enabled.
 * I2P (Invisible Internet Project) is an overlay proxy network that features hidden services called "Eepsites".
 * IPFS has a browser extension that may backup popular webpages.
 * RetroShare is a friend-to-friend messenger communication and file transfer platform. It may be used as a darknet if DHT and Discovery features are disabled.
 * Riffle is a government, client-server darknet system that simultaneously provides secure anonymity (as long as at least one server remains uncompromised), efficient computation, and minimal bandwidth burden.
 * Secure Scuttlebutt is a peer-to peer communication protocol, mesh network, and self-hosted social media ecosystem
 * Syndie is software used to publish distributed forums over the anonymous networks of I2P, Tor and Freenet.
 * Tor (The onion router) is an anonymity network that also features a darknet – via its onion services.
 * Tribler is an anonymous BitTorrent client with built in search engine, and non-web, worldwide publishing through channels.
 * Urbit is a federated system of personal servers in a peer-to-peer overlay network.
 * Zeronet is a DHT Web 2.0 hosting with Tor users.

No longer supported

 * StealthNet (discontinued)
 * WASTE

Defunct

 * AllPeers
 * Turtle F2F

title: Darknet


text: User talk:82.42.153.112

title: User talk:82.42.153.112


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Sanya Richards-Ross

Sanya Richards-Ross (née Richards; born February 26, 1985 ) is a retired Jamaican born American track and field athlete, who competed internationally for the United States in the 400-meter sprint. Her notable accolades in this event include being the 2012 Olympic champion, 2009 world champion, 2008 Olympic bronze medalist, and 2005 world silver medalist. With her victory in 2012, she became the second American woman to win the 400 meters at the Olympic Games and the first American woman to earn multiple global 400-meter titles. At this distance, Richards-Ross is also a six-time U.S. national champion (2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2012).

A formidable competitor throughout her career, Richards-Ross ranked number one in the world from 2005 to 2009 and again in 2012 in the 400 meters. She set the American 400-meter record of 48.70 seconds in 2006 and was named the IAAF 2006 Female World Athlete of the Year, an honor she received again in 2009. Richards-Ross also holds the record for the most sub-50 second sprints in the history of the event, with a career total of 49 times. In addition to her individual achievements, she won three consecutive Olympic gold medals in the 4 × 400 meters relay at the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics, as well as five total relay medals from multiple World Athletics Championships.

Following an injury at the 2016 U.S. Olympic trials, Richards-Ross retired from the sport and subsequently joined the NBC broadcasting team as a track and field analyst. She published her memoir Chasing Grace: What the Quarter Mile has Taught Me about God and Life in 2017.

In October 2021, Bravo announced that Richards-Ross was joining the fourteenth season of The Real Housewives of Atlanta.

Early life
Richards-Ross was born on February 26, 1985, in Kingston, Jamaica to Archie and Sharon Richards. She began running at the age of seven and represented her school Vaz Prep in annual youth championships. When Richards-Ross was twelve years old, her family immigrated to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, so that she could attend an American high school, increasing her chances of obtaining an athletic scholarship to an American university. Richards-Ross was a 2002 graduate of St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where she finished with a cumulative 4.0 GPA and was pegged the 2002 Gatorade National High School Girls Track and Field Athlete of the Year and also the USA Track and Field Youth Athlete of the Year. At Aquinas, she was a nine-time individual state champion with four 100-meter titles, three 200-meter titles, one 400-meter title and one long jump title.

Richards-Ross attended the University of Texas, Austin from 2002 to 2005, majoring in business and starring on the women's track and field team.

2003–2005
Representing the University of Texas in 2003, Richards-Ross became the first freshman to win the NCAA national championship in the 400 meters and the 4 × 400 meters relay. Her victory in 400 meters set the then American U20 record of 50.58 seconds. Later that June, at eighteen years old, the freshman Longhorn claimed her first senior national title by winning the 400 meters in 51.01 seconds at the 2003 U.S. national championships and qualified for the 2003 Paris World Championships. In Paris, she finished fourth in her 400 meters semi-final and did not move on to the final. However, Richards-Ross still came home with a gold medal in the 4 × 400 meters relay after anchoring Team USA to a victory.

Richards-Ross qualified for her first Olympic team by running 49.89 seconds to place second in the 400 meters at the 2004 U.S. Olympic trials. In the 2004 Olympic 400 meters final, Richards-Ross finished sixth with a time of 50.19 seconds, behind her two American compatriots DeeDee Trotter and Monique Hennagan, who both missed the podium as well. The American women sought redemption from their disappointing run by winning gold in the 4 × 400 meters relay, days later. After leaving Athens, Richards-Ross forwent her college eligibility at Texas, competing as a Nike-sponsored athlete and training under the then head track and field coach of Baylor University, Clyde Hart.

At the 2005 Helsinki World Championships, 20-year-old Richards-Ross failed to maintain the lead coming off the second curve in the 400 meters final and was passed by the 2004 Olympic champion Tonique Williams-Darling of the Bahamas, who won with a season's best of 49.55 seconds. Richards-Ross attributed the difficult loss to her inexperience as a young professional athlete, fixating on beating her main competitor before the final 100 meters instead of trusting her established race strategy. Reverting to her predetermined race plan, she dipped under 49 seconds for the first time with a personal best of 48.92 seconds, the fastest time in the world that year, in Zürich, a race that also featured the newly crowned world champion Williams-Darling.

2006–2008
Pursuit of the American 400 meters record, set at 48.83 seconds by Valerie Brisco-Hooks, became Richards-Ross' goal of the 2006 season. Leading into the World Cup race in Athens, the American woman was on a dominant win-streak and held the world-leading time of 49.05 seconds. She finished the World Cup race in 48.70 seconds, replacing Brisco-Hooks as the new American record holder in the 400 meters. At the time, this personal best ranked her as the seventh-fastest woman ever at the distance. Richards-Ross and her training partner Jeremy Wariner were awarded the 2006 Jesse Owens Award by USA Track and Field after both were undefeated for the entire season and each won their $250,000 portion of the IAAF Golden League. Athletes who win all six Golden League meets in an event claim a share of the $1 million jackpot.

For the 2007 season, Richards-Ross decided to expand her résumé, racing more 200-meter sprints and testing her ability to possibly pursue the rare 200–400 meters double Olympic victory in Beijing the following year. Only a handful of athletes have ever achieved such a feat, including Michael Johnson, her coach Clyde Hart's world-record-setting pupil. Things strayed from her plan, as she finished fourth in the 400 meters event at the 2007 U.S. national championships, only qualifying for the 2007 Osaka World Championships by placing second in the 200 meters, behind reigning 200 meters world champion Allyson Felix. In Osaka, Richards-Ross ran 22.70 seconds to finish fifth, as teammate Felix successfully defended her title from two years ago. Both American women reunited for the women's 4 × 400 meters relay, helping Team USA win gold, ahead of the Jamaican team and the British team, which featured the new 400 meters world champion Christine Ohuruogu and 400 meters silver medalist Nicola Sanders. Despite failing to qualify in her signature event at the national championships and leaving Osaka with only a spectator's memory of the individual race, the 23-year-old American woman still finished the year undefeated in the six Golden League 400-meter races and with the number one world ranking. Reflecting on her season, she admitted that losing focus on the quarter-mile race was the reason for her defeat, after constantly shifting mindsets and strategies to race the 100, 200, and 400 meters throughout the season.

Coming into 2008, despite being among the most prolific sub-50 second 400-meter sprinters of the decade, Richards-Ross had yet to win any individual world or Olympic title. Up until then, the young athlete had run a total of 27 races below the 50-second barrier. After winning the 2008 U.S. Olympic trials, Richards-Ross was favored to win gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. However, in Beijing, the heavy favorite faltered, coming off the curve with a huge lead and having nothing left to come home. She held on for the bronze medal as Christine Ohuruogu of Great Britain and Shericka Williams of Jamaica surged ahead. Richards-Ross later avenged her individual loss by making up a ten-meter deficit in the women's 4 × 400 meters relay and catching the Russian sprinter on the anchor leg right before the finish line, allowing Team USA to win by a 0.28-second margin.

Throughout her entire sporting career, Richards-Ross answered questions regarding the 2008 Olympic 400 meters race with self-described half-truths, attributing her loss to a sudden right hamstring injury, lack of sleep, or fate. In her 2017 memoir Chasing Grace: What the Quarter Mile Taught Me about God and Life, she finally revealed the underlying reason for her disappointing loss at the 2008 Olympics; one month before the Games, Richards-Ross discovered that she was pregnant and decided to terminate the pregnancy the day before leaving for Beijing. A devout Christian woman and a world-class athlete at the prime of her career, she endured much physical and emotional turmoil following her difficult decision, even into the 2008 Olympics, as explicated in the book: "I made a decision that broke me, and one from which I would not immediately heal from. Abortion would now forever be a part of my life. A scarlet letter I never thought I'd wear."

2009–2011
With the echoes of her Beijing loss still lingering into 2009, Richards-Ross began working with a sports psychologist, at the urging of coach Clyde Hart, to overcome her bouts of anxiety and emotional anguish. Her efforts on the track coupled with her mental preparation made a difference as the 2009 season became her most successful to date. Richards-Ross won the 400 meters U.S. national title in 50.05 seconds, 0.74 seconds over second-place finisher Debbie Dunn, and qualified for the 2009 Berlin World Championships. In Berlin, she won her first global 400 meters title by dominating the 400 meters final from start to finish, winning in 49.00 seconds and proving to her critics that she could perform on the sport's biggest stages. The newly crowned world champion then anchored Team USA to a gold medal in the women's 4 × 400 meters relay. The winning time of 3.17.83 minutes was the sixth-fastest time in history, up until then, with Richards-Ross unofficially splitting 48.43 seconds on her anchor leg.

Upon leaving Berlin, Richards-Ross returned to the track to continue her 2009 IAAF Golden League win streak. In addition to winning the Berlin meet in 49.57 seconds, Oslo in 49.23 seconds, Rome in 49.46 seconds, and Paris in 49.34 seconds, all before the world championships, she claimed victory again in the last two Golden League meets in Zürich and Brussels, with times of 48.94 seconds and 48.83 seconds, respectively. This was her third time sweeping the IAAF Golden League meets, a feat she accomplished in 2006 and 2007 as well, allowing her to once again earn a share of the $1 million jackpot. After a 49.95-second win in the 400 meters IAAF World Athletics Final meet, she broke Marita Koch's record for the most career sub-50 second performances, surpassing Koch's total of 35 with her own total of 41. Her only defeat this season, in any event, was to the now three-time defending 200-meter world champion Allyson Felix at the IAAF World Athletics Final in the 200 meters, with the victor discerned via photo finish and Richards-Ross declared second in an identical time of 22.29 seconds. To cap off the successful season, the 24-year-old American woman, along with Usain Bolt, were named the 2009 IAAF World Athlete of Year.

The next two outdoor seasons, however, proved to be difficult and disappointing for the defending world champion. A quad injury right before the 2010 Penn Relays forced Richards-Ross to prematurely end her 2010 season to rest and regroup. She bounced back in 2011 to run a 49.66-second 400 meters race at the London Diamond League meet, just prior to the 2011 Daegu World Championships, sparking some optimism of rounding back into top form in time for the major competition. In Daegu, Richards-Ross struggled to find her rhythm as she narrowly qualified for the 400 meters final and then wounded up seventh in a time of 51.32 seconds. She later returned in the 4 × 400 meters relay, this time running the lead-off leg in 49.1 seconds and setting the U.S. women up for victory.

Road to London

Healthy and well-rested, Richards-Ross began her 2012 quest for the coveted individual Olympic gold medal by racing a full indoor schedule to warm up for her outdoor debut. With four wins in four indoor races under her belt coming into the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, she secured a resounding 400-meter victory in Istanbul with a time of 50.79 seconds, 0.97 seconds ahead of the Russian runner-up. Her first indoor world title ushered in some much-needed confidence as the outdoor season began. Richards-Ross decisively won the 400-meter final at the 2012 U.S. Olympic trials, tying the Olympic trials record of 49.28 seconds and earning a berth to her third consecutive Olympics. Longtime teammate DeeDee Trotter and the 2011 world bronze medalist Francena McCorory finished second and third, respectively, and joined her on the 400 meters team. Later at the trials, Richards-Ross also finished third in the 200-meter sprint in 22.22 seconds, allowing her to attempt the rare 200 meter-400 meter double at the 2012 London Olympics.

Once again, heading into the Olympic Games as the 400-meter favorite, she shouldered the same pressure and expectations, but this time, Richards-Ross was prepared to maintain her serenity amidst the vortex. Stiff competition lined up for the 400 meters final in London, including the defending 2008 Olympic champion Christine Ohuruogu of Great Britain, 2011 world champion Amantle Montsho of Botswana, and Antonina Krivoshapka of Russia, who held the world-leading time of 49.16 seconds. From the sound of the gun, Richards-Ross executed a race opposite of the one four years ago, pushing hard out of the blocks before relaxing into a comfortable stride down the backstretch and entering the homestretch in the third position, behind Krivoshapka and DeeDee Trotter. The U.S. champion willed her legs to pull ahead of the field with fifty meters left of the race and in the final moments, which almost mirrored the 2008 race in Beijing as Ohuruogu closed down quickly on the leading American, Richards-Ross held on to win in 49.55 seconds, finally earning the gold medal that had long eluded her. This victory became the first time an American woman had won the event in 28 years, since Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984. Despite a fifth-place finish later in the 200 meters final, the newly crowned Olympic champion concluded the Games by running 49.1 seconds on the anchor leg of the victorious U.S. women's 4 × 400 meters relay team and left London with two gold medals.

Opposition to Rule 40
Throughout the Olympic season, Richards-Ross had appeared at the forefront of an athlete-driven #WeDemandChange movement advocating against the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) controversial Rule 40, a regulation that forbids Olympic athletes and coaches from acknowledging personal, non-Olympic sponsors by name, wearing additional logos on apparel, or promoting them on social media two weeks before or during the Olympic Games. The rule strived to prevent ambush marketing and concentrate viewer attention on messages from official Olympic sponsors, such as Coca-Cola and Visa, which had paid a hefty amount for exclusive partnerships with the Games, although none of the multi-billion dollar revenue trickled into athletes' pockets. Prior to the London Olympics, she sparked a discussion on the topic, tweeting, "With $6 billion exchanging hands during the Olympics why do the athletes compete for free?!? #QuestionsThatNeedAnswers #WeDemandChange." Since track and field professionals earn the vast majority of their income through sponsorship deals, Rule 40 prevents them from thanking personal sponsors for their endorsement and also dissuades potential non-Olympic sponsors from investing in these athletes when the sport is receiving the most attention.

Starting on July 29, 2012, a group of U.S. track and field athletes, including Trey Hardee, Bernard Lagat, Nick Symmonds, and Dawn Harper-Nelson, coordinated a Twitter campaign to criticize the restriction on athletes' rights, posting messages with hashtags #WeDemandChange, #Rule40, and #WeDemandChange2012. Richards-Ross spoke at a news conference regarding the #WeDemandChange campaign on the following day and explained that although she was fortunate to have secured major sponsorships to continue her training and treatment, many athletes have to work two or three jobs to be able to afford to stay in the sport. Answering conference reporters, she said, "I’ve been very fortunate to do very well around the Olympics, but so many of my peers struggle in the sport, and I think it's unjust that they're not being considered, that athletes are not part of the conversation." At the Olympic Village in London, Richards-Ross helped organize a group of track and field athletes to share their concerns, further their message to the IOC, and discuss potential regulation amendments to accommodate the athletes, with several options including permission to post sponsors on social media, clearance to wear non-Olympic sponsor logos, and IOC-funded prize money. Efforts by these track and field athletes, along with later campaigns voicing Olympic athletes' discontent, finally pushed to the IOC to slightly amend Rule 40 for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, allowing athletes to promote personal sponsors and appear in their advertisements during the Games, within specific guidelines.

2015–Retirement
Following two surgeries to correct a persistent toe problem, Richards-Ross injured her calf muscle right before the 2015 U.S. national championships, which lead her to finish fifth in her semi-final and prevent her from qualifying for the 2015 Beijing World Championships. Despite not making the individual team, the track veteran was still selected to be on the women's 4 × 400 meters relay in Beijing. There, she ran a 51.5-second leg to help the United States team win silver. Richards-Ross admitted later that overtraining, as she was approaching the closing stages of her career, might have contributed to the rapid decline in the latter part of the season.

2016 began with the official announcement of her retirement by the end of the track season. Still in recovery from a third toe surgery, the reigning 400-meter Olympic champion suffered an injury to her right hamstring at the 2016 U.S. Olympic trials, prompting her to discontinue the race and salute the Hayward Field crowd one last time. Shortly after retiring, Richards-Ross joined the NBC broadcasting team as a track and field analyst for major events, such as the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics.

Personal life
While attending the University of Texas, Richards-Ross began dating Longhorn football cornerback Aaron Ross, who later played for the New York Giants in the NFL. The two were engaged in 2007 and married in 2010. Their wedding was featured on an episode of Platinum Weddings. The pair welcomed their first child, Aaron Jermaine Ross II, in 2017, and announced in July 2023 that they were expecting their second child, later revealed to be a boy in September 2023.

For five years, Richards-Ross suffered from severe onsets of mouth ulcers, joint aches, and full-body skin lesions, which in 2007, doctors initially thought were caused by a rare, chronic disease involving the inflammation of blood vessels called Behçet's disease. She began donning compression arm sleeves in competition to hide her ulcerated skin, but as a fashion enthusiast, later embraced the extra garment as part of her trademark look.

Exploring new opportunities off the track, in 2013, Richards-Ross premiered her WE tv reality TV show Glam and Gold, a docu-series that followed her as she juggled appearances, ran businesses, trained for the track season, and balanced life with her husband and family. Primarily shot at their home in Austin, the series also visited Florida, New York, and Jamaica, where she took Team SRR for an Olympic victory lap and celebration.

National titles

 * Six-time national 400 meters champion – 2003 (51.01), 2005 (49.28), 2006 (49.27), 2008 (49.89), 2009 (50.05), 2012 (49.28)

Personal bests

 * All information from World Athletics profile.

Diamond League wins

 * 2011 – London (400m)
 * 2012 – Eugene (400m), New York (200m), Stockholm (400m), Zurich (400m)

Awards

 * World Athletics Awards
 * World Athlete of the Year (Women)：2006, 2009

title: Sanya Richards-Ross


text:
Guido Buchwald

Guido Ulrich Buchwald (born 24 January 1961) is a German former professional football player. Throughout his career he played as a defender. He is currently director of football of Stuttgarter Kickers.

The best game of Buchwald's career was the final of the 1990 FIFA World Cup victory for West Germany against Argentina where he effectively marked Diego Maradona for almost the entire match, earning him the nickname "Diego". He was also part of Germany's disappointing 1994 FIFA World Cup campaign and collected in his career 76 caps.

Career
Buchwald began his professional football career in 1983 with VfB Stuttgart. He played 325 games in the German Bundesliga for this club, scoring 28 goals. The low-point of his career was in 1986 when coach Franz Beckenbauer did not include him in his team for the World Cup in Mexico. He was however part of the squad which won the World Cup in Italy four years later.

The same year Stuttgart lost the final of the German Cup against Bayern Munich and in 1989 the final of the UEFA Cup was also lost, but they managed to win two German championships (1984, 1992).

His personal highlight in his Bundesliga career was on the last day of play in the 1991–92 season, when he scored the deciding goal against Bayer Leverkusen that won Stuttgart the match and the Championship – just six minutes before the games' end.

In 1994, he signed with the Japanese team Urawa Red Diamonds before returning to Germany in 1998 to help Karlsruher SC avoid relegation. He could not save the team and after one more season playing in the second division he retired but stayed with the club as a director of sports.

After retirement
After a stop with the Stuttgarter Kickers (again as director of sports) he went back to Japan where he was managing his old club. He led his team to the "closing" championship. In 2005, won the title on Emperor's Cup. In 2006, he won the title on both J-League and Emperor's Cup.

Buchwald then returned to Germany to become manager of Alemannia Aachen. After five months on duty he was fired by club management on 26 November 2007.

On 1 November 2010, Buchwald returned to the Stuttgarter Kickers as a member of the board responsible for the first team. He took over as interim manager in November 2012 after the sacking of Dirk Schuster, before relinquishing this duty a month later when Gerd Dais was appointed.

Club

 * 1 Including 1 match and 1 goal in 1992 DFB-Supercup.

As a player
VfB Stuttgart
 * Bundesliga: 1983–84, 1991–92
 * DFL-Supercup: 1992

Germany
 * FIFA World Cup: 1990

Individual
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1989–90, 1993–94
 * J.League Best XI: 1995, 1996

As a manager
Urawa Red Diamonds
 * J.League Division 1: 2006
 * Emperor's Cup: 2005, 2006
 * Xerox Super Cup: 2006

Individual
 * J.League Manager of the Year: 2006

title: Guido Buchwald


text:
Hauer

Hauer is a surname, and may refer to:

 * Brett Hauer (born 1971), American ice hockey player
 * Elena Hauer (born 1986), German footballer
 * Erwin Hauer (1926-2017), Austrian-born American sculptor
 * Franz Ritter von Hauer (1822–1899), Austrian geologist
 * Jakob Wilhelm Hauer (1881–1962), founder of the German Faith Movement
 * Jerome Hauer, American politician and businessman
 * Joachim Hauer (born 1991), Norwegian ski jumper
 * Josef Matthias Hauer (1883–1959), Austrian composer and music theorist
 * Karen Hauer (born 1982), Venezuelan dancer
 * Matthias Hauer (born 1977), German politician
 * Rutger Hauer (1944–2019), Dutch actor
 * Torodd Hauer (1922–2010), Norwegian speed skater

title: Hauer


text:
User talk:0101KAMhy

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title: User talk:0101KAMhy


text: User talk:65.92.54.221

title: User talk:65.92.54.221