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Night service (public transport)

Night service, sometimes also known as owl service, is a mode of public transport service operated during the night hours. As an intermediate approach – between providing full service around the clock and stopping services altogether – it provides more limited service during times of lower passenger volume, saving resources and allowing for maintenance on primary transportation systems. They typically offer fewer routes and less frequent service. Night-based services may be differently branded compared to daytime services. Examples are London and Chicago, where overnight buses are prefixed with an "N" for "night". Another common way to distinguish night services from their daytime counterparts is dark-colored line numbers. Some cities apply a different fare structure for night services from their daytime services.

Characteristics
24-hour, continuous rapid transit operation is practiced in some cities, most notably the subway in New York City, which essentially renders night services unneeded. Many of New York City's buses also have 24-hour operation; and around the world, night services may be provided by virtue of 24-hour services on daytime routes, as does Berlin on its "Metrotram" routes.

Where it exists, night service is generally much more limited in geographic coverage than daytime services, with fewer lines and perhaps routes over different paths from daytime services; routes serving more stops than during the daytime; or the night terminus may be in a different place. Networks may run longer routes than daytime services, sometimes combining two or more daytime routes, which may use interchanges to reach the same outlying districts. Night services usually also run less frequently. For example, according to the New York City Transit Authority's Service Guidelines Manual, New York City buses are required to operate at least every 30 minutes all times except late nights. Local bus frequencies during late night times (defined as 1a.m. – 5a.m.) are required to operate at least every 60 minutes.

Because of much longer intervals between services than during the day, night routes often offer guaranteed transfers to other lines or transit modes (such as regional and intercity rail). To ease planning, many cities use a central hub where all lines converge at a specific time. This makes the line map of many night services look like a wheel with radial lines to the center and some additional lines connecting the outer ends (or running along a ring road outside of the city center). For example, many London night bus routes converge on Trafalgar Square.

China

 * Beijing: 夜1-38[d] Night. The prefix 夜 (yè), meaning 'night', denotes buses serving the urban core and some of the larger suburbs that run from 23:20 to 4:50. Their number scheme is distinct from other buses, such that Bus 夜26 follows a different route from Beijing Bus 26. 夜10, 夜20, 夜30 are loop lines.
 * Hong Kong: Night buses (Chinese: 通宵巴士, literally 'overnight bus') are often, but not always prefixed with the letter N and operated by all franchised bus companies (Kowloon Motor Bus, Long Win Bus, Citybus, New World First Bus and New Lantau Bus).
 * Macau: TCM (Transport Company Macau) operates night service public buses across Macau, Taipa, and Coloane in seven routes. Such totes have prefix 'N' (N1A, N1B, N2, N3, N4, N5 and N6).
 * Shanghai: Line numbers between 300 and 399 are night buses (Chinese: 夜宵公交线路).

India

 * Kolkata: It is the first city on the Indian subcontinent to have night service buses and trams. It has night service buses and trams operated by WBTC mainly from major stations and airport to hospitals and various parts of the city. The vehicles are numbered "NS" indicating night service followed by route number. Currently 15 routes exist.
 * Pune: Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited operates night buses from Katraj, Shivajinagar, Pune Station and Hadapsar bus depots. Currently it operates such services on nine routes. The services are named ratrani, meaning 'night'.
 * Bengaluru: Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) operates Vayu Vajra buses in route 'KIAS 9' from Kempegowda International Airport to Kempegowda Bus Station outside Bengaluru City Railway Station. It also operates night service buses on other routes from 11:00pm to 5:00am. Night Buses have one and half times more fare than normal buses.
 * New Delhi: Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) operates whole night bus service 'Express 4' to and from Indira Gandhi International Airport terminal 2 to I.S.B.T Kashmere Gate. It also operates night service bus on 28 other routes. Buses have the prefix 'O'.
 * Vasai-Virar: Vasai-Virar Municipal Transport (VVMT) operates night service buses on four routes of day service buses (105, 202, 303, 305).
 * Chennai: Metropolitan Transport Corporation operates night service buses on 34 routes all across the city.
 * Hyderabad: Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC) operates buses on 35 routes post 9:00p.m. with 93 trips. Soon such services would be increased.
 * Mumbai: BEST operates buses on eight routes from 11:15p.m. to 6:00a.m. Apart from this the suburban railway operates all night barring a technical break between 2 and 4 am.

South Korea

 * Seoul: The Seoul Metropolitan Government has provided a Night Bus, also known as the "Owl Bus", since 2013. Route numbers include the N13, N15, N16, N26, N30, N37, N61, N62 and N65. In October 2016, the Seoul Metropolitan Government added route N65 and increased the number of buses serving the existing routes. The buses operate between the hours of 23:30 and 03:45 (approx.)

Taiwan

 * Taipei and New Taipei: The Taipei Joint Bus System's Taipei eBus route planner currently lists three night bus routes: 39 Night, 212 Night, and 265 Night.

Belgium

 * Brussels: Since April 2007, the Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company (STIB/MIVB) has operated a night bus network called Noctis on Friday and Saturday nights from midnight until 3 a.m. The service consists of 11 routes (N04, N05, N06, N08, N09, N10, N11, N12, N13, N16 and N18). The fare on these night buses is the same as during the day. All the lines leave from the Place de la Bourse/Beursplein in the city centre at 30 minutes intervals and cover all the main streets in the capital, as they radiate outwards to the suburbs. Noctis services returned from 2 July 2021 after over a year of disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium.
 * Leuven: The Flemish transport company De Lijn operates 17 night bus services from the city centre towards nearby towns on Friday and Saturday night from 22:30 until 03:00.
 * Ghent: De Lijn also operates nine night bus services in the city between 23:30 and 01:30, seven days a week.

Bulgaria

 * Sofia: Launched by the Sofia Urban Mobility Center on an experimental basis from 7 April 2018 (with a review scheduled for December 2018). The night buses were brought back in November of 2023. As of February 2024, four routes are included (N1, N2, N3 and N4), running from 23:30 until 04:20 at intervals of 1 hour. Tickets for the night bus can be obtained solely from conductors on the bus, and not from the driver, machines or other public transport ticket sale points. Tickets for the night bus cost 2 leva compared to the daytime price of 1.60 leva. Knyaz Alexander Square is the site of a transfer location where all night bus lines meet and passengers can switch lines. In July 2018 the introduction of the service was welcomed by citizens organization Spasi Sofia noting it as an exceptional success and a great improvement for transport in the city. They further suggested that the night service be advertised with bilingual visual information at Sofia Airport for the benefit of tourists, and proposed the introduction of a fifth night line (H5) to serve the airport, which was underserved at night.

Czech Republic

 * Prague: Prague tram network runs services on 10 night routes (90-99) at 30 minute intervals from Sunday to Thursday, and at 20 minute intervals on Fridays and Saturdays. There are also 16 night bus routes (901-916) which run 30–60 minutes except for 903 line which runs every 120 minutes.

Denmark

 * Copenhagen: Copenhagen Metro : the 4 lines of the Copenhagen Metro run 24/7. Øresundståg is a 24/7 train between Østerport via Copenhagen in Denmark to Malmö and Lund in southern Sweden. Movia is the public transport agency that is responsible for buses and certain local railways in Copenhagen. 12 bus routes operate 24/7 (11-33-1A-2A-4A-6A-7A-9A-5C-150S-250S-350S. There are also 7 night bus routes: 90N-91N-98N and 99N operate only on weekends, 94N operates only on weekdays, 93N and 97N operate every night. Buses generally depart on the hour or every second hour. The night-bus bus-stop signs are recognisable by their grey colour.

Finland

 * Helsinki: Bus public transportation in Helsinki is managed by Helsinki Region Transport (Finnish: Helsingin seudun liikenne, or HSL). Helsinki metro services operate between the hours of 05:30 and 23:30 Monday-Saturday, and slightly less on Sundays (starting at 06.30). Most bus lines start at 05:30 in the morning and finish at 23:45, with the most popular lines running a bit later until 01:30. At the weekend, nightlines are operated between 01:30 and 04:00 and offer direct bus connections between Helsinki city centre and outlying areas. To get to the same areas during the daytime would require a combination of train, bus or metro but at night they are direct buses. There at least 40 such night routes in the Helsinki bus network (fi). Bus drivers do not sell tickets or cards on board; they must be purchased in advance, and Helsinki Central Station is the local transport hub for buses in the city centre.

France

 * Paris: Noctilien buses Paris has 50 routes in service 7 days from 00:30 to 05:30 and 2 routes (N137 and N145) for which one part is serviced only on weekends.
 * Lille: one night bus line is offered when the metro is no longer in service, on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights, twice per hour.
 * Lyon: The Lyon public transport agency TCL operates three bus routes (PL1, PL2, PL3), labelled Pleine Lune ('full moon') (fr), which depart the city once per hour through the night from 01:15 - 04:15 (Thursday–Saturday). The transport card used on the Lyon bus network (day and night) is called the "TCL". All TCL tickets and season tickets are valid on the Full Moon lines.

Germany

 * Berlin: The 9 Metrotram lines operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. From 12:30 a.m. to 5 a.m., trams arrive in 30-minute intervals. The 18 MetroBus lines run 24 hours a day, seven days a week, in 30-minute intervals by late night. Night bus lines are marked with the letter N and operate all night. 8 night bus lines (N1 to N9) replace the subway lines U1 to U9 (not the U4) at night from Monday till Friday. Other 42 night bus lines (N10 to N97) replace the most important daytime bus lines seven days a week every 30 minutes. On nights from Friday to Saturday, from Saturday to Sunday, and before public holidays the U-Bahn operates 24 hours and at night the trains run in 15-minute-intervals while the S-Bahn operates 24 hours and at night the trains run in 30-minute-intervals. From next 9 December 2022, the train RE8 will have a 24/7 service between Flughafen BER-Terminal 1-2 station and Berlin Zoologischer Garten station stopping also at the following stations: Berlin Ostkreuz, Berlin Ostbahnhof, Berlin Alexanderplatz, Berlin Friedrichstraße and Berlin Hbf.
 * Cologne: the S19 line of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn (S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr) system between Duren and Hennef for 17 stations including Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn Airport and the RB26 line of the Trans Regio operator between Köln/Bonn Flughafen and Bonn Hbf for 10 stations, including Cologne Hbf, are 24/7 service.
 * Dresden: DVB is the municipal company in charge of transport in the city of Dresden. DVB provides a night service named GuteNachtLinie ('goodnight line'), which operates every day of the week Monday-Sunday, although the frequency of the buses is greater on Friday, Saturday and before holidays when the routes run every 30 minutes between 22:45 and 04:45. DVB also provides an extension taxi service called Anruflinientaxi (or 'alita' for short) where taxis run on certain routes as a replacement for regular trams and buses at times of very low demand. Alita trips are considered normal public transport trips and do not cost more than a bus ticket. The customer can order an alita taxi themselves, or, between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m., can request one from the tram or bus driver who is driving them, who will contact an alita taxi to wait at the passengers intended exit stop to facilitate their onward journey. Postplatz is the most important hub for night-time travel in Dresden. Most GuteNachtLinie routes meet here at the same time to allow people to switch routes. Further night travel in the Upper Elbe region is provided by VVO.
 * Frankfurt: the S8/S9 line of the Rhine-Main S-Bahn system has a 24/7 service through the Citytunnel with a 30 minutes frequency between 1:00am and 4:30am from Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof to Konstablerwache (1:11am/4:11am from Konstablerwache to Frankfurt Flughafen Regionalbahnhof) and a 60 minutes frequency between 12:49am and 3:49am from Wiesbaden Hbf and Hanau Hbf (1:46am/3:46am from Hanau Hbf to Wiesbaden Hbf).
 * Hamburg: Hamburger Verkehrsverbund offers 19 night bus routes (Nachtbus) in a 30-60 minute interval during nights before weekdays. On weekends and before public holidays U-Bahn and S-Bahn run in a 10-20 minute interval, supplemented by bus lines.
 * Hanover: the S5 of the Hanover S-Bahn (in German: S-Bahn Hannover) system has a 24/7 service from Hannover Hauptbahnhof (central station) to Hannover Flughafen.
 * Munich:The S8 of the Munich S-Bahn is 24/7 (only to airport direction).
 * Mid-week: On nights before working days the four night tram lines N16, N19, N20 and N27 as well as the night buses N40-N41-N43-N44-N45-N72-N74 and N272 are in service. Every hour between 1:30a.m. and 4:30a.m. all night tram lines and the night buses N40 and N41 meet for five minutes at the interchange station Karlsplatz (Stachus) where passengers can change to any other night line.
 * On weekends: On the nights before Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays these same services run every half hour. That means they then meet every 30 minutes at the interchange station Karlsplatz (Stachus). Additionally, every half hour the night buses N71–N75-N77-N78 and N79 operate – every hour the night buses N80 and N81. Shortly after 2a.m. late night suburban trains still run to almost all stations in the area.

Greece

 * Athens: OSY (ΟΣΥ) (Odikes SYgkinonies), or Road Transport, is the main operator of the bus network in Athens. As of 2017, its network consisted of about 322 bus lines spanning the Athens Metropolitan Area. Daytime buses in the city run between 05:00 – 00:00 generally. OSY has one trolley route and four bus routes which operate on a 24-hour basis; trolley 11 to Ano Patissia - Neo Pangrati - Nea Elvetia, 040 to Syntagma - Piraeus, 500 to Piraeus - Kifissia, 790 to Peristeri [Agios Antonios] - Glyfada and X14 to Syntagma - Kifissia. Most routes depart on a 30-60 minute frequency Mon-Sun. It also runs three intermunicipal night lines (which operate after midnight). The Athens Transport Authority also operates four 24-hour express bus lines from Athens International Airport to different parts of the city. The X95 links to the city centre, the X93 links to Kifissos and Liosion bus stations, the X96 links to the Port of Piraeus and the X97 links to Elliniko metro station. As of 2021 the fare on these services was 5.50 euro per person.

Hungary

 * Budapest: One tram line (6), and three bus lines (100E, 168E, 200E) run 0-24. The main transfer hub is Astoria bus stop in the city centre. Night buses run from 23:30 until 4:30 every day on 47 different lines: 901, 907, 907A, 908, 909, 909A, 914, 914A, 916, 918, 922, 922B, 923, 930, 931, 931A, 934, 937, 938, 940, 941, 943, 948, 950,950A, 956, 960, 963, 964, 966, 968, 972, 972B, 973, 973A, 979, 979A, 980, 990, 992, 994, 994B, 996, 996A, 998, 998B, 999
 * Pécs: One bus line (2) operates 0-24. The official transfer point is Árkád bus stop close to the Synagogue. Night buses run from 23:00 until 4:30 every day.

Iceland

 * Reykjavík: Strætó bs operates city buses in the Icelandic capital Reykjavík and surrounding satellite towns and suburbs. The first regular night bus service in Reykjavík started in January 2018 on a year-long trial basis. The service consisted of six routes (101, 102, 103, 105, 106, and 111) which started at the central bus station Hlemmur running out to the suburbs. These six night-bus routes operated only at weekends and between the hours of 00:00 and 04:30 departing on an hourly basis. The buses took passengers to all the major neighbourhoods in Reykjavík, but would not take any passengers on their return journey to the centre. Route 111 was discontinued in January 2019 due to low ridership, while the remaining five were kept on until 31 March 2020 when all night buses in Reykjavík were suspended until further notice as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In July 2022, Strætó resumed the night service. The previous routes of the 101, 102, 103, 105 and 106 were re-instated as well as two new routes named the 104 and 107 (Route 107 follows much the same route as route 111 which was discontinued in January 2019). As before, the night buses leave from Reykjavík city centre on Friday and Saturday nights only, and is only an outbound service. Prices were reduced, meaning that customers who use dedicated Strætó cards or apps (such as Klapp card, Klapp app, Klapp ten, Bus card or Strætó app) pay the same fare as buses during the day (490 kr). However customers who want to pay with debit/credit cards or cash need to pay a premium fare of 1,000 kr. per journey.

Ireland

 * Cork: The first 24-hour bus in the Republic of Ireland, route 220, was initiated in Cork city in January 2019.  The 220 links the two major satellite towns of Ballincollig and Carrigaline with the city centre and after its half-hourly 23:55, 00:25 and 01:00 departures, operates once an hour between the hours of 01:30 - 05:30.
 * Dublin: Since December 1991, Dublin Bus has operated a 'Nitelink' service on Friday and Saturday nights that (as of Jan 2023) consists of 12 separate routes that depart between the hours of 00:00 and 04:00 from Dublin city centre and journey to the suburbs. The service only operates on Fri/Sat night however (technically the early hours of Saturday and Sunday), and at an increased fare.
 * Dublin: Since December 2019, Dublin Bus started operating some routes on the regular bus network on a 24-hour basis. As of June 2023, there are 10 such routes. These include route numbers 15, 39a, 41, C1, C2, C5, C6, N4, G1 and G2. The fare on these 24-hour routes remains the same at night as it is during the day.
 * Limerick: The first 24-hour bus in Limerick city is expected to begin service in 2025. In December 2023 it was announced that the intended route will operate between University Hospital Limerick, Limerick city centre and the University of Limerick.

Italy

 * Rome: 30 night routes of the ATAC buses run every night between 12AM-5AM.
 * Milano: 6 night bus routes (NM1-NM2-NM3-NM4-N25/N26 and trolleybus 90/91) of the ATM in service 7 days and other 9 lines (N15-N24-N27-N42-N50-N54-N57-N80-N94) work only on weekends.
 * Palermo: 8 night bus routes (101N-N1-N2-N3-N4-N5-N6-N7) of the AMAT in service 7 days.

Lithuania

 * Vilnius: Vilniaus viešasis transportas (VVT) are the company in charge of operating the bus network and trolleybus network in the city of Vilnius. The buses transport about 298,000 passengers every day on their normal weekday service which operates between 05:30-23:30. The night bus route network was designed in 2015 to allow a safe journey from the city centre to the most densely populated neighbourhoods. There are normally six night bus routes in the city that operate from 00:00 to 05:00 (A88N, A101N, A102N, A103N, A104N and A105N), but due to the COVID-19 pandemic only the A88N (Airport–Center–Europa Shopping Center) has been running to ensure people can get from the airport to the city, and vice versa. The A88N bus runs every 40 minutes (approx.) throughout the night from 23:30 to 05:30. All tickets are valid on board. The rest of the Vilnius night bus routes will be returned to normal operation when public transport recovers to pre-COVID passenger flow.

Norway

 * Oslo: The night bus (nattbuss) in Oslo is provided by the city's public transport authority Ruter. The night buses run Friday night, Saturday night and on nights before public holidays. Additionally, the lines 31 and 37 run 24 hours a day year-round. There is no increased night fare, meaning the passenger can use the same tickets both day and night.
 * Tromsø: Troms fylkestrafikk operate the buses in Tromsø which is the main public transport service there. Buses run from early morning to late night Monday–Friday, with less frequent service on weekends. There is also a night bus service on Friday and Saturday nights from the city centre to selected parts of the city suburbs.

National Rail

 * National rail operator NS runs an hourly overnight Intercity service between the major cities in the Randstad region between 1.00 am and 5.00 am. This service runs from Rotterdam via Delft, The Hague, Leiden, Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam Centraal and Utrecht. During Thursday nights the trains are rerouted via Gouda due to track maintenance works between Rotterdam and The Hague.
 * On Friday and Saturday nights NS runs one or two additional trains after the last daytime service has departed between cities in the Randstad region and regional cities throughout the Netherlands.

Regional public transport

 * Almere: Keolis operates line M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 and M7 from 4.30 am until 2.00 am and thus operate 22 hours a day. All services start at Almere Centrum station and radiate outwards towards the suburbs. On Saturdays lines M3, M4, M5, M6 and M7 operate from 4:30 am until 3.00 am and lines M1 and M2 operate 24 hours a day.
 * Amsterdam:
 * City transport operator GVB operates lines N85 and N87 seven nights a week, and operates lines N81, N82, N83, N84, N88, N89, N91, N93 on Thursday, Friday and Saturday night and express line N86 on Friday and Saturday night. These lines start at the Central Station and radiate out towards the suburbs.
 * GVB operates also the Ferry F3 (Buiksloterweg - Centraal Station) 24/7 with a 12-minute frequency between 12:00am and 6:24am.
 * Regional bus operator EBS operates lines N01, N04 and N14 at an hourly frequency on Friday and Saturday night from the Central Station towards the cities of Purmerend and Hoorn and the towns in between.
 * Regional bus operator Connexxion operates both line N30 and N97 seven nights a week at a 30-minute frequency. Line N30 operates seven nights a week from Bijlmer ArenA station to Haarlem via Amstelveen and Schiphol Airport and line N97 operates from the Central Station via Schipol Airport towards Nieuw-Vennep. On Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights Connexxion operates lines N47 and N57 from the Central Station towards Uithoorn and Aalsmeer at an hourly frequency. On Friday and Saturday night Connexxion operates line N80, N92 and N94 at an hourly frequency departing from Leidseplein. Line N80 runs towards Haarlem and line N92 and N94 run towards the city of Zaandam via the northern suburbs of Amsterdam.
 * Regional bus operator Keolis operates line N22 from Leidseplein and line N23 from Central Station hourly towards the city of Almere.
 * Rotterdam (Suspended due to COVID-19):
 * Metro: On Friday and Saturday nights RET operates all metro lines until 1:30 a.m. instead of 12:30 a.m. The majority of the metro lines do not operate their entire daytime length, as some stretches of line are served by other lines. Some stations are not served as some municipalities along the metro lines are not willing to pay for the night service.
 * Night bus:
 * City transport operator RET operates the BOB-Bus network on Friday and Saturday nights. The BOB-Bus network consists of 15 lines which start at the Central Station and radiate outwards to the suburbs and cities and towns in the region. Line B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, B8, B9, B10, B11, B13, B16 and B19 operate both nights and line B17 and B18 operate only on Saturday nights. On Friday nights the majority of lines run every hour, with some lines running a few buses a night and some lines running every 30 minutes. On Saturday nights the majority of lines run every 30 minutes, with some lines running a few buses a night and some lines running every 20 minutes.
 * Regional bus operator Connexxion operates line 860 and 867 on Saturday nights towards the municipality of Hoekse Waard. Both lines run twice a night and depart from the Central Station.

Poland

 * Warsaw: The Public Transport Authority (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Warszawie, ZTM Warszawa), branded as Warsaw Public Transport (Warszawski Transport Publiczny, WTP), is a local authority controlled body which manages all means of public transport in Warsaw. Bus transport in Warsaw includes 42 night lines which run between the hours of 23:00 and 05:00. and are numbered N01 to N95. The basic bus connections make up a network of lines joining remote districts with the centre, serviced every 30 or 60 minutes. The routes converge by the Warszawa Centralna railway station (Central Railway Station) which enables passengers to change lines if needed. All night buses (except the N02, N03, N50, N56 and N58) depart 15 and 45 minutes after each full hour (from 23:15 to 4:45) from the loop at the Central Railway Station, or the Roman Dmowski Roundabout (pl) aka Centrum bus stop. Fares on night buses are the same as for day lines.
 * Krakow: ZTP manages all means of public transit in Krakow. It was introduced in 1957, with tram services. However, these were replaced by buses in 1971 and last line was closed in 1986. Night trams were returned in 2013, with the three lines: 62, 64 and 69. The main interchange point, which ZTP refers it as "a meeting place for all night tram and bus lines" is at Teatr Słowackiego (near Kraków Main station).

Portugal

 * Lisbon: 7 Carris night bus routes (201-202-203-206-207-208 and 210) run seven days.
 * Porto: 11 STCP night bus routes (1M-3M-4M-5M-7M-8M-9M-10M-11M-12M and 13M) run seven days from 1.00–5.00am.

Slovakia

 * Bratislava: Dopravný podnik Bratislava (DPB), the only provider of city public transport in Bratislava, operates 20 night routes between the hours of 23:30 and 03:30 (Mon-Sun). Fares are the same at night as during the day. The central transfer hub is Central Station and the sub-link transfer hub is Hodžovo Square. The basic interval of night services is 60 minutes, which is reduced to 30 minutes at certain times. DPB offer additional late night services during certain holidays, such as New Year's Eve.
 * Košice: The public transit system in Košice is managed by the Košice Transit Company (Slovak: Dopravný podnik mesta Košice (DPMK)). The city is served by seven night bus lines numbered N1 to N7 from 23:10 to 04:30. Night services run at an hourly interval, and during the nights before a working day, the interval after 01:00 is extended to 90 minutes. The buses depart from Staničné námestie ("Station Square") in the centre of Košice.
 * Žilina: Public transport in Žilina city is operated by Dopravný podnik mesta Žiliny (DPMŽ). Nightlines in Žilina started in 1970 with one route, the 50, which continues to operate as the sole night bus in the city, operating from 22:55 to 04:22 every 90 minutes. Route 50 makes a circuitous route of all major residential areas, and terminates at Železničná stanica, the principal railway station. As of Oct 2022, it departs from its termini four times during the night, and runs at the same time regardless of it being a work day (PRACOVNÉ DNI), school holiday (PRÁZDNINY) or weekend (VOĽNÉ DNI).

Spain
The inter-urban buses (autobuses interurbanos) connect Barcelona with the cities of the periphery. As of June 2024 there are 21 such routes (but only the N30-N50-N51-N61-N80 and N82 have at least one departure every hour, seven days).
 * Barcelona: All bus routes serving Barcelona metropolitan area are organized by Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM). Local services are operated in most part by Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), although other bus services are operated by several private companies under common names. Nitbus (es) is the name of Barcelona's night metropolitan bus network. As of June 2024 there are 21 lines in the network (numbered N0-N9, N11-N20 and N28), operated by two different companies: Tusgsal (es) and Mohn. The buses that are part of the Nitbus fleet operate between 22:20 and 06:00 (depending on the line; each is governed by different schedules), with a frequency of 3/4 buses per hour (that is, a frequency of 15/20 minutes). All Nitbus lines (except N0 and N19 routes) stop at the central square of Plaça de Catalunya, so it is possible to change lines.
 * Madrid:
 * Urban transport, i.e. journeys that take place within the municipal territory of Madrid, are operated by the Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid (also known as EMT Madrid). There is a dense network of bus routes which operates 24 hours a day. Special services called the "N lines" are operated during nighttime. The buses in Madrid are the only public transport system available around the clock as the metro network closes down between 02:00 and 06:00 am. Night buses began in Madrid in October 1974 with 11 lines. From 2006 to 2013 while the Madrid Metro was being upgraded, a night bus named Búho Metro (es), or Metro Owl, also existed in Madrid whose network simulated the lines of the Metro, but above ground. This service only operated on Friday, Saturday, and holiday eves and line numbers were denoted by an 'L' prefix. As of November 2023, EMT Madrid operates a network of 30 night lines (es) (popularly called 'owls', or búhos in Spanish) which operate from 23:45 to 06:00 (approx.). These routes are numbered N1 to N28 + NC1 and NC2. Their frequency is every 35 minutes on weekdays and every 15–20 minutes on weekends. Most night lines in the network depart from Plaza de Cibeles in the centre of Madrid, except the N25 and N26 which depart from Alonso Martínez. The buses departure times coincide with those of other lines to allow transfers. Night lines have the same fares as daytime lines, and the same tickets can be used.
 * Intercity transport, i.e. journeys that go between different municipalities in the Madrid region, are operated by CRTM. The inter-urban buses (autobuses interurbanos), commonly known as Green Owls (Búhos verdes), travel further afield than the regular owl buses and connect Madrid with the cities of the periphery. As of June 2022 there are 40 such routes (but only the N101-N102 and N202 have at least one departure every hour, seven days). Green Owl buses are identified by the letter N followed by three numbers (e.g. N101). It has been noted that real-time indicators at bus stops usually display only the number of a route, and not the "N" at the beginning, which can be a cause of confusion for visitors, as the route 101 can have a completely different destination to the route N101 (for example).

Sweden

 * Stockholm: SL operate all of Stockholm's land based public transport systems north and south of the city, including night buses. There are about 500 bus routes in total in Stockholm, of which 50 are night buses. Bus route numbers that are in the 90s or have 90s at the end of their number are distinguishable as night buses, such as routes 94, 191, 291, 592 and 890. Most night buses operate Mon-Sun (with an increased frequency on Sat, Sun nights and nights before Public Holidays) between approximately 01:00 and 05:00/06:00. Some routes operate as frequently as every 20–30 minutes, such as route 96 (01:18 - 05:53) whereas others such as route 396 operate every hour (02:17-04:18). Many night routes have irregular timetables. Tickets cost the same day and night.
 * Malmö : Øresundståg is a 24/7 train between Østerport via Copenhagen in Denmark to Malmö and Lund in southern Sweden.

Switzerland

 * Zürich: Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (or ZVV), is a public transportation system that combines rail, bus, tram, trolleybus, lake boat, cable car and other services in the Swiss canton of Zürich integrating them all into a single fare network with coordinated timetables. Zürich's nighttime network includes 17 night routes split between S-Bahn night trains as well as night buses. Since 2007, some S-Bahn night train lines provide a continuous 24-hour service from Friday morning until Sunday evening. A regular daytime ticket is sufficient for the use of the ZVV night network. All night buses and night S-Bahn trains are marked specially with the letter «N». The night services operate on Friday and Saturday nights, general holidays and some special occasions.
 * Rest of Switzerland: At weekends, passengers can travel by train at night in many regions and urban areas throughout Switzerland. These services are known by different names in different areas of the country, but include Nachtexpress, Moonliner, Noctambus, Mobinight, Pyjama Bus and Afterbus.

Turkey

 * Istanbul: Istanbul had operational bus routes, share taxis and the bus rapid transit system Metrobüs during the night hours, but the metro lines and other forms of rail transportation stopped their operations at midnight. In August 2019 a regular night service for the metro lines during the weekends and public holidays was implemented for the first time by the then newly elected Mayor of Istanbul Ekrem İmamoğlu. The night service on weekends was extended to the ferry lines in February 2020. Apart from the Metrobüs, which has the same night fare as daytime, all night lines cost two ticket price.

United Kingdom and Crown dependencies

 * Cardiff: Cardiff Bus, the primary operator of bus services in Cardiff, Wales does not operate a night-time bus service. As of May 2022 the latest service leaves the city centre at 23:20.
 * Douglas, Isle of Man: Late night bus services on the Isle of Man are known as Hullad Oie, Manx for "night owl". Bus Vannin operate the routes. There are three routes (N1, N3, N5) which depart Lord Street, Douglas on Fri/Sat nights at 00:15 and 01:15 and serve the towns/villages of Port St Mary, Ramsey and Peel. The single fare on a Hullad Oie Night Owl service is double the normal adult fare for the journey undertaken (e.g. the normal Douglas to Peel fare per person is £2.70, whereas the fare on Hullad Oie is £5.40). These fare conditions apply to any journeys departing after midnight.
 * Glasgow: Night buses in Glasgow are operated by transport company First Glasgow and consist of nine separate routes that operate Fri and Sat night. The buses leave the city centre approximately once every hour between the hours of 00:00 and 04:00. The Night bus route numbers are prefixed by the letter 'N' and consist of the N2, N6, N9, N18, N38, N57, N60, N240 and N267.
 * London: The Night Tube is a service pattern on the London Underground and London Overground systems which provides night-time services to travellers on Friday and Saturday nights on the Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, and Victoria lines, and a short section of the London Overground's East London line.
 * London Buses has 61 night routes and other 56 routes with a 24/7 service. It is one of the oldest night services in the world with the first night bus introduced in 1913.
 * Manchester: Greater Manchester has an extensive bus network managed by Transport for Greater Manchester (TFGM), including a night bus service (almost entirely a weekend night bus service) which is reputed to be one of the most extensive outside London. The network includes routes 43, 86, 103, 112, 142, 143, 192, 201, 203, 216 and 219. Most depart from the central point of Manchester Piccadilly.

Australia

 * Adelaide: 'After Midnight' is the name of Adelaide's night bus service, operated by Adelaide Metro. These operate only on Saturday nights between 00:00 and 06:00 Sunday morning, departing the city every hour. The service comprises 15 separate routes, all beginning with the letter 'N'. As well as stopping at bus stops, drivers are able to drop passengers off at well-lit locations on the route if needed, such as service stations or fast food outlets.
 * Melbourne: Night Network is Melbourne's weekend overnight public transport system. It comprises all of Melbourne's regular electric railway lines, six tram lines, 21 night bus services, and four regional coach services. The night bus services replaced the previous NightRider services, with 10 operating radial from the CBD and the remaining 11 operating from suburban railway stations.
 * Sydney: NightRide, also Nightride, is a network of bus routes in operation between midnight and 4:30am in Sydney, Australia. The sixteen routes are run by bus operators as listed below and allow for a nightly shutdown of the Sydney Trains commuter rail network. The operators of such services are Busways, Hillsbus, Transdev John Holland, Transit Systems and U-Go Mobility. Transport for NSW also advertises various other routes as late night or Night Owl services, the latter in Newcastle. The section between Central and The Star of the Inner West Light Rail, before the COVID, operated 24 hours a day, with an overnight frequency of 30 minutes.

New Zealand

 * Auckland: Auckland Transport, also known as AT, is the council-controlled organisation (CCO) of Auckland Council responsible for transport projects and services in the city. There are a total of 15 routes as part of the Night Bus and Northern Express bus services which operate on Friday and Saturday nights between the hours of 00:00 and 03:30. Most routes depart the city centre on an hourly basis.

Canada

 * Edmonton: Since 2015, Edmonton Transit Service has offered a late-night OWL service on five bus routes until 03:00 AM, seven days per week. Transfers are designed to connect downtown on the hour and half hour.
 * Montreal : The Société de transport de Montréal (STM) operates 23 night lines on most major north–south and east–west arteries. These routes all have a number between 350 and 382. The highest frequency route is the 361 St-Denis which runs every few minutes on weekends. The other routes run at least once every 45 minutes, every night.
 * Ottawa: OC Transpo Night Service: six routes providing a regional skeletal service 24/7.
 * Toronto: The Blue Night Network is the overnight public transit service operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The network consists of a basic grid of 27 bus and four streetcar routes which run every 30 minutes, distributed so that almost all of the city is within 2 km of at least one route. It is the largest and most frequent night network in Canada.
 * Metro Vancouver: Translink NightBus: 10 routes with 6 1/2 providing 24/7 service (N8, N9, N10, N17, N20, N35, N19 Leaving Downtown) and 3 1/2 providing late-night service (N15, N22, N24, N19 Towards Downtown provide 20-22 hour a day service). Two routes, N8 and N20 operate shortened service (last bus leaving from downtown at 3:09 a.m.) on Monday early mornings only (Translink considers this Sunday service even though technically they mostly begin and all end on Monday early mornings). As well as the branded N-series of buses, Translink operates many bus routes that operate late into the night and start early in the morning.

United States

 * Austin: Capital Metro operates 5 night owl bus routes (481-483-484-485-486) Monday-Saturday from midnight until 3 a.m.
 * Baltimore: MTA Maryland operates 24-hour service on all 12 CityLink lines and on LocalLink routes 54, 75 and 80.
 * Chicago: Red and Blue Lines of the Chicago "L" run 24/7, as well as the Night Owl bus network (17 CTA lines and 1 PACE line)
 * Cincinnati: SORTA's Metro service operates 24/7 service on bus routes 4, 11, 17, 33, 43, 51, and 78.
 * Cleveland: Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority operates 24/7 service on bus routes 1, 3, HealthLine, 10, 14, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 41, 48 and 51A.
 * Detroit: Detroit Department of Transportation operates 24/7 service on bus routes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 16, and 17.
 * Honolulu County, Hawaii: TheBus operates 24/7 service on bus routes 2 and 40.
 * Las Vegas Valley: RTC Transit runs 24-hour service on 13 of the 39 routes.
 * Los Angeles County, California: Owl bus service is available on these Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority lines: 2, 4, 16, 18, 20, 30, 33, 37, 40, 45, 51, 55, 60, 70, 76, 81, 92, 105, 111, 150, 162, 180, 204, 207, 217, 224, 233, 234, 240, 246, 251, G Line (Los Angeles Metro), J Line (Los Angeles Metro), and Foothill Transit's Silver Streak (bus)
 * Miami: Routes 3, 11, 27A, 38, 77, 79, & 100 of the Miami Metrobus run 24/7. Routes 400 (South Owl) & 401 (North Owl) are overnight only routes.
 * Minneapolis–Saint Paul: METRO Green Line originally operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week, but in 2019 trains were replaced by buses from 2 am to 4 am on weekdays. However, the Metro Transit owl network was suspended March 25, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of May 2024, only airport shuttle service has resumed. During late nights the METRO Blue Line operates as a shuttle between the 2 airport terminals.
 * New Orleans: The three main streetcars and many bus routes run 24 hours, seven days.
 * New York metropolitan area: Most transit systems, including 21 New York City Subway lines, Staten Island Railway, 2 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) lines, Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), AirTrain JFK, Staten Island Ferry, 110 MTA Regional Bus Operations and 3 Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) lines run 24/7.
 * Philadelphia and Delaware Valley: 4 SEPTA trolley lines (10-13-15-36) and 19 SEPTA bus lines (6, 14, 17, 20, 23, 33, 37, 42, 47, 52, 56, 60, 66, 73, 79, 108, 109, G, and R) are 24/7; PATCO Speedline runs 24/7.
 * San Francisco Bay Area: All Nighter Bus Network.
 * Seattle: King County Metro operates a Night Owl network of 19 bus routes (routes with Night Owl service include the 3, 5, 7, 11, 36, 44, 48, 49, 65, 67, 70, 120, 124, 160, 161, and the RapidRide A, C, D, and E Lines), but almost all of them with a night frequency of more 60 minutes.
 * Washington D.C.: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (Metro) operates 14 overnight bus routes (32, 33, 52, 70, 80, 92, A6, A8, B2, H4, S2, V2, W4, X2) with 20 minute or better frequencies beginning December 17, 2023.

Mexico

 * Mexico City: RTP-Nochebús has 7 lines (11A-47A-57A-57-C76-115-200) which run daily 12am-5am every 15 minutes.

Brazil

 * Rio de Janeiro: Rio Onibus, Rio de Janeiro. The city of Rio has a very developed bus network, and many lines operate 24 hours a day. The public Bus is a good way to move around the city while it's not during the rush hour or late at night. Buses are identified by a number that refers to the bus route and a destination on its front sign. Also a "BRS" number that indicates which bus points the bus stops at. Due to the enormous number of buses running in Rio, the bus points are classified by a BRS number (from 1 to 6) and different buses stop at different bus points with the same BRS number.

Argentina

 * Buenos Aires: Colectivo Bus has 123 routes in service 24/7 with a night frequency of at least 30 minutes, or max 60 minute just on a few routes.

In popular culture

 * London night buses were the inspiration for the Knight Bus found in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter book and film series (which is a pun on night bus).
 * The Chicago Surface Lines owl service was mentioned in a number of poems by Carl Sandburg:
 * "Old Woman" (1916): "The owl-car clatters along, dogged by the echo..."
 * "Blue Island Intersection" (1922): "The owl car blutters along in a sleep-walk."
 * "Nights Nothings Again" (1922): "A taxi whizzes by, an owl car clutters, passengers yawn reading street signs..."
 * In act II, scene 2 of the Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), Mitch tells Blanche how he'll get home: "I'll walk over to Bourbon and catch an owl-car."
 * The 1997 Swedish film Nattbuss 807 depicts an incident in a night bus.
 * A 2007 Italian noir-comedy film directed by Davide Marengo was entitled Night Bus.
 * The Randy Travis song "Three Wooden Crosses" depicts a night bus travel.

title: Night service (public transport)


text:
Leon Marchlewski

Leon Paweł Teodor Marchlewski ( Polish : ; 15 December 1869 – 16 January 1946 ) was a Polish chemist, the first Director and Honorary Member of the Polish Chemical Society. He was one of the founders in the field of chlorophyll chemistry and a precursor of clinical chemistry.

Life and career
He was born in 1869 in Włocławek, Congress Poland to father Józef Marchlewski, a merchant, and mother Emilia (née Rückersfeldt), a governess. His older brother was the communist activist Julian Marchlewski.

In 1888, he went to Zürich and studied chemistry at the ETH Zurich. In 1890, he became an assistant to Professor Georg Lunge. After two years, he earned his doctoral degree. He subsequently went to Kersel near Manchester where he became an assistant of Edward Schunck. In this period he collaborated with Marceli Nencki and conducted research on the chemical affinity of dyes of the animal and plant world.

Between 1896 and 1897, he was on a scientific scholarship granted for his research in the field of organic chemistry from the Kraków-based Academy of Learning (Polish: Akademia Umiejętności, AU). He also taught organic chemistry at the Institute of Science and Technology of the University of Manchester.

In 1900, he returned to Poland and obtained his habilitation on the basis of his thesis Die Chemie des Chlorophylls and lecture titled Dzisiejszy stan teoryi tautomeryi. In the years 1900–1906, he worked as a senior inspector at the General Department of Food Research in Kraków headed by Odo Bujwid. He also became a professor at the Jagiellonian University and served as the university's rector between 1926–1927 and 1927–1928. From 1906 to 1939 he was Head of the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry.

In 1917–1919, he established the National Scientific Institute of Agricultural Economy in Puławy. He was the first director of the Polish Chemical Society and served as the first director of YMCA in Poland.

His scientific work mostly focused on the areas of organic, inorganic and analytic chemistry as well as biochemistry. His scientific achievements include research on chlorophyll and the blood pigment hemoglobin, which demonstrated the similarity of chemical structures in plants and animals, indicating a common origin.

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1913 and 1914.

The illustration on the right is of his diplomatic passport he used in 1927 to attend an international conference on chemistry in Paris.

Marchlewski was also a long-time political activist in the Polish peasant movement. In December 1945, he became a member of the National Council, representing the Polish People's Party. He died several days later and was buried at the Rakowicki Cemetery.

Honours

 * Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1925) POL Polonia Restituta Komandorski BAR.svg
 * Gold Cross of Merit (1936) POL Złoty Krzyż Zasługi BAR.svg
 * Commander's Cross of the Order of Dannebrog 2nd Class Order of the Dannebrog K.svg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leon Marchlewski


text:
User:Etz Haim/Incubator

List of Greek antidictatorial struggle groups

 * Patriotic Antidictatorial Front (Greek: Πατριωτικό Αντιδικτατορικό Μέτωπο, ΠΑΜ), with Mikis Theodorakis, Nikos Dimou and others.
 * Democratic Defense (Greek: Δημοκρατική Άμυνα), with Costas Simitis, Nikos Konstantopoulos, Sakis Karagiorgas and others.
 * Democratic Link (Greek: Δημοκρατικός Συνδεσμος), with Antonis Livanis, Apostolos Kaklamanis and others.
 * Panhellenic Liberation Movement (Greek: Πανελλήνιο Απελευθερωτικό Κίνημα, ΠΑΚ) led by Andreas Papandreou.

Writing aids

 * Dictionaries
 * http://edictionary.sourceforge.net/
 * http://jdictionary.info/

title: User:Etz Haim/Incubator


text:
Bohdan Szyszkowski

Bohdan Szyszkowski (born 20 June 1873 in Trybuchy, Podolia, Russia (now village in Ukraine); died 13 August 1931 in Myślenice, Poland) was a Polish chemist and member of PAU.

Szyszkowski published important papers on electrochemistry and surface chemistry.

title: Bohdan Szyszkowski


text:
Władysław Natanson

Władysław Natanson (1864–1937) was a Polish physicist.

Life
Natanson was head of Theoretical Physics at Kraków University from 1899 to 1935.

He published a series of papers on thermodynamically irreversible processes, gaining him recognition in the rapidly growing field. He was the first to consider the distinguishability of energy quanta in the statistical analysis of elementary processes, a precursor of the concept of quantum indistinguishability. He discovered a quantum statistics, rediscovered 11 years later by Satyendra Nath Bose and generalized by Albert Einstein though his derivation was not in terms of einstein's light quanta aka photons – the Bose–Einstein statistics.

title: Władysław Natanson


text: User talk:195.194.164.129

title: User talk:195.194.164.129


text:
Category:Counties in the Kingdom of Hungary

See: Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary.


text:
Ranked list of French regions

The following are ranked lists of French regions.

Population figures are from the 2016 census, with the exception of Mayotte, whose statistics are as of 2017.

Region boundaries are as of 2018.

By population
These figures are from the census in 2016. Statistics for Mayotte are from 2017.

By area
The total area of France is 632,734 km2, of which 543,940 km2 (86.0%) is in Europe (Metropolitan France).

By density
In 2016, the official population of France had a density of 104.8 people per square kilometre, including the overseas regions, and 118.5 people per square kilometre excluding them.

title: Ranked list of French regions


text:
Kareem

Kareem (alternatively spelled Karim or Kerim) (کریم) is a given name and surname of Arabic origin that means "Dignified". It comes from the root "Karama (كرامة)" which means "Dignity". It is also one of the Names of God in Islam in the Quran.

Karim

 * Karim Abdel Aziz, Egyptian actor
 * Karim Abdul-Jabbar (later known as Abdul-Karim al-Jabbar), American football player
 * Prince Karim Aga Khan, Imām of the Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims
 * Karim Valiyev, Azerbaijani General
 * Karim Ansarifard, Iranian football player
 * Karim Azizou, Moroccan footballer
 * Karim Bagheri, Iranian footballer
 * Karim Bangoura, Guinean diplomat
 * Karim Benounes, Algerian footballer
 * Karim Benzema, French footballer
 * Karim Boudiaf, Algerian-Qatari footballer
 * Karim Dahou, Moroccan footballer
 * Karim Djeballi, French footballer
 * Karim Haggui, Tunisian footballer
 * Karim Garcia, baseball player
 * Karim Gazzetta (1995–2022), Swiss footballer
 * Karim Haddad, Lebanese composer
 * Karim Keïta, Malian politician
 * Karim Kerkar, Algerian footballer
 * Karim Khan Zand, Iranian king
 * Karim Kharbouch, Moroccan-American rapper whose stage name is French Montana
 * Karim Khodapanahi, Iranian politician
 * Karim Laribi, Italian footballer
 * Karim Matmour, Algerian footballer
 * Karim Maroc, Algerian footballer
 * Karim Masimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
 * Karim Noureldin, Swiss artist
 * Karim Pakradouni, Lebanese-Armenian Christian politician and government minister
 * Karim Prince, American actor
 * Karim Rashid, Egyptian industrial designer
 * Karim Saab, Venezuelan footballer
 * Karim Saidi, Tunisian footballer
 * Karim Salman, Iraqi footballer
 * Karim Tulaganov, Uzbek boxer
 * Karim Van Overmeire, Belgian politician
 * Karim Zeroual, British actor
 * Karim Ziani, Algerian footballer

Kareem

 * Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born 1947), American basketball player
 * Kareem Amer (born c. 1984), Egyptian blogger
 * Kareem Burke (born 1974), American entrepreneur and record executive
 * Kareem Campbell (born 1973), American skateboarder
 * Kareem Dennis (born 1986), British rapper performing as Lowkey
 * Kareem Ennab (born 1987), Jordanian swimmer
 * Kareem Hunt (born 1995), American football player
 * Kareem Jackson (born 1988), American football player
 * Kareem Kelly (born 1981), American football player
 * Kareem Maddox (born 1989), American basketball player
 * Kareem McKenzie (born 1979), American football player
 * Kareem Moses (born 1990), Trinidadian footballer
 * Kareem Orr (born 1997), American football player
 * Kareem Rush (born 1980), American basketball player
 * Kareem Serageldin, American banking executive convicted of fraud

Karim

 * Aasif Karim, Kenyan cricketer
 * Afsir Karim, Indian Army general and military scholar
 * Bavand Karim, Iranian-American filmmaker
 * Jawed Karim, co-founder of YouTube
 * Mahmoud Karim, Egyptian squash player
 * Manzoor Ul Karim, Chief National Commissioner of the Bangladesh Scouts and government official
 * Mohammed Karim, Egyptian film director
 * Mosharraf Karim, Bangladeshi actor
 * Mona Karim, Lebanese actress
 * Musharraf Karim, Bangladeshi writer
 * Persis Karim, American poet, editor, educator
 * Rashid Karim, Bangladeshi novelist
 * Saba Karim, Indian cricketer
 * Sajjad Karim, British Member of the European Parliament
 * Youssra Karim, Moroccan para-athlete

Kareem

 * Khalid Kareem (born 1998), American football player
 * Yaqub Kareem, Nigerian boxer

Fictional characters

 * Karim family in the BBC soap opera EastEnders
 * Kareem Said, a Muslim prisoner in the TV series Oz
 * Kareem, played by Rodney Sinclair in the British web series Corner Shop Show
 * Karim, in the video game Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem
 * Karim Bouchtat, a recurring character in the Channel 4 series My Mad Fat Diary
 * Karim Denz, a heist crew member in the video game Grand Theft Auto V
 * Kareem (Marvel Cinematic Universe), in the Disney+ series Ms. Marvel

title: Kareem


text:
HAHS

HAHS may refer to:
 * Don Hahs (born 1942), American labor leader
 * Hayward Area Historical Society in Hayward, California, United States
 * Hempfield Area High School, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Hinds Agricultural High School, Utica, Mississippi, United States
 * Hurlstone Agricultural High School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

title: HAHS


text: Category:Universal algebra

title: Category:Universal algebra


text:
User:Jlang

Wikipedia editor since Sep 2004.

Interests include Ireland and Irish current affairs, Transport, Investment, Engineering and Technology and fixing niggling misspellings/grammatical errors. After a few months editing, I also notice that I appear to think that an article that's not in any categories looks rather naked. Please excuse the nudity on this page.

title: User:Jlang


text:
User talk:Livewireconfusion

Welcome
Hello,, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~ . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Again, welcome! —Plato

title: User talk:Livewireconfusion


text:
Talk:Mikis Theodorakis

Antisemitic statements
I agree that if it were just covered once in the news once and quickly forgotten, then you could argue it was WP:UNDUE to mention. However, the reality is that Theodorakis' comments have been discussed in several books and academic papers about antisemitism, even years or decades after the fact. The following is just what I found in a quick Google Scholar search. WP:BLP is not and has never been an excuse to whitewash negative information about the subject that has been extensively covered in reliable sources. When reverting it was claimed that the remarks were "taken out of context". That may be the opinion of some wikipedia editors, but not what WP:RS says. So I suggest the following content is restored: "In 2003, he stated, "Everything that happens today in the world has to do with the Zionists … American Jews are behind the world economic crisis that has hit Greece as well." He has described himself as "anti-Israel and anti-Semite," because "this small nation (Israel) is the root of evil"." (t · c)  buidhe  06:59, 31 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Since neither of the two editors who reverted bothered to reply here, I have posted to WP:NPOVN. If that doesn't work, I'll have to start a RfC. (t · c)  buidhe  05:24, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It's not so simple. The remarks are clearly taken out of context, and Theodorakis has repeatedly deplored the Holocaust, and apologized for those comments, yet you do not see it fit to include that in the article. Only the cherry-picked comments that seem to conform to a particular POV. Khirurg (talk) 05:40, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * My position to include is based on the many reliable sources that have discussed the comments in question, most of which have labeled them as antisemitic. Your opinion or mine is simply not relevant, unless there are reliable sources that back it up. (t · c)  buidhe  05:46, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure thing. Starting with this, much more coming soon. Khirurg (talk) 05:52, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't believe that general-interest sources are particularly good sources on antisemitism, which is why I cited academic publications. Furthermore, if considered reliable, it's an additional source covering the issue so can only bolster the case for inclusion. If Theodorakis later stated that he does not consider himself an anti-Semite, that could be added to the article: "In a later interview, Theodorakis stated that he does not consider himself an anti-Semite". (t · c)  buidhe  06:00, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The only criterion for inclusion is whether a source meets WP:RS. Whether you believe it is "general interest" and not "particularly good" is not relevant. Khirurg (talk) 17:22, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

*Relevant. Still being covered in 2020 coverage of him like this piece about him at age 95 that has a whole section of "accused of antisemitism".VikingDrummer (talk) 10:04, 6 June 2021 (UTC) sock puppet of banned user-  GizzyCatBella  🍁  14:03, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Since neither of the two editors who reverted bothered to reply here... Nope, inaccurate statement. This is a diachronic dispute which has flared-up many times before, as I have written in my edit-summary. My very extensive comments from the archives are included here: Regarding Mikis Theodorakis' Anti-Zionism and Accusations of anti-semitism section. As I have written in the archives, Mikis Theodorakis's extensive work creating cantatas supporting the Jewish victims of the Holocaust with poetry distinctly supporting the Jewish hero of the Mauthausen cantata, and denouncing those who perpetrated and supported the Holocaust, speaks to the fact of Mikis's pro-Jewish historical stance. Therefore, adding the anti-semitic comments should be balanced by Khirurg's clarifications at a minimum. Dr.   K.  18:03, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

This revert is very odd. The DW source explicitly says "apology", and I've even included the inline quote. It is very strange that someone would think that this "failed verification". Khirurg (talk) 18:40, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I mentioned the following on the NPOV noticeboard: One of the sentences at issue is "He has described himself as "anti-Israel and anti-Semite," because "this small nation (Israel) is the root of evil"". I don’t have access to the source but from information provided on the noticeboard, this seems to be a synthesis of a remark made at press conference in 2003 and something he said in a TV interview in 2011. Can anyone confirm this? Burrobert (talk) 22:17, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

::However the Droumpouki source,, has :. User:buidhe, I think dw.com is more precise with the dates than Droumpouki's article, even in Droumpouki it is evident that some of these comments have to do with 2008+ economic crisis, so not from 2003.VikingDrummer (talk) 07:08, 7 June 2021 (UTC) sock puppet of banned user-  GizzyCatBella  🍁  14:03, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * That is odd. These sources say he called himself an anti-Semite both in a TV interview in 2011 and at a news conference on 4 November 2003. Burrobert (talk) 09:17, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

 * There was nothing in 2003. The economic crisis didn't occur until 2010. This actually calls into question the factual accuracy of Droumpouki and the process of peer-review it went through. Btw, I find the category "Antisemitism in Greece" to be grossly undues. A single off-color comment during a long and grueling interview by and 85 year old man with the Mauthausen Trilogy in his track record, for which he later apologized, is not even close enough to lump him literally in the same category as Golden Dawn. Khirurg (talk) 03:16, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Theodorakis may be different from Golden Dawn, however his inclinations are clear as daylight.VikingDrummer (talk) 05:17, 8 June 2021 (UTC) sock puppet of banned user-  GizzyCatBella  🍁  14:03, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

Any more thoughts on whether the statement "He has described himself as "anti-Israel and anti-Semite," because "this small nation (Israel) is the root of evil"" is a synthesis of a remark made at press conference in 2003 and something he said in a TV interview in 2011? Burrobert (talk) 13:31, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mikis Theodorakis


text: Category:White County, Indiana

title: Category:White County, Indiana


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Walter Golaski

Walter Golaski (1913 in Torrington, Connecticut –1996) was an American Mechanical-Bio-Medical Engineer best known for developing Dense Knit Dacron Vascular Prostheses, which were the first practical artificial blood vessel replacements. Golaski died near Philadelphia in 1996 at the age of 83.

Early life and education
Golaski was born in Torrington, Connecticut in 1913. At 16, during the Great Depression, he took a job as a needle mechanic at the Torrington Company, a knitting needle manufacturer, where he soon developed new ideas for the automatic needle manufacturing industry. In 1939, Torrington transferred him to Philadelphia and promoted him to manager, and he enrolled in Drexel University's Mechanical Engineering evening school. He graduated in 1946; Drexel later honored him with many alumni awards.

Inventions
In 1940, Golaski developed a process for rebuilding hosiery machines to enable the knitting industry to make the switch from silk to nylon. In 1945 he opened the Bearing Products Company and with the profits later in 1956 bought and reorganized the Overbrook Knitting Corporation in order to convert existing machinery to produce full fashioned knitted sweaters. He was granted 10 American, 1 British and 2 Canadian patents.

Golaski is best known for the product he developed next, the densely knit Dacron arteries, which he sold through his company Golaski Laboratories. Until this invention, the available replacement blood vessels were stiff, woven, and not sufficiently porous. The Golaski graft offered patients longer life expectancy than any other on the market.

Golaski's business flourished after his invention, but he never forgot his ancestral heritage (he was born and raised in Connecticut but his parents immigrated to the US from Poland). He served as Chairman of the Kosciuszko Foundation. In "which [he] encouraged the exchange of students and scholars between the United States and Poland." He helped show Poland in a positive light to America in that "Americans of all ethnic backgrounds were encouraged to participate in the Foundation's programs and experience Polish culture directly."

Personal life
Golaski had a wife named Helene Dolores Golaski who died in 1968. They had a daughter named Michelle. When Helene died, he donated a painting called Young Lady at the Fireplace (signed 1882, Wladyslaw Czachorski) to the Kosciusko Foundation. He later married Alexandra Budna Golaski with whom he had three children, Alexandra, JohnPaul and Edmund. His son, Johnpaul is a freelance sound mixer for the film industry.

title: Walter Golaski


text:
User:Fred091

fr:Utilisateur:Fred091

I'm 52 years old librarian

Active mainly on french wikipedia and especially on music pages

To contact me do it on French wikipedia

title: User:Fred091


text:
Category:Polish government symbols

The images in this category are for government documents, materials, signs and symbols. These are public domain images.

title: Category:Polish government symbols


text:
Talk:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

Missing a letter?
The quick brown fox jumps over "a" lazy dog. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:6000:1302:203A:3058:F870:1C27:7531 (talk) 02:54, 27 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Lazy. DreamGuy (talk) 14:56, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Missing "v" and "w" init? 206.47.215.34 (talk) 19:45, 15 December 2015 (UTC) JDL
 * Brown, and over. 𝒶𝓎𝒶𝓃𝓮_𝓂 💬 • ✏ 22:58, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

Missing “c”? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:B23B:6D20:2841:D304:8668:FB92 (talk) 21:25, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * "quick" has a "c".
 * I do agree that it should be either "the, a" or "a, the", not the inefficient "the, the". 2601:546:C300:8FF0:7CE4:BA81:92DF:EF43 (talk) 05:25, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

Where is the "V" is this sentence? This one is missing.. 2A02:A461:5636:1:F861:A793:35D2:A3FA (talk) 10:34, 24 February 2023 (UTC)
 * It's the second letter of the word "over". --Belbury (talk) 10:42, 24 February 2023

it's missing "S" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.224.29.4 (talk • contribs)

 * jump*s* Q  T C 19:53, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

Alphabet locator
This chart provides a quick reference of the word in which each letter of the alphabet occurs. Though it is clear that all letters of the alphabet exist in the sentence, this chart is an aid to readers who may need help finding a few letters:

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Brandenads (talk • contribs) 06:09, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

 * If you're suggesting adding this to the article, I don't think a nine-word sentence needs an index. --Lord Belbury (talk) 20:07, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

 * You wouldn't think so, but there have been dozens of times that people have edited this article saying that it lacks one letter or another. It's weird. Maybe this chart would help. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 01:41, 24 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I assume these edits are jokes. Or at least made with such hurried and misplaced confidence — no time to double-check each of these nine words, the 100-year-old typing exercise must be wrong and I must be right! — that they wouldn't read as far as a quick reference table either. Belbury (talk) 22:15, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

Earliest known use history
Just for future reference, the following edits show some of the progression of the earlier known use as given in this article:

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog&diff=prev&oldid=330700353

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog&diff=prev&oldid=748378117

The Michigan School Moderator text was being sampled by some Inkscape tutorials which lead me down this rabbit hole. Looks like Kaldari is the world's expert on this. ;-) Jason Quinn (talk) 04:26, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Color pictures of the pangram.
Here are some color pictures of the Quick Brown Fox pangram:

Brandenads (talk) 17:25, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Fine little illustrations but they're unnecessary for this article - the b&w drawing the article currently has is there for historic reasons, not just as a picture. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:37, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that original historical context is more useful. The second image has also been deleted from Commons as a possible clipart copyvio. --Lord Belbury (talk) 13:24, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Variant
As a child decades ago, I'd always seen this phrased as "The quick RED fox jumps over the lazy brown dog." Less efficient, but since foxes tend to be reddish, not brown, it always made more sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.11.4.37 (talk) 21:23, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Other pangrams
The subsection with this name proceeds to detail not merely other pangrams, but specifically shorter ones; which isn't really a relevant qualification for a pangram. What is more, the only pangram included which features the words sphinx and quartz is not the one more commonly found on font websites (specifically those offering free fonts), which by contradistinction is:

Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz Nuttyskin (talk) 12:36, 17 February 2024 (UTC)


text:
User:Fiveless

WP:DPWL | WP:WF | WikiProject Rocks and minerals

Dammit. I don't work here. I just do stuff ok?

title: User:Fiveless


text: User talk:138.23.67.153

title: User talk:138.23.67.153


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Template talk:Polishsymbol

Polish version of this template: pl:Szablon:Symbol. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]]

German version de:Vorlage:Bild-PD-PL ...Sicherlich 12:18, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Commons: ...Sicherlich 12:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Polishsymbol


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No. 303 Squadron RAF

No. 303 Squadron RAF, also known as the 303rd "Tadeusz Kościuszko Warsaw" Fighter Squadron, was one of two Polish squadrons that fought during the Battle of Britain along with No. 302 Squadron, of 16 total Polish squadrons during the Second World War. Flying Hawker Hurricanes, the squadron claimed the largest number of aircraft shot down of the 66 Allied fighter squadrons engaged in the Battle of Britain, even though it joined the fray two months after the battle had begun.

No. 303 Squadron RAF was formed in July 1940 in Blackpool, England before deployment to RAF Northolt on 2 August as part of an agreement between the Polish Government in Exile and the United Kingdom. It had a distinguished combat record and was disbanded in December 1946.

"Had it not been for the magnificent material contributed by the Polish squadrons and their unsurpassed gallantry," wrote Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, head of RAF Fighter Command, "I hesitate to say that the outcome of the Battle (of Britain) would have been the same."

History
No. 303 Squadron was based at RAF Northolt from 2 August 1940, and became operational on 31 August. Its initial cadre was 13 Officer and 8 NCO pilots and 135 Polish ground staff. At the outset, serving RAF officers were appointed to serve as CO (S/Ldr RG Kellett) and Flight Commanders (F/Lt JA Kent and F/Lt AS Forbes) alongside the Poles, as the Polish pilots were unfamiliar with RAF Fighter Command language, procedures and training.

The nickname chosen by the squadron was in honour of the famous 18th century Polish general Tadeusz Kościuszko. No. 303 Squadron was also linked to the original 1919 Kościuszko Escadrille through personnel that had served in that squadron. Later, further air force units from this unit were renamed the 7th, 121st and 111th Escadrilles of the Polish Air Force.

Battle of Britain August–October 1940

During the Battle of Britain, No. 303 Squadron was equipped with Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft. Manned by experienced veterans, equipped with a fighter plane on a technical par with most of its opponents, and expertly backed by the well established RAF command, communication and logistics infrastructure, the squadron was able to become an effective fighting force during the Battle. After a period of training, the squadron was scrambled for the first time on 24 August 1940, although it did not come into contact with any enemy aircraft on this occasion. On 30 August 1940, the squadron scored its first victory while still officially non-operational, when a German Messerschmitt Bf 110 of 4./ZG 76 (initially incorrectly recorded as a Dornier Do 17) was shot down by F/O Ludwik Paszkiewicz during a training flight. The wreck was excavated in 1982. After S/L Kellett's personal recommendation, the squadron was declared operational next day by No. 11 Group RAF.

On 31 August 1940, the squadron was scrambled in the late afternoon on its first operational sortie. In a dogfight over Kent, "A" Flight claimed four confirmed and two probable victories over Messerschmitt Bf 109s, possibly of LG 2. Claimants were S/Ldr Kellet, F/O Henneberg, P/O Ferić and Sgt. Karubin.

During 2 September 1940, the squadron was scrambled three times. On the last scramble, P/O Ferić shot down a Bf 109 and then made a forced landing near Dover while former Czechoslovak Air Force pilot Sgt. Josef František claimed a Bf 110. The following day over Dover, František claimed his second victory; with a total of 17 victories, he was one of the top-scoring Allied fighter pilots during the Battle of Britain. On 5 September, nine No. 303 Hurricanes intercepted a German bombing formation escorted by Bf 109s, with the Poles claiming five Bf 109s and three Junkers Ju 88s for one loss: P/O Łapkowski who bailed out wounded.

On 6 September 1940, nine Hurricanes were scrambled towards incoming bomber formations. However, during the climb, they were bounced by Bf 109s of III./JG 27. S/Ldr Kellet and F/Lt Forbes both force-landed, and were wounded slightly, while Sgt Karubin bailed out wounded, S/Ldr Krasnodębski was severely burned and three other Hurricanes were damaged. The squadron claimed five Bf 109s (of JG 27 and JG 52), a Do 17 and a Heinkel He 111. F/O Witold Urbanowicz was appointed as acting Squadron Leader.

On 7 September 1940, the German air offensive switched to the London docks. No. 303 Squadron was successfully vectored towards the incoming bomber streams and claimed 12 Do 17s and two Bf 109s, with P/O Zumbach, P/O Ferić, Sgt. Szaposznikow and Sgt. Wójtowicz all scoring double victories. P/O Daszewski was shot down and seriously wounded, while F/O Pisarek bailed out. His Hurricane crashed in a back garden of a house in Loughton, killing a family of three in their shelter. Two other aircraft were damaged. On 9 September 1940, 12 Hurricanes were scrambled and two claims made over Bf 109s by Zumbach (both of JG 53) and one by František – a Bf 109 of 7./JG 27 – who also claimed a He 111 of KG 53 as a "probable", while a Bf 110 was shot down by F/L Kent. Sgt. Kazimierz Wünsche had to bail out with burns over Beachy Head, and Sgt. František crash-landed.

At 16:00 hours on 11 September 1940, the squadron attacked a bomber formation south of London. F/O Cebrzyński was fatally wounded by return fire, while Sgt. Wójtowicz shot down two Messerschmitt Bf 110s before being shot down and killed. The pilots claimed two Bf 110s, one Bf 109, three Do 17s and four He 111s.

In the massed dogfights over London on 15 September 1940, the squadron was heavily involved, with nine Hurricanes led by F/Lt Kent intercepting a German raid in mid-morning. Nine kills were claimed: six Bf 109s, one Bf 110 and two Do 17s. In the afternoon, a flight formation led by S/Ldr Kellet claimed four victories, while the five-strong "B" Flight led by F/O Urbanowicz, claimed two Do 17s, for two Polish pilots shot down (Sgt. Brzezowski killed, Sgt Andruszków bailed out while P/O Łokuciewski was wounded in the leg, returning to base safely). During the day, No. 303 Squadron claimed 15 victories.

On the afternoon of 26 September 1940, No. 303 Squadron was scrambled towards a large enemy raid over Hampshire, with the Poles claiming 13 victories for three Hurricanes damaged (actual Luftwaffe losses were nine in total). There was further intense fighting on 27 September 1940, with 11 Hurricanes engaged by massed escorts to a KG 77 30-bomber formation. The squadron claimed 15 victories: six Bf 109s, two Bf 110s of LG 1, four "He 111s" (probably Ju 88s) and three Ju 88s although F/O Paszkiewicz and Sgt Andruszków were killed. F/O Żak was wounded and bailed out over Horsham and four Hurricanes were lost in total. Just six aircraft were serviceable during the afternoon, engaging a raid of 15 Ju 88s. Two bombers were brought down before the escort intervened, and a Bf 109 was also claimed. F/O Urbanowicz claimed four German aircraft during the day. On 30 September 1940, F/O Urbanowicz once again claimed four victories, while a Do 17 was brought down by P/O. Radomski, who bailed out, as did Sgt. Bełc, while Sgt. Karubin claimed a Bf 109.

On 5 October 1940, Polish pilots claimed five Bf 110s and four Bf 109s, though P/O Wojciech Januszewicz was killed. (Erprobungsgruppe 210 lost two Bf 110s Jabos and JG 3 and JG 53, a Bf 109 each). A fight over the Thames Estuary on 7 October saw claims for three Bf 109s of LG 2. On 8 October, Czech ace Josef František died in an air crash. He was the highest scoring pilot of 303rd Squadron and the fourth highest scoring ace in the Battle of Britain, with 17 claims. On 11 October 1940, the squadron was transferred for a rest to Leconfield in No. 12 Group, ending its participation in the Battle of Britain.

No. 303 Squadron claimed the largest number of aircraft shot down of the 66 Allied fighter squadrons engaged in the Battle of Britain, even though it joined the fray two months after the battle had begun.

Its success in combat can be mainly attributed to the years of extensive and rigorous pre-war training many of the long-serving Polish veterans had received in their homeland, far more than many of their younger and inexperienced RAF comrades then being thrown into the fray, as well as the many kills credited to the non Polish pilots in the squadron. Tactics and skill also played a role; on one occasion, No. 303's Sgt Stanislaw Karubin resorted to extreme tactics to bring down a German fighter. Following a prolonged air battle, Karubin was chasing a German fighter at treetop level. As he closed in on the tail of the German fighter, Karubin realised that his Hurricane had run out of ammunition. Rather than turning back to base, he closed the distance and climbed right above the German fighter. The German pilot was so shocked to see the underside of the Hurricane within arm's reach of his cockpit that he instinctively reduced his altitude to avoid a collision and crashed into the ground.

At the time it was withdrawn from battle for a rest on 11 October 1940, the squadron had claimed 126 kills in six weeks. Relative to enemy aircraft downed, Polish losses were small with 18 Hurricanes lost, seven pilots killed and five badly wounded. 303 Squadron was one of the top fighter units in the battle and the best Hurricane-equipped one. It also had the highest kill-to-loss ratio, 2.8:1. However, J. Alcorn was not able to attribute 30 aircraft shot down to any particular unit, and according to Jerzy Cynk and other Polish historians, the actual number of victories for No. 303 Squadron was about 55–60. According to Polish historian Jacek Kutzner, the verified number of kills of 303 Squadron is around 58.8, which would still place it above all other squadrons for verified kills. This is presented by Kutzner's chart, which shows Polish confirmed kills (left column), confirmed kills of all Allied squadrons, including Polish (central column) and real German losses on each day when No. 303 Squadron was involved in air combat (right column). In its first seven days of combat, the squadron claimed nearly 40 enemy aircraft.

War over Europe 1941
By 1941, the immediate threat to the UK was over and RAF Fighter Command formulated more offensive fighter operations over occupied Europe. One of these was codenamed "Rhubarb", improvised low-level strafing attacks against opportunist targets on the ground. No. 303 flew its first "Rhubarb"' sorties on 22 January 1941. Six Hurricanes led by F/L Henneberg attacked 1./JG 26's airfield at Crecy, killing one ground crewman and destroying two Bf 109s, also wounding a pilot.

In late January 1941, the squadron converted to the Supermarine Spitfire Mk I. In February, the unit participated in the first fighter offensive sweeps, usually escorting a small number of light bombers.

In early April 1941, No. 306 (Polish) Squadron arrived at Northolt, and with No. 303 formed No. 1 Polish Fighter Wing. No. 601 Squadron RAF, also stationed at Northolt, complemented the two Polish units. The Wing was commanded by W/C Johnny Kent with W/C Urbanowicz. On 12 April 1941, six No. 303 Spitfires led by S/L Henneberg carried out a series of strafing attacks on German airfields. S/L Henneberg's Spitfire IIa (P8029) was hit by flak and the pilot had to ditch in the channel; despite an intensive search and rescue operation, he was never found. On 11 April 1941, F/L Kustrzyński shot down a Bf 109 during a rhubarb over France.

On 16 April 1941, the Polish Wing flew its first "Circus" escort operation. Engaged by Bf 109s, two Poles were lost: P/O Waszkiewicz and P/O Mierzwa. On 18 June 1941, No. 303 pilots claimed four Bf 109s without loss; two to P/O Drobiński, as RAF Fighter Command claimed 10 destroyed (The Jagdwaffe suffered no losses). On 21 June, Drobiński badly damaged the Bf 109F-2 of Oberst Adolf Galland, CO of JG 26, who made a forced landing at Calais, while W/C Kent downed Fw. Hegenauer (Galland's wingman).

On 22 June 1941, Fighter Command optimistically claimed 29 fighters shot down, No. 303 claiming six of these, two to S/L Lapkowski (JG 2 and JG 26 actually lost three aircraft). On 23 June 1941, No. 303 flew two full strength escort missions over France, and against 9./ JG 2 claimed five fighters destroyed. P/O 'Mike' Bolesław Gładych claimed three confirmed but was wounded and managed to crash land in the UK. JG 2 lost six Bf 109s and four pilots. On 28 June, No. 303 claimed another four Bf 109s, although P/O J. Bondar was shot down and killed by Uzz. Babenz, 3./JG 26. Fighter Command claimed six kills (JG 26 lost two, with three more badly damaged).

On 2 July 1941, No. 1 Polish Wing, with No. 303, engaged some 60 Bf 109s over Lille. Although No. 303 claimed four kills, (JG 2 lost three Bf 109s) the squadron lost S/L Łapkowski killed, while Sgt Górecki had to bail out and was rescued from the channel. Command passed to S/L Arentowicz, who himself was shot down and killed just six days later. He was replaced by F/L Jankiewicz. After five months of operations, No. 303 was rested on 13 July moving to Speke near Liverpool, in 9 Group, Fighter Command.

On 7 October 1941, the squadron returned to Northolt and re-equipped with the Spitfire Mk Vb. Its opponents now included the formidable Focke-Wulf Fw 190, and on 13 October camera gun film from a No. 303 pilot gave the RAF the first photographic evidence of the new fighter. As winter approached, poor weather reduced operations significantly. However, on 24 October, No. 303 claimed four fighters downed over Gravelines.

During combat operations throughout 1941, No. 303 Squadron claimed some 46 enemy aircraft destroyed, seven probably destroyed and four damaged, for a loss of nine pilots (including three Commanding Officers). Some 20 Spitfires were written off or lost in action.

1942
After a quiet start to the year, on 12 February 1942, No. 303 Squadron participated in the RAF's offensive response to the 'Channel Dash' of the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. Led by W/C Rolski, the Polish Wing flew several sorties in bad weather.

On 13 March 1942, the Squadron lost F/Lt W Łokuciewski, shot down by JG 26 and taken prisoner, and on 4 April F/L Daszewski (killed) and F/L Kustrzyński (POW) were lost over Saint-Omer having shot down two Fw 190 fighters. F/L Kustrzyński was taken prisoner while still sitting in the cockpit of his crash-landed Spitfire because his back was badly injured and he could not move. He was later transferred to Colditz Castle POW camp and ultimately to Stalag Luft III Sagan for continually trying to escape. He finally made a successful escape with RAF fighter ace, W/C Robert Stanford Tuck, and they were repatriated back to Britain by Russian military authorities who found them after they had walked across Poland following their escape.

During the spring of 1942, the frequency of offensive sorties increased and by May, No. 303 flew over the Channel daily, in numerous "Circus" escort missions and fighter sweeps. It engaged German fighters on numerous occasions, although JG 2 and JG 26, the main fighter units against Fighter Command, took an increasing toll utilising the superior Fw 190A. In early June, the unit flew sixteen squadron-strength sorties, in addition to numerous air-sea rescue, interception and convoy escort missions. On 5 June 1942, the squadron engaged Fw 190 fighters and claimed three for no loss. The squadron was rested on 15 June, relocating to Kirton in Lindsey in Lincolnshire.

On 15 August 1942, the squadron temporarily moved to Redhill near London in preparation of the Allied raid on Dieppe (Operation Jubilee). No. 303 was to fly with No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron and four other squadrons. Covering the naval and ground forces, No. 303 Squadron claimed the highest number of aircraft shot down of all Allied squadrons participating. No. 303 then returned to Kirton in Lindsey, where it remained until March 1943.

No. 303 Squadron claimed 21 enemy aircraft destroyed in 1942, losing 10 pilots: four killed in action, two in accidents and four taken prisoner.

1943
In early June 1943, the unit returned once again to Northolt, and No. 1 Polish Wing. The squadron converted to the new Spitfire Mk IX and in June resumed operations. On 9 June 1943, F/O Śliwinski claimed the unit's 200th victory, a Fw 190. On 14 June 1943, Sgt. Pilot Józef Dąbrowski died on an interception practice when his aircraft crashed into the ground at Islington Cemetery, Finchley. On 24 June, both P/O Karcmarz and P/O Kobyliński were downed by 10./JG 26 pilots and made POWs.

In July 1943, S/L Falkowski replaced S/L Bieńkowski. On 6 July, the squadron, led by F/L Majewski and with No. 316 Squadron over Amiens, fought a prolonged dogfight with Fw 190s with No. 303 claiming three German fighters from JG 2 and JG 27 without loss. By this time, much of No. 303's work was escort missions for the increasing numbers of United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bomber missions over Europe. During escort cover for the ill-fated Schweinfurt mission on 17 August 1943, No. 303 claimed a further three fighters downed. On a 6 September "Ramrod" mission, the squadron claimed another six fighters destroyed.

On 12 November 1943, the unit was posted to RAF Ballyhalbert in Northern Ireland and soon after S/L Koc assumed command. The squadron flew convoy patrols and carried out operational training. By the end of 1943, No. 303 Squadron had claimed 203 enemy aircraft destroyed, 40 probables, and 25 damaged.

1944
In April 1944, the squadron moved to the advanced landing ground at Horne, 30 miles south of London and joined No 142 Fighter Wing. The unit began flying escort sorties for bombing missions against V-1 flying bomb facilities. On 21 May the squadron strafed targets near Lille losing two pilots: F/O Brzeski and Sgt Kempka were shot down and taken prisoner. Next day Sgt Bartkowiak was also lost though he evaded capture and returned to the unit four months later.

For Operation Overlord (the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944) the squadron was equipped with the Spitfire V LF operating from a temporary airfield at Horne, Surrey as part of Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB), though under the operational control of RAF Second Tactical Air Force. On D-Day, 303 flew several times over the landing beaches. After D-Day, the squadron remained with ADGB. With the commencement of the V-1 offensive on London, on 19 June 1944, No. 303 moved to RAF Westhampnett and then to RAF Merston. In June, F/S Chudek (nine kills) was shot down and killed. On 18 July, the unit went back to Westhampnett and received new Spitfire Mk IXs. Any Luftwaffe fighter opposition now remained largely absent from the Squadron's sphere of operations, but flak defences still took a toll. On 26 September S/L Drobinski replaced S/L Koc, and No. 303 continued using its Spitfires on various ground attack missions on V-1 and V-2 launch sites located in the Netherlands.

1945
In 1945, 303 Squadron moved to RAF Coltishall in Norfolk, East Anglia, for operations over the Netherlands. During 1945, 303 Squadron continued to operate over the Netherlands. On 3 April, the squadron joined 133 Squadron at Andrews Field, and was re-equipped with the North American Mustang Mk. IV. On 25 April 1945, 303 Squadron made its last wartime operational sortie, escorting Avro Lancasters in a raid on Berchtesgaden.

Postwar
No. 303 Squadron was the most effective Polish RAF squadron during the Second World War. Some sources state that its pilots were invited to the London Victory Parade of 1946,  The Daily Telegraph reported that it was the only representative of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. The invitation was refused because no other Polish units were invited. However, according to other sources No. 303 Squadron was not invited   and so could not have refused the invitation. After the end of the war, squadron morale decreased due to the treatment of Poland by the Allies (Western betrayal of Poland), and the squadron was eventually disbanded in December 1946. After the war, they were honoured by the erection of the Polish War Memorial in West London, listing the names of all Polish pilots who served in the RAF.

In 2022, after the Russian invasion of Ukraine for a second time, the number "303" was chosen by a group of Polish internet activists to name their Squad 303 which sends anti-war messages to individual Russians.

Squadron statistics

(4.7% of all enemy aircraft shot down during the battle.)

(include 303 enemy aircraft on the ground)

Locations
• 2 August 1940 – RAF Northolt

• 11 October 1940 – RAF Leconfield

• 3 January 1941 – RAF Northolt

• 17 July 1941 – RAF Speke

• 7 October 1941 – RAF Northolt

• 15 June 1942 – RAF Kirton in Lindsey

• 16 August 1942 – RAF Redhill

• 20 August 1942 – RAF Kirton in Lindsey

• 1 February 1943 – RAF Northolt

• 5 February 1943 – RAF Heston

• 3 March 1943 – RAF Debden

• 12 March 1943 – RAF Heston

• 26 March 1943 – RAF Martlesham Heath

• 8 April 1943 – RAF Heston

• 1 June 1943 – RAF Northolt

• 12 November 1943 – RAF Ballyhalbert

• 30 April 1944 – RAF Horne

• 19 June 1944 – RAF Westhampnett

• 27 June 1944 – RAF Merston

• 9 August 1944 – RAF Westhampnett

• 25 August 1944 – RAF Coltishall

• 4 April 1945 – RAF Andrews Field

• 16 May 1945 – RAF Coltishall

• 9 August 1945 – RAF Andrews Field

• 28 November 1945 – RAF Turnhouse

• 4 January 1946 – RAF Wick

• 31 March 1946 – RAF Charterhall

• 23 March 1946 – RAF Hethel

Commanding officers
(under British command until 1 January 1941. Abbreviations: maj: major, cpt.: captain, lt.: lieutenant)

 * 19 July 1940 – Sqn Ldr Ronald Kellett
 * 2 August 1940 – Sqn Ldr (maj) Zdzisław Krasnodębski
 * 7 September 1940 – F/O (lt.) Witold Urbanowicz
 * 22 October 1940 – F/O (lt.) Zdzisław Henneberg
 * 7 November 1940 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Adam Kowalczyk
 * 20 February 1941 – Sqn Ldr (lt.) Zdzisław Henneberg
 * 13 April 1941 – F/Lt (lt.) Tadeusz Arentowicz
 * 5 May 1941 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Wacław Łapkowski
 * 3 July 1941 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Tadeusz Arentowicz
 * 9 July 1941 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Jerzy Jankiewicz
 * 21 November 1941 – Sqn Ldr (lt.) Wojciech Kołaczkowski
 * 7 May 1942 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Walerian Żak
 * 19 May 1942 – Sqn Ldr (lt.) Jan Zumbach
 * 1 December 1942 – Sqn Ldr(lt.) Zygmunt Witymir Bieńkowski
 * 4 July 1943 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Jan Falkowski
 * 21 November 1943 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Tadeusz Koc
 * 25 September 1944 – Sqn Ldr (cpt.) Bolesław Drobiński
 * 1 February 1946 – Sqn Ldr (maj) Witold Łokuciewski

Pilots of 303

 * Squadron Leader R G Kellett DSO DFC Original CO of 303 Sqn.
 * Flight Lieutenant John A. Kent, Canadian Flight commander during the Battle, (11 claims)
 * Sgt Josef František, Czech pilot flying with 303 Polish Squadron, was one of the top fighter pilots of the Battle of Britain, with 17 confirmed kills.
 * Flying Officer Witold Urbanowicz, Polish commander of 303 Squadron from 5 September 1940, scored 15 kills during the Battle of Britain (17 or 19 + 1 + 0 total)
 * Pilot Officer Jan Zumbach, commander of 303 Squadron from 19 May 1942, scored 8 kills during the Battle of Britain (12 1/3 + 5 + 1 total)

Squadron aircraft

 * 8 August 1940 – Hurricane I
 * 22 January 1941 – Spitfire I
 * 3 March 1941 – Spitfire IIA
 * 20 May 1941 – Spitfire IIB
 * 25 August 1941 – Spitfire I
 * 7 October 1941 – Spitfire VB
 * 1 June 1943 – Spitfire F IXC.
 * 12 November 1943 – Spitfire VB, Spitfire VC and Spitfire LF VB, Spitfire LF VC
 * 18 July 1944 – Spitfire F IX, Spitfire LF IX and Spitfire HF IX
 * 4 April 1945 – Mustang IV and Mustang IVA.

In popular culture
The squadron was the subject of the 1942 book Squadron 303, written by the Polish writer Arkady Fiedler, which is considered the most popular among this writer's many works and has sold over 1.5 million copies.

"'Because the book was published during the war, in order to protect the Polish airmen and their families remaining in occupied Poland from German reprisals, Fiedler used pseudonyms for the airmen of 303 Squadron. This practice was mandated in a memo regarding confidential information issued by the Air Ministry dated Oct. 14, 1949.[33] In connection with the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Britain in 2010, a new English translation was commissioned by publisher Aquila Polonica at the request of Fiedler's son. 303 Squadron: The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron is the first new English-language edition of Dywizjon 303 since 1942, and for the first time in English identifies the pilots by their true names.'"

In 2010, the squadron's involvement in the Battle of Britain was featured in the dramatised documentary The Polish Battle of Britain produced by Hardy Pictures for the Channel 4 series Bloody Foreigners. Channel Four also made a game called Battle of Britain: 303 Squadron.

303 Squadron was the subject of the 2018 films Hurricane and 303 Squadron.

303 Squadron is referenced in the first chorus of the Sabaton song Aces in Exile.

Museum 303 in Napoleon, Silesia Province, Poland is dedicated to No. 303 Squadron.

title: No. 303 Squadron RAF