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George Teasdale

George Teasdale (8 December 1831 – 9 June 1907) was a Mormon missionary and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Teasdale was born in London, England. Teasdale was baptized into the LDS Church on 8 August 1852, after learning about the church from a Mormon co-worker.

In 1853, Teasdale married Emily Emma Brown, a member of the LDS Church. In 1857, Teasdale became a full-time church missionary in England and Scotland. In 1859, he became the supervisor of the missionaries in Scotland. In 1861, Teasdale was released as a missionary and he and his wife emigrated to Utah Territory.

In Utah, Teasdale taught school and was a member of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. In 1868–69, he returned to England as a missionary to help British Latter-day Saints migrate to Utah. His wife died in 1874, after he had fathered seven children by her, five of whom died in infancy. The couple had been monogamous, but after Emily's death, he had four more recorded marriages, and possibly as many as 10 more, all without issue. In 1875, he served a mission to Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia. He became president of the church's Juab Stake.

Teasdale was ordained an apostle on 16 October 1882, by church president John Taylor. Future church president, Heber J. Grant, was ordained an apostle on the same date. Teasdale immediately served a six-month mission to the Indian Territory.

As an apostle, Teasdale served another mission for the church from 1887 to 1890 and he preached in the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Ireland.

In 1891, Teasdale became president of the church's Mexican Mission.

Teasdale died in Salt Lake City at age 75 of an intestinal obstruction. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery and was succeeded in the Quorum of the Twelve by Anthony W. Ivins.

title: George Teasdale


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RS-68

The RS-68 (Rocket System-68) was a liquid-fuel rocket engine that used liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) as propellants in a gas-generator cycle. It was the largest hydrogen-fueled rocket engine ever flown.

Designed and manufactured in the United States by Rocketdyne (later Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne and Aerojet Rocketdyne). Development started in the 1990s with the goal of producing a simpler, less costly, heavy-lift engine for the Delta IV launch system. Two versions of the engine have been produced: the original RS-68 and the improved RS-68A. A third version, the RS-68B, was planned for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Ares V rocket before the cancellation of the rocket and the Constellation Program in 2010.

Design and development
One of the main goals of the RS-68 program was to produce a simple engine that would be cost-effective when used for a single launch. To achieve this, the RS-68 has 80% fewer parts than the multi-launch RS-25 Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). The adverse consequences of this simplicity were a significantly lower thrust-to-weight ratio and a 10% lower specific impulse compared to the SSME. The benefit of this simplicity is the RS-68's reduced construction cost.

The RS-68 was developed at Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power, located in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California, where the SSME was manufactured. It was designed to power the Delta IV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV). The initial development engines were assembled at the nearby Santa Susana Field Laboratory where the Saturn V's Rocketdyne F-1 engines were developed and tested for the Apollo missions to the Moon. The initial testing of the RS-68 occurred at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Edwards Air Force Base, California, and later at NASA's Stennis Space Center. The RS-68 was certified in December 2001 for use on Delta IV rockets.

An RS-68 was part of each Delta IV Common Booster Core. The largest of the launch vehicles, the Delta IV Heavy, used three CBCs mounted together.

The engine produced 758000 lbf in a vacuum and 663000 lbf at sea level. The engine's mass was 14560 lb. With this thrust, the engine had a thrust-to-weight ratio of 51.2 and a specific impulse of 410 isp in a vacuum and 365 isp at sea level. The RS-68 was gimbaled hydraulically and was capable of throttling between 58% and 102% thrust.

The RS-68A is an updated version of the RS-68, with increased specific impulse and thrust (to over 700000 lbf at sea level). The first launch on 29 June 2012, from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station used three RS-68A engines mounted in a Delta IV Heavy rocket.

The RS-68 was retired as of the last Delta IV Heavy flight in April 2024.

Proposed uses
In 2006, NASA announced an intention to use five RS-68 engines instead of SSMEs on the planned Ares V. NASA chose the RS-68 because of its lower cost, about $20 million per engine including the cost of NASA's upgrades. The upgrades included a different ablative nozzle to accommodate a longer burn, a shorter start sequence, hardware changes to limit free hydrogen at ignition, and a reduction in the amount of helium used during countdown and flight. Thrust and specific impulse increases would occur under a separate upgrade program for the Delta IV rocket. Later, the Ares V was changed to use six RS-68 engines, designated the RS-68B. Ares V was dropped as part of the cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010. NASA's current successor heavy-lift vehicle, the Space Launch System, uses four RS-25 engines instead.

Human-rating
In 2008, it was reported that the RS-68 needed over 200 changes to receive a human-rating certification. NASA has stated that those changes include health monitoring, removal of the fuel-rich environment at liftoff, and improving the robustness of its subsystems.

Variants

 * RS-68 is the original version. It produces 663000 lbf thrust at sea level.
 * RS-68A is an improved version. It produces 705000 lbf thrust at sea level and 800000 lbf thrust in a vacuum. Its specific impulse in a vacuum is 411.9 isp. Certification was completed in April 2011.
 * RS-68B was a proposed upgrade to be used in the Ares V launch vehicle for NASA's Constellation program. The Ares V was to use six RS-68B engines on a 10 m diameter core stage, along with two 5.5-segment solid rocket boosters. It was later determined that the ablative nozzle of the RS-68 was poorly suited to this multi-engine environment, causing reduced engine efficiency and extreme heating at the base of the vehicle.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: RS-68


text:
User talk:Heartyheart

Stop vandalizing Wikipedia! Mateo SA | talk 05:52, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Heartyheart


text:
Black-throated accentor

The black-throated accentor (Prunella atrogularis) is a small passerine bird found in the Ural, Tian Shan and Altai Mountains. It is migratory, wintering in Afghanistan and neighboring countries. It is a rare vagrant in western Europe.

The black-throated accentor builds a neat nest low in spruce thickets, laying 3-5 unspotted blue eggs. It winters in scrub or cultivation.

This is a dunnock-sized bird, 13.5 – in length. It has a streaked dark brown back, somewhat resembling a house sparrow, but adults have a black crown, face patch and throat, and a white supercilium. The breast is orange, and the belly white with orange stripes. Like other accentors, this species has an insectivore's fine pointed bill.

Sexes are similar, but winter birds and juveniles are less contrasted. In particular, the dark throat may be almost absent in young birds.

The call is a fine ti-ti-ti, and the song is similar to the dunnock's pleasant twittering.

title: Black-throated accentor


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Val Anthony

Val Anthony is an American singer and musician. He was a pianist and cabaret singer at Jilly's, a popular New York City night club in the 1960s owned by Jilly Rizzo. Frequent guests included Frank Sinatra and his Rat Pack, Dean Martin and Sammy Davis, Jr. Others, like Liza Minnelli and Marilyn Monroe, also frequented the club.

Sinatra described Anthony as "the finest working saloon singer in New York." He released several records on the Columbia label in the 1950s, including the double A-side "The Heart of a Fool/The Portuguese Fishermen." Anthony was a favourite of Sinatra's, who once said " This guy sounds more like me than me."

According to a 2006 article, Val Anthony still plays in the New York clubs. He is good friends with Gary Scott (former frontman for the short-lived rock band Steam, who hit big in 1970 with "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye") and the two jam together occasionally.

title: Val Anthony


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Mille-feuille

A mille-feuille (lit. 'thousand-sheets'), also known by the names Napoleon in North America, vanilla slice in the United Kingdom, and custard slice, is a French dessert made of puff pastry layered with pastry cream. Its modern form was influenced by improvements made by Marie-Antoine Carême.

Traditionally, a mille-feuille is made up of three layers of puff pastry (pâte feuilletée), alternating with two layers of pastry cream (crème pâtissière). The top pastry layer is finished in various ways: sometimes it is topped with whipped cream, or it may be dusted with icing sugar, cocoa, pastry crumbs, or sliced almonds. It may also be glazed with icing or fondant alone, or in alternating white (icing) and brown (chocolate) or other colored icing stripes, and combed to create a marbled effect.

History
According to the Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets, mille-feuille recipes from 17th century French and 18th century English cookbooks are a precursor to layer cakes.

The earliest mention of the name mille-feuille itself appears in 1733 in an English-language cookbook written by French chef Vincent La Chapelle. The 18th century mille-feuille was served stuffed with jam and marmalade instead of cream.

In French, the first mention of the mille-feuille appears a little later, in 1749, in a cookbook by Menon:

"To make a mille-feuille cake, you take puff pastry, make out of it five cakes of equal size, & of the thickness of two coins, in the last one you shall make a hole in the middle in the shape of a Knight's cross, regarding the size you will base yourself on the dish that you will use for service, bake them in the oven. When they are baked & cooled, stack them one on the other, the one with the hole on top, & jams between every cake, [sentence unclear, maybe referring to covering all sides with jam] & ice them everywhere with white icing so that they appear to be a single piece; you can embellish it with some red currant jelly, candied lemon skins & pistachio, you serve them on a plate."

The word 'mille-feuille' is not used again in the recipe books of the 18th century. However, under the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, several of the fanciest Parisian pastry shops appear to have sold the cake. During the 19th century, all recipes describe the cake as filled with jam, with the exception of the 1876 recipe by Urbain Dubois, where it is served with Bavarian cream.

According to Alan Davidson in the Oxford Companion to Food, the invention of the form (but not of the pastry itself) is usually attributed to Szeged, Hungary, where a caramel-coated mille-feuille is called 'Szegediner Torte'.

Composition
Traditionally, a mille-feuille is made up of three layers of puff pastry and two layers of crème pâtissière. The top layer is coated with a sprinkling of powdered sugar. In later variations, the top is glazed with icing, in alternating white (icing) and brown (chocolate) strips, and then combed.

It is often layered with fruits, most commonly strawberry and raspberry.

Variations
According to La Varenne, it was earlier called gâteau de mille-feuilles (lit. 'cake of a thousand sheets'), referring to the many layers of pastry. Using traditional puff pastry, made with six folds of three layers, it has 729 layers; with some modern recipes it may have as many as 2,048.

In France, the pastry called Napoleon is made with two joined layers of filled with frangipane.

Argentina/Uruguay
Rogel, a popular cake, the Argentine variant of the French pastry mille-feuille, consists of various layers of puff pastry alternating with layers of dulce de leche and a top glazed with meringue. Rogel is considered a classic, and a wedding cake favourite.

Australia/New Zealand
In Australia, a variant of the mille-feuille is the custard slice, also known as the vanilla slice. It is made using a gelatin-set crème pâtissière, and in many cases, passionfruit icing. "French Vanilla slice" refers to a similar product without fondant icing. In New Zealand, it is variously known as a custard slice, a custard square, a vanilla slice, or, with passion-fruit icing, a passion-fruit slice.

Balkan countries
A similar local variety is called krempita in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, kremna rezina or kremšnita in Slovenia and Croatia, and krémeš in Slovakia.

Belgium and the Netherlands
In Belgium and the Netherlands, the tompouce or tompoes is the equivalent pastry. Several variations exist in Belgium, but in the Netherlands it has achieved an almost iconic status, with very little variation seen in form, size, ingredients and colour (always two layers of pastry, nearly always pink glazing, but orange around national festivities). The cartoon character Tom Puss by Marten Toonder is named after the tompouce.

Canada
In Canada, mille-feuille is often named gâteau Napoléon among French speakers, and "Napoleon slice" in English-speaking Canada. It is sold with either custard, whipped cream, or both between three layers of puff pastry; almond paste is the most common filling. A French Canadian method of making a mille-feuille uses graham crackers instead of puff pastry, with pudding replacing the custard layer.

German varieties
In the German-speaking part of Switzerland and also in Austria, it is called Cremeschnitte. In Israel it is known by a variation of that name, (קרמשניט).

Greece
In Greece, the pastry is called μιλφέιγ, a transcription of the word mille-feuille using the Greek alphabet. The filling between the layers is cream whereas whipped cream (a vanilla-infused French Chantilly) is used at the top of the pastry.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the 拿破侖 (, "Napoleon") is layered with buttercream, meringue and walnuts. In Mainland China, a similar product also marketed as a Napoleon (, or more commonly, ) varies between regions and individual bakeries, but usually features a top and bottom layer of rough puff pastry, typically made with vegetable shortening rather than butter, and a sponge cake and artificial buttercream filling.

Hungary
In Hungary, it is called krémes. One version, the francia krémes (French Napoleon), is topped with whipped cream and caramel.

Italy
In Italy, the mille-feuille is known as the mille foglie and contains similar fillings. Another important distinction of the Italian variety is that it often consists of a layer of puff pastry with layers of sponge cake as well (e.g. from bottom to top, puff pastry, sponge cake strawberries and cream and then puff pastry).

Iran
In Iran, the pastry is called شيرينى ناپلئونى (, literally "Napoleonic sweet pastry"). It consists of thin puff pastry and often topped with powdered sugar.

Lithuania
In Lithuanian tradition, Napoleon or Napoleonas. In Lithuanian recipe pastry has layers of fruit filling such as wild cranberries jam and crème pâtissière. Sometimes is associated with weddings or celebrations.

Morocco
In Morocco, mille-feuille are consumed regularly and are known by their French name.

Philippines
In the Philippines, they are called napoleones (, ; napoleón in the singular), and are made of two to three layers, with pastry cream or white custard as filling, topped with sugar glaze. It is a popular specialty on Negros Island, especially in Silay City, and can be bought as pasalubong by many who visit the island.

Poland
In Poland, the local variant of the pastry is officially called napoleonka, and less commonly kremówka. It consists of two layers of pastry separated by a thick cream layer. The whole pastry is then covered with powdered sugar.

Russia
In Russian literature, a cake named Napoleon (Наполеон) is first mentioned as early as in the first half of the 19th century. Alexander Bestuzhev explained the emergence of such names by the romantic and historicist spirit of that time. The cake has enjoyed an especially great popularity since the centenary celebration of the Russian victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812. During the celebrations in 1812, triangular-shape pastries were sold resembling the bicorne. The many layers of the cake symbolized La Grande Armée. In fact, the Russian "Napoleon" is an old recipe that was revisited in 1925 by the pastry chef Adrien Artigarrède. He added almonds from Crimea and icing sugar on the top (symbolizing the snows of Russia, once so helpful to Russians in their defeat of Napoleon).

Later, the cake became a standard dessert in Soviet cuisine. Nowadays, the Napoleon remains one of the most popular cakes in Russia and other post-Soviet countries. It typically has more layers than the French archetype, but the same height.

South Africa
In South Africa and Zimbabwe, it is called a 'custard slice'.

Spain
In the Spanish milhojas, the puff pastry is thin and crunchy. They are often far deeper than solely three layers of pastry and can reach up to 6 in tall. In the central regions, milhojas usually have only two or three layers of puff pastry filled with very thick layers of whipped cream or Chantilly.

Nordic countries
In Sweden as well as in Finland, the Napoleonbakelse (Napoleon pastry) is a mille-feuille filled with whipped cream, custard, and jam. The top of the pastry is glazed with icing and currant jelly. In Denmark it is called napoleonskage and in Norway napoleonskake, both meaning "Napoleon cake".

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the pastry is most often called a vanilla slice, cream slice, or a custard slice, but can, on occasion, be named mille-feuille or Napoleon on branded products. It is common in the UK to only use two slices of pastry with a single, thick layer of filling between them, and the filling may be pastry cream or sometimes whipped cream.

United States
In the United States, the pastry is most often called a Napoleon. It typically includes three layers of pastry, is filled with pastry cream, and is glazed with icing sugar in a feathered or marbled pattern.

Other
In Latin American milhojas, various layers of puff pastry are layered with confectioner's sugar on top. A Colombian version of milhoja has various layers of puff pastry and pastry cream. It is topped with arequipe (dulce de leche).

title: Mille-feuille


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Heather Roy

Heather Roy (born 5 March 1964) is a former New Zealand politician. She was a Member of Parliament for ACT New Zealand from 2002 until 2011.

Roy was the deputy leader of ACT New Zealand from 17 September 2005 to 17 August 2010. She was also Minister of Consumer Affairs in the John Key-led National Government from 19 November 2008 until 17 August 2010.

Early life, career and family
Roy grew up in Palmerston, Otago as the eldest of six children. She was the deputy head girl and, later, head girl at her secondary school. She studied for a diploma in physiotherapy at Otago Polytechnic. She was introduced to politics in 1984 at the age of 20 when she met her husband Duncan Roy, who at that time was the New Zealand Party candidate for Awarua. The Roys have five children.

Before entering politics, Roy worked as a physiotherapist, medical research co-ordinator, manager of a private kindergarten and as publicity officer for the New Zealand Portrait Gallery. In 2006, she completed basic and corps training as a reserve forces field engineer (Royal New Zealand Engineers) within the New Zealand Army.

Member of Parliament
Roy first contested Parliament as a list-only candidate at the 1999 general election, where she was ranked 10th on the ACT New Zealand list. ACT only won enough support for nine MPs so Roy was unsuccessful.

In Opposition
At the 2002 general election, she contested the electorate of Ohariu-Belmont, where she finished fifth behind incumbent Peter Dunne. With an improved list position of 9 and ACT holding its support from the previous election, Roy was elected for the first time. In her maiden speech, Roy talked of her "fervent" belief in the liberal ideals of "freedom of market, of mind, and of body". In her first term, Roy was ACT spokesperson for ACC; arts, culture and heritage; family; health; internal affairs, occupational safety and health; senior citizens; women; and youth. She was also a member of Parliament's health select committee.

For the 2005 general election, Roy was placed second on the ACT party list, ahead of its deputy leader Muriel Newman. Roy contested but lost Ohariu-Belmont, and was re-elected on the party list. ACT only secured two positions in Parliament, so Roy became the party's deputy leader, whip, and national security spokesperson. For her second term, she served on the social services committee.

In the 2008 election, she contested the electorate of, a seat formerly held by former ACT leader and co-founder Richard Prebble from 1996 to 1999. The seat had been held by Labour since 1999, although the incumbent, Marian Hobbs, was retiring. Roy finished fourth but was re-elected to Parliament on the ACT party list for the third time.

Supporting the National-led government
In November 2008, National Party leader John Key formed a new government with support from ACT New Zealand and other small parties. As part of the National–ACT agreement, Roy was appointed as Minister of Consumer Affairs, Associate Minister of Defence and Associate Minister of Education. In the latter two roles, Roy commissioned reviews of the New Zealand Defence Force (including a study on voluntary national service) and of special education. She advocated for, without success, the reversal of New Zealand's nuclear free policy. She also announced reforms to independent schools, including increased government subsidies to independent schools in 2009. As Minister of Consumer Affairs, Roy launched a "consumer reform" discussion document in June 2010, approved the creation of New Zealand's first financial sector consumer dispute resolution schemes, and established new regulations requiring water efficiency labels to be fastened to electrical appliances including washing machines, dishwashers, taps, toilets and showers.

The 2008–2011 term saw dysfunction and disruption in the ACT New Zealand leadership. ACT founder Sir Roger Douglas, with Roy's support, was reported as leading unsuccessful moves to remove Epsom MP Rodney Hide as ACT leader in November 2009. At the ACT party conference in March 2010, Roy used her deputy leader's speech to criticise the party's reliance on Hide and the Epsom electorate. In August 2010, Roy was removed as deputy leader and replaced by John Boscawen. She was also removed as a government minister. In exit press, Roy denied being part of an attempt to replace Hide as leader. Less than twelve months later, in April 2011, Hide was succeeded as leader by Don Brash.

In June 2011, Roy announced she would leave Parliament at the 2011 general election. In her final year in office, she took charge of the Education (Freedom of Association) Amendment Bill, a private member's bill which had been in her name from 2005 to 2008 but was transferred to Sir Roger Douglas when Roy became a minister. The bill proposed to make membership of student associations and unions voluntary and faced strong opposition from student unions. The bill eventually passed its third reading in September 2011.

Career after politics
Following the 2011 election, Roy was appointed non-executive board chair of the pharmaceutical lobby group, Medicines NZ. She left the role in early 2018. For a period after leaving Parliament, Roy also resumed her role as a reserve forces field engineer.

Roy has appeared as a political commentator advocating for lowering the 5% threshold for parties to be represented in Parliament and for public opinion polls to be banned during the election voting period.

title: Heather Roy


text:
User:GreenTwin

under construction
Thank you for your response to my edit or new user log.

I hope to put more about myself here, as well as maybe what I see that needs work, or doesn't exist, so as to get advice.

I intend to start an article on Dr. Stanley Krippner with only a couple of sentences and only do full research/ invest alot of time if no one more expert  than I picks up the ball. I didn't intend to do this article in coming here, but rather noticed it would make an important link in an article I was reading, only to find no article. I guess that's probably the way around here.

greentwin

I'm collecting useful links
Village pump
 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * List of images
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

title: User:GreenTwin


text:
User:Shafaki

Ashraf Al Shafaki is a Corporate Soft Skills Trainer based in Cairo, Egypt.

Blog: Corporate Training Magic

Website: Born Trainer

title: User:Shafaki


text:
USS Blackfish

USS Blackfish (SS-221), a Gato-class submarine in commission from 1942 to 1946, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for the blackfish. During World War II, she completed five war patrols in the Atlantic Ocean between October 1942 and July 1943 in waters extending from Dakar, Senegal, to the north of Iceland. She supported the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch in November 1942, and is credited with sinking the German vorpostenboot V 408 Haltenbank off the north coast of Spain in February 1943.

Later in 1943, Blackfish proceeded to the Southwest Pacific. Between 19 October 1943 and 14 August 1945, she completed seven war patrols in an area including the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, and the Yellow Sea. She sank one Japanese cargo ship of 2,087 gross register tons during her Pacific patrols. She completed her twelfth and final war patrol on 14 August 1945.

Decommissioned in 1946, Blackfish later served as a non-commissioned training ship for United States Naval Reserve personnel from 1949 to 1955. She was sold for scrapping in 1959.

Construction and commissioning
Blackfish was laid down on 1 July 1941 at Groton, Connecticut, by the Electric Boat Company. She was launched on 18 April 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Ida H. Mel, wife of Captain Henry F. Mel, head of the Navy Purchasing Office in New York City. She was commissioned on 22 July 1942 with Commander Raymond W. Johnson in command.

July–October 1942
Following her commissioning Blackfish spent three months outfitting and training. She completed it in October 1942.

First war patrol
Assigned to Submarine Squadron 50 for operations under Commander, Naval Forces, Europe, Blackfish — now under the command of Lieutenant Commander J. F. Davidson — departed New England on 19 October 1942 to begin her first war patrol, shaping a course for French West Africa, where she was to conduct reconnaissance patrols off Dakar, Senegal, in support of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa. During her voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, she mostly ran submerged during daylight hours. On 5 November 1942, after 17 days in transit, she arrived at her assigned patrol station off Dakar.

Blackfish conducted her first full day of reconnaissance on 6 November 1942. During the morning hours, a heavy mist prevented her crew from making any good observations, but by the early afternoon, as visibility improved, the crew managed to take some photographs of the area. On 7 November 1942, Blackfish reconnoitered Dakar Point and Gorée Island, noting that at Point Manuel several buildings believed to be part of a naval base were under construction on reclaimed land in the area.

On 8 November 1942, Operation Torch began in earnest with Allied amphibious landings in French Morocco and Algeria. Blackfish continued her patrol of the Senegalese coast, on the lookout for Vichy French forces heading for French Morocco. Surface traffic in the area was light and Blackfish′s log reported some "doubt" as to whether it was “the best patrol area,” given that “A position south to southwest of Point Manuel offers the best opportunities for observing the harbor but very little chance of successful attack in case ships hug the coast.” The day concluded without Blackfish making contact with enemy forces.

Blackfish′s patrol proved significantly more eventful on 9 November 1942. While patrolling submerged 5 nmi north of Pointe des Almadies, Blackfish sighted a Vichy French convoy of three cargo ships escorted by a destroyer. Once in range, she fired two torpedoes at each cargo ship and then prepared for a potential counterattack by the destroyer. Her torpedoes missed the first cargo ship, which Blackfish attributed to her torpedoes suffering a "loss of depth control." However, her second torpedo struck the second cargo ship, a 7,110-gross register ton vessel, abaft her stack and Blackfish′s sound operator reported that the ship's screw stopped. Meanwhile, the destroyer sped up and dropped a series of eight depth charges. Blackfish dove to 300 ft and cleared the area to the northwest, running silently.

Following the action on 9 November 1942, Blackfish encountered few other particularly exciting events. On 12 November, her crew sighted a small trawler deemed too small for a torpedo attack. On the night of 12 November, she observed a peculiar flashing searchlight on Cape Verde Point that appeared to be making some type of signal. Nothing developed that evening, but on 13 November 1942, Blackfish patrolled the area again in case the light was signalling incoming convoys. Unfortunately for Blackfish, bad weather developed and visibility became severely limited, and in consequence she nearly collided with a previously undetected ship, which ultimately she did not identify. She dove prior to making contact and narrowly avoided a collision.

On 14 November 1942, Blackfish received word that her duty with Task Force 34 had concluded, and she headed for her primary patrol sector in the vicinity of Dakar. She continued her patrol with nothing of import occurring for the remainder of her time there. She eventually headed north, and on 26 November 1942 she rendezvoused with the Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer HMS Lauderdale (L95) off The Lizard on the southwest coast of England and then steered toward Scotland. She moored to the dock at Rosneath, Scotland, on 27 November 1942 and began a refit. During her first war patrol, she traveled 7,673 nmi and expended 74,258 USgal of fuel oil.

Second war patrol
Following her refit, Blackfish put back to sea, arriving in her patrol area in the Atlantic Ocean north of Spain off Punta de Estaca de Bares for her second war patrol on 27 December 1942. Over the course of about three weeks, she scoured the area in search of enemy activity. She encountered British forces, numerous fishing trawlers, and an occasional Spanish merchant ship, but no enemy forces in the course of her patrol. She returned to Rosneath, mooring there on 18 January 1943, thus ending her second war patrol with little to show for it other an account of a minor episode of laryngitis among her crew, a few photographs, and some intelligence on merchant ships and fishing vessels.

Blackfish remained at Rosneath in upkeep status for the rest of January 1943. She underwent minor repairs and established two shore leave periods, which afforded her crew at least five days of leave.

Third war patrol
On 1 February 1943, Blackfish got underway for her third war patrol, bound for a patrol area in the Bay of Biscay near Bilbao, Spain. She departed Rosneath in company with the Royal Navy destroyer HMS Shikari (D85) and the U.S. submarine USS Barb (SS-220). Shikari and Barb parted company with Blackfish on the morning of the 2 February. Over the course of the next several weeks while patrolling in her assigned area, she encountered a daily flurry of Spanish fishing and cargo vessels. On several occasions, she received notification of the passage of the Vichy French ships Winnetou, Livadia, and Nordfels steaming from Bilbao to Bordeaux, France. She was unable to engage any of them owing to an apparent effort by those ships to travel on days of low visibility and exceptionally bad weather conditions.

At 10:50 on 18 February 1943, Blackfish happened upon approximately 30 small fishing boats headed for Bermeo, Spain, and her log noted that the boats appeared to have sighted her. It may have very well been that sighting which prompted the events of the next day. At 17:40 on 19 February 1943, Blackfish observed two small vessels that appeared to be large fishing trawlers traveling in a column which did not display any Spanish colors. Blackfish′s commanding officer called the crew to general quarters and initiated an attack approach. The first ship’s small bow made her difficult to make out, and several suspenseful minutes passed. At last, at 17:49, Blackfish clearly observed German colors and identified both ships as converted trawler-type submarine tender vessels with guns mounted fore and aft.

Blackfish fired two torpedoes from her bow torpedo tubes at the lead ship, and another two at the second. The second of the vessels, the disguised Vorpostenboot (patrol boat) V 408 Haltenbank, suffered a fatal hit by one of Blackfish′s torpedoes. Blackfish immediately was subjected to a depth-charge attack, as well as, according to her log, “something, which sounded like a bomb, but that did not produce much shock.” As she dove, five bombs and four depth charges exploded, the third of which reportedly detonated very close aboard and “jarred the ship considerably.” The blast had in fact cracked the conning tower door frame, which caused some minor flooding. Blackfish bottomed out in 368 ft of water, then maintained total silence for a full hour. At 19:18, she cleared the area. Blackfish surfaced at 22:20, and her crew made some minor repairs while inspecting her for additional damage. Having taken an account of herself, Blackfish sent word of her damage and then continued her patrol.

Early on the morning of 20 February 1943, Blackfish received orders to return from patrol. She sped back to port and arrived safely in Falmouth, England, on 22 February 1943. In addition to the action that took place on 19 February, the patrol resulted in Blackfish′s keen observation that, according to her patrol report, “the traffic of Spanish ships east of Bilbao appears excessive considering that Pasajes is the only Spanish port. Although the ships are covered with Spanish flags and cruise very close inshore, it is almost certain that some are enemy ships, and that all of them are not going to Pasajes but are bound for some French port.”

Shortly after her return to England, Blackfish proceeded to the Royal Naval Dockyard at Devonport, England. She underwent repairs and testing there from 5 March to 4 April 1943.

Fourth war patrol
At 09:00 on 5 April 1943, Blackfish got underway for her fourth war patrol and headed for the waters of Inchmarnock at the northern end of the Sound of Bute in the Firth of Clyde on the coast of Scotland to perform practice approaches with the British patrol yacht HMS Breda (1912). Gale-force winds, rain, and poor visibility hindered all training efforts, and by 15:00 Blackfish had shaped a new course, proceeding in company with the former French Navy minesweeper HMS La Capricieuse to Muckle Flugga in the Shetland Islands. On 7 April 1943 she parted company with La Capricieuse and made for the waters of Norway and Iceland.

Overall, the patrol was uneventful with the exception of some environmental challenges. With air temperatures remaining between 18 and 28 F, a buildup of ice on Blackfish′s hull presented one of the more significant challenges of the voyage. In one instance the ice slowed her diving time by approximately two minutes while she tried to avoid an unidentified airplane.

On 14 April 1943, Blackfish believed she sighted a periscope roughly 1,500 yd off her port bow, but a subsequent search revealed nothing. It was the first of several sightings that likely were false as, according to Blackfish′s log, "a certain amount of wreckage has been sighted from time to time and a piece of this may have been mistaken for a periscope." The crew also spotted some mines and observed a few airplanes, most of which were friendly, but ultimately, encountered no enemy ships.

Due to Blackfish′s position so far to the north and given the season, the consequent continual daylight made it possible Blackfish to conduct much of the patrol on the surface, and her crew believed that access to fresh air while surfaced made for better living conditions. In his reflections on the patrol Lieutenant Commander Davidson observed that "the excessive smoking and steaming of the main engines in cold weather is a very serious military hazard and an immediate remedy is considered vital." On 11 May 1943, Blackfish anchored at Lerwick, Scotland, and at 10:00 on 12 May again got underway. In short order she joined Barb and La Capricieuse, and the three vessels headed for Rosneath in company. Blackfish anchored at Rosneath on 14 May 1943, concluding her fourth war patrol.

May–June 1943
From 14 May to 8 June 1943, Blackfish remained at Rosneath undergoing upkeep. During that time her crew received nine days of shore leave. On 2 June, she carried out local training, during which she conducted gunnery exercises and approaches with a British S-class submarine. On 3 June 1943, Blackfish returned to Rosneath.

Fifth war patrol
Blackfish′s fifth war patrol began on 8 June 1943 with her departure from Rosneath in company with Barb and the British patrol vessel HMS Cutty Sark. During the patrol, Blackfish spent long hours submerged with no exercise and limited food selection for her crew, which contributed to some illness among the crewmen. She sighted some merchant ships on 4 July 1943. On 5 July she received orders to return to the United States. She moored to Pier 15 at Naval Submarine Base New London in Groton, Connecticut, on 26 July 1943, concluding her fifth war patrol.

July–October 1943
Upon her arrival at Groton, Blackfish underwent repairs, during which she replenished her supplies and her crew conducted training for their upcoming deployment to the Pacific for the war with Japan. With her repaits concluded, she set out for Brisbane, Australia. Upon reaching the Panama Canal Zone, she transited the Panama Canal and briefly conducted training in Panama Bay before continuing her journey. She arrived at Brisbane in September 1943 and spent three weeks undergoing a refit there.

Sixth war patrol
On 19 October 1943, Blackfish set out on her first war patrol in the Pacific and sixth overall, headed for the waters around New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and the Bismarck Islands. En route to her patrol area, she conducted multiple night radar training exercises on 20 October with her escort, the submarine rescue vessel USS Coucal (ASR-8). The two parted company on 24 October. At 05:13 on 26 October Blackfish arrived at Tulagi in the Solomon Islands and moored to an oil barge for fueling. On 27 October 1943, she rejoined her escort and got underway again at 06:00.

While assigned to a scouting line on 3 November 1943, Blackfish was on the surface when she encountered a Japanese convoy of two merchant ships, which her crew estimated at approximately 4,000 to 6,500 gross register tons, escorted by one patrol boat. Because Blackfish was patrolling along a scouting line, there was some question as to whether or not she should attack and give away the scouting line′s position to the Japanese. Davidson noted that "after reading and re-reading my orders, I decided I had no choice but to let them go by in order not to disclose the position of the scouting line." Blackfish dove and the convoy passed unharmed. In Davidson′s words, the incident was "pretty hard to take, after five patrols without a legitimate target."

On 4 November 1943, Blackfish suddenly sighted a large Japanese convoy escorted by several planes. Upon sighting the aircraft, she dove and a depth charge exploded nearby, but she escaped unscathed. On 6 November, she moved to a new patrol line north of Mussau Island in the St Matthias Islands. On 7 November at 11:05, an Imperial Japanese Navy floatplane attacked her and forced her to dive, Blackfish′s log noting that the floatplane apparently was "trying to get in a rain squall to work on us at his leisure." She remained submerged for several hours, over the course of which she heard 14 aircraft bombs and depth charges explode overhead. Davidson later received information that a large Japanese convoy had been moving through the area at the time.

On 11 November 1943, Blackfish stalked a Japanese destroyer, but the submarine USS Drum (SS-228) attacked first. Each missed opportunity to strike the enemy hit hard at the heart of the crew. After another frustrated attack opportunity on 14 November 1943, Davidson lamented that "a submariner’s dream almost came true. I guess I don’t live right."

Blackfish′s luck turned when she sighted a Japanese convoy on 22 November 1943. She trailed the column of ships and patiently waited to assume a proper attack position. At 11:21, she dove in preparation for an attack. Twenty minutes passed before she suddenly heard several explosions, which her crew believed to be depth charges, and the Japanese convoy changed course and disappeared. The convoy’s escorts had been attacking Drum, which was nearby.

Blackfish regained contact with the convoy and continued following it into the evening of 22 November 1943. While on the surface at 00:06 on 23 November 1943, she fired a spread of six torpedoes at the 4,500-gross register ton cargo ship No. 2 Yamato Maru at 2.45°N, 140.1°W. Davidson felt certain that at least three of the torpedoes hit their mark. The attack instantly alerted the escorting submarine chasers, which converged on Blackfish. She quickly dove. The convoy’s escorts pursued Blackfish for nearly 40 minutes, but in the end she outran them.

Blackfish resumed her pursuit of the convoy and sighted its smoke at approximately 11:11 on 23 November 1943. Davidson observed that there was one less ship present in the convoy, which led him to believe that Blackfish had in fact sunk one of the cargo ships in the previous attack. Blackfish began an attack approach but the escorts detected her some 4,000 yd off and forced her to withdraw.

Blackfish continued to track the convoy well into 24 November 1943. She reached an attack position at 23:08 on 24 November and launched a spread of six torpedoes at the stern of an unidentified cargo ship in the Japanese column located at 0.93333°N, 144.86667°W. Blackfish′s crew heard five explosions between three and four minutes after firing, but could make no observation of the resulting damage because the convoy’s escorts quickly closed in. They pursued Blackfish for a full 30 minutes, but at length she escaped unharmed.

Blackfish sighted a Japanese convoy on 26 November 1943 and then shortly thereafter lost track of it in a rain squall. She reacquired the convoy a few hours later, but as she assumed an attack position on the surface, one of the convoy’s submarine chasers attempted to engage her, forcing her to dive. Over the course of several hours Blackfish endured a sonar-guided attack by more than 20 depth charges. Davidson observed that Blackfish′s rudder was exceedingly loud, and he believed that the Japanese ability to locate Blackfish was directly related to her inability to keep quiet. Following a prolonged siege, the Japanese broke off their attack and Blackfish resumed her patrol.

Blackfish left her patrol area on 28 November 1943. She stopped off at Tulagi for fuel on 1 December 1943, and on 4 December she made contact with her escort aircraft. She then proceeded to Milne Bay on the eastern tip of New Guinea, where she completed her sixth war patrol after 46 days at sea, 32 of them in Japanese-controlled waters. With her crew in high spirits, she underwent a standard two-week refit at Milne Bay.

Blackfish′s patrol was deemed "successful" and her crew was authorized to wear the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia. As Blackfish′s first war patrol in the Pacific Theater, it served as a learning experience for both her commanding officer and her crew. Although Blackfish had attempted both of her primary attacks on Japanese convoys at excessive range, her commanding officer and crew "benefited greatly from the experience and will undoubtedly inflict greater damage to the enemy on the next patrol," according to a post-patrol assessment of her performance.

During her refit, Blackfish had a 5 in gun installed forward and her noisy rudder was fixed. Meanwhile, her crew spent two weeks at a military recreation camp on the beach for rest and relaxation, which included, among other things, horseshoes, volleyball, and swimming. During Blackfish′s third week at Milne Bay, her crew′s retreat ended, and she began an intensive training program under the supervision of Submarine Division 82.

Seventh war patrol
Esorted by Coucal and in company with the submarine USS Redfin (SS-272), Blackfish set out from Milne Bay on her seventh war patrol on the morning of 25 December 1943. Shortly after conducting some drills on 25 December, it became apparent that her radar needed repairs, which forced Blackfish to return to Milne Bay on 26 December. With repairs completed by 19:15 on 26 December, Blackfish put back to sea and hurried to rejoin Redfin and Coucal at Point Mast. On 27 December, Blackfish participated in training and drills with Coucal and Redfin, then at 13:59 the three vessels charted a course for Tulagi. They arrived at Tulagi on 28 December and awaited further orders. For the next several days Blackfish patrolled in the local area, occasionally docking at Tulagi. On two separate occasions several U.S. Navy officers came aboard to witness a series of what were called "special radio tests." On 31 December 1943, Blackfish escorted the submarine chaser USS SC-728 to Point White, a task she completed without incident.

While conducting regular patrols in her area of the Solomon Islands from 3 to 5 January 1944, Blackfish experienced a bout of extremely foul weather which made a noticeable impact on her operations, prompting Davidson to remark that the "swells were the biggest I have seen in this area." On 5 January, Blackfish sighted two Japanese cargo ships, but due to the weather she shortly thereafter lost contact with them. At 12:00 on 6 January, with the weather slightly improving, she detected a Japanese convoy and began tracking it. Approximately an hour later she received a radio call to help the submarine USS Balao (SS-285), but Balao was roughly 200 nmi away, so Davidson opted to maintain contact with the convoy. Blackfish continued to track the convoy through the night, hoping to get a clear shot by daylight.

With the convoy′s smoke in sight, Blackfish dove at 08:40 on 7 January 1944 and prepared to attack. Unfortunately for Blackfish, the convoy′s low speed and zigzagging thwarted her attempts at getting a clear shot. As the opportunity faded, Davidson remarked "our last hope was one of the patrolling destroyers, which we managed to close to 3,000 yd but without a very good set[-]up because of the constant changes of course and speed.” Given the circumstances, Blackfish pulled back. During the early morning hours of 8 January, one of the destroyers in the convoy came within sight again and Blackfish turned toward her on the surface and put all four of her diesel engines "on the line" to get into an attack position. A rain squall intervened and obscured the destroyer, however, and no attack developed. As the rain passed, the convoy — consisting of a small tanker of approximately 4,500 gross register tons, two cargo ships of about 4,500 gross register tons, and two destroyers — came into clearer view. Persistent rain caused further sight and sound issues which delayed any chances of an attack. Believing she had the leader of the column in sight and having finally gained a good position as the convoy emerged from the rain, Blackfish fired six torpedoes. Anticipating a quick reprisal, she dove to 300 ft. The Japanese began a depth-charge attack. Blackfish survived, but ultimately could not determine if she had made any successful hits against the convoy. After evading the escorts, Blackfish resumed her patroll.

Between 9 and 14 January 1944, Blackfish′s patrols proved relatively uneventful, but on the evening of 15 January she began tracking a Japanese convoy. Unfortunately for Blackfish, her radar went out and the ships disappeared. Nonetheless, Davidson moved to head them off the next day. At midday on 16 January, Blackfish sighted smoke and closed in. The convoy appeared to consist of a cargo ship of about 6,000 gross register tons, one small tanker of about 4,500 gross register tons, and an escorting destroyer. Blackfish launched an attack, but the convoy’s low speed and zigzag forced Davidson to “fire down the throat" of the cargo ship and then fire "an angle shot from the stern." Blackfish fired all six of her bow tubes, and her second torpedo hit its target; her cfrew heard several explosions. Meanwhile, the Japanese destroyer approached Blackfish at high speed. Blackfish dove rapidly to escape from the area, but before she departed her crew observed the 2,087-gross register ton Kaika Maru rolling over on her starboard side; 27 of the 102 passengers aboard Kaika Maru perished in the sea. Davidson believed he sank the other merchant ship as well, but it was in fact only damaged. Blackfish weathered a barrage of depth charges that lasted from 16:56 until 20:13. In contemplating the lengthy Japanese counterattack, Davidson observed "I don′t know whether it was a coincidence or not, but every time we made any noise at all the destroyer would drop one or two more on us.” Blackfish and her crew endured 43 depth charges in total, but eventually she shook off the pursuing destroyer by heading into a heavy rain squall.

Blackfish patrolled from 17 to 23 January 1944 with little to report other than some bad weather. Late on the evening of 24 January she received orders to shape a course for Tulagi, where she arrived at around 05:45 on 28 January, moored, and fueled. That same day, Davidson proceeded to nearby Guadalcanal for a special duty assignment with Commander, Task Force 31. After he returned, a party of six officers and two enlisted men and their equipment embarked and Blackfish got underway to Point White. On 30 January, the radar went out again, and the persistent problems with the radar notably shook Davidson’s confidence in the equipment.

While in her patrol zone in the early morning of 3 February 1944, Blackfish sighted smoke and subsequently discovered a Japanese convoy consisting of two medium-sized merchant ships, two Fubuki-class destroyers, and one other unidentified escort of approximately 1,000 displacement tons. Having assumed a good position around 09:49, Blackfish fired a spread of six torpedoes at a distance of 1,600 yd and immediately "went deep." Two of the Japanese escorts began using sonar and dropped some 14 depth charges. Following the attack, Blackfish remained submerged throughout the night of 3–4 February 1944, due primarily to the proximity of nearby Japanese air bases.

Patrolling continued without any excitement through 7 February 1944. On 8 February, Blackfish arrived at Tulagi. She set out again on 9 February on the last leg of her patrol. On 13 February she sighted Cape Moreton Light, and shortly thereafter on the same day arrived at New Farm Wharf in Brisbane, Australia, ending her 49-day patrol, 31 days of which were spent in a combat area. Despite poor weather, a "groaning" rudder, and numerous leaks, Blackfish had managed to attack three Japanese convoys, as well as perform a special mission. The patrol was deemed "successful" and worthy of the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia. At Brisbane, Blackfish underwent a two-week refit, during which she had a new SJ radar installed.

Eighth war patrol
On 22 February, Lieutenant Commander Robert F. Sellars assumed command of Blackfish, and on 1 March 1944 she put to sea, commencing her eighth war patrol. She stopped first at Milne Bay from 6 to 9 March, where she conducted training and took on fuel and provisions. Then on 10 March she headed for her patrol area in company with the submarine USS Bashaw (SS-241). She arrived in her patrol area on 17 March 1944.

On 30 March 1944, Blackfish encountered a Japanese convoy and her crew manned their battle stations in preparation for an attack. At 1,800 yd, she fired a salvo of torpedoes from her port track, intending to sink the 6,700-gross register ton merchant ship Ryuyo Maru. Unfortunately for Blackfish, the torpedoes passed under Ryuyo Maru′s keel. Blackfish dove, expecting a depth-charge attack, but the convoy′s escorts did not give chase. Due to a lack of fuel, Sellars decided to break off the attack.

Blackfish received orders on 6 April 1944 to proceed to Seeadler Harbor on Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands. She arrived there on the 8 April, moored to the port side of the tanker USS Mink (IX-123) and fueled. The turnaround proved quick, and she put back out to sea at 21:25 the same day. Once back in her patrol area she spotted numerous planes but few ships. Blackfish had a close call with her eponym on 12 April, when, according to her log, some “suspicious-looking objects were spotted 7,000 yards [6,400 meters] from the ship,” and a subsequent, investigation revealed that the objects in question were in fact “several large blackfish.”

As April 1944 continued, so did the patrol, with little excitement. On 15 April 1944, Blackfish conducted a reconnaissance of Merir in the Palau Islands. A brief investigation observed a Japanese transport plane making signals to the inhabitants of the island but nothing else came of it. Continued patrolling over the course of the next week revealed consistent plane activity but almost no ships in the area. In one briefly exciting moment on 21 April, a plane caught Blackfish somewhat off guard and dropped a small bomb on her, but she emerged unscathed. On 26 April 1944, Blackfish received orders to perform lifeguard duty for Allied airstrikes, then report to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for lifeguard duty. Accordingly, she departed her patrol area.

While en route to her lifeguard station on 27 April 1944, Blackfish encountered a Japanese convoy. The ensuing pursuit resulted in several hours of constant maneuvering. Sellars marveled that although the Japanese ships "can see fairly plainly through the mist," they did not take notice of Blackfish′s presence during the chase. He concluded that they did not have radar, and having gained an advantageous position he gave the order to fire four torpedoes at one of the ships ay an approximate distance of 3,170 yd. Following the launch, a large cloud of black smoke appeared over the target. The convoy’s escort and the ship Blackfish had targeted then faded out of view. Blackfish scoured the waters for nearly an hour but did not locate any of the ships.

Numerous plane sightings over the next several days forced Blackfish to remain submerged for long periods of time. On 2 May 1944, she slightly shifted her patrol zone and began searching the waters between Yap and Palau for possible shipping. On 4 May she shifted over to her lifeguard duties, and her log noted with some surprise that "no planes have been sighted since the first day in this area." On 6 May, Blackfish departed the area to proceed to Pearl Harbor, arriving there on 19 May 1944, concluding her eighth war patrol.

Blackfish′s eighth patrol was one of the longest made by any submarine during World War II, having lasted a total of 80 days. Despite the prolonged time at sea, the patrol had also produced little damage to Japanese shipping, although Blackfish had conducted her lifeguard and reconnaissance missions, and the patrol was deemed "successful" and worthy of the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia. In his patrol report, Sellars observed that "a submarine should not be left on patrol for too long a period. This was brought home to us by the fact that the efficiency of all hands decreases rapidly after the fifty-day period. The lookouts, particularly, involuntarily slacked up, as shown by the bombings from planes, which came from directly overhead," and furthermore that "the boys were very tired."

May–September 1944
After taking on provisions at Pearl Harbor, Blackfish departed on 21 May 1944 and arrived at Bethlehem Steel Corporation’s Submarine Repair Base at San Francisco, California, on 27 May. Her crew went ashore for leave while she underwent a three-month overhaul. After its completion, and with 24 new crew members embarked, she set out from San Francisco on 31 August 1944, shaping a course for Pearl Harbor. She arrived there on 7 September 1944 and spent several days conducting independent exercises.

Ninth war patrol
For her ninth war patrol, Blackfish operated as part of a submarine wolfpack designated Task Group 17.11. The wolfpack also included the submarines USS Seadragon (SS-194) and USS Shark (SS-314), with Shark′s commanding officer in overall command. Blackfish began the patrol on 23 September 1944, departing Pearl Harbor and heading for Saipan in the Mariana Islands in company with Seadragon and Shark. The three submarines entered the harbor at Saipan on 3 October 1944, and Blackfish moored alongside the submarine tender USS Holland (AS-3) there. Early on the morning of 4 October, the wolfpack set out for its patrol area but quickly encountered several problems. First, a typhoon crossed the wolfpack′s track, then Shark began to experience electrical problems. On 5 October, the task group entered the eastern end of the Saipan safety lane, and where Shark resolved her electrical issues. The three submarines remained in the area during the night of 5–6 October 1944 to wait out the storm.

The three submarines departed the Saipan safety lane on 6 October 1944 amid force 8 winds and seas. Several times, green water broke over her bridge, causing seawater to flood through her conning tower hatch. Her crew at first bailed out the conning tower with buckets, then rigged a canvas water scoop which directed the water from the lower conning tower hatch into the large drain in the control room deck. Blackfish also experienced several 50-degree rolls and a great deal of sea sickness among her crew. The typhoon continued on 7 October, Sellars commenting that the waves “are still mountainous, 50 to 60 feet [15 to 18 meters] with gale winds of 60 to 70 knots [111 to 130 km/h; 69 to 81 mph]." Blackfish pressed on and reached her patrol area on the morning of 8 October 1944, at last finding calm seas there.

Blackfish′s patrol was quiet until 12 October 1944, when she made contact with a Japanese Minekaze-class destroyer. At 22:39, when dead ahead of the destroyer, Blackfish fired four torpedoes from her stern tubes. To Sellars’ astonishment, all four missed. Oddly, the attack also did not result in any retaliation from the destroyer. Blackfish continued to stalk the destroyer, and just after midnight on 13 October fired at it again. This attack also failed, and moments later Blackfish secured from battle stations. Both disgusted and mystified by the misses, Sellars decided it prudent to refrain from "wasting" more torpedoes on the destroyer and Blackfish returned to her patrol area empty handed.

On 14 October 1944, about half of Blackfish′s crew became seriously ill when she surfaced, and this problem began to repeat itself every day. Otherwise, five uneventful days followed the failed attack on the destroyer, and on 19 October 1944 Blackfish shifted her patrol area, reaching her new area on 20 October. The daily sickening of the crew upon surfacing persisted, and no cause for the condition could be determined; some crewmen speculated that it was from the air, a test of which indicated the presence of only one percent carbon dioxide, well within safety limits. On 21 October 1944, Shark and Seadragon reported a significant engagement with Japanese ships. Blackfish was trailing the action, but upon surfacing more of the crew became sick and Sellars remarked that the "situation is assuming major proportions." On 22 October, it was determined that 90% of the crew had been sickened, with a number of the cases being quite serious. In addition to the sickened crew, an inordinate amount of radio traffic coming across the frequency — a result of Task Groups 17.11, 17.14, and 17.15 operating in the same area — impaired Blackfish′s communications.

By 25 October 1944, a majority of Blackfish′s crew had regained their health, with only a few lingering cases, and Shark and Seadragon reported that they were out of torpedoes due to the numerous attacks they had executed in the preceding weeks. In Shark′s absence, Blackfish took temporary command of the task group. Early in the morning of 27 October 1944, she sighted three Japanese destroyers, but unspecified extenuating circumstances prevented her from attacking them. At 18:23 that day, she spotted several other Japanese ships, but poor positioning prevented the contact from developing into an attack, much to the disappointment of Sellars and his crew.

Blackfish shifted her patrol area again, heading to an area in the Philippine Sea east of the Batan Islands and northeast of Luzon in the Philippine Islands, where she arrived on 29 October 1944. She spotted a small ship on 30 October, but had no other contacts. On 1 November 1944, she again changed her patrol area, to an area in the South China Sea west of Cape Bojeador, the northwestern tip of Luzon. She sighted Cape Bojeador Lighthouse on 2 November and moved to the east, scouring the coast, but located nothing of interest. On 3 November, the sea was flat and calm and there was a cloudless sky, but still Blackfish sighted no ships. Desperate not to "go home empty handed, Sellars requested a five-day extension to the patrol.

Blackfish passed between Calayan Island and Dalupiri Island in the Babuyan Islands on 6 November 1944, and while she sighted no ships, she did spot some "campfires and lights in the island hills." She patrolled without further developments for several more days and a typhoon ravaged the area on 10 November, effectively ended the crew’s hopes of making any attacks before the end of the patrol. With the seas calming on 11 November, Blackfish departed her patrol area. She arrived at Saipan on 17 November, took on fuel and supplies there, and then headed for Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, where she arrived on 24 November 1944 after suffering from flooding en route.

Upon Blackfish′s arrival at Midway Atoll, two empty 1 usgal cans of carbon tetrachloride with loose lids were found on board, which indicated that the sickness that afflicted her crew during her patrol likely resulted from lead poisoning caused by exposure to carbon tetrachloride fumes. Sellars noted in his final report on the patrol that "this again emphasizes the fact that carbon-tetrachloride should not be carried on board submarines."

As a whole, Blackfish′s ninth war patrol was judged ineligible for the award of the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia. Due to the flooding which occurred during her return from patrol, she required a refit at Midway Atoll. After it was completed on 23 December 1944, she conducted training until 29 December 1944.

Tenth war patrol
Blackfish departed Midway Atoll on 1 January 1945 to begin her tenth war patrol, bound for a patrol area in the Luzon-Formosa area in the South China Sea. She undertook the patrol as a unit of Task Group 17.16, a wolfpack nicknamed "Joe’s Jugheads" which also included the submarines USS Archerfish (SS-311) and USS Batfish (SS-310), with Archerfish′s commanding officer designated as the wolfpack commander. On 7 January, Blackfish made contact with Batfish, and the two of them shaped a course for Guam in the Mariana Islands. On 9 January they arrived at Guam, and Blackfish moored there to the port side of the submarine tender USS Sperry (AS-12). On 10 January 1945, with Blackfish′s voyage repairs complete and Archerfish having joined the group, the three submarines departed Guam for their patrol area. Blackfish made landfall at Batan Island in the Philippine Islands north of Luzon on 16 January 1945 amid rough seas and low viability.

On 17 January 1945, a large wave struck Blackfish, causing a significant amount of water to pour through her conning tower hatch into her conning tower, but she carried on despite the flooding. On 18 January, she conducted lifeguard duties in the area in support of U.S. airstrikes. In the late afternoon that day, she spotted a Japanese sampan. Sellars considered firing two torpedoes at the sampan, but ultimately decided against it because of the improbability of getting an accurate shot and because he did not want to give away Blackfish′s position in the area. While searching for downed aviators on 19 January 1945, Blackfish sighted several other small Japanese sailing ships, but Sellars again decided not to attack them because of similar considerations, and because bad weather made a successful attack unlikely.

While Blackfish moved through calm seas on 23 January 1945, she sighted a small Japanese vessel. She attempted to open fire on it with her 4 in guns at a range of 600 yd, but the guns misfired. Blackfish brought her 20-millimeter guns and .50-caliber machine guns to bear and scored several damaging hits before leaving the area at high speed. During her high-speed withdrawal, her main electric motor burned out, and rough seas over the next several days prevented its repair until 25 January 1945.

Blackfish cruised near Hong Kong on 28 January 1945 and spotted numerous junks and small fishing trawlers. Sellars noted that he believed "many of these trawlers and junks may be Chinese in this particular area," but "the actions of these vessels do not indicate peaceful fishing. They patrol in pairs...fishing seems to be their secondary occupation. Undisputedly they are fishing for the Jap[anese], if fishing at all. We will shoot them all if we can.” During the early morning hours of 30 January 1945, Blackfish made an approach on two large sampan-type vessels. At 02:18, she launched two torpedoes, both of which appeared to hit, but no explosions resulted. Blackfish′s crew manned her guns, and at 04:35 trained all of them on the nearest sampan. Although the 4 in guns again failed to fire, the 20-millimeter gun and .50-caliber machine guns riddled the sampan, causing its sails to collapse and its masts to fall. Blackfish left the sampan in a sinking condition with its decks awash, then shifted her attention to the second sampan, which opened all her sails in the hope of escaping. Blackfish closed to 600 yd and opened fire while circling the sampan, which in desperation attempted to ram Blackfish. After 10 minutes of firing the 50-caliber machine guns overheated and the 20-millimeter gun jammed, so Blackfish retired from the battle to work on her guns.

On 1 February 1945 Blackfish again engaged a group of similar ships. The skirmish began just after moonrise when she approached several sampans and trawlers traveling in pairs. In the ensuing firefight, she sank at least three ships and damaged eight others with 4 in, 20-millimeter, and 50-caliber fire. The sampans retaliated with small arms fire, which had little to no effect on Blackfish. During the firefight, Blackfish′s radar picked up three large surface vessels approaching, so she quickly vacated the area.

On 2 February 1945, Blackfish reported the previous day’s action, then received orders to join another wolfpack also consisting of the submarines USS Plaice (SS-390) and USS Scabbardfish (SS-397). As of 3 February she was headed for the Luzon Strait. On 4 February, she received word that the sampan she attacked might have been Chinese, to which Sellars responded that he "considered that possibility each time before shooting but with return fire, attempts to ram, regular patrol in pairs, and non-junk-like hulls, the enemy indications overruled."

Blackfish spent the remainder of her time on station patrolling and conducting lifeguard duties. She departed her patrol area in company with Batfish on 17 February 1945 and shaped a course for Apra Harbor on Guam. She arrived there on 21 February 1945 and moored to the port side of the submarine tender USS Proteus (AS-19), ending her patrol. She received credit for sinking the sampans she engaged by gunfire, but the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia was not granted for the patrol. The ship′s final report also congratulated Sellars on his personal completion of 12 war patrols.

Blackfish underwent a refit that lasted until 10 March 1945, during which her crew recuperated at Camp Dealey. The crew commenced training on 17 March, and Blackfish again was ready for sea by 20 March 1945 with a new air exhaust blower that dramatically improved the air quality aboard her.

Eleventh war patrol
On 21 March 1945, Blackfish stood out of Apra Harbor and shaped a course for the Luzon Strait-Formosa area and the general area of the South China Sea to conduct her eleventh war patrol. She again operated as part of a wolfpack, which also included the submarines USS Bullhead (SS-332), USS Seahorse (SS-304), and USS Tigrone (SS-419). Tigrone′s commanding officer served as overall wolfpack commander.

The wolfpack arrived in its patrol area on 26 March 1945. Believing that there was little chance Blackfish would encounter targets, Sellars wrote that day that he assumed that the wolfpack would patrol off Batan Island for a few days "looking for a good bombardment spot" and Japanese submarines, since there is nothing else for us to do." On 27 March, Blackfish reconnoitered Batan Island and took photographs. While she was doing so, her galley went up in flames as a result of a deep fryer fire, but her crew contained the fire.

Blackfish identified a suitable bombardment target — a Japanese radio tower — on Batan Island on 29 March 1945. She surfaced at 18:04, and just as the sun was setting she closed the shoreline at full speed and opened gunfire from 2,500 yd. Her crew observed several direct hits, which threw up earth and debris around the radio tower. Following the attack, Blackfish heard and saw nothing of the Japanese on shore, but her sound operator picked up screw noises at a distance and she disengaged.

After another day of uneventful patrolling, Blackfish′s crew on 31 March 1945 observed two Japanese towers with gun emplacements on Pratas Island and decided to bombard them. Her 4 in, 20-millimeter, and 50-caliber machine-gun fire devastated the Japanese emplacements. As with the previous attack, the Japanese did not respond. Blackfish made a speedy withdrawal after detecting nearby aircraft.

On 2 April 1945, Blackfish was patrolling and conducting lifeguard duty near Pratas Reef. Just before 12:00 she sighted several junks. Her crew manned their battle stations, but the small ships were determined to be "friendly." Blackfish moved alongside one of the junks and a hospitable interaction took place with its Chinese crew. The fishermen did not speak English, but Blackfish′s crew exchanged grins with them, and traded bread and canned food to them for a string of squid.

While patrolling in her lifeguard area, Blackfish came across several naval mines and attempted to detonate them with .45-caliber (11.43 mm) Thompson submachine gun fire, which proved ineffective. Eventually, she used her 20-millimeter gun to destroy the mines. She also encountered an oil slick accompanied by a smell of diesel fuel, leading Sellars to contemplate the possibility that another submarine was in the area. On 3 April 1945, Blackfish encountered more mines in need of disposal, although she later identified one of the supposed mines as an old oil drum.

April 1945 continued with Blackfish engaged in routine patrolling and lifeguard duty and little more than sightings of occasional mines, numerous junks, and a few aircraft. She requested permission to venture to different sectors of her patrol area to try to find targets, but these requests were denied. On 22 April, she received orders to end her patrol the next day. Early on the morning of the 24 April, she surfaced near Pratas Reef and shelled a Japanese radio tower on Pratas Island to use up the remainder of her 4 in ammunition, scoring at least twenty hits, and leaving the tower in a brown pall of smoke. She then shaped a course for Saipan.

Blackfish arrived in Tanapag Harbor on Saipan on 27 April 1945 and took on 70,000 usgal of fuel. She got back underway by 10:00 the same day. On 1 May, she set course for Pearl Harbor, which she reached on 10 May, bringing her patrol to an end. The patrol was not deemed worthy of the Submarine Combat Insignia, prompting Sellars to suggest that Blackfish′s repeated assignments to an operating area known to U.S. submariners as "Convoy College" was denying her an opportunity to find targets, and that her next patrol should be in what U.S. submariners called the "Empire Area", closer to the Japanese Home Islands, where targets were more plentiful and Blackfish′s crew would have a chance to earn the insignia.

Twelfth war patrol
On 14 June 1945, Blackfish put to sea from Pearl Harbor to begin her twelfth war patrol, headed for the Nanpō Islands, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea. Once again, her primary mission was lifeguard duty in support of airstrikes. She arrived at Guam on 30 June 1945, and after completing voyage repairs, got back underway for her patrol area on 3 July 1945. She arrived in her patrol zone on 7 July 1945.

Blackfish executed her lifeguard duties, exploded naval mines, and conducted occasional reconnaissance, but for the most part July 1945 faded away with little to report. On 3 August 1945, a major storm front moved in and broke with full fury, prompting Blackfish to dive to 150 ft, Sellars noting that he doubted "if we could ride this one out on the surface." Later that night, the storm′s 60 to 80 kn winds and 40 ft waves dissipated just as quickly as they had arrived.

A few days after the storm, what Sellars described as "swarms of American planes" headed toward Kogoshima Kaiwan, and Blackfish was called upon to rescue several downed aviators. Blackfish headed toward the aviators' position at flank speed. At 16:04 on 5 August 1945, she located and recovered six United States Army Air Forces aviators from the sea, all whom were in good spirits and good health. Word reached Blackfish on 6 August 1945 of another downed aviator in a life raft near southeastern Yaku Shima. She searched the area on 7 August, but located only an empty boat. On 8 August, she received a report of a downed plane 60 nmi south of Tsurikaki Light, but she initially received the wrong coordinates, which resulted in a fruitless search, and Sellars remarked that Blackfish′s crew very well could have "saved the pilot if they had been given a correct position."

On 8 August, Blackfish bombarded Japanese shore installations on Kasagaki-Shima. On 9 August, she rendezvoused with the submarine USS Whale (SS-239) and commenced a personnel transfer, taking aboard 17 U.S. Navy and U.S. Army Air Forces personnel who remained aboard Blackfish for the duration of her patrol. Shortly after Blackfish took aboard the additional personnel, her evaporators failed, resulting in a prohibition of bathing. Several more cramped days at sea passed, but at last Blackfish arrived at Guam on 14 August 1945 and moored to the starboard side of the submarine tender USS Fulton (AS-11), ending the patrol. On 15 August 1945, hostilities with Japan ceased, bringing World War II to an end.

In total Blackfish′s twelfth and final war patrol had lasted 60 days, with 33 of them spent on station, 15 devoted to lifeguard duties, and 18 spent conducting offensive patrols. Although she made no attacks on Japanese shipping, she had rescued six U.S. Army Air Forces personnel, and her crew was authorized to wear the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia.

Post-World War II
With a new commanding officer, Blackfish departed Guam on 27 August 1945, bound for the United States East Coast. After transiting the Panama Canal and making brief stops at New York City and Camden, New Jersey, she arrived at Naval Submarine Base New London in Groton, Connecticut, in September 1945. She underwent a pre-inactivation overhaul and was placed in an inactive status at Groton. On 11 May 1946, while still moored there, she was decommissioned and placed in reserve.

In January 1949, Blackfish was towed from Groton to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, for renovation. On 5 May 1949, she reported for duty at the Naval Reserve Training Center at St. Petersburg, Florida, and began non-commissioned service as a training submarine for United States Naval Reserve personnel. On 2 February 1954, she returned to Naval Submarine Base New London and underwent another inactivation overhaul there. On 19 May 1955, she was placed out of service and berthed with the reserve fleet at New London.

Disposal
In July 1955 Blackfish was deactivated, and on 1 September 1958 she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register. On 4 May 1959 she was sold to Luria Brothers & Company Inc. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for US$53,670.21. She subsequently was scrapped.

Honors and awards

 * European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one battle star for World War II service
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with seven battle stars for World War II service
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War II Victory Medal

title: USS Blackfish


text:
Myriophyllum

Myriophyllum (water milfoil) is a genus of about 69 species of freshwater aquatic plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The centre of diversity for Myriophyllum is Australia with 43 recognized species (37 endemic).

These submersed aquatic plants are perhaps most commonly recognized for having elongate stems with air canals and whorled leaves that are finely, pinnately divided, but there are many exceptions. For example, the North American species M. tenellum has alternately arranged scale like leaves, while many Australian species have small alternate or opposite leaves that lack dissection. The plants are usually heterophyllous, leaves above the water are often stiffer and smaller than the submerged leaves on the same plant and can lack dissection. Species can be monoecious or dioecious. In monoecious species plants are hermaphrodite, in dioecious species plants are either male or female, the flowers are small, 4(2)-parted and usually borne in emergent leaf axils. The 'female' flowers usually lack petals. The fruit is a schizocarp that splits into four (two) nutlets at maturity.

The fruits and leaves can be an important food source for waterfowl, which are thought to be an important source of seed and clonal dispersal.

Invasion and control
Three species (M. aquaticum, M. heterophyllum and M. spicatum) have aggressively invaded lakes, natural waterways and irrigation canals in North America. The U.S. states most affected have implemented control plans.

The Tennessee Valley Authority detected milfoil in its waters in the 1960s. It discounted milfoil's value as a food or feedstock and fought it with chemicals and lowering of water levels. It suggested that water lilies (Nelumbo lutea) might deny it sunlight. The widespread invasive Eurasian water milfoil (M. spicatum) is often controlled with herbicide containing diquat dibromide. Control can also be done through careful mechanical management, such as with "lake mowers," but this is a fragmenting plant, and the fragments may grow back.

Mechanical management can include the use of a long-reach lake rake or aquatic weed razor blade tool. Using these tools is similar to lawn work. These tools are most effective before seeds set. Infestations can be prevented through the use of a Weed Roller or a LakeMaid. These are automated and unattended machines. Permits may be required by various states.

In 2007, Professor Sallie Sheldon of Middlebury College reported that an aquatic weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei), which eats nothing but milfoil, was an effective weapon against it.

Since roughly 2000, invasive milfoils have been managed by hand-harvesting. Several organizations in the New England states have undertaken successful lake-wide hand-harvesting management programs. Periodic maintenance is necessary; the species cannot be completely eradicated once established, but it can be reduced to manageable levels. Well-trained divers with proper techniques have effectively controlled milfoil and maintained lakes, such as in the Adirondack Park in Northern New York where chemicals, mechanical harvesters, and other management techniques are banned as disruptive. The Adirondack Watershed Institute (AWI) of Paul Smiths College touts the effectiveness of hand-harvesting.

Taxonomy
A detailed molecular phylogenetic study enabled the construction of an infrageneric taxonomy but also revealed that another Haloragaceae genus, the monotypic Meziella Schindl., once thought to be extinct, was embedded within it, leading to its submersion within the former as Myriophyllum subgenus Meziella. This created three subgenera, further divided into sections and subsections:
 * Subgenera (type)
 * Myriophyllum (M. spicatum L. )
 * Meziella (Schindl.) M.L.Moody & D.H.Les (M. trifidum (Nees) M.L.Moody & D.H.Les. )
 * Brachytheca Schindl. (M. variifolium Hook.f. )

List of selected species

 * Myriophyllum alpinum
 * Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC., 1815
 * Myriophyllum amphibium
 * Myriophyllum aquaticum
 * Myriophyllum artesium
 * Myriophyllum austropygmaeum
 * Myriophyllum axilliflorum
 * Myriophyllum balladoniense
 * Myriophyllum bonii
 * Myriophyllum callitrichoides
 * Myriophyllum caput-medusae
 * Myriophyllum coronatum
 * Myriophyllum costatum
 * Myriophyllum crispatum
 * Myriophyllum dicoccum
 * Myriophyllum drummondii
 * Myriophyllum decussatum
 * Myriophyllum echinatum
 * Myriophyllum exasperatum
 * Myriophyllum farwellii
 * Myriophyllum filiforme
 * Myriophyllum glomeratum
 * Myriophyllum gracile
 * Myriophyllum heterophyllum
 * Myriophyllum hippuroides
 * Myriophyllum humile
 * Myriophyllum implicatum
 * Myriophyllum indicum Willd., 1805
 * Myriophyllum integrifolium
 * Myriophyllum jacobsii
 * Myriophyllum lapidicola
 * Myriophyllum latifolium
 * Myriophyllum laxum
 * Myriophyllum limnophilum
 * Myriophyllum lophatum
 * Myriophyllum mattogrossense
 * Myriophyllum mezianum
 * Myriophyllum muelleri
 * Myriophyllum muricatum
 * Myriophyllum oguraense
 * Myriophyllum oliganthum
 * Myriophyllum petraeum
 * Myriophyllum papillosum
 * Myriophyllum pedunculatum
 * Myriophyllum pinnatum
 * Myriophyllum porcatum
 * Myriophyllum propinquum
 * Myriophyllum pygmaeum
 * Myriophyllum quitense
 * Myriophyllum robustum
 * Myriophyllum salsugineum
 * Myriophyllum siamense
 * Myriophyllum sibiricum
 * Myriophyllum simulans
 * Myriophyllum spicatum
 * Myriophyllum striatum
 * Myriophyllum tenellum
 * Myriophyllum tetrandrum
 * Myriophyllum tillaeoides
 * Myriophyllum trachycarpum
 * Myriophyllum trifidum
 * Myriophyllum triphyllum
 * Myriophyllum tuberculatum
 * Myriophyllum ussuriense
 * Myriophyllum variifolium
 * Myriophyllum verrucosum
 * Myriophyllum verticillatum
 * Myriophyllum votschii

title: Myriophyllum


text: Category:Eugene, Oregon

title: Category:Eugene, Oregon


text:
JNCO

JNCO, short for "Judge None Choose One", is a Los Angeles, California-based clothing company specializing in boys' and men's jeans. "JNCO was founded in 1985. The brand gained recognition in the 1990s with its boys' ultra-wide straight legged denim jeans.

History
This street look was popularized throughout the 90s starting in Los Angeles and working its way through the United States. JNCO also manufactures T-shirts, khaki pants and other clothing articles for men and women. Unlike similar California based apparel manufacturers, JNCO manufactured most of its products in the United States, mainly at S.M.J. American Manufacturing Co., a 200000 sqft operation also owned by Milo and Jacques Revah.

After JNCOs grew in popularity, store chains such as Kohl's, J. C. Penney, Tops and Bottoms,    Gadzooks, and Pacific Sunwear began to carry them.

After peak sales of $186.9 million, sales halved in 1999. In the 2000s, the brothers closed the main factory.

In 2019, original founder Milo Revah announced he had re-acquired the brand and intended to relaunch it alongside his daughter Camilla. This relaunch took place in June of that year, along with a new website.

Styles
JNCO jeans were produced in a variety of styles and lines, ranging from ultra-wide jeans with leg openings greater than 50 in to more conservatively-cut styles. Some were so large that younger children often had to sit down while putting them on. After reaching the height of its popularity within the subcultures and becoming more mainstream, JNCOs were known for featuring superfluously large back pockets with graffiti-like inspired artwork embroidery that became more cartoonish as the 1990s ended including flaming skulls and the "JNCO Crown" (previously the majority of styles only had a relatively small stylized "J"). Some names of JNCO styles included Mammoths, Crime Scenes, FlameHead (geared for kids and teens), Mad Scientists, Buddha, Tribals and Rhinos, Twin Cannons, and Kangaroos, which had 34 in leg openings and extremely large back pockets, featured embroidery of a kangaroo with boxing gloves above the right rear pocket.

title: JNCO


text: Category:Olympic weightlifters for Latvia


text:
Freddie Scott

Freddie Scott (April 24, 1933 – June 4, 2007) was an American soul singer and songwriter. His biggest hits were "Hey, Girl", a top ten US pop hit in 1963, and "Are You Lonely for Me", a No. 1 hit on the R&B chart in early 1967.

Life and career
He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, United States, and sang in his grandmother's gospel group, Sally Jones & the Gospel Keyes, touring England with at the age of 12. He studied medicine at the University of Rhode Island and then at Paine College in Augusta, Georgia, but began singing again with the Swanee Quintet Juniors and gave up his medical career.

In 1956, he recorded as a secular singer with the J&S label in New York City, releasing his first solo single "Running Home". He also wrote the top 10 R&B hit "I'll Be Spinning" for the label's duo Johnnie & Joe, and his song "Baby I'm Sorry" was recorded by Ricky Nelson for his 1957 debut album Ricky. He was conscripted for the U.S Military, but continued to record for small labels with little success. After leaving the military, he turned to songwriting, joining the Aldon Music publishing company set up by Al Nevins and Don Kirshner in the Brill Building, where he recorded many of his own demos and worked as a record producer with Erma Franklin. He also continued to release his own records, including "Baby, You're a Long Time Dead" for Joy Records (New York) in 1961.

In 1962, he worked with fellow songwriters Gerry Goffin and Carole King on their song "Hey, Girl", recording a demo for singer Chuck Jackson. When Jackson failed to come to a recording session, Scott recorded the song, and, when eventually released by the Colpix label some months later, it rose to no. 10 on both the pop and R&B charts. He followed it with a slow version of Ray Charles' "I Got a Woman", which again made the charts. When Colpix collapsed, he moved to Columbia, which tried to market him, with little success. He left Columbia Records in 1965, and moved to the Shout label, a subsidiary of Bert Berns' Bang Records. There, he recorded Berns' song "Are You Lonely for Me", reputedly requiring over 100 takes before it was finished. The record stayed at the top of the R&B charts for four weeks and reached no. 39 on the pop chart.

He followed up with a version of "Cry to Me", another Berns song that had previously been a hit for Solomon Burke and Betty Harris. Although he continued to have success with R&B chart hits, including "(You) Got What I Need", written and produced by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, and a version of Van Morrison's "He Ain't Give You None", his career was affected by Berns' sudden death at the end of 1967. Scott continued to perform, but spent much of the next two years without a record deal. He eventually signed with the small Elephant V label, before moving on to Probe Records, where he had his last R&B hit in 1970 with a version of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released." He continued to work with his songwriting partner Helen Miller, wrote advertising jingles, and took minor roles as an actor in films, including Stiletto. He also recorded in the early 1970s for the Vanguard, Pickwick International and Mainstream labels, and continued to perform concerts.

Scott later worked on the oldies circuit, and released a new album, Brand New Man, in 2001. He also performed "Brown Eyed Girl" on the Van Morrison tribute album Vanthology, released in 2003. He died in New York City in 2007 at the age of 74.

His 1968 song "(You) Got What I Need" was sampled for the 1989 Biz Markie hit "Just a Friend". It also was sampled for Ghostface Killah's "Save Me Dear" in 2004.

Albums

 * Everything I Have Is Yours  (1964)
 * Freddie Scott Sings and Sings and Sings (1964)
 * Are You Lonely For Me? (1967)
 * I Shall Be Released (1970)
 * Brand New Man (2001)

title: Freddie Scott


text:
Travel medicine

Travel medicine or emporiatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention and management of health problems of international travelers.

Globalization and travel
Globalization facilitates the spread of disease and increases the number of travelers who will be exposed to a different health environment. Major content areas of travel medicine include the global epidemiology of health risks to the traveler, vaccinology, malaria prevention, and pre-travel counseling designed to maintain the health of the approximately 600 million international travelers. It has been estimated that about 80 million travelers go annually from developed to developing countries.

Mortality and morbidity
Mortality studies indicate that cardiovascular disease accounts for most deaths during travel (50–70%), while injury and accident follow (~25%). Infectious disease accounts for about 2.8–4% of deaths during/from travel. Morbidity studies suggest that about half of people from a developed country who stay one month in a developing country will get sick. Traveler's diarrhea is the most common problem encountered.

Disciplines
The field of travel medicine encompasses a wide variety of disciplines including epidemiology, infectious disease, public health, tropical medicine, high altitude physiology, travel related obstetrics, psychiatry, occupational medicine, military and migration medicine, and environmental health.

Special itineraries and activities include cruise ship travel, diving, mass gatherings (e.g. the Hajj), and wilderness/remote regions travel.

Travel medicine can primarily be divided into four main topics: prevention (vaccination and travel advice), assistance (dealing with repatriation and medical treatment of travelers), wilderness medicine (e.g. high-altitude medicine, cruise ship medicine, expedition medicine, etc.) and access to health care, provided by travel insurance.

Focus
Travel medicine includes pre-travel consultation and evaluation, contingency planning during travel, and post-travel follow-up and care. Information is provided by the WHO that addresses health issues for travelers for each country as well as the specific health risks of air travel itself. Also, the CDC publishes valuable and up-to-date information. Key areas to consider are vaccination and the seven I's:

 * 1) Insects: repellents, mosquito nets, antimalarial medication
 * 2) Ingestions: safety of drinking water, food
 * 3) Indiscretion: HIV, sexually transmitted disease
 * 4) Injuries: accident avoidance, personal safety, safety around animals
 * 5) Immersion: schistosomiasis
 * 6) Immunization (pre-travel vaccination)
 * 7) Insurance: coverage and services during travel, access to health care

Specific disease problems
Yellow fever is endemic to certain areas in Africa and South America. The CDC site delineates the risk areas and provides information about vaccination and preventive steps.

Meningococcal meningitis is endemic in the tropical meningococcal belt of Africa. Vaccination is required for pilgrims going to Mecca. Detailed information is available on the CDC site.

Malaria prevention consists of preventing or reducing exposure to mosquitos by using screened rooms, air-conditioning, and nets, and use of repellents (usually DEET). In addition, chemoprophylaxis is started before travel, during the time of potential exposure, and for four weeks (chloroquine, doxycycline, or mefloquine) or seven days (atovaquone/proguanil or primaquine) after leaving the risk area.

Medication kit
The traveler should have a medication kit to provide for necessary and useful medication. Based on circumstances, it should also include malaria prophylaxis, condoms, and medication to combat traveler's diarrhea. In addition, a basic first aid kit can be of use.

Studies have shown there are four main medical problems that travellers develop—diarrhoea or gut problems, respiratory problems, wounds and pain. The medical kit should at least address these common things.

Research has also shown that the best treatment for travellers diarrhoea is to take an antibiotic (e.g. ciprofloxacin) plus a stopper (e.g. loperamide). Due to bacterial resistance, different parts of the world require different antibiotics. It is best to consult a travel doctor to sort out the best medical kit for the exact destination and medical history of the person travelling.

title: Travel medicine