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Nonesuch Records

Nonesuch Records is an American record company and label owned by Warner Music Group, distributed by Warner Records (formerly Warner Bros. Records), and based in New York City. Founded by Jac Holzman in 1964 as a budget classical label, Nonesuch has developed into a label that records critically acclaimed music from a wide range of genres. Robert Hurwitz was president of the company from 1984 to 2017.

Founding
Nonesuch was founded in early 1964 by Jac Holzman to produce "fine records at the same price as a trade paperback", which would be half the price of a normal LP. To achieve this, he licensed European recordings of classical music as it would be too expensive to record new material. Originally the label concentrated heavily on chamber and baroque music, often with (then) unique repertory, and typically sold at less-than-premium prices. Upon its formation, Nonesuch operated as a subsidiary label of Elektra Records, which Holzman had launched in 1950. In 1970, Holzman sold Elektra and Nonesuch to Kinney National Company, which became Warner Communications and later part of Time Warner's Warner Music Group. In 2004, Warner Music Group became an independently owned, publicly traded company.

The 1968 catalogue already listed over 200 albums. During the first years, the focus was clearly set on early music, i.e. music that was composed before 1800. Some artists were frequently appearing:

 * Karl Ristenpart with his Chamber Orchestra of the Saar with different works by Johann Sebastian Bach and other baroque composers.
 * Leslie Jones with The Little Orchestra of London recorded many symphonies by Joseph Haydn, as well as other works from the same period.
 * The French violinist and conductor Roland Douatte, together with his Collegium Musicum de Paris, recorded several works by Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann, and Antonio Vivaldi.
 * The Danish organist Jørgen Ernst Hansen recorded works by Dietrich Buxtehude and Johann Pachelbel, and started the series “Master Works for Organ” which included works by baroque masters, played at different organs in Europe. The series subsequently counted eleven volumes (not all played by Hansen though).

There was some later music as well. Günter Wand conducted Ludwig van Beethoven's Missa solemnis, Carl Schuricht conducted Anton Bruckners 7th Symphony, and Pierre Boulez with Orchestre National de la R.T.F played The Rite of Spring.

1965-1979: Teresa Sterne
Teresa Sterne led Nonesuch Records from 1965 until 1979; she was responsible not only for all of the artists & repertory decisions but also for overseeing the increasingly distinctive look of the record jackets. Sterne oversaw several firsts for the label, including early electronic releases. Nonesuch commissioned Morton Subotnick's 1967 album Silver Apples of the Moon (made on the Buchla 100), and in 1966 released a 2-LP set of Moog sounds with 16-page booklet called The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music by Beaver & Krause (which spent 26 weeks in Billboard's Top 100 chart).

Among the most notable achievements of Sterne's time at the label were the release of George Crumb's Ancient Voices of Children, inspired by the poems of Federico García Lorca, which sold more than 70,000 units; the recording of new works by Elliott Carter, including his first and second string quartets; and the commissioning and release of Charles Wuorinen's Time's Encomium, which became the first electronic work to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1970. Under Sterne, Nonesuch helped spark a ragtime revival in the United States with the release of a series of Scott Joplin piano rags performed by Joshua Rifkin. Sterne also launched the groundbreaking Explorer Series, building the foundation for the field of world music.

Sterne's abrupt termination in December 1979 prompted some two dozen Nonesuch artists to write a letter to the editor of the New York Times speaking out against the decision; several noteworthy composers, Elliott Carter and Aaron Copland among them, sent a letter to the vice president of the parent company, Warner Communications, in protest.

Sterne was replaced by the founder's younger brother, Keith Holzman, a production chief who, for the next five years, operated the label from Los Angeles.

1984–2016: Robert Hurwitz
Former Blue Thumb Records founder Bob Krasnow, who assumed the chairmanship of Elektra Records in 1983, brought in the 34-year-old Bob Hurwitz in 1984, at the time the head of the US division of the Warner Bros. Records-distributed jazz label ECM Records, to run Nonesuch Records.

Within the first two years under Hurwitz's leadership, Nonesuch released albums by such "new music" pioneers as Steve Reich (The Desert Music, 1985), John Adams (Harmonielehre, 1986), Philip Glass (Mishima, 1985), John Zorn (The Big Gundown, 1985), and Kronos Quartet (Kronos Quartet, 1986). (Kronos Quartet's 1992 album Pieces of Africa topped both the Billboard classical and world music charts. ) Hurwitz established a jazz roster at the label, which included Zorn, Wayne Horvitz, and the World Saxophone Quartet. He built upon the world music reputation of Nonesuch, represented up to that point by the Explorer Series, with his signing of Brazilian singer and composer Caetano Veloso, who, like Reich and Adams, has maintained an ongoing relationship with the label for decades. Among Nonesuch world-music successes during the 1980s was the release of Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares, a recording of the Bulgarian State Television female choir, and the American debut of the Gipsy Kings, which was certified platinum with over one million in sales. Nonesuch enjoyed even greater success on the world music front in the late 1990s with the release of Buena Vista Social Club, which became the biggest-selling disc in the label's history and spawned many successful solo recordings from the stars of those original Ry Cooder-led sessions in Havana, Cuba.

In 1994, Hurwitz hired David Bither, the Senior Vice President and General Manager of Elektra Records, to head the international department at Nonesuch Records. But Bither quickly showed a far greater interest and talent in A&R and, soon after coming to the label, made a number of important signings that expanded the company's musical landscape while holding to the same ideals that had been long established from the company's earliest days. Bither's first signing, Emmylou Harris, signaled a new direction for the label. Harris, previously signed to Warner Bros. Records and Elektra Records, whose 2000 album Red Dirt Girl garnered a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. Though she had long been a highly regarded interpreter of other writers’ songs, her Nonesuch debut was distinguished by being her first album to primarily feature self-penned compositions. In the decade that followed, k.d. lang, Randy Newman, Shawn Colvin, and Ry Cooder joined the label as did the rock band Wilco, which released four studio albums on the label, starting with its breakthrough disc Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, which was released on Nonesuch after it was rejected by Reprise Records. Laurie Anderson has put out three discs with the label, and Nonesuch reissued her seminal Big Science album, an avant-garde project that became an unlikely pop hit in 1982. David Byrne released a solo album, Grown Backwards, on the label, as well as a live concert album with Caetano Veloso, Live at Carnegie Hall, and the original recording of his collaboration with Fatboy Slim, Here Lies Love. That recounting of the life and loves of former Filipino leader Imelda Marcos, was turned into an Off-Broadway musical at The Public Theater in the spring of 2013.

Among more recent Nonesuch signings, the most commercially successful has been The Black Keys, the former Akron, Ohio-based duo who parlayed cult status as no-frills blues rockers into an arena-sized following and received multiple Grammy Awards for their 2010 album Brothers and their 2012 release El Camino.

Forward-thinking traditional groups Carolina Chocolate Drops and Punch Brothers also joined the label, as well as iconoclastic folk interpreter Sam Amidon. The Chocolate Drops, a group exploring the African-American roots of old-time music, won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album for its Nonesuch debut, Genuine Negro Jig. Mandolinist and composer Chris Thile of Punch Brothers was named a 2012 MacArthur Fellow, receiving one of 23 “genius” grant awards to extraordinary practitioners in a variety of creative fields. As a solo artist, he has also joined the classical ranks of the label, releasing the first of three discs of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas, written for the violin but transposed by Thile for mandolin.

Nonesuch has been building a catalog of Broadway cast recordings, including several works by multiple Tony and Grammy Award-winning composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim. The label has released the cast recordings of several Broadway revivals of Sondheim's musicals. Among them are the 1998 production of Gypsy (music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Sondheim); 2002's Into the Woods; 2010's A Little Night Music; and Irish director John Doyle's reimaginings of Sweeney Todd (2006) and Company (2007). The label also released the soundtrack to Tim Burton’s film adaptation of Sweeney Todd, starring Johnny Depp, in 2007. Nonesuch has also released recordings of less well-known Sondheim works like Saturday Night (his first) and The Frogs, as well as first recordings of his new musical Bounce and its later incarnation, Road Show.

From the next generation of composers, Adam Guettel has made three recordings for Nonesuch: the cast recording of his first musical, Floyd Collins (1996), the Original Cast Recording of his Tony Award-winning The Light in the Piazza; and his song cycle Myths and Hymns (earlier mounted off Broadway under the title Saturn Returns).

Among the champions of Adam Guettel's work is five-time Tony Award-winning singer and actress Audra McDonald, who has showcased his compositions, among the works of a number of other contemporary composers, on her 1998 Nonesuch solo debut album, Way Back to Paradise, and later recordings How Glory Goes (2000), Build a Bridge (2006), and Go Back Home (2013). Her 2002 album Happy Songs featured music of the 1930s and ’40s by songwriters like Harold Arlen, Irving Berlin, and the Gershwins.

As with its catalog of Broadway cast recordings, Nonesuch has assembled an equally selective roster of movie soundtracks, chief among them the scores of Philip Glass. His first Nonesuch recording, the soundtrack to Paul Schrader’s Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters in 1984, began a decades-long relationship with the label that would include several stand-out soundtracks, like those of Godfrey Reggio’s wordless films Powaqqatsi and Koyaanisqatsi, the Errol Morris documentary The Thin Blue Line, Martin Scorsese’s 1997 film Kundun, and The Hours, based on the book by Michael Cunningham. Mishima was also the first Nonesuch album from now longtime Nonesuch artists Kronos Quartet. Kronos went on to collaborate with British composer Clint Mansell on his scores for the Darren Aronofsky films Requiem for a Dream (2000), The Fountain (2006), and Noah (2014); the Requiem soundtrack included the piece "Lux Aeterna," which subsequently became a popular track for use in movie trailers and commercials. Nonesuch has also recorded the film work of Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood, including writer-director Paul Thomas Anderson’s Oscar-nominated There Will Be Blood (2007) and The Master (2012). Among other Nonesuch movie soundtrack offerings are Jon Brion’s score for Anderson’s 2002 film Punch-Drunk Love, Stephin Merritt’s songs for Pieces of April (2003), Thomas Newman’s score for the HBO mini-series Angels in America (2007), and Carter Burwell’s score for the Coen brothers’ True Grit (2010). The relationship with the Coens has continued with the 2013 release of the soundtrack to Inside Llewyn Davis, produced by T Bone Burnett and the Coen brothers.

In the late 1990s, after Elektra underwent restructuring at the executive level, Nonesuch was shifted under the umbrella of Warner Music International. In the early 2000s, Nonesuch briefly operated under Atlantic Records, and has operated under Warner Bros. Records since in 2004.

In September 2015, it was announced that Bob Hurwitz would step down as president of Nonesuch Records. After serving as co-president of the label with David Bither in 2016, Hurwitz became the chairman emeritus on January 1, 2017, when Bither became sole president.

2017–present: David Bither
David Bither, who had served as senior vice president of Nonesuch for 20 years, became co-president of the label with Hurwitz in 2016 and sole president in 2017. Kris Chen, formerly of XL Recordings, was hired as senior vice president in September 2016. In March 2017, it was announced that the band Fleet Foxes would make its Nonesuch debut with the release of Crack-Up, its first album in six years, that June.

Nonesuch Explorer Series
In the late 1960s, the Explorer Series made the label a pioneer in the field of world music before the term had even been coined. The series, which Nonesuch released from 1967 to 1984, consisted of field recordings made primarily in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Eastern Europe.

For American non-travelers, it was the first exposure to musical idioms such as music produced by a gamelan. In 1977, a few of the recordings were chosen for the Voyager Golden Record, and sent into outer space aboard the Voyager spacecraft. In 2008, one of the first Explorer Series albums, Music from the Morning of the World (1967), comprising early field recordings that the British musicologist David Lewiston had made in Bali in 1966, was added to the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress.

Many of the original analog recordings of the Nonesuch Explorer Series albums were remastered during the 2000s and re-released, with new packaging, in CD format.

title: Nonesuch Records


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Resident Evil list of books

Vote (Support/Against/Neutral) 0/1/0
Keep. I was just at the Resident Evil article this morning and it's pretty cumbersome. I wouldn't mind moving the books off to a different section. Oberiko 15:04, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Austin-Healey vehicles

title: Category:Austin-Healey vehicles


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Category:Lancia vehicles

Automobiles produced and sold by Lancia

title: Category:Lancia vehicles


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HSAB theory

HSAB is an acronym for "hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases". HSAB is widely used in chemistry for explaining the stability of compounds, reaction mechanisms and pathways. It assigns the terms 'hard' or 'soft', and 'acid' or 'base' to chemical species. 'Hard' applies to species which are small, have high charge states (the charge criterion applies mainly to acids, to a lesser extent to bases), and are weakly polarizable. 'Soft' applies to species which are big, have low charge states and are strongly polarizable.

The theory is used in contexts where a qualitative, rather than quantitative, description would help in understanding the predominant factors which drive chemical properties and reactions. This is especially so in transition metal chemistry, where numerous experiments have been done to determine the relative ordering of ligands and transition metal ions in terms of their hardness and softness.

HSAB theory is also useful in predicting the products of metathesis reactions. In 2005 it was shown that even the sensitivity and performance of explosive materials can be explained on basis of HSAB theory.

Ralph Pearson introduced the HSAB principle in the early 1960s  as an attempt to unify inorganic and organic reaction chemistry.

Theory
Essentially, the theory states that soft acids prefer to form bonds with soft bases, whereas hard acids prefer to form bonds with hard bases, all other factors being equal. It can also be said that hard acids bind strongly to hard bases and soft acids bind strongly to soft bases. The HASB classification in the original work was largely based on equilibrium constants of Lewis acid/base reactions with a reference base for comparison.

Borderline cases are also identified: borderline acids are trimethylborane, sulfur dioxide and ferrous Fe2+, cobalt Co2+ caesium Cs+ and lead Pb2+ cations. Borderline bases are: aniline, pyridine, nitrogen N2 and the azide, chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulfate anions.

Generally speaking, acids and bases interact and the most stable interactions are hard–hard (ionogenic character) and soft–soft (covalent character).

An attempt to quantify the 'softness' of a base consists in determining the equilibrium constant for the following equilibrium:

 * BH + CH3Hg+ H+ + CH3HgB

Where CH3Hg+ (methylmercury ion) is a very soft acid and H+ (proton) is a hard acid, which compete for B (the base to be classified).

Some examples illustrating the effectiveness of the theory:
 * Bulk metals are soft acids and are poisoned by soft bases such as phosphines and sulfides.
 * Hard solvents such as hydrogen fluoride, water and the protic solvents tend to dissolve strong solute bases such as fluoride and oxide anions. On the other hand, dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone are soft solvents with a preference for solvating large anions and soft bases.
 * In coordination chemistry soft–soft and hard–hard interactions exist between ligands and metal centers.

Chemical hardness
In 1983 Pearson together with Robert Parr extended the qualitative HSAB theory with a quantitative definition of the chemical hardness (η) as being proportional to the second derivative of the total energy of a chemical system with respect to changes in the number of electrons at a fixed nuclear environment:

 * $$\eta = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial^2 E}{\partial N^2}\right)_Z$$.

The factor of one-half is arbitrary and often dropped as Pearson has noted.

An operational definition for the chemical hardness is obtained by applying a three-point finite difference approximation to the second derivative:

\begin{align} \eta &\approx \frac{E(N+1)-2E(N)+E(N-1)}{2}\\ &=\frac{(E(N-1)-E(N)) - (E(N)-E(N+1))}{2}\\ &=\frac{1}{2}(I-A) \end{align} $$

where I is the ionization potential and A the electron affinity. This expression implies that the chemical hardness is proportional to the band gap of a chemical system, when a gap exists.

The first derivative of the energy with respect to the number of electrons is equal to the chemical potential, μ, of the system,

 * $$\mu= \left(\frac{\partial E}{\partial N}\right)_Z$$,

from which an operational definition for the chemical potential is obtained from a finite difference approximation to the first order derivative as

\begin{align} \mu &\approx \frac{E(N+1)-E(N-1)}{2}\\ &=\frac{-(E(N-1)-E(N))-(E(N)-E(N+1))}{2}\\ &=-\frac{1}{2}(I+A) \end{align} $$

which is equal to the negative of the electronegativity (χ) definition on the Mulliken scale: μ = −χ.

The hardness and Mulliken electronegativity are related as

 * $$2\eta = \left(\frac{\partial \mu}{\partial N}\right)_Z \approx -\left(\frac{\partial \chi}{\partial N}\right)_Z$$,

and in this sense hardness is a measure for resistance to deformation or change. Likewise a value of zero denotes maximum softness, where softness is defined as the reciprocal of hardness.

In a compilation of hardness values only that of the hydride anion deviates. Another discrepancy noted in the original 1983 article are the apparent higher hardness of Tl3+ compared to Tl+.

Modifications
If the interaction between acid and base in solution results in an equilibrium mixture the strength of the interaction can be quantified in terms of an equilibrium constant. An alternative quantitative measure is the heat (enthalpy) of formation of the Lewis acid-base adduct in a non-coordinating solvent. The ECW model is quantitative model that describes and predicts the strength of Lewis acid base interactions, -ΔH. The model assigned E and C parameters to many Lewis acids and bases. Each acid is characterized by an EA and a CA. Each base is likewise characterized by its own EB and CB. The E and C parameters refer, respectively, to the electrostatic and covalent contributions to the strength of the bonds that the acid and base will form. The equation is

 * -ΔH =  EAEB  +  CACB  +  W

The W term represents a constant energy contribution for acid–base reaction such as the cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths. The graphical presentations of the equation show that there is no single order of Lewis base strengths or Lewis acid strengths. The ECW model accommodates the failure of single parameter descriptions of acid-base interactions.

A related method adopting the E and C formalism of Drago and co-workers quantitatively predicts the formation constants for complexes of many metal ions plus the proton with a wide range of unidentate Lewis acids in aqueous solution, and also offered insights into factors governing HSAB behavior in solution.

Another quantitative system has been proposed, in which Lewis acid strength toward Lewis base fluoride is based on gas-phase affinity for fluoride. Additional one-parameter base strength scales have been presented. However, it has been shown that to define the order of Lewis base strength (or Lewis acid strength) at least two properties must be considered. For Pearson's qualitative HSAB theory the two properties are hardness and strength while for Drago's quantitative ECW model the two properties are electrostatic and covalent.

Kornblum's rule
An application of HSAB theory is the so-called Kornblum's rule (after Nathan Kornblum) which states that in reactions with ambident nucleophiles (nucleophiles that can attack from two or more places), the more electronegative atom reacts when the reaction mechanism is SN1 and the less electronegative one in a SN2 reaction. This rule (established in 1954) predates HSAB theory but in HSAB terms its explanation is that in a SN1 reaction the carbocation (a hard acid) reacts with a hard base (high electronegativity) and that in a SN2 reaction tetravalent carbon (a soft acid) reacts with soft bases.

According to findings, electrophilic alkylations at free CN− occur preferentially at carbon, regardless of whether the SN1 or SN2 mechanism is involved and whether hard or soft electrophiles are employed. Preferred N attack, as postulated for hard electrophiles by the HSAB principle, could not be observed with any alkylating agent. Isocyano compounds are only formed with highly reactive electrophiles that react without an activation barrier because the diffusion limit is approached. It is claimed that the knowledge of absolute rate constants and not of the hardness of the reaction partners is needed to predict the outcome of alkylations of the cyanide ion.

Criticism
Reanalysis of a large number of various most typical ambident organic system reveals that thermodynamic/kinetic control describes reactivity of organic compounds perfectly, whereas the HSAB principle fails and should be abandoned in the rationalization of ambident reactivity of organic compounds.

title: HSAB theory


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User:Ike9898/The Kim Deitch reader's resource

I'm using this space to construct a database of facts regarding the works of the artist Kim Deitch. It will be of interest to anyone with a casual or serious interest in this artist and his fascinating work.

Deitch's work
Stories

Characters

Publications

Other media

Keywords

Deitch himself
Biography

Critical analysis

Guidelines for this data collection


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User:Ike9898/The Kim Deitch reader's resource/A shroud for Waldo

Menu

A shroud for Waldo

A collection of strips that originally appeared in the LA Weekly, and later reprinted by Fantagraphics. The story concerns the origins of Waldo and his connection to the biblical Judas.


text: Category:TVR vehicles

title: Category:TVR vehicles


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hellyer Hell

Hellyer Hell was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Nonexistent Aussie tv show with 0 Google hits and a dubious history. Also delete the Ben Heckathorn entry for an alleged star of the show. DS 15:16, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. My hunch, after a bit of Google searching, is that it's an in-joke (a mean-spirited one considering the material.)  It's certainly not what it claims to be, a popular TV show.  My suspicions are only increased by discovering that the other contributions of the user who created this and the Heckathorn article  are to Hellyer, Hellyer College and Forgetting game -- this last having possibly been invented at Hellyer College.  (and BTW, Bennyh?  Don't revert VfD tags.) -- Antaeus Feldspar 15:56, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I've never heard of it and it doesn't get a mention on the SBS website, so I seriously doubt it's even been broadcast in the last few years.  If it were as popular as it allegedly is/was, I'm sure that I would have heard of it at least once... ever.  (Especially considering SBS do periodically rerun popular older series.)  Perhaps a 10 year old alleged tv show doesn't belong. --Him! 16:02, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Looks like a prank. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 16:22, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 *  Delete; if anything real underlies it, it may be libelous. — Bill 17:01, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Prank/hoax.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:54, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben Heckathorn

Ben Heckathorn was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

From the "minds" that brought us Hellyer Hell. Delete before it spreads. DS 15:17, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * An apparently nonexistant actor, who allegedly starred in an apparently nonexistant TV show. Sort of speaks for itself really.   (That's Delete) --Him! 16:09, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete Him! really said all there is to say. -- [[User:Bobdoe| Bob Doe ]] 16:26, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Surely, you did not mean to say "delete Him!...", we want to kill the article, not the user. :) -Vina 17:27, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Prank/hoax.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:55, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Count Karlstein

Count Karlstein, or the Ride of the Demon Huntsman is the first children's novel written by British author Philip Pullman. It was published in 1982. The story was originally written by Pullman to be performed as a school play at Bishop Kirk Middle School, Oxford, where Pullman was an English teacher.

Plot summary
The novel is set in the fictional Swiss village of Karlstein in 1816. The evil Count Karlstein made a deal with Zamiel, the Demon Huntsman, in order to obtain his current wealth. The condition of the deal was that in ten years' time the huntsman will be presented with a human sacrifice on All Souls' Eve. The count has decided to offer his two young nieces, Lucy and Charlotte.

His plan does not go as smoothly as he would have preferred. Hildi Kelmar, a castle maidservant, overhears his plan to sacrifice Lucy and Charlotte and tries to save them.

The narrative shifts between the perspectives of a panoply of characters, including Hildi, Lucy, Charlotte, the girls' former teacher Miss Augusta Davenport, the inept coachman Max Grindoff, and a police report. Other characters that come to the aid of the girls, willingly or not, are Meister Haifisch, the Count's lawyer; Doctor Cadaverezzi, a fraudulent magician employing Max as an assistant, who takes Lucy in as a part of his act; Eliza, Miss Davenport's helper and Max's lover; Hildi's mother, a tavern owner; and Hildi's brother, Peter, a huntsman hiding from the law.

After hiding the girls, avoiding the Count and his cronies (Arturo Snivelwurst, his cowardly manservant, and Frau Muller, the castle's head servant), and helping several other people, Hildi has no choice but to send her fugitive brother, armed with a single silver bullet, to rescue the girls from the distant hunting cabin. He uses the bullet before encountering Zamiel, but the Demon Huntsman spares the hunter and those he protects, taking the life of Karlstein instead. The following day, Peter wins a shooting contest and the title of Chief Ranger of the Forest, securing his freedom. Meister Haifisch arrives and announces that the true Count Karlstein is in fact the orphaned Max, who weds Eliza and raises Lucy and Charlotte. Finally, Miss Augusta and Doctor Cadaverezzi (who is known as Signor Rolipolio), old lovers, reunite.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews wrote "whirlwind plotting, manipulated into a pulsing tale of darkened hearts, treachery, and at long last, redemption." while Publishers Weekly, in a star review, described it as "Dashing, sparkling and wildly over-the-top fun."

title: Count Karlstein


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Gaius Lutatius Catulus (consul 242 BC)

Gaius Lutatius Catulus ( 242–241 BC) was a Roman statesman and naval commander in the First Punic War. He was born a member of the plebeian gens Lutatius. His cognomen "Catulus" means "puppy". There are no historical records of his life prior to consulship, but his career probably followed the standard cursus honorum, beginning with service in the cavalry and continuing with the positions of military tribune and quaestor.

He was elected as a consul in 242 BC, a novus homo. His colleague as consul was Aulus Postumius Albinus. In addition to the consulship Postumius held the position of Flamen Martialis, and for this reason the pontifex maximus Lucius Caecilius Metellus forbade him from leaving the city. Lutatius was therefore the only candidate for commanding the war in Sicily. The senate appointed the praetor Quintus Valerius Falto as his second-in-command. This was somewhat of a novelty, since a second praetorship was created only a few years earlier, thereby allowing one of the praetors to leave Rome. Typically the two consuls shared the command of the army.

Upon assuming command Lutatius and Valerius embarked for Sicily. Lutatius had the command of both legions and a new fleet. This fleet was funded by donations from wealthy citizens as the prolonged war had left the public treasury virtually empty. The degree to which Lutatius was involved with the construction of the fleet is unknown. No decisive action in the war was taken in 242 BC. His brother, Quintus Lutatius Cerco, was elected consul in the following year (and censor in 236 BC), but Lutatius and Valerius were granted proconsulship and propraetorship, respectively, allowing them to continue leading the military efforts against Carthage.

In 241 BC, Carthage sent a large fleet commanded by an admiral called Hanno to Sicily with dual purpose of regaining naval supremacy and resupplying Hamilcar and their besieged garrisons in Sicily. A wound prevented Lutatius from commanding the fleet in the ensuing Battle of the Aegates personally, and so the command passed to Valerius. The battle ended in decisive Roman victory. Carthage, unable to fund a replacement fleet, was forced to negotiate a peace treaty favorable to the Romans with Lutatius. Lutatius' original treaty was rejected by the Senate, a commission of 10 senators negotiated an even stricter treaty which still bore Lutatius' name. Both Lutatius and Valerius were awarded a triumph by the senate. To celebrate his victory, Lutatius built a temple to Juturna in Campus Martius, in the area currently known as Largo di Torre Argentina. There is no historical record of his subsequent life or career.

Gaius Lutatius Catulus is also the main character of Finnish writer Jukka M. Heikkilä's book Merikonsuli ("The Marine Consul").

title: Gaius Lutatius Catulus (consul 242 BC)


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Category:Studebaker vehicles

Vehicles produced by Studebaker.

title: Category:Studebaker vehicles


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Talk:Gatka

Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art add yourself!
List_of_Wikipedians_by_martial_art

Needing work
I added the POV and wikify templates to this article. There is almost no historical information in the "history" section (which is the only section, as there's no overview) and what is there is is POV and unsourced (e.g. "Opposing forces are documented to have cursed the awesome Warrior Saints that the Sikhs were!"). siafu 19:01, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sadly, I don't have the knowledge to make these changes, but here are a few things which would improve this article without even getting into the (excellent, but long) guidelines on the Martial Arts Project page:
 * Fix the POV on the history. I am going to fix a few things, but I'm not deeply familiar with either the specific history of the style or with the very early history of the Eastern martial arts, so I can't do very much with it.
 * Add more information about the style. What are key principles?  What forms are used?  You link to the main article on swords, but presumably Gatka uses only some of those weapons.  Which ones?  Which aspects of other styles are derived from or influenced by Gatka, and what techniques has it taken from other styles?
 * Give some information on the philosophy of the style, both as it relates to Sikhism and as it relates to non-Sikh practitioners.

Zabieru 00:31, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I took a swing at some basic re-ordering and recategorization to clean up the article, as well as working on some of the grammar. Ronabop 08:25, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

DO NOT remove the NPOV tag without first dicussing it here
Thetruth, please DO NOT remove the NPOV tag without first discussing it in the talk page. --Vivin Paliath ( വിവിന് പാലിയത് )

 * When I added to NPOV tag way back when the article didn't look the way it does now. The biggest problem it seems to currently have is a lack of sources/references and a very odd tone.  Normally I wouldn't say that this would be appropriate to add an NPOV tag to this article, but it doesn't seem like all the issues have been addressed yet, so keeping it until then seems appropriate. siafu 02:03, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Informational quality?
I am not Sikh, but one sentence brought to my attention the fact that perhaps the entire article needs to be thoroughly checked for factuality. The sentence was:

It [Gatka] was perfected by the time of the tenth and last Sikh Guru.

I am pretty sure there were twelve Gurus? Either way, I agree the article is in need of serious work, and references need to be found.

Thanks, Dan Let me make it clear that there were ten Gurus only. The Guru Granth Sahib was established by Guru Gobind Singh as a divine book which have soul of all ten Gurus. Daljeet —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.253.133.157 (talk) 13:44, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I've not personally read the article so you could well be right, but no, there were ten Gurus only, plus the perpetual Guru Granth Sahib. Sukh | ਸੁਖ | Talk 18:03, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Banda Singh Bahadur.jpg
The image Image:Banda Singh Bahadur.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

Let me make it clear that there were ten Gurus only. The Guru Granth Sahib was established by Guru Gobind Singh as a divine book which have soul of all ten Gurus. Daljeet —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.253.133.157 (talk) 13:41, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --15:06, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

references needed
apparently, gatka simply means "short stick". I find 1980s sources that discuss gatka as just one item alongside other Indian weaponry. I have also seen the claim floating around that it was the British who extended the meaning of gatka to include all "Sikh martial arts", but I am not sure this is correct. The impression I get from googling is that there is a recent (2000s) surge in interest in Sikh martial arts, and gatka as a term for a wider martial art, as opposed to fighting with the short stick, appears to arise in this context. We need better sources. --dab (𒁳) 14:34, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Guru Nanak
I removed the creator of Gatka posted as Nanak Dev. Guru Nanak was the first Guru and Founder of the Sikh Religion and not the martial art gatka. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.164.7.166 (talk) 06:14, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

 * ok, it turns out that gatka is a style of stick fighting based on sword training as it was practiced in the 1880s, i.e. after the ban of traditional martial arts under the British. --dab (𒁳) 15:22, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

terminology
I have looked into this some more, and I think I understand the terminological confusion now. I am not sure if this means we should split this article, separating "performative gatka" from "historical Sikh martial arts". --dab (𒁳) 07:48, 10 September 2009 (UTC) Naadar is a fake —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.73.165.97 (talk) 02:34, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * 1860s to 1947: Gatka is the name for "stick fencing" as practiced by Sikhs in the British Indian Army in the late 19th century
 * 1947 to 2000: fencing isn't part of any army's curriculum any longer. Gatka becomes a performance art, essentially people jumping about twirling assorted weaponry
 * 2001: Niddar Singh comes up with his Shastar Vidya historical martial arts reconstruction of pre-1857 Sikh martial arts. Unlike the performative gatka, this is an actual combat-oriented martial art, albeit with a historical/antiquarian scope
 * 2000s: Niddar Singh gets publicity, and lots of Sikhs begin calling their performative gatka Shastar Vidya too. So now Shastar Vidya may either refer to performative gatka (jumping about with assorted weaponry) or to Niddar Singh's historical martial arts school

Gatka also practiced by muslims tribe 'Tanoli' in Pakistan
I was searching for Gatka over the net and came across this article; as this is a tradition of my tribe the 'Tanoli' in Pakistan and its been in our tribe for a long time. Initially it was a sort of stick fencing but later it remained as performance art (as aslo mentioned in above post); now its almost finished. Cheers! Wikitanoli (talk) 15:12, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

shastar vidiya is different from gatka
Londondajatt (talk) 18:01, 10 July 2010 (UTC) It should not redirect to gatka as gatka and shastar vidiya are different arts, where more people practise gatka.

Article in the BBC
Hello everybody, I just read a BBC article, "The only living master of a dying martial art," stated that Gatka and shastar vidya where too different things as opposed to what is stated in the revival section I was wondering if anybody could look into that. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15480741 is the link to the article Philoleb (talk) 00:47, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

You mean "two" different things. The article you link is about Nidar Singh. He reconstructs historical Sikh martial arts. It is true that this is different from "gatka" as in stick katas or sword dance. The problem is WP:NOTE, so far it has not been arguable to write a standalone about Nidar Singh and his school because there were not sufficient third party sources. If BBC and others keep writing about him, we may soon be in a position to compile an article about this. As a temporary solution, I have just stashed away brief mention of this under "gatka" for lack of a better solution.

I actually like what I see of this man's work online, he seems to know what he is doing. But obviously there are also a lot of vanity and political issues involved. Instead of just saying "I am a decent martial artist intersted in reconstructing Mughal era Sikh fighting styles" he styles himself the "last master of a dying art", poses for the BBC as some sort of walking armoury and claims to teach "shastar vidya", i.e. "Indian martial art" on behalf of the entire subcontinent. This is slightly stretching credibility, and for the purposes of Wikipedia, there simply needs to be enough tertiary references before covering a commercial martial arts school run by a single individual. --dab (𒁳) 19:54, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Actually, now the BBC World Service seems to have broadcast a program dedicated to this, "Last Sikh Warrior" on Heart And Soul, 31 October 2011, it should be possible to argue WP:NOTE is met. I'll try to branch this into a separate Nidar Singh article over the next few days. Note that the term "shastar vidya" will need disambiguation, because Singh is using it idiosyncratically. It is basically just the Sanskrit term for "martial arts". Only Singh seems to be using it in a sense of "Sikh martial arts of the 17th to 18th century". --dab (𒁳) 20:02, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Reconstruction
There's a misconception among editors on this article that gatka refers specifically to the stick-fighting sport, while everything else is a reconstruction of historical Sikh martial arts called "shastar vidiya". The term shastar vidiya is simply armed combat or martial arts in general. It is not and was not a particular system of fighting, but was a collective word for fighting arts at the time. It wasn't even confined to Sikhs or Punjabis, but also adjacent areas of India and Pakistan. The Gurjaras are but one example. Furthermore, gatka is absolutely not a reconstruction. I don't want to generalise since I know that there are some attempts to revive certain Sikh/Punjabi fighting styles. But by and large, gatka masters and instructors simply teach what they learned from their own teachers. For instance, gatka was first brought to Malaysia and Thailand during the colonial era when Sikhs first immigrated to this part of the world. Though it was never widespread, it has been practiced since that time for demonstrative purposes, and the Malaysian Gatka Federation has never made any attempt to "recontruct" anything in the way that is being done with medieval European styles. Strictly speaking, it is true that gatka should properly refer to the stick-fighting sport which originated as a form of sword-training, much in the way that Japanese swordsmen would train with wooden swords. However, the other weapons which are now included under the term gatka have always been a part of the system. Morinae (talk) 05:46, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

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WP:TNT
Back in 2012, the article was much shorter and much more modest, but it was actually backed up by references Since then, people just seem to have piled on unreferenced blog-entry material. If nobody is up for cleaning it up and basing it on references, I would propose that reverting to what was actually referenced is the obvious way to go here. --dab (𒁳) 14:08, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gatka


text:
Star Tours

Star Tours was a motion simulator attraction at several Disney theme parks, based on the successful Star Wars film series created by George Lucas. Set in the Star Wars universe, the attraction sent guests on an excursion trip to Endor, whilst being caught in an altercation between the New Republic and an Imperial Remnant. The attraction featured Captain "Rex" RX-24 along with series regulars R2-D2 and C-3PO.

At its debut at Disneyland in 1987, it was the first attraction based originally on a non-Disney licensed intellectual property. The first incarnation of the ride appeared in Tomorrowland at Disneyland in 1987, replacing the previous attraction, Adventure Thru Inner Space. The attraction had subsequent openings at Tokyo Disneyland, Disney's Hollywood Studios, and Disneyland Paris.

The attraction at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios closed in 2010 to allow conversion for its successor attraction, Star Tours – The Adventures Continue. The latter location was completed on May 20, 2011. Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris closed their versions for conversion in 2012 and 2016, marking the original ride's final run of 29 years.

History
The ride that became Star Tours first saw light as a proposal for an attraction based on the 1979 Disney live-action film The Black Hole. It would have been an interactive ride-simulator attraction where guests would have had the ability to choose the route. However, after preliminary planning, the Black Hole attraction was shelved due to its enormous cost as well as the unpopularity of the film itself.

Instead of completely dismissing the idea of a simulator, the company decided to make use of a partnership between Disney and George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, that began in 1986 with the opening of Captain EO (a 3-D musical film starring Michael Jackson) at the California park. Disney then approached Lucas with the idea for Star Tours. With Lucas's approval, Disney Imagineers purchased four military-grade flight simulators at a cost of $500,000 each and designed the ride structure.

Meanwhile, Lucas and his team of special effects technicians at Industrial Light & Magic produced the first-person perspective film that would be projected inside the simulators. When both simulator and film were completed, a programmer then sat inside and used a joystick to synchronize the movement of the simulator with the apparent movement on screen. On January 9, 1987, at a final cost of $32 million, the ride opened to throngs of patrons, many of whom dressed up as Star Wars characters for the occasion. In celebration, Disneyland remained open for a 60-hour marathon from January 9 at 10 a.m. to January 11 at 10 p.m.

Closing
On August 14, 2010, Disney's Hollywood Studios hosted the "Last Tour To Endor" event exclusively for Celebration V attendees at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 8pm to 1am. Entertainment features and events at "Last Tour To Endor" included George Lucas, character appearances, Jedi Training Academy, Death Star Disco, Bespin Stage Dance Party, Raiders Of The Lost Jedi Temple of Doom: A Fan Film of Epic Proportions live show, Hyperspace Hoopla, Symphony in the Stars fireworks, and the Star Tours shutdown ceremony. The Star Tours shutdown ceremony was a live show with characters C-3PO, R2-D2, Boba Fett, Darth Vader, and a few Stormtroopers, culminating in the official power-down of the original Disney World Star Tours attraction. However, instead of R2-D2 simply shutting it down, Boba Fett destroyed the ride's power supply using a thermal detonator (achieved using pyrotechnics). The ride was still open after the shutdown ceremony until September 7, 2010, when the attraction held its "Final Flight to Endor" exclusive to D23 members.

Attraction
Advertised as "The Ultimate Star Wars Adventure!", Star Tours puts the guest in the role of a space tourist en route to the Forest Moon of Endor, the site of the climactic battle of Return of the Jedi, via the Star Tours travel agency. Much was made of this throughout the ride queue, which was designed to look like a spaceship boarding terminal: posters advertised voyages to different planets, and a giant screen informed riders of the benefits of going to Endor. This area was stocked with Audio-Animatronic characters that seemed to speak to the ride patrons (including C-3PO and R2-D2), as well as a life-size mock-up of a StarSpeeder 3000, the fictional spacecraft which riders were about to board. According to the book Disneyland Detective by Kendra Trahan, the figures of C-3PO and R2-D2 in the Disneyland attraction were actual props from the original trilogy, modified to operate via Audio-Animatronics.

Guests then enter a maintenance area where an apparently underproductive G2 droid performs repairs on another droid while being distracted by the observing guests, and another droid inadvertently points out all the supposed flaws of the StarSpeeder 3000 and its RX pilots. A ride attendant escorts guests to one of several loading stations where they wait for their turn to ride.

A television screen above the queue displays a countdown to take-off time and shows images of the StarSpeeder 3000 spacecraft being serviced. As launch time approaches, a safety video is shown featuring Star Wars aliens, Disney Imagineers, and their families. It instructs guests how to fasten their seat belts and where to place belongings. Once the doors to the starspeeder open, guests walk across bridges into one of the several starspeeder cabins. As the doors close, the bumbling pilot droid of the ship, RX-24 or Rex (voiced by Paul Reubens), appears on the side screen and chats to the guests about the trip as R2-D2 is loaded onto the spacecraft.

Rex lowers the cockpit shield, and the hangar crew activate the flight platform. All goes well until a slight mistake on Captain Rex's part sends the starspeeder crashing into the maintenance bay doors and plummeting into the maintenance yard. They barely crash into the control room and nearly collide with a giant mechanical arm. Once in space, Rex asks R2-D2 to make the jump to lightspeed. However, the ship accidentally passes the Endor moon and instead gets caught inside a comet cluster. The ship gets hit by several comets before getting trapped in one of the larger comets. The starspeeder weaves its way through the comet and escapes by crashing through one of the walls. Upon escaping the comet, however, the ship encounters a star destroyer of the Imperial remnant.

The starspeeder gets caught in its tractor beam, but manages to get loose when a New Republic X-wing fighter provides assistance by destroying the tractor beam generator. Soon the starspeeder accompanies the Republic fleet on an assault on the Death Star III (later revealed by Leland Chee in 2013 to be a habitation sphere disguised as a death star in a plot by an Imperial warlord to distract the New Republic). Rex uses the starspeeder's lasers to eliminate several TIE fighters while a Republic pilot destroys the death star in the same manner as Luke Skywalker by firing two proton torpedoes into the exhaust port. The X-wings jump to lightspeed as the death star explodes, and a final lightspeed jump sends the starspeeder back to the spaceport, nearly colliding with a fuel truck in the hangar and sending a Star Tours employee ducking under his desk. As the cockpit shield raises and cuts off Rex as he apologizes for the near-fatal flight, C-3PO instructs the passengers on the exit procedure and thanks them, oblivious to the perils they had faced. The exit doors opposite the entrance then open and the passengers proceed across another set of bridges into the exit hall towards the Star Trader gift shop.

English

 * Anthony Daniels – C-3PO (voice and action)
 * Ben Burtt – R2-D2
 * Paul Reubens – Captain RX-24, a.k.a. Rex (voice)
 * Brian Cummings – Vid-Screen Announcer (planetary destinations) (voice)
 * Stephanie Taylor – Safety Instructor
 * Steve Gawley – cameo as Red Leader (onboard video)
 * Warwick Davis – cameo as Wicket the Ewok

Japanese dub

 * Yūji Mitsuya – Captain RX-24, a.k.a. Rex (voice)

French dub

 * Anthony Daniels – C-3PO
 * Luq Hamet – voice of Captain RX-24 (Rex)

Muren, Gawley, and Keeler were all Industrial Light & Magic computer animation staff. One year earlier, Reubens had voiced the shipboard computer in the Disney film Flight of the Navigator (credited as Paul Mall), in which his character was named Max. Reubens credited this role with his being cast for the ride.

Ride system
Star Tours utilized hydraulic motion base cabins featuring six degrees of freedom, including the ability to move 35 degrees in the X-Y-Z plane. The simulator was patented as Advanced Technology Leisure Application Simulator (ATLAS), originally designed by Rediffusion Simulation in Sussex, England, now owned by Thales Training & Simulation (ex-Thomson-CSF). The Rediffusion 'Leisure' simulator was originally developed for a much simpler show in Canada called "Tour of the Universe", where it featured a single entrance/exit door in the rear of the cabin and a video projector. The film was front-projected onto the screen from a 70 mm film projector located beneath the cockpit barrier. The Disneyland original had four simulators, while the Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Disney's Hollywood Studios versions each had six motion bases.

Successor
The successor attraction, Star Tours – The Adventures Continue, opened in Disney's Hollywood Studios on May 20, 2011 and at Disneyland on June 3, 2011, replacing the parks' original Star Tours attractions. It features an updated ride system, consisting of a new high-definition video, a Dolby 3D high-definition screen, improved motion simulators, and several new special effects and Audio-animatronics. The attraction is set at an earlier point in the Star Wars timeline (between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope) and is piloted by C-3PO. Rex appears as a newly-delivered droid in the queue of The Adventures Continue, and as the house DJ of Oga's Cantina in Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, with the latter considered official Star Wars canon and set roughly 3 decades after the events of the original Star Tours.

An episode of "The Mandalorian,"  a Star Wars series featured on the Disney+ streaming platform, featured a group of RX-series Droids.

title: Star Tours


text:
Azam Tariq (religious leader)

Azam Tariq  (اعظم طارق 10 July 1962 – 6 October 2003) was a Pakistani politician, terrorist and cleric who was the leader of Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP), a Deobandi Islamist organization, which was officially banned by the government of Pakistan in August 2001 due to sectarian violence and terrorism in Pakistan. The group was notorious for killings of Shia Muslims in Pakistan, it was also involved in Hijacking of Sunni Barelvi mosques in Pakistan.

He was assassinated in 2003. After his death, Muhammad Ahmed Ludhianvi was selected as the president of Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan.

Early life and education
Azam Tariq was born in 10 July 1962 into a Punjabi Rajput farmer family to Mohammad Fateh in Chichawatni, their family roots lying in the Kalyan village of the Patiala district, now in Indian Punjab, from where they moved due to the 1947 partition.

He studied at a local madrassa and then enrolled in the Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Banuri Town, Karachi.

Like most madrassa students and graduates at that time, he participated in the Soviet-Afghan jihad, and when he returned, while he was the imam of the Masjid-e-Siddiq-e-Akbar in North Karachi he formed the basis of the future SSP.

Career
In August 2001, Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf banned seven alleged Islamic organizations, including Sipah-e-Sahaba, and Azam Tariq was arrested and jailed on charges of terrorism.

Azam Tariq was elected three times to the National Assembly of Pakistan in Jhang Sadr, even though his constituency was a predominantly Shi'a region. He contested again in the 2002 elections, while in custody, and was again elected. He was released in November 2002.

Death
Tariq was shot and killed in an attack on 6 October 2003 alongside Islamabad as he left the M-2 Motorway to enter the city. his funeral was led by Abdul Rashid Ghazi inside Lal Masjid.

The assassination was part of a growing wave of violent incidents in Pakistan between the sectarian Deobandi Wahhabi and the Shiah Muslims. Violence peaked in July 2003 with the Quetta mosque attack and the massacre of more than 50 people.

On 11 May 2017, the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) arrested a proclaimed offender after 13 years who murdered him.

Books by Tariq

 * Rūdād-i ʻIshq O Vafā, Jhang : Markazī Daftar-i Sipāh-i Ṣaḥābah, 1999-2004, around 1000 pages (in 2 volumes). Author's memoirs.
 * Ahammīyat-i Hadīs̲ Dar Dīn, Kābul : Mayvand ; Peshawar : Kitābkhānah-ʼi Sabā, 2005, 298 p. Importance of Hadith for Islam, in Persian.
 * K̲h̲ut̤bāt-i Jarnail, al-Maʻrūf, K̲h̲ut̤bāt-i Jel, Jhang : Markazī Daftar-i Sipāh-i Ṣaḥābah, 2001. Collection of speeches written in jail (1998-1999) collected by Abū Usāmah Z̤iyāurraḥmān Nāṣir.

Books about Tariq

 * Muḥammad Nadīm Qāsimī, Ḥayāt-i Aʻẓam T̤āriq, Faiṣalābād : Ishāʻatulmaʻārif, 1998, 413 p.
 * Muḥammad Nadīm Muʻāviyah, Pārlīmanṭ Kā Londa : S̲ānī-i Jarnail-i Sipāh-yi Ṣaḥābah ... Ḥaz̤rat Maulānā Muḥammad Aʻẓam T̤āriq Shahīd Ke Mufaṣṣal Hālāt-i Zindagī Aur Pārlīmant Kī Taqārīr, Karāchī : Maktabah-yi K̲h̲ilāfat-i Rāshidah, 2005, 376 p.

See more

 * List of Deobandis

title: Azam Tariq (religious leader)


text:
Ansgarius (crater)

Ansgarius is a lunar impact crater that is located near the eastern limb of the Moon. When viewed from the Earth, the crater has a highly oval shape due to foreshortening, but the rim is actually nearly circular. To the northwest of Ansgarius is the crater La Pérouse, and south is Behaim.

The rim of Ansgarius is not significantly worn, and has a terraced interior surface. The southwest rim appears somewhat flattened rather than round, and intrudes into an older formation of which little remains except the western rim. There is an outward notch in the north-northeastern wall. The interior floor of Ansgarius is relatively flat, with only tiny craterlets to mark the surface. Ansgarius was named after Saint Ansgar, a 9th-century Benedictine missionary monk who brought Catholicism to northern Germany and Scandinavia, known as the "Apostle of the North".

The crater's name was approved by the IAU in 1935.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Ansgarius.

title: Ansgarius (crater)


text:
Category:Panoz vehicles

This category includes automobiles manufactured by Panoz.

title: Category:Panoz vehicles


text:
Novus homo

Novus homo or homo novus (lit. 'new man'; : novi homines or homines novi) was the term in ancient Rome for a man who was the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or, more specifically, to be elected as consul. When a man entered public life on an unprecedented scale for a high communal office, then the term used was novus civis (plural: novi cives) or "new citizen".

History
In the Early Republic, tradition held that both Senate membership and the consulship were restricted to patricians. When plebeians gained the right to this office during the Conflict of the Orders, all newly elected plebeians were naturally novi homines. With time, novi homines became progressively rarer as some plebeian families became as entrenched in the Senate as their patrician colleagues. By the time of the First Punic War, it was already a sensation that novi homines were elected consuls in two consecutive years (Gaius Fundanius Fundulus in 243 BC and Gaius Lutatius Catulus in 242 BC). In 63 BC, Cicero became the first novus homo in more than thirty years.

By the Late Republic, the distinction between the orders became less important. The consuls came from a new elite, the nobiles (noblemen), an artificial aristocracy of all who could demonstrate direct descent in the male line from a consul.

List of notable novi homines

 * Lucius Sextius Lateranus (elected 366 BC)
 * Gaius Licinius Stolo (elected 361 BC)
 * Marcus Popillius Laenas (elected 359, 356, 350, 348 BC)
 * Gaius Plautius Proculus (elected 358 BC)
 * Gaius Marcius Rutilus (elected 357, 352, 344, 342 BC)
 * Publius Decius Mus (elected 340 BC)
 * Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens (elected 307 BC and 296 BC)
 * Spurius Carvilius Maximus (elected 293, 272 BC)
 * Manius Otacilius Crassus (elected 263 BC)
 * Gaius Duilius (elected 260 BC)
 * Gaius Aurelius Cotta (elected 252 and 248 BC)
 * Gaius Fundanius Fundulus (elected 243 BC)
 * Gaius Lutatius Catulus (elected 242 BC)
 * Gaius Flaminius (elected 223 BC and 217 BC)
 * Marcus Porcius Cato (the Censor/Elder) (elected 195 BC)
 * Gaius Calpurnius Piso (elected 180 BC)
 * Gnaeus Octavius (elected 165 BC)
 * Lucius Mummius Achaicus (elected 146 BC)
 * Quintus Pompeius (elected 141 BC)
 * Gaius Marius (elected 107 BC, 104–100 BC, 86 BC)
 * Gnaeus Mallius Maximus (elected 105 BC)
 * Titus Didius (elected 98 BC)
 * Gaius Coelius Caldus (elected 94 BC)
 * Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo (elected 89 BC)
 * Marcus Tullius Cicero (elected 63 BC)
 * Marcus Vinicius (appointed suffect consul 19 BC)
 * Gaius Pomponius Graecinus (appointed AD 16)
 * Gaius Cornelius Tacitus (appointed AD 97)

Topos of the "new man"
The literary theme of homo novus, or "how the lowly born but inherently worthy man may properly rise to eminence in the world" was the topos of Seneca's influential Epistle XLIV. At the endpoint of Late Antiquity, it was likewise a subject in Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy (iii, vi). In the Middle Ages Dante's Convivio (book IV) and Petrarch's De remediis utriusque fortunae (I.16; II.5) take up the subject, and Chaucer's "Wife of Bath's Tale".

In its Christian renderings, the theme suggested a tension in the scala naturae or great chain of being, one that was produced through the agency of Man's free will.

The theme came naturally to Renaissance humanists who were often homines novi rising by their own wits in a network of noble courts that depended on the highly literate new men to run increasingly complicated chancelries and create the cultural propaganda that was a contemporary vehicle for noble fame, and that consequently offered a kind of intellectual cursus honorum. In the fifteenth century Buonaccorso da Montemagno's Dialogus de vera nobilitate treated of the "true nobility" inherent in the worthy individual; Poggio Bracciolini also wrote at length De nobilitate, stressing the Renaissance view of human responsibility and effectiveness that are at the heart of Humanism: sicut virtutis ita et nobilitatis sibi quisque existit auctor et opifex.

Briefer summaries of the theme were to be found in Francesco Patrizi, De institutionae republicae (VI.1), and in Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo's encyclopedic Speculum vitae humanae. In the sixteenth century these and new texts came to be widely printed and distributed. Sánchez de Arévalo's Speculum was first printed at Rome, 1468, and there are more than twenty fifteenth-century printings; German, French and Spanish translations were printed. The characters of Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier (1528) discuss the requirement that a cortegiano be noble (I.XIV-XVI). This was translated into French, Spanish, English, Latin and other languages. Jerónimo Osório da Fonseca's De nobilitate (Lisbon 1542, and seven reprintings in the sixteenth century), stressing propria strennuitas ("one's own determined striving") received an English translation in 1576.

The Roman figure most often cited as an exemplum is Gaius Marius, whose speech of self-justification was familiar to readers from the set-piece in Sallust's Bellum Jugurthinum, 85; the most familiar format in the Renaissance treatises is a dialogue that contrasts the two sources of nobility, with the evidence weighted in favor of the "new man".

title: Novus homo


text:
Rubinomics

Rubinomics, a portmanteau of Rubin and economics, was originally used to collectively describe the economic policies of President of the United States Bill Clinton. It is named after Robert E. Rubin, former United States Secretary of the Treasury.

Rubinomics emphasizes the effect that balancing the government budget has on long-term interest rates. Taxes should match government spending in the long run, and deficit-financed tax cuts are a counter-productive way to increase growth. This can be seen as a form of the fiscal theory of the price level – fiscal policy affecting long term inflation (as expressed by long-term interest rates).

Rubinomics has never rejected Keynesian approaches to economics, which call for the government to run a deficit in times of recession. But it worries about the long-term effect that deficits, especially structural deficits, have on inflation.

During the early 1990s, long-term interest rates remained stubbornly high even as the Federal Reserve cut the Federal Funds rate. Rubin and most other economists (including Alan Greenspan) attributed this high yield curve to an "inflation premium" that bond-traders were demanding. Reducing interest rates, Rubin argued, would lead to increased private sector investment and consumption and, therefore, stronger growth. Clinton, who had campaigned on the promise to put people first and invest in human capital, accepted Rubin's reasoning and put deficit reduction at the forefront of his economic plan, to the chagrin of more left-wing advisers such as Robert Reich and Joseph Stiglitz. In particular, Stiglitz was not opposed to Clinton's plan to reduce the deficit, but suggested that Clinton put more money into research and development, technology, infrastructure, and education, quoting "given the high returns for these investments, GDP in 2000 would have been even higher, and the economy's growth potential would have been stronger."

title: Rubinomics


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Category:Rear-engined vehicles

Main page: Rear-engine design

title: Category:Rear-engined vehicles


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Talk:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi

Religion section
I don’t see why there should be any religion entry in Jacobi's article Infobox. For now I only made the things clearer-Jacobi didn't convert to Christianity as a religious act but rather he did it since there was no other option for him in this anti-Semitic Prussian society, like to many other Jews back then who want to have free profession, but to do so. To avoid disagreements I suggest that we Just delete this entry which has shaky importance any way.--Gilisa 16:22, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't get no answers for why keeping the religion entry since my last posting here, more than 1 year ago. Jacoby converted to christianity most definitely beacause there was no other way for Jews, back then, to be appointed to academic and administrative positions without doing so. My claim is supported by all serioues biographies of Jacoby. So, mentioning "his" religion specifically in an entry is defying and misleading.--Gilisa (talk) 07:52, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Give us references to why his conversion was fake. If what you say is true then it is very serious that he faked his way into profession. The article is already inconsistent since it says he was a Jew when becoming a professor. The article also says he converted before. 83.250.194.109 (talk) 07:45, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

Verbiage
There is a lot of peacock verbiage in the article. The talk about "all time" is hard to justify. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.137.170.8 (talk) 10:11, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Not realy, no one argue that he was the greatest but without no doubt he is one of the most known and influential mathematicians. --Gilisa (talk) 06:22, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Assignment problem
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_algorithm : "In 2006, it was discovered that Carl Gustav Jacobi had solved the assignment problem in the 19th century, and the solution had been published posthumously in 1890 in Latin." Perhaps this should be added to the article. 121.45.14.235 (talk) 12:51, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

Cause of death?
The category, Deaths from smallpox, at the bottom of the page lists Jacobi but there is no specific information on either page to verify this. — Anita5192 (talk) 05:05, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

"the low level of mathematics in Germany at the time rendered them too elementary for him"
Says who? To my knowledge, at that time, Gauss was teaching in Göttingen - not really a "low level"-mathematician, is he? On the German wikipedia-page, it says that Jacobi himself complained about the low level of mathematics at the University of Berlin - that would make sense. Euler had beeen teaching there, but that was half a century ago. --Carlos9999 (talk) 18:30, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi


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Frank P. Bohn

Frank Probasco Bohn (July 14, 1866 – June 1, 1944) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He served three terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1927 to 1933.

Early life and education
Bohn was born in Charlottesville, Indiana, where he attended public high school. He attended Danville Normal College in Danville, Indiana, and graduated from the Medical College of Indiana, Indianapolis in 1890.

Political career
Bohn ran unsuccessfully as a Democrat for the Michigan House of Representatives from the Delta District in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in 1896. He worked as a banker and was village president of Newberry, Michigan, 1904–1919, and a member of the Newberry School Board, 1908-1914. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the Republican primary election for Lieutenant Governor of Michigan in 1916. He was a member of the Michigan Senate from the 30th District, 1923-1926.

Bohn defeated incumbent Republican Frank D. Scott in the primary election in 1926. He then won the general election to the United States House of Representatives from Michigan's 11th congressional district for the 70th Congress and the two succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1927, to March 3, 1933. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election to the 73rd Congress in 1932, losing in the general election to Democrat Prentiss M. Brown.

After leaving Congress, Bohn was a member of the Michigan State Hospital Commission from 1935 through 1937. Bohn died at the age of seventy-seven in Newberry, Michigan and is interred there at Forest Home Cemetery.

title: Frank P. Bohn


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C. I. Scofield

Cyrus Ingerson Scofield (August 19, 1843 – July 24, 1921) was an American theologian, minister, and writer whose best-selling annotated Bible popularized futurism and dispensationalism among fundamentalist Christians.

Childhood
Cyrus Scofield was born in Clinton Township, Lenawee County, Michigan, the seventh and last child of Elias and Abigail Goodrich Scofield. Elias Scofield's ancestors were of English and Puritan descent, but the family was nominally Episcopalian. Abigail Scofield died three months after Cyrus's birth, and his father twice remarried during Cyrus's childhood. Details of his early education are unknown, but there is no reason to doubt his later testimony that he was an enthusiastic reader and that he had studied Shakespeare and Homer.

Civil War service
By 1861, Scofield was living with relatives in Lebanon, Tennessee. At the beginning of the American Civil War, the 17-year-old Scofield enlisted as a private in the 7th Tennessee Infantry, C.S.A., and his regiment fought at Cheat Mountain, Seven Pines, and Antietam. In 1862, after spending a month in Chimborazo Hospital in Richmond, Virginia, Scofield successfully petitioned for a discharge. Scofield then returned to Lebanon and was conscripted again into Confederate service. Ordered to McMinnville, Tennessee, Scofield deserted and escaped behind Union lines in Bowling Green, Kentucky. After taking the Union oath of allegiance, Scofield was allowed safe passage to St. Louis, Missouri, where he settled.

Lawyer and politician
In 1866, he married Leontine LeBeau Cerrè, a member of a prominent French Catholic family in St. Louis. Scofield apprenticed in the law office of his brother-in-law and then worked in the St. Louis assessor's office before moving to Atchison, Kansas, in late 1869. In 1871, Scofield was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, first from Atchison for one year and then from Nemaha County, for a second. In 1873 he worked for the election of John J. Ingalls as senator from Kansas, and when Ingalls won, the new senator had Scofield appointed U. S. District Attorney for Kansas—at 29, the youngest in the country. Nevertheless, that same year Scofield was forced to resign "under a cloud of scandal" because of questionable financial transactions, which may have included accepting bribes from railroads, stealing political contributions intended for Ingalls, and securing bank promissory notes by forging signatures. It is possible Scofield was jailed on forgery charges, although there is no extant evidence in the public records.

Perhaps in part because of his self-confessed heavy drinking, Scofield abandoned his wife and two daughters during this period. Leontine Cerrè Scofield divorced him on grounds of desertion in 1883, and the same year Scofield married Hettie Hall von Wartz, with whom he eventually had a son.

Pastorates
According to Scofield, he was converted to evangelical Christianity through the testimony of a lawyer acquaintance. Certainly by the late fall of 1879, Scofield was assisting in the St. Louis evangelistic campaign conducted by Dwight L. Moody, and he served as the secretary of the St. Louis YMCA. Significantly, Scofield came under the mentorship of James H. Brookes, pastor of Walnut Street Presbyterian Church, St. Louis, a prominent dispensationalist premillennialist.

In October 1883, Scofield was ordained as a Congregationalist minister—while his divorce was proceeding but not yet final—and he accepted the pastorate of a small mission church founded by that denomination, which became the First Congregational Church of Dallas, Texas (now Scofield Memorial Church). The church grew from fourteen to over five hundred members before he resigned its pastorate in 1895. In 1895, Scofield was called as pastor of Moody's church, the Trinitarian Congregational Church of East Northfield, Massachusetts. Scofield also attempted with limited success to take charge of Moody's Northfield Bible Training School.

Interest in missions
In 1888, Scofield attended the Niagara Bible Conference where he met pioneer missionary to China, Hudson Taylor. Taylor's approach to Christian missions influenced Scofield to found the Central American Mission in 1890 (now Camino Global). Scofield also served as superintendent of the American Home Missionary Society of Texas and Louisiana. In 1890, he founded Lake Charles College (1890–1899) in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

Fundamentalist leader
As the author of the pamphlet "Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth" (1888), Scofield soon became a leader in dispensational premillennialism, a forerunner of twentieth-century Christian fundamentalism. Although, in theory, Scofield returned to his Dallas pastorate in 1903, his projected reference Bible consumed much of his energy, and he was also mostly either unwell or in Europe. When the Scofield Reference Bible was published in 1909, it quickly became the most influential statement of dispensational premillennialism, and Scofield's popularity as Bible conference speaker increased as his health continued to decline. Royalties from the work were substantial, and Scofield bought real estate in Dallas, Ashuelot, New Hampshire, and Douglaston, Long Island. He also joined the prestigious Lotos Club.

Scofield left the liberalizing Congregational Church to become a Southern Presbyterian and moved to the New York City area where he supervised a correspondence and lay institute, the New York Night School of the Bible. In 1914, he founded the Philadelphia School of the Bible in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (now Cairn University).

Personal life
During the early 1890s, Scofield began styling himself Rev. C. I. Scofield, D.D.; but there are no extant records of any academic institution having granted him the honorary Doctor of Divinity degree. Scofield's second wife proved a faithful companion and editing assistant, but his relationships with his children, including librarian Abigail Scofield Kellogg, were distant at best. Scofield died at his home on Long Island in 1921.

Religious significance
Scofield's correspondence Bible study course was the basis for his Reference Bible, an annotated, and widely circulated, study Bible first published in 1909 by Oxford University Press. Scofield's notes teach futurism and dispensationalism, a theology advanced in the early nineteenth century by the Anglo-Irish clergyman John Nelson Darby, who like Scofield had been trained as a lawyer. Dispensationalism emphasizes the distinctions between the New Testament Church and ancient Israel of the Old Testament. Scofield believed that between creation and the final judgment there are seven distinct eras of God's dealing with humanity and that these eras are a framework around which the message of the Bible can be explained. It was largely through the influence of Scofield's notes that dispensational premillennialism became influential among fundamentalist Christians in the United States, and these notes became a significant source for popular religious writers such as Hal Lindsey.

title: C. I. Scofield


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Blood Law

Blood Law, in some traditional Native American communities, is the severe, usually capital punishment of certain serious crimes. The responsibility for delivering this justice has traditionally fallen to the family or clan of the victim, usually a male relative.

Description
Currently in the United States, only state and federal governments or military courts can impose the death penalty. Justice under Blood Law would be considered revenge killing or summary murder, and also could be an additional aggravating circumstance requiring the death penalty for the crime.

Historically, a "cursory survey of the ethnohistorical literature indicates that death was the standard punishment [for witchcraft] among Native American societies," including the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Delaware, Hopi, Miami, Natchez, Navajo and Seneca.

In 1824 the western Cherokee passed new laws "forbidding the wanton killing of suspected witches". However, traditional views concerning personal or family-enforced retribution for serious crimes appear to have continued in both the Cherokee and Creek communities throughout the 19th Century, and in some communities through into the present day.

title: Blood Law