text:
Richard Landwehr

Richard Landwehr is the author of numerous books about the Waffen-SS, particularly the foreign volunteers, providing accounts of these men, their formations, and their battles. He has been producing the magazine Siegrunen on the same topic for over 30 years.

In his 1997 book 'Revolutionary Armies in the Modern Era: A Revisionist Approach' (described as "too flawed to be recommended as an undergraduate text"), historian S.P. MacKenzie describes Landwehr as an "extreme admirer [from] the fringes of the far-right." MacKenzie connects Landwehr with the contemporary Waffen-SS historical revisionism. Commenting on this trend, Mackenzie writes that "as older generation of Waffen-SS scribes has died off, a new, post-war cadre of writers has done much to perpetuate the image of the force as a revolutionary European army" and includes Landwehr in this group.

Select works

 * Narva, 1944: The Waffen-SS and the Battle for Europe ISBN 0-918184-02-9
 * Budapest: The Stalingrad of the Waffen-SS ISBN 1-57638-129-3, ISBN 1-57638-128-5
 * Nordic Warriors: SS-Panzergrenadier Regiment 24 Danmark, Eastern Front, 1943–45 with Holger Thor Nielsen ISBN 1-899765-07-7
 * Estonian Vikings: Estnisches SS-Freiwilligen Bataillon Narwa, Eastern Front, 1943–1944 ISBN 1-899765-09-3
 * Fighting for Freedom: The Ukrainian Volunteer Division of the Waffen-SS ISBN 0-918184-05-3
 * Lions of Flanders: Flemish Volunteers of the Waffen-SS 1941–1945 with Ray Merriam ISBN 0-918184-04-5
 * The Wallonien: The History of the 5th SS-Sturmbrigade and 28th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division with Ray Merriam and Jean-Louis Roba ISBN 1-57638-088-2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Landwehr


text:
Stanley's reciprocity theorem

In combinatorial mathematics, Stanley's reciprocity theorem, named after MIT mathematician Richard P. Stanley, states that a certain functional equation is satisfied by the generating function of any rational cone (defined below) and the generating function of the cone's interior.

Definitions
A rational cone is the set of all d-tuples

 * (a1, ..., ad)

of nonnegative integers satisfying a system of inequalities

 * $$M\left[\begin{matrix}a_1 \\ \vdots  \\ a_d\end{matrix}\right] \geq \left[\begin{matrix}0 \\  \vdots \\  0\end{matrix}\right]$$

where M is a matrix of integers. A d-tuple satisfying the corresponding strict inequalities, i.e., with ">" rather than "≥", is in the interior of the cone.

The generating function of such a cone is

 * $$F(x_1,\dots,x_d)=\sum_{(a_1,\dots,a_d)\in {\rm cone}} x_1^{a_1}\cdots x_d^{a_d}.$$

The generating function Fint(x1, ..., xd) of the interior of the cone is defined in the same way, but one sums over d-tuples in the interior rather than in the whole cone.

It can be shown that these are rational functions.

Formulation
Stanley's reciprocity theorem states that for a rational cone as above, we have

 * $$F(1/x_1,\dots,1/x_d)=(-1)^d F_{\rm int}(x_1,\dots,x_d).$$

Matthias Beck and Mike Develin have shown how to prove this by using the calculus of residues.

Stanley's reciprocity theorem generalizes Ehrhart-Macdonald reciprocity for Ehrhart polynomials of rational convex polytopes.

title: Stanley's reciprocity theorem


text:
Örvar-Oddr

Örvar-Oddr (Ǫrvar-Oddr, "Arrow-Odd" or "Arrow's Point") is a legendary hero about whom an anonymous Icelander wrote a fornaldarsaga in the latter part of the 13th century. Örvar-Odds saga, the Saga of Örvar-Odd, became very popular and contains old legends and songs. He also appears in Hervarar saga and, concerning the battle on Samsø, in Gesta Danorum.

Prophecy
Oddr was the son of Grímr Loðinkinni and the grandson of Ketill Hængr (both of whom have their own sagas) of Hålogaland. When he was an infant, a völva predicted that he would be killed by his own horse, Faxi, at the place where he was born, at the age of three hundred (which may signify 360, as the unit in question is probably the "long hundred" commonly used in medieval Germanic languages, denoting 120 rather than 100).

In order to thwart the prediction, he killed his horse, buried it deep in the ground and left his home intending never to return again. As he was leaving, his father gave him some magic arrows (Gusisnautar) which soon earned him the cognomen arrow. After a voyage to Finnmark, Bjarmaland, Holmgård, Constantinople and Jotunheim, he fought successfully against several Vikings.

Hjalmar and Angantyr
However, when he encountered the Swedish champion Hjalmar, he met his match. The fight was even and the two warriors not only became friends, but entered sworn brotherhood.

The two heroes fought many battles together (for more see Hjalmar), until after the famous battle of Samsø against the sons of Arngrim, Örvar-Oddr had to bring the dead Hjalmar (killed by Angantyr) to Uppsala and his betrothed Ingeborg, the daughter of the Swedish king.

Örvar-Oddr travelled in the South fighting against the corsairs of the Mediterranean, he was baptised in Sicily, was shipwrecked and arrived alone in the Holy Land.

Ögmundr Flóki
Oddr sought vengeance against Ögmundr Flóki ("Ogmund Tussock" or Ögmundr 'tuft'; aka Ögmundr Eyþjófsbani or "Eythjof's-killer" ) for the murder of his blood-brother Þórðr stafnglamr (Thord Prow-Gleam). He and his crew headed toward a fjord in Helluland ("Slabland"), where Ögmundr was to be found, according to Oddr's half-giant son, Vignir. During their voyage, they encounter two huge sea-creatures that resembled islands:

"…said Vignir. "I'll tell you about it; these were two sea-monsters, one called Sea-Reek, and the other Heather-Back. The Sea-Reek is the biggest monster in the whole ocean. It swallows men and ships, and whales too, and anything else around. It stays underwater for days, then it puts up its mouth and nostrils, and when it does, it never stays on the surface for less than one tide."

There had been five men sent to disembark on what they thought was an island, but the Heather-Back (lyngbakr) plunged into sea, and those men perished. However, the group had safely sailed through the jaws of the Sea-Reek (hafgufa), the other monster that Ögmundr had sent by magic to intercept the party.

Barkman
Oddr becomes Barkman (naefrmaðr, 'birch bark man'), a sort of wildman dressed in bark. He arrived in Hunaland and meets King Herrauðr, where his true identity was soon revealed due to his heroic actions. After defeating the king of Bjalkaland ("pelt country"), who used to pay tribute to the king of Hunaland, he married the Herrauðr' daughter Silkisif and became the next king.

Death
After all this, Oddr became homesick and went back home. Walking over the grave of Faxi, he mocked the old prophecy, but tripped over the skull of a horse from which a snake appeared. The snake bit him and he died.

Analysis
The saga includes several stories, such as the voyage of Ottar from Hålogaland to Bjarmaland, the legend of Hjalmar's foster-brother (originally named Söte), Starkaðr, Ketil Höing, Odysseus and Polyphemus, Sigurd Jorsalfare and the Rus' ruler Oleg of Novgorod (the attack on Bjalkaland).

The motif of Örvar-Oddr's mocking the prophecy and death has parallels in the Primary Chronicle, which describes the manner of the death of Oleg (also of Varangian origin) in similar terms. Oleg's legendary death from "the skull of a horse" became the subject of one of the best known ballads in the Russian language, published by Alexander Pushkin in 1826. Another variant on the same theme is found in the legend of Sir Robert de Shurland on the Isle of Sheppey in Kent, England, recorded in the 17th century, and which in 1837 inspired one of the popular Ingoldsby Legends of Richard Barham.

Ögmundr Flóki owned a cloak made from the beards of kings he collected, as did the giant of Mont Saint-Michel, enemy of King Arthur in Brittany.

Örvar-Oddr and Norwegian Rugii
Örvar-Oddr spent his childhood and youth in Berurjóðr near Eikund (Eigersund). In the saga, Örvar-Oddr responds to the question of the priestess about who raised him in such folly that he refuses to worship the highest god and leader of the Aesir, Odin:

"I was raised by Ingjaldr in my childhood, who ruled Eikund and inhabited Jadar."

 * Eikundasund, Eykundasund. In: Johann Samuel Ersch, Johann Gottfried Gruber (Eds.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. Section 1: A–G. Part 32: Ei–Eisen. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1839, p. 209 (resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de).

At the beginning of the 19th century, historians, literary scholars, and geographers believed that Oddr's fate was connected to the Norwegian Rogaland. In the General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, it is pointed out that in the Örvar-Odds saga, it concerns the island of Eigerøy.

The settlement of Berurjóðr (Berglud), the island of Eikund (Eigerøy), and the historical region of Jadar (Jæren) are located in the Norwegian province of Rogaland, which was inhabited by Rugii in the Middle Ages. Egersund is the bay between the island of Eigerøy and the mainland, which was called "Eikundarsund" in the Middle Ages. The island of Eigerøy was called "Eikund" in the Middle Ages. The name of this island indicates rich deposits of high-quality oak wood used for shipbuilding, as the word "eik" is the Norwegian word for "oak." Eikund and Eikundarsund were some of the oldest geographical names in Norway and are already found in the Óláfs saga helga, written in the 13th century by the Icelandic author Snorri Sturluson.

title: Örvar-Oddr


text:
Bob Gaudio

Robert John Gaudio (born November 17, 1942) is an American songwriter, singer, musician, and record producer, and the keyboardist and backing vocalist of the pop/rock band the Four Seasons. Gaudio wrote or co-wrote and produced the vast majority of the band's music, including hits like "Sherry" and "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)", as well as "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" for Valli. Though he no longer performs with the group, Gaudio and lead singer Frankie Valli remain co-owners of the Four Seasons brand.

Early career
Born in the Bronx, New York, Gaudio was raised in Bergenfield, New Jersey, where he attended Bergenfield High School. His mother worked for the publishing house Prentice Hall and his father in a paper factory. He showed an interest in music and studied piano with Sal Mosca.

He grew up in more comfortable middle-class surroundings than the other members of the Four Seasons, which caused some tension and differences early on. He was a cerebral person, interested in reading and learning. He stayed out of trouble and had a mild manner, which proved useful during negotiations throughout his career.

He rose to musical fame at the age of 15 as a member of The Royal Teens, for whom he co-wrote the hit "Short Shorts". In 1958, while he and the group were promoting the single, they met Frankie Valli and his group the Four Lovers as they prepared to perform on a local television program. Wearying of touring, Gaudio left the Royal Teens soon afterward.

One year after he ceased touring, Gaudio joined the Four Lovers. While commercial success was elusive, the group was kept busy with session work (with Bob Crewe as the producer), and a string of performances at night clubs and lounges.

The Four Seasons Era
In 1960, after a failed audition at a bowling establishment in Union Township, called the "4 Seasons", songwriter/pianist Gaudio shook hands with lead singer Valli and formed the Four Seasons Partnership, and Gaudio, Valli, Tommy DeVito, and Nick Massi became The Four Seasons.

Gaudio wrote the Seasons' first No. 1 hit, "Sherry", 15 minutes before a group rehearsal in 1962. With producer Bob Crewe often assisting with lyrics, Gaudio wrote a string of subsequent hits for the Seasons, including "Big Girls Don't Cry", "Walk Like a Man", "Dawn (Go Away)", "Ronnie", "Rag Doll", "Save It for Me", "Big Man in Town", "Bye Bye Baby", "Girl Come Running", "Beggin'", and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" (the first big success under Valli's name as a solo performer). Crewe/Gaudio compositions also became major hits for other artists, including the Tremeloes ("Silence Is Golden", originally the B-side of the Four Seasons' "Rag Doll"), The Osmonds ("The Proud One", originally recorded as a Valli solo single) and the Walker Brothers ("The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore", another Valli single).

After the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album was released in June 1967, Gaudio saw the pop music market changing, and sought to position the Four Seasons into the trend of socially conscious music. One evening he went to the Bitter End in Greenwich Village and saw Jake Holmes performing. Gaudio was taken with Holmes' song "Genuine Imitation Life" and decided to base a Four Seasons album upon it. With Holmes as his new lyricist, The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette album was released in January 1969. The album was a commercial failure and symbolized the end of the Four Seasons' first period of success. The appreciation of The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette has grown over the years, and it was re-released on CD (minus the newspaper cover) in the 1990s by Rhino in the U.S. and Ace in the UK. Gaudio and Holmes also wrote and produced Frank Sinatra's 1969 album Watertown.

Gaudio withdrew from touring in the early 1970s, a decision that fellow band member Joe Long indicated was due to stage fright and introversion. Lee Shapiro, who had idolized Gaudio as a child, would be hired as Gaudio's replacement, while Gaudio continued to produce and write songs for the Four Seasons and continued to be credited as a full member.

In 1975 Gaudio wrote "Who Loves You" and "December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" with his future wife Judy Parker. The Bob and Judy songs became big hits for a reconstituted Four Seasons group (only Valli was left of the original lineup; Gaudio stopped touring with them in 1971 to concentrate on writing and producing).

Gaudio, Tommy DeVito, Frankie Valli and Nick Massi – the original members of The Four Seasons –  were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990, the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. and the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2017 (which also inducted Long).

Other activity
In addition to his work for the Seasons and Sinatra, he wrote and/or produced for Michael Jackson, Barry Manilow, Diana Ross, Eric Carmen, Nancy Sinatra, Peabo Bryson, and Roberta Flack. In particular, he produced six complete albums for Neil Diamond, and the movie soundtrack albums for Diamond's The Jazz Singer and Little Shop of Horrors. Gaudio also produced the hit "You Don't Bring Me Flowers" for Barbra Streisand and Neil Diamond, a duet that reached the top of Billboard charts in 1978, for which he received a Grammy Award nomination.

In the 1990s Gaudio moved to Nashville and produced recordings for Canadian country artist George Fox, among others. He lured Neil Diamond to Nashville to record the album Tennessee Moon. In recent years Gaudio has focused on musical theater, writing the music for the 2001 London West End production of Peggy Sue Got Married.

Gaudio was instrumental in mounting Jersey Boys, a musical play based on the lives of the Four Seasons, which ran at the La Jolla Playhouse through January 2, 2005, and then opened on Broadway on November 6, 2005, to mostly positive reviews. In 2006, the play won four Tony Awards, including Best Musical. In 2007, it won a Grammy in the Best Musical Show Album category.

Gaudio was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1995.

On February 3, 2009, Gaudio received his high school diploma, 50 years after dropping out of Bergenfield High School.

On May 12, 2012, Gaudio received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor for his commitment to many humanitarian causes.

On June 20, 2014, Warner Bros. released the film version of Jersey Boys, directed by Clint Eastwood, in which Gaudio was portrayed by Erich Bergen. Jersey Boys credits a then-teenaged Joe Pesci with introducing Gaudio to Tommy DeVito.

On July 1, 2014, Rhino Entertainment released Audio with a G, the first compilation of the music composed by Bob Gaudio as performed by the Four Seasons, Frank Sinatra, Diana Ross, The Temptations, Cher, Roberta Flack, Nina Simone, Jerry Butler, Chuck Jackson and others.

Gaudio remains active in managing the Four Seasons catalog and consults with Primary Wave, a company Gaudio partnered with to manage the catalog in 2020, on each licensing request, with a spokesman for Primary Wave noting that Gaudio was more hands-on than most musicians in how he wanted the Four Seasons' music to be used, especially in advertising.

In 2022, Gaudio is credited as a co-songwriter for the song "Burning" by Yeah Yeah Yeahs. The song gained attention after it was used for the film Ruby Gillman: Teenage Kraken.

Personal life
Gaudio was married to Brit Gaudio until the early 1970s. Near the end of their marriage, the two wrote three songs together, all of which have titles pertaining to a disconnected couple. Brit Gaudio died in 1989, age 47.

By 1975, Gaudio was in a relationship with Judy Parker, who would become his wife and regular songwriting collaborator. "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" is, according to Gaudio, based upon an early encounter between the two. The two married in 1981 and remained so until Parker died September 14, 2017.

title: Bob Gaudio


text: File:Nursing corset uspatent169159.png

title: File:Nursing corset uspatent169159.png


text:
Wikipedia talk:VfD decisions not backed by current policies

This page was originally proposed on the mailing list

 * Note that a number of related suggestions were rejected earlier this year.
 * Wikipedia_talk:Deletion_policy
 * Wikipedia_talk:Votes_for_deletion
 * Votes_for_deletion/Policy_consensus/Deletion_criterion_boxes

Where in deletion policy does it say anything about keeping pages in defiance of VfD consensus? As I read the policy, any page can be deleted with a VfD, and there is no policy covering what can and cannot be listed and what reasons people can and can't have for deletion. Snowspinner 22:24, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Why does the VfD process page state that "every sysop should also read and understand deletion policy" if that page has no bearing on decisions? Why does it insist that " "rough consensus, meaning that the large majority of those who care must agree" and not simply those voting on VfD? Every larger poll and discussion over notability has failed to reach consensus on the issue, so saying that "the large majority of those who care" agree non-notable items should be deleted is clearly false.

 * I agree people are permitted to list anything on VfD, but what is the point of having policies if they can be disregarded by simply having five users vote one way in a VfD debate? I believe this page is a useful compromise.  These articles have been found to not meet a hypothetical notability requirement, and if such a requirement is ever implemented they can be deleted.  Until such time as notability becomes a reason to exclude articles from Wikipedia they can wait here. - SimonP 23:30, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Deletion policy says nothing about the reasons for deletion on VfD. It does, however, say "At the end of five days, if a "rough consensus" (what a rough consensus is is not set in stone, a few do consider a 2/3 majority a "rough consensus") has been reached to delete the page, the page will be removed." And I think the "those who care" is fairly clearly meant to mean "those who vote." Snowspinner 23:46, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that I am exploiting a lot of grey areas in the deletion policy to create something that was not originally intended by the framers, but I do think something like this is needed. In the past those who care might have been those who voted, but this not longer is the case.  For example there does not seem to be any consensus that articles on schools should be deleted among those who care about the subject.  There was a specific discussion on schools at  Wikipedia talk:Deletion policy/schools, they have also been addressed at Importance, and What's in, what's out all of which found no consensus to delete schools.  Yet among the much smaller group of people who vote on VfD they still sometimes get enough votes to be deleted. - SimonP 00:11, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Which I take to mean that there is no consensus to delete schools prima faciae, but sometimes consensus to delete individual schools. This doesn't bother me. Snowspinner 00:14, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia:Deletion policy lists the following reasons for deleting articles:

 * Original research
 * Inappropriate user pages in excessive or stubborn cases.
 * Vanity page
 * Advert or other spam
 * No potential to become encyclopedic
 * Completely idiosyncratic non-topic

 * There are no other reasons for deleting articles. (There are reasons for deleting things other than articles, such as images, categories and redirects, as well as moving articles, but these are the only reasons policy accepts for deleting articles.)

 * One of the reasons most commonly given for deleting articles is "non-notable." Before listing this as a reason, however, users should carefully note that Wikipedia:Deletion policy does not support this as a reason for deleting articles. And before deleting any article, the administrator should carefully read the reasons users gave in support of deleting it. Any time an administrator deletes an article for the reason "non-notable," he or she is violating Wikipedia policy.

 * Moreover, administrators should carefully evaluate claims presented in votes. If a user voted for deletion claiming that an article is "original research," the administrator should read the article, read the definition of "original research," and determine whether the claim is valid. Likewise, if the claim is "vanity" or "advertising" or any other reason that policy supports, the administrator should determine whether the claim is true before deleting the article. The administrator who deletes the article is responsible and accountable for upholding Wikipedia policy. Fg2 00:35, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * That list absolutely cannot be taken to be exhaustive. It is in a table entitled "Problems that may require deletion." It makes no claims towards being an exhaustive list of reasons an article might be deleted, because such a list would be, for one thing, dumb. Snowspinner 01:39, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Now I'm confused. I thought that was the policy page. If there's a more comprehensive policy somewhere else, I'd like to take a look at it. Fg2 01:53, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure the may means that such articles might or might not be deleted, not that the reasons might or might not be a valid. - SimonP 01:56, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course - but it says nothing about "these are the only valid reasons." Just that those reasons are valid. Snowspinner 03:14, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

The fact is that "notability" in vfd discussions is always used as shorthand for at least one of the above reasons for deletion, but often more. In other words, we are following accepted deletion policy when we give "nonnotable" as a reason for deletion, as I explain below. I think User:SimonP has gotten too caught up in the form by which we express this, rather than paying attention to the underlying substance. I can't think of an example in which a vfd finding of "nonnotable" would not translate into one of these elaborated reasons from the posted deletion policy. Postdlf 21:24, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * "Original research" covers nonnotable intangible or intellectual subjects—some individual trying to spread his concept or theory, such as neologisms, one-person religions and sociological theories, all of which I have seen get appropriately shot down as nonnotable on this basis. Note that No original research states that "all of the above constitute acceptable content once they have become a permanent feature of the public landscape."  Notability, as we have used it, is a very good shorthand for this requirement.
 * "Vanity" pages covers nonnotable people and nonnotable personal accomplishments. Otherwise, if a vanity posting was about a notable subject, they could be cured by being NPOV'd rather than deleted, and it would also be likely that they wouldn't have to write about themselves.  Look at these problems listed on Vanity page: "The subject matter is not well-known enough [i.e., notable] for there to be multiple contributors."  "Vanity pages almost always lack interesting content. 'Bob Publicas was born on April 6, 1969 and is a toilet repairman' is highly interesting to Mr. Publicas, but not to anyone else."  This seems to be saying that to be interesting is not to be mundane or ordinary, but to have done something notable.  I think vanity pages could also be reasonably interpreted to include "civic vanity", or overcoverage of nonnotable local features by a resident.  ("The grassy lot at the end of my street has been empty for 20 years, since the Tayst-E-Phreez regrettably burned down.  Local children love to play games of tag in the lot.")  This would also fit under "no potential to become encyclopedic", however, or even under the exclusion of mere travel guide trivia under What Wikipedia is not #23.
 * "Advert or other spam" covers nonnotable companies and products, along the same reasoning as vanity pages. Adverts about notable subjects are obviously cured by NPOV editing.  The distinction must be that the company or product is uninteresting and/or not well known enough, as above with vanity pages.
 * "No potential to become encyclopedic" is a catch-all for nonnotable subjects in general. For example, if the only information that can be written about a school is pretty much their address, then they really aren't capable of being the basis for an article.  In other words, subjects whose nonnotability means that it is unlikely any useful information (or any information, period) could be found or written about them would fit under this.  "McDonald's Store No. 2488 is a McDonald's franchise on Riverside Drive in Boise, Idaho.  High school dropout Terry Schmiegle is its manager.  The milkshake machine tends to break when Schmiegle forgets to ensure that it has been cleaned at the end of every shift.  For a week in May of 2001, the drive-thru line was prone to backing up during lunch hour due to staffing problems, but this has since been solved.  Store No. 2488 has only one unisex restroom."  While this would likely be original research as well, it would quite rationally be considered without potential to be encyclopedic because of how trivial the subject is and how useless the information is.  In other words, nonnotable.
 * Concur with Postdlf. Radiant_* 15:04, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

Schools
move from project page
 * These are incorrectly listed here as far as I can tell. Please could you clarify.

 * Template:School: "Articles about these schools are typically discouraged on Wikipedia" ... "the article might be listed for deletion."
 * Importance "This is a proposed policy."
 * Deletion policy: Suggested: use Template:School for a gentler notice than Template:VFD (my emphasis)
 * 22:41, 2004 Oct 22 (UTC)

 * I think the most important item relating to schools is Deletion policy that states explicitly that "articles on non-notable schools" are a "problem that doesn't require deletion". As I see it Template:School was a little used compromise that said that schools may be discouraged and may in the future be deleted, but are currently to be kept. - SimonP 23:30, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm.. well that bit's now been deleted from the policy.  Mozzerati 19:48, 2004 Oct 23 (UTC)

Undeleting these pages
Undeleting pages which have been deleted because of VfD consensus, without the pages having gone through Votes for Undeletion, is a serious breech of consensus and could lead to the sysop who does so being blocked from editing. RickK 07:36, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Where does it say any article can be deleted with a VfD consensus? The deletion policy and deletion guidelines for administrators state that consensus must be among everyone who cares, not just everyone who votes. - SimonP 07:53, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * The onus is on you to find these mysterious other people, who don't seem to make an appearance for themselves. Ambi 08:12, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Would you object to running a poll on the merits of this page? It would ask "Should some mechanism exist for blocking the deletion of pages when the decision to delete is not based in any current Wikipedia policy?"  Or feel free to propose an alternate wording. If the majority says no then I will personally delete this page and all the articles upon it.  The second half of the poll could then be what on what mechanism for achieving this would be best.  I do think that for any poll it would be useful for Wikipedians to be able to read examples, but you may disagree. - SimonP 08:37, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course - I'm happy to abide by any popular consensus, but as it would be a significant policy change, I'd also expect to see it follow the same criteria for success as the failed Managed Deletion proposal, and for it to be as widely advertised. Ambi 09:07, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I think it should be clear to everyone that until such a policy change be approved, the policies already in place must be followed, and so this could not be used to counter vfd consensus deletions until then. Postdlf 21:33, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * This problem should be solved by not deleting the affected pages (if any) in the first place - not by deleting them and undeleting afterwards. Radiant_* 14:58, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

See VfD decisions not backed by current policies/poll for a proposed poll on some of the issues raised by the creation of this page. - SimonP 17:19, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)


text:
John Cooke (entrepreneur)

John Cooke (1824–1882) was one of the principals of Cooke Locomotive Works, one of the constituent companies that made up American Locomotive Company in the merger of 1901.

Cooke was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, but sought his fortune in the United States. While a teenager, he was apprenticed to Thomas Rogers (who founded the Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works). His apprenticeship worked out so well for the two of them that he was promoted to shop superintendent by 1843, a position he held until 1852.

When he left Rogers' employ, Cooke formed a partnership with Charles Danforth. The two founded the new locomotive manufacturing company of Danforth, Cooke and Company in Paterson, New Jersey. Cooke's company became a serious competitor in the locomotive building business. After Cooke's death in 1882, his company, by that time renamed to Cooke Locomotive Works, became one of the constituent companies that made up the American Locomotive Company in the merger of 1901.

title: John Cooke (entrepreneur)


text:
Ace the Bat-Hound

Ace the Bat-Hound is a superhero dog appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is commonly featured as the canine crime-fighting partner of Batman and as an ally of other animal superheroes, such as Krypto, Streaky and the Legion of Super-Pets.

The character made its cinematic debut in the animated film DC League of Super-Pets, which was released in the United States on July 29, 2022.

Publication history
Ace debuted in Batman #92 (June 1955) and was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff. Ace's introduction followed on Krypto the Superdog's debut in Adventure Comics #210 (March 1955), and by German Shepherd Dogs from detective films and serials, such as Rin Tin Tin and Ace the Wonder Dog.

Ace, along with Batwoman, Bat-Girl, and Bat-Mite, was retired from the comic in 1964, when editor Julius Schwartz instituted a "New Look" Batman that shed some of the sillier elements in the series.

Pre-Crisis
Ace was a German Shepherd Dog originally owned by an engraver named John Wilker. He was found by Batman and Robin after his master was kidnapped by a gang of counterfeiters. Batman used Ace to try to locate Wilker. Because he had already placed a large number of "lost dog" announcements for Ace in his civilian identity of Bruce Wayne, he was concerned that anyone recognizing Ace (who had a prominent star-shaped marking on his forehead) might make the connection between Bruce Wayne and Batman. To forestall that problem, he hastily improvised a hood-like mask for the dog that incorporated the bat-emblem as a dog tag dangling from Ace's collar. Ace was subsequently christened the Bat-Hound by a criminal that the dog helped Batman to apprehend.

Wilker later took a new job that made it difficult for him to take care of Ace, so he left the dog to Bruce Wayne. Wilker was never aware that Bruce Wayne was Batman.

An early case involved Ace tracking down a mentally unhinged ancient weapons expert who was using his own weapons to commit crimes. At one point, Ace acquired superpowers thanks to Bat-Mite, but this was short-lived. He did have his own training. For example; his specialized radio collar, when activated, told him to don his own mask (via a hands-free device) and track down Batman and Robin. Ace was used less and less over time, and for various reasons. When Bruce was overcome with night terrors, Robin suggested that Ace sleep beside him.

Ace disappeared from the Batman comics after Julius Schwartz took over as editor in 1964. His last appearance was a cameo in a story where Batman had lost his fighting spirit.

Post-Crisis

A version of Ace is seen in the cosmic realm of Limbo when the hero Animal Man takes a trip through it.

A post-Crisis version of Ace was reintroduced in Batman #462 (June 1991) by the late Alan Grant and the late Norm Breyfogle, although he has been rarely seen in recent years. This version was originally a guide dog belonging to a blind Native American named Black Wolf, who called him "Dog". The dog assisted Batman in fighting men from Black Wolf's tribe---suspects in the murder of a collector of Native American material culture (1991 NAGPRA tie-in). Following Black Wolf's death, Batman adopted Dog, renaming him Ace.

He did not wear a mask, nor was he ever referred to as Bat-Hound, and has the appearance of an English Mastiff with a bat-shaped dark patch on his flank. Ace has at times helped Batman on cases and is depicted to be very affectionate towards his owner and vice versa.

After Batman is disabled by the villain Bane, Azrael takes over the identity and ejects Ace, Nightwing, Robin and Harold Allnut from the Batcaves. Harold, a trusted confidante of Batman, takes in Ace; they live in a part of the caverns that Azrael is unfamiliar with. To keep busy, Ace enjoys playing with a robotic mouse built by Harold.

Ace disappeared without explanation after the events of the No Man's Land storyline in the late 1990s. He cameos in Ambush Bug: Year None.

A traditional Ace was seen in Final Crisis: Superman Beyond 3D. He is in Limbo with other "forgotten characters", such as Gunfire, Geist, Hardhat of the Demolition Team and Merryman of the Inferior Five. Merryman explains that everyone is here where no stories exist, because nobody is writing about them. Despite this, Superman and his allies work to rescue all the residents of Limbo, who then assist in the battle against the cosmic threat of Mandrakk.

The original Ace appeared in a flashback scene in Batman Inc. #4, thus making the current canon status of the Post-Crisis Ace unclear. In this story, Ace is trying to play with Robin, who is fuming over Kathy Kane, a.k.a. Batwoman, and her influence on Batman.

The New 52
In Batman and Robin Vol. 1: Born to Kill, as part of The New 52 (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), Bruce is seen purchasing a black Great Dane from a kennel. He later gives this dog to his son, Damian, who names him Titus. Damian rejects the dog at first, but eventually bonds with him. Writer Peter Tomasi revealed that he thought about naming Damian's dog Ace, but "it was best not to drop [Ace] in at this point in the New 52".

DC Rebirth
In DC Rebirth, a different Ace was introduced in Batman vol. 3 Annual #1, in which he is depicted as a former guard dog of the Joker who fought Batman until Joker left him and the other dogs without food in a ditch to fight amongst themselves. The dogs had card symbols on them, and the brown dog with an ace on it killed the others. He was sent to the Gotham Pound, and Alfred adopted him two days later. To facilitate this, Alfred actually purchases the Gotham Pound, turning it into the Martha and Thomas Wayne Humane Society. Alfred spends the next couple of months training the dog despite Bruce's objections, as he thinks Ace's wounds from the Joker's actions cannot be healed. Despite this, Alfred manages to properly train him in time for Christmas, and Bruce starts bonding with the dog after getting injured during one of his night shifts. He gets Ace a bat-mask for Christmas and calls him a "Bat Hound". Though the Gotham Pound owner described Ace as a female, Bruce and Alfred have called Ace a him, leaving the gender ambiguous.

Ace is seen later, playing with visitors. He again obeys Alfred without question.

Titus is seen as a pet living in Wayne Manor. It alerts Alfred of Duke Thomas's sneaking out. Titus and Ace are later shown sleeping in twin baskets, confirming that both dogs now exist in the same continuity. Ace is seen following Bruce Wayne around the manor after he has a difficult night out. A later issue shows Bruce Wayne playing a late night game of catch with Ace and Titus. Bruce Wayne takes Ace to an outing in the park in Blüdhaven.

Much like the TV show Batman Beyond, a Great Dane named Ace is shown to have been owned by Bruce in his old age.

Other versions

 * An alternate universe version of Ace appears in Kingdom Come. This version is the winged steed of the Fourth World Batwoman.
 * An alternate universe version of Ace appears in Batman: Castle of the Bat. This version is a dog-bat hybrid created by Bruce Wayne.
 * An alternate universe version of Ace appears in DCeased: Unkillables.
 * Pre-Crisis, Superman's Batman-like identity of Nightwing included a Kandorian counterpart to Ace the Bat-Hound, a telepathic dog named "Nighthound".

Television

 * Ace appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), with vocal effects provided by Frank Welker.
 * First appearing in Batman Beyond, this version is a Great Dane mix who was involved in an illegal dog fighting ring as a puppy, but eventually escaped and was adopted by an elderly Bruce Wayne, becoming his sole companion in Wayne Manor until they meet Terry McGinnis.
 * Ace makes a cameo appearance in the Static Shock episode "Future Shock".
 * Ace appears in Krypto the Superdog, voiced by Scott McNeil. This version is a member of the Dog Star Patrol who uses various gadgets, similar to Batman.
 * Ace appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, with vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker.
 * Ace appears in the "DC Super-Pets!" segment of DC Nation Shorts, voiced by Diedrich Bader.
 * Ace appears in Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise.
 * Ace appears in the Justice League Action episode "Best Day Ever".
 * Ace appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2019), with vocal effects provided again by Dee Bradley Baker. This version is Barbara Gordon's pet and a retired Gotham City Police Department dog who was originally partnered with Barbara's father Commissioner Jim Gordon.
 * A young Ace appears in Batwheels.

Film

 * The DCAU incarnation of Ace appears in Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, with vocal effects provided again by Frank Welker.
 * Ace appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash as a member of the Justice League.
 * A robotic Ace appears in Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts and Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem. It was originally created to serve in the Penguin's "Animiltia" before Batman reprogrammed it to help him thwart the Penguin.
 * Ace appears in DC League of Super-Pets, voiced by Kevin Hart. This version is a boxer who was abandoned by his family after he bit their infant daughter's arm while saving her from falling down a flight of stairs. In the present, he gains super-strength and invulnerability from exposure to orange Kryptonite and joins forces with Krypto and other empowered shelter pets to rescue the Justice League. Following this, Ace is adopted by Batman and becomes a founding member of the titular League of Super-Pets.

Video games

 * Ace appears as an NPC in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Ace appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, with vocal effects provided again by Dee Bradley Baker.
 * Ace appears as a playable character in DC League of Super Pets: The Adventures of Krypto and Ace.

Miscellaneous

 * Ace's appeal is discussed in Mythology: The DC Comics Art of Alex Ross. Ross feels that as a child, the idea of Batman having a dog is "cool", but as an adult the same idea is "outrageous".
 * Ace appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2015).
 * The robotic Ace appears in the Batman Unlimited shorts.

title: Ace the Bat-Hound


text: Category:Livingston County, New York

title: Category:Livingston County, New York


text:
List of chief ministers of Karnataka

The Chief minister of Karnataka is the chief executive officer of the government of the Indian state of Karnataka. As per the Constitution of India, the governor of Karnataka is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister, a template applicable to all other Indian states. Following elections to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the political party (or a coalition of political parties) with a majority of assembly seats to form the government in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he/she has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years, renewable, and is subject to no term limits.

Historically, this office replaced that of the dewan of Mysore of the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore with India's constitution into a republic. Since 1947, there have been a total of twenty-three chief ministers of Mysore (as the state was known before 1 November 1973) and Karnataka. A majority of them belonged to the Indian National Congress (INC) party, including the inaugural officeholder K. C. Reddy. The longest-serving chief minister, D. Devaraj Urs, held the office for over seven years in the 1970s. INC's Veerendra Patil had the largest gap between two terms (over eighteen years). One chief minister, H. D. Deve Gowda, went on to become the eleventh prime minister of India, whereas another, B. D. Jatti, served as the country's fifth vice president. B. S. Yediyurappa who was the first chief minister from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), served as the chief minister of the state for four terms in 2007, 2008, 2018 and 2019, the only one to do so. S. R. Bommai served as the chief minister representing the Janata Parivar, whose son Basavaraj Bommai became chief minister representing the BJP in 2021 becoming the second father-son duo to serve office after HD Deve Gowda and HD Kumaraswamy. There have been six instances of president's rule in Karnataka, most recently from 2007 to 2008.

title: List of chief ministers of Karnataka


text:
Talk:Trinidad, Colorado

Dead Link
The External link to the Trinidad Community Website, http://www.trinidadco.com/ is dead, and the site is for sale. I'm going to Be Bold, and remove it. JDZeff (talk) 06:12, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trinidad, Colorado


text:
People's Party of Arunachal

Peoples Party of Arunachal is a regional political party in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It was founded in September 1977 by Bakin Pertin, Oken Lego and L. Wanglat as president, Vice President and General Secretary of the party. Tomo Riba resigned from PK Thungon government of Congress Party and joined PPA as Vice President of the Party. Currently, Kamen Ringu is the chairman of the party. They were in power in Arunachal until all of their MLAs defected back to Indian National Congress.

On 16 September 2016, 43 MLAs from the ruling party, under the CM Pema Khandu, left Indian National Congress to join People's Party of Arunachal party, in alliance with Bharatiya Janata Party.

History
Following the election of Pertin as Member of Parliament, a meeting was organized in Pasighat in April 1977. In this meeting, the PPA constitution was drafted under the Chairmanship of L.Wanglat who joined Bakin Pertin & Oken Lego. He was Congress General Secretary of Tirap District and also Pradesh Organiser of Seva Dal in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. The People Party of Arunachal for formed. Pertin became the president of the new party. Whilst being the leader of PPA, Pertin was continued to be linked to the Janata Party then in government in Delhi. Pertin had the status of being an 'associated' member of the Janata Party. He later broke his links with the Janata Party after Congress Party led by CM P.K Thungon merged en-blocked with the Janata Party. Bakin Partin joined INC as an associate member in Parliament while still keeping PPA in Arunachal Pradesh. He was close to Indira Gandhi. Bakin Partin was the first MP to demand the dissolution of the House and called for fresh election

In 1979, PPA MLA and former Congress Minister Tomo Riba became the first PPA Chief Minister. It was a short-lived government spanning from September 1979 to November 1979 with a total of 47 days. A general election was announced in 1980, Arunachal Pradesh State election was included with the general election to elect the Union Territory MLAs. PPA of Tomo Riba and INC of PK Thungon won 13 each in a house of 30 seats. The rest 6 seats were PPA supported independent members. With Indira Gandhi coming back to Power PPA the first associate of INC became the first victim with its President Bakin Partin losing his MP seat from 2 East MP Constituency with most of its members and independent joining INC Party in Arunachal Pradesh. After this party had little success in Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

In 1996, Tomo Riba left the party and joined Gegong Apang camp. Both the leaders had months of deliberation before Tomo Riba and Gegong Apang patched up their political differences. Tomo Riba contested the West Parliamentary election as independent candidate 1996 and became member of the 11th Lok Sabha with the support of Gegong Apang although Apang was Congress Chief Minister in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Currently, it is a part of North-East Regional Political Front consisting of political parties of the northeast which has supported the National Democratic Alliance (India).

In December 2015, 30 dissident Indian National Congress MLAs including chief minister, Kalikho Pul joined Peoples Party of Arunachal and formed the government along with Bharatiya Janata Party.

In May 2016, after the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance formed its first government in Assam, a new alliance called the North-East Democratic Alliance (NEDA) was formed with Himanta Biswa Sarma as its convener. The Chief Ministers of the north eastern states of Sikkim, Assam and Nagaland too belong to this alliance. Thus, the People's Party of Arunachal joined the BJP led NEDA.

All of the 30 MLAs returned to Indian National Congress on 16 July 2016 and Pema Khandu was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh.

On 16 September 2016, 43 MLAs from the ruling party, under the CM Pema Khandu, left Indian National Congress to join People's Party of Arunachal party, in alliance with Bharatiya Janata Party. Though Pema Khandu is still the Chief minister, it is soon expected that either a coalition government will be formed with BJP as the speaker of assembly has also changed sides with the CM, or that the Indian Government will dissolve the state assembly for a fresh general elections.

In October 2016, Pema Khandu, Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh formally joined hands with Bharatiya Janata Party, making Arunachal Pradesh 14th state to have BJP in Power, and with this new coalition, Tamiyo Taga sworn in as Cabinet minister of Arunachal Pradesh.

On December 21, 2016, Pema Khandu was suspended from the party by the party president Kahfa Bengia and Takam Pario was named as the next likely Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh replacing Khandu after People's Party of Arunachal suspended Khandu along with 6 other MLAs.

On December, 2016, Pema Khandu proved majority on the floor with 33 of the People's Party of Arunachal's 43 legislators joining the Bharatiya Janata Party as the BJP party increased its strength to 45 and it has the support of two independents. He became second Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh of Bharatiya Janata Party in Arunachal Pradesh after 44 days lead Gegong Apang government in 2003.

List of chief ministers

 * Tomo Riba
 * First term (18 September 1979 – 3 November 1979).
 * Kalikho Pul
 * First term (19 February 2016 – 13 July 2016).
 * Pema Khandu
 * First term (16 September 2016 – 31 December 2016).

title: People's Party of Arunachal


text:
Mungana

Mungana is a former mining town in the rural locality of Chillagoe in the Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia.

History
Mungana Post Office opened by 1907 (a receiving office had been open in 1897 and 1898), closed in 1945, reopened in 1951 and closed again in 1960.

It was once the site of copper mines that featured in the Mungana Affair.

Although currently and historically within the local government area of Shire of Mareeba, between 2008 and 2013, it was part of Tablelands Region) due to a local government amalgamation that was subsequently reversed.

Heritage listings
The Mungana Archaeological Area is a heritage-listed site.

title: Mungana


text:
I Confess (film)

I Confess is a 1953 American film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Montgomery Clift as Catholic priest Father Michael William Logan, Anne Baxter as Ruth Grandfort, and Karl Malden as Inspector Larrue.

The film is based on a 1902 French play by Paul Anthelme titled Nos deux consciences (Our Two Consciences), which Hitchcock saw in the 1930s. The screenplay was written by George Tabori.

Filming took place largely on location in Quebec City with numerous shots of the city landscape and interiors of its churches, especially St. Zéphirin's and other emblematic buildings, such as the Château Frontenac.

Plot
Father Logan is a devout Catholic priest in Ste. Marie's Church in Quebec City. He employs German immigrant married couple Otto and Alma Keller as caretaker and housekeeper, respectively. Otto Keller also works part-time as a gardener for a shady lawyer, Villette.

The film begins late one evening as a man wearing a cassock walks away from Villette's home with the lawyer dead on the floor inside. Shortly afterward, in the church confessional, Otto confesses to Logan that he accidentally killed Villette while trying to rob him. Otto tells his wife about his deed and assures her that the priest will not say anything because he is required to keep anything revealed during confession inviolate.

The next morning, Otto goes to Villette's house at his regularly scheduled gardening time and reports the death to the police. Logan also goes to the crime scene after hearing Alma mention that her husband is there and finds the police there. Logan is interviewed by Inspector Larrue, who witnesses Logan talking to a woman after he leaves.

At the police station, two young girls tell Larrue they saw a priest leaving Villette's house. This prompts Larrue to call Logan in for more questioning, but Logan refuses to provide any information about the murder. Prematurely suspecting Logan, Larrue orders a detective to follow Logan and contacts Crown Prosecutor Robertson, who is attending a party hosted by Ruth Grandfort, the woman Logan talked to outside of Villette's house, and her husband Pierre, a member of the Quebec legislature. Ruth overhears Robertson discussing Logan, and Larrue's detective discovers her identity by following her home the next day after she meets with Logan to warn him that he is a suspect.

Considering everyone Logan speaks to a suspect, Larrue calls Ruth and Logan in for questioning, and Ruth blurts out the truth, narrating a series of flashbacks: she and Logan fell in love when they were childhood friends, but he went to fight in World War II with the Regina Rifle Regiment and eventually stopped writing to her.

She eventually married Pierre, for whom she had been working as secretary. The day after Logan returned from the war, he and Ruth spent the day on a nearby island. A storm forced them to shelter for the night in a gazebo, and Villette found them there in the morning, recognizing Ruth. The next time Ruth saw Logan was several years later when he was ordained as a priest.

Villette had recently asked Ruth to persuade her husband to help him escape a tax scandal, with the condition that if she refused, he would publicize the night she spent with Logan. She met with Logan on the night of the murder, and Logan agreed to intercede with Villette. Ruth's meeting with Logan occurred between 9 and 11 pm on the night of the murder, but Larrue shows Robinson Villette's autopsy report that indicates that Villette couldn't have died before 11:30 pm. The fact that Ruth and Logan concluded their meeting at 11 pm leaves Logan without an alibi.

Knowing he will be arrested, Logan turns himself in the next day at Larrue's office. Keller has planted the bloody cassock among Logan's belongings, and when Logan is tried in court, Keller testifies that he saw Logan enter the church after the murder, acting suspiciously.

The jury finds Logan not guilty, due to insufficient evidence, but the crowd outside the courthouse mobs Logan as he leaves the court. This upsets Alma to such an extent that she starts to shout that Logan was innocent. Otto, realizing that he's about to be revealed as the murderer, shoots Alma, killing her. While being pursued by police officers, he flees into the Château Frontenac, killing a chef de cuisine in the process.

Larrue finally realizes that Otto is the murderer, corners him in the grand ballroom of the Château Frontenac, and tricks him into confessing the murder. Otto, suspecting that Logan had betrayed him to the police, threatens to shoot him. However, Logan prefers peace over violence, and advances into the ballroom to talk with Otto.

Immediately followed by police officers, Logan talks with Otto, his main intention being to prevent a ballroom gunfight, but Otto shoots at him; a police sharpshooter then shoots Otto, saving Logan's life. Mortally wounded, Otto calls to Logan in extremis and dies immediately after asking him for forgiveness.

Production
I Confess had one of the longest pre-productions of any Hitchcock film, with almost 12 writers working on the script for Hitchcock over a period of eight years (Hitchcock had taken time off for the wedding of his daughter Patricia Hitchcock in 1951, and he was in the midst of dissolving his partnership in Transatlantic Pictures with Sidney Bernstein). In the original screenplay, following the source play, the priest and his lover had an illegitimate baby, and the priest was executed at the end of the film. These elements were removed at the insistence of executives at Warner Brothers, who feared a negative reaction.

Hitchcock first hired Anita Björk as the female lead after seeing her in Miss Julie (1951). However, when she arrived in Hollywood with her lover, Stig Dagerman, and their baby, Warner Bros. insisted that Hitchcock find another actress for the role.

Shooting took place in Hollywood and Quebec from August 21 to October 22, 1952. Hitchcock had planned on using Quebec churches at no cost. When the local diocese read the original script by George Tabori, it objected to the priest's execution and rescinded its permission. When Tabori refused to change the script, Hitchcock brought in William Archibald to rewrite it.

Hitchcock, as was his custom, created detailed storyboards for each scene. He could not understand Clift's Method acting technique and quickly became frustrated with Clift when he blew take after take for failing to follow Hitchcock's instructions.

Cognizant of the difficulty non-Catholics would have in understanding the priest's reluctance to expose Keller, Hitchcock said: "We Catholics know that a priest cannot disclose the secret of the confessional, but the Protestants, the atheists, and the agnostics all say, 'Ridiculous! No man would remain silent and sacrifice his life for such a thing.'"

Alfred Hitchcock's cameo appearance occurs during the second minute—right after the opening credits—as he walks across the top of a stairway.

Reception
The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times faulted an "obviously padded" and "a suspenseless script," explaining that "only the most credulous patron will be worried for very long that the hero will not be delivered from his dilemma by some saving grace. And this realization well unburdens the situation of any real suspense." Crowther's review concluded that "Mr. Hitchcock does manage to inject little glints of imagery and invent little twists of construction that give the film the smooth, neat glitter of his style. Shot on location in Quebec, it has a certain atmospheric flavor, too. But it never gets up and goes places. It just ambles and drones along." Variety wrote that the film was "short of the suspense one would expect and overlong on talk," although it did note "a number of top-flight performances." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote in a negative review that the film "asks for more than the usual suspension of disbelief" because "the priest is not helpless, a fact which the writers and director attempt to forget at the cost of the film's credibility from the earliest reel. It would certainly seem that so young a priest's superiors would have had more to do with his problem, if not at first, surely before the matter came to public trial ... So promising an idea as is the use of the confessional in framing a murder case and respectful as the picture appears to be of matters ecclesiastic, the basic conception is false. The result is a tricked-up picture unworthy of the suave master of movie thrillers." John McCarten of The New Yorker was also negative, writing: "Presumably, this is meant to be a kind of mystery drama. What it actually amounts to, though, is an exposition of the difficulties a priest can get into by keeping the secrets of the confessional inviolate. The theme is prinked up with murder and romance, but neither, as represented here, makes for suspense or entertainment ... it is possible that Montgomery Clift, who plays the part, was ill-advised to portray the priest as a sort of bemused juvenile, plainly too abstracted to lead one lamb, let alone a flock."

A mixed review in The Monthly Film Bulletin declared the film "rather less successful than Strangers on a Train and a good deal more so than anything else Hitchcock has done since the ill-fated Rope ... The final chase through the huge Chateau Frontenac seems a touch that Hitchcock could not resist: out of keeping with the generally somber tone of the film, it provides a showily melodramatic climax. The unresolved split between the straightforward thriller technique and the more penetrating psychological study of character, indeed, makes itself felt as a weakness at intervals throughout the film." The Chicago Tribune also was mixed, declaring that "While it has scenery and carefully allotted bits of tension, the film is crowded and devious plot-wise and doesn't rank with Director Hitchcock's previous bests. The finale is slightly overdone, even if it does manage to bring in a famed hotel."

Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote one of the positive reviews, and declared that Hitchcock "has fashioned an absorbing screen drama, one of the solidest and most expertly made of recent weeks. In his careful treatment Hitchcock has gone deeper into human relationships than is usual with him, relying less on the physical chase or on theatrical props like trains and merry-go-rounds than on the interplay of faith and doubt to create his famous brand of suspense." Harrison's Reports wrote: "Living up to his reputation as a master of the suspense film, Alfred Hitchcock has fashioned a powerful dramatic entertainment in I Confess. ... It is not a cheerful picture, but it holds one tense throughout."

The film was banned in Ireland because it showed a priest having a relationship with a woman (even though, in the film, the relationship takes place before the character becomes a priest).

The film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival.

I Confess was a favorite among French New Wave filmmakers, according to filmmaker/historian Peter Bogdanovich.

Film critic Sarah Ortiz has described I Confess as "the most Catholic film of Hitchcock's films." In 2012, The Guardian called the film "A forgotten albeit flawed masterpiece". On Rotten Tomatoes, I Confess holds a rating of 81% from 31 reviews.

Adaptations
I Confess was adapted to the radio program Lux Radio Theatre on September 21, 1953, with Cary Grant in Montgomery Clift's role.

Additional references

 * I Confess DVD documentary

Streaming audio

 * I Confess on Lux Radio Theater: September 21, 1953

title: I Confess (film)


text:
Millennium (disambiguation)

A millennium is 1000 years.

Millennium may also refer to:

Religion

 * Millennialism, describing the 1000-year reign of Christ
 * Millenarianism, the belief by a group in a coming major transformation of society after which all things will be changed
 * Tertio millennio adveniente, an apostolic letter in preparation for the Roman Catholic Church's Great Jubilee

Transportation

 * Edel Millennium, a South Korean paraglider design
 * Millennium (ship), a cruise ship
 * Millennium train, an electric train run by Sydney Trains in Sydney

Software

 * Millennium bug, aka Y2K or Year 2000 problem, a data storage problem from the practice of abbreviating a four-digit year to two digits
 * Windows ME, Windows Millennium Edition, an operating system
 * Millennium, an integrated library system software package published by Innovative Interfaces, Inc.

Comics

 * Millennium (comics), a series produced by DC Comics
 * Millennium Publications, a defunct comic book publisher
 * Millennium, Vampire Nazi regiment in the Hellsing manga series
 * Millennium Items, magical relics in the manga series Yu-Gi-Oh!

Fiction

 * The Millennium, a 1924 novel by Upton Sinclair
 * Millennium, a 1976 novel in the Chet Kinsman series by Ben Bova
 * Millennium (novel), a 1983 science fiction novel by John Varley
 * Millennium, a 1995 novel by Jack Anderson
 * Millennium (novel series), circa 2005, a series of novels spawning from a trilogy created by Stieg Larsson, also made into films, and continued by others

Non-fiction

 * Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years, a 1995 book by Felipe Fernández-Armesto
 * Millennium (Holland book), a 2008 book by historian Tom Holland
 * Millennium: Journal of International Studies, an academic periodical published from 1971–present

Television and film

 * Millennium (film), 1989 film based on the short story "Air Raid" by John Varley
 * Millennium (TV series), 1996 television series by The X-Files creator Chris Carter
 * Millennium (miniseries), 2010 Swedish miniseries based on the film adaptations of Stieg Larsson's Millennium series
 * "The Millennium" (Seinfeld), 1997 episode from the eighth season
 * "Millennium" (The X-Files), 1999 episode from the seventh season
 * CNN Millennium, 1999 television series on human history from the 11th to the 20th centuries.
 * Millennium: Tribal Wisdom and the Modern World, 1992 documentary series by anthropologist David Maybury-Lewis
 * Millennium Entertainment, American independent film distributor
 * Millennium Falcon, fictional starship from the Star Wars films

Music

 * Millennium Records, a record label

Bands

 * The Millennium (band), a 1960s band led by Curt Boettcher
 * Millennium (Indian band), a heavy metal band from Bangalore, India
 * Millenium (Polish band), a progressive rock band from Poland

Albums

 * Millennium (Backstreet Boys album), 1999
 * Millennium (Earth, Wind & Fire album), 1993
 * Millennium (Front Line Assembly album), 1994
 * Millennium (Monstrosity album), 1996

Songs

 * "Millennium" (Front Line Assembly song), a 1994 industrial metal song
 * "Millennium" (song), a 1998 song by Robbie Williams
 * "Millennium", 1994 song by Killing Joke from the album Pandemonium

Video games

 * Millennium 2.2, a 1989 resource management game for Atari ST, Amiga and the PC
 * Millennia: Altered Destinies, a PC game created by Take 2 Interactive in 1995
 * Millennium (video game series), a Japanese series launched in 2009
 * Millennia, a 2024 PC 4X turn-based strategy game

Companies, countries and other organizations

 * Millennium BCP, a private bank in Portugal
 * Millennium Chemicals, a subsidiary of Lyondell Chemical Company
 * Millennium Interactive, a former games company, maker of James Pond and other games
 * Millennium Development Goals, a compact among nations to end human poverty
 * Millennium Kids, an international youth empowerment environmental organization
 * Millennium Management, LLC, a hedge fund and a multistrategy investment management firm
 * Millennium Media, an American film studio
 * Millennium Pictures, an Australian production company
 * Millennium (publisher), an imprint of UK publisher Orion Books
 * White House Millennium Council (United States)
 * Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company in Cambridge, MA
 * Millennium & Copthorne Hotels, a global hospitality company
 * Tokio Millennium Re Ltd., a reinsurance company
 * Millennium Group, a fictional centuries old secret society and criminal investigative consulting firm in the Millennium television series
 * Millennium Science Initiative, an international project to build scientific research capability in Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay

Places

 * Millenium Camera, a landmark in Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, Arizona
 * Millennium Complex, a building in Plymouth, England
 * Millennium Park, Chicago park and entertainment venue
 * Millennium High School (disambiguation), several US high schools
 * Millennium (planet) or Tau Boötis Ab, an extrasolar planet in the Tau Boötis system
 * Millennium Force, a roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio
 * Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, UK
 * Millennium Tower (disambiguation)
 * Millennium Transmitter, broadcast transmitter tower of ABS-CBN Corporation in the Philippines

Events

 * Millennium celebrations, a worldwide series of events celebrating New Year's Eve 1999–2000
 * Millennium Summit, a meeting among several leaders from September 6–8, 2000
 * Operation Millennium, a very large air raid in the Bombing of Cologne in World War II
 * Millennium Magic, a UK Rugby League event
 * Millennium '73, a religious festival held by the Divine Light Mission at Astrodome featuring Guru Maharaj Ji
 * Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration a celebration at Walt Disney World for the year 2000
 * 2000 millennium attack plots, a series of Islamist terror plots planned around New Year's Eve 1999–2000

Prizes

 * Millennium Prize Problems, seven problems in mathematics stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute
 * Millennium Technology Prize, a technology prize awarded by Technology Academy Finland

Other

 * Millennium stamp, a postage stamp issued to celebrate the beginning of the 3rd millennium, or to commemorate a millennium associated with a country's history
 * New Millennium Program, a NASA program to test new technologies
 * Millennium, an unusually strong beer made by Boston Beer Company
 * Millennium Run, also known as Millennium simulation, an astrophysical simulation created to investigate how the universe evolved over time

title: Millennium (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Russell198

Hello, "Russell198" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

-- Infrogmation 22:35, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question at the Help desk.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian.

title: User talk:Russell198


text:
Dravida Vizhipunarchi Kazhagam

Dravida Vizhipunarchi Kazhagam (Dravidian Awareness Federation) is a political party in Tamil Nadu, India. The party was founded in 2001 by B.T. Kumar. The party is headquartered in Vadapalani, Chennai. The party had entered a six-party alliance with parties including the BJP in 2009.

title: Dravida Vizhipunarchi Kazhagam


text:
Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party

Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party (Democratic Indian Society Party) is a political party in Punjab, India. The Current party president is Rajinder Kumar Gill and founder of this party is Mr Vijay kumar hans who has died in 2019. In the Lok Sabha elections 2004 DBSP had put up two candidates, Vijay Kumar Hans from Jullundur (1,288 votes, 0.17%) and Parminder Singh Qaumi from Bhatinda (5,429 votes, 0,71%). In the Punjab assembly elections 2002 the party had put up nine candidates, who together got 3,189 votes. Vijay kumar Hans Died on 5th sep 2019 and After vijay kumar hans death Mr Rajinder Kumar Gill become national president of Democtaic Bhartia Samaj party on 14 Feb 2020.

title: Democratic Bharatiya Samaj Party


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anti-humor (0th nomination)

Anti-humor
 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep.

Anti-humor
Sounds like a neologism. The term is used online in some discussion forums and Wikipedia clones. Every reference to the term in the Wikipedia is the work of User:Andrevan. Fishal 22:40, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't come up with the term, nor is it recent - it's existed at least since the heyday of Andy Kaufman, a pioneer of it. (I still intend to expand the article if it gets through VfD.) You can see reference to it in a few places:       Frankly, I think it's notable and well-established, so I vote to Keep. Andre ( talk )A|  23:38, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Andrevan, the term has existed for a long time. I know I've heard it before. But what I want to know is, what happens when humor and anti-humor come into contact with each other? Bearcat 00:00, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I assume that's a keep vote? Andre ( talk )A| 00:03, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * I vote keep. It seems pretty legit or whatever. Ow. --SMWhat 00:56, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I also vote keep. This is definately legit. MarkPNeyer 02:46, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep — siro  χ  o  00:44, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Too much time is being spend in here instead of making articles. VFD should occure once a week/month. --ShaunMacPherson 19:01, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for me as well. This is informative, and seems rather accurate.--Kaleb.G 19:50, 2004 Oct 29 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Makomk

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 22:40, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Okashina Okashi
Hi! Thanks for participating in the AfD. Just a reminder: a bias because you like the webcomic isn't a reason to abstain. Past AfDs have shown that many "Keep" votes are cast by people who like the comic, as well as those who think the article has merit (I, myself, have cast "Keep" votes for both reasons). Read over the article and see if you think it's well written (and fix it if you think it needs a tweak or two) and then decide. Thanks! Xuanwu 01:50, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

FIPS (computer program)
Good work on FIPS (computer program)! Thue | talk 20:18, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Verifiability
The issue with notability vs, verifiability is that Notability is "an essay ... not an actual policy or guideline," whereas Verifiability is "an official policy on the English Wikipedia." WP:V says, "Articles should rely on credible, third-party sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. ... If an article topic has no reputable, reliable, third-party sources, Wikipedia should not have an article on that topic." Note that WP:NN states that "Notability is sometimes used as a synonym for verifiability, although others disagree." You'll aslo note that the "Arguments against deleting articles for non-notability" portion of the Notability esssay explains that "The no original research rule keeps out most of what is unencyclopedic. Notability is not needed as long as the verifiability rules are strictly applied." I think that pretty well sums up my position. Incidentally, this also the position of Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales: "Yeah, notability is actually a very controversial requirement within the community simply because it’s so subjective. What’s notable enough? So what we prefer to do is more or less shy away from notability, just because it ends up being a pretty unproductive discussion, and focus really a lot more on things like verifiability, whether or not the information can be verified. ... a simple example would be references to published books, academic papers, that sort of thing. That makes information verifiable. You can say, “I found it in this book.” An example of something that might or might not be verifiable would be something like a Web site about a band. So lots of little garage bands have very puffy Web sites about themselves that they made the Web site themselves, but you can’t find any reference to the band anywhere else. Not in any newspaper, not in any music sites, and you realize, Oh, this is just somebody who made a Web site and so the information that’s contained within that Web site is something that you really can’t verify." Again, Megatokyo and other "notable" webcomics meet this standard, minor webcomics like those you've recently nominated for deletion do not. The fact that the Megatokyo article can be improved has little or nothing to do with other webcomic topics having  no secondary sources with a reputation for fact checking and accuracy, which is why I've moved this discussion over here. Yes, too many wikipedia editors use the internet as a source when they ought to be spending more time at the library. Because some articles are not as good as they could be is a good reason for expanding them, adding sources, etc, if the topic is good.  Articles based on bad topics get deleted. see Deletion_policy for more info. Yes, a lot of editors on AfD throw "non-notable" around so they don't have to write out the same argument for every fancruft or vanity article, and you can do a lot to help clean-up wikipedia by just following the numerous notability essays. I think an understanding that WP:WEB is based on WP:V is also helpful, citing both is probably better than citing just one, and I'd rather delete content knowing an official policy backs up the deletion rather than just an essay. Does that make any sense? -- Dragonfiend 15:20, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah. That makes sense now - thanks for clearing that up. I still suspect that a lot of webcomic and website articles that it really wouldn't be wise to delete (e.g. Megatokyo and 4chan) have tricky WP:V problems, but as it's official policy and there for a reason I suppose it's just best to follow it where possible, turn a blind eye where necessary, and hope the whole thing doesn't go thermonuclear. - makomk 16:07, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Youngstown Air Reserve Station
Before you delete material, I would have appreciated the opportunity to edit the content so as to not be a copyright violation. Proper citations and rewording of material would more than make up for any violation. --Daysleeper47 16:51, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, the entire article was NOT a violation. Several sections, while uncited, were original and a citation would have been the only thing from keeping them from deletion. --Daysleeper47 16:52, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, sorry about that, I must have missed it. If that's the case, I'm afraid you'll have to try and get one of the admins to dig out the deleted content. - makomk 17:48, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Hello
A very happy new Year to u Dear plz can u tell me what material is Copyrighted. what ever i have taken from sites is not Copyrighted and i have used them as Sources also .plz help in improving article Shabiha (t • c) 17:15, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Game Boy Sound System

The article Game Boy Sound System has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Lack of significant coverage in reliable sources"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. TarkusAB talk / contrib 17:52, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Makomk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smart/browse/Personoids

Smart/browse/Personoids was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. 7 votes to delete. Postdlf 03:46, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Smart/browse/Personoids
Incoherant -- I don't think there's any actual content here. --jpgordon{gab} 22:42, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Incoherent. Even if there is something encyclopedic to say about a coinage by Lem, this would not be the title to write it under and the contents cannot contribute to a useful article.   — Gwalla | Talk 23:50, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nonsense name. Not encyclopedic in its current form. (I even fail to see what it's about.) Delete unless rewritten. - Mike Rosoft 01:00, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * All right. I was giving it too much benefit of doubt. - Mike Rosoft 09:46, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Unpatented nonsense. Geogre 04:01, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. No potential to become encyclopedic. IMHO probably does fall under "patent nonsense." [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:36, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probably bad enough nonsense to be speedy. Cool Hand Luke (Communicate!)  22:38, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it's a neologism, it needs to be treated as such. If it's a serious/usable concept, we need a useful article explaining it. This is neither serious nor usable. Inky 01:33, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Cookie (disambiguation)

A cookie is a baked or cooked good that is small, flat and sweet (UK English: biscuit).

Cookie or The Cookies may also refer to:

People

 * Cookie (nickname)
 * Cookie (singer), stage name of British soul singer Janet Ramus
 * Cookie, a ring name of Becky Bayless, American professional wrestler

Animals

 * Cookie (cockatoo) (1933–2016), a Major Mitchell's Cockatoo believed to be the oldest of his species in captivity

Business

 * Cookies (cannabis brand), a line of cannabis products and clothing wear created by San Francisco rapper Berner

Fictional characters

 * Cookie (cat), a cat on the television series Blue Peter
 * Cookie Kwan, from The Simpsons
 * Cookie Lyon from Empire
 * Vernon "Cookie" Locke, from the Australian television serial A Country Practice
 * Simon Nelson-Cook or Cookie, in Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
 * Cookie Masterson, one of the hosts of the You Don't Know Jack video games

Films

 * Cookie (film), a 1989 American film starring Peter Falk
 * Cookies (film), a 1975 French drama film

Literature

 * Cookie (novel), a 2008 novel by Jacqueline Wilson
 * Cookies: Bite-Size Life Lessons, a 2006 picture book

Groups

 * Cookies (Hong Kong band), a Cantopop music group
 * Cookies (American band), an electro-pop group
 * Cookie and his Cupcakes, an American swamp pop band
 * The Cookies, an American 1950-60s girl music group

Albums

 * Cookie (album), a 1994 album by the English alternative rock band Lush
 * Cookies (album), a 2007 album by the band 1990s
 * Cookie: The Anthropological Mixtape, a 2002 album by American R&B singer Meshell Ndegeocello
 * Cookie, song by R. Kelly from Black Panties

Songs

 * "Cookie" (song), by NewJeans, 2022

Periodicals

 * Cookie (American magazine), an American magazine, published from 2005 to 2009
 * Cookie (Japanese magazine), a Japanese magazine founded in 1999

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Cookie (video game), for the ZX Spectrum

Computing

 * HTTP cookie, a small parcel of information stored on computers by websites
 * Magic cookie, a token or short packet of data that is typically not meaningful to the recipient program

Other computing and technology

 * Cookie (bomb), a type of military blockbuster bomb
 * Cookie, a non-directional line marker used in cave diving
 * Cuculoris or cookie, a device for casting shadows
 * LG Cookie (KP500), a mobile phone by LG Electronics

title: Cookie (disambiguation)


text:
Dwarka

Dwarka is a town and municipality of Devbhumi Dwarka district in the state of Gujarat. It is located on the western shore of the Okhamandal Peninsula on the right bank of the Gomti river at the mouth of the Gulf of Kutch facing the Arabian Sea.

Dwarka has the Dwarkadhish Temple dedicated to Krishna, which is one of four sacred Hindu pilgrimage sites called the Chardham founded by Adi Shankaracharya at the four corners of the country. The Dwarkadhish Temple was established as a monastic center and forms part of the Dwarka temple complex. Dwarka is also one of the seven most ancient religious cities (Sapta Puri) in India.

Dwarka is part of the "Krishna pilgrimage circuit" which includes Vrindavan, Mathura, Barsana, Gokul, Govardhan, Kurukshetra and Puri. It is one of 12 heritage cities across the country selected under the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme of the Government of India to develop civic infrastructure.

The town has a hot, arid climate with a 16-day rainy season. It had a population of 38,873 in 2011. The main festival of Janmashtami is celebrated in Bhadrapada (August–September).

Puranic traditions
Dwarka is considered as the first capital of Gujarat. The name literally means gateway. Dwarka has also been referred to throughout its history as "Mokshapuri", "Dwarkamati", and "Dwarkavati". It is mentioned in the ancient epic period of the Mahabharata. According to legend, Krishna settled here after he defeated and killed his uncle Kamsa at Mathura. This mythological account of Krishna's migration to Dwarka from Mathura is closely associated with the culture of Gujarat. Krishna is also said to have reclaimed 12 yojanas or 96 km2 of land from the sea to create Dwarka.

Archaeological findings suggest the original temple Dwarkadhish Temple dedicated to Krishna was built in 200 BCE at the earliest. The temple was rebuilt and enlarged in the 15th–16th century. The temple is also the location of Dwaraka maţha, also called Sharada Matha/Peeth and "western peeth", one of the four peeths (Sanskrit: "religious center") established by Adi Shankaracharya. As an important pilgrimage centre for Hindus, Dwarka has several notable temples, including Rukmini Devi Temple, Gomti Ghat, and Bet Dwarka. There is also a lighthouse at the land end point of Dwarka.

Archaeology
Archaeological investigations at Dwarka, both on shore and offshore in the Arabian Sea, have been performed by the Archaeological Survey of India. The first investigations carried out on land in 1963 revealed many artefacts. Excavations done at two sites on the seaward side of Dwarka brought to light submerged settlements, a large stone-built jetty, and triangular stone anchors with three holes. The settlements are in the form of exterior and interior walls, and fort bastions. From the typological classification of the anchors it is inferred that Dwarka had flourished as a port during the period of the Middle kingdoms of India. Coastal erosion was probably the cause of the destruction of what was an ancient port.

Dwarka is mentioned in the copper inscription dated 574 CE of Simhaditya, the Maitraka dynasty minister of Vallabhi. He was the son of Varahdas, the king of Dwarka. The nearby Bet Dwarka island is a religious pilgrimage site and an important archaeological site of the Late Harappan period, with one thermoluminescence date of 1570 BCE.

Early history
An epigraphic reference ascribed to Garulaka Simhaditya, the son of Varahdas, the king of Dwarka, is inscribed on a copper plate dated to 574 CE, found in Palitana. The Greek writer of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea referred to a place called Baraca, which has been interpreted as present-day Dwarka. A reference made in Ptolemy's Geography identified Barake as an island in the Gulf of Kanthils, which has also been inferred to mean Dwarka.

One of the four dhams (religious seats), which were founded by Adi Shankaracharya (686–717 CE) at the four corners of the country, was established as a monastic centre and it forms part of the Dwarka temple complex.

Middle Ages to present
In 1241, Mohammad Shah invaded Dwarka and damaged the temple. During this battle, five Brahmins (Virajee Thakar, Nathu Thakar, Karasan Thakar, Valjee Thakar, and Devasee Thakar) fought against him, died, and were honoured as martyrs. A shrine was built near the temple in their honour and is known as "Panch Peer", which is a name of Muslim origin. In 1473 the Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada sacked the town and destroyed the temple of Dwarka. The Jagat Mandir or the Dwarakadhisa temple was later rebuilt. Vallabha Acharya retrieved an idol of Dwarkadhish, which was revered by Rukmini. He hid it in a stepwell, known as Savitri vav, during the Muslim invasion, before moving it to Ladva village. In 1551, when Turk Aziz invaded Dwarka, the idol was shifted to the island of Bet Dwarka.

Dwarka, along with the Okhamandal region, was under the rule of Gaekwad of Baroda state during the Indian rebellion of 1857. A war broke out at Okhamandal in 1858 between the local Vaghers and the British. The Vaghers had won the battle and ruled until September 1859. Later, after a joint offensive of the British, the Gaekwads, and other princely state troops, the Vaghers were ousted in 1859. During these operations, led by Colonel Donovan, the temples at Dwarka and Bet Dwarka suffered damage and were looted. A complaint of atrocities by the British was made by the local people of Jamnagar, Porbander, and Kutch, which led to their restoration. In 1861, Dwarakadheesh Temple was renovated by Maharaja Khanderao and the British, who refurbished the shikara. Maharaja Gaikwad of Baroda added a golden pinnacle to the shikara in 1958 during a refurbishment by Shankaracharya of Dwarka. Since 1960, the temple has been maintained by the Government of India.

The Sudama Setu, a bridge over the Gomti River connecting mainland Dwarka with Panchkui island was opened in 2016.

Geography
Dwarka, at the mouth of the Gulf of Kutch, on the western shore of the Okhamandal Peninsula, is on the right bank of the Gomti River which rises from the Bhavda village at a place known as Mul-Gomti, 10 km to the east. It is now under the newly formed district of Devbhoomi Dwarka at the western end of the Saurashtra (Kathiawar) peninsula, facing the Arabian Sea. The Gomti River was a harbour until the 19th century.

Climate
According to the Köppen-Geiger classification, Dwarka has a hot arid climate (BWh), bordering upon the hot semi-arid climate (BSh) typical of Gujarat. The Holdridge life zones system of bio-climatic classification identifies Dwarka in or near the subtropical thorn woodland biome. The “average” annual rainfall is 404 mm spread over a rainy period of 16 days with rainfall limited to the months of June to September; however the variability is among the highest in the world with coefficient of variation of around sixty per cent – among the few comparably variable climates in the world being the Line Islands of Kiribati, the Pilbara coast of Western Australia, the sertão of Northeastern Brazil, and the Cape Verde islands. Extremes of annual rainfall have ranged from as little as 15.0 mm in 1987 to as much as 1288.1 mm in 2010, whilst as much as 355.8 mm fell in one day on 2 July of 1998.

The average maximum temperature is 30 C with a record high of 42.7 C and an average minimum temperature of 23.6 C with a minimum of 6.1 C; the average annual relative humidity is 72%, with a maximum of 80%.

Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, Dwarka had a population of 38873 (as per Census 2011, the population reported is 38,873 ). Males constitute 20,306 of the population, and females constitute 18,567. Dwarka has an average literacy rate of 75.94%, lower than the national average of 78.03%; the male literacy rate is 83%, and the female literacy rate is 68.27%. 11.98% of the population is under six years of age.

Economy
Most of the revenue of Dwarka is derived from tourism, due to it being a site for pilgrims. It is a producer of agricultural produce such as millets, ghee (clarified butter), oilseeds, and salt, which are transported from its port. A long-term development plan was proposed in 2011 with investment of inr 830000000 to refurbish Dwarka and to build a bridge connecting the town with Okha and Bet Dwarka. A wind farm power generation of 39.2 MW, operated near Dwarka by the AES Saurashtra Windfarms Pvt Ltd (ASW), is now run by Tata Power Renewable Energy Ltd (TPREL). Dwarka's industrial activity mainly centres around cement production. Sharda Peeth Vidya Sabha is an educational society sponsored by the Sharda Peeth, Dwarka which runs an arts college in Dwarka.

Tourism
Dwarka, renowned as one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites and a significant spiritual hub, attracts numerous tourists and devotees annually.

Submarine-based underwater tourism
In December 2023, the Government of Gujarat announced the introduction of India's first submarine-based underwater tourism facility in Dwarka, to be operationalised by October 2024. This initiative, in collaboration with Mazgaon Dock shipbuilders, aims to offer an underwater exploration of the marine life around Dwarka. The project plans to use submarines capable of descending to 100 meters below sea level, each accommodating 24 tourists along with two pilots and crew. The submarines are designed to provide passengers with a view of the underwater environment.

Temples
Considered a holy city, Dwarka is well known for its temples and as a pilgrimage centre for Hindus. The Dwarakadhisa Temple, also called Jagat Mandir, located in the heart of Dwarka, is a Vaishnava temple. It was built by Raja Jagat Singh Rathore, hence it is called Jagat Mandir. The temple, facing west, is at an elevation of 12.19 m above mean sea-level. It is conjectured that this temple location is 2,500 years old and is where Krishna built his city and a temple. However, the existing temple is dated to the 16th century. It is a five-storied edifice built over 72 pillars (a sandstone temple with 60 pillars is also mentioned ). The temple spire rises to a height of 78 m, and a very large flag with symbols of the sun and moon is hoisted on it. The temple layout consists of a garbhagriha (Nijamandira or Harigraha) and an antarala (an antechamber). The main deity deified in the sanctum is Dwarkadeesh, which is known as the Trivikrama form of Vishnu and is depicted with four arms.

The Dwarakadhisa Temple is also the location of Dvaraka Pitha, also called Sharada Matha/Peeth and "western peeth"), one of the four peeths (Sanskrit: "religious center") established by Adi Shankaracharya. Gomti Ghat consists of steps leading to the Gomti River, which is also a holy place for pilgrims to take a dip in the river, before visiting Dwarakadish temple. The ghat has a number of small shrines dedicated to the Samudra (God of the Sea), Saraswati and Lakshmi. Other notable temples in the ghat area include the Samudra Narayana (Sangam Narayana) temple, which is at the confluence of the Gomti River with the sea, the Chakra Narayana temple where there is a stone with an imprint of a chakra as a manifestation of Vishnu, and the Gomati temple, which has an idol of the river goddess Gomati that is said to have been brought to earth by the sage Vasishta.

The Rukmini Devi Temple, dedicated to Rukmini, Krishna's chief queen, is located 2 km away from Dwarka. The temple is said to be 2,500 years old, but in its present form it is estimated to belong to the 12th century. It is a richly carved temple decorated with sculptures of gods and goddesses on the exterior with the sanctum housing the main image of Rukmini. Carved naratharas (human figures) and carved gajatharas (elephants) are depicted in panels at the base of the tower.

Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration, to an engraving of William Purser's painting shown above (painting of the late 1820s), says little of the temples themselves but does advocate and praise religious tolerance. It was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837.

Nagesvara Jyotirlinga
Ancient Shiva temple, Nagesvara Jyortirlinga, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas and only 16 km from Dwarkadhish Temple.

Lighthouse and lake
There is a lighthouse at the Dwarka Point on the Dwarka peninsula, which provides a panoramic view of the town. It is a fixed light situated 70 ft above the sea level, and the light is visible over a distance of 10 mi. The lighthouse tower is 40 ft in height and is 117 yard away from the high water level in the sea. The radio beacon provided on this lighthouse tower is powered by a solar photovoltaic module.

There is a lake or tank called Gopi Talab in the western part of Dwarka.

A similar lake known for Gopi Chandan, meaning "sandal paste from Gopi", is situated in Bet Dwarka; this mud is found in the bed of the lake. This fragrant mud is applied as a sanctity symbol by devout Hindus on their forehead.

Bet Dwarka

Bet Dwarka, an island in the Arabian sea off the coast of Dwarka. Considered the original residence of Krishna, Bet Dwarka was the old port during the ancient times of Krishna before the Okha port was developed in Dwarka. The temple built here is credited to the religious Guru Vallabhacharya of the "Pushtimarg Sampradaya". Rice is the traditional offering here to the deity as it is believed that Sudama offered rice to his childhood friend Krishna. There are also smaller shrines on Bet Dwarka which are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, Hanuman and Devi. According to a legend, Vishnu killed the demon Shankhasura on this island. There are temples of Vishnu in the incarnation of matsya, or fish. Other shrines here are of Rukmini, Trivikrama, Devaki, Radha, Lakshmi, Satyabhama, Jambavati, Lakshmi Narayan, and many other gods. Sudarshan Setu, a bridge connecting the land to Bet Dwarka, facilitates access to the island.

Hanuman Dandi temple is another notable temple located in Bet Dwarka, 6 km away from Dwarkadhish Temple, Bet Dwarka. The temple is deified with many images of Hanuman and his son Makardhwaja. The legend associated with the birth of a son to Hanuman, who is considered celibate, is that the sweat of Hanuman was consumed by a crocodile which then gave birth to a son named Makardhwaja. The Jethwa Rajput clan of Kshatriyas claim their descent from Makardhwaja.

Nageshvara Jyotirlinga Mandir is a temple dedicated to Shiva, and one of the twelve Jyotirlingas (meaning “pillars of light") is deified here in a subterranean cell.

Shivrajpur Beach
Shivrajpur Beach is 14.5 km (approx. 8.8 miles) from Dwarka Railway Station and is among eight Indian beaches to get the prestigious Blue Flag beach certification.

Culture
Janmashtami is the main festival that is celebrated during the months of August and September with great fervor and piety as it is believed to be the abode of Lord Krishna in prehistoric times. The festival is marked by several night long celebrations to mark the birth of Krishna. Bhajans and sermons are part of the festivities. At midnight there is reenactment of Krishna's childhood in the form of Garba and Raas dances. On this occasion, the local boys create a pyramid and a young boy in the costume of Krishna climbs up this pyramid to strike a pot holding butter, an act which Krishna had mischievously performed with the gopis. This is also known as "Dahi Handi" or Utlotsavam.

Sharda Peeth Vidya Sabha is an educational society sponsored by the Sharda Peeth, which runs an arts college in Dwarka. The town is also home to the N.D.H. High School and P.V.M Girls' High School.

Transportation
Dwarka is well-connected by road, rail and air to cities across the country.

Train
Dwarka railway station is a fairly busy railway junction station of Western Railways and is served by numerous regional and long-distance trains. It connects the city with major cities of state and the country. A weekly train service connects Guwahati, Rameswaram, Puri, Tuticorin, Dehradun and Kolkata. A daily trains connects the city to major cities in Gujarat such as Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot, Surat, Vadodara and Veraval.

Air
Nearest Airport is Jamnagar Airport at 131 km which has a daily direct flight to Mumbai and thrice-in-a-week flights to Hyderabad and Bengaluru.

Road
217 km away from Rajkot, 235 km from Somnath and 378 km from Ahmedabad.

title: Dwarka