text:
Talk:Sydney Boys High School

Academic Results
When trying to describe the school's academic results, please try to resist the unnecessary urge to find a sub-sub-category to express it that enables use of the word "first" or "best". The school consistantly performs very well and this should be highlighted, but it doesn't help the school or the encyclopedia to misrepresent its performance. See WP:NPOV and WP:NOT. -- Rob.au 15:00, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Photograph Requested
Ok, there was a request for a photo of the school, i propose we use THIS one. Problem is that i dont know how to format the page to fit this in cleanly.

So my request is that sombody give me a hand with this.TTMSHU 02:50, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Craig Wing
Who is Craig Wing? m.e. 06:41, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * ok, I found out. Apparently, he is a football player. m.e. 10:45, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ya. A pretty famous one in Australia. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:17, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is now article on Craig Wing. -- Ianblair23 23:52, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

GPS history
An article on High's GPS history (as featured in recent High Notes), along with a list of premiership teams, would be useful. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Edblax (talk • contribs) 00:43, 4 May 2006.

Image copyrights
The photographs on this page aren't under a free license, and I've put tags on them. I don't think they're fair use, but what do others think? Enochlau 07:08, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

I currently go to this school, would it be alright for me to upload my own personal photographs of the school? I would also like to apologise for the vandalism (past, present and, regretably, future) caused by other students (and possibly some teachers) of Sydney Boys High.--Mohamo 12:09, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

Date of former students
If you know the date the former students attended sydney High could you add them —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 220.236.204.10 (talk • contribs) 07:58, 7 August 2005.

Please help Sydney Girls High School
Someone created a rather rude stub for Sydney Girls High School. I've deleted the rudeness and turned it into a stub, but I suspect the folks paying attention to this article might be able to help. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 03:31, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Driftheory & myself have fixed up Sydney Girls' wiki for them, hopefully we'll have more time to add some more info. -- Seoul 13:37, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Sports (specifically Surfing)
Surfing is not a GPS sport and so shouldnt be listed there, and at present i believe the school doesnt offer surfing as a sport at all, so I have removed it again from the list. However it was offered as a sport a few years ago. --AMorris (talk)  ●  (contribs)  11:39, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know what "GPS" means. But sure, if the school no longer offers it, then by all means, leave it off the list. NickelShoe 15:21, 12 January 2006 (GMT+10)

milk.anoxs.net
203.158.49.210, this site fails to add value to the article. It has no information on the school per se, instead it has information pertaining to what current students are doing and focusses on enhancing communication between current students. Since it was added by an anonymous user with no discussion then repeatedly reinserted by the same IP, it looks like linkspam. This is why it keeps getting reverted out. ⁂veila# 10:55, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

as it is an informal forum that only applies to year 12 student it should not be included in links relevant to the main article, thus the deletion is justified 203.164.55.56 15:34, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Paddy McGuiness
I know for certain that Paddy graduated at St Ignatius' College, Riverview. Perhaps he was at Sydney High early on? Jpeob 13:27, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * My source for this was the crikey list of alumni, however that may be wrong, or maybe he attended both schools. --AMorris  (talk)  ●  (contribs)  07:22, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

NPOV breach RE: Debating
The section I have titled Fame has problems with WP:NPOV.

Especially this quotation:
 * it earned a reputation as the finest debating school within New South Wales, having now won the Hume Barbour and Karl Cramp Trophies more times than any other school

This is unfounded as in the year-by-year competition that is GPS Debating, St Ignatius' College, Riverview has won the 1sts debating premiership 37 times out of the 86 times it has been fought over since 1920. This is far and away the most wins of any GPS School, thus destroying the credibility of the above statement. For High to be the 'finest debating school in NSW', it surely would have to be the 'finest debating school in the GPS' first as a necessary prerequisite. I will remove the offending statement or at least tone it down.

What are the Hume Barbour and Karl Cramp Trophies anyway?Jpeob 08:01, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've looked at Hume Barbour Trophy, and it seems it is a competition for High Schools only, or at least that is what it is in effect. Jpeob 08:05, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * [I]t surely would have to be the 'finest debating school in the GPS' first as a necessary prerequisite -- hooray for members of the rah rah brigade. Whilst that without an adequate citation the claim is spurious and perhaps should be changed your retort regarding the GPS premiership record doesn't really demonstrate anything: Why should we consider, prima facie, the GPS debating competition to be superior those open to only state or to all high schools? Or, similarly, if Riverview won the first 37 competitions on the trot and zip since then your statement is invalid.
 * So, so far I see two assertions and not a lot else - Hornetfig 11:44, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's the recent record of gps debating: Wikipedia - GPS Schools - Firsts Debating Jpeob 02:04, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Yeh, see in the GPS Sydney Boys might be beaten, but in the CHS, Eastside among other competitions, it is highly compeditive, mostly because of tighter regulations and also the GPS being generally more comepetitive in ALL aspects then CHS Current revision ( —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sharz (talk • contribs) 03:25, 25 June 2006.

School Song
The stomping is not part of the original version, nor is it an officialy recognised part of the school song.

However, if you want to research on the origin of this tradition, you can make a footnote in that section TTMSHU 07:39, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

ISSBH underground?
Any reasons regarding the notable absence of the ISSBH this year in school life? 203.164.55.20 17:09, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Cause all the active Muslims in that society graduated last year.58.178.91.48 23:04, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

ISSBH has lost some of its former self,i.e theres no more website maintenace and the annual forum has been completely put off for several years.

Superman Returns
A citation has been requested for the claim that there is a shot of the school in Superman Returns. Considering this is basically a primary fact, I don't know how one can be provided. If a timing point and/or shot number can be provided then that can be added as a note, otherwise the markup should be removed? - Hornetfig 14:23, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Markup has been removed, there is no way to "prove" this without posting a large screenshot. However collaborative first hand witness accounts of the filming of the movie and subsequent use of the material on screen is more than enough proof. TTMSHU 02:38, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Edits
why do we need 'notable teachers' in the departments list? Does High now give marks for flattering teacherss? m.e. 01:14, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Cuz Mr. Hannon is awesome.58.178.91.48 23:04, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That's true..but this is an encyclopedia. ~  E meZ  x  X  ` 08:00, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Someobody oughta fix up the HSC merit tables, its stuffing up the rest of the headings/layout.

WAR CRY
Could someone please add our war cry here? --LowLifer 12:51, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Is a war cry really an encyclopedic addition to the article? And you need a source because someone could otherwise make up a war cry and it would be impossible to find out if it true or not. GizzaDiscuss  © 08:05, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree. Unless it is well cited to reliable sources, most war cries would not be encyclopaedic. That said, the High war cry would make for good reading. Recurring dreams 23:54, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Did you go to a GPS school Recurring dreams? GizzaDiscuss  © 02:52, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes. See Recurring dreams 02:53, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey I currently go to Grammar! When did you become an OS? GizzaDiscuss  © 02:57, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Class of 04. Recurring dreams 03:00, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * User:Mdmanser is the only other active OS I know of. Some less active ones are on my original user page. Nice to see other Grammar guys here. GizzaDiscuss  © 03:04, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

First Government High School?
Regarding this section of the article: "The school was previously known as The Sydney High School, due to its position as the only government High School in the early history of New South Wales." But wasn't Fort Street High School the first government high school? It's article says it was established in 1849 and was the first public school in New South Wales but Sydney Boys said that Sydney Boys was established in 1883 so it couldn't have been the first Government School. I'll change it in a couple of days unless anyone can provide information to the contrary. Cheers! TarquiniusWikipedius 06:58, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a very good point. Well this is what SBHS states in it's history page: "Following Sir Henry Parkes' Education act of 1880, the Government of the Colony of New South Wales decided to establish, under the control and administration of the Department of Public Instruction, a system of Public High Schools. The first of these were the two Sydney High Schools." While Fort Street states "In 1849 the Government of New South Wales established a Model School" and "Students and staff were selected to attend the Model School.". So I guess SBHS was the first public high school of the Sir Henry Parkes' Education act of 1880, while Fort Street (although a "public school") has always been selective and therefore not open to the 'general public'. That's just what I gather. Loopla 07:22, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

OK. I've edited it. TarquiniusWikipedius 09:35, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Sport Issues
I undid an edit which would have added the following:

"Sydney boys was also once a prestigious school who accepted students for sport and academic, however this ahs changed as it became more academically selective. Thus, it's sporting greatness has declined greatly in recent years."

Honestly, I'm not sure if it's true that SBHS has had declining sports results over the last however long. As a teacher (as a teacher who works with intellectually gifted students), I see sport results as a complete non-issue for an academically selective school that should be focussing on it's reputation in academic terms.

But it has been a recent controversy (whether it's a beat-up or not). I'd prefer to see references or at least a degree of subjective language.

--Danjel (talk) 14:46, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup as per WP:WPSCH/AG
I'm cleaning up this page as per the [[WP:WPSCH/AG]. I'm listing the reasons here before anyone throws a tantrum. Some other edits are just minor punctuation etc.

FAME

Titling a section Fame is not characteristic of a neutral point of view. The article seems very biased towards the school, and of course it has good reason to, but I'm changing the title to a more proper Notability. Also made some changes to the language to keep the bias down - there is a lot of flowery language there - something that looks like it has been taken from a Principal's Address or the like. Also: removed some information that is repeated in more detail later.

SPORTS

Please do not divide into seasons, or time of week or any other chronologically-concerned order. It is unnecessary

NOTABLE SPORTING ACHIEVEMENTS

These are great, but there are NO citations on these. If you attend the school and want these achievements mentioned, please find reliable sources and cite these.

NOTABLE ALUMNI

For former students of SBHS who have achieved distinction or notability in various fields see ...etc is against NPOV. Besides, they wouldn't be on Wikipedia if they weren't distinguished or notable.

TRIVIA

Wikipedia is not a trivial pursuit, it is an encyclopaedia.

--Welcome to the dark side. (talk) 06:12, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Jaggar republicanism paragraph
Refering to diff, the section is, in my opinion, not acceptable for inclusion in the article.

The problems are as follows:
 * 1) The content is contentious (seems to be an attack on Kim Jaggar's character) and therefore requires references that would allow for verification;
 * 2) The current references do not support the factual accuracy of any of the content and, in fact, seem to be completely unrelated;
 * 3) The paragraph either gives too much weight to what is, essentially, trivia, or is unencyclopedic.

In my opinion, it's vandalism, unless someone would like to point out otherwise. ˜danjel [ talk | contribs ] 14:28, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, being that there is no reference to indicate otherwise and that the school website, newsletters, etc. still use the old logo (with the crown), I've reverted back to the old logo. ˜danjel [ talk | contribs ] 14:35, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Split in 2012?
the school wasn't split into two single sex schools in 2012 lol, someone's edited this and now it's been locked lol. Happened in 1927 if I recall correctly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.30.24.60 (talk) 13:17, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Controversies: minorities and ethnic
First, this sentence: "Sydney Boys High School, like other schools, has seen several (then) minorities matriculate to it and graduate from it, including non-British, non-Irish European minorities, such as Italian Australians, Maltese Australians, and Greek Australians ...." Does this mean that the Italian, Maltese, and Greek Australians are now not minorities? Second. this: "in 2002, however, the school was at the centre of a media furore over comments by Old Boys made in regard to its ethnic — namely East Asian and South Asian; erroneously merely East Asian — composition." Is "ethnic composition" differing from "minorities"? Is there something different about East or South Asians? And what does "erroneously merely East Asian" mean? Were the old boys in error? Was the media furore in error? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 16:18, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sydney Boys High School


text: User:Aphistic

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Aphistic


text:
GIAT 30

The GIAT 30 is a series of 30 mm cannon developed to replace the DEFA 550 series weapons on French military aircraft.

Introduced in the late 1980s, the GIAT 30 is a revolver cannon with electric ignition and automatic recocking. Unlike the DEFA cannon, the revolver chamber is electrically operated, rather than gas operated, improving both reliability and rate of fire.

Two versions of the GIAT 30 are offered.

GIAT 30M 781
Primarily intended for helicopter use and offered in several fixed, podded, and turreted installations. It is 1.87 m long with a total system weight of 65 kg. It is designed to fire the ADEN/DEFA 30x113mm B rounds. The weight of the projectile varies from 244 g for HEI to 270 g for APHEI-SD. Typical muzzle velocity is 810 m/s with a rate of fire of 750 rounds per minute.

Given its considerable recoil, it is typically used for single shots or controlled bursts rather than continuous fire. The 30 M781 is used on the Eurocopter Tiger and is also offered for naval use as part of the NARWHAL (NAval Remote Weapon High Accuracy and Light) system.

Ammunition: HEI; SAPHEI; APHEI-SD; API-T; TP.

GIAT 30M 791
Intended for fighter aircraft such as the Dassault Rafale. It uses a new range of 30x150mm B ammunition in a variety of types. It has a muzzle velocity of 1025 m/s, which amounts to a muzzle energy of more than 94000 ft.lbf from the mass of the projectile alone (not taking into account explosive chemical energy). A selectable rate of fire allows cyclic rates of 300, 600, 1500, or 2500 rounds per minute. It can fire continuous bursts or controlled 0.5 or 1 second bursts.

Military operators

 * 🇦🇺 Australia: Tiger
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia: Rafale
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt: Rafale
 * 🇫🇷 France: Rafale and Tiger
 * 🇬🇷 Greece: Rafale
 * 🇮🇳 India: Rafale
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar: Rafale
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Tiger

title: GIAT 30


text: User talk:65.100.60.215

title: User talk:65.100.60.215


text: Category:Chinese basketball players

title: Category:Chinese basketball players


text:
User:CaptainSpam

This, as a bewilderingly unpredictable amount of you may have guessed, is the user page of one CaptainSpam. Don't worry, there won't be a test on this later. And don't worry, I'll try not to spam Wiki entries.

If you see minor edits from me on articles in seemingly random subjects, I tend to poke around Random page often. I try to clean up minor problems or vandalism once in a while. If you see minor edits from me that weren't marked as such, well, oops, my mistake.

In good time, I expect someone to explain to me this isn't what a user page is used for.

Obligatory biography part

 * Name: Nicholas Killewald
 * Home: Fraser, Michigan, USA
 * Job: Teaching and research assistant
 * Education: Bachelor of Science, Computer Engineering (Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA)
 * l33t sk1llz0rz: Computer-related stuff (mostly programming/scripting and system administration, some database management and hardware design), some artistic talent, other basic geeky skills
 * Topics in Wikipedia generally found lurking around: Video games, computer science, computer history, some cult TV shows, some randoms

Current list of notes to self regarding Wikipedia

 * (empty)

Subpages of this userpage

 * HappyTestBox -- home of things I want to keep around for later input

Various(A) link(s) of my own creation that have(has) nothing to do with Wikipedia whatsoever

 * The Dementia of Magic, my webcomic

title: User:CaptainSpam


text:
Lynda Lee-Potter

Lynda Lee-Potter (Higginson; 2 May 1935 – 20 October 2004) was a British journalist. She was best known as a columnist for the Daily Mail.

Early years
Lynda Higginson was born into a working-class family in the mining town of Leigh, Lancashire. Her father, Norman, was a miner who would later turn to painting and decorating, while her mother, Margaret (Berry) worked in a shoe shop; Lynda won a place at Leigh Girls' Grammar School, which she described as "the escape route for ordinary children and the pathway to a new life". Her first ambition was to become an actress and, aged 18, she went to London to attend the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, later telling friends that she lost her Lancashire accent on the train down. After leaving the Guildhall School, and using the stage name Lynda Berrison, she won a part in one of Brian Rix's farces at the Whitehall Theatre.

Higginson's life changed when she met Jeremy Lee-Potter, the son of Air Marshal Sir Patrick Lee-Potter, who was then a medical student at Guy's Hospital. They married in December 1957, after which he was posted to Aden, as an RAF doctor. While living there, she began her career as a journalist, writing articles for the Aden Chronicle about life as an expatriate. Her husband became an eminent consultant haematologist, based at Poole Hospital, chairman of the Council of the British Medical Association from 1990 to 1993 and the deputy chairman of the professional conduct committee of the General Medical Council.

Daily Mail
She joined the Daily Mail as a feature writer in 1967, but her big break came five years later, when Jean Rook left the Daily Mail for the Daily Express. Lee-Potter recalled: "I remember I had the day off, and our features editor phoned up and said: 'the editor (David English) wants you to come in and do a column,' and I said 'Oh, right'. I went in and did it. Every week I thought somebody else would probably take over. But it's just carried on."

One journalist who was given the job of interviewing her reported:"It is difficult when approaching Lee-Potter to know if you will be getting the columnist or the affable interviewer. Questions about her views are deftly parried, and turned into questions about yours. Within 10 minutes of our meeting, she had determined my marital status, number of children, place of residence, so on and so forth."

Class Act
In 2000, she wrote a book called Class Act: How to Beat the British Class System. In the book, she declared that "people may well sneer at me for writing a book about class", she declared. "Others will say that nobody called Lynda from a working-class background has any right to pontificate on the subject. Actually, I can't think of anybody better equipped, having probably trawled my way through more classes than most".

The book offered aperçus such as "upper middle-class mummies have little trouble with au pairs because they are naturally authoritative" and "the lower middle-classes desperately want to be dainty", and dispensed advice, such as what to take your hostess at country house weekends: "Under no circumstances take a poinsettia, which is the plant equivalent of a bottle of Blue Nun."

She made no apology for her interest in the subject: "The only people who hanker after a classless society are those who want what other people have without working for it". Snobbery, she said, "will always be with us", adding: "It has certainly motivated me all my life. I may be ridiculous, but I don't care."

Awards
Lee-Potter was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1998 New Year Honours for services to journalism and for charitable services. She was named Columnist of the Year in 1984 and 2001, Feature Writer of the Year in 1987 and 1993, and Woman Writer of the Year in 1989.

Illness and death
On 20 October 2004, Lee-Potter died after a brain tumour. She was survived by her husband and three children, all of whom followed their mother into journalism.

title: Lynda Lee-Potter


text:
Lukas Foss

Lukas Foss (August 15, 1922 – February 1, 2009) was a German-American composer, pianist, and conductor.

Career
Born Lukas Fuchs in Berlin, Germany in 1922, Foss was soon recognized as a child prodigy. He began piano and theory lessons with Julius Goldstein [Herford] in Berlin at the age of six. His parents were Hilde (Schindler) and the philosopher and scholar Martin Foss. He moved with his family to Paris in 1933, where he studied piano with Lazare Lévy, composition with Noël Gallon, orchestration with Felix Wolfes, and flute with Marcel Moyse. In 1937 he moved with his parents and brother to the United States, where his father (on advice from the Quakers who had taken the family in upon arrival in Philadelphia) changed the family name to Foss. He studied at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, with Isabelle Vengerova (piano), Rosario Scalero (composition) and Fritz Reiner (conducting).

At Curtis, Foss began a lifelong friendship with classmate Leonard Bernstein, who later described Foss as an "authentic genius." In 1961 Bernstein conducted the premiere of Foss's Time Cycle, while Foss would conduct the premiere of Bernstein's Symphonic Dances from West Side Story.

Foss also studied with Serge Koussevitzky during the summers from 1939 to 1943 at the Berkshire Music Center (now known as the Tanglewood Music Center) and, as a special student, composition with Paul Hindemith at Yale University from 1939 to 1940. He became an American citizen in 1942.

Foss was appointed professor of music at UCLA in 1953, replacing Arnold Schoenberg. While there he founded the Improvisation Chamber Ensemble, which made its Boston debut in 1962 for the Peabody Mason Concert series. He founded the Center of the Creative and Performing Arts in 1963 while at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Over six separate years from 1961 to 1987, Foss was the music director of the Ojai Music Festival. From 1963 to 1970 he was music director of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra. From 1971 to 1988 he was music director of the Brooklyn Philharmonic (formerly Brooklyn Philharmonia). From 1981 to 1986, he was conductor of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra. He was a professor of music, theory, and composition at Boston University beginning in 1991. His notable students include Faye-Ellen Silverman, Claire Polin and Rocco Di Pietro.

Foss is grouped in the "Boston school" along with Arthur Berger, Irving Fine, Alexei Haieff, Harold Shapero, and Claudio Spies. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. In 2000 he was awarded a Gold Medal by the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Personal life
In 1951 Foss married Cornelia Brendel, an artist and painter who was born in Berlin in 1931, the daughter of art historian Otto Brendel and Maria Weigert Brendel. The couple had two children, Christopher Brendel Foss, who became a documentary filmmaker and corporate consultant on social and environmental engagement/sustainability communications, and Eliza Foss Topol, an actress. Foss and his wife were separated for almost five years from 1968 to 1972, during which Cornelia was the lover of pianist Glenn Gould and moved with the two children to Toronto, an arrangement that she later called, "a perfect triangle".

Foss, who had Parkinson's disease in his final years, died at his home in Manhattan on February 1, 2009, aged 86, of a heart attack.

Interviews

 * Lukas Foss interview by Gabrielle Zuckerman, from American Mavericks site
 * Lukas Foss interview by Terry Gross, from Fresh Air program, originally broadcast October 7, 1987
 * Interview with Lukas Foss by Bruce Duffie, February 2, 1987

title: Lukas Foss


text: User talk:68.44.222.222

title: User talk:68.44.222.222


text:
Relativistic beaming

In physics, relativistic beaming (also known as Doppler beaming, Doppler boosting, or the headlight effect) is the process by which relativistic effects modify the apparent luminosity of emitting matter that is moving at speeds close to the speed of light. In an astronomical context, relativistic beaming commonly occurs in two oppositely-directed relativistic jets of plasma that originate from a central compact object that is accreting matter. Accreting compact objects and relativistic jets are invoked to explain x-ray binaries, gamma-ray bursts, and, on a much larger scale, active galactic nuclei (quasars are also associated with an accreting compact object, but are thought to be merely a particular variety of active galactic nuclei, or AGNs).

Beaming affects the apparent brightness of a moving object. Consider a cloud of gas moving relative to the observer and emitting electromagnetic radiation. If the gas is moving towards the observer, it will be brighter than if it were at rest, but if the gas is moving away, it will appear fainter. The magnitude of the effect is illustrated by the AGN jets of the galaxies M87 and 3C 31 (see images at right). M87 has twin jets aimed almost directly towards and away from Earth; the jet moving towards Earth is clearly visible (the long, thin blueish feature in the top image), while the other jet is so much fainter it is not visible. In 3C 31, both jets (labeled in the lower figure) are at roughly right angles to our line of sight, and thus, both are visible. The upper jet actually points slightly more in Earth's direction and is therefore brighter.

Relativistically moving objects are beamed due to a variety of physical effects. Light aberration causes most of the photons to be emitted along the object's direction of motion. The Doppler effect changes the energy of the photons by red- or blue-shifting them. Finally, time intervals as measured by clocks moving alongside the emitting object are different from those measured by an observer on Earth due to time dilation and photon arrival time effects. How all of these effects modify the brightness, or apparent luminosity, of a moving object is determined by the equation describing the relativistic Doppler effect (which is why relativistic beaming is also known as Doppler beaming).

A simple jet model
The simplest model for a jet is one where a single, homogeneous sphere is travelling towards the Earth at nearly the speed of light. This simple model is also an unrealistic one, but it does illustrate the physical process of beaming quite well.

Synchrotron spectrum and the spectral index
Relativistic jets emit most of their energy via synchrotron emission. In our simple model the sphere contains highly relativistic electrons and a steady magnetic field. Electrons inside the blob travel at speeds just a tiny fraction below the speed of light and are whipped around by the magnetic field. Each change in direction by an electron is accompanied by the release of energy in the form of a photon. With enough electrons and a powerful enough magnetic field the relativistic sphere can emit a huge number of photons, ranging from those at relatively weak radio frequencies to powerful X-ray photons.

The figure of the sample spectrum shows basic features of a simple synchrotron spectrum. At low frequencies the jet sphere is opaque and its luminosity increases with frequency until it peaks and begins to decline. In the sample image this peak frequency occurs at $$\log \nu = 3$$. At frequencies higher than this the jet sphere is transparent. The luminosity decreases with frequency until a break frequency is reached, after which it declines more rapidly. In the same image the break frequency occurs when $$\log \nu = 7$$. The sharp break frequency occurs because at very high frequencies the electrons which emit the photons lose most of their energy very rapidly. A sharp decrease in the number of high energy electrons means a sharp decrease in the spectrum.

The changes in slope in the synchrotron spectrum are parameterized with a spectral index. The spectral index, α, over a given frequency range is simply the slope on a diagram of $$\log S$$ vs. $$\log \nu$$. (Of course for α to have real meaning the spectrum must be very nearly a straight line across the range in question.)

Beaming equation
In the simple jet model of a single homogeneous sphere the observed luminosity is related to the intrinsic luminosity as

 * $$S_o = S_e D^p\,,$$

where
 * $$p = 3 - \alpha\,.$$

The observed luminosity therefore depends on the speed of the jet and the angle to the line of sight through the Doppler factor, $$D$$, and also on the properties inside the jet, as shown by the exponent with the spectral index.

The beaming equation can be broken down into a series of three effects:
 * Relativistic aberration
 * Time dilation
 * Blue- or redshifting

Aberration
Aberration is the change in an object's apparent direction caused by the relative transverse motion of the observer. In inertial systems it is equal and opposite to the light time correction.

In everyday life aberration is a well-known phenomenon. Consider a person standing in the rain on a day when there is no wind. If the person is standing still, then the rain drops will follow a path that is straight down to the ground. However, if the person is moving, for example in a car, the rain will appear to be approaching at an angle. This apparent change in the direction of the incoming raindrops is aberration.

The amount of aberration depends on the speed of the emitted object or wave relative to the observer. In the example above this would be the speed of a car compared to the speed of the falling rain. This does not change when the object is moving at a speed close to $$c$$. Like the classic and relativistic effects, aberration depends on: 1) the speed of the emitter at the time of emission, and 2) the speed of the observer at the time of absorption.

In the case of a relativistic jet, beaming (emission aberration) will make it appear as if more energy is sent forward, along the direction the jet is traveling. In the simple jet model a homogeneous sphere will emit energy equally in all directions in the rest frame of the sphere. In the rest frame of Earth the moving sphere will be observed to be emitting most of its energy along its direction of motion. The energy, therefore, is ‘beamed’ along that direction.

Quantitatively, aberration accounts for a change in luminosity of

 * $$D^2\,.$$

Time dilation
Time dilation is a well-known consequence of special relativity and accounts for a change in observed luminosity of
 * $$D^1\,.$$

Blue- or redshifting
Blue- or redshifting can change the observed luminosity at a particular frequency, but this is not a beaming effect.

Blueshifting accounts for a change in observed luminosity of

 * $$\frac{1}{D^\alpha}\,.$$

Lorentz invariants
A more-sophisticated method of deriving the beaming equations starts with the quantity $$\frac{S}{\nu^3}$$. This quantity is a Lorentz invariant, so the value is the same in different reference frames.

Terminology

 * beamed, beaming : shorter terms for ‘relativistic beaming’
 * beta : the ratio of the jet speed to the speed of light, sometimes called ‘relativistic beta’
 * core : region of a galaxy around the central black hole
 * counter-jet : the jet on the far side of a source oriented close to the line of sight, can be very faint and difficult to observe
 * Doppler factor : a mathematical expression which measures the strength (or weakness) of relativistic effects in AGN, including beaming, based on the jet speed and its angle to the line of sight with Earth
 * flat spectrum : a term for a non-thermal spectrum that emits a great deal of energy at the higher frequencies when compared to the lower frequencies
 * intrinsic luminosity : the luminosity from the jet in the rest frame of the jet
 * jet (often termed 'relativistic jet'): a high velocity (close to c) stream of plasma emanating from the polar direction of an AGN
 * observed luminosity : the luminosity from the jet in the rest frame of Earth
 * spectral index :a measure of how a non-thermal spectrum changes with frequency. The smaller α is, the more significant the energy at higher frequencies is. Typically α is in the range of 0 to 2.
 * steep spectrum : a term for a non-thermal spectrum that emits little energy at the higher frequencies when compared to the lower frequencies

Physical quantities

 * angle to the line-of-sight with Earth : $$\theta\,\!$$
 * jet speed : $$v_j\,\!$$
 * intrinsic luminosity : $$S_e\,\!$$ (sometimes called emitted luminosity)
 * observed Luminosity : $$S_o\,\!$$
 * spectral index : $$\alpha\,\!$$ where $$S \propto \nu^{\alpha}\,\!$$
 * Speed of light : $$c\,\! = 2.9979 \times 10^{8}$$ m/s

Mathematical expressions

 * relativistic beta : $$\beta = \frac{v_j}{c}$$
 * Lorentz factor : $$\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \beta^2}}$$
 * Doppler factor : $$D = \frac{1}{\gamma (1 - \beta \cos\theta)}$$

title: Relativistic beaming


text: User talk:67.149.88.194

title: User talk:67.149.88.194


text: Category:Croatian basketball players

title: Category:Croatian basketball players


text: User talk:68.40.143.221

title: User talk:68.40.143.221


text:
Ciompi Revolt

The Ciompi Revolt was a rebellion among unrepresented labourers which occurred in the Republic of Florence, from 1378 to 1382. Those who revolted consisted of artisans, labourers, and craftsmen who did not belong to any guilds and were therefore unable to participate in the Florentine government. These labourers had grown increasingly resentful over the established patrician oligarchy. In addition, they were expected to pay heavy taxes which they could not afford, forcing some to abandon their homes. The resulting insurrection over such tensions led to the creation of a government composed of wool workers and other disenfranchised workers which lasted for three and a half years.

The Ciompi Revolt developed in three stages: reform in May and June, the violent "revolution" of the revolt and fighting in mid-July, and the fall of the Ciompi government – the "reaction", at the end of August 1378. These workers' underrepresentation led to their exploitation, low wages, and political impotence. In June 1378 the city's fourteen minor guilds demanded greater representation in civic office from elites – the Signoria. These guildsmen still wanted to keep the Sotto posti, who were low wage textile workers with no guild representation, from forming their own guilds and being able to gain increased political power. To prevent this, the Signoria quadrupled the fee for admittance to the system. This action sparked indignation and turned the Sotto posti into opponents of the Signoria, aligning them with the lower class Ciompi. On 22 June the Ciompi took up arms for the first time but it was not until 21 July that they violently took over the city's government and forced the Signoria to create three new guilds and grant them political office.

Historians commonly highlight a few individuals as central to the events. Representing the middle and upper class was Salvestro de' Medici. Representing the lower class was the mysterious group known as "The Eight (Saints)". Finally caught in the middle of these two groups is Michele di Lando. He was "separated from his social superior due to inferior birth, but he was also separated by his peers by his superior vision".

Although the Ciompi Revolt was brief, it left an impact on future generations. The three-and-a-half-year revolt not only affected Florentine society throughout the 15th century, but was a flashpoint in Florentine history, which continued to intrigue historians. Interpretations of the events evolved across the centuries.

Unstable government
In the years preceding the 1378 revolt, certain aspects of Florentine society set the stage for the uprising. Tensions within the oligarchy were already present decades before the revolt occurred. The Arti Minori, or minor guilds, were constantly in contention with the Arti Maggiori, or the seven major guilds. Between the years of 1339 to 1349, wealthy houses went bankrupt and markets were reduced. The economy never peaked nor declined sharply again, aside from minor political and military disputes familiar to Florence. Economic grievances had drawn artisans and wage-labourers into Florentine politics from the mid-fourteenth century. These workers, however, were forbidden from associating by city government. The oligarchy was unstable, as many either died from the plague or fled to safer territories. From these turbulent times emerged the gente nuova ('new men') a class of mainly immigrants with no aristocratic background who grew their wealth from trade. Together, the gente nuova and Arti Minori bonded over their dislike of the oligarchy. Each side sought to gain control over the other, as the oligarchy used the Guelph Party to justify their patriciate status, while the gente nuova appealed to the middle and lower classes for support. In 1375 the gente nuova seriously challenged the privileges of the oligarchy, sparking concerns from the latter of their possible collapse. In addition, war broke out against the papacy in the same year, increasing the costly burdens on the city. In late 1377 to early 1378, the oligarchy and the gente nuova formed a truce, only to be broken by the oligarchy in June, the month of the revolt.

Upper class versus lower class and the origins of the term ciompi
Tensions between the upper and lower classes were a major factor in bringing about the revolt. It is unclear who exactly qualified as belonging to the Florentine upper class, unlike in Venice, where the class hierarchy was solidly entrenched. For the most part of the 14th century, a patriciate could be identified by the presence of a family name. On the other side of the spectrum were the popolo minuto, or the labouring classes of Florence, which also had no set boundaries. For example, an artisan could be considered elite if he was wealthy and successful. The majority of the popolo minuto, however, consisted of poor labourers flocking from villages to the city for work. Forced loans, high taxes and an even higher incidence of indebtedness kept the ciompi impoverished. In 1355, the miserabiles, defined as having no property, whose possessions were worth less than 100 lire and had no trade or profession, accounted for 22% of households in Florence. The most important aspect of this class is that they had no representation in the Florentine government, which would be one of the main changes implemented by the ciompi later on. These artisans and labourers were not part of guilds until the ciompi and the Arti Minori took over the government beginning in 1378. In becoming the ciompi, the word derives from the florentine word for ‘cardare la lana’ or ‘ciompare’ as the wool workers were the most representative and numerous group of people involved in the revolt although it included also other groups. Records of condemned ciompi rebels show, in fact, that tavern owners were also found to be part of the revolt.

Rising taxes
In Florence in 1371, unequal taxation was the norm; in particular, the highlanders paid three times more in taxes than plain dwellers. This increase in taxation was not due to Florence's wars with Pisa from 1362–1364, or to the revolt of San Miniato from 1369–1370, but from the need to pay for increased military forces to push back against the Ubaldini and their allies. The Ubaldini were a feudal family who had strong influences over the peasants living in the Alpi Fiorentine, and Florence wished to break these ties for control in the north. Adding to the need for more military forces was the increased crime and attacks directed at merchants and at pilgrims passing through Florence that developed after the Black Death. To pay these militias, however, Florence was getting deeper in debt, and the oligarchy burdened those living in the countryside with increasing taxation. As taxes kept on increasing, the highlanders chose to flee, worsening a labour shortage, already present after the Black Death. Furthermore, there were increasing differences in wealth between the popolo minuto and the patriciates. In fact, before the ciompi, there were already rebellions organized by labourers, such as the 9 October 1343 revolt by wool workers led by the Sienese Aldobrando di Ciecharino, who lived in Florence.

Revolt
The Revolt of the Ciompi was a popular revolt in Florence in 1378 spearheaded by wool carders known as Ciompi and other non-guilded workers who rose up to demand a voice in the commune's ordering in addition to enacting debt and tax reforms. The revolt was an outburst of proletarian unrest in the city of Florence that began in June 1378 and consisted of three phases ending in August of the same year. It was the result of a power struggle between Florence's ruling elites, the established artisan guilds of Florence, and Sotto posti (or un-guilded) which included the Ciompi; mainly a group of low-wage textile workers employed in Florence's thriving wool industry. At its height, this trade sold fabrics throughout Italy as well as overseas and employed up to a third of Florence's population. Many of the issues leading to the revolt of the Ciompi involved the politics and relations between guild and non-guild members, as well as the ruling elites of the city (the Signoria). Guild members and the guild system were important aspects of Florence's politics by 1378, where they acted as political intermediaries between the individuals in their guild and the state. Guilds enforced industrial, fiscal, and monetary policy which benefited their trades and the lives of their workers in addition to representing them politically, regulating their industries, and controlling who could become a member. As mentioned previously the guild system involved a hierarchy between the seven major and fourteen minor guild associations; the former represented those who had become a class of prosperous cloth merchants and bankers/financiers, and the latter consisting of various artisans, craftsmen and skilled labourers including, but not limited to, shoemakers, tailors and wine merchants.

The 21 guilds, however, did not include the whole of Florence's working population and many people were excluded from the system, thus limiting their protection from exploitation and ability to be involved in city politics. Few of those in the textile industry, including the Ciompi wool workers, were eligible for guild membership, with around only 200 of the approximately 14,000 people in wool manufacture qualifying, and the remainder named the Sotto posti who were designated ineligible for entry to the guild system or for creating a guild for their own benefit. The exclusion of the Ciompi from this system reinforced unequal power relations within the city, reducing the rights and protections available for these workers unlike those assigned to members in other guilds. It was a highly unequal society allowing Florence's wool trade to thrive and set the stage for the revolt.

The Ciompi resented the controlling power that was centred in the Arte della Lana—the textile-manufacturing establishment which guided the economic engine of Florence's prosperity—and was supported by the other major guilds as well as the limitations they faced in influencing politics, and the lower wages and exploitation they experienced as a result of their exclusion from the guild system. The consequent revolt of 1378 marked the high point of labour agitation in Florence.

Three phases
The Ciompi revolt occurred in three phases. These included a stage of reform in the months of May and June, the "revolution", or violent outburst of the revolt occurring in mid-July, and the fall of the temporary Ciompi government – the "reaction", which occurred at the end of August. In June 1378, the series of events began with the fourteen minor guilds of Florence demanding greater representation in civic office. Initially the Ciompi were not violently involved and the early stages of the revolt were as much a power struggle between the guilds as it was between Florence's Signoria and the exploited lower class. The guildsmen who demanded this greater representation in government still sought to keep the Sotto posti from forming guilds and thereby being able to gain a political position. However, the Sotto posti soon submitted their own demands and hoped to have them met. The Signoria had no intention of granting the un-guilded Sotto posti these liberties however and instead, feeling threatened, they made it more difficult to obtain office and quadrupled the fee for admittance. This action sparked indignation and turned the upper class Sotto posti, who were previously hopeful for better rights and social/professional advances, into opponents of the Signoria aligning their aims and ails with the lower class Ciompi. Salvestro de Medici was one of the individuals assigned the blame by many in the lower classes, and later also faced accusation from his peers for letting the situation with the Ciompi get out of hand.

Reform
On 22 June 1378, the first outbreak of violence occurred when the un-guilded wool-workers took up arms and attacked government buildings, monasteries and a number of Palazzi whilst also releasing inmates from city prisons. Nevertheless, it was yet to become a full blown revolt. The Signoria attempted to appease the lower classes through talks and petitions, although ultimately suggested little change and still left the Ciompi guildless and without power or representation in government. The procrastination of the Signoria and half measures adopted therefore is perhaps what contributed to the second phase of the revolt.

Revolt
On 21 July, the lower classes forcibly took over the government, placing the wool carder Michele di Lando in the executive office of gonfaloniere of justice, and showing their banner, the blacksmith's flag, at the Bargello, the palace of the podestà. On this day, thousands of armed wool workers (the Ciompi) and those from the Sotto posti, besieged the Signoria and pointedly hanged the public executioner by his feet in front of the Palazzo Vecchio. The Ciompi then compelled the governing body, the Signoria, to establish three additional guilds in order to grant them access to political office. In demanding the creation of an arte del pololo minuto, the Ciompi requests were not especially radical: they were simply demanding the same rights as the other minor guilds currently had. Most of the Ciompi (and Sotto Posti involved) acted for reform rather than radical or revolutionary innovation. The total membership of the three new guilds was roughly 13,000 men whereas the twenty-one previously existing guilds had a membership of about 4000 to 5000 between them. After the incorporation of these new guilds, almost every man in Florence was able to participate in city government.

Considering how the Ciompi had seized power, their demands both politically and socially, were modest. Their main concerns included the formation of a guild for wool workers and they also wished to tackle unemployment by increasing wool production. The Ciompi in fact did not demand ownership of cloth production or the cloth factories and their ideals were still based around the traditional guild idea, wishing to protect their economic interests and the situation of their workers.

However the new Ciompi government, once they had pushed out the Signoria, experienced early problems. Even though they made demands such as the right to elect three of their own priors, the reduction of judicial corporal punishment, and reform the tax system in fact the new government was rather weak and lacked strong bargaining skills. An analysis of those within the newly appointed Balia suggests that only half were actually Ciompi, the rest being of middle class and other professions. The clash of interests and resulting struggle and sense of betrayal experienced by the Ciompi when their leader Michele di Lando turned against them ignoring their demands, led to the third stage of the revolt.

Reaction
At the end of August 1378, factionalism among the Ciompi and the radical persecution of enemies of the revolution, led di Lando to arrest two Ciompi leaders who had demanded constitutional reform. The next day, di Lando rode out of the palace with the standard bearer of justice and cleared the piazza of a militia from the three new guilds who were shouting "Long live the popolo minuto" and demanding the resignation of di Lando's government. The workers' militia returned and a battle for the Piazza della Signoria broke out between the Ciompi and the forces of the major and minor guilds led by the guild of butchers. The Ciompi and Sotto posti were slaughtered that day by the other guilds alongside the reformist forces under previous Ciompi leader di Lando, who also acted to crush the Eight Saints who were attempting to challenge his power in government. This day has been named one of the bloodiest in Florentine history.

On 1 September citizens assembled in the piazza and approved the dissolution of the Ciompi guild. Nevertheless, the government continued to enact Ciompi-led reforms, such as the establishment of the estimo—a direct tax on household wealth on 29 October 1378. Overall, the Ciompi revolt consisted of complex social, economic and political factors, as well as the involvement of more than one group of workers such as the Ciompi. The hierarchical guild system played an important part in the conflict, as did guild members who were key in turning on the government and ending its short reign over the city. Although often portrayed as radical today, the demands and wishes of the wool workers and others involved were fairly modest and reform did not take the shape of a societal overhaul. The idea that the Ciompi could live harmoniously with all the other groups and guilds in society after they assumed government, however, was idealistic. Furthermore, the disillusionment experienced when the conflict continued especially after the collapse of the regime and the guilds dissolution certainly contributed to the decline of labour unrest in Florence's cloth industry in the years following and lack of political power that these sections of society continued to have.

Salvestro de' Medici

As "a man of a noble house, great and rich", Salvestro de' Medici was a lesser known cousin to the famous House of Medici banking family. He was blamed for causing the rebellion of the Ciompi by his peers (such as Alamanno Acciaioli, who was part of the Signory that brought the papal war to an end). Salvestro made an error in his struggle against the Guelf party, thus spoiling his family image as well as others of similar rank, "subjecting them to the rashness of the excited multitude".

"The Eight (Saints)"
Very little is actually known about "The Eight (Saints)" and who the members were. Trexler calls the radical Ciompi rebel group Gli Otto Santi del Popolo di Dio (or the "Eight Saints", also known as the Eight of Santa Maria Novella) and suggests that they may be commonly confused with the more influential and better known otto della guerra (or the "Eight of War") who represented Florence and opposed Gregory XI and the Catholic Church in 1375 (in the War of the Eight Saints). The "Eight of War" were very much in power at the time of the Ciompi Revolt, however they played a very small role during the actual Ciompi Revolt. The "Eight Saints" of the Popolo Minuto created itself as a shadow government to Michele di Lando's government they forcefully obtained the right to veto communal legislation. Di Lando's government defeated these radical challengers on 31 August 1378.

Michele di Lando
There is very little recorded history about who Michele di Lando was before the Ciompi Revolt, because men of the lower working class did not leave behind major documents. What is known is that he was a woolcomber, his mother was a washerwoman, and his wife ran a pork butcher's shop. Within his industry, di Lando was the foreman of all the menial workers and made enough money to show up in tax records as paying small sums. He was also a caporale during the war of Papal States, he shared command over twenty-eight men with another caporale (It is not known if he saw active service at that time, but the fact that he was trained in command and with arms, he was likely less docile than simple workers in his industry).

His ascension to the position of Signore and Gonfaloniere was literally a story about a man who went from rags to riches. He walked into the Palace barefooted and took control at the people's request. This scene inspired awe even in the eyes of some of the Signory (despite their compromised position). Alamanno Acciaioli was quoted saying, "... He [di Lando] was given the Signory and they [the people] wished him to be Standard-Bearer of Justice and lord (signore)... this Michele di Lando, wool comber, was lord of Florence for twenty-eight hours and more. This is the result of quarrelsomeness and innovation! O dear Lord, what great miracles you show us!..." Upon Michele di Lando's ascension to power, the "Eight of War" (who thought themselves as effective rulers of Florence) wanted to appoint replacements for the Signory. Di Lando dismissed them, wanting to show that he could govern without their assistance, and chose the electoral candidates himself. Once he secured his power, di Lando's government allied with the Popolo di Firenze, infuriating radical members of the Popolo Minuto (who elected their "Eight Saints" to oppose di Lando). After the final clash with the radicals, the Signory retook office at the end of Michele di Lando's term. This regime did not last long, it was overthrown again in 1382 and di Lando was sent into exile as a collaborator with the Signory.

End of Ciompi control
The city of Florence was governed by the Ciompi until 1382 when fear of foreign incursion and a prolonged dispute between the wool merchants and the dyers justified an intervention by the elite families on behalf of a disintegrating government. Delegitimizing the new established guilds and removing them from constitutional functions became a main objective of the post-1382 regime that repealed the guild government's reforms. City government engaged in a concerted campaign to depict the non-guilded workers as criminal and heretical.

The Ciompi Rebellion was not particularly long, lasting only for three and a half years (1378–1382). Yet, it not only reflected the long-existing social issue of late 14th-century Florence, but also constituted a long-lasting impact on many generations to come. It greatly influenced Florentine society in the 15th century, and became a memorable moment of Florentine history, which historians of later centuries all showed great interest in, but interpreted the same event in a variety of different ways.

Reflection on problems in late 14th-century Florence
Late 14th-century Florence was not a harmonious city, but one that had long been filled with tensions. The two major tensions were social and political, accumulating since Florence's commercial revolution 150 years prior to the rebellion. Social tension existed between the poor Ciompi and wealthy merchants who dominated the lucrative wool industry, and the Florentine government, which continued to increase taxation. The political tension was between the Ciompi, gente nuova, and the oligarchy, with the former two challenging the latter for more participation in government. The Ciompi Rebellion was the eruption of these long-existing tensions, which could no longer be contained.

Impacts on 15th-century Florence
After the Ciompi Uprising, the restored Florentine government did attempt to alleviate the plight of Ciompi artisans, such as a reform to lessen the burden of taxation. Yet, the rebellion left a permanent scar in the Florentine elites' mind (both the new and the old nobility) and created their everlasting fear and hatred toward the Ciompi. This scar built a tension between the new nobility and the lower labouring class greater than that prior to the uprising, as the elites constantly feared the rabble's secret plots. The elites thus began to favour a more authoritative government, which may be more centralized and stronger in crushing a revolt. This eventually gave rise to the Medici family, the most powerful banking family of Florence, whose power outweighed Salvestro de' Medici's bad reputation, and became the de facto ruler of Florence in the 15th century, drastically changing the character of the Florentine communal government.

Impacts on historians from different eras

In the 15th century, it would not be surprising for Florentine scholars, who were part of the elite, to view the uprising negatively. Leonardo Bruni regarded the uprising as a mob out of control, whose members viciously looted and murdered the innocent. He viewed this event as a historical cautionary tale, which presented the horrendous consequence when rabbles managed to seize control from the ruling class.

In the 16th century, Niccolò Machiavelli harbored a somewhat different view than Bruni. Although he echoed Bruni's perspective, also referring to them as the mob, the rabbles, preoccupied by fear and hatred, he was more favorable than Bruni in viewing the event as a whole. According to Machiavelli, the revolt was a social phenomenon between one group of people, who were determined to obtain freedom, while the other determined to abolish it.

In the 19th century, however, historians began to show sympathy to the Ciompi. Romantic historians had a tendency to interpret history as an epic tale between the evil and good, and this applied to the Ciompi Rebellion. Romantic historians regarded Michele di Lando, the leader of the rebellion, as a hero to the people who fought against their ruthless oppressors. In the late nineteenth century, a sculpture of the popular leader Michele di Lando was placed in a niche on the façade of the Loggia del Mercato Nuovo. Marxist historians also sympathized with the Ciompi artisans, viewing them as the early proletariat, who tried to overthrow the oppressive bourgeoisies.

Recent histories treat the conflict as a lens reflecting the issues of Florentine society in the late 14th century, and also as a catalyst for Florence's period politics. Moreover, to them, the rebellion is a lens that reflects history as an ever changing entity, as historians living in different times have different "presents", and one's present dictates how one views the past.

title: Ciompi Revolt


text: Category:Lithuanian basketball players

title: Category:Lithuanian basketball players


text:
User:KeyStroke/My beliefs

I am a former Baptist who is now a non-denom charismatic who holds to (both) the ideas of dispensationalism and open theology. I reject the teaching of Eternal security and individual predestination. I do hold that, as a group, it was predestined for there to be Christian believers, and that the scriptural references to predestination all talk about Christian believers in the plural, not supporting the idea of individual predestination.

I like to use the toy balloon analogy when it comes to predestination: Consider a toy balloon. You own the balloon and have determined in your heart, mind, and will that the balloon will be blown up. You take a deep breath of the air around you and blow it into the balloon. Eventually, the balloon becomes filled. If you had the time and the knowledge you could have predicted approximately how many air molecules would occupy the blown up balloon. In that capacity it could have even been predicted (predestined) by you how many air molecules were to be in the filled up balloon. However, you did not, molecule by molecule choose which ones would be inside the balloon, and which ones would not. Just as God has predestined that there would be humans who choose to be in Christ, but leaves that choice to us.

I may sound a bit like a Platonic Idealist, but I am starting to believe that all things physical can (at best) only be containers of Truth - that absolute truth (Truth, with a capital "T") exists outside physical space-time.

I am also a fideist in that I hold that the persuit of God via intellectual means is a fruitless endeavor. I hold that God has engineered our (potential) relationship to Him to be only through Faith via the Spirit of God in relationship to our human spirit (Romans 8:16).

I believe that efforts of men to force God to relate to us through the intellect of man will not be rewarded by God (Hebrews 11:6).

This does not prevent God from dealing with us in an intellectual way (Romans 12:2). However it does mean that the basis for our relationship to God, and the authority of God in our lives, is first, and foremost via His Spirit to our spirit.

Theopedia History
Theopedia was created 15:54, 8 Jun 2004.

I found Theopedia at 18:25, 16 Oct 2004, a little more than four months after its creation.

KeyStroke has determined that it is best to leave Theopedia at 18:59, 22 Oct 2004, after an unproductive disagreement with Aaronshaf on the talk page for Holy Spirit.

title: User:KeyStroke/My beliefs


text:
Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30

The Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30 (Russian: Грязев-Шипунов ГШ-6-30) is a Russian 30 mm rotary cannon aircraft-mounted and naval autocannon used by Soviet and later CIS military aircraft. The GSh-6-30 fires a 30×165mm, 390 g projectile.

Description
The GSh-6-30, designed in the early 1970s and entering service in 1975, has a six barrel design that is similar to the Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23. It was based on the naval AO-18 used in the AK-630 system. Unlike most modern rotary cannons, it is gas-operated rather than hydraulically driven, allowing it to "spin up" to maximum rate of fire more quickly, allowing more rounds to be placed on target in a short-duration burst. This makes the weapon advantageous in dogfights, where pilots often have a very small window for engaging the enemy. Ignition is electrical, as with the smaller GSh-6-23.

On the MiG-27 "Flogger" the GSh-6-30 had to be mounted obliquely to absorb recoil. The gun was noted for its high (often uncomfortable) vibration and extreme noise. The airframe vibration led to fatigue cracks in fuel tanks, numerous radio and avionics failures, the necessity of using runways with floodlights for night flights (as the landing lights would often be destroyed), tearing or jamming of the forward landing gear doors (leading to at least three crash landings), cracking of the reflector gunsight, an accidental jettisoning of the cockpit canopy and at least one case of the instrument panel falling off in flight. The weapons also dealt extensive collateral damage, as the sheer numbers of fragments from detonating shells was sufficient to damage aircraft flying within a 200-meter radius from the impact center, including the aircraft firing.

The principal application for the GSh-6-30 is the MiG-27, which carries the weapon in a gondola under the fuselage, primarily for strafing and ground attack. It was fitted to some Su-25TM aircraft, but subsequently replaced with the GSh-30-2 twin-barreled autocannon of the original Su-25. It is also used as the gun component of the CADS-N-1 Kashtan Close-in weapon system.

Variants

 * GSh-6-30M;
 * AO-18L; version used by ABM-BCM30 remote weapon station.
 * GSh-6-30K; Naval variant of Gsh-6-30, also known as AO-18 used in AK-630 CIWS system.
 * AO-18K; Modernized AO-18 used by Kashtan CIWS.
 * AO-18KD; Further improved AO-18K with a higher rate of fire and extended range used in AK-630M2, Palma/Palash and Pantsir-M CIWS systems.

Users

 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * Russian Federation
 * Vietnam

Former user

 * Soviet Union

title: Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30


text: Category:Russian basketball players

title: Category:Russian basketball players


text:
Sisters (Lynne Cheney novel)

Sisters is a 1981 novel by Lynne Cheney published only in a Signet Canadian paperback edition as part of the New American Library (ISBN 0-451-11204-0). Sisters is a historical novel set in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1886. Sophie Dymond, a magazine editor in New York City, comes home to Cheyenne after the death of her sister, Helen. The novel is a historical and literary portrayal of the status of women in the Old West. In the novel, Sophie finds a letter that Amy Travers, a schoolteacher and close friend of Helen's, had written to her: "Helen, my joy and my beloved," "Why do we stay? I have no reason beyond a few pupils who would miss me briefly, and your life would be infinitely better away from him. Let us go away together, away from the anger and imperatives of men. We shall find ourselves a secluded bower where they dare not venture. There will be only the two of us, and we shall linger through long afternoons of sweet retirement. In the evenings I shall read to you while you work your cross-stitch in the firelight. And then we shall go to bed, our bed, my dearest girl. . .." The "him" referred to in the letter is apparently Helen's husband, James Stevenson.

Later in the book, the author writes of Sophie's impressions on seeing Amy Travers and another woman, Lydia Swerdlow, with their arms around each other: "The women who embraced in the wagon were Adam and Eve on a dark cathedral stage--no, Eve and Eve, loving one another as they would not be able to once they ate of the fruit and knew themselves as they truly were. She felt curiously moved, curiously envious of them. . . . she saw that the women in the cart had a passionate, loving intimacy forever closed to her. How strong it made them. What comfort it gave."

Legacy
The book is now out of print. Existing copies have been put up for sale on eBay, amazon.com, and various other Internet sites for prices ranging, at this writing (September 26, 2009), from $49.96 to $295.00 unsigned,   and $1,500 for a copy autographed by Cheney.

In 2004, New American Library announced that it planned to republish the book. However, after being contacted by Lynne Cheney's attorney, Robert Barnett, who reportedly told them that Cheney did not consider the book her "best work," New American Library announced in April 2004 that it would not be republishing the book after all.

In a February 9, 2005 interview on NPR with Terry Gross, Cheney denied that Sisters contained a lesbian relationship. Cheney suggested that the relationship between the two characters was in question and a historical mystery. She also suggested that Sisters was her one bad book, written in an "attempt to take the novel Rebecca (by Daphne du Maurier) and put it in a Western setting."

In an interview that took place on October 27, 2006 with Wolf Blitzer on CNN's The Situation Room, Cheney denied that Sisters contained rape or graphic depictions of lesbian sex.

Sisters and Saddam Hussein's novel Zabibah and the King are the subject of Taylor Mac's satirical song The Palace of the End.

title: Sisters (Lynne Cheney novel)


text:
Eric Roy (politician)

Eric Wilbur Roy (born 27 June 1948) is a New Zealand politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the National Party. He was first elected in 1993 and served, with one three-year break, until 2014.

Early years
Roy was born in Gore in 1948. Before entering politics, he was a farmer and company director. He is a Justice of the Peace.

Member of Parliament
He first entered Parliament in the 1993 election as MP for the Awarua electorate. For the, Awarua was merged into and he was beaten by Labour's Mark Peck, but he remained in Parliament through being elected through the party list. He unsuccessfully contested the Invercargill electorate in the but remained a list MP. Roy served as Assistant Speaker of the House from 1998 to 2002, initially under National's Doug Kidd and then under Labour's Jonathan Hunt.

Roy was not elected in the 2002 election; he was defeated by Labour's Mark Peck in Invercargill and, at 26, was not placed high enough on the National Party list to be re-elected.

In 2005, he contested the Invercargill electorate for the National Party and was re-elected to Parliament after winning the bellwether seat. He increased his majority in the 2008 election, was re-elected in 2011 election, and served as the Deputy Speaker of the House.

Roy announced in January 2014 that he would retire at the.

After parliament
Roy was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order, for services as a Member of Parliament, in the 2015 New Year Honours.

On 15 June 2015, it was announced that Roy had been appointed to the board of Landcorp.

Roy was elected to the Southland Regional Council in 2016. He attempted to become chairman and deputy chairman but lost both votes 5–7.

In September 2018, Roy announced that his cattle were being tested for the cattle disease Mycoplasma bovis. In 2018, it was reported that Roy nominated Yikun Zhang, a businessman and political donor with connections to the Chinese Communist Party, for the New Zealand Order of Merit.

title: Eric Roy (politician)


text: Category:Serbian basketball players

title: Category:Serbian basketball players


text: Category:Serbian sportspeople

title: Category:Serbian sportspeople


text:
Talk:Rolls-Royce WR-21

Move
Why did you make this move? All of the other turbine powerplants for aviation and marine use have the company name before it. -Joseph (Talk) 07:09, 2004 Oct 24 (UTC)
 * I found a most official source for the proper name: http://100.rolls-royce.com/products/view.jsp?id=450.

This page needs to be moved
Although the engine was developed by Northrop & R-R it is now solely an R-R product.

It should be moved, but I can't see a move button.

It Was The NG Intercooler NOT the WR-21
Subsequent to that fact  I will edit the article to read correctly, thanks.Twobells (talk) 13:23, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rolls-Royce WR-21


text:
List of Boeing 777 operators

The Boeing 777 is a long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, the commercial business unit of Boeing. Commonly referred to as the "Triple Seven", it is the largest twinjet. The 777 can accommodate between 301 and 450 (Air Canada High Density) passengers in a three-class layout, and has a range of 5235 to 9380 nmi, depending on the model. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between the 767 and 747.

The 777 is produced in two fuselage lengths. The original 777-200 model first entered service in 1995, followed by the extended-range 777-200ER in 1997. The stretched 777-300, which is 33.3 ft longer, began service in 1998. The longer-range 777-300ER and 777-200LR variants entered service in 2004 and 2006, respectively, while a freighter version, the 777F, debuted in 2009.

United Airlines first placed the 777 into commercial airline service in 1995. The most successful variant is the 777-300ER with 799 aircraft delivered and over 844 orders to date. Emirates operates the largest 777 fleet with 148 aircraft. FedEx Express operates the largest fleet of the 777F cargo aircraft. As of April 2024, 2,268 Boeing 777s, of all variants, have been ordered and 1,729 have been delivered.

Model summary
United Airlines placed the launch order for the 777 program on October 14, 1990 when it purchased 34 Pratt & Whitney PW4084-powered 777-200s valued at US$11 billion with options on an additional 34. The 777-200 entered into service with United Airlines on June 7, 1995 with its first flight from London Heathrow Airport to Dulles International Airport. From day one, the 777 was awarded 180-minute ETOPS clearance by the Federal Aviation Administration, making it the first airliner to carry an ETOPS-180 clearance into service. This would later be increased to 207 minutes by October 1996. British Airways placed the first model with General Electric GE90-77B engines into service on November 17, 1995. The first Rolls-Royce Trent 877-powered aircraft was delivered to Thai Airways International on March 31, 1996, completing the introduction of the three power-plants initially developed for the airliner.

Subsequent versions of the 777, including the 777-200ER, 777-200LR, 777-300, 777-300ER, 777F and the upcoming 777-8X and -9X, have been launched by Air France, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, and Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). The following table lists milestone dates for each model of the aircraft.

In July 2009, Emirates surpassed Singapore Airlines as the biggest 777 operator, when the 78th aircraft was delivered. Since 2010, Emirates is the largest Boeing 777 operator, with 152 aircraft; the carrier began phasing out older −200s, −200ERs and −300s in February 2011,. Other primary operators are United Airlines (96), Qatar Airways (81), Air France (70), American Airlines (67), and Cathay Pacific (65). As of November 2011, 62 airline customers operated variants of the Boeing 777.

Current, former and future operators
The following table lists of active operators of the aircraft as of November 2023.

title: List of Boeing 777 operators


text:
Bob Simcock

Robert Malcolm Simcock (born 1947) is a New Zealand politician. He was a Member of Parliament for the National Party from 1996 to 2002 and Mayor of Hamilton from 2007 to 2010.

Early career
Simcock attended St John's College before graduating from the University of Waikato with a M Soc Sci (Hons). Before entering politics, Simcock worked both as a deer farmer and as a clinical psychologist.

Member of Parliament
Simcock was an MP from 1996 to 2002, representing the National Party. He was first elected in the 1996 election as MP for Hamilton West, defeating the incumbent, Martin Gallagher of the Labour Party. In the 1999 election, Gallagher retook the seat from Simcock, who returned to Parliament as a list MP. In the 2002 election, Simcock again trailed Gallagher in Hamilton West, and National Party votes nationwide dropped enough that Simcock was not re-elected as a list MP.

Local government
Simcock was elected to the Hamilton City Council for the West Ward in the 2004 election and appointed Deputy Mayor that year. Following Michael Redman's resignation, he was appointed Mayor of Hamilton in May 2007. He was elected mayor in the October 2007 election with over 50% of the votes cast. He lost the 2010 mayoral election to Julie Hardaker.

Simcock was elected to the Waikato Regional Council in 2013 and re-elected in 2016.

Other activities
Simcock was appointed as the chair of the Waikato District Health Board by the Minister of Health in 2013. He resigned as chair and board member on 28 November 2017, following the resignation of Waikato DHB chief executive Nigel Murray, amidst a State Services Commission investigation into allegations of wrongful expenditure of public money by Murray. Murray was seen as Simcock's appointment by former CEO Craig Climo; Climo and former Labour MP Sue Moroney said they advised against hiring Dr Murray.

title: Bob Simcock


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Techmonix

Techmonix
was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Appears to be some tiny ISP run by a college student. Google gives 63 hits, most of which appear to be the LiveJournals of this guy's friends. Delete. --Slowking Man 07:17, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Expand Tiny ISP doesn't mean it's worthless. Besides, a humorous read. --Hmib
 * Comment is by anon 24.7.163.161. --Slowking Man 07:33, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no potential to become encyclopedic. —Stormie 08:53, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete,I know the author. It's more of a personal attack than an encyclopeic entry. Delete without hesistation.--Akajune 15:53, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is not a web guide. Tiny ISP's are not encyclopedic. Geogre 16:29, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 05:54 Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Insignificant. Interesting read tho :P Frankchn 01:29, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. - Vague Rant 07:03, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Portuguese basketball players

title: Category:Portuguese basketball players


text:
Kim Ho

Kim Ho (born 24 November 1944) is a South Korean former football player and manager.

Early life
Kim was born in Tongyeong, a coastal city of South Korea, and started football in his hometown. He originally joined Tongyeong High School when he became old enough to join a high school, but there was no football club. He transferred to Jinju High School the next year to learn football professionally. However, he experienced a slump in Jinju, and once again moved to another school, Dongnae High School in Busan. Kim respected the Dongnae's manager An Jong-soo, and followed him into a semi-professional club Cheil Industries instead of university.

International career
Kim was on the South Korea national team from 1966 to 1972, and won the 1970 Asian Games. He originally played as a right back, but he showed his best performance as a centre-back. He was noted for his rapid pace and wild defense, and showed a great harmony with Kim Jung-nam, his partner centre-back.

Early career
Kim took his first steps into coaching with his team Commercial Bank. He started to perform the managerial role in his alma mater Dongnae High School before taking over as coach of a semi-professional club Hanil Bank in 1983. Under Kim, Hanil Bank won the Korean Semi-professional League straight away, qualifying for the professional league, K League.

However, Hanil Bank turned its status into a semipro club again in 1987, and Kim left for a K League club Hyundai Horang-i the next year. He rejuvenated Hyundai in his first season by leading them to a second place finish, but couldn't sustain the result after that. Hyundai slipped down to the bottom in 1989, and remained second from bottom in 1990. He finally left Hyundai prior to the 1991 season.

South Korea
Kim was back in management when he took over the rein of the South Korean national team in July 1992, and led it to the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States. His team put up some credible performances, drawing its opener 2–2 with Spain. However, South Korea drew its second game without a goal against Bolivia, facing the danger of being eliminated in the group stage. In the last group game against Germany, South Korea closed the gap to 3–2 after being 3–0 down at half-time. Kim and Koreans showed their effort against the World Cup holders, but it was inadequate to advance to the next round.

Suwon Samsung Bluewings
After stepping down as national manager, Kim was contacted by a new K League club Suwon Samsung Bluewings to become the first-ever manager of the club. He lifted 13 trophies including two K Leagues and two Asian Club Championships for eight years with Suwon. He also nurtured and discovered young talents called the "Kim Ho's Children". Many of them had successful careers in the K League even after his resignation. Ko Jong-soo and Kim Do-heon played for the national team among his pupils. He announced his retirement at the end of 2003.

Daejeon Citizen
Kim joined Daejeon Citizen in 2007, canceling his retirement. He had been regarded as one of the greatest South Korean managers before his return, but lost his honor by courting controversies in Daejeon. Kim was in conflict with the president and the board of directors due to team's financial problem as well as his poor results. Furthermore, the club's agent who was having a close relationship with Kim suffered discredit for embezzlement. Kim was finally removed from the team with the president in 2009.

Kim had finished his managerial career, but caused controversies again in Daejeon after 10 years. He was appointed the president of Daejeon Citizen in 2017 despite previous conflict, and engaged a significant number of his acquaintances as manager, agent, and players without principle. Daejeon Citizen was owned by the Daejeon Government at the time, and its finance was relying on the citizens' precious tax money. Kim received many criticisms, leaving Daejeon in 2019. Ko Jong-soo, the club's manager of the time and Kim's disciple, faced a court the next year.

International

Player
Cheil Industries
 * Korean Semi-professional League (Spring): 1964
 * Korean Semi-professional League (Autumn): 1968
 * Korean President's Cup runner-up: 1968

Commercial Bank of Korea
 * Korean President's Cup: 1970

South Korea
 * Asian Games: 1970
 * AFC Asian Cup runner-up: 1972

Individual
 * Korean FA Most Valuable Player: 1969
 * Korean FA Best XI: 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972
 * KASA Best Korean Footballer: 1971

Manager
Hanil Bank
 * Korean Semi-professional League: 1983
 * Korean Semi-professional League (Spring): 1987

Suwon Samsung Bluewings
 * K League 1: 1998, 1999
 * Korean FA Cup: 2002
 * Korean League Cup: 1999, 1999+, 2000, 2001
 * Korean Super Cup: 1999, 2000
 * Asian Club Championship: 2000–01, 2001–02
 * Asian Super Cup: 2001, 2002

Individual
 * Korean Semi-professional League (Spring) Best Manager: 1987
 * AFC Coach of the Month: August 1997
 * K League 1 Manager of the Year: 1998, 1999

title: Kim Ho