text:
Change of base

In mathematics, change of base can mean any of several things:
 * Changing numeral bases, such as converting from base 2 (binary) to base 10 (decimal). This is known as base conversion.
 * The logarithmic change-of-base formula, one of the logarithmic identities used frequently in algebra and calculus.
 * The method for changing between polynomial and normal bases, and similar transformations, for purposes of coding theory and cryptography.
 * Construction of the fiber product of schemes, in algebraic geometry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Change of base


text:
São Julião de Palácios e Deilão

São Julião de Palácios e Deilão is a civil parish in the municipality of Bragança, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes São Julião de Palácios and Deilão. The population in 2011 was 400, in an area of 80.62 km2.

title: São Julião de Palácios e Deilão


text:
Talk:Frenulum

Please put new content at the bottom of this page.

Sensitivity of the Frenulum
"It has been widely speculated and discussed that the area where the frenulum preputtii penis meets with the ridged band is notable as the most sensitive area of the penis."

It is easy enough to verify that the opinion and discussion exists. Whether it is an "accurate" viewpoint is a different matter which has no bearing on the truthfulness of the sentence. Otherwise, we would have to remove all mention of sexual sensitivity. None of it is universally proven, just personal experience. DanP 17:35, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * There is no point in inserting wild eyed speculation intothe article to suit your POV. It is well know why anti-circumcision activists wish to play up the sensitivity of all parts which may have been removed through circumcision. People know your game. - Friends of Robert 03:01, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not "wild eyed speculation". Regardless, it was presented neutrally as an opinion, not as fact.  It's not okay to keep doing this to articles to fight whatever war you're waging. Let people make up their own minds; if the anti-circumcision activists are such nutty people, it should be obvious to the average person. --TrevorPerry 22:11, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Give it a break "Trevor". It is as much wild eyed speculation as the stuff put out by the Flat Earth Society. If we have to insert personal speculation form people of no consequence into every Wikipedia article there would be instant chaos. That the radical anti-circumcision activists are way out on the lunatic fringe cannot be denied. Please don't project onto those who have no more of an agenda than to counter the raving of these extremist lunatics. Try to behave and keep it nice now Trevor. - Friends of Robert 03:02, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Did you read the article? It's was not written by NORM.  If you think its a total fabrication, then say so.  And if you look up sexual anatomy on Wikipedia, the g-spot, the clitoris, etc. is full of speculation and unscientific opinion about everything sexual.  In most cases zero scientific evidence is given.  Do you want to delete all of it?  Under NPOV philosophy, my understanding is that you should post opposing viewpoints.  Not just delete stuff en masse whenever you disagree.  DanP 22:23, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * You would not recognise NPOV if it rushed up an bumped you on the nose. It comes from a source titled: "Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem". Now if that does not indicate a cess pool of POV information then I just don't know. Secondly when one reads through it is nothing but specualtive garbage. On any sane scale of value of information this sort of propaganda and rank speculation has no place in an encyclopedia article. Learn to live with it. - Friends of Robert 04:21, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow, two Dans, this could get confusing. Why was the disclaimer about NORM taken out? --TrevorPerry 01:21, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Who says there are two? -Friends of Robert 04:21, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Review loaded words and note that nobody is opposing circumcision entirely. Few have opposed adult circumcision to alleviate real problems, for instance.  But NORM focuses mainly on restoration, not politics.  Both sides could add lots of "spin" with disclaimers, and I think people should read both sides and make up their own minds.  This is better than misleading language and being told in advance what is right or wrong by the mutilation proponents.  Many articles on Wikipedia across the board could be tagged with politically-colored "pro" and "anti" disclaimers on each an every link.  Why exactly are the male genitals singled out for these disclaimers, while so many other articles on Wikipedia link to both sides of an issue without judgement?  DanP 22:54, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nah. I don't see too much stuff from the "other side" on Wikipedia. I believe that people should be warned through a disclaimer about obvious POV pushing web sites and links. Especially those which insert notes and text highlights into other people articles so as to press their propaganda point home. Because CIRP (for instance) does this it should be banned from Wikipedia. - Robert the Bruce 18:37, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Censorship by unlogged user
Someone has censored out the images of the frenulum. There is nothing obscene about the human body. Therefore I have reverted the article. I would favor protecting people from being overwhelmed by the impact of sights that have been forbidden to them by giving people who open such an article the opportunity to choose whether to see it or not. But to deny objective information to people is an act of vandalism. 金 (Kim) 17:45, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Slow down. It appears (see Frenular delta that there may be copyvio issues around the use of that pic. Are you advocating that the pic be retained regardless of any possible copyvio? - Robert the Bruce 00:53, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

You seem to be the one reacting in haste. I have no intention of advocating copyright violations as you insinuate. If there was a copyright issue, that should have been mentioned either in the edit summary or in the discussion for the article. What does "Frenular delta" have to say about copyright? Nothing in the link you gave.The Discussion for that article says that (presumably) the person who supplied the image is willing to have it be replaced (if others find it not relevant) with a line drawing if an non-copyrighted line drawing can be found. 金 (Kim) 05:50, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Frenulum in Moths
I have added a small section on the frenulum in its meaning of a structure on a moth's hindwing. As this is a very different subject to the main body of the article I wasn't sure whether to put it in a seperate article. This is just about all there is to say about it and it would be a pretty puny stub! Anyone have any ideas? --Richard Barlow 10:49, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Tearing during sexual activity
"Typically, this is not a medical emergency"

Like hell.

 * I have moved this unsigned comment from the top of the page.

 * Some injuries are true medical emergencies in the sense that delay in treatment for even a few minutes can result in irreparable harm or even death. Arterial bleeding is one such emergency. A concussion is not; it's much more important to check the victim of head trauma for other severe damage, e.g., broken neck, and then assure safe transport to a hospital than it is to do something within a short time of the accident. Some things hurt like hell and motivate people to seek prompt treatment, but do not constitute an emergency. That does not mean that injuries should not be treated in a timely way by competent medical personnel to avoid things like broken bones that heal without having been properly set.  金 (Kim) 16:07, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Naming of destination pages
We seem to have inconsistent names for the destination pages. Most are Latin, but one is the cumbersome frenulum of prepuce of penis. There's a discussion at talk:frenulum of prepuce of penis, if anyone's interested. Jakew 20:51, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Comparison pictures, please?
Could we please get a side-by-side comparison of a penis with and without a frenulum?

just an example: no frenulum: http://www.abadboy.com/bonus/071/27.jpg frenulum: http://www.abadboy.com/bonus/071/19.jpg

When I educate guys on if they still have their freunulum or not, I tell them "it's like a little raised tether of skin on the underside of your glans connecting to your shaft; to a circumcised guy, his frenulum is the most ultra-sensitive area of his dick; if you don't have your frenulum, you have an upside down "V"-shape indent where it once was; all uncircumcised still have their frenulum".

Macshill (talk) 14:13, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Fraenum, fraenulum
It is a glaring omission not to have even mentioned the variant spellings, fraenum and fraenulum. I know Wikipedia (supposedly) has no bias either way concerning US and British/Commonwealth spellings; but where medical terminology is concerned, readers have the right to expect the full complement of factual information. Nuttyskin (talk) 10:52, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frenulum


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Talk:Hindu reform movements

dude, what is a 'jati'? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 199.245.163.1 (talk • contribs).

Citations seem badly needed for this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sueyen (talk • contribs) 01:08, 17 October 2007 (UTC) The article has irrelevant contents. Importance of "Hare Krishna" is exaggerated.

"In particular, countries of the former Soviet Union and Poland have thriving Hindu communities due to the missionary work of the Hare Krishnas. Most of the Hindu movements, with the exception of the Hare Krishna movement, reflect a more Smarta-like ideology." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bhupendraraut (talk • contribs) 15:09, 16 March 2010 (UTC) =Criticism= I think there should be a section mentioning and describing the main sorts of criticism from the orthodox and traditional point of view that Hindu Reformism has received. Without that, it gives us the false impression that Hindu Reformism has risen and proceeded its way without criticism and protest; as if no voice has been raised against its tenets. The Hindu society did not watch the dawn of such movements in complete oblivion or silence, or, even worse, in its unanimous favor. There was dispute and contest. A section on criticism would make the article less one-sided.

=Brahmo Samaj= This article make any mention of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj movement. Isn't that considered the first real Hindu reform movement? Hokie Tech (talk) 21:48, 18 March 2010 (UTC)Hokie Tech

=Ananda Marga as Hindu movement= The article reads:
 * The new movements look up to ... Swami Vivekananda; ... Paramhansa Yogananda; Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, although sometimes labeled as being of Hindu origin, does not pertain to or propagate any form of Hinduism

I am removing this as an unreferenced and likely spurious claim. There are several Hindu movements (the Hare Krishnas as a notable example), whose founders have at times strongly claimed separation from Hinduism for whatever reasons, while for all practical purposes the movements follow Hindu practices and adhere to Hindu beliefs, and are more than happy to ride on the Hindu wagon wherever it advances their interests. In this case, there isn't even a reference to an official Ananda Marga position vis-a-vis Hinduism, so I see no reason to clutter the list. —Baba Bom (talk) 21:36, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

I have also removed Stephen Knapp from the list of authors under "In the intellectual field...". Stephen Knapp is a member of the Hare Krishna movement, who has written a number of public-digest books presenting the teachings of the movement in a "public digest" format. He is definitely the odd one out on the list, as is evident from his selection of third-party reviews. From the Hare Krishna ranks, Steven_J._Rosen is a notable and well-published author, but I still wouldn't list him in the same context with Ananda Coomaraswamy and Ram Swarup. —Baba Bom (talk) 21:36, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hindu reform movements


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Ryszard Gryglewski

Ryszard Jerzy Gryglewski ( Polish : ; 4 August 1932 – 30 January 2023) was a Polish pharmacologist and physician. He is known for co-discovering prostacyclin. He was a Member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) and the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN). He was the recipient of Sir Hans Krebs Medal as well as Poland's highest order of merit, the Order of the White Eagle.

Life and career
Gryglewski graduated in medicine from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, where he also wrote his doctorate in Pharmacology and in 1971 became a professor. In 1965, he was appointed as the head of the Department of Pharmacology at the Medical Academy in Kraków. He was a member of many pharmacological associations around the world and since 1993 president of the Jagiellonian Medical Research Centre (Jagiellońskie Centrum Badań Medycznych).

His scientific work concerned experimental pharmacology. His research focused on the contribution of the blood-vascular system in building up immunity against thrombosis in the development of sclerosis. In 1976, together with S. Bunting, J. Vane and S. Moncada, he discovered prostacyclin, which set off many further scientific discoveries.

In 1975, he showed that the inhibition of the release of arachidonic acid represents the mechanisms of action of glucocorticosteroids.7 His study describing discovery of the free radical mediated mechanism underlying the regulation of nitric oxide stability was published in Nature in 1986.

Together with Andrzej Szczeklik, he was involved in the research on the so-called “aspirin-induced asthma” (AIA) and contributed to the concept that this disease is not caused by sensitization to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but results from the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase type 1 (COX-1) pathway.

Among his other notable discoveries was the fact that antiplatelet drugs, such as Clopidogrel, exert a strong fibrynolitic effect in the mechanism depentent on the endothelial cells.

Gryglewski died in Kraków on 30 January 2023, at the age of 90.

Awards and honours
In 1997, he was awarded the Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science for a series of studies on the regulation of thromboresistance.

In 2002, he received the Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta from President Aleksander Kwaśniewski for "outsanding merits in his scientific and didactical work".

In 2004, he received Sir Hans Krebs Medal of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS).

On 20 January 2017, he was awarded Poland's highest decoration, the Order of the White Eagle, by President Andrzej Duda for his "distinguished contributions to the development of pharmacology and clinical medicine".

authors: قنديل البحر ليس لذيذًا

title: Ryszard Gryglewski


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Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)

Tiberius Claudius Epaphroditus or Epaphroditos (Greek: Ἐπαφρόδιτος; born c. 20–25 – died c. 95), was a freedman and secretary of the Roman Emperor Nero. He was later executed by Domitian for failing to prevent Nero's suicide.

Name
His name originates from the Greek language and means "lovely, charming" combined with the name Aphrodite. This is preceded by the Greek preposition 'ep' which simply means 'for' thus indicating that this man was named with the intention of his life being dedicated to or for the Greek goddess Aphrodite. The Romans often gave slaves of Greek origins illustrious names from Greek mythology and culture, for example Claudius's freedman Narcissus, Nero's freedman Polyclitus and Antonia Minor's freedwoman Caenis.

Life
It is not known for certain who Epaphroditus' master was, but it is likely that he was freed by the Emperor Claudius (41–54). Because freedmen usually accepted the name of their former master, as an Imperial freedman, the official name of Epaphroditus would have probably been Tiberius Claudius Epaphroditus, to which Augusti libertus ("freedman of the emperor") could be added, if he was indeed emancipated by Claudius.

Epaphroditus was an Imperial freedman and secretary (a libellis), which means that he drafted the Emperor Nero's replies to petitions. He is mentioned as apparitor Caesarum, which means that he was some sort of servant of the Imperial Family, but his specific duties are not mentioned.

According to Tacitus, Epaphroditus learned in 65 AD that a group led by the senator Gaius Calpurnius Piso had organized a coup. Epaphroditus immediately reported it to the Emperor and Piso and his fellow conspirators were arrested. After the conspirators had been executed Epaphroditus received military honours. He was now a wealthy man and owned the Horti Epaphroditiani, large villa-gardens on the Esquiline Hill, east of the Domus Aurea ("Golden House"), which Nero had started to construct after the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD.

During the later conspiracy which did put an end to Nero's rule, Epaphroditus accompanied his master in his flight. When Nero attempted to kill himself (9 June 68 AD), Epaphroditus assisted him.

For rendering this assistance to Nero, however, Epaphroditus had afterwards to pay with his own life: Domitian first banished and afterwards ordered Epaphroditus to be put to death (c. 95 AD), because he had not exerted himself to save the life of Nero. It is likely that this execution is one of the main reasons that, about a year later, Domitian was assassinated by court officials.

Epaphroditus was the owner of Epictetus of Hierapolis, a Stoic philosopher taught by Musonius Rufus.

The man named Epaphroditus to whom Josephus dedicated his Antiquities of the Jews was most likely someone else by the same name, who may have been a freedman of Emperor Trajan; it is disputed whether he may have been the same Epaphroditus mentioned by St. Paul in the New Testament Epistle to the Philippians.

title: Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)


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Society for Art of Imagination

The Society for Art of Imagination (AOI) is an international artists' society whose stated mission is to promote art of vision and craftsmanship. It has branches all over the world, and the American branch is a registered charity. AOI is affiliated with many other visionary art groups, including the Fantastic Art Centre in South Africa

AOI was founded in 1961 by a group of artists from England who called themselves the Inscape Group, among them Diana Hesketh, Peter Holland, Brigid Marlin, Jack Ray and Steve Snell. Some of AOI's Honorary Art Members are Ernst Fuchs, H R Giger, Robert Venosa, Martina Hoffmann, Alex Grey, Laurie Lipton, De Es, Michel de Saint Ouen, Otto Rapp, Lukas Kandl and Ingo Swann.

AOI holds annual art shows all over the world. AOI also publishes the magazine Inscape. Artists are welcome to join.

title: Society for Art of Imagination


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Talk:Linguistic homeland

Split the article
There are too many sections to read comfortably and find discussions of urheimats in general. Could we please break off the sections for each language family into their own articles and link them, leaving this page to discuss Urheimats in general and how they're discovered? --Daviddwd (talk) 03:35, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Seconded. The Verified Cactus 100% 19:44, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Definition of Sudan for Nilo-Saharan
In the first paragraph on Nilo-Saharan: "archaeological evidence and linguistic studies that argue for a Nilo-Saharan homeland in eastern Sudan before 6000 BCE, with subsequent migration events northward to the eastern Sahara, westward to the Chad Basin, and southeastward into Kenya and Tanzania." The link goes to the country Sudan. The question is whether it needs to go to Sudan (region). I don't have ready access to the cited work that would clarify the meaning: "Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, 'The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,' Current Biology, Volume 20, Issue 4, R166–R173, 23 February 2010" But from the directions given for the migrations, it may be inferred that Campbell & Tishkoff are really talking about eastern Sudan (region). The area of the border between Chad and Sudan: Ouaddaï–Wadi Fira–West Darfur. From there, the Libyan Desert, i.e. eastern Sahara, lies north; the Chad Basin is to the west; and Kenya and Tanzania lie southeast of there. Eastern Sudan the country doesn't fit as well. Johanna-Hypatia (talk) 22:01, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Well, I found the Campbell & Tishkoff online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945812/ — They clearly site the Nilo-Saharan Urheimat along the border between Sudan and South Sudan, on the east side of both countries.
 * So I guessed wrong and they really did mean Sudan the country. Carry on. Johanna-Hypatia (talk) 01:00, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

 * The states they indicate include Upper Nile in South Sudan and Blue Nile in Sudan. Johanna-Hypatia (talk) 16:42, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Has "homeland" become more common than "Urheimat"?
Urheimat is fairly jargon-ish and as far as I can see the term "homeland" is more widely used. Since 2010 there are 6,000 Google Scholar results for  but only 320 for. Would it be worth discussing a move to "Language family homeland" or something similar? – Thjarkur (talk) 13:36, 10 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree, I think discussing a page move will have more merit that discussing a page deletion. I've never given this a thought, because "urheimat" is just as familiar to me as "homeland" (and less ambiguous—especially since 2002), but you definitely have a good point, especially given the Google Scholar result. At least in my field, Robert Blust, Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross always use "Austronesian homeland", "Oceanic homeland" etc. As for the new title: since the term in linguistics and related disciplines is plain "homeland", we could use "Homeland (some disambiguator)". –Austronesier (talk) 14:33, 10 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I wondered this too. It's hard to get a sense of what is more common from Google, because "homeland" is so generic and "Urheimat" also gives a lot of German results. I would at least say that "homeland" is the more accessible name for English speakers. We moved Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses to Proto-Indo-European homeland some time ago and I think that was an improvement. If we do decide to move, I'd suggest linguistic homeland as a natural disambiguation which is relatively widely used. – Joe (talk) 14:55, 10 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree, the natural disambiguation Linguistic homeland is available and looks good. Btw, can we add such a title in the dab-page Homeland (disambiguation), or does this run against WP:PARTIAL? –Austronesier (talk) 12:42, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Have added it. – Thjarkur (talk) 14:04, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 16 November 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Consensus above, so let's just go ahead. – Joe (talk) 15:46, 16 November 2020 (UTC) – Joe (talk) 15:46, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Urheimat → Linguistic homeland – As above, "homeland" is more commonly used and is more recognizable/accessible to the general reader. – Thjarkur (talk) 14:04, 16 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Support, per nom and discussion in the preceding section. –Austronesier (talk) 14:08, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

List of homelands
Following a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linguistics, and I have started trimming the sections on the homelands of individual language families. The idea is to split or merge most verifiable material to either standalone articles like Proto-Indo-European homeland or sections of the article on the relevant language family, leaving this article with a concise list and/or a link to a separate list of linguistic homelands (' suggestion). – Joe (talk) 11:04, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree that there's a lot of speculative fluff that should be cut here, but I don't see how a list could work, as most of these homelands are uncertain, and properly reflecting uncertainty means text. Some of the more solidly supported homelands have been cut too much. Some of them, e.g. Indo-European and Austronesian, could provide useful illustrations of sound methodology.
 * What might help more would be a prohibition on citing primary research.
 * It would be useful to have a short paragraph or two on each family, focussing on what is widely accepted, or at least widely considered. In many cases it's worth noting that a more restricted range is historically documented.
 * Also, the "Limitations of the concept" section seems to be more concerned with the difficulties in proving relationships between accepted families than with homelands. Kanguole 12:12, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I think the list format works pretty well? It gives the reader a brief summary style of what is known about the origin of particular language families, and links to articles with more detailed information where available. The problem including more than a few sentences is that, according to Glottolog for example, there are 244 "top-level families" which are theoretically within the scope of such a list (not to mention the "homelands" of many sub-families are also notable). Devoting paragraphs to each of those would be unmanageable, and even the small subset that was included before made the article too long (see repeated requests to split above).
 * Either way, the material Austronesier and I have cut was all poorly-referenced, incomplete or out-of-date, and in most cases flat-out wrong. So if we were to expand back to larger summaries, it would have to be from scratch based on better sources. What was verifiable has been moved to other articles. – Joe (talk) 12:54, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, "Limitations of the concept" is only peripherally related to the topic of the article, which is why I have started a still very sketchy "Methods" section, in order to have some flesh before trimming or scrapping "Limitations of the concept".
 * I am also very much in favor of a minimalist list of hard facts about homeland proposals for individual language families. Complexities should be addressed in the main articles, every attempt to go into details here will bring the risk of content forking. Uncertainty could be handled by giving the maximal geographical range of extant meaningful proposals. E.g. for Uralic, we could restrict ourselves to state that the homeland lay somewhere in northern Eurasia (because that's where all sensible proposals locate it, with a wide range of potential longitudes). –Austronesier (talk) 12:09, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Missing homelands
With the longer sections trimmed, we can see that the list in #Homelands of major language families is very incomplete. Here's a to-do list of what we're missing, based on the "top-level families" listed by Glottolog:

 * Africa
 * Afro-Asiatic
 * Atlantic-Congo (Niger–Congo)
 * Blue Nile Mao
 * Central Sudanic
 * Dajuic
 * Dizoid
 * Dogon
 * Eastern Jebel
 * Furan
 * Gumuz
 * Heibanic
 * Ijoid
 * Kadugli-Krongo
 * Katla-Tima
 * Khoe-Kwadi
 * Koman
 * Kresh-Aja
 * Kuliak
 * Kxa
 * Maban
 * Mande
 * Narrow Talodi
 * Nilotic
 * Nubian
 * Nyimang
 * Rashad
 * Saharan
 * Songhay
 * South Omotic
 * Surmic
 * Ta-Ne-Omotic
 * Tamaic
 * Temeinic
 * Tuu

 * Australia
 * Bunaban
 * Eastern Daly
 * Garrwan
 * Giimbiyu
 * Gunwinyguan
 * Iwaidjan Proper
 * Jarrakan
 * Limilngan-Wulna
 * Mangarrayi-Maran
 * Maningrida
 * Marrku-Wurrugu
 * Mirndi
 * North-Eastern Tasmanian
 * Northern Daly
 * Nyulnyulan
 * Pama-Nyungan
 * South-Eastern Tasmanian
 * Southern Daly
 * Tangkic
 * Western Daly
 * Western Tasmanian
 * Worrorran
 * Yangmanic

 * Eurasia
 * Abkhaz-Adyge
 * Ainu
 * Austroasiatic
 * Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Dravidian
 * Great Andamanese
 * Hmong-Mien
 * Hurro-Urartian (minor)
 * Indo-European
 * Japonic
 * Jarawa-Onge
 * Kartvelian
 * Koreanic
 * Mongolic-Khitan
 * Nakh-Daghestanian
 * Nivkh
 * Sino-Tibetan
 * Tai-Kadai (Kra–Dai)
 * Tungusic
 * Turkic
 * Uralic
 * Yeniseian
 * Yukaghir

 * Oceania (Papunesia)
 * Amto-Musan
 * Austronesian
 * Angan
 * Anim
 * Arafundi
 * Baibai-Fas
 * Baining
 * Bayono-Awbono
 * Bogia
 * Border
 * Bosavi
 * Bulaka River
 * Dagan
 * Doso-Turumsa
 * East Bird's Head
 * East Kutubu
 * East Strickland
 * Eastern Trans-Fly
 * Eleman
 * Geelvink Bay
 * Goilalan
 * Greater Kwerba
 * Hatam-Mansim
 * Inanwatan
 * Kamula-Elevala
 * Kaure-Kosare
 * Kayagaric
 * Keram
 * Kiwaian
 * Koiarian
 * Kolopom
 * Konda-Yahadian
 * Kwalean
 * Kwomtari-Nai
 * Lakes Plain
 * Left May
 * Lepki-Murkim-Kembra
 * Lower Sepik-Ramu
 * Mailuan
 * Mairasic
 * Manubaran
 * Mombum-Koneraw
 * Namla-Tofanma
 * Ndu
 * Nimboranic
 * North Bougainville
 * North Halmahera
 * Nuclear Torricelli
 * Nuclear Trans New Guinea
 * Pahoturi
 * Pauwasi
 * Piawi
 * Senagi
 * Sentanic
 * Sepik
 * Sko
 * Somahai
 * South Bird's Head Family
 * South Bougainville
 * Suki-Gogodala
 * Taulil-Butam
 * Teberan
 * Timor-Alor-Pantar
 * Tor-Orya
 * Turama-Kikori
 * Walioic
 * West Bird's Head
 * West Bomberai
 * Yam
 * Yareban
 * Yawa-Saweru
 * Yuat

 * North America
 * Algic
 * Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit (Na Dene)
 * Caddoan
 * Chimakuan
 * Chinookan
 * Chumashan
 * Cochimi-Yuman
 * Coosan (minor)
 * Eskimo-Aleut
 * Haida
 * Huavean
 * Iroquoian
 * Jicaquean
 * Kalapuyan
 * Keresan
 * Kiowa-Tanoan
 * Lencan
 * Maiduan
 * Mayan
 * Misumalpan
 * Miwok-Costanoan
 * Mixe-Zoque
 * Muskogean
 * Otomanguean
 * Palaihnihan (minor)
 * Pomoan (minor)
 * Sahaptian
 * Salishan
 * Shastan (minor)
 * Siouan
 * Tarascan
 * Tequistlatecan
 * Totonacan
 * Tsimshian
 * Uto-Aztecan
 * Wakashan
 * Wintuan
 * Xincan
 * Yokutsan
 * Yuki-Wappo

 * South America
 * Araucanian
 * Arawakan
 * Arawan
 * Aymaran
 * Barbacoan
 * Boran
 * Bororoan
 * Cahuapanan
 * Cariban
 * Chapacuran
 * Charruan
 * Chibchan
 * Chicham
 * Chiquitano
 * Chocoan
 * Chonan
 * Guahiboan
 * Guaicuruan
 * Harakmbut
 * Hibito-Cholon
 * Huarpean
 * Huitotoan
 * Jodi-Saliban
 * Kakua-Nukak
 * Kamakanan
 * Katukinan
 * Kawesqar
 * Lengua-Mascoy
 * Matacoan
 * Naduhup
 * Nambiquaran
 * Nuclear-Macro-Je
 * Otomaco-Taparita
 * Pano-Tacanan
 * Peba-Yagua
 * Puri-Coroado
 * Quechuan
 * Ticuna-Yuri
 * Tucanoan
 * Tupian
 * Uru-Chipaya
 * Yanomamic
 * Zamucoan
 * Zaparoan

The section is headed "major language families" (following the map in language family) so perhaps we won't want to include all or most of these, though I'm not sure what exactly 'major' means in this context. – Joe (talk) 09:12, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Coosan, a family which I am quite familiar with, comprises two extinct languages spoken in the same area (Coos Bay, Oregon) with uncertain external affiliations (Coast Oregon Penutian? Or even Penutian?). This is a clear case of 'minor', which we can exclude here. (Struck out and tagged as 'minor' – I will proceed with similar cases, feel free to revert me if you disagree). –Austronesier (talk) 09:48, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think the Glottolog list is a useful starting point. The vast majority of these are by no means "major", and there's probably not an interesting homeland question for a small family spoken in a compact area. Kanguole 12:40, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you know of a good, sourced definition of what constitutes a "major" family that we could work off? – Joe (talk) 13:39, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Comrie The World's Major Languages has headings for
 * Afroasiatic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Indo-European, Japonic, Koreanic, Kra-Dai, Niger-Congo, Sino-Tibetan, Turkic, Uralic
 * which would be an uncontroversial list for the Old World. Kanguole 14:57, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linguistic homeland


text:
Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri

Abd al-Rahim Hussein Muhammed Abdu al-Nashiri (عبد الرحيم حسين محمد عبده النشري; born January 5, 1965) is a Saudi Arabian citizen alleged to be the mastermind of the bombing of USS Cole and other maritime attacks. He is alleged to have headed al-Qaeda operations in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf states prior to his capture in November 2002 by the CIA's Special Activities Division.

Al-Nashiri was captured in Dubai in 2002 and held for four years in secret CIA prisons known as "black sites" in Afghanistan, Thailand, Poland, Morocco, Lithuania and Romania, before being transferred to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. While being interrogated, al-Nashiri was waterboarded, a technique since classified as torture. In 2005 the CIA destroyed the tapes of Nashiri's waterboarding. In another incident he was naked and hooded and threatened with a gun and a power drill to scare him into talking. Al-Nashiri was granted victim status in 2010 by the Polish government and a Polish prosecutor began "investigating the possible abuse of power by Polish public officials with regard to a CIA black site" in 2008.

In December 2008, al-Nashiri was charged by the United States before a Guantanamo Military Commission. The charges were dropped in February 2009 and reinstated in 2011. As of 2011, al-Nashiri is on trial before a military tribunal in Guantanamo on charges of war crimes that carry the death penalty. As it is extremely unlikely he would be freed if found not guilty, his lawyers have called the proceeding a show trial.

In April 2019, a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated all orders issued by Air Force Colonel Vance Spath, the presiding military judge over al-Nashiri's case from November 2015, on the grounds that Spath had failed to properly disclose his ongoing employment negotiations with the Department of Justice to al-Nashiri.

Background
Born in Saudi Arabia, al-Nashiri travelled to Afghanistan in the early 1990s to participate in attacks against the Russians in the region, at a time when the United States supported the mujahideen in such actions. In 1996, he travelled to Tajikistan and then Jalalabad, Afghanistan, where he first met Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden attempted to convince al-Nashiri to join al-Qaeda at this point, but he refused because he found the idea of swearing a loyalty oath to bin Laden to be distasteful. After al-Nashiri travelled to Yemen, he is alleged to have begun to consider committing terrorist actions against United States interests.

When he returned to Afghanistan in 1997, he again met bin Laden, but again declined to join in the terrorist group. Instead, he fought with the Taliban against the Afghan Northern Alliance. Still, he assisted in the smuggling of four anti-tank missiles into Saudi Arabia, and helped arrange for a terrorist to get a Yemeni passport. His cousin, Jihad Mohammad Ali al-Makki, was one of the suicide bombers in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya.

Allegedly joined al-Qaeda
Finally, probably in 1998, al-Nashiri is alleged to have joined al-Qaeda, reporting directly to bin Laden. In late 1998, he conceived of a plot to attack a U.S. vessel using a boat full of explosives. Bin Laden personally approved of the plan, and provided money for it. First, al-Nashiri allegedly attempted to attack USS The Sullivans (DDG-68) as a part of the 2000 millennium attack plots, but the boat he used was overloaded with explosives and began to sink.

The next attempt was the USS Cole bombing, which was successful. Seventeen U.S. sailors were killed, and many more were injured. This terrorist attack made al-Nashiri prominent within al-Qaeda, and he allegedly was made the chief of operations for the Arabian Peninsula. He organized the Limburg tanker bombing in 2002 of a French-flagged vessel off Yemen, and he may have planned other attacks as well.

Arrest
In November 2002, al-Nashiri was captured in the United Arab Emirates. He is in American military custody in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, having previously been held at some secret locations. On September 29, 2004, he was sentenced to death in absentia in a Yemeni court for his role in the USS Cole bombing.

Before being transported to military custody at Guantanamo, al-Nashiri was held by the CIA at black sites in Thailand and Poland for an undisclosed amount of time. CIA officials disagreed on al-Nashiri's role in planning the Cole bombing. One CIA official said of al-Nashiri, "He was an idiot. He couldn't read or comprehend a comic book."

Combatant Status Review
The Department of Defense announced on August 9, 2007, that all fourteen of the "high-value detainees" who had been transferred to Guantanamo from the CIA's black sites, had been officially classified as "enemy combatants". Although judges Peter Brownback and Keith J. Allred had ruled two months earlier that only "illegal enemy combatants" could face military commissions, the Department of Defense waived the qualifier and said that all fourteen men could now face charges before Guantanamo military commissions.

Interrogation
Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri was interrogated numerous times. At a 2007 hearing in a military court, he attributed his confessions of involvement in the USS Cole bombing to torture, including waterboarding. The details of torture that Nashiri offered at the hearing were redacted from the transcript.

Through Freedom of Information Act requests, the American Civil Liberties Union was able to acquire less redacted versions of the transcripts from Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri's Combatant Status Review Tribunal, and those of three other captives.

In his opening statement, al-Nashiri listed seven false confessions he had been coerced to make while being waterboarded.
 * 1) The French Merchant Vessel Limburg incident.
 * 2) The USS Cole bombing.
 * 3) The rockets in Saudi Arabia.
 * 4) The plan to bomb American ships in the Gulf.
 * 5) Relationship with people committing bombings in Saudi Arabia.
 * 6) Osama Bin Laden having a nuclear bomb.
 * 7) A plan to hijack a plane and crash it into a ship.

Al-Nashiri was tortured under the supervision of (then) current Director of the CIA Gina Haspel. A Navy Reserve doctor who interviewed him described him as "one of the most severely traumatized individuals I have ever seen". In August 2018, cables from the secret detention site overseen by Haspel, dating from November 2002 and likely authorized by if not written by her, were released because of a Freedom of Information lawsuit, and they describe the torture of Nashiri in detail, including slamming him against a wall, confining him to a small box, waterboarding him, and depriving him of sleep and clothing, as well as threatening to turn him over to others who would kill him and calling him “a little girl,” “a spoiled little rich Saudi,” and a “sissy.”

During the course of his tribunal, he claimed to have made additional confessions under the duress of torture. He was ostensibly the last of the al-Qaeda suspects to be videotaped, as he was waterboarded in Thailand by CIA officers who questioned him. Shortly after, when a prisoner died in CIA custody in Iraq, the government agents decided against videotaping such interrogations, as this provided criminal "evidence" if things went wrong. All the CIA tapes showing detainees being waterboarded were destroyed in 2005.

It was reported on August 22, 2009, that al-Nashiri was the subject of what is described as a mock execution during his torture by the CIA. A power drill and a handgun were used.

In May 2011, al-Nashiri's lawyers filed a case against Poland with the European Court of Human Rights. They said that Al-Nashiri was held and allegedly tortured in a secret CIA "black site" prison "north of Warsaw" (OSAW) from December 2002 to June 2003 with the collaboration or consent of the Polish government.

Order overruled
On January 29, 2009, an order from US president Obama's administration to suspend all Guantanamo military commission hearings for 120 days was overruled by military judge Army Colonel James Pohl in al-Nashiri's case.

Charges dropped
On February 5, 2009, al-Nashiri's charges were withdrawn without prejudice.

Charges re-instated
Since 2011, al-Nashiri has been at trial.

Death penalty
The prosecution planned to request the death penalty for al-Nashiri. The decision lies with the Convening authority, retired Admiral Bruce MacDonald. In April 2011, the Department of Defense allowed Richard Kammen, a civilian lawyer with a background in defending suspects against death penalty cases, to join al-Nashiri's defense team.

Al-Nashiri became the first Guantanamo captive to face the death penalty.

Request to end the prosecution
In a letter in July 2011, al-Nashiri's legal team said:

"Through the infliction of physical and psychological abuse, the government has essentially already killed the man it seized almost 10 years ago."

and

"By torturing Mr. Al-Nashiri and subjecting him to cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment, the United States has forfeited its right to try him and certainly to kill him,"

Questioning whether Al Nashiri will continue to be detained if he is acquitted
On October 24, 2011, Lieutenant Commander Stephen Reyes filed a legal motion requesting that jurors in his case be informed that he may be detained in Guantanamo, even if he was acquitted of all charges. Al-Nashiri's formal charges are scheduled to be announced at the Tribunal on November 9, 2011.

Legal scholar Robert M. Chesney, of Lawfare, speculated al-Nashiri would be detained, if acquitted, for at least several more years. Chesney argued that it would be just to continue to detain al-Nashiri, even if he were acquitted, because conviction requires a higher standard of evidence than a habeas corpus petition.

"Eligibility for military detention, according to a now-substantial body of habeas case law, turns on the preponderance of the evidence standard, as applied to a substantive test inquiring whether the person was a member of al Qaeda at the time of capture. One can satisfy that standard consistent with a military commission acquittal."

Defense motions filed in April 2012
Presiding Officer James L. Pohl considered several motions during a pre-trial hearing on April 11, 2012. He deferred rulings on many of them. He did rule to unshackle al-Nashiri for meetings with his lawyers, who had argued that he was traumatized by being shackled for years in secret CIA prisons and that being shackled during meetings impairs his ability to work with his lawyers.

Jose Rodriguez's dispute over al Nashiri's role
On May 8, 2012, Ali Soufan, al-Nashiri's original FBI interrogator, asked whether a recently published book by former CIA official Jose Rodriguez would undermine al-Nashiri's prosecution. Soufan's original FBI interrogation used the time-tested, legal technique of rapport-building. He has argued that the information derived from the suspect using this technique was reliable, whereas the confessions derived through torture were not.

Rodriguez was in over-all charge of the CIA's extended interrogation program. According to Soufan, Rodriquez's account of al Nashiri's role in the Cole bombing differed markedly from that of the prosecution. Rodriguez disputed that Al Nashiri had been the bombing's "mastermind", and agreed with a colleague who characterized him as "the dumbest terrorist I have ever met".

Mental health examination
Presiding Officer James Pohl ruled on February 7, 2013, that an independent panel of mental health experts should examine Al Nashiri, and report on how the documented torture he was subjected to would affect his ability to assist in his own defense. Pohl called for the director of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center to nominate the members of examination team. He called for the team to report back by April 1, 2013. The team is supposed to be given full access to al Nashiri's medical files, including the top secret records from his times in CIA custody. The assessment was requested by the prosecution.

Al Nashiri's defense team objected to the assessment, based on their doubts that a team appointed by the Office of Military Commissions could be relied upon. They called for the team to rely on the advice of Vincent Iacopino for how to interview Al Nashiri, without causing additional damage. Iacopino, a renowned expert on torture, had testified before the Military Commission on February 5, 2013, about the possible effects of torture on Al Nashiri.

According to Richard Kammen, Nashiri's chief lawyer, psychiatric expert Sondra Crosby believes Nashiri is "one of the most damaged victims of torture" she has ever examined.

Military Commission
In 2011, Vice Admiral Bruce E. MacDonald convened a Guantanamo military commission under the Military Commissions Act of 2009 to try al-Nashiri for the bombing of the USS Cole and the M/V Limburg and the attempted bombing of the USS The Sullivans (DDG-68). Al-Nashiri then sued Vice Admiral MacDonald in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington to block the commission and in May 2012, U.S. District Judge Robert Jensen Bryan rejected al-Nashiri's claim. That judgment was affirmed by United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judges M. Margaret McKeown, Arthur Alarcón, and Sandra Segal Ikuta in December 2013.

On February 18, 2014, al-Nashiri attempted to fire his counsel, Rick Kammen. Judge Pohl granted a recess until February 19, 2014, to allow Kammen to attempt to repair the relationship with his client. If the two are unable to overcome their differences, al-Nashiri would be permitted to fire Kammen under current military commission rules.

In August 2014, al-Nashiri's military trial judge dismissed the charges relating to the M/V Limburg bombing. The Government appealed to the United States Court of Military Commission Review and al-Nashiri then petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for a writ of mandamus disqualifying the military judges. In June 2015, Circuit Judge Karen L. Henderson, joined by Judges Judith W. Rogers and Nina Pillard denied al-Nashiri's petition.

Al-Nashiri then sued President Barack Obama in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, seeking an injunction preventing proceedings in his military commission trial until his writ of habeas corpus had been resolved. In December 2014, U.S. District Judge Richard W. Roberts held the case in abeyance pending resolution of al-Nashiri's military commission trial and so denied as moot al-Nashiri's lawsuit against the President. Judge Roberts reasoned that the abstention doctrine announced in Schlesinger v. Councilman (1975), which required judicial review of an ongoing court-martial to wait until it is completed, also applied to al-Nashiri's military commission. In August 2016, D.C. Circuit Judge Thomas B. Griffith, joined by Judge David B. Sentelle, affirmed that judgment, over the dissent of Judge David S. Tatel.

On October 18, 2016, the new military judge, Air Force Colonel Vance Spath took a step that Stephen Vladeck, a law professor and national security expert described as "unprecedented". Spath had United States Marshals take Stephen Gill, into custody, to compel him to testify at a pre-trial hearing.

In October 2018, al-Nashiri petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for a writ of mandamus and prohibition, seeking a vacatur of all military commission orders issued by Colonel Spath. Al-Nashiri argued that inter alia, Spath had failed to disclose his job application to the Department of Justice and the subsequent employment negotiations concerning an open position for an immigration judge in the Executive Office for Immigration Review, which created an appearance of bias, disqualifying Spath from presiding over al-Nashiri's military commission. Spath had retired on November 1, 2018, and was appointed by Attorney General Jeff Sessions as an immigration judge in October 2018. After oral arguments were held before a panel consisting of Judge Rogers, Tatel, and Griffith, the Court vacated all orders issued by Spath, concluding that "Spath’s job application to the Justice Department created a disqualifying appearance of partiality". In writing for a unanimous court, Tatel wrote:

"Although a principle so basic to our system of laws should go without saying, we nonetheless feel compelled to restate it plainly here: criminal justice is a shared responsibility. Yet in this case, save for Al-Nashiri’s defense counsel, all elements of the military commission system—from the prosecution team to the Justice Department to the CMCR to the judge himself—failed to live up to that responsibility."

European Court of Human Rights judgment
On July 24, 2014, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that Poland violated the European Convention on Human Rights when it cooperated with the U.S. by allowing the CIA to hold and torture al-Nashiri and Abu Zubaydah on its territory in 2002–2003. The court ordered the Polish government to pay each of the men 100,000 euros in damages. Additionally, the ECHR ordered the Polish government to disclose details of the men's detention and to seek diplomatic assurances from the United States that al-Nashiri will not be executed. On the May 31, 2018, in the Case of Al Nashiri v. Romania (Application no. 33234/12) the Court held Romania was complicit in CIA rendition and had suffered various ECHR violations. It stated the following in its rulings;

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, (a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the convention, EUR 100,000 (one hundred thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable in respect of non-pecuniary damage; (b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
 * 1. Holds that the matters complained of are within the “jurisdiction” of Romania within the meaning of Article 1 of the convention and that the responsibility of Romania is engaged under the convention, and dismisses the Government's preliminary objection concerning a lack of jurisdiction and responsibility;
 * 2. Decides to join to the merits the Government's preliminary objections of non-exhaustion of domestic remedies and non-compliance with the six-month rule and dismisses them;
 * 3. Declares the complaints under Articles 2, 3, 5, 6 § 1, 8 and 13 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 6 to the Convention admissible and the remainder of the application inadmissible;
 * 4. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in its procedural aspect on account of the respondent State's failure to carry out an effective investigation into the applicant's allegations of serious violations of the convention, including inhuman treatment and undisclosed detention;
 * 5. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in its substantive aspect, on account of the respondent State's complicity in the CIA High-Value Detainee Programme in that it enabled the US authorities to subject the applicant to inhuman treatment on its territory and to transfer him from its territory in spite of a real risk that he would be subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3;
 * 6. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 of the convention on account of the applicant's undisclosed detention on the respondent State's territory and the fact that the respondent State enabled the US authorities to transfer him from its territory, in spite of a real risk that he would be subjected to further undisclosed detention;
 * 7. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 8 of the convention;
 * 8. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 13 of the convention on account of the lack of effective remedies in respect of the applicant's grievances under Articles 3, 5 and 8 of the convention;
 * 9. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the convention on account of the transfer of the applicant from the respondent State's territory in spite of a real risk that he could face a flagrant denial of justice;
 * 10. Holds that there has been a violation of Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention taken together with Article 1 of Protocol No. 6 to the convention on account of the transfer of the applicant from the respondent State's territory in spite of a real risk that he could be subjected to the death penalty;
 * 11. Holds
 * 12. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant's claim for just satisfaction.

The court therefore found that Mr Al Nashiri had been within Romania's jurisdiction and that the country had been responsible for the violation of his rights under the convention. It also recommended that Romania conclude a full investigation into Mr Al Nashiri's case as quickly as possible and, if necessary, punish any officials responsible. The country should also seek assurances from the United States that Mr Al Nashiri will not suffer the death penalty.

On May 31, 2018, the ECHR ruled that Romania and Lithuania also violated the rights of Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri in 2003-2005 and in 2005-2006 respectively, and Lithuania and Romania were ordered to pay 100,000 euros in damages each to Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Nashiri.

title: Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri


text:
Siding Spring Observatory

Siding Spring Observatory near Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia, part of the Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics (RSAA) at the Australian National University (ANU), incorporates the Anglo-Australian Telescope along with a collection of other telescopes owned by the Australian National University, the University of New South Wales, and other institutions. The observatory is situated 1165 m above sea level in the Warrumbungle National Park on Mount Woorat, also known as Siding Spring Mountain. Siding Spring Observatory is owned by the Australian National University (ANU) and is part of the Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories research school.

More than A$100 million worth of research equipment is located at the observatory. There are over 60 telescopes on site, though not all are operational.

History
The original Mount Stromlo Observatory was set up by the Commonwealth Government in 1924. After duty supplying optical components to the military in World War II, the emphasis on astronomical research changed in the late 1940s from solar to stellar research. Between 1953 and 1974, the 74 in reflecting telescope at Mount Stromlo was the largest optical telescope in Australia.

Already in the 1950s, the artificial lights of Canberra, ACT, had brightened the sky at Mount Stromlo to such an extent that many faint astronomical objects had been overwhelmed by light pollution. The search for a new site was initiated by Bart Bok. After a site survey was undertaken the number of possible locations was narrowed down to two – Siding Spring and Mount Bingar near Griffith, also in New South Wales. Siding Spring was first suggested for astronomy by Harley Wood, the New South Wales Government Astronomer at the time. Arthur Hogg did much of the preliminary site testing.

The Siding Spring site was selected by the ANU in 1962 from many other possible locations because of the dark and cloud-free skies. By the mid-1960s the ANU had set up three telescopes, together with supporting facilities, such as sealed roads, staff accommodation, electricity and water. In 1984, the Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, opened the ANU's largest telescope, the low-cost and innovative 2.3 m aperture telescope, housed in a simple, co-rotating cuboid dome.

Since the 1950s, and quite independently of developments at Siding Spring, the Australian and British governments had been negotiating about the construction of a very large telescope. When these negotiations finally came to fruition in 1969, the infrastructure of Siding Spring Observatory was already in place, and it was the obvious site at which to locate the 3.9 m aperture Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT).

During the construction of the AAT in the early 1970s, the British Science Research Council also built the UK Schmidt Telescope, 1 km to the northeast of the AAT dome. The considerably wider field of view of the Schmidt optical design complements the narrower field of the AAT, in that larger areas of sky may be surveyed more quickly. Interesting objects so discovered are then studied in greater detail on the larger instrument. In 1987, the Schmidt Telescope was amalgamated with the AAT.

Siding Spring Observatory also houses many telescopes from institutions across the world including, Korea, America, the UK, Poland, Hungary, Germany and Russia. In 1990, the earth-satellite tracking facility of the Royal Greenwich Observatory was closed down after 10 years of operation.

In 2012 the first publicly accessible Internet based observatory, working in partnership with the RSAA, was commissioned by with over 25 telescopes housed in a large roll-off roof (ROR) observatory near the base of the UK Schmidt Telescope.

Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network operate a 2-metre Ritchey Chretien telescope used for research, citizen science, and education purposes by users across the globe. Also, they operate inside the clam style dome 2 x 0.40 cm telescopes, and a further 2 × 1 metre telescopes housed in individual domes outside the building. Currently there are over one thousand registered users of the Faulkes Telescopes, who vary from schools and community groups to professional astronomers. A global network of robotic optical telescopes will not only provide continuous sky coverage and the ability to treat the network as a single instrument, but also provide the resources for performing cutting-edge science in collaboration with other organisations.

ROTSE, Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment is operated by the University of New South Wales (UNSW), the 0.45 m, 3rd-generation robotic telescope has successfully detected the transient optical emission from several GRB events. The wide field of view and the fast response permit measurements inaccessible to more conventional instruments.

HAT-South is a project to search for transiting extrasolar planets in the Southern Hemisphere. It uses a network of wide-field telescopes to monitor hundreds of thousands of bright stars, searching for the characteristic dip in light that occurs when a planet passes in front of its host star. Hat – South is made up of 3 sites in the Southern hemisphere with two "TH4" units, making that 8 x 0.2-metre telescopes each at every sites. These TH4 units consist of four 0.18 m Takahashi astrographs fitted with Apogee 4k x 4k CCDs. Each TH4 unit monitors 64 square degrees of sky at a time, so each site is capable of monitoring 128 square degrees of sky.

Automated Patrol Telescope (APT) is operated by the University of NSW (UNSW) is a wide-field CCD imaging telescope. The 0.5 m telescope has a 5-degree field of view and can be operated remotely or in a fully automatic mode. The telescope has an optical design that more resembles that of a Schmidt camera, but has a 3-element lens to achieve a wide, corrected field of view. The APT was developed by extensively modifying the optical, mechanical and electronic systems of a Baker-Nunn satellite tracking instrument. The Baker-Nunn telescope had been located at Woomera in South Australia during the 1960s, and afterward was stationed at Orroral Valley near Canberra. The camera was donated by the Smithsonian Institution to UNSW in 1982.

PROMPT (also known as Skynet) is run by the University of North Carolina. The Panchromatic Robotic Optical Monitoring and Polarimetry Telescopes is made up of 4 x 0.41 Ritchey Chretien telescopes is entirely robotic and queue based. They are able to have rapid and simultaneous multi-wavelength observations of gamma ray burst afterglows and other transient objects.

Uppsala Schmidt Telescope was built in 1957 originally located in Sweden, relocated to Mount Stromlo, then finally in 1982 making a home at Siding Spring Observatory. The telescope was used by ANU in many roles such as Near Earth Object studies (NEOs) by famous comet hunter Rob McNaught. It was also the southern hemisphere counterpart of the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) located in Arizona, USA. The telescope is a 0.5m spherical mirror, with a 0.5m correcting plate, which allows a 6 degree field of view.

The KMT, Korean Microlensing Telescope, is a 1.6 m operated by KASI. The KMTNet aims primarily to discover extrasolar planets based on the analyses of gravitational microlensing phenomena, especially the detection of earth-mass planets in the habitable zone. The KMTNet system has a very competitive power for wide-field photometric survey sciences that study supernovae, asteroids and external galaxies, for instance. Because the observation period of the Galactic bulge focuses on the primary science on extrasolar planets, the other science programs are performed in the season when the Galactic bulge is not observable.

The Skymapper telescope, operated by the ANU, is currently mapping the entire southern sky, completing each map over a period of 3 months. The survey will record more than a billion stars and galaxies. This fully automated telescope also uses a series of filters enabling the camera to record the spectral type of stars, giving astronomers information about their age, mass and temperature. The 1.35m telescope has been used in the hunt for Planet 9 and more trans Neptunian objects, supernovae and also finding the oldest known star in the universe.

Solaris 3, operated by the Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center as part of a network across the Southern hemisphere, is a single 0.5-metre telescope, using a new method referred to as eclipse timing to search for exoplanets. They have also added an astrograph to their telescope, giving it dual purpose.

Jaxa, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, operate four 0.25-metre telescopes, searching and tracking space debris and near-Earth objects in the Southern hemisphere.

Huntsman Telephoto Array is operated by the AAO & Macquarie University to take images of faint galaxy structures using commercial lenses. Initially it will use a 0.28-metre Celestron Rowe-Ackermann Schmidt Astrograph (RASA) telescope with seven 400 mm Canon f/2.8 camera lenses.

bRing-AU, operated by a collaboration of Universities and astronomers will search for circumplanetary material, studying disks of dust in early history and the formation of icy satellites. They use 2 small modified cameras, with Kodak CCD chips.

2013 Bushfire
On 13 January 2013 the facility was threatened by a huge bushfire and firestorm. Eighteen staff were evacuated to Coonabarabran. Three buildings were destroyed: 'The Lodge' accommodation used by visiting researchers, the Director's Cottage and the Fire Station. Bushfire prevention measures had been implemented and were credited with the protection of the telescopes. Though smoke, ash and other air-borne debris entered some domes, all telescopes survived the inferno. The first telescopes back in action were those of the iTelescope Remote Observatory on 20 January. The Anglo-Australian Telescope resumed normal operations in mid-February 2013.

Visitors
There is a visitors' gallery and exhibition area open to the public which also incorporates a café and souvenir shop. During NSW school holidays, guided tours of the site are offered. Groups of over 15 adults may apply for behind the scenes walking or bus tours.

An Open Day is held annually in October, offering talks about astronomy and tours inside many of the telescope domes which are open to the public on this one day of the year. These tours include the AAT 3.9M, UK Schmidt,, 2.3M ANU and the LCGTN 2M telescope facilities.

Telescopes

 * 3.9 m Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAO), operational in 1974
 * 1.24 m UK Schmidt Telescope (AAO)
 * 2 m Faulkes Telescope South (Las Cumbres Observatory)
 * 1.3 m SkyMapper Telescope (ANU), when launched in 2009 was the first new optical, research grade telescope in Australia since 1984.
 * 2.3 m Advanced Technology Telescope (ANU), was built in 1984
 * Multiple – (iTelescope Network), Internet connected remote telescopes for the Public. Built 2013
 * 4 x 0.4 m PROMPT Telescopes (The University of North Carolina), Built 2013
 * HAT-South Telescope Network (ANU, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy) with 8 x 0.2 m telescopes
 * SOLARIS Telescope (Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre – Poland. Built 2012)
 * 0.5 m Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope (ANU – decommissioned 2013)
 * 0.5 m Automated Patrol Telescope (UNSW – decommissioned 2012)
 * 0.45 m ROTSE IIIa, Robotic Optical Transit Search Experiment (UNSW)
 * Jaxa (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) telescopes
 * 40 inch Telescope (ANU), was first commissioned in 1963 currently decommissioned and moved to Milroy Observatory for use by amateurs.
 * 24 inch Telescope (ANU – decommissioned)
 * 16 inch Telescope (ANU currently housing a 14-inch telescope for outreach programs)
 * 1.6 m Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet)
 * Two 8 x 0.4 m Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer array telescopes (GOTO-S), built 2023

Observing programs
The Anglo-Australian Near-Earth Asteroid Survey used the UK Schmidt Telescope between 1990 and 1996. The same telescope was later dedicated for use by the RAVE survey of the Milky Way. The Near-Earth object search program called the Siding Spring Survey (closed 2013) used the Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope. The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, one of the largest survey of galaxies ever undertaken used the Anglo-Australian Telescope between 1995 and 2002.

Discoveries
1977, the Vela Pulsar was discovered at Siding Spring. Comets discovered from the observatory include Comet 103P/Hartley, discovered in 1986 by Malcolm Hartley, Comet C/2006 P1, discovered by Robert H. McNaught using the Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope on 8 August 2006, and Comet C/2013 A1, also discovered by McNaught, which passed extremely close to Mars on 19 October 2014.

title: Siding Spring Observatory


text:
Lough Derg

Lough Derg is the name of two lakes in Ireland:
 * Lough Derg (Shannon) a large lake on the River Shannon, bordering counties Clare, Galway and Tipperary
 * Lough Derg, County Donegal a small lake, a place of Christian pilgrimage

title: Lough Derg


text:
Category:Scandals

A scandal is a widely publicized incident that involves allegations of official misconduct, disgrace, or moral outrage. A scandal may be based on reality, the product of false allegations, or a mixture of both. Inclusion in this category does not imply guilt, but rather that a scandal (whether justified or not) has taken place.

title: Category:Scandals


text:
Them or Us

Them or Us is an album by American musician Frank Zappa, released in October 1984 by Barking Pumpkin Records.

Album content
Its opening and closing songs were not written by Zappa: "The Closer You Are", was written by Earl Lewis and Morgan Robinson and originally released by the Channels; and "Whippin' Post", originally performed by the Allman Brothers Band.

"Ya Hozna" includes backward vocals taken from "Sofa No. 2" (from One Size Fits All, 1975), "Lonely Little Girl" (from We're Only in It for the Money, 1968) and unreleased outtakes of "Valley Girl" (vocals by Moon Zappa). "Planet of My Dreams" (featuring Bob Harris on vocals) is a 1981 studio recording taken from the score of Zappa's unrealized 1972 stage musical Hunchentoot (other titles from this show appear on the first-CD edition of the Sleep Dirt reissue from 1991). "Be in My Video", described as the best song on the album, pokes fun at the cliches in music videos, particularly David Bowie's 1983 hit single "Let's Dance".

As with other Zappa rock albums of this era, many of the tracks are sourced from live recordings. Later studio overdubs were liberally applied, although there is no mention of this on the album notes.

Release
Following problems with the album Thing-Fish, which MCA Records refused to distribute, Zappa made a deal with EMI Records, which would allow Them or Us and Thing-Fish to be distributed by Capitol Records in the United States. Zappa wrote a "warning" which appeared on the inner sleeves of these albums, as well as Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention (1985), which stated that the albums contained content "which a truly free society would neither fear nor suppress", and a "guarantee" which stated that the lyrics would not "cause eternal torment in the place where the guy with the horns and pointed stick conducts his business."

Musicians

 * Frank Zappa – guitar, vocals
 * Ray White – guitar, vocals
 * Steve Vai – guitar
 * Dweezil Zappa – guitar
 * Tommy Mars – keyboards
 * Bobby Martin – keyboards, saxophone, vocals, harmonica
 * George Duke – piano, vocals
 * Brad Cole – piano
 * Scott Thunes – bass, Minimoog
 * Arthur Barrow – bass
 * Patrick O'Hearn – bass
 * Ed Mann – percussion
 * Chad Wackerman – drums
 * Ike Willis – vocals
 * Napoleon Murphy Brock – vocals
 * Roy Estrada – vocals
 * Johnny "Guitar" Watson – vocals
 * Moon Zappa – vocals
 * Bob Harris – vocals
 * Thana Harris – vocals

Production staff

 * Mark Pinske – chief engineer
 * John Matousek – mastering
 * Gabrielle Raumberger – artwork, graphic design
 * Steve Schapiro – photography
 * Bob Stone – engineer
 * Donald Roller Wilson - Cover art

title: Them or Us


text:
Talk:Change of base

Couldn't it also mean change of base in arithmetic, e.g. from binary to base 10? Charles Matthews 18:21, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Sure, link to whatever article that's discussed in. CryptoDerk 18:31, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

Hoping you'd tell me! Charles Matthews 20:54, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, well I'll have to look it up. I only suggested you do it because it was hard to get around what with the servers being upgraded and such.  I'll find it and add it, or if it doesn't exist then I'll create it. CryptoDerk 21:03, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. CryptoDerk 21:07, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Change of base


text:
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup

The 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup was the seventh edition of the Gold Cup, the soccer championship of North America, Central America and the Caribbean (CONCACAF).

For the first time since 1993, the tournament was held in more than one country, with games played in both United States and Mexico. The games were played in Mexico City, Miami, and for the first time in a northern U.S. city, Foxborough. The format of the tournament stayed the same as in 2002: twelve teams were split into four groups of three, the top two teams in each group would advance to the quarter-finals. Colombia and Brazil were invited, with the latter sending an Under-23 team.

The United States' Landon Donovan put four past Cuba in the quarterfinals in a 5–0 win, but the defending champions went out to Brazil in the semi-finals. The South Americans scored a goal in the 89th minute and added a penalty in extra time to win 2–1. Mexico won their first championship since 1998, beating Brazil 1–0 in extra time.

Squads
The 12 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 18 players; only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.

Bracket

Goalscorers

Awards
The following Gold Cup awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament: the Golden Boot (top scorer), Golden Ball (best overall player) and Golden Glove (best goalkeeper).

title: 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup


text:
Ejabberd

ejabberd is an Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) application server and an MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker, written mainly in the Erlang programming language. It can run under several Unix-like operating systems such as macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and OpenSolaris. Additionally, ejabberd can run under Microsoft Windows. The name ejabberd stands for Erlang Jabber Daemon (Jabber being a former name for XMPP) and is written in lowercase only, as is common for daemon software.

ejabberd is free software, distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL-2.0-or-later. , it is one of the most popular open source applications written in Erlang. XMPP: The Definitive Guide (O'Reilly Media, 2009) praised ejabberd for its scalability and clustering feature, at the same time pointing out that being written in Erlang is a potential acceptance issue for users and contributors. The software's creator, Alexey Shchepin was awarded the Erlang User of the Year award at the 2006 Erlang user conference.

ejabberd has a number of notable deployments, IETF Groupchat Service, BBC Radio LiveText, Nokia's Ovi, KDE Talk and one in development at Facebook. ejabberd is the most popular server among smaller XMPP-powered sites that register on xmpp.org.

With the next major release after version 2 (previously called ejabberd 3), the versioning scheme was changed to reflect release dates as "Year.Month-Revision" (starting with 13.04-beta1). It was also announced that further development will be split into an "ejabberd Community Server" and an "ejabberd Commercial Edition [which] targets carriers, websites, service providers, large corporations, universities, game companies, that need high level of commitment from ProcessOne, stability and performance and a unique set of features to run their business successfully."

Project history
Alexey Shchepin started ejabberd in November 2002 for three main reasons: success with Tkabber (his previous project, an XMPP client), a rather unstable first alpha release of jabberd2, and his wish to play with Erlang features. Shchepin has stated that he would have not started ejabberd without Erlang. Ejabberd hit version 1.0 in December 2005.

Features
ejabberd has a high level of compliance with XMPP. It provides a web interface which can be translated into other languages. ejabberd supports distributed computing by clustering, supports live upgrades, shared roster groups and provides support for virtual hosts. Database management systems supported include PostgreSQL and MySQL, and ODBC is supported for connectivity to other systems. LDAP authentication is supported, as is login via SSL/TLS, SASL and STARTTLS.

ejabberd is extensible via modules, which can provide support for additional capabilities such as saving offline messages, connecting with IRC channels, or a user database which makes use of user's vCards (saving vCards in LDAP or an ODBC compatible database is possible with other modules). In addition, modules can provide support for extensions of the XMPP protocol, such as MUC, HTTP polling, Publish-Subscribe, and gathering statistics via XMPP.

Starting with version 2.0.0 ejabberd also includes support for the Proxy65 file transfer proxy which enabled Jabber/XMPP users behind firewalls to share files through a SOCKS 5 proxy.

ejabberd can communicate with other XMPP servers and with non-XMPP instant messaging networks as well, using a special type of XMPP component called transport or gateway.

Distribution methods
In addition to the source code package and binary installers for Linux, macOS, and Windows, ejabberd is also available in several operating system distributions as is typical in FOSS, including Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Ubuntu, Arch Linux, OpenSolaris, FreeBSD Ports, OpenBSD ports, NetBSD port and Mac OS X's Fink.

Other methods in which ejabberd is available are the TurnKey Linux Virtual Appliance Library and Comprehensive Erlang Archive Network (CEAN). An old version of ejabberd is included in the Unison unified communications software.

Notable deployments
ejabberd is known to be used by XMPP-related sites and a number of companies, either for providing an XMPP instant messaging service, as a meeting chat room service, or as middleware for other software (usually by means of the Publish-Subscribe service).

XMPP servers deployed for XMPP-related sites are usually run using ejabberd, both in case of large and small servers. One large public XMPP servers runs ejabberd: the Russian jabber.ru, that handles between 10,000 and 20,000 concurrent users at any time. Among smaller XMPP-related sites, ejabberd is also the most popular server. When not taking into account the size or nature of the server, ejabberd is also the most widely deployed: according to IMtrends report from July 2008 based in automated server detection, 37% of 7292 servers were running ejabberd; the second position being jabberd14 with 22.4% and the third Openfire with 18.4%.

Among generic instant messaging deployments are ISPs like the Portuguese SAPO, and the German United Internet for services like GMX and Web.de. The Russian search engine Yandex uses a highly modified version of ejabberd, named Yabberd. Nokia's Ovi uses ejabberd with some customizations. Major League Baseball offers instant messaging and chatrooms using a customized ejabberd. Mxit was a large server for mobile instant messaging client that started using ejabberd in 2005, but was replaced with a custom IM engine. Universities known to use ejabberd include: Saint Petersburg State University, Taganrog State University and the Division of Information Technology of the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

In the FOSS world, there is a pair of notable generic deployments of ejabberd, namely the KDE Talk and the Fellowship of the Free Software Foundation Europe.

ejabberd chatroom feature provides the IETF Groupchat Service, used by the various working groups, areas, and BOF sessions during meetings and at other times.

Other deployments use ejabberd in more novel ways. For instance, BBC Radio LiveText uses ejabberd's Publish-Subscribe service to synchronously broadcast text content with the radio stream. sameplace.cc is a Mozilla Firefox extension that integrates Jabber/XMPP in the web browser, and uses ejabberd for the XMPP server. Other deployments include Chesspark (online chess playing site), Collecta (real-time search), and Notifixious (notifications of website subscriptions).

One Laptop per Child's School server uses ejabberd with OLPC-specific patches as the instant messaging server.

In 2008 Facebook announced that they will support XMPP for their chat service. Facebook developers made a presentation on the topic at Commercial Users of Functional Programming (CUFP) 2009 conference, and in November 2009 chat.facebook.com was detected as running a modified version of ejabberd. Om Malik commented on the development as "disruptive" competition for "older IM networks such as AOL's AIM and Microsoft's MSN". On Feb 10th 2010, the Facebook blog announced the opening of the XMPP interface to Facebook chat, based on ejabberd.

Another social media and blogging service that uses ejabberd is LiveJournal Talk. The Spanish-focused Tuenti social network uses a modified ejabberd to provide a live chat service.

The worldwide jabber.org XMPP server, with a userbase of 330,000 users and 15,000 users online at any one time in December 2009, have used ejabberd since February 2006 until January 2010. (In 2010 Jabber.org migrated to M-Link XMPP server from Isode Limited. )

Nintendo Switch uses ejabberd in its "Nintendo Switch Push Notification infrastructure" (NPNS) handling 10 million simultaneous connections.

Publications and reception
Two articles are published about ejabberd in magazines: "Démarrer avec ejabberd" in the French magazine PROgrammez! and "Passing notes in class", a post in Free Software Magazine.

Computerworld Australia interviewed Erlang creator Joe Armstrong in June 2009, and he referred to ejabberd in this way:
 * Q: "What's the most interesting program(s) you've seen written with Erlang for business?"
 * A: "That's difficult to answer, there are many good applications. Possibly Ejabberd which is an open-source Jabber/XMPP instant messaging server. Ejabberd appears to be the market leading XMPP server and things like Google Wave which runs on top of XMPP will probably attract a lot of people into building applications on XMPP servers."

Builder Australia interviewed Andre Pang in September 2007, and referred to ejabberd in those terms: "the apps that Erlang is suited for really aren't CPU bound that often, if you look at ejabberd, it serves some absolutely crazy amount of concurrent connections, well over 100,000, and they're running it on, I'm not sure, but it's something like a Quad core XEON machine."

ejabberd is mentioned in several books related to the XMPP protocol and the Erlang language. XMPP: The Definitive Guide (O'Reilly Media, 2009) refers to ejabberd in those terms: The server is well-known for its scalability, and it can be clustered across multiple instances. A 2006 internal review paper in the IT department of Cambridge University found it the best choice amongst Jabber servers. In the same year Alexey Shchepin was awarded the "User of the Year" award at the 12th International Erlang/OTP User Conference.

Other published books that mention ejabberd are:
 * "Programming Erlang: Software for a Concurrent World" (Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2008)
 * "Erlang Programming: A Concurrent Approach to Software Development" (O'Reilly Media, 2009)
 * "Openfire Administration: A practical step-by-step guide to rolling out a secure Instant Messaging service over your network" (Packt Publishing, 2008)
 * "Fedora 11 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Bible" (Wiley, 2009)

ejabberd was used in research works of papers published in international conferences proceedings and journals:
 * XMPP for cloud computing in bioinformatics supporting discovery and invocation of asynchronous web services
 * Kestrel: an XMPP-based framework for many task computing applications
 * IM'ing overload: Libraryh3lp to the rescue
 * Towards an Enhanced Adaptability and Usability of Web-Based Collaborative Systems
 * Leveraging Visual Tailoring and Synchronous Awareness in Web-Based Collaborative Systems
 * Adding New Communication Services to the FIPA Message Transport System

There are four patent applications published in the United States Patent and Trademark Office that involve ejabberd:
 * US 2007/0271367 A1: Systems and Methods for Location-Based Social Web Interaction and Instant Messaging System
 * US 2008/0062969 A1: Instant Message Call Connect System Apparatus and Database
 * US 2008/0062970 A1: Instant Message Call Connect System Method and Interface
 * US 2008/0235189 A1: System for Searching for Information Based on Personal Interactions and Presences and Methods Thereof

title: Ejabberd


text:
Michael Kaplan

Michael Kaplan may refer to:
 * Michael Kaplan (biologist) (born 1952), American biology researcher, medical professor and clinical physician
 * Michael Kaplan (costume designer), American movie costume designer
 * Myq Kaplan (born 1978), American stand-up comedian

title: Michael Kaplan


text:
User:Heath Mitchell

user:s2west

user:d2murphy

My Music and Movement Page

title: User:Heath Mitchell


text: File:Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri.jpg

title: File:Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri.jpg


text:
Lincoln Mark LT

The Lincoln Mark LT is a luxury pickup truck manufactured and marketed by Ford's Lincoln division for model years 2006–2008 (U.S. and Canada) and 2006–2014 (Mexico) as a badge engineered, luxury-trimmed variant of the Ford F-150 truck — and a successor to the 2002-only Lincoln Blackwood.

The Mark LT was manufactured at Ford's River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Michigan, and at the Ford Cuautitlan plant in Cuautitlán, Mexico, on the same lines as the closely related Ford F-150, on which it was based. It used the same 330-cubic-inch, 300 hp 5.4 L Triton V8 and has four doors. The Mark LT also had optional all-wheel drive.

Lincoln projected selling 13,000 Mark LT's annually in the United States. The Mark LT was more successful than the Blackwood in its first year of sales with 10,274 sold in the first calendar year of sales (February 2005 through February 2006). The 2006 Mark LT outsold the Cadillac Escalade EXT, but the 2007 EXT gained on the Mark LT's sales consistently. After disappointing sales, the Mark LT was cancelled in the United States and Canada after the first generation. A second generation was marketed in Mexico where it was often the Lincoln Division's best selling model.

First generation (2006–2009)
For 2007, the Mark LT received a grille facelift, optional DVD-based navigation system and other luxury and cosmetic features. For 2008, the Mark LT received the addition of the color of Light French Silk clearcoat metallic and an optional rearview camera back-up system.

Retirement
Ford ended sales of the Lincoln Mark LT in the United States and Canada after the 2008 model year. In its place, Ford offered an upper-end trim of the 2009 F-150, marketed as Platinum.

Second generation (2010–2014)
Although the Mark LT met with poor sales and cancellation in the United States, Lincoln dealers in Mexico found the pickup to become the best-selling model for the division. As a result, Lincoln received an all-new Mark LT for the 2010 model year but only for the Mexican market. Based upon the twelfth generation F-150 introduced a year before, the Mark LT shared its trim with the F-150 Platinum. To differentiate it from the Navigator, the Mark LT was given a split grille in the style of the MKS and MKT.

The Mark LT was built in two versions along with the F-150: the short-bed Dearborn and the long bed Cuautitlán.

With the introduction of the 2015 thirteenth generation F-Series, no Mark LT version was built, making the 2014 model year the last for the Mark LT.

Quality
J.D. Power Quality listed the Mark LT as overall dependability for all 3 years it was manufactured as "among the best" (with a minimum 4 stars for the 2006 variant in initial quality).

title: Lincoln Mark LT


text:
La Samaritaine

La Samaritaine (French pronunciation: [la samaʁitɛn]) is a large department store in Paris owned by LVMH. It is located in the first arrondissement; the nearest métro station is Pont-Neuf, directly in front at the quai du Louvre and the rue de la Monnaie. The company was owned by Ernest Cognacq and Marie-Louise Jaÿ who hired architect Frantz Jourdain to expand their original store, starting as a small apparel shop and over time expanding into an ensemble of department store buildings with a total of 90 different departments. It has been a member of the International Association of Department Stores from 1985 to 1992.

The store, which had been operating at a loss since the 1970s, was closed in 2005 purportedly because the building did not meet safety codes. Plans for redeveloping the building were delayed by complications, as the representatives of the store's founders argued with new owners LVMH over the building's future as a department store or a mixed-use development. After seven years of renovation, it was reopened to the public on 23 June 2021, having been previewed by French President Emmanuel Macron and journalists during the preceding days. Its retail and restaurant offerings now target more upmarket customers. The redevelopment has also added a boutique hotel that includes a penthouse suite with its own private swimming pool. Since 1990 the building has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

Construction history
Architect Frantz Jourdain was originally hired to assist in the remodeling and expansion of the existing store building, known as Magasin 1. However, as the store's success continued to grow, Cognacq decided to expand into a building across the street, Magasin 2, which became the site for the Samaritaine as designed by Jourdain. The construction of the building was done in stages, partly because the store had to continue to remain open in order to bring in revenue. Much of the building was brought to the site prefabricated, allowing the construction to occur rapidly. The building was proposed in 1905 and after five years of construction, the building, filling the entire block from rues de la Monnaie, Arbre-Sec, des Petres, and Baillet, was complete in 1910. The original store, Magasin 1, was eventually updated with a steel and glass structure to match Magasin 2, which was located across the street.

By the time the department store was completed in 1910, new movements, such as Fauvism, Cubism, and Werkbund, had come about and devalued the style of the Samaritaine. In the 1920s, Cognacq requested for expansions of the department store. City officials allowed for the expansions with the stipulation that Cognacq follow their specifications which centered around the utilization of a more current architectural style. This was done with little opposition as both Cognacq and Jourdain were aware that the original style of the building was outdated. During this reconstruction and expansion phase, the glass domes and decorative ironwork were removed. The new addition was a collaboration between architects Jourdain and Henry Sauvage, completed between 1926 and 1928, which featured cream colored stone and was of the Art Deco style. Similar to the original building in that it made use of the exposed steel however, its focus was much more geometry-based. At the end of construction, the Samaritaine eventually consisted of four different Magasins of department stores reaching eleven stories in total.

La Samaritaine was bought in 2001 by LVMH, the luxury-goods company that had just previously purchased Le Bon Marché. On 15 June 2005, in order to update the 19th-century building to modern standards of security, or for purposes of restructuring, as the labor unions believe, the department store was closed. LVMH selected the Japanese architectural firm SANAA to renovate the building. Implementation of the new design has been blocked a number a times by local authorities for failure to adhere to planning requirements and for lack of visual compatibility with the surrounding buildings. In June 2015, one of the Rivoli building permit is finalized and in September of the same year construction began. This modern construction of the Samaritaine is designed to feature a hotel, restaurant, a brewery, cafes, offices, and housing and was projected to be complete in 2019. However, the renovated building did not actually reopen until June 2021.

Design
Jourdain's membership in multiple societies heavily influenced his personal architectural theory and design choices for the Samaritaine. Jourdain was the president of the Societe du Nouveau during the height of the Art Nouveau movement. The building's original design heavily embodies the ideals of this artistic style. While the skeletal structure of the department store is constructed of steel and glass, the building contains many applied adornments which lessen the harshness of its rigid structure. The building's exterior has two domes made of glass brick that light up in the nighttime. The extended verticals of the domes, sectioned into eight sides, accentuate the height of the building and draw the viewer's eye to the top of the store. The facade of the building consists of ceramic panels in brightly colored hues of yellow, white, green, and gold. The word "Samaritaine", as well as some of the available merchandise and ware, are displayed around the facade of the building in colorful enamel using an elaborate lettering. Dispersed around these signs are colorful naturalistic flower motifs, which continue to the interior design of the building as well. The interior features decorative iron staircases, glass tile floors, and frescoes using the repeated floral motif. These elements encompass both ornament and functionality which are core principles of the Art Nouveau movement. The foundational ideas of Art Nouveau, and the Samaritaine, led the way to the modern movements of the 1920s.

The department store as a type and consumerism
The main fundamental difference that distinguishes the department store from other stores is its offering of low-priced, mass-produced goods of a wide variety. Prices were able to be placed just slightly above wholesale as the volume of sales was able to compensate for the small margin. Typically, department stores are located centrally within a city and are in close proximity to transportation. Different department stores targeted people of different class distinctions. However, their main audience is the middle-class city dwellers who were highly conscious of their status. The Samaritaine, in particular, targeted the working class who constantly traveled through the first arrondissement for work. The goal of the department store is to move the consumer through the building and to its upper floors in order to maximize the number of counters an individual has to pass. This posed as a bit of a challenge as their target audience was so used to shopping along the street level at various small boutiques. Architects had to entice these shoppers by utilizing grand and decorative elements to allure consumers to explore the building.

Features
The department store is constantly changing to keep up with the architectural trends, yet remains somewhat constant in its appearance as a building type. The design and decor of the building played a major role in enticing the human desire for the consumption of material goods. The common use of iron allowed for minimal skeletal structure and therefore maximized the amount of light that could flow through the interior and allowed more room for the circulation of customers. Many of the structural elements utilized reference to the international exhibition halls built a few years before the original department stores. Another common feature is the monumental stair design, a design element of the first department store, Bon Marche. It was later installed in the Samaritaine as well as other department stores constructed at the turn of the century. The Samaritaine also had the common department store design feature: the light court. The skeletal steel structure allowed for a maximum square footage of glass windows which was intentionally located at the center of the building to bring in ample natural light. The glazed corner rotunda became another crucial element of Parisian department store architecture. It served as a large space for display cases that could be seen by many pedestrians waiting on the street corner. The corner rotunda was also utilized as the entrance of the building, leaving the consumer with two options of vastly-stretching display windows upon entering the building. Finally, the use of a dome structure, and their strategic placement, was useful in identifying the department store as a type. The two domes of the Samaritaine create a sight line between the Seine and the left bank.

Consumerism
The organization of each individual department within the stores is based on consumption patterns. For example, impulse items, such as jewelry and cosmetics, were placed on the street floor. This would encourage consumers to make quick impulse buys upon entering or right before leaving the store. Also, demand items, such as children's clothing or household goods, were located on the upper levels. This would force consumers to move past all of the lower level departments before they reached their desired location, maximizing the opportunity for the individual to make an unplanned purchase. Once the Samaritaine consisted of four Magasins, the first was dedicated as a department store solely for women's clothing while the other three were for items such as supplies and tools.

title: La Samaritaine


text:
User talk:Jxn

Icelandic language
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Request
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WikiProject Iceland Newsletter
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Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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You are Invited to Bangla Wikipedia Photography Contest 2014!
 Hello Jxn, First of all take heartiest greetings from.

In order to celebrate it's 10 year Bengali Wikipedia has arranged a photography contest at Wikimedia Commons. It is scheduled to, start at 1 September 2014 00:00 (UTC) and end at 31 October 2014 00:00 (UTC). We welcome you participate there. Hoping to see you at the contest. Thanks.

Posted by: MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of 15:11, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jxn