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Detroit–Windsor tunnel

The Detroit–Windsor tunnel (tunnel de Détroit-Windsor), also known as the Detroit–Canada tunnel, is an international highway tunnel connecting the cities of Detroit, Michigan, United States and Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada, the first being the Ambassador Bridge, which also connects the two cities, which are situated on the Detroit River.

Overview
The tunnel is 5160 ft long (nearly a mile). At its lowest point, the two-lane roadway is 75 ft below the river surface. There is a wide no-anchor zone enforced on river traffic around the tunnel.

The tunnel has three main levels. The bottom level brings in fresh air under pressure, which is forced into the mid level, where the traffic lanes are located. The ventilation system forces vehicle exhaust into the third level, which is then vented at each end of the tunnel.

Construction
Construction began on the tunnel in the summer of 1928.

The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was built by the firm Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas (the same firm that built the Holland Tunnel). The executive engineer was Burnside A. Value, the engineer of design was Norwegian-American engineer Søren Anton Thoresen, while fellow Norwegian-American Ole Singstad consulted, and designed the ventilation.

Three different methods were used to construct the tunnel. The approaches were constructed using the cut-and-cover method. Beyond the approaches, a tunneling shield method was used to construct hand-bored tunnels. Most of the river section used the immersed tube method in which steam-powered dredgers dug a trench in the river bottom and then covered over with 4 to 20 ft of mud. The nine 250 ft-long tubes measured 35 ft in diameter.

The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was completed in 1930 at a total cost of approximately $25 million (around $ in dollars). It was the third underwater vehicular tunnel constructed in the United States, following the Holland Tunnel, between Jersey City, New Jersey, and downtown Manhattan, New York, and the Posey Tube, between Oakland and Alameda, California.

Its creation followed the opening of cross-border rail freight tunnels including the St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, in 1891 and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel between Detroit and Windsor in 1910.

The cities of Detroit and Windsor hold the distinction of jointly creating both the second and third tunnels between two nations in the world. The Detroit–Windsor tunnel is the world's third tunnel between two nations, and the first international vehicle tunnel. The Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, also under the Detroit River, was the second tunnel between two nations. The St. Clair Tunnel, between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, under the St. Clair River, was the first.

Operations since 2007
In 2007, billionaire Manuel Moroun, owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge, attempted to purchase the American side of the tunnel. In 2008, the City of Windsor controversially attempted to purchase the American side for $75 million, but the deal fell through after a scandal involving then-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick.

Soon afterward, the city's finances were badly hit in a recession and the tunnel's future was in question. Following Detroit's July 2013 bankruptcy filing, Windsor Mayor Eddie Francis said that his city would consider purchasing Detroit's half of the tunnel if it was offered for sale.

On July 25, 2013, the lessor, manager and operator of the tunnel, Detroit Windsor Tunnel LLC, and its parent company, American Roads, LLC, voluntarily filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. The American lease was eventually purchased by Syncora Guarantee, a Bermuda-based insurance company. Soon afterward, the lease with Detroit was extended to 2040. Both Syncora and Windsor retained the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel Corporation to manage the daily operations and upkeep of the tunnel. In May 2018, Syncora sold its interest in American Roads, LLC for $220 million to DIF Capital Partners, a Dutch-based investment fund management company specializing in infrastructure assets.

A $21.6 million renovation of the tunnel began in October 2017 to replace the aging concrete ceiling, along with other improvements to the infrastructure. Completion of the project was initially scheduled for June 2018, but is ongoing as of 2021.

Usage
The Detroit–Windsor tunnel crosses the Canada–United States border; an International Boundary Commission plaque marking the boundary in the tunnel is between flags of the two countries. The tunnel is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada after the nearby Ambassador Bridge. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region and $13 billion (U.S.) in annual production depend on the Windsor-Detroit international border crossing. Between 2001 and 2005, profits from the tunnel peaked, with the cities receiving over $6 million annually. A steep decline in traffic eliminated profits from the tunnel from 2008 until 2012, with a modest recovery in the years since.

Traffic
About 13,000 vehicles a day use the tunnel despite having one lane in each direction and not allowing large trucks. Historically, the tunnel carried a smaller amount of commercial traffic than other nearby crossings because of physical and cargo restraints, as well as limits on accessing roadways. Passenger automobile traffic on the tunnel increased from 1972, until it peaked in 1999 at just under 10 million vehicle crossings annually. After 1999, automobile crossings through the tunnel declined, dropping under 5 million for the first time in over three decades in 2007. Traffic on the tunnel later recovered slightly in the following years when the economy began to improve after 2008.

Tolls
Tolls were last increased on the Canadian side in July 2021, 37% for those using Canadian currency and 11% using American currency. Standard tolls for non-commercial Canada-bound vehicles are US$7.50 and C$7.50; United States-bound tolls are also US$6.75 but C$6.75. For frequent crossers, the Nexpress Toll Card for cheaper rates. Commercial vehicles and buses are charged higher rates. Motorcycles, scooters and bicycles are prohibited.

Tunnel truck for disabled vehicles
When the tunnel first opened in the 1930s the operators had a unique rescue vehicle to tow out disabled vehicles without having to back in or turn around to perform this role. The vehicle had two drivers, one facing in the opposite direction of the other. The vehicle was driven in, the disabled vehicle was hooked up, then the driver facing the other way drove it out. This emergency vehicle also had 600 ft of water hose with power drive and chemical fire extinguishers.

CKLW, WJR and the tunnel
In the late 1960s, Windsor radio station CKLW AM 800 engineered a wiring setup which has allowed the station's signal to be heard clearly by automobiles traveling through the tunnel. Currently Detroit radio station WJR AM 760 can be heard clearly in the tunnel.

Ventilation
The upper and lower levels of the tunnel are used as exhaust and intake air ducts. One hundred-foot ventilation towers on both ends of the tunnel enable air exchange once every 90 seconds.

title: Detroit–Windsor tunnel


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Government House (British Columbia)

Government House of British Columbia is the official residence of the lieutenant governor of British Columbia in Victoria and is nominally a residence of the Canadian monarch. It has casually been described as "the Ceremonial Home of all British Columbians." It stands in the provincial capital on a 14.6 ha estate at 1401 Rockland Avenue; while the equivalent building in many countries has a prominent, central place in the capital, the site of British Columbia's Government House is relatively unobtrusive within Victoria, giving it more the character of a private home.

History
The first building in the area used specifically as a governor's residence was Cary Castle, built in 1860 by George Hunter Cary and purchased five years later by the British Crown for use as an official residence for the Governor of Vancouver Island, with Arthur Kennedy, CB, being the first occupant. Following the 1866 merger of the colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, the mainland colony's Government House in New Westminster was abandoned to other uses and Cary Castle became the official residence of the new united colony's Governor and, from 1871 onwards, that of the provincial Lieutenant Governor.

The mansion and its contents were destroyed by fire in May 1899, with a replacement immediately built to designs by Francis Rattenbury and Samuel Maclure. Completed in 1903, this house was used for the first time by the reigning monarch of Canada when King George VI, accompanied by his wife, Queen Elizabeth, arrived in 1939 as part of his cross-Canada tour that year. However, that incarnation of Government House also burnt down when it caught fire on 15 April 1957; the current Government House was begun soon after and completed on 19 May, two years later by John Laing & Sons. The new home was furnished with pieces bought in the United Kingdom by Lieutenant Governor Frank Mackenzie Ross and then donated to the Crown following his departure from office, as well as other items donated by various British Columbians.

By 2002, through the efforts of Lieutenant Governor Iona Campagnolo, Government House and its surrounding gardens were designated as a National Historic Site of Canada and the acknowledging plaque was unveiled by Campagnolo on 2 October of that year.

Ownership and use
Government House is where visiting foreign dignitaries are greeted and often stay while in Victoria. It is also where numerous vice-regal events take place, such as the bestowing of provincial awards or inductions into the Order of British Columbia, as well as luncheons, dinners, receptions, and speaking engagements. Among many public receptions and garden parties held annually, the lieutenant governor's New Years Day levée remains a popular and well-attended highlight of the holiday season in Victoria. It is also at the vice-regal residence that the lieutenant governor drops the writs of election, swears-in new members of the Executive Council, and hold audience with the premier.

The property is owned by the King in Right of British Columbia; as with other Crown property, Government House is held in trust for future rulers and cannot be sold by the monarch except by his lieutenant governor with the proper advice and consent from the Executive Council of British Columbia. The management of the residence is, however, overseen by the British Columbia Government House Foundation, a charitable, non-profit organisation that was in 1987 established by Lieutenant Governor Robert Gordon Rogers, along with his Council at the time. The foundation is mandated to oversee the maintenance of Government House's property and all the structures on it; the acquisition, either on loan or permanently, of British Columbia artworks for display in the royal residence; the management of official gifts to the lieutenant governor or monarch in right of British Columbia; and public awareness of Government House, its history, and value. Besides the four honorary trustees—the lieutenant governor, the viceregal consort, the Chief Justice of British Columbia, and the Private Secretary to the Lieutenant Governor—the foundation also has trustees elected for three-year terms from artistic, horticultural, historical, and legal segments of provincial society.

Architecture and interiors
The present Government House is a T-shaped, four level (including the basement) building of steel frame construction clad in a Modern Tudor revival envelope. The walls are of rusticated blue, grey, and pink British Columbia granite with Haddington Island stone trim, and the roof, which is two storeys high in itself, has steeply pitched, chalet-style gables and numerous dormer windows. A rendition of the Royal Arms of British Columbia is visible in the gable above the Ballroom's south facing bow window, which commands a view over Ross Bay and the lower part of the Fairfield neighbourhood, across the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the Olympic Mountains in Washington state.

The main entrance is in the centre of the north facade, beneath the original Tudor Revival porte cochère of the previous Government House, which had been inspired by Rattenbury's own Hatley Castle. Behind this is the main entrance hall, the walls lined with oak panelling hung with painted portraits of former Lieutenant Governors of British Columbia, some of the chatelaines of Government House (the viceroy's wife), and large portraits of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Rising to the second floor is a large staircase along which are renderings of the escutcheons of various members of the Royal Family and Governors General of Canada who have resided at Government House. The room is capped by a cathedral ceiling and the three storey high north wall is dominated by the Rogers Window, a stained glass creation commissioned by viceregal consort Jane Rogers to commemorate British Columbia's heritage as a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, the contribution of viceroys and their spouses since the foundation of the Colony of Vancouver Island, and the place of Government House in provincial life. The window, unveiled on 2 May 1990, shows various heraldic devices of the monarch in right of the province and the monarch in right of Canada, natural emblems of British Columbia, and historical artefacts alluding to provincial industry and native heritage.

On axis with the front entrance is the largest room in Government House, the ballroom, which occupies the entire south wing of the building. It rises 12 m past an encircling balcony to a cathedral ceiling, from which hangs three Swiss cut crystal chandeliers that match the multiple wall sconces. Artwork includes the series of Millennium Windows, completed in 2006, that run along each side of the ballroom, and, reflecting the view from the room's south window, is a textile piece entitled Reflections at Government House, by Carol Sabiston. Also for entertaining purposes are the main dining room, modelled after the original Rattenbury and Maclure design with its fir panelling and containing a dining suite purchased in Scotland, and the drawing room, which also evokes the previous incarnation of the room. Available for smaller events are the little drawing room, sometimes called the French Drawing Room because of its furnishings of French origin, including a Sèvres clock and vases, and two rooms named for the architects of the second Government House: the Maclure room, done in an Arts and Crafts style with handcrafted furniture and a copper foil ceiling, and the Rattenbury room, used as a smaller dining room on the mansion's second floor and containing a table and chairs from the eponymous architect's personal collection, on loan from the Royal British Columbia Museum. The mansion also holds numerous art pieces in the Crown collection, including works by British Columbia First Nations artists especially commissioned by the lieutenant governor.

Grounds
Government House's 14.6 ha property is a publicly accessible area tended by volunteers in the Friends of Government House Gardens Society, and are used frequently by the surrounding community, save for when security otherwise necessitates. The site is divided into numerous different zones according to plant life and/or garden style; for instance, the British Columbia native plant garden contains species unique to the province, and the Cottage Garden is arranged in an informal style with a mixture of ornamental and edible plants. There are also gardens to supply cut flowers, herbs, and an orchard with apple, plum, and quince trees; a rock garden tended by the Heather Society of Victoria; iris, lily, rhododendron, and rose gardens (including a formal Victorian rose garden based on the plan of that at Warwick Castle in England); and water features such as the fountain pond and the duck pond. There is also a unique 8.9 ha Garry Oak ecosystem.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Government House (British Columbia)


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Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil

Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil (c. 1643 – 10 October 1725) was a French military officer who served as Governor General of New France (now Canada and U.S. states of the Mississippi Valley) from 1703 to 1725, throughout Queen Anne's War and Father Rale's War.

Life and career
He was born at the Castle of Vaudreuil near Castelnaudary in France. He was the second son of Jean-Louis de Rigaud (d. 1659), Baron de Vaudreuil, Seigneur d'Auriac and de Cabanial, by his wife Marie de Château-Verdun. She was the daughter of François, Seigneur de la Razairie. As Chevalier de Vaudreuil, he was sent to command French forces in New France before being appointed Governor of Montreal in 1699, and then Governor General of New France in 1703. He died at Quebec City.

He married Louise Élisabeth de Joybert, a daughter of Pierre de Joybert de Soulanges et de Marson, by his wife Marie-Françoise, daughter of Louis-Théandre Chartier de Lotbinière. They lived at Château Vaudreuil, which was built in 1723 by Chaussegros de Léry, but was eventually destroyed by a fire in 1803. In 1723, he was recorded as owning an enslaved Meskwaki woman, Marguerite-Genevieve. Their son, Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, served as the last Governor General of New France before the British Conquest of New France from 1755 to 1760 during the French and Indian War. Several of his other sons went on to distinguished careers in the French army and navy. His grandson Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil defeated a British naval force at the Battle of the Chesapeake 1781 on the Sceptre, and was protecting George Washington's army in 1782 in Boston aboard the Triomphant. His grandson also brought back the victorious French army of Rochambeau, back to France after the Siege of Yorktown.

Rigaud de Vaudreuil was one of three governors-general of Canada known to have owned enslaved people. During his tenure, he owned 11 people, seven of whom were from First Nations and four from Africa.

Legacy
Château Vaudreuil was constructed in 1723 as his private residence in Montreal. A Squadron of cadets at the Royal Military College Saint-Jean was named in his honour. Vaudreuil is mentioned in a Fort Saint-Jean plaque erected in 1926 by Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada at the Royal Military College Saint-Jean. "Constructed in 1743 by M. de Léry under orders from Governor la Galissonnière. This post was for all the military expeditions towards Lake Champlain. In 31 August 1760, Commandant de Roquemaure had it blown up in accordance with orders from the Governor de Vaudreuil in order to prevent its falling into the hands of the English. Rebuilt by Governor Carleton, in 1773. During the same year, under the command of Major Charles Preston of the 26th Regiment, it withstood a 45-day siege by the American troops commanded by General Montgomery."

Children

 * Louis-Philippe (1691-1763), rear admiral, knight of the order of Saint-Louis.
 * Jean (1695-1740), Mousquetaire
 * Pierre (1698-1778), governor of Trois-Rivières (1733-1742), governor of French Louisiana (1743–1753), Governor-General of New France (1755-1760).
 * François-Pierre (1703-1779), conquered Fort Massachusetts (1746), governor of Trois-Rivières (1749-1754), governor of Montréal (1757-1760).
 * Joseph Hyacinthe (1706-1764), governor general of Saint-Domingue


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Egypt national football team

The Egypt national football team (منتخب مصر لكرة القدم), nicknamed "Pharaohs" (الفراعنة), represents Egypt in men's international football, and is governed by the Egyptian Football Association (EFA), the governing body of football in Egypt.

Egypt is Africa's oldest national football team and has won the African Cup a record seven times. Egypt has made three appearances in the World Cup and was the first-ever African and Middle Eastern team to make such an appearance. Their former goalkeeper Essam El Hadary also holds the record for the oldest player to have played at a World Cup.

Internationally, Egypt became a bronze medalist at the 2001 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina.

History
The first Egyptian national football team was constituted in 1920, the first African football team created to compete in the Summer Olympics in Belgium.

The opening match of their campaign was a loss against the Italians. Between 1958 and 1961, the country had a political union with Syria and went under the name of United Arab Republic, though the Egyptian team's records are attributed to Egypt only by FIFA as it was represented by Egyptian footballers and the team played in the Africa Cup of Nations. The Pharaohs have appeared in three FIFA World Cups and they are the most successful team in the Africa Cup of Nations, winning the competition seven times, with the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations being the most recent one.

Egypt at the Africa Cup of Nations
In their second participation in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1959, Egypt became champions again. There were only three teams in that tournament, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt, who were undefeated. They lost their first final in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1962.

Their fourth appearance came in 1963 in Ghana. Egypt was placed in Group B with Sudan and Nigeria, defeating Nigeria 6–3, but drawing 2–2 against Sudan. Despite being undefeated in the group stage, they were ranked second, behind Sudan by goal difference. Egypt, as runners-up in Group B, participated in the 3rd place match, playing against Ethiopia, winning 3–0. For the 1965 Africa Cup of Nations, Egypt qualified for the tournament, but withdrew because of their diplomatic relationship with hosts Tunisia. They also withdrew in 1968.

In the 1970 Africa Cup of Nations, hosted again in Sudan, Egypt were in Group B along with Ghana, Guinea, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as Congo-Kinshasa back then. In their opening match, Egypt defeated Guinea by a score of 4–1 and drew Ghana 1–1, defeating Congo-Kinshasa 1–0. Egypt ended being in first place, thus advancing to the next round, where they faced Sudan. Egypt eventually lost their first game in the Africa Cup of Nations by a scored of 2–1, then in the third place match, won against Ivory Coast 3–1.

Egypt failed to qualify for the first time in 1972 after being eliminated by Morocco by an aggregate score of 5–3. However, Egypt returned for 1974, hosting the event. They finished third place. Two years later, in Ethiopia, they were in Group A with the hosts, Guinea, and Uganda. Egypt defeated Uganda 2–1, but drew against Uganda and Ethiopia. Egypt advanced to the final round, and lost all matches. This is the first Africa Cup of Nations tournament that Egypt lost 3 consecutive games. Egypt then failed to qualify for 1978.

Egypt reappeared for the 1980 African Cup of Nations, defeating Ivory Coast and defeated Tanzania, but lost to hosts Nigeria 1–0. Egypt progressed to the semi-finals to face Algeria, who defeated the Egyptians on penalties. For the Four years later, Egypt defeated Cameroon and Ivory Coast, and drew Togo, eventually finishing fourth behind Algeria.

For 1986, Egypt hosted; they lost to Senegal 1–0. However, Egypt went on to win their two remaining games in the group stage, 2–0 against the Ivory Coast and Mozambique. Egypt advanced to the final for the first time since 1962, eventually winning. Egypt qualified for 1990, losing all group stage matches, thus making Egypt fail to obtain at least one point for the first time in the Africa Cup of Nations. They repeated this in 1992.

In the 1994 Africa Cup of Nations in Tunisia, Egypt defeated Gabon 4–0 and tied Nigeria 0–0. They lost to Mali 1–0 in the quarterfinals. Egypt won their fourth title in 1998, defeating South Africa in the final.

Egypt qualified for the 2004 Africa Cup of Nations, in Tunisia. Egypt were placed in Group C with Algeria, Zimbabwe, and Cameroon. Egypt won 2–1 against Zimbabwe, lost 2–1 to Algeria, and drew 0–0 against Cameroon, failing to qualify for the quarter-finals due to Algeria scoring more goals than Egypt in the group stage, after being equal on points and goal difference.

The 2006 Africa Cup of Nations was hosted in Egypt; the hosts were in Group A with Libya, Morocco, and the Ivory Coast. Egypt defeated Libya 3–0, tied 0–0 against Morocco, and won 3–1 against the Ivory Coast. Egypt would eventually win the tournament on penalties, and would also win the 2008 and 2010 tournaments. They would then fail to qualify for the next three AFCON tournaments. Egypt first participated in the first Africa Cup of Nations tournament in 1957. In their first game, a semi-final, they faced Sudan, winning 2–1; Egypt won 4–0 in the final.

Egypt qualified for the 2017 tournament, drawing against Mali in their first match in Group D. Successive 1–0 wins against Uganda and Ghana saw the Pharaohs qualify to the quarter-finals as group winners. Egypt faced Morocco at the quarter-final stage, and defeated them for the first time in 31 years to set up a semi-final clash with Burkina Faso. Mohamed Salah's goal against the Stallions was canceled out by an Aristide Bancé strike; however, veteran goalkeeper Essam El Hadary saved two spot-kicks in the penalty shootout to earn a spot in the final for Egypt. Egypt then faced Cameroon, and lost the final for the second time.

In the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, hosts Egypt were knocked out by South Africa in the round of 16, despite three wins in the group stage. In the 2021 Africa Cup, Egypt went to the final despite dire performances in the group stage and beating Ivory Coast on penalties after a 0–0 draw. Egypt then beat Cameroon 3–1 in penalties after a 0–0 draw, to reach their 10th final, beating Ghana's record of final appearances. Egypt suffered their first of two losses to Senegal in 2022, both on penalties (in the AFCON final and in World Cup qualifying), both winning penalties scored by Sadio Mané.

Egypt at the FIFA World Cup

Egypt has qualified for the FIFA World Cup three times: in 1934, in 1990 and for the 2018 editions. Egypt was the first African country to qualify for the World Cup, beating Mandatory Palestine. They lost to Hungary 4–2 in their first and only match in 1934, the two goals scored by Egypt's forward Abdulrahman Fawzi.

In the next qualifications for the 1938 World Cup, Egypt withdrew. They didn’t enter the 1950 FIFA World Cup qualification. In the 1954 FIFA World Cup qualification, they faced Italy but didn’t qualify. They withdrew the 1958, 1962, 1966 and 1970 World Cup Qualifiers. Since 1974 World Cup Qualification, Egypt entered the qualifiers on regular basis but did not qualify.

In 1990, Egypt qualified after beating Algeria 1–0 in the playoffs. They were drawn in Group F, with Ireland, England and the Netherlands. Since the Egyptians favored defensive tactics, they scored only one goal in the 1990 World Cup. A 1–1 draw with UEFA Euro 1988 champions Netherlands gave the Egyptians their first point in the World Cup. This was followed by a draw against Ireland and a 0–1 loss to England. On 8 October 2017, Egypt qualified for the 2018 World Cup after topping Group E over Uganda, Ghana and Congo.

In the 2018 World Cup, Egypt was drawn with Saudi Arabia, Uruguay and the hosts, Russia. They started their first game against Uruguay, without Salah, who was injured in the UEFA Champions League final. Egypt lost 1–0, and goalkeeper Mohamed El Shenawy was voted man of the match. He refused the reward due to sponsorship by Budweiser.

Salah returned to the starting lineup when Egypt faced Russia. Russia led 3–0, and then Salah scored Egypt's first World Cup goal in 28 years. Egypt's third and final match was a Red Sea Derby against Saudi Arabia, also out of contention after two losses. Essam El Hadary became the oldest player in the World Cup at 45 years and 161 days.

Héctor Cúper, who was criticised due to his defensive strategies against Saudi Arabia, was sacked. The Egyptian Football Association was also criticised due to having its base in Chechnya, far from where Egypt's matches were played. The Egyptian media and the public heavily criticized EFA's management of the team.

Home stadium
Egypt's home games in the early years were played at Cairo International Stadium since 1960. During renovations they play at Borg El Arab Stadium

Kits and crests
The Egypt national football team's traditional home kit is red, away is white, and third is green.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Manager history

 * 1) 🇪🇬 Hussein Hegazi (1920–1924)
 * 2) James McCrae (1934–36)
 * 3) 🇪🇬 Tewfik Abdullah (1940–1944)
 * 4) 🏴 Eric Keen (1947–1948)
 * 5) 🏴 Edward Jones (1949–1952)
 * 6) 🇪🇬 National Committee1 (1953–1954)
 * 7) Ljubiša Broćić (1954–1955)
 * 8) 🇪🇬 Mourad Fahmy (1955–1957)
 * 9) Mohamed El-Guindi & Hanafy Bastan (1958, 1962)
 * 10) 🇭🇺 Pál Titkos (1959–1961)
 * 11) Fouad Ahmed Sedki (1963)
 * 12) Branko Horvatek (1963–1964)
 * 13) Andrija Pflander (1964–1965)
 * 14) Dimitri Tadić (1965)
 * 15) Andrija Kovač (1965)
 * 16) 🇭🇺 Sándor Kapocsi (1965–1967)
 * 17) Saleh El Wahsh & Kamal El Sabagh (1968–1970)
 * 18) Dettmar Cramer (1971–1974)
 * 19) Burkhard Pape (1975–1977)
 * 20) Dušan Nenković (1977–1978)
 * 21) 🇪🇬 Taha Ismail (1978)
 * 22) 🇭🇺 Bundzsák Dezso (1979)
 * 23) 🇪🇬 Fouad Ahmed Sedki (1980)
 * 24) 🇪🇬 Abdel Monem El Hajj (1980)
 * 25) 🇪🇬 Hamada El Sharqawy (1980)
 * 26) Karl-Heinz Heddergott (1982–1984)
 * 27) 🇪🇬 Saleh El Wahsh (1984)
 * 28) 🏴 Mike Smith (1985–1988)
 * 29) 🇪🇬 Mahmoud El Gohary (1988–1990, 1992, 1997–1999, 2000–2002)
 * 30) 🇩🇪 Dietrich Weise (1990–1991)
 * 31) 🇪🇬 Mahmoud Saad (1992)
 * 32) 🇪🇬 Mohamed Shehta (1993)
 * 33) 🇷🇴 Mircea Rădulescu (1993–1994)
 * 34) 🇪🇬 Taha Ismail (1994)
 * 35) Nol de Ruiter (1994–1995)
 * 36) 🇪🇬 Mohsen Saleh (1995, 2002–2004)
 * 37) Ruud Krol (1996)
 * 38) 🇪🇬 Farouk Gaafar (1996–1997)
 * 39) 🇪🇬 Mahmoud El-Gohary (1997–1999)
 * 40) 🇫🇷 Gerard Gili (1999–2000)
 * 41) 🇮🇹 Marco Tardelli (2004–2005)
 * 42) 🇪🇬 Hassan Shehata (2005–2011)
 * 43) 🇺🇸 Bob Bradley (2011–2013)
 * 44) 🇪🇬 Shawky Gharieb (2013–2014)
 * 45) 🇦🇷 Héctor Cúper (2015–2018)
 * 46) 🇲🇽 Javier Aguirre (2018–2019)
 * 47) 🇪🇬 Hossam El Badry (2019–2021)
 * 48) Carlos Queiroz (2021–2022)
 * 49) 🇪🇬 Ehab Galal (2022)
 * 50) Rui Vitória (2022–2024)
 * 51) 🇪🇬 Hossam Hassan (2024–present)

Note: 1 A committee of six former Egypt internationals.

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations.

Caps and goals correct as of 28 January 2024, after the match against 🇨🇩 congo.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team in the last 12 months.

 * Notes
 * INJ = Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.
 * PRE = Preliminary squad/standby.
 * RET = Retired from the national team.
 * SUS = Player suspended from the squad for disciplinary reasons.
 * WD = Player withdrew from the squad for non-injury related reasons.

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Egypt.

Team records
In 2017, Egypt set a new record of 24 consecutive Africa Cup of Nations matches played without defeat, dating back to their last tournament appearance in 2010. During this run, Egypt also reached a record nine consecutive wins in AFCON matches after beating Ghana in the 2010 final, while becoming the first team to win three consecutive AFCON titles. The unbeaten run came to an end on 5 February 2017, after Egypt lost 1–2 to Cameroon in the 2017 final.

FIFA Confederations Cup
Egypt appeared in two of the ten FIFA Confederations Cups contested, being eliminated in the group stage on both occasions. Egypt's first Confederations Cup appearance was in 1999 as a result of winning the Africa Cup of Nations in 1998. The second appearance was in 2009 as the Africa Cup of Nations winners in 2008, where they won against Italy 1–0.

Olympic Games

 * Egypt withdrew from the 1956 Football tournament and boycotted the 1980 Olympics after qualifying for both.

African Games

 * Prior to the Cairo 1991 campaign, the All-Africa Games was open to full senior national teams.

All-time results
The following table shows Egypt's all-time international record, correct as of 10 June 2024.

Egypt - Historical results

African competitions

 * Coppa Africa.svg Africa Cup of Nations
 * Winners (7): Gold medal africa.svg 1957, Gold medal africa.svg 1959, Gold medal africa.svg 1986, Gold medal africa.svg 1998, Gold medal africa.svg 2006, Gold medal africa.svg 2008, Gold medal africa.svg 2010
 * Runners-up (3): Silver medal africa.svg 1962, Silver medal africa.svg 2017, Silver medal africa.svg 2021
 * Third place (3): Bronze medal africa.svg 1963, Bronze medal africa.svg 1970, Bronze medal africa.svg 1974
 * Fourth place (3): 1976, 1980, 1984
 * All-Africa Games
 * Champions (1): 1987
 * Third place (1): 1973
 * Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
 * Runners-up (2): 1988, 2007

Arab competitions

 * Arab Games
 * Champions (4): 1953,  1965,  1992*,  2007
 * Runners-up (1): 1961
 * Arab Cup
 * Champions (1): 1992*
 * Third place (1): 1988
 * Palestine Cup of Nations
 * Champions (2): 1972,  1975

Note: * the 1992 edition organised as part of the Arab Games, and also counted as Arab Cup.

Other competitions

 * FIFA Series: Egypt
 * Runners-up (1): 2024

 * Mediterranean Games
 * Champions: 1955
 * Silver Medalist: 1951
 * Bronze Medalist: 1983
 * 7th November Cup
 * Runners-up: 1993
 * Nile Basin Tournament
 * Champions: 2011
 * LG Cup (association football)
 * Champions: 2005

title: Egypt national football team


text:
Ty (company)

Ty (styled ty) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. It was founded by Ty Warner in 1986. It designs, develops and sells products, most notably Beanie Babies, exclusively to specialty markets worldwide.

First "business-to-consumer" website
Lina Trivedi was a college student when she worked at Ty Inc. She approached Warner to talk about a new development that existed on college campuses called the Internet. She indicated that, while the Internet was primarily a research tool, college students were starting to make personal websites. She thought that creating a website for Beanie Babies could present an unprecedented opportunity to engage the market. She brought to Ty's office a 14.4k modem and demonstrated how the Internet works. Warner was intrigued and gave Trivedi a free license to create a website using her judgment and skills. By the time the first iteration of the Ty website was published in late 1995, only 1.4% of Americans were using the Internet. The population of people using the Internet grew exponentially in the following years, along with the popularity of Beanie Babies.

Ty was the first business to produce a direct-to-consumer website. This was a major contributing factor to the early and rapidly growing popularity of Beanie Babies. All Beanie Baby hangtags had the website URL and a call to action printed underneath the poems and birthdays that commanded audiences to visit the company website with text that read "Visit our web page!!!" This effort evolved into the world's first Internet sensation.

Fundraising
Ty has been involved in a large amount of fundraising, with the proceeds donated to various causes. Some of this has been raised from the sale of certain Beanie Babies. It has also been raised through other means, such as voting for a fee.

One such fundraising Beanie Baby was Ariel, made to raise funds for the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation. Its sales raised a total of $3.4 million for the foundation. Others include Aware and Awareness, sold to raise funds for breast cancer research and awareness; and Barbaro, created in memory of Barbaro the Horse, to raise funds for the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, which tried to save the horse.

Ty has also raised money for the 2004 PGA Tour with a beanie called ChariTee; one, signed by Jack Nicklaus, was auctioned for $455.

Ty was the shirt sponsor of Portsmouth FC from 2002 to 2005, in which the club was promoted to the Premier League.

A Beanie Baby named "Cito" was given out to school children in Montecito, California, to welcome them back to school after the area was affected by the 2018 Southern California mudflows.

In popular culture
During the wake of Beanie Babies' success, Beanie Baby-centric publications were issued. One of the largest was Mary Beth's Bean Bag World, a monthly magazine dedicated to Beanie Babies and competing plush toys. It ran from 1997 to 2001.

In August 2021, Beanie Babies was the season 1, episode 4 feature on Vice Media's Dark Side of the 90s entitled "Beanie Babies Go Bust".

A documentary film about Beanie Babies, titled Beanie Mania, was released on December 23, 2021, on HBO Max.

The story of Ty has also been covered by two films, both named The Beanie Bubble, one a 2022 documentary directed by Ben Kitnick and a 2023 comedy-drama directed by Kristin Gore and Damian Kulash and written by Gore, based on the 2015 book The Great Beanie Baby Bubble: Mass Delusion and the Dark Side of Cute by Zac Bissonnette about the Beanie Babies bubble. It stars Zach Galifianakis, Elizabeth Banks, Sarah Snook and Geraldine Viswanathan.

title: Ty (company)


text:
User talk:Mogly

Hi. Please do not post nonsense to Wikipedia. You risk being banned from editing as a vandal. Thanks! - Lucky 6.9 20:20, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Please stop adding your girlfriend here, she is not important enough to be in an encyclopedia. Such vanity articles are deleted quickly anyway, so you are wasting your and our time - why don't you contribute on something which will be kept instead? andy 20:35, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mogly


text:
Sam's Point Preserve

Sam's Point Preserve, or Sam's Point Dwarf Pine Ridge Preserve, is a 4600 acre preserve in Ulster County on the highest point (2289 ft) of the Shawangunk Ridge in New York, on the Wawarsing, New York-Shawangunk town line. It is owned and managed by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation after having previously been managed by The Nature Conservancy. Its unique environment features dwarf pitch pine trees along the ridgetop. Located within the park is Lake Maratanza, the highest lake on the ridge, and the Ellenville Fault Ice Caves.

History
The name derives from a folktale in which a noted Spanish settler named Samuel Gonzales, pursued by Indians, jumped off the cliff to avoid capture and miraculously survived the drop with the trees breaking his fall, around the time of the French and Indian War. Roads throughout the preserve were built as fire roads in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps.

The land was once owned by the nearby village of Ellenville to protect its watershed and partly by a company which offered tours of the ice caves. The Open Space Institute, working with The Nature Conservancy bought it with assistance from the Lila Acheson and Dewitt Wallace Fund for the Hudson Highlands, after the village considered selling the land to developers.

In 2005, the Preserve opened the Sam’s Point Conservation Center with education facilities, exhibits and a gift shop. A parking fee of $10 per vehicle is charged.

Management of the preserve was transferred to the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and the Palisades Interstate Park Commission in April 2015, after having been managed by The Nature Conservancy since 1996. The preserve is currently managed as part of Minnewaska State Park Preserve.

April 2016 fire
In late April 2016, a fire of unknown origin burned 2028 acre of the park and nearby woodlands. Emanating from the Verkeederkill Falls trail the fire quickly spread northwest across the plateau as well as adjacent terrains. Containing the fire required nearly a week of effort from over 300 responders from local and state agencies; no structural damage and only minor injuries were reported. Although much of Minnewaska State Park reopened soon after the blaze, the Sam's Point section remained completely closed until Memorial Day weekend; at that time, only selected trails at Sam's Point were re-opened to the public to prevent the introduction of invasive species to the recovering landscape.

As a historically fire-adapted ecosystem, much of the vegetation at Sam's Point responded positively in the wake of the fire. However, an abundance of fuel due to reduced fire frequency in recent years led to an intense, fast-moving blaze that did not completely burn through accumulated debris, which may inhibit the regeneration of the park's pitch pine.

Ellenville Fault Ice Caves
The Ellenville Fault Ice Caves is the largest known open fault in the United States with corresponding ice caves. As a result of the cool microclimate, ice is present throughout the year and more northern plants such as black spruce, hemlock, mountain ash, and creeping snowberry, and bryophytes such as Isopterygium distichaceum are able to survive. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in November 1967.

There are hiking trails to the ice caves which are open in the summer, but a permit is required to visit the area.

Trails
The Long Path long-distance hiking trail crosses it, eventually reaching VerKeerderkill Falls. A branch leads to Sam's Point (with a view of land for many miles, sometimes as far as High Point in New Jersey), and another to the ice caves, with solar powered lights. Visitors who want to get to Sam's Point have to go through Cragsmoor.

title: Sam's Point Preserve


text:
Talk:Yngling

Untitled
Moved from House of Yngling to Yngling (lineage) as suggested by User:Jallan.--Wiglaf 08:21, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Moved to Ynglings. The name Yngling (lineage) seems a bit artificial.--Wiglaf 19:12, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

The line of Swede, Danish, Norwegian, Saxon kings comes directly from Odin who migrated from the Royal Scythian area north of the Black Sea up the Danube River to "Friesland" about 200 AD.

It is astounding that these lines of Kings all recorded throughout time are so badly understood by the halls of academe.

The Famaly tree?
Whats up with that. Snær, Loki, Freya etc? --Comanche cph 12:43, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Any chance Ragnar Lodbrok can be added to the Family Tree?
Harald Fairhair is the great-great grandson of Sigurd "Snake-in-the-Eye" Ragnarsson through Harald's mother's father's mother, Aslaug. Also, Ragnar seems to be descended from Óláfr Trételgja/Olaf Tree Feller but the timeline of the Yngling Dynasty doesn't seem to make sense with this information unless the Yngling Rulers we know of were branched out further than single generations

Perhaps the Yngling Dynasty survived through thousands of years and there are many many figures missing from the sagas?

My sources on Ragnar Lodbrok being related to the Yngling Tree (both to Harald Fairhair and through Ragnar's ancestors):
 * https://www.geni.com/discussions/221190 (Not a source of Ragnar's descent from Olaf but is an interesting source on Ragnar's descent from Odin, who founded (or one of his descendants did, who were closer to Odin than Olaf's grandfather, Anund) the Yngling Dynasty as far as I can tell)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Fairhair (Harald's mother is Ragnhild Sigurdsdottir)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye#Sigurd's_descendants (One of Sigurd "Snake-in-the-Eye's" descendants is named Ragnild Sigurdsdottir)
 * In Crusader Kings 3, Ragnar's Great Grandfather is Olaf, son of Ingjald, son of Anundr which fits into the Yngling Dynasty. Idk where they got their source though so take this one with a grain of salt. Also Paradox seems to love forgetting figures in certain dynasties as Aslaug Sigurdsdottir (Snake-in-the-Eye's daughter) isn't in the game but her son, Sigurd Hjort is, as the maternal grandfather of Harald Fairhair, ancestor of Harald Hard Ruler/ AngerySnek (talk) 21:34, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yngling


text:
Communist Party of Spain (8th and 9th Congresses)

The Communist Party of Spain (8th and 9th Congresses) (in Spanish: Partido Comunista de España (VIII y IX Congresos)) was a pro-Soviet splinter group of Communist Party of Spain (PCE).

PCE (VIII-IX) was one of many groups that broke away from PCE during the period when Santiago Carrillo held the post of PCE general secretary and directed the party towards Eurocommunism; it was founded in 1971. A prominent leader of the new party was Agustín Gómez. It published a magazine called Mundo Obrero (same name as the publication of PCE).

In 1980 PCE (VIII-IX) fused with Workers' Communist Party to form the Unified Communist Party of Spain. PCEU was later instrumental in creating the Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain in 1982.


text:
Battlefront (disambiguation)

A battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces.

Battlefront may also refer to:
 * Battlefront (1986 video game)
 * Battlefront (2007 video game)
 * Battlefront.com, an American video game publisher
 * Star Wars: Battlefront, a series of video games
 * Star Wars: Battlefront (2004 video game)
 * Star Wars Battlefront (2015 video game)

title: Battlefront (disambiguation)


text:
Kazimierz Twardowski

Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski (20 October 1866 – 11 February 1938) was a Polish philosopher, psychologist, logician, and rector of the Lwów University. He was initially affiliated with Alexius Meinong's Graz School of object theory.

Academic career
Twardowski's family belonged to the Ogończyk coat of arms.

Twardowski studied philosophy at the University of Vienna with Franz Brentano and Robert von Zimmermann. In 1891 he received his doctorate with his dissertation, Idee und Perzeption (Idea and Perception).

In 1894 Twardowski published a book, entitled Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen, Eine psychologische Untersuchung (On the Doctrine of the Content and Object of Presentations). The book was written between 1891 and 1893, although excerpts of the book were republished under the title On the Content and Object of Representations, which is an early text on semiotics.

Twardowski originated many novel ideas related to metaphilosophy.

He lectured at the University of Vienna in the years 1894 and 1895.

In 1895 was appointed professor at Lwów (Lemberg in Austrian Galicia, now Lviv in the Ukraine). An outstanding lecturer, he was also a rector of the Lwów University during World War I. There Twardowski soon established the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic and became the "father of Polish logic". Among his students were the logicians Stanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz and Tadeusz Czeżowski, the psychologist Władysław Witwicki, the historian of philosophy Władysław Tatarkiewicz, the phenomenologist and aesthetician Roman Ingarden, as well as philosophers close to the Vienna Circle such as Tadeusz Kotarbiński and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz.

Twardowski also established the Polish Philosophical Society in 1904, the first laboratory of experimental psychology in Poland in 1907, and the journal Ruch Filozoficzny in 1911.

He officially retired in 1930.

Work
In his 1894 book On the Content and Object of Presentations (also known as On the Doctrine of the Content and Object of Presentations), Twardowski argues for a distinction between content and object in the frame of the theory of intentionality of his teacher Franz Brentano. According to him the mind is divided in two main areas: acts or mental phenomena, and a physical phenomenon. For example, an act of mental representation is aimed at a presentation. This is what he called ‘intentionality’, aboutness. Every act is about something, but also every presentation goes together with an act of presentation. This theory suffers from the problem that it is not clear what the presentation exactly is. Is the presentation something only in the mind, or is it also in the world as object? Twardowski says that sometimes presentation is used for the object in the world and sometimes for the immanent content of a mental phenomenon.

Twardowski offers a solution for this problem and proposes to make a distinction between the content of a presentation and the object of a presentation.

In his book Twardowski offers an analogy to clarify this distinction. He uses the example of a painting. People say of a landscape that it is painted, but also of a painting that it is painted. In the first case the word ‘painting’ is used in a modifying way (a painted landscape is not a landscape at all), while in the latter case the word painting is used in a qualitative or attributive way. Twardowski argues that presentations are similar. The content is the painted painting and the object is the painted landscape. The content resembles the present ‘picture’ in one's mind, and the object the landscape.

Works in German and Polish

 * Über den Unterschied zwischen der klaren und deutlichen Perception und der klaren und deutlichen Idee bei Descartes (On the difference between clear and distinct perception and between clear and distinct ideas in Descartes, doctoral dissertation, 1891)
 * Idee und perzeption. Eine erkenntnis-theoretische Untersuchung aus Descartes (1892)
 * Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen (On the Doctrine of the Content and Object of Presentations, habilitation thesis, 1894)
 * Wyobrażenie i pojęcie (1898)
 * O tzw. prawdach względnych (1900)
 * Über sogenannte relative Wahrheiten (1902)
 * Über begriffliche Vorstellungen (1903)
 * Das Wesen der Begriffe allegato a Jahresbericht der Wiener philosophischen Gesellschaft (1903)
 * O psychologii, jej przedmiocie, zadaniach, metodzie, stosunku do innych nauk i jej rozwoju (1913)
 * Rozprawy i artykuły filozoficzne (1927)
 * Wybrane pisma filozoficzne (1965) (Collection of the philosophical essays)
 * Wybór pism psychologicznych i pedagogicznych (1992) (Collection of the psychological and pedagogical essays)
 * Dzienniki (1997)

Translations

 * On the Content and Object of Presentations. A Psychological Investigation. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff 1977. Translated and with an introduction by Reinhardt Grossmann.
 * On Actions, Products and Other Topics in Philosophy. Edited by Johannes Brandl and Jan Wolenski. Amsterdam: Rodopi 1999. Translated and annotated by Arthur Szylewicz.
 * On Prejudices, Judgments and Other Topics in Philosophy. Edited by Anna Brożek e Jacek Jadacki. Amsterdam: Rodopi 2014.
 * Sur les objets intentionnels (1893–1901). Paris: Vrin 1993. French translation of Zur Lehre vom Inhalt und Gegenstand der Vorstellungen and other texts by Edmund Husserl.

title: Kazimierz Twardowski


text:
User talk:Warrenokeefe

Wikipedia meet in London
Take a look at Meetup/London. And tidy your room, dammit! ;o) — OwenBlacker 18:10, Nov 16, 2004 (UTC)

Category:Gay, lesbian or bisexual people
Jeez, does noone else ever leave you messages? I know you won't mind, but I've just moved all of us Wikipedians who were in Category:Gay, lesbian or bisexual people into Category:Queer wikipedians, in an attempt to avoid self-references. Hope your holiday was fun! — OwenBlacker June 30, 2005 16:54 (UTC)

title: User talk:Warrenokeefe


text:
User talk:Nicop (Usurp)

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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Avianca
Avianca was founded in 1940 not 1919. If it was a simple rename of the company maybe but it wasn't a rename but a merger of SCADTA (which was founded in 1919) and SACO (founded in 1933), therefore creating a new company called Avianca in 1940 (which is the founded date). The claim Avianca makes on it's site is totally incorrect (reason why we don't use primary sources) but it's all ready sourced on the article as 1940. I don't know what it is with editors wanting to be 1919 but they need to let go of that. Bidgee (talk) 00:23, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Deletion discussion about Apparent weight
Hello, Nicop (Usurp), and thanks for contributing to Wikipedia!

I wanted to let you know that some editors are discussing at Articles for deletion/Apparent weight whether the article Apparent weight should be in Wikipedia. I encourage you to comment there if you think the article should be kept in the encyclopedia.

The deletion discussion doesn't mean you did something wrong. In fact, other editors may have useful suggestions on how you can continue editing and improving Apparent weight, which I encourage you to do. If you have any questions, feel free to ask at the Help Desk.

Thanks again for your contributions! Gerardw (talk) 20:53, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nicop (Usurp)


text:
User talk:Christiankavanagh

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]]

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Hi Christian. I just saw your posting on Requests for arbitration.

Just a suggestion, but you may want to try mediation first. Some of our mediators are particularly good, and can really help in working things out, even between the most opposed of parties. Ack I missed that mediation had already been tried. Bcorr's advice is good. Generally, arbitration is something to be avoided - it's a point of last resort, and can often take a long time to resolve. Ambi 13:17, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hi Christian -- regarding your request for mediation (Requests_for_mediation) -- first of all, it was declined by User:VeryVerily, but even if it hadn't been, (despite Ambi's advice above) I would have asked you to rcarefully read through Dispute resolution, and then if applicable make a request for comments on the dispute to involve more people in the discussion. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave a message at my talk page.

Thanks, 14:29, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Arbitration committee case closure
The arbitration committee has officially closed Requests for arbitration/VeryVerily →Raul654 17:30, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christiankavanagh


text:
Talk:Theatre of the absurd

Structure seems odd
Esslin uses a structure that I think is a little more sensible than that given here (and he's probably worth paying attention to, since he's the one who coined the phrase in the first place):

1) Playwrights of the Absurd: Beckett, Adamov, Ionesco, Genet

2) Descendants of the Absurd: Pinter, Albee, Arrabal, etc.

3) Ancestors of the Absurd: Jarry, Buchner, Witkiewicz, etc.

Furthermore, as this page is entitled _theatre_ of the absurd, perhaps the novelists should be relegated to another page, such as "absurdism"?

It's probably worth noting, also, that Jarry's presence here as a novelist isn't wholly accurate; his primary contribution to the theatre of the absurd was as a playwright, with the Ubu plays.

Theatre of the absurd is very important and i hope that you do fix this up because it didn't help me any. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.250.223.114 (talk • contribs) (16:45, 7 January 2005)

 * You're right of course. Do feel free to fix the article up - it's something I've been meaning to do for a while, but it might be years before I do. --Camembert

title: Talk:Theatre of the absurd


text:
User talk:Jshadel

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title: User talk:Jshadel


text:
Government House (Manitoba)

Government House of Manitoba (Résidence du Lieutenant-Gouverneur) is the official residence of the lieutenant governor of Manitoba, as well as that in Winnipeg of the Canadian monarch. It stands in the provincial capital, on the grounds of the Manitoba Legislative Building, at 10 Kennedy Street; unlike other provincial Government Houses in Canada, this gives Manitoba's royal residence a prominent urban setting, though it is surrounded by gardens.

History
Prior to the foundation of Manitoba, the Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories occupied a designated residence within the walls of Upper Fort Garry; a house that was, at one point, used by Louis Riel as president of the provisional government of Red River. After the new province joined Confederation on 15 July 1870, a structure five kilometres outside of Winnipeg was leased for use as the lieutenant governor's residence, known as Silver Heights, but it was found unsuitable, given its size and distance from the capital. Instead, the lieutenant governor remained at Upper Fort Garry until the present Government House was completed.

The house there, however, was in constant need of repair; after $10,000 was spent on the structure in 1873, Alexander Morris wrote to the federal Minister of Public Works: "You can fancy the state of the house when I tell you there was five feet of water in the cellar till middle of July. Year before till middle of August..." Further, as the population of the province was increasing, the need for public buildings became more pressing, and a delegation travelled to Ottawa to discuss with the Queen's Privy Council for Canada the matter of parliament allocating funds for a new legislative assembly and Government House for Manitoba. This was approved, and Thomas Seaton Scott, the Dominion architect, immediately set about drawing up plans for the structures.

The current provincial royal residence was constructed in 1883, at a cost to the federal Crown of $23,995. However, the building was two years later, on 10 June, purchased by the provincial Crown for $1, with the provision that the house be used as a residence for the viceroy "and for no other purpose," as written by John A. Macdonald at the bottom of the Order in Council transferring the house. In 1901, the royal home played host to the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary), as well as the Duchess' brother, Prince Alexander of Teck (who would later become Governor General of Canada); Prince Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII), and Prince George, Duke of Kent, in 1919 and 1941; and King George VI was the first reigning monarch to reside at Government House when he and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, stopped in Winnipeg during their cross-country tour of Canada in 1939; from Government House, the King broadcast over the radio a speech to the British Commonwealth, the table at which he sat still in the residence. Their daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and each of their children have also stayed at Government House over the years.

The architect Frank Worthington Simon included in his plans for the Manitoba Legislative Building a new Government House, to be constructed on the bank of the Assiniboine River, opposite the parliament. This plan never came to fruition, however, and the Victorian Government House was adapted over time to suit the lieutenant governor's changing needs. In 1978, the mansion was designated as a historical structure by the Manitoba Heritage Council and in 1999, at the initiative of Shirley Liba, wife of Lieutenant Governor Peter Liba, the house underwent a major renovation, in which many of the original features of the mansion were uncovered and restored.

Use
Government House is where visiting dignitaries are greeted and often stay while in Winnipeg. It is also where numerous vice-regal events take place, such as the bestowing of provincial awards or inductions into the Order of Manitoba, as well as luncheons, dinners, receptions, and speaking engagements. It is also at the royal residence that the lieutenant governor drops the writs of election and swears-in new members of the Executive Council. The viceroy's office is located at the Legislative Building, behind Government House; it is there that legislation is given Royal Assent and the lieutenant governor meets with the premier.

Architecture and interiors
Manitoba's Government house is a structure of solid masonry walls and timber floor framing, the original block being 18.3 m square and four storeys in height, counting the basement level, covering a total of approximately 20000 sqft, including the tower. The volume and its facade composition was at first symmetrical along an east-west axis through the centre of the building, though this arrangement was later altered by the addition of new wings; this is clad in brick, trimmed with cut stone and ornate wood cornices at the roof line, and iron cresting tops the tower. The overall design was described in 1883 as "Italian, modified to suit the requirements of the climate," though the same year an early visitor noted in the guest book: "It is an unpretending looking structure, of nondescript architecture and with no outside ornamentation." Similarly, in 1953, the provincial architect said that Government House was the one "jarring note" on the grounds of the Legislative Building. By later in the 20th century, however, provincial architects stated the house is "Victorian architecture with French influence from the Second Napoleonic Empire with the flat steep-sided Mansard roof".

When first built, the ground floor of Government House held a suite of interconnected rooms that, opened to one another, formed a suite 29 m long and 6.1 m wide. Altogether, these included, in a counter-clockwise array around the central stair hall, the library, immediately to the right of the foyer, the breakfast room, the drawing room, the dining room, a serving room, and the viceroy's office at the left of the foyer. Later, in 1901, a veranda was built around the north-east corner of the house, and a ballroom was added to the rear, both at the personal expense of Lieutenant Governor Daniel Hunter McMillan. Then, in 1908, the front porch was enclosed in a robust structure and a palm room and adjoining conservatory were added off the dining room. Until 1946, the kitchens were in the basement and serving took place via a dumbwaiter; that year a new kitchen was built into another extension off the rear of the mansion. Eventually what had been the palm room was made into an extension of the dining room and, in 1953, the original serving room was sacrificed in favour of a cloak room and powder room, as well as an elevator in place of the dumbwaiter. The ballroom was demolished in 1960 to make way for the current assembly room, which was, for catering purposes, linked to the kitchen by a new serving room, and three years following, the conservatory was pulled down and replaced with a new sun room, potting room, and greenhouse, as well as a three car garage. Today, the lieutenant governor's office has been moved to the Legislative Building and the room it once occupied made into a sitting room for the viceroy's aides-de-camp. The former library, breakfast room, and drawing room have all been turned into a series of connected salons for official entertaining.

Reached by a staircase of oak treads, newels, balusters, and handrail with pine risers, the second floor consisted in 1880 of six bedrooms, two dressing rooms, a bath room, a toilet, and a storage closet. Two of the bedrooms were connected by large sliding doors, as with the library and breakfast room beneath; during large parties, these doors would be pulled back and the combined bedrooms would be used for expanded entertainment space. Over time, the spaces on this level were altered and some of the bedrooms were divided into private en suite bathrooms. The royal bedroom is reserved for use by the sovereign and other Royal Family members when they are in Winnipeg, and the gold room accommodates royal support staff or other royals if the monarch is occupying the royal bedroom. Also on this floor is the viceregal suite, consisting of a master bedroom, the lieutenant governor's private office, and a library and living room.

The basement of Government House is divided into several sections; originally it held living quarters for the domestic staff—a kitchen and bedrooms—as well as the main kitchen for the state dining room on the ground floor. Currently, it contains storage and laundry facilities. The attic floor was divided into nine bedrooms, which has been reduced to four bedrooms with the addition of two bathrooms, a sitting room, and a three and one-half room suite for the resident housekeeper. From this floor one can also access the tower, from which the lieutenant governor's standard is flown when he or she is in residence.

Grounds
Manitoba's Government House is surrounded on three sides by manicured gardens; the fourth side—the rear of the building—faces directly onto the parking lot of the Legislative Building. In 2010, part of the grounds were set aside and dedicated as the Queen Elizabeth II Gardens by the Queen herself on 3 July that year, the event marked by the planting of an Amber Jubilee Ninebark shrub, the species having been created specifically for Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee in 2012. At the same time, a statue of the Queen that had been created in 1970 by Leo Mol and installed outside the Manitoba Centennial Centre was moved to the eponymous gardens and unveiled by her. The statue was toppled over on 1 July 2021 in a protest against Canada Day.

title: Government House (Manitoba)


text:
User talk:Jrbernsen

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title: User talk:Jrbernsen


text:
User talk:Nosbtr1

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:Nosbtr1


text:
Good Mourning

Good Mourning is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band Alkaline Trio, released May 13, 2003 on Vagrant Records.

Background and production
Towards the end of May 2002, the band recorded their next album; they "decided that waiting until after Warped Tour would be too long." Recording sessions were held at Cello Studios with producers Joe McGrath and Jerry Finn. The album marks the first appearance of drummer Derek Grant, described by vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba as "a whole new influence." During recording, both Skiba and vocalist/bassist Dan Andriano were ill. Alkaline Trio had planned a tour with One Man Army in early 2003, but the tour was cancelled due to Skiba having strained vocal chords; the album's recording was subsequently delayed. Brian Gardner mastered the recordings at Bern Grundman Mastering. Skiba describes the album as sounding "bigger, deeper and rawer" than its predecessor, From Here to Infirmary.

In a 2003 interview, Matt Skiba gave his thoughts on the album:

"[Good Mourning] is pretty good. I mean it took us a long time to do and I think most of the people that I talk to that make records and stuff, there's always stuff that you wish you did better or maybe a little differently. I've never been able to avoid that, even with this. There's things that I wish I had done maybe a little differently. But that also comes with just listening to it and living with it for so long that until it's done you won't really hear things in that way until it's like too late I guess. But I would say for the most part that I'm really happy with it."

Composition
Good Mourning has been described as a punk rock, pop-punk, and hardcore punk record, with a focus on aggression. Discussing the title, Skiba said he was having breakfast near the studio, and his waiter said good morning' to me and it's just kinda like the double meaning/spelling kinda registered and I just called everyone and I was like, 'How about Good Mourning with a U?' and everybody liked it equally as much so we used it." He said the Ramones and the Damned served as big influences on the album. "We've Had Enough" features backing vocals from Keith Morris of Circle Jerks.

Release
On January 23, 2003, the album's title was revealed as Good Mourning. On February 11, Good Mourning was announced for release in three months' time; alongside this, the album's track listing was posted online. On March 18, the album's artwork was revealed. Between April and June 2003, the band toured across the US and Canada, with One Man Army, Pretty Girls Make Graves, and Avoid One Thing. Good Mourning was made available for streaming on May 1, 2003, before being released through Vagrant Records on May 13. The UK version of the album included two bonus tracks: "Dead End Road" and "Old School Reasons". Also on May 13, the band appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. "We've Had Enough" was released to radio on May 20; the song's music video was posted on MTV's website nine days later. In August and September, the band toured Europe as part of the Reconstruction Festival, and appeared at the Terremoto Festival. Following this, the band went on a tour of the UK with Hot Water Music. Between October and December, the band went on the Vagrant Tour 2003, which featured several acts on the label. The stint included appearances on IMX and Late Show with David Letterman. In February 2004, the band went on an Australian tour with Thrice and Hot Water Music. In March and April, the band toured the West Coast as part of the Punkvoter.

Reception
The album debuted at number 20 on the Billboard 200, selling 40,000 copies on its first week of release. By August 2008, the album had sold 258,000 copies. Reception from critics was mixed to positive. Within the band, the retrospective reception of Good Mourning varies. When asked to rank Alkaline Trio's first eight studio albums, Dan Andriano put Good Mourning in the top spot whereas Matt Skiba ranked it second to last in place 7. Alternative Press ranked "We've Had Enough" at number 100 on their list of the best 100 singles from the 2000s.

Original release
All songs written and performed by Alkaline Trio.

UK edition

 * Bonus tracks
 * 1) "Dead End Road" – 3:09
 * 2) "Old School Reasons" – 2:52

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

 * Alkaline Trio
 * Matt Skiba – guitar, vocals
 * Dan Andriano – bass, vocals
 * Derek Grant – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Keith Morris – backing vocals
 * Jerry Finn – backing vocals

 * Production
 * Joe McGrath – producer, recording
 * Jerry Finn – co-producer, mixing
 * Christopher Holmes – assistant engineer
 * Jason Gossman – assistant engineer
 * Robert Reed – assistant engineer
 * Mike Fasano – drum tech
 * Brian Gardner – mastering
 * Jay Blakesberg – photography
 * Keath Moon – artwork, layout, design
 * Alkaline Trio – layout, design

title: Good Mourning


text:
View-Master

View-Master is the trademark name of a line of special-format stereoscopes and corresponding View-Master "reels", which are thin cardboard disks containing seven Stereoscopic 3-D pairs of small transparent color photographs on film. It was originally manufactured and sold by Sawyer's.

The View-Master system was introduced in 1939, four years after the advent of Kodachrome color film made the use of small, high-quality photographic color images practical. Tourist attraction and travel views predominated in View-Master's early lists of reels, most of which were meant to be of interest to users of all ages. Most current View-Master reels are intended for children.

1919–1956: early photo services
Edwin Eugene Mayer worked as a pharmacist at Owl Drug store in downtown Portland, Oregon, after serving in the U.S. Army in World War I. He built up a photo-finishing business there, and bought into Sawyer's Photo Finishing Service in 1919 with the help of his father August Mayer, his fiancée Eva McAnulty, and her sister Vi McAnulty.

Edwin described how he started the business in a letter dated April 1, 1954: "Suffice to say that in 1919, what little it was, was purchased with borrowed ($3,500) money from Dad, aided by about $1,600 in insurance money Eva got when her father died and which was left in permanently, and $1,600 borrowed from Vi and repaid, along with Dad's notes, within a few years."

As the business grew, Ed Mayer incorporated in about 1926, taking on partners Harold and Beulth F. Graves, Thomas and Pauline Meyer, and Augusta and Raymond F. Kelly, renaming the business Sawyer Service, Inc. The company relocated to a large two-story building at 181 Ella St., near Morrison Street in Portland, Oregon.

The company was producing photographic postcards and album sets as souvenirs by 1926, when Harold Graves joined Sawyer's. Graves handled marketing for the products while Mayer ran the business. Later, photographic greeting cards were added to the Sawyer's product line, marketed to major department stores. Sawyer's was the nation's largest producer of scenic postcards in the 1920s and the future View-Master viewer eventually became an extension of the two-dimensional cards.

The company took the first steps towards developing the View-Master after Edwin Mayer and Graves met with William Gruber, an organ maker of German origin trained by Welte & Sons and an avid photographer living in Portland. Mayer and Gruber had both developed devices for viewing stereo images, but Gruber had made up a stereo imaging rig out of two Kodak Bantam Specials mounted together on a tripod. He designed a machine that mounted the tiny pieces of Kodachrome color transparency film into reels made from heavy paper stock. A special viewer was also designed and produced. He had the idea of updating the old-fashioned stereoscope by using the new Kodachrome 16-mm color film, which had recently become available.

New business venture
A View-Master reel holds 14 film transparencies in seven pairs, making up the seven stereoscopic images. The components of each pair are viewed simultaneously, one by each eye, thus simulating binocular depth perception.

According to a 1960 court document, the Gruber-Sawyer partner venture began from that first meeting in 1938. Thereafter, Ed Mayer negotiated with Gruber while production methods and some marketing were developed. After three years, a formal agreement was entered into on February 24, 1942, between Gruber and Sawyer partners, doing business as Sawyer's.

Ed Mayer and people within the Sawyer's organization were uncertain what to call their new product, but they eventually came up with the name "View-Master". The View-Master brand name eventually came to be recognized by 65 percent of the world's population, but William Gruber disliked the name which Mayer gave it, thinking that it sounded too much like Toast-Master, Mix-Master, or some other kitchen appliance.

The View-Master was introduced at the 1939 New York World's Fair, marked "Patent Applied For". It was intended as an alternative to the scenic postcard, and was originally sold at photography shops, stationery stores, and scenic-attraction gift shops. The main subjects of View-Master reels were Carlsbad Caverns and the Grand Canyon.

The View-Master was marketed through Ed Mayer's photo-finishing, postcard, and greeting card company Sawyer's Service, Inc., known eventually as Sawyer's, Inc. The partnership led to the retail sales of View-Master viewers and reels. The patent on the viewing device was issued in 1940, on what came to be called the Model A viewer. Within a very short time, the View-Master took over the postcard business at Sawyer's.

Expansion
Ed Mayer gave details of the company's expansion in a letter dated April 1, 1954:

"In 1939, 20 years after starting the business, we had, by dint of hard work and long hours and frugal living, accumulated a business (Sawyer's) worth about $58,000.00 and Western Photo Supply Co. owning the buildings, worth about $30,000.00. The above figures were for the total business and buildings owned by the Kellys, Graves, Mayers and Meyers. In 1946, we had already grown a lot from 1939, and Sawyer's made a lease with Western Photo Supply Co., they to build and lease two new buildings to Sawyer's, in addition to the two we already had. At this point, Sawyer's also decided to change its structure from a partnership to a corporation, for various good reasons, one of which was to permit our children to participate in the stock ownership."

In the 1940s, the United States military recognized the potential for using View-Master products for personnel training, purchasing 100,000 viewers and nearly six million reels from 1942 to the end of World War II in 1945.

After the development of the View-Master, Sawyer's, Inc. moved into a new building at 735 S.W. 20th Place in downtown Portland. The company also occupied a building next door at 740 S.W. 21st Avenue. Years later, Edwin Mayer and his Sawyer's partners purchased land in Washington County near Progress, Oregon, west of Beaverton, and built a large plant there in about 1951. The plant has since been removed and developed into a shopping center. After moving to the new plant, Mayer leased the old Sawyer's building on 20th Place to Oregon Television, Inc., KPTV, Channel 12.

1950s
In 1951, Sawyer's purchased Tru-Vue, the main competitor of View-Master. The takeover eliminated the main rival and also gained Tru-Vue's licensing rights to Walt Disney Studios. Sawyer's capitalized on the opportunity and produced numerous reels featuring Disney characters. The takeover paid off further in 1955 with reels of the newly opened Disneyland. Joe Liptak was the artist responsible for most of the Disney and the early Hanna-Barbera reels.

In 1952, Sawyer's began its View-Master Personal line, which included the View-Master Personal Stereo Camera for users to make their own View-Master reels. It was successful at first, but the line was discontinued in ten years. This line spawned the Model D viewer, View-Master's highest-quality viewer, which was available until the early 1970s, and the Stereomatic 500, View-Master's only 3D projector. The other projectors were 2D and used only one of the images.

The Model E was introduced in 1955 with a more modern design, big ivory buttons on the picture changer levers, and a large "V" slot on top for easier reel insertion. It was released in brown and black in the United States, and some other colors elsewhere. It was about 4 inches high, 5 inches wide, and 4 inches deep.

The Model F was introduced in 1958. It used C-cell batteries to power an internal lighting source. Industrial designer Charles "Chuck" Harrison led the team designing the Model F View-Master. Fifty years later in 2008, Harrison won the Cooper-Hewitt Lifetime Achievement Award.

1962–present: stereoscopic toy
In 1962, the Bakelite models were replaced with lighter plastic versions, the first of which was the Model G. This change was driven by Sawyer's new president, Bob Brost, who took over in 1959 for then president James Kelly, who became Chairman until his retirement in 1967. The View-Master had been constructed originally from Kodak Tenite plastic and then Bakelite, a hard, sturdy, somewhat heavy plastic. The lightweight thermoplastic became the material of choice under Brost.

In 1966, Sawyer's was acquired by the General Aniline & Film (GAF) Corporation, and became a wholly owned subsidiary. Under GAF's ownership, View-Master reels began to feature fewer scenic and more child-friendly subjects, such as toys and cartoons. Television series were featured on View-Master reels, such as Doctor Who (sold only in the U.K.), Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, Star Trek, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Family Affair, Here's Lucy, and The Beverly Hillbillies. Actor Henry Fonda appeared in a series of TV commercials for the GAF View-Master.

From 1970 to around 1997, there were versions of Talking View-Masters, which included audio technology with the reels with three major designs with increasing sophistication. In the early 1970s, GAF introduced the View-Master Rear Screen Projector, a table-top projector that displayed images from picture wheels.

In 1980, View-Master released the Show Beam Projector, a toy that combined the company's stereoscopic images and flashlight technology to produce a portable hand-held projector. The Show Beam used small film cartridges that were plugged into the side of the toy. Each cartridge contained 30 full-color 2D images.

In 1981, GAF sold View-Master to a group of investors headed by Arnold Thaler, and the company was reconstituted as the View-Master International Group.

In 1985, View-Master entered into the video foray, by starting View-Master Video and teamed up with Warner Bros. Records on a new live-action educational video series produced by Together Again Productions, Kidsongs, designed specifically for the educational market.

View-Master International acquired the Ideal Toy Company in 1984 and became known as the View-Master Ideal Group; View-Master Ideal in turn was purchased by Tyco Toys in 1989.

Tyco, including the View-Master Ideal Group, merged with Mattel Inc. in 1997. View-Master was placed organizationally in Mattel's pre-school division and is now marketed under the Fisher-Price imprint, who continues emphasis on juvenile content.

In 1998, during the purchase of the Tyco Toys-owned plant by Mattel, EPA investigations began on the View-Master factory supply well for the toxic chemical trichloroethylene (TCE). The plant was shut down in 2001.

In March 2009, the Fisher-Price division of toy maker Mattel announced that they had stopped production in December 2008 of the scenic reels depicting tourist attractions. These reels of picturesque scenes and landscape scenery were descendants of the first View-Master reels sold in 1939. Fisher-Price announced they would continue to produce reels of animated characters. In late 2009, Alpha-cine announced it would take up scenic reel production under an agreement with Fisher-Price.

2015–2019: Virtual reality

In February 2015, Mattel announced a collaboration with Google to produce a new version of View-Master called the View-Master Virtual Reality Viewer, based on virtual reality using smartphones. The new View-Master is an implementation of the Google Cardboard VR platform, and is accompanied by a mobile app that was built using its SDK. Content is displayed on a smartphone screen; the phone itself is inserted into the back of the unit. Instead of being inserted directly into the View-Master, reels are scanned using an augmented reality interface which enables access to content from the reel, such as 360-degree panoramas, 3D models, and minigames.

Greenbot considered the View-Master to be the best low-cost Cardboard viewer, citing its build quality and comfort over models actually constructed from cardboard, but noting that the latch mechanism for securing the phone inside was not tight enough, and that there was no headphone jack access. It was felt that the View-Master VR was "the kind of thing you might grab as a gift for the kids, but if you're curious about VR on your phone, chances are you'll use it as much as they do."

In 2016, an updated iteration known as the DLX was released; it features improvements to its compatibility with smaller phones, a more secure latch for the phone compartment, and also adds focal adjustment and a headphone port.

Both editions of the View-Master VR were discontinued in November 2019, and the Experience packs can no longer be installed by new users.

In 2019, Mattel partnered with MGM to announce an upcoming feature film based on the View-Master. The project will be co-piloted by Robbie Brenner of Mattel's Films division and MGM's Cassidy Lange.

Cumulative production
There have been some 25 viewer models, thousands of titles, and 1.5 billion reels produced. The basic design remained intact for reels and internal mechanisms, despite its long history and many changes in models and materials, ensuring that every reel will work in every model.

Recognition
In 1999, View-Master was part of the second year of inductees added to the National Toy Hall of Fame.

Notable uses

Reels have been produced for Disneyland, many TV shows (such as The Flying Nun, Lost in Space, and The Munsters), blockbuster movies (such as The Poseidon Adventure, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, and Jurassic Park), and the U.S. military (for airplane and ship identification as well as range estimation).

David L. Bassett, an expert on anatomy and dissection, collaborated with Gruber to create a 25-volume atlas of human anatomy using the View-Master system.

View-Master produced custom reels for commercial customers to show 3-D images of products and services to potential clients. For example, in the early 1990s, Canadian restaurant chain East Side Mario's used a View-Master reel as their dessert menu.

Among the newest View-Master products are a Discovery Channel View-Master, the new Virtual Viewer, the Discovery Channel View-Master Projector and Telescope, and the View-Master 3-D Pocket Viewer, which feature images of popular performers in concert and backstage.

title: View-Master


text:
Sim Van der Ryn

Sim Van der Ryn is an American architect, researcher and educator. Van der Ryn's professional interest has been applying principles of physical and social ecology to architecture and environmental design.

Van der Ryn has promoted sustainable design at the community scale and the building-specific scale. He has designed single-family and multi-family housing, community facilities, retreat centers and resorts, learning facilities, as well as office and commercial buildings.

Early life
Sim Van Der Ryn was born in 1935 (age 88) in the Netherlands. His family moved to Queens, New York, then moved to Great Neck, New York on Long Island.

Van der Ryn pursued education in architecture at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, graduating at the age of 24 with a B.Arch degree, in 1958. During that year he moved to California and joined the UC Berkeley faculty where he taught for 35 years. Later in his career, he was listed as a state architect in California and New Mexico. Sim also, became a licensed architect where he received a certification by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB).

Professional Projects

 * State of California, Energy Resources and Conservation and Development Building, Sacramento, CA
 * State of California, Department of Justice, Office Building #1, Sacramento, CA 1977-1978.
 * State of California, State Office Building, Sacramento, CA, 1977-1978
 * State of California, Water Resources Control Board Building, Sacramento, CA
 * State of California, State Office Building, San Jose, CA
 * The Ojai Foundation School Ojai, CA.
 * Green Gulch Zen Center Muir Beach, CA
 * Real Goods Solar Living Center Hopland, California, 1996

Teaching Career

 * Assistant Professor, University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA. 1958-1966.
 * Associate Professor, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 1966-1970.
 * Professor, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 1970.
 * Goff Chair of Innovative Architecture, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 2001.
 * Professor Emeritus of Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, 2019.

Professional Efforts
Van der Ryn’s vision and philosophy have been based on the inclusion of ecological values to the built environment. He introduced new academic programs through elementary schools in Berkeley, California. One of the program's mottos was “trash can do it.” The idea was that recycling of materials would encourage students to utilize resources; the approach was new at the time. Hands-on methods of gaining understanding allowed students to grasp a real-life perspective concerning different materials by utilizing them in environmentally functional projects. The program created opportunities to enhance and develop manual, intellectual and social skills. It put forward a do-it-yourself guideline to enhance educational systems.

Van der Ryn had an innovative and unconventional approach to teaching. In his classes he insisted on creating a more balanced basis among male and female students. He persisted with this principle and was able to create a more equal environment for all with professional aspirations. His vision in relation to architecture was to provide women with similar opportunities as men, accepting equal applicants of men and women in the early 70s.

“Outlaw Builder Studio,” a significant platform for Van der Ryn to demonstrate his new ecological and solar architecture, in which his students could develop building and social skills. Students created, designed and built according to their need while living in the outdoors for at least three days of the week. Later on, some of the projects were dismantled because they didn't meet building-code requirements. This was met with some scrutiny in his teaching career from his peers and other professionals.

Energy Pavilion was a project of interest in the early 70s. This project provided the first mainstream booklet on solar architecture. Students were able to construct an early solar-panel design. This energy-efficient design offered a futuristic glimpse into ecological and environmental architecture. At the time of this project, the world was witnessing the dilemmas of the oil crisis. Van der Ryn encouraged his studio to connect with the surrounding environment and maintain a cohesive approach in design.

California State Government
Van der Ryn was appointed California State Architect in the administration of Governor Jerry Brown in the late 1970s. Van der Ryn was in the architecture faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. He lives in California.

Artwork
Sim desired to become a painter he believed that design is a gate to understand ourselves through nature. He taught different watercolor classes to his students and found it to be meditative state. Sim also found it to be a starting point for a designer to integrate with nature and begin to collaborate with it.

Awards

 * Recipient, Guggenheim Fellowship, 1971.
 * Recipient, American Institute of Architects, California Council (AIACC), Commendation for Excellence in Technology, 1981.
 * Recipient, AIACC, Nathaniel Owings Award, 1996.
 * Recipient, Rockefeller Scholar in Residence, Bellagio, Italy, 1997 and 2012.
 * Fellowship, Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts, Chicago, IL, 1997.
 * President's Award for Planning, American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA Colorado Chapter) for the Arbolera de Vida Master Plan, Albuquerque, NM, 1997.
 * Recipient, Congress for the New Urbanism, Athena Medal, 2008

Publications

 * Van der Ryn, Sim and Stuart Cowan (2007). Ecological Design, Tenth Anniversary Edition. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 978-1-59726-1418
 * Van der Ryn, Sim (2005). Design For Life: The Architecture of Sim Van der Ryn. Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 978-1586855307
 * Van der Ryn, Sim and Stuart Cowan (1996). Ecological Design. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-389-1
 * Calthorpe, Peter and Sim Van der Ryn (1986). Sustainable Communities: A New Design Synthesis for Cities, Suburbs and Towns. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-629-X
 * Van der Ryn, Sim and the Farallones Institute, Helga & William Olkowski (1982). The Integral Urban House. NY: Random House. ISBN 978-0871562135
 * Van der Ryn, Sim (1978). The Toilet Papers. Santa Barbara, CA: Capra Press. ISBN 978-0884961215

Van de Ryn also contributed a foreword to the book Handmade Houses: A Guide to the Woodbutcher's Art by Art Boericke and Barry Shapiro (1973).

 * Van der Ryn, Sim (2013). Design for an Empathic World: Reconnecting People, Nature, and Self 2nd None ed. Edition. ISBN 978-1610914260
 * Van der Ryn, Sim (2013). Culture, Architecture and Nature: An Ecological Design Retrospective 1st Edition. ISBN 041583967X
 * Temko, Allan, “California’s New Generation of Energy Efficient State Buildings”,AIA Journal,66: 13,50-56,12/1977.
 * Lencher, Norbert,Heating Cooling Lighting, Design Methods for Architects, 450-455,1991.
 * Bednar, Michael J., Interior Pedestrian Places, 131,1989.
 * “Getting Architects Involved Community Action”, Journal of the American Institute of Architects, 46:5,89,11/1966.
 * Stein, Benjamin, Reynolds, John S., Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 259-265,1992
 * Woodbridge, Sally, “Governing Energy: California State Office Building”, Progressive Architecture, 56:4,86-91,04/1984
 * “An architect child of the’60s whose time has come”, Seattle Times, Sect I:16,10/22/2005.
 * Brown, G.Z., DEKAY, Mark, “Mechanical Mass Ventilation”, Sun, Wind & Light, 284, 288, 2001.

title: Sim Van der Ryn


text:
Talk:Jean-Bernard Gauthier de Murnan

Untitled
Torvald112: corrections by an English native speaker needed !

title: Talk:Jean-Bernard Gauthier de Murnan