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Talk:Murad Wilfried Hofmann

Untitled
I created the article while looking for information on Dr. Hofmann and surprisingly not being able to find anything in Wikipedia. So, now there is something on Wiki. I'm putting redirects in place at Murad Hofmann and Wilfried Hofmann, since these seem to be common forms of his name.

The first two External Links are the sources I used.

I've marked the article a stub because I'm sure more information could be added, such as a complete list of books he's written, and so on.

Criticism
The article should contain information about the anti-democratic, anti-Christian and anti-Western statements this man has repeatedly made. The latter have made him the object of sharp criticism from several sides. (Compare the German wikipedia)

 * I agree, but I can't find anything in English. can you translate? Misheu 14:22, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Murad Wilfried Hofmann


text: User talk:61.95.193.71

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:61.95.193.71


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Spenserian sonnet

The Spenserian sonnet is a sonnet form named for the poet Edmund Spenser.

A Spenserian sonnet comprises three interlocked quatrains and a final couplet, with the rhyme scheme ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.

Three prominent features of this sonnet type were known already: Italian and French sonnets used five rhymes; sonnets of Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey used final couplets; and the interleaved ABAB rhymes were in the English style.

title: Spenserian sonnet


text:
Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel

The Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (also known as the Brown Scapular) belongs to the habit of both the Carmelite Order and the Discalced Carmelite Order, both of which have Our Lady of Mount Carmel as their patroness. In its small form, it is widely popular within the Latin Church of the Catholic Church as a religious article and has probably served as the prototype of all the other devotional scapulars. The liturgical feast day of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, July 16, is popularly associated with the devotion of the Scapular.

According to the Vatican's Congregation for Divine Worship, the Brown Scapular is "an external sign of the filial relationship established between the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother and Queen of Mount Carmel, and the faithful who entrust themselves totally to her protection, who have recourse to her maternal intercession, who are mindful of the primacy of the spiritual life and the need for prayer."

History
In its origin as a practical garment, a scapular was a type of work apron, frequently used by monks, consisting of large pieces of cloth front and back joined over the shoulders with strips of cloth. It forms part of the habit of some religious orders including the Carmelites. The first Carmelite hermits who lived on Mount Carmel in the Holy Land in the 12th century are thought to have worn a belted tunic and striped mantle typical of pilgrims; when the Carmelites moved to Europe in the 13th century and became a mendicant order of friars they adopted a new habit that included a brown belted tunic, brown scapular, hood, and white mantle.

In the Middle Ages, a habit was an essential part of the identity of members of religious orders. To remove one's habit was tantamount to leaving the monastic state. The Carmelite Constitution of 1369 stipulates automatic excommunication for Carmelites who say Mass without a scapular, while the Constitutions of 1324 and 1294 consider it a serious fault to sleep without the scapular.

According to Hugh Clarke, "The origins of the Scapular devotion are to be found in the desires of lay people during the Middle ages to be closely associated with the Carmelite Order and its spirituality." It was customary for laypeople who belonged to confraternities, sodalities, or third orders affiliated with the religious orders to wear some sign of membership, frequently some part derived from the religious habit such as a cord, cloak or scapular. During part of their history, the lay affiliates of the Carmelites wore the white mantle which the friars wore, or even the full habit. The small brown scapular and Mary's promise of salvation for the wearer, began to be promoted to the laity in the form we are familiar with today by Giovanni Battista Rossi, prior general of the Carmelites from 1564 to 1578.

The Carmelite scapular was widespread in European countries at the end of the 16th century. There are many books that include formulas of blessing for those who wear the scapular. The moment when they receive the scapular formally is significant, as is the hour of death.

Historical difficulties
According to traditional accounts, the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared at Cambridge to Simon Stock, who was Prior General of the Carmelite Order in the middle of the 13th century. The earliest reference to this tradition, dating from the late 14th century, states that "St. Simon was an Englishman, a man of great holiness and devotion, who always in his prayers asked the Virgin to favor his Order with some singular privilege. The Virgin appeared to him holding the Scapular in her hand saying, 'This is for you and yours a privilege; the one who dies in it will be saved.'"

The scapular vision to Simon Stock
The first mention of the vision appears in the late 14th century, almost 150 years after the date in 1251 when it is sometimes stated to have occurred, and is not noted in the earliest accounts of Simon Stock's life and miracles. The history of the Carmelite habit and legislation and discussion relating to it within the order during that time span, do not mention nor seem to imply a tradition about the Blessed Virgin giving the Scapular to the Carmelites, nor do the notable Carmelite writers of the 14th century, such as John Baconthorpe, mention the scapular. History even records an instance in 1375 when an English Carmelite named Nicholas Hornby engaged in a public debate with a Dominican friar in which Hornby ridiculed Dominican claims to have received their habit from the Blessed Virgin—this was a claim common to several different orders in the Middle Ages. Hornby showed no sign of being aware of any similar claim that had been made by a fellow English Carmelite in the preceding century.

Amidst confusing evidence, it has been suggested that some other Carmelite than Simon Stock had a mystical vision, the story of which was later associated with him. A Dominican history compiled by Gerard of Frachet in 1259–1260 tells of the 1237 drowning death of the Dominican Jordan of Saxony off the coast of Acre, Israel (near Mount Carmel), and mentions "a certain brother of the Order of Carmel" who was tempted to abandon his vocation because God had permitted this to happen to so holy a man; Jordan was said to have appeared then to the brother in a vision, reassuring him that "all who serve the Lord Jesus Christ to the end will be saved." Gerard concludes: "the brother himself, and the prior of the same Order, brother Simon, a religious and truthful man, have related these things to our friars." This story which bears a notable similarity to the traditional story of the scapular vision and promise of salvation, with obvious differences, is one of very few known references.

Appearance
In the current Catechesis prepared under the direction of the North American prior provincials of the Carmelite Order and the Order of Discalced Carmelites and given imprimatur by the Archbishop of Washington D.C., the scapular must consist of two pieces of brown cloth with one segment hanging on the wearer's chest, and the other hanging on his/her back. These pieces are joined by two straps or strings which overlap each shoulder—hence the word "scapular" (shoulder blade). Religious pictures or symbols, though unnecessary, may be sewn on; this custom began in the eighteenth century. The catechesis also acknowledged that the Scapular was formerly required to be made from 100% wool (a rule since dropped); it further stated the habits of the Carmelite religious are also now typically made of other, less expensive yet more practical materials. It is normally worn under the clothes but not pinned to undergarments.

Because wool deteriorates rapidly in tropical climates, since 1910 those properly invested into a confraternity may wear properly blessed scapular medals with the depiction of Jesus with his Sacred Heart on one panel and Mary on the obverse. It is acceptable to wear a metal scapular medal, though one must be invested with the cloth scapular first. The Sisters of Carmel maintain:

Pope Pius X expressed his preference for the cloth scapular. Pope Benedict XV proclaimed the church's strong preference for the cloth rather to be worn than the medal. This preference is because cloth is important to the sign value of the scapular as a garment, a habit.

Enrollment
Unlike typical sacramentals, scapulars are not merely blessed, but need to be invested by a priest to enroll the faithful.

Any Catholic priest may invest a baptised Catholic with the Brown Scapular. Lay people are unable to bless a Scapular. There is a form of the blessing and investiture in the Book of Blessings which will normally be found in any Catholic parish. The most recent Rite for the Blessing of and Enrollment in the Scapular, approved in 1996 by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, is available in booklet form, the "Catechesis and Ritual for the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel", published in 2000 and distributed by ICS Publications.

The short form of the investiture is as follows: Receive this Scapular, a sign of your special relationship with Mary, the Mother of Jesus, whom you pledge to imitate. May it be a reminder to you of your dignity as a Christian, in serving others and imitating Mary. Wear it as a sign of her protection and of belonging to the Family of Carmel, voluntarily doing the will of God and devoting yourself to building a world true to his plan of community, justice and peace.

According to a 1996 doctrinal statement approved by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, "Devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel is bound to the history and spiritual values of the Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel and is expressed through the scapular. Thus, whoever receives the scapular becomes a member of the order and pledges him/herself to live according to its spirituality in accordance with the characteristics of his/her state in life."

Third Order and Confraternity
Like the other mendicant orders such as the Franciscans, the Carmelites formed a Third Order for lay people (the First Order being the friars, the Second Order the nuns), either married or single, who wished to participate deeply in the spirituality and charism of the order, but remain in their secular state of life. Those belonging to the Ancient Observance (O.Carm) branch of the Carmelites are today known as Lay Carmelites, those belonging to the Discalced (OCD) branch of the Carmelites are known as Secular Carmelites, members of both branches belong to communities which meet together regularly for prayer and spiritual formation. The small Brown Scapular is the habit of these Carmelite laity, with a larger ceremonial Scapular normally worn outside the clothes at community meetings and official functions.

There is also a Confraternity of the Brown Scapular. According to the 1996 version of the rite of enrollment, "The scapular confraternity of Carmel is an association of the faithful who strive for the perfection of charity in the world in the spirit of the Carmelite Order, participate in the life of the Order and its spiritual benefits in an intimate communion of thought, ideals, and works together with Mary." Furthermore, the current rules (approved 1996) for starting a canonical local confraternity is given: "The supreme moderator of the Carmelite Order is the competent authority for the canonically established of a confraternity. For churches belonging to the Order, the consent given by he ordinary for the canonical establishment of the religious house is also valid for the canonical establishment of the confraternity. However, for the canonical establishment of the confraternity in other churches or places, the written consent of the ordinary is required. … Members are bound to set aside regularly time to be with God in prayer, frequent participation in the Eucharist, daily recitation of one of the hours of the liturgy or of some psalms or the rosary or other equivalent prayers. If possible, they will meet periodically to build up the sense of fraternity, to study the spirit of Carmel, to care for brothers and sisters in need, all in union with Mary. They may gain plenary indulgences, provided they fulfill the usual conditions, on the day they join the confraternity and on the following feasts: the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (July 16), St Elijah, prophet (July 20), St Simon Stock (May 16), St Therese of the Child Jesus (October 1), St Teresa of Jesus (October 15), All Carmelite Saints (November 14), and St John of the Cross (December 14) …"

In Europe in the past there was often a local confraternity which met for fellowship and spiritual formation. Today, at least in North America, those enrolled by a priest into the Confraternity of the Brown Scapular typically have no visible group to belong to, nor are written records kept concerning membership. Some have called for a return to the practice of organized confraternities and renewed awareness of the scapular's connection to Carmelite spirituality.

The current rite of enrollment in the Brown Scapular also permits for persons to be enrolled in the scapular without joining a group.

Official teaching
Carmelite scholar Kieran Kavanaugh summarized the Catholic Church's official position on the Brown Scapular:

 * With regard to the scapular as a conventional and sacred sign, the Church has intervened at various times in history to clarify its meaning, defend it, and confirm the privileges. From these Church documents there emerges with sufficient clarity the nature and meaning of the Carmelite scapular.

 * 1. The scapular is a Marian habit or garment. It is both a sign and pledge. A sign of belonging to Mary; a pledge of her motherly protection, not only in this life but after death.

 * 2. As a sign, it is a conventional sign signifying three elements strictly joined: first, belonging to a religious family particularly devoted to Mary, especially dear to Mary, the Carmelite Order; second, consecration to Mary, devotion to and trust in her Immaculate Heart; third an incitement to become like Mary by imitating her virtues, above all her humility, chastity, and spirit of prayer.

 * This is the Church's officially established connection between the sign and that which is signified by the sign.

 * No mention is made of the vision of St. Simon Stock or of that of Pope John XXII in relation to the Sabbatine Privilege, which promises that one will be released from Purgatory on the first Saturday after death.

Associated beliefs

The earliest form of the Scapular promise states simply that wearers of the brown scapular, the Carmelite habit, will be saved. Originally, this referred to Carmelite religious who remained faithful to their vocation. Later the small Brown Scapular became popular with the laity as a sacramental.

The nature of the spiritual help associated with the Brown Scapular came to be described in greater detail and specificity. A traditional formulation of the Scapular Promise is "Take this Scapular. Whosoever dies wearing it shall not suffer eternal fire. It shall be a sign of salvation, a protection in danger and pledge of peace."

Those wearing the Brown Scapular consider themselves consecrated to Mary. In 1951, Pope Pius XII wrote in an Apostolic letter to the Carmelites on the 700th anniversary of the vision of Simon Stock, that he hoped the Scapular would "be to them a sign of their consecration to the most sacred heart of the Immaculate Virgin."

Promises of the scapular
One of the beliefs most influential in popularizing the brown scapular devotion was a purported promise known as the Sabbatine (Saturday) privilege. This name deduces from the apocryphical papal bull Sacratissimo uti culmine, attributed to Pope John XXII in 1322. It states that Pope John XXII had a vision of Mary personally delivering the souls of Carmelites and Confraternity members out of Purgatory on the first Saturday after their death, as long as they fulfill certain conditions. The Vatican has denied the validity of this document since 1613, but has not forbidden the Carmelites "to preach that the Christian people may piously believe in the help which the souls of brothers and members, who have departed this life in charity, have worn in life the scapular, have ever observed chastity, have recited the Little Hours [of the Blessed Virgin], or, if they cannot read, have observed the fast days of the Church, and have abstained from flesh meat on Wednesdays and Saturdays [...], may derive after death — especially on Saturdays, the day consecrated by the Church to the Blessed Virgin [...]." These elements are reflected in older versions of the requirements of enrollment in the Confraternity of the Brown Scapular.

At times the scapular has been criticized as an easy way to heaven, a manner of superstition. The Catechism of the Catholic Church, however, states that sacramentals such as the Brown Scapular "do not confer the grace of the Holy Spirit in the way that the sacraments do, but by the Church's prayer, they prepare us to receive grace and dispose us to cooperate with it."

Today, the Carmelite Orders, while encouraging Marian devotions, explicitly state in their official literature that they do not promulgate the Sabbatine privilege, and that they are at one with official church teaching on the matter.

title: Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel


text:
NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital

The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, a nonprofit academic medical center in New York City, is the primary teaching hospital for two Ivy League medical schools, Weill Cornell Medicine at Cornell University and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. The hospital includes seven campuses located throughout the New York metropolitan area. The hospital's two flagship medical centers, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center, are located on opposite sides of Upper Manhattan.

, the hospital is ranked the seventh-best hospital in the United States and second-best in the New York City metropolitan area by U.S. News & World Report. The hospital has more than 6,500 affiliated physicians, 20,000 employees and 2,600 beds in total. It is one of the largest hospitals in the world. NYPH annually treats about 310,000 patients in its emergency department and delivers about 15,000 babies.

History
NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital was founded in 1771 as New York Hospital by Edinburgh Medical School graduate Samuel Bard. The hospital was granted a Royal Charter granted by King George III of Great Britain and became associated with Weill Cornell Medical College upon Weill Cornell's founding in 1898. It is the third oldest hospital in the United States, after Bellevue Hospital in New York City (1736) and Pennsylvania Hospital (1751).

In 1927, the hospital had grown its endowment to more than $20 million, largely due to the leadership of Payne Whitney who expanded the hospital significantly; Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic is named in Whitney's honor. Other prominent donors have included Howard Hughes, William Randolph Hearst, Harry and Leona Helmsley, Maurice R. Greenberg, and others. The Presbyterian Hospital was founded in 1868 by James Lenox, a New York philanthropist and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, also founded by Samuel Bard in 1767.

20th century
In 1910, Columbia University and Presbyterian Hospital reached an agreement to affiliate, forming the world's first academic health center through the merger of existing institutions. During the 1920s, Edward S. Harkness and Anna Harkness purchased land and funded the construction of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. In 1928, the two institutions fully moved to the new medical center. In 1925, the Sloane Hospital for Women, a leader in obstetrics and gynecology that had been founded in 1886, was incorporated. In 1928, Sloan, along with The Squier Urological Clinic and the Vanderbilt Clinic, moved to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center.

New York Hospital was the subject of a lawsuit from the family of Libby Zion, a young woman admitted in 1984 who died while under the care of overworked hospital residents. An investigation by the New York State Health Commissioner, the Bell Commission, led to restrictions on the number of hours residents could work and required oversight of their care by accredited physicians (this regulation is also known as the Libby Zion law). These reforms have since been adopted nationwide. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, chartered as The New York and Presbyterian Hospital by the State of New York in 1996, was formed in 1998 with the merger of two large, previously independent hospitals, the New York Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital. The merger had been announced on January 1, 1998.

21st century
In the 2010s, the hospital began to supplement its physical presence with remote and online services. A telemedicine service allows patients to receive follow-up care remotely, a CAT-equipped ambulance (see below NYP-EMS) allows stroke care to take place outside the hospital, and a remote second opinion program uses Grand Rounds technology.

COVID-19 pandemic
During the initial phase COVID-19 pandemic, the hospital was at the center of the country's response to the virus in the spring of 2020. The hospital was able to triple its ICU bed capacity and ventilator support. During the crisis, teams at the hospital pioneered techniques to assist two patients with one ventilator and shared this around the country. The hospital turned Baker Field and Columbia Soccer Stadium into a 288-bed field hospital in under two weeks.

As was the case at many hospitals in the U.S., clinicians volunteered to help understaffed units. Over 1,000 people volunteered at the hospital, including teams from University of Rochester Medical Center, UCSF Medical Center, Cayuga Medical Center, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UAMS Medical Center, Intermountain Medical Center, and Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center. In November 2020, with cases surging in Utah, a team of 31 nurses and staff from the hospital traveled to offer support to Utah.

On October 13, 2020, with a gift from Ray Dalio, NYP launched the Dalio Center for Health Justice, a research and advocacy organization, which will focus on reducing differences in access to quality health care that overwhelmingly affect communities of color.

Structure
New York-Presbyterian Hospital is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit system that includes a variety of outlying hospitals that had been affiliates of the legacy Hospitals, NewYork, or Presbyterian. The hospitals stretch throughout the five boroughs of New York City, Long Island, Westchester County, and New Jersey.

Along with Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, the hospital manages NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System, a network of independent, cooperating, acute-care and community hospitals, continuum-of-care facilities, home-health agencies, ambulatory sites, and specialty institutes in the New York metropolitan area. The two medical schools remain essentially autonomous, though there is increasing cooperation and coordination of clinical, research, and residency training programs. The hospitals merged administrations. Herb Pardes, MD led the combined hospitals from 2000 until 2011. The hospital system's chief executive officer as of 2024 is Steven Corwin, MD.

The institution's eleven facilities are:
 * NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center
 * NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Komansky Children's Hospital
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Allen Hospital
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Westchester Behavioral Health Center, formerly the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, and before that Bloomingdale Insane Asylum
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Westchester
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Hudson Valley Hospital
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Queens
 * NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital

Awards and recognition
In 2022, U.S. News & World Report ranked NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital the seventh-best hospital in the United States. Every specialty was ranked in the top 50 by US News, and the following were ranked in the top 10 of hospitals around the country: cardiology and heart surgery (No. 4), pediatric cardiology and heart surgery (No. 5), diabetes / endocrinology (No. 4), geriatrics (No. 6), neurology / neurosurgery (No. 3), orthopedics (No. 10), psychiatry (No. 4), urology (No. 5), and rheumatology (No. 3), a collaborative program with the Hospital for Special Surgery.

Emergency medical services
NewYork-Presbyterian Emergency Medical Services (NYP-EMS) is a hospital-based ambulance service that has operated since 1981. NYP-EMS also operates critical care transport ambulances throughout the New York City Metropolitan Area. The service is licensed to operate in the 5 boroughs of New York City, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York, and in the state of New Jersey for Basic Life Support and Specialty Care Transport. NYP-EMS provides emergency and non-emergency ambulance services, through the New York City 911 system and through the NYP-EMS Communications Center at Weill Cornell Medical Center. It also provides stand-by EMS services for events throughout the New York City area, including the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer and the NYC Triathlon.

NYP-EMS is also a New York State Department of Health-approved training center for EMT and Paramedic programs, several of which are approved for college-level credit by the New York State Department of Education. NYP-EMS operates one of the largest American Heart Association Emergency Cardiac Care training centers in New York.

NYP-EMS also maintains a Special Operations team trained in hazardous materials decontamination and technical rescue. This team, accompanied by several Weill Cornell Physicians, provided rescue and relief support on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Most recently, the team decontaminated 28 patients after the 2007 New York City steam explosion in Midtown Manhattan on July 18, 2007.

In 2016, the hospital acquired and fielded the first mobile stroke unit on the U.S. East Coast. As of 2018, it is the only hospital in the nation to field three such units. The hospital operates three mobile stroke units with one each based in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens.

Four of the hospital's complexes in the five boroughs of New York City are rated as level I or II trauma centers by the state of New York.

Columbia University Irving Medical Center
The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Irving Medical Center is located on West 168th Street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. It contains an emergency room, an eye institute, a chapel, a garden, and more. It is situated on a 20 acre campus in the Washington Heights community of Manhattan and accounting for roughly half of Columbia University's nearly $3 billion annual budget, it provides leadership in scientific research, medical education, and more. New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University Irving Medical Center are well known for their strong affiliation with the Neurological Institute of New York, which houses the departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery and research laboratories.

Weill Cornell Medical Center
Cornell Medical College was founded in 1898, and established an affiliation agreement with New York Hospital in 1913. The Medical College is divided into 20 academic departments. It is among the top-ranked clinical and medical research centers in the United States of America, although the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services' Medicare program adjudged its rate of admission for heart failure patients to be worse than the national rate. Also housed here is the New York-Presbyterian Phyllis and David Komansky Center for Children's Health. Located at 525 East 68th Street on the Upper East Side in Manhattan (E.68th and York Avenue), New York City, the Komansky Center for Children's Health is a full-service pediatric "hospital within a hospital." The Komansky Center was listed on the 2009 U.S. News & World Report "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties.

In August 2011, Becker's Hospital Review listed the New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center as the fourth-largest grossing hospitals in the nation with $7.52 billion in gross revenue.

Allen Hospital
The Allen Hospital is located at 5141 Broadway and West 220th Street in northernmost part of the Inwood section of Manhattan. The General Surgery Group of The Allen Hospital specialize in the treatment of hernias and gallbladder diseases. The Hospitalist group and Internal Medicine and Family Medicine residents care for the adult medical patients. There is an active Labor and Delivery Department. It also has the Mila Conanan Memorial Chapel, named after Mila P. Conanan, who had been on the medical center staff for 20 years and the operating rooms director at the Allen Pavilion for three years before her death in 1990.

Suicide of emergency room medical director
In 2020, Allen Hospital and New York City faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the pandemic's fatalities was the medical director of the emergency department, Lorna Breen. After contracting the COVID-19 coronavirus while treating patients and returning to work after recuperation, the police department in Charlottesville, Virginia, released a statement that Breen had died as a result of self-inflicted wounds shortly after they responded to an emergency call at her family home and she was taken to the University of Virginia hospital. Police Chief RaShall Brackney was quoted in an official statement:

"Frontline healthcare professionals and first responders are not immune to the mental or physical effects of the current pandemic. On a daily basis, these professionals operate under the most stressful of circumstances, and the Coronavirus has introduced additional stressors. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can reduce the likelihood of being infected, but what they cannot protect heroes like Dr. Lorna Breen, or our first responders against is the emotional and mental devastation caused by this disease."

Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital
Located on 3959 Broadway (165th Street and Broadway), New York City, NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital is a pediatric hospital in New York–Presbyterian Hospital. They are especially known for their expertise in pediatric heart surgery. It was listed on the 2009 U.S. News & World Report "America's Best Children's Hospitals" "Honor Roll" and one of only 10 children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked in all 10 clinical specialties. The hospital houses the only pediatric Level 1 Trauma Center in Manhattan.

Komansky Children's Hospital
Komansky Children's Hospital is a pediatric acute care hospital located within Weill Cornell Medical Center. The hospital has 103 beds and is affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical School. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–20 throughout New York City. Komansky Children's Hospital features a Level II Trauma Center and houses the only pediatric burn unit in the region. The hospital was named for trustee David Komansky

Lower Manhattan Hospital
On July 1, 2013, NYP announced its merger with the former New York Downtown Hospital to form the Lower Manhattan Hospital (LMH) campus of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. LMH is one of the few hospitals in Lower Manhattan south of Greenwich Village. The campus operates 170 beds and offers a full range of inpatient and outpatient services. LMH serves the diverse neighborhoods of Wall Street, Battery Park City, Chinatown, SoHo, TriBeCa, Little Italy, and the Lower East Side, and is the closest acute care facility to both the Financial District and to the seat of New York City's government.

Queens
On July 10, 2015, NYP announced its merger with the former New York Hospital Queens, formerly known as Booth Memorial Medical Center, to form the Queens campus of the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Located in Flushing, Queens, NewYork-Presbyterian/Queens is a teaching hospital affiliated with Weill Cornell Medical College that serves Queens and metro New York residents. The 535-bed tertiary care facility provides services in 14 clinical departments and numerous subspecialties, including 15,000 surgeries and 4,000 infant deliveries each year. With its network of affiliated primary and multispecialty care physician practices and community-based health centers, the hospital provides approximately 162,000 ambulatory care visits and 124,000 emergency service visits annually.

Hudson Valley Hospital
Founded in 1889 by the Helping Hand Association, NewYork-Presbyterian/Hudson Valley Hospital, located in Cortlandt Manor, New York, serves residents of the Hudson Valley and Westchester County. The 128-bed facility provides a wide range of ambulatory care and inpatient services, with 350 physicians on staff in 43 specialties. The hospital is home to the region's only state-of-the-art, 24-hour "no wait" emergency department, which sees more than 39,000 visits per year. In 2011, the Cheryl R. Lindenbaum Cancer Center opened, offering the first comprehensive cancer center in the area, combining infusion, radiation therapy and support services all under one roof.

Ronald O. Perelman Heart Institute
Ronald O. Perelman Heart Institute is a medical town square dedicated to the treatment of heart disease patients in New York City. Ronald O. Perelman, chairman of MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc., made a $50 million gift to the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center on February 28, 2009, to establish the institute. The Heart Institute has a welcome center, a clinical trials enrollment center, and an interactive education resource center that includes medical information on heart disease — with an added focus on cardiac disease in women.

In popular culture
The ABC documentary series NY Med, produced by ABC News, features NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center.

Marvel Comics's fictional surgeon Doctor Strange attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and completed his residency at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.

title: NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital


text: Category:1012 births

title: Category:1012 births


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Weill Cornell Medical Center

Weill Cornell Medical Center, previously known as New York Hospital or Old New York Hospital or City Hospital, is a research hospital in New York City. It is part of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and the teaching hospital for Cornell University.

The hospital was founded in 1771 with a charter from George III. It is the second oldest hospital in New York City and third oldest hospital in the United States. Since 1912, it has been the main teaching hospital for Weill Cornell Medicine, the biomedical research unit and medical school of Cornell University.

Weill Cornell is located on East 68th Street in New York City's Upper East Side. Prior to moving to its Upper East Side location in 1932, it was located on Broadway between Duane Street and Anthony Street (now Worth Street). In 1998, The New York Hospital merged with Presbyterian Hospital to form New York-Presbyterian Hospital.

1700s
The hospital's origin can be traced to the commencement address of Samuel Bard, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, professor of medicine, delivered to the first two medical doctors to graduate from King's College, now Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1769, titled “A discourse upon the duties of a physician, with some sentiments on the usefulness and necessity of a public hospital.” New York City leaders later pledged one thousand pounds sterling to the hospital's creation.

Peter Middleton reported on the progress with furthering this idea in another address to King's College on November 3, 1769, stating “the necessity and usefulness of a public infirmary has so warmly and pathetically set forth in a discourse delivered by Dr. Samuel Bard... that his Excellency, Sir Henry Moore immediately set on foot a subscription for that purpose to which himself and most of the gentlemen present liberally contributed.” Soon thereafter, the new Governor of the Colony, John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore through the interposition of Lieutenant Governor Cadwallader Colden started a fund for the establishment of such a hospital.

On June 13, 1771, King George III of Great Britain granted a royal charter to establish "The Society of the New York Hospital in the City of New York in America" and a Board of Governors for the "reception of such patients as require medical treatment, chirurgical management and maniacs." The first regular meeting of the Governors after its organization was held on July 24, 1771, at Fraunces Tavern, the same location where General Washington would bid farewell to his officers on December 4, 1783.

Attending the first meeting were then hospital president John Watts, Philip Livingston, and Gerardus William Beekman. The Governors purchased 5 acre in 1771, on elevated ground surrounded at the time on three sides by marshes. The location was several miles from the central part of New York; apparently the expansion of the city and the drainage of the marshes, which harbored malaria, was anticipated.

A building's construction began in 1773 but was destroyed by fire before its completion. The American Revolutionary War delayed the building's reconstruction but a partial structure on Broadway and Duane Street served as a barracks for Hessian and British Army soldiers, as a laboratory for teaching anatomy to medical students, and as a military hospital.

Although initially ignored by the wider community, grave-robbing incidents in the 1780s was met with public outrage when medical students carrying out these acts in order to dissect them for anatomical purposes turned from stealing from the New York African Burial Ground to more closely-located Trinity Churchyard. A raid on the university, attack on the student perpetrators, and riot, known The Doctor's Riot of 1788, followed.

The hospital opened January 3, 1791. It initially was a small, two-storied H-shaped building located along the west side of Broadway between present day Worth and Duane streets, set back from the street frontage about 90 feet to allow for landscaping and expansion. The hospital's first patients were suffering from smallpox, syphilis, and acute bipolar disorder. In 1798, the hospital's governors announced the hospital's priorities as firstly for medical treatment, secondly for surgical treatment, thirdly for psychiatric treatment of the medically ill (then called "maniacs"), and fourthly for post-partum treatment of women.

1800s
After some years of experience in treating the mentally ill, the hospital's board of governors decided to construct an additional building designed to specialize in treatment of the mentally ill. After receiving financial assistance from the New York state legislator, the governors erected "a substantial and spacious stone edifice on the grounds of the hospital in the city, within the same enclosure, and but a few rods distant from the original building. It was finished and opened on July 15, 1808. On the same day, 19 patients were moved to it from wards in other buildings and 48 total patients were admitted. The new department was called the Lunatic Asylum.

In June 1821, the hospital opened the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum on Broadway and West 116th Street in Morningside Heights. Due to real estate pressures, the hospital moved to White Plains, New York in 1891, where it eventually became the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, now known as "New York-Presbyterian/Westchester". The Morningside Heights site became part of Columbia University.

New York Hospital outgrew its original building by the 1870s and moved to a new building between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and West 15th and 16th Streets, which opened in 1877. The original facility was maintained as a 'house of relief', which moved to Hudson Street in 1884.

1900s
In 1912, New York Hospital became affiliated with the Cornell University Medical College.

In 1932, the hospital moved to a new location as a joint facility, the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, now Weill Cornell Medical Center, on York Avenue between East 67th and 68th Streets.

In 1998, New York Hospital merged administratively with Presbyterian Hospital to become NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (NYP). Despite the clinical alliance, the faculty and instructional functions of the Cornell and Columbia medical school units remain largely distinct and independent. Each hospital in the NewYork–Presbyterian Healthcare System is affiliated with one of the two colleges.

The York Avenue site functions as one of the six NYP campuses.

Komansky Children's Hospital
In 2005, Komansky Children's Hospital was established at Weill Cornell Medical Center through philanthropic giving from American finance executive David Komansky for whom the hospital is named.

Komansky Children's Hospital is a pediatric acute care hospital located within Weill Cornell Medical Center. The hospital has 103 beds and is affiliated with Weill Cornell Medicine and is a member of New York-Presbyterian Hospital. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–20 throughout New York City.

The hospital is certified as a Level II Trauma Center and houses the only pediatric burn unit in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Komansky Children's Hospital is a full-service pediatric hospital within a hospital and has been routinely listed by U.S. News & World Report's as one of the nation's best children's hospitals. It is one of only ten children's hospitals in the nation to be ranked by U.S. News & World Report in all ten clinical specialties.

Births

 * George Carlin, comedian and writer
 * Caroline Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to Australia and daughter of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy
 * Sean Lennon, musician and son of John Lennon and Yoko Ono
 * Jay Rockefeller, former U.S. Senator
 * Prince Constantine Alexios of Greece and Denmark, son of Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece
 * Princess Maria-Olympia of Greece and Denmark, daughter of Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece
 * Prince Achileas-Andreas of Greece and Denmark, son of Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece
 * Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland, granddaughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden and member of the House of Bernadotte.

Hospitalizations

 * Lauren Manning, author and September 11 attacks victim

Deaths

 * Arthur Ashe, professional tennis player
 * Robert Atkins, physician who developed the Atkins diet
 * Emil N. Baar, New York Supreme Court justice
 * Peaches Browning, actress
 * Cy Coleman, composer
 * Jessica Dragonette, singer
 * Nora Ephron, actress
 * Constance Ford, actress and model
 * Frederic Franklin, choreographer
 * Greta Garbo, actress
 * Gertrude Lawrence, actress
 * Rue McClanahan, actress
 * Lester del Rey, science fiction author
 * Gloria Swanson, actress
 * Robert A. Taft, former U.S. Senator
 * Andy Warhol, artist and film director
 * Elisabeth Irwin, founder of the Little Red School House

title: Weill Cornell Medical Center


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Category:Recreational areas in Kansas

This category includes federal, state, and locally managed recreational areas in the U.S. state of Kansas.

title: Category:Recreational areas in Kansas


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Presbyterian Hospital

Presbyterian Hospital may refer to:

 * New York-Presbyterian Hospital, a hospital in New York City
 * Presbyterian Hospital (New York City), one of the two hospitals that merged to form New York-Presbyterian
 * Presbyterian Hospital (Charlotte), a hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina
 * Presbyterian Hospital (Albuquerque), a hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * Presbyterian Hospital (Chicago, Illinois), a hospital that merged with St. Luke's Hospital (Chicago, Illinois) (and later merged with Rush University Medical Center)
 * Presbyterian Hospital (Dallas), a hospital in Dallas, Texas
 * Presbyterian Hospital, Durtlang, a hospital in Aizawl, India
 * UPMC Presbyterian, hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Presbyterian Hospital, Ghana, a hospital in Ghana, Ashanti Region

title: Presbyterian Hospital


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User talk:Noeljm78

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 05:04, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi, Noeljm. With regard to Sauce Allemande, I think you'll find that you've stumbled onto a subject - culinary history - that attracts a lot of attention from people whose main goal in Wikipedia is to delete recipes. It's likely it will be nominated for deletion; try not to take that personally. The way to salvage the article is to include more culinary history (when was the sauce invented, by whom, with what foods is it traditionally served, etc.) - Nunh-huh 05:13, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Might also be a good idea not to just cut and paste from other web sites. Chef Bill's Cajun County is, after all, copyrighted. --jpgordon 05:20, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please don't add recipes unless there's something in the article about its history and notability. You might want to visit Wikibooks and put your recipes there. RickK

If you keep cutting and pasting copyright violations, you will be blocked from editing. RickK 08:22, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noeljm78


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Talk:Teleiophilia

fenix es maricón — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2800:484:A38C:D300:DD62:CDA9:FCD5:2BF2 (talk) 09:14, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

sex
A minor's or an adult's sexual attraction to adults? Wouldn't there be another term for an adult's sexual attraction to another adult? (ie. normalcy) Otherwise, a (post)pubescent adolescent's sexual attraction to an adult would mirror the term ephebophile, which is an adult's sexual attraction to a post-pubescent adolescent. 132.205.15.4 05:05, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

That's dumb. "Normalcy" was 13 year olds marrying people 13-60 500 years ago. The term philia is an inaccurate explanation of the behavior. The APA refuses to make adult attraction to pubescents (e.g. teens) into a mental illness, despite it being illegal. That is "normal" to them enough so to not classify it as one.

Philia is a negative connotated, although close approximation, of a shorthand version of explaining attraction.

Or, if you go the route of describing a philia as a sole or overriding interest or an actual mental illness, then the phrase teleiophilia as applied to adults would describe adults who are focused strictly on the 20-40 age range, and therefore have a philia because they cannot find anything else sexually attractive, above or below that range.

That's all philia means anyway, so if you're an adult and you only find adults attractive, you have teleiophilia. That's normal to you. Therefore it is not wrong to have that "philia". You could even argue that philia is healthy if you think it should be this way, and when a person who is 20 is attracted to 60 year olds and only 60 year olds, known as gerontophilia, then that is unhealthy. This is premised on the belief system which says that attraction to similar age is healthy and differing age is not healthy, which you have.

So a philia might be healthy in one way, or it might not be healthy in another way. Philia in this context does not in itself imply mental health or illness. That's a decision left to the social mores and special interest groups. Is it unhealthy for a 20 year old to date a 60 year old? Lots of people would think the 20 year old is being abused. therefore they would consider the 20 year old's sexual preference unhealthy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.143.9.169 (talk) 09:17, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teleiophilia


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Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–1930)

Bethlehem Steel Football Club (1907–1930) was one of the most successful early American soccer clubs. Known as the Bethlehem Football Club from 1907 until 1915 when it became the Bethlehem Steel Football Club, the team was sponsored by the Bethlehem Steel corporation. Bethlehem Steel FC played their home games first at East End Field in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley, then later on the grounds Bethlehem Steel built on Elizabeth Ave named Bethlehem Steel Athletic Field.

History
The first soccer team in Bethlehem was founded in 1904, according to a June 2, 1925, article in The Bethlehem Globe. The sport took hold of the town and local steel workers formed a recreational team.

On November 17, 1907, the Bethlehem Football Club played its first official match, an 11–2 loss to West Hudson A.A., at the time one of the top professional teams in the country.

In 1913, the steel company created Bethlehem Steel Athletic Field, the country's first soccer field with stadium-seating. In 1914 Charles Schwab, owner of the Steel Company, took the team professional, using his wealth to induce several top players to move to Bethlehem Steel and changing the team name to the Bethlehem Steel Football Club. Schwab would eventually begin importing players from Scotland and England. From 1911 to 1915, the club was a member of the amateur Allied American Foot Ball Association before moving to the American Soccer League of Philadelphia, another amateur league, for the 1915–1916 season.

Bethlehem Steel FC was not associated with a league from 1916 to 1917, playing only exhibition or cup games. In 1917, it joined the professional National Association Foot Ball League. In 1921, several teams from the NAFBL and other regional leagues joined together to form the American Soccer League. Although one of the strongest teams of the time, the owners decided to disband the club, moving the players and management to Philadelphia where it competed as the Philadelphia Field Club. Legendary Scottish football player Alex Jackson, played for Bethlehem Steel. Although Philadelphia won the first ASL championship, the team was in financial trouble and lacked fan support. The ownership moved it back to Bethlehem the following year, and the team restored their initial name.

In 1925, the ASL, including Bethlehem Steel F.C., boycotted the National Challenge Cup. The boycott created some animosity with the United States Football Association. Three years later, in 1928, the ASL again boycotted the Challenge Cup. When Bethlehem Steel chose to ignore the boycott this time, the league expelled them.

In 1925 - 1926 Bethlehem Steel F.C. was awarded the United States Football Association Medal. Patrick McColgan, from, Old Kilpatrick, Scotland had travelled to Philadelphia to help establish the team. His name is on the medal.

Under the leadership of the USFA, Bethlehem Steel and two other expelled teams joined with teams from the Southern New York State Soccer Association to create the Eastern Soccer League. These actions, part of the 1928–1929 "Soccer Wars", along with the Great Depression, financially devastated the ASL, ESL and Bethlehem Steel FC. While Bethlehem Steel FC rejoined the ASL in 1929, the team folded after the spring 1930 season.

Honors

 * League Champion
 * Winner (9): 1913, 1914, 1915, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1927, 1929, Fall 1929
 * Runner Up (5): 1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1925
 * National Challenge Cup
 * Winner (5): 1915, 1916, 1918, 1919, 1926
 * Runner Up (1): 1917
 * American Cup
 * Winner (6): 1914, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1924
 * Runner Up (1): 1920
 * Lewis Cup
 * Winner (1): 1928
 * Allied Amateur Cup
 * Winner (1): 1914
 * Runner Up (1): 1912
 * National Association Football League
 * Winner (3): 1918–19, 1919–20, 1920–21
 * Runner Up (1):1917–18
 * American Soccer League
 * Winner (1): 1926–27
 * Runner Up (3):1922–23, 1923–24, 1924–25

Notable players

 * Archie Stark, world record holder for the highest season scoring record with 67 goals in the 1924-25 season

Coaches

 * Harry Trend: 1909
 * Carpenter: 1913
 * Jimmy Lawson: 1914
 * William Sheridan: ?–1924
 * Jimmy Easton: 1924–
 * William Sheridan: 1930

title: Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–1930)


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Sherira ben Hanina

Sherira bar Hanina (Hebrew: שרירא בר חנינא) more commonly known as Sherira Gaon (Hebrew:  שרירא גאון; c. 906 – c. 1006) was the gaon of the Academy of Pumbeditha. He was one of the most prominent Geonim of his period, and the father of Hai Gaon, who succeeded him as Gaon. He wrote the Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon ("[The] Epistle of Rav Sherira Gaon"), a comprehensive history of the composition of the Talmud.

Life
Sherira was born circa 906 C.E., the descendant, both on his father's and his mother's side, of prominent families, several members of which had occupied the gaonate. His father was Hananiah ben R. Yehudai, also a gaon. Sherira claimed descent from Rabbah b. Abuha, who belonged to the family of the exilarch, thereby claiming descent from the Davidic line. Sherira stated that his genealogy could be traced back to the pre-Bostanaian branch of that family, which, he claimed, on account of the deterioration of the exilarchate had renounced its claims thereto, preferring instead the scholar's life. The seal of his family was a lion, which was said to have been the emblem of the Judean kings.

Sherira officiated first as chief judge. While in that office, he refused to recognize the election of Nehemiah ben Kohen Tzedek as gaon in 960. On Nehemiah's death in 968 C.E., Sherira was elected gaon of the Academy of Pumbedita, soon after which he appointed his son, Hai, chief judge in his stead.

In 997, he and his son were maliciously denounced by enemies to the caliph al-Qadir, though the nature of the accusation is unknown. He and his son were imprisoned and deprived of their property, even of the necessaries of life. Though the incarceration was brief, Sherira was now in very bad health. Sherira resigned the gaonate in 998 C.E., appointing his son as his successor. Sherira died soon after, circa 1006 C.E. He was the alleged father in law of Elijah ben Menahem Ha-Zaken.

His responsa
As director of the academy he sought to reach pupils both near and far, and many of his responsa have been preserved in the geonic collections and in the works containing the earlier decisions. His responsa are similar to the geonic responsa in general, a majority of them dealing with questions of religious practice, though some of them contain expositions and comments on passages of the Talmud and the Mishnah.

Indeed, his literary activity was confined to Talmudic and to related subjects. He was not greatly interested in Arabic literature, although he knew enough Arabic to be able to write in that language those of his decisions that were addressed to communities in Muslim countries. Generally he preferred to use Hebrew or Aramaic for that purpose.

Sherira was noted for the nobility and seriousness of his character. As a judge he endeavoured to arrive at the exact facts of a case and to render his decisions in strict conformity with the Law. In deciding practical questions he adopted the more rigorous view, following the letter of the Talmud with the purpose of upholding and emphasising its authority against the attacks of the Karaites. He frequently formulates in his responsa rules which are highly important for the correct interpretation of the Talmud. For instance, he declares that the term "mitzvah" designates in some passages a command that may not be broken with impunity, but in other passages denotes merely an admonition with which it would be commendable to comply, but which may be disregarded without fear of punishment. He was also a part of the Rabbinic constitution of EIBLC

Sherira is thought by some to have been a student of kabbalistic mysticism; but when asked about the mystical works "Shi'ur Komah" and "Hekalot" and whether they represented ancient traditions (originating with R. Ishmael and R. Akiva), he replied in a responsum that the passage in "Shi'ur Ḳomah" ascribing human organs to God embodies profound mysteries, but must not be taken literally. Sherira wrote a work on the Talmud, under the title "Megillat Setarim." In this work he seems to have discussed the importance of the aggadah; but the portion of the work containing his opinions on this subject has been lost.

His circular letter
Sherira's seminal work for which he is most renowned is his Epistle, or Iggeret, written to Rabbi Jacob ben Nissim of Kairouan, and where he addressed the question of how the Talmud was formulated, and brings down a chronological list of the geonim who officiated in Babylonia during the period of the Exilarchs (Resh Galutha). This Iggeret is considered by many to be one of the classics in Jewish historiography.

title: Sherira ben Hanina


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Oriole

Oriole or Orioles may refer to:

Animals

 * Old World oriole, colorful passerine birds in the family Oriolidae
 * New World oriole, a group of birds in the family Icteridae

Music

 * The Orioles, an R&B and doo-wop group of the late 1940s and early 1950s
 * Oriole (band), a London-based world music jazz fusion band active in the 2000s
 * Oriole Records (UK), a record label
 * Oriole Records (U.S.), a record label

Australia

 * Oriole Park (Sydney), a park and a former baseball stadium in the western suburb of Auburn

United States

 * Oriole, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Oriole, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Oriole, Maryland, an unincorporated community
 * Oriole, Missouri, an unincorporated community

Canada

 * Oriole (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district
 * Oriole GO Station, a station in the GO Transit network located in North York, Ontario

United States

 * Baltimore Orioles, a Major League Baseball team
 * Baltimore Orioles (1882–1899), an American Association and National League baseball team from 1882 to 1899
 * Baltimore Orioles (1901–1902), an American League baseball team
 * Baltimore Orioles (minor league), two minor league baseball teams
 * Baltimore Orioles (ice hockey), a hockey team from 1932 to 1942
 * Charlotte Knights, a minor league baseball team known as the Charlotte Orioles from 1976 to 1988
 * Cordele Reds, a minor league baseball team known as the Americus-Cordele Orioles in 1954 and the Cordele Orioles in 1955 before folding
 * Dublin Irish, a minor league baseball team known as the Dublin Orioles in 1958
 * Erie Sailors, a minor league baseball team known as the Erie Orioles from 1988 to 1989
 * Fitzgerald Pioneers, a minor league baseball team known as the Fitzgerald Orioles in 1957
 * Gulf Coast League Orioles, a minor league baseball team
 * Leesburg Athletics, a minor league baseball team known as the Leesburg Orioles from 1960 to 1961

Elsewhere

 * Dominican Summer League Orioles, a Dominican minor league baseball team
 * Orioles de Montréal, a Canadian junior baseball team
 * West Coast Fever, formerly Perth Orioles, Western Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy (netball) representatives

Naval ships

 * USS Oriole, various United States Navy ships
 * HMCS Oriole, the sail training vessel of the Canadian Forces
 * HMS Oriole, a Clyde-built paddlesteamer that was requisitioned by the British Admiralty during World War I and II

Aircraft

 * Curtiss Oriole, an American general-purpose biplane first flown in 1919
 * Doyle O-2 Oriole, an American parasol-wing airplane first flown in 1928

Other uses

 * Orioles family, a Sicilian noble family
 * "Oriole" (Homeland), a 2015 episode of the TV series Homeland
 * A fluorescent gel stain made by Bio-Rad for visualization and quantitation of proteins
 * Oriole, a Dixon Ticonderoga pencil brand

title: Oriole


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Lorraine Pilkington

Lorraine Pilkington (born 18 April 1974) is an Irish actress from Dublin who is best known for her roles as Katrina Finlay from Monarch of the Glen and Lulu in Human Traffic.

Early life and education
Born in Dublin in 1974, one of four children, Pilkington grew up in the affluent suburban village of Malahide, and attended Manor House School, Raheny until the age of 15. She trained at the Gaiety School of Acting.

Career
Pilkington began her acting career at the age of 15 when she appeared in The Miracle directed by Neil Jordan. She appeared onstage in the plays The Plough and the Stars and The Iceman Cometh. At age 18 she moved to London where she was given a part in a Miramax film which eventually fell through after a meeting with Harvey Weinstein. She later returned to Dublin, living in Ballsbridge for a time.

After a period involving substantial voiceover work, she moved back to London in the late 1990s, with the self-described aim of relaunching her career. Pilkington subsequently appeared in films including Human Traffic and My Kingdom, a retelling of King Lear. In 1999, she was cast as Katrina Finlay, a schoolteacher in a Scottish village, a major role in the BBC television series Monarch of the Glen, which was broadcast from 2000. After leaving the show at the beginning of the third season, she appeared in various other television productions such as Rough Diamond and Outnumbered.

In 2008, she appeared in a short film by Luke Massey Within the Woods, with James Chalmers. In 2016 she voiced the lead role in a Paramount animated film Capture the Flag.

Filmography

 * 1991 The Miracle
 * 1994 All Things Bright and Beautiful (direct to TV)
 * 1996 The Last of the High Kings
 * 1997 The Boxer
 * 1998 The Nephew
 * 1999 Human Traffic
 * 2001 My Kingdom
 * 2004 Rabbit on the Moon (Conejo en la Luna, Mexico)
 * 2006 After Thomas
 * 2006 In a Day
 * 2008 Within the Woods (short film)
 * 2012 What Richard Did
 * 2016 Capture the Flag (voice role)

Television

 * 2000 Monarch of the Glen as Katrina Finlay
 * 2003 The Clinic on RTÉ One
 * 2003 Waking the Dead episode "Walking on Water" as Mandy Lovell
 * 2005 Robotboy on Cartoon Network as Tommy Turnbull, Debbie Turnbull and Computer Teacher
 * 2007 Rough Diamond on RTÉ One
 * 2008 Britannia High on ITV1 as Anna
 * 2008 Outnumbered on BBC1 as Barbara
 * 2011 Narrator on Masterchef Ireland on RTÉ Two
 * 2016, 2017 & 2019 Casualty on BBC One as Rosa Hide (Nurse David Hide's ex-wife)

Stage

 * 1990s The Plough and the Stars and The Iceman Cometh
 * 1999 Trust (Gary Mitchell), Royal Court Theatre, London
 * 2015 When we were women (Orange Tree Theatre)

Personal life
In late 2001 in Wicklow, Pilkington married Simon Massey, originally met on the set of Ballykissangel in 1999, and later director of Monarch of the Glen. She has three sons with Massey, and two step-children from his previous marriage.

title: Lorraine Pilkington


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Princess Eilonwy

Princess Eilonwy is a fictional character in Lloyd Alexander's The Chronicles of Prydain. She appears in four of the five novels in the series, as well as Disney's 1985 animated film adaptation The Black Cauldron. Eilonwy is a member of the Royal House of Llyr, and the women in her line are formidable enchantresses, including her mother, Angharad, and grandmother Regat. She has inherited this characteristic, most readily visible in her manipulation of a magical item she calls her "bauble", a small golden sphere that glows with magical light when activated by her willpower. Eilonwy's father, Geraint, was a commoner with whom her mother fell in love.

Name origin
Eilonwy is not a historical Welsh name (unlike many others used in the stories), but it turns up in a tale by Glasynys – published in Cymru Fu, or The Wales that Was (1862-4), and translated from the Welsh by Sir John Rhys in his Celtic Folklore (1901) – belonging to the daughter of a mermaid named Nefyn ferch Nefydd and her human lover Ifan Morgan. A poem by Talhaiarn also bears the name "Eilonwy". It may be based on the literary Welsh (i.e. obsolete) word eilon, meaning "deer, stag", with the fanciful suffix -wy (used in the 1800s to adorn river names) added for euphony (or perhaps in reference to the river Elan in central Wales).

Description
Eilonwy is described having long red-gold hair, bright blue eyes, and a melodic, youthful voice. As a member of the Royal House of Llyr, she wears a pendant depicting a silver crescent moon, the family emblem. Far from being just another stereotypical damsel-in-distress princess who needs the hero to save her, Eilonwy is hot-tempered, stubborn, and resolute. Although having been trained as a sorceress and not a warrior, she is quite capable of using various kinds of weapons, particularly the sword, bow, and spear. Even when unarmed, she will fight until incapacitated.

Eilonwy commonly uses unusual similes and metaphors, such as "If you don't listen to what somebody tells you, it's like putting your fingers in your ears and jumping down a well." She is also sharp, snippy, strong-willed, and sarcastic, but at the same time talkative and often scatterbrained. Eilonwy frequently gets angry with Taran, usually for reasons he does not understand, though in secret she does care for him. While she is more sure about her growing feelings towards him than he is about his for her, she is content to wait until he confesses to her, which he does in the end.

In the first book of the series, she is described as wearing a white robe and a silver crescent-shaped necklace, which is her family symbol. She seemingly prefers going barefoot over wearing shoes (as noted by Dallben in The Castle of Llyr); when she has to wear shoes (like in The Book of Three), they are invariably sandals. Princess Diahan from Lloyd's earlier novel Time Cat: The Remarkable Journeys of Jason and Gareth, who served as a prototype for Eilonwy, was likewise described as wearing a white robe and sandals.

Eilonwy is voiced by Susan Sheridan in the 1985 Disney animated film The Black Cauldron, which is loosely based on The Chronicles of Prydain. She is portrayed with long blonde hair and light blue eyes. Disney's version of the character also appears in the film's video game, as well in the video game Disney Magic Kingdoms as a playable character.

The Book of Three
Eilonwy is introduced in The Book of Three. The companions are captured and taken to Spiral Castle, the stronghold of Achren, the former queen of all Prydain and mentor to Arawn, who later overthrew Achren and sent her into exile. At first, Eilonwy seems to be only a rather talkative, easily distracted girl, but she rescues Taran and Fflewddur Fflam (the latter by mistake, since Taran thought the only other person in the dungeons would be Gwydion, his companion, and asked Eilonwy to rescue the other person she described to him). She is described as being perhaps one or two years younger than Taran, the protagonist of the series, but Taran's own age is never given so we have no definite idea of how old either of the characters are.

On their way out of the castle, they pass through a maze of underground passages and eventually reach a tomb where Eilonwy retrieves a sword. This sword is Dyrnwyn, a magical sword with a blade that bursts into flame when it is drawn. However, Eilonwy will not allow Taran to examine the sword or draw it from its rune-inscribed scabbard; despite her incomplete magical training, she is knowledgeable enough to recognize that the sword is highly magical and best left to experts.

Following the destruction of Spiral Castle, Eilonwy joins Taran, Fflewddur, and Gurgi on their journey to warn the Sons of Don of an advancing attack (though Taran asked Fflewddur to take her back to her own kinsmen, she refused to the point of threatening to break Fflewddur's harp over his head if he tried). She attempts to halt several Cauldron Born at one point with an enchanted arrow, but it does not work as she intended. When they are captured by the Fair Folk, she convinces the king to give them Hen Wen, provisions, and a guide to Caer Dathyl. Eilonwy also agrees with Taran's decision to rescue an injured young gwythaint. When the group must pass through a valley with the Horned King's war band, Eilonwy rides with Taran and leaps at the Horned King to try to protect him. When Taran wakes up in Caer Dathyl, she tells him what happened and helps him recover.

Throughout the book, Taran presumes Eilonwy to be - apart from her enchanted heritage - an ordinary girl, and she makes no effort to contradict the presumption. At the end of the story it is revealed to him that she is a princess, and she is invited to make her home in Caer Dallben.

Post-Book of Three
After the events in The Book of Three, Eilonwy comes to live at Caer Dallben, home of Dallben the enchanter and Taran. She accompanies Taran on many of his later adventures, and her courage and determination never falter. We later discover that she is the last living descendant of Llyr Half-Speech, the Sea King, which is why Achren abducted the girl as a small child. She is the only one capable of reading a tome that requires the light of her bauble, which only Eilonwy can cause to light. Because her magical tutoring under Queen Achren was incomplete, her ability to perform magic is severely hindered, though she retains and displays certain inborn abilities throughout the series.

Physically, Eilonwy is described as blue-eyed, with red-gold hair (though the film The Black Cauldron depicts her as a blonde). She has a good heart, but is very determined to have her own way and quarrels frequently with Taran, although the quarrels do not last long. She is never without her "bauble" – a magical ball that she can make give off light, which sometimes shows things not visible under ordinary lights. The Castle of Llyr, the third novel in the series, reveals that this is really the Golden Pelydryn, a magical artifact passed through Eilonwy's family from mother to daughter. The events of that book bring Eilonwy back to her ancestral home, Caer Colur, and give her a greater sense of her ancestry. The Disney film depicts the bauble as a semi-sentient object that floats through the air under its own power, but in the books, it is described more like an orb of gold that must be carried.

Further novels
The fourth book in the series, Taran Wanderer, sheds light on the ultimate fate of Eilonwy's mother, Princess Angharad. Eilonwy herself never appears in this book, though she is referenced at various times. Taran makes this discovery while Eilonwy is being fostered at the foreign court of King Rhuddlum and Queen Teleria, learning to be 'a proper princess'. Whether he ever shared the information with Eilonwy is uncertain, though it seems likely that he refrained from doing so in an effort to spare her anguish. By this time Taran realizes that he's fallen in love with Eilonwy, but he is reluctant to act on it because, having been raised as a commoner while Eilonwy is a royal princess, Taran feels that he really does not belong in her world. On the other hand, Eilonwy herself seems to have grown rather fond of Taran by this point, even if she will not admit it.

Taran and Eilonwy's feelings for one another are much more evident throughout the 5th and final book of the Prydain Chronicles, The High King. Although these feelings are never spoken of directly until the last few pages of the novel, Taran and Eilonwy's interactions with one another are noticeably different than in the previous books. Taran internally pines for Eilonwy, and fears for her safety in the midst of the escalating war. Eilonwy's change towards Taran is far more subtle, yet no less certain, and is experienced perhaps more gradually over the course of the entire series in contrast with Taran's very abrupt realization of his feelings towards the Princess in the first chapter of book three, The Castle of Llyr. At the end of The High King, Taran becomes High King of Prydain and marries Eilonwy. She must renounce her magical powers to be allowed to stay in Prydain, since all magical folk are leaving for the Summer Country. The series comes to its conclusion as the coronation and marriage of King Taran and Queen Eilonwy are announced to the people.

A sixth book was published in the series, The Foundling and Other Tales of Prydain. Among the stories included therein, readers learn about the circumstances that resulted in Princess Angharad running away from home to marry the commoner Geraint. Although Eilonwy inherited her mother's red-gold hair and magical heritage, her intense blue eyes came from her father.

title: Princess Eilonwy


text:
Atlético Morelia

Club Atlético Morelia is a Mexican football club based in Morelia, Michoacán. Founded on 4 June 1950, the club competes in Liga de Expansión MX, the second tier of Mexican football. The club plays their home matches at the Estadio Morelos.

From 1981 to 2020, the club played in Mexico top-flight football league, winning the Invierno 2000 championship. On 2 June 2020, Monarcas Morelia relocated to Mazatlan and rebranded as Mazatlán F.C.. A few weeks later, on 26 June, Atlético Zacatepec relocated to Morelia and rebranded as Atlético Morelia at the Liga de Expansión MX. On 11 June 2024, Atlético Morelia announced the acquisition of Monarcas Morelia brand, badge and history, thus becoming the lineal club founded in 1950.

Morelia has won the Liga de Expansión championship, in the Clasura 2022 season. It was the clubs second title, in a second division league.

Beginnings
In 1950 "Oro Morelia" changed the name to Club Deportivo Morelia. Morelia was among the teams that founded the Segunda División. After the 1956–1957 season, in which they ended up in second place, they were officially promoted into the Primera División to replace Puebla. After an unsuccessful season, in 1968 Atlético Morelia was relegated back to the Segunda División. During mixed 1968–1971 seasons, C.A. Morelia appointed Nicandro Ortiz as chairman. Ortiz acquired the team and strengthened its position in the league.

The July 1974 changes name in Club Atlético Morelia

The 1978–1979 season thrust Morelia into contention for promotion; Ortiz acquired the team and strengthened its position in the league, Nicandro Ortiz as chairman in 1980, Atlético Morelia played under manager Diego Malta who helped his team towards the Mexico Championship and finally promotion to the Primera División in 1981.

In 1986 before the World Cup in Mexico Atletico Morelia played friendlies against Germany Losing 2-1 and against the URSS again losing 4-1.

In 1996 the major broadcast company TV Azteca bought the team. In 1999 the club started playing under the name Club Monarcas Morelia.

Although the team had played Mexican professional football for 70 years, it had never won a first division tournament until winter 2000, when the club raised the cup after beating Toluca on penalties. The team was crowned champions away in the Bombonera Stadium. On the day after the victory, a crowd that some estimate at 100 thousand people welcomed the team as it paraded along Morelia's main avenue, Avenida Madero on their way to the stadium where the crowd congregated as the team raised the cup and the fans congratulated the team for its first ever first division trophy.

After missing the playoffs for three consecutive tournaments, Morelia finished in third place in the general table in the Apertura 2009. Morelia defeated Santos Laguna in the first round, 4–2 on aggregate. Morelia was then defeated by Cruz Azul in a semi-final that was filled with controversy due to Cruz Azul player Joel Huiqui intentionally using his hand to hit the ball away and prevent Morelia midfielder Wilson Tíago from scoring. (Huiqui later played for Morelia.) With a 2–1 aggregate score, Morelia was eliminated. Morelia qualified for the 2010 Copa Libertadores by ending in third place in the classification phase. It was the second time that Morelia participated in the Copa Libertadores, the first being in 2002. Morelia was the Runner-up of the Clausura 2011, after a hard-fought final against Pumas. Pumas won the tie 3–2 on aggregate, taking the trophy home.

In 2010, Morelia became the SuperLiga champion, with a 2–1 victory in the finals over the New England Revolution in which Miguel Sabah scored both Morelia goals.

On November 5, 2013 Monarcas Morelia won their first Copa MX title in a 3–3 match that went to penalties, where they would take the victory. This title also allowed them to participate in the inaugural edition Supercopa MX, which they won against Tigres UANL with a global score of 5–4.

Relegation struggles
After 15 years, a dismal 2014–15 campaign left Monarcas as one of the last teams in the relegation table, an aggregate of a club's most recent points totals that decides which teams will be relegated. As a result, Enrique Meza was chosen to be the coach for the Apertura 2015 season. Meza had already saved Morelia before, in the 1995–96 season. After no notable improvement in team performance, Meza was let go from the position of head coach in 2016, with Roberto Hernandez taking over as interim manager. Hernandez's tenure would coincide with the signing of Peruvian forward Raul Ruidiaz on loan from Universitario. The signing of Ruidiaz would prove to be crucial to the club's fortunes, as he would go on to score 20 goals throughout the 2016-2017 Liga MX season, finishing as top scorer with 11 goals in the Apertura and 9 goals in the Clausura. In the following season, Morelia was in danger of being relegated on the final match day of the Apertura, residing in last place in the relegation table and needing a victory over Monterrey to avoid the drop. Tied 1-1 in injury time, Raul Rudiaz scored a crucial winner that moved them out of the relegation zone, with Jaguares de Chiapas being relegated in their stead. Ruidiaz's goal additionally qualified them for that season's liguilla, its first since the 2016 Clausura.

Relocation
On May 23, 2020, various news outlets in Mexico reported the club would be relocating from Morelia to Mazatlán, Sinaloa and would be called Mazatlán F.C.  The club's owner, Grupo Salinas, reportedly were asking for $400 million MXN per year from the Government of Michoacán to keep the team in the city. The move was very unpopular among supporters, former players, and the sports media across Mexico. Despite stay-at-home orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic, over 7,000 fans took to the streets of Morelia to protest the team's move.

On June 2, 2020, the club and Liga MX announced the club's relocation to Mazatlán, just two days before the club's 70th anniversary.

Rebirth of Atlético Morelia
On June 26, 2020, Liga MX President Enrique Bonilla announced Atlético Zacatepec would be relocating to Morelia due to financial problems. The next day in a press conference at Estadio Morelos, it was announced the club would be called Club Atlético Morelia, the club's name for over 25 years before Grupo Salinas changed it in 1999. It was announced the ownership group would consist of former Guadalajara President José Luis Higuera as well as various businessmen from the state of Michoacán. The ownership group acquired the rights to the club's name and logo, both which were owned by Grupo Salinas.

Badges

 * Names Changes
 * Oro Morelia (1924–1950): Name of the club at its foundation, used in the period before entering professional football.
 * Club Deportivo Morelia (1950–1972): Official name of the club after reaching the Segunda División.
 * Club Atlético Morelia (1972–1998): Name assumed after returning from suspension in 1971.
 * Club Monarcas Morelia (1998–2020): Name assumed two years after acquisition by broadcaster TV Azteca.
 * Club Atlético Morelia (2020–present): Name assumed after acquisition of the Zacatepec franchise.

Kit
The club's colors are generated from the city's flag which are yellow and red, which are the same colors in the Spanish flag, because the city is a novohispana city.

In the club's beginnings the club went under the name of Oro and were known as the canarios (canary) until 1999 when the club changed its name to Monarcas, due to the 3 monarchs found in the city's flag, which has been used from its foundation.

Stadium
Towards the end of the 1980s it was decided that their stadium (Estadio Venustiano Carranza) was lacking capacity and that a new stadium with a greater number of seats needed to be constructed. On April 9, 1989, after several construction delays, Stadium Jose Maria Morelos and Pavón (located on the outskirts of the Quinceo mountain) was opened, and the inaugural game was between Atlético Morelia and Club América. The stadium has an official capacity of 45,000, although on inauguration in 1989 it is estimated that more than 50,000 were in attendance. Morelia won the match with the score 2–1. In 2011, the stadium was given a new look, seeing as the FIFA U-17 World Cup was taking place in Mexico.

Players
Morelia has had some notable players in their history. Marco Antonio Figueroa is the club's all-time leading scorer with 130 goals. Adolfo Bautista, Rafael Márquez Lugo, Moisés Muñoz, Miguel Sabah, Joel Huiqui, Adrián Aldrete, Enrique Pérez, Édgar Lugo and Elias Hernandez, are some of the players that were called up to the Mexico national team while playing with the team. Raul Ruidiaz was the first Morelia player to achieve a Liga MX top scoring title.

Reserve teams

 * Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.
 * Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.

World Cup players
The following players were called to represent their country at the World Cup whilst playing for Morelia:

 * Egidio Arévalo Ríos (2014)
 * 🇪🇨 Jefferson Montero (2014)
 * 🇵🇪 Raúl Ruidíaz (2018)

Olympic players
The following players were called to represent their country at the Summer Olympic Games whilst playing for Morelia:

 * 🇲🇽 Pablo López (1964)
 * 🇲🇽 Rafael Márquez Lugo (2004)

Top Goalscorers

 * Includes top scorers from both Atletico Morelia & Monarcas Morelia
 * Does not include international competition goals

Domestic

 * Primera División: 1
 * Invierno 2000
 * Runner-up (3): Apertura 2002, Clausura 2003, Clausura 2011
 * Segunda División/Liga de Expansión MX: 2
 * 1980–81, Clausura 2022
 * Runner-up (2): Guardianes 2021, Clausura 2023
 * Copa MX: 1
 * Apertura 2013
 * Runner-up (2): 1964–65, Clausura 2017
 * Supercopa MX: 1
 * 2014
 * Runner-up (1): 2015

Continental

 * North American SuperLiga: 1
 * 2010
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 0
 * Runner-up (2): 2002, 2003

International record
$1$ Morelia refused to play the series which resulted in their disqualification.

Managers

 * 🇺🇾 Carlos Miloc (1979–80)
 * 🇭🇺 Árpád Fekete (1982)
 * 🇲🇽 Antonio "Tota" Carbajal (1984–94)
 * 🇲🇽 Jesus Bracamontes (1989–90), (1991–93)
 * 🇺🇾 Carlos Miloc (1995–96)
 * 🇲🇽 Enrique Meza (Feb 24, 1996 – June 30, 1996)
 * 🇲🇽 Tomás Boy (Sept 6, 1996 – June 30, 1997)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Solari (1997–98)
 * 🇲🇽 Tomás Boy (July 1, 1998 – June 30, 2000)
 * 🇲🇽 Luis Fernando Tena (July 1, 2000 – Oct 22, 2001)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (Oct 27, 2001 – Feb 16, 2002)
 * 🇦🇷 Rubén Omar Romano (Feb 24, 2002 – Feb 22, 2004)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Mohamed (Feb 24, 2004 – June 30, 2004)
 * 🇺🇾 Eduardo Acevedo (2004–05)
 * 🇧🇷 Ricardo Ferretti (Jan 1, 2005 – Dec 31, 2005)
 * 🇲🇽 Sergio Bueno (Jan 1, 2006 – Feb 6, 2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Darío Franco (Feb 10, 2006 – June 30, 2006)
 * 🇲🇽 Hugo Hernández (July 1, 2006 – Sept 18, 2006)
 * 🇨🇱 Marco Antonio Figueroa (Sept 22, 2006 – June 30, 2007)
 * 🇲🇽 José Luis Trejo (July 1, 2007 – Oct 22, 2007)
 * 🇲🇽 David Patiño (Oct 22, 2007 – March 16, 2008)
 * 🇲🇽 Luis Fernando Tena (March 17, 2008 – Feb 19, 2009)
 * 🇲🇽 Tomás Boy (Feb 20, 2009 – June 30, 2012)
 * 🇦🇷 Rubén Omar Romano (July 1, 2012 – Feb 18, 2013)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Bustos (Feb 18, 2013 – Jan 26, 2014)
 * 🇲🇽 Eduardo de la Torre (Jan 27, 2014 – March 1, 2014)
 * 🇲🇽 R. Hernández (interim) (March 2, 2014 – March 10, 2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel David Comizzo (March 10, 2014 – Sept 3, 2014)
 * 🇲🇽 José Guadalupe Cruz (Sept 3, 2014 – Dec 1, 2014)
 * 🇲🇽 Alfredo Tena (Dec 4, 2014 – Feb 15, 2015)
 * 🇲🇽 R. Hernández (interim) (feb 15, 2015 – May 8, 2015)
 * 🇲🇽 Enrique Meza (May 17, 2015– October 23, 2016)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Marini (Dec 2, 2016- Feb 6, 2017)
 * 🇲🇽 R. Hernández (Feb 07, 2017– Feb 24, 2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Javier Torrente (Feb 28, 2019 - August 18, 2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Guede (August 18, 2019 - June 1st 2020)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Valiño (June 26, 2020 - May 28, 2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Pereyra (May 29, 2022 – February 27, 2023)
 * 🇲🇽 Carlos Adrián Morales (February 27, 2023 – October 20, 2023)
 * 🇲🇽 José Roberto Muñoz (interim) (October 20, 2023 – December 5, 2023)
 * 🇲🇽 Israel Hernández Pat (December 5, 2023 – February 21, 2024)
 * 🇦🇷 Norberto Scoponi (February 22, 2024 – April 16, 2024)
 * 🇲🇽 Mario García Covalles (April 17, 2024 – )

title: Atlético Morelia


text:
Taiwan Security Enhancement Act

The Taiwan Security Enhancement Act was a US Congressional bill which never became law. It was passed by one of the Houses of the U.S. Congress, the House of Representatives, on February 1, 2000, by a vote of 341 to 70. It envisaged greater United States military support of the Republic of China/Taiwan, including training and equipment. It also contemplated establishing direct military communication lines between the United States and Taiwan. It was never approved by the U.S. Senate or signed into law by the U.S. president.

Its proponents intended the proposed law to strengthen and update the Taiwan Relations Act, which was passed soon after the US ceased official relations with the Republic of China (now commonly known as Taiwan) on December 31, 1978, and instead recognized the People's Republic of China on January 1, 1979. President Jimmy Carter had unilaterally withdrawn from the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty establishing a defense pact between the United States and the Republic of China in January 1979, and the Taiwan Relations Act was Congress's response to enforce and prevent excessive unilateral foreign policy change at the hands of the President without consent of Congress.

U.S. President opposed proposed law
The U.S. president at the time, Bill Clinton, opposed the proposed legislation. However, most Democrats in Congress supported the legislation despite President Clinton's opposition.

Beijing response
From the Chinese perspective, the bill was incompatible with the policies of the previous six United States administrations, particularly Ronald Reagan's 1982 Joint Communique. The Chinese Government's spokesperson, responding to press inquiries, gave the Beijing Government's response as follows:

"A few members of the US Congress have tried hard to push for the adoption of the Taiwan Security Enhancement Act. The essence is to, through strengthened domestic legislation, provide the so-called legal basis for the provision of various sophisticated weapons and equipment by the US to Taiwan and the establishment and enhancement of direct links between the armed forces in the US and Taiwan. The attempt has gravely threatened peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits and the China-US relations. The Chinese Government and people have, from the very beginning, expressed their strong condemnation of and resolute opposition to the Act, and have lodged serious representation with the US side. The Chinese side has taken note of the fact that the US Government has expressed its opposition to the adoption of the Act by the US Congress. The Chinese side strongly urges the members of the US Congress to stop at once this erroneous act of interfering in the internal affairs of China by using the question of Taiwan, and urges the US Government to abide by the three China US Joint Communiques, see clearly the harmful effect of the Act, and adopt concrete and effective measures to prevent it from becoming law so as not to seriously undermine the China-US relations."

title: Taiwan Security Enhancement Act


text: Talk:Jingle

title: Talk:Jingle


text:
Tokyo Metro Tozai Line

The Tokyo Metro Tozai Line (東京メトロ東西線) is a rapid transit line in Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture, Japan, owned and operated by Tokyo Metro. Its name translates to "East-West Line". The line runs between Nakano in Nakano-ku, Tokyo and Nishi-Funabashi in Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture. The Tōzai Line was referred to as Line 5 during the planning stages; the seldom-used official name is Line 5 Tōzai Line (5号線東西線). The line carries an average of 1,642,378 passengers daily (2017), making it the busiest line on the Tokyo Metro network. On maps, diagrams and signboards, the Tōzai Line is shown using the color "sky blue" and its stations are given numbers using the letter "T".

Overview
The line runs through central Tokyo from east to west via Takadanobaba, Waseda, Ōtemachi, Nihombashi, Kiba and Urayasu. It was opened as a bypass route for the Chuo Rapid Line and the Sobu Line, which were heavily congested at the time. It is the only Tokyo Metro line to extend into Chiba Prefecture (although the Shinjuku Line operated by Toei also extends into Chiba Prefecture.) It also runs above-ground for 14 km from Minami-Sunamachi to Nishi-Funabashi, nearly half of the line and longer than any other railway line in the Tokyo subway network.

The Tōzai Line features through services at both ends of the line. Trains run onto the JR East Chūō-Sōbu Line for Mitaka at the western (Nakano) end, and onto either the Chūō-Sōbu Line for Tsudanuma or the Tōyō Rapid Railway Line for Tōyō-Katsutadai at the eastern (Nishi-Funabashi) end.

According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation in 2018, the Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line continues to be most crowded subway line in Tokyo, and the most crowded train line in all of Japan, with its peak running at 199% capacity between Kiba and Monzen-Nakachō stations. Women-only cars were introduced on the line for use during morning rush hour on November 20, 2006.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, peak ridership dropped from a rate of 199% in 2019 to 123% in 2020.

History
The Tōzai Line was planned by a review committee of the then Ministry of Transportation in 1962 and numbered Line 5. Its name literally means "East-West Line", and it was primarily planned to relieve traffic on the busy Sōbu Main Line as well as provide a straight crosstown connection through north-central Tokyo. Although this corridor is also served by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei) Shinjuku Line and JR Keiyō Line, the Tōzai Line continues to operate beyond capacity due to its accessibility to other lines, as well as to growing condominium developments in eastern Tokyo.

The Takadanobaba to Kudanshita section opened in 1964, and the remainder opened in stages until its completion in 1969. Through service with the then Japanese National Railways (today part of the JR Group) – a first for a Tokyo subway line – began in 1969 connecting the Chūō and Sōbu lines. This is a rare situation in Tokyo, as the only other subway line with through services onto JR lines is the Chiyoda Line.

The Tōyō Rapid Railway Line, effectively an eastward extension of the line, opened in 1996. It nevertheless remains a private entity to which the Tōzai lines offers through services.

Chronology

 * March 16, 1966: The line is extended at both ends. It now runs between Nakano and Takebashi.
 * April 28, 1966: Through service to the Chūō Line of JNR commences as far as Ogikubo.
 * October 1, 1966: Takebashi to Ōtemachi section opens.
 * September 14, 1967: Ōtemachi to Tōyōchō section opens.
 * March 29, 1969: Tōyōchō to Nishi-Funabashi section opens and Rapid service begins (non-stop between Tōyōchō and Nishi-Funabashi).
 * April 8, 1969: Through service on the Chūō Line is extended to Mitaka, and through service begins on the Sōbu line to Tsudanuma.
 * April 8, 1972: Through service on the Sōbu Line is withdrawn except during rush hours.
 * 1975: Another type of Rapid service is introduced, calling at Urayasu between Tōyōchō and Nishi-Funabashi.
 * October 1, 1979: Nishi-Kasai station opens.
 * March 27, 1981: Minami-Gyōtoku station opens.
 * 1986: Commuter Rapid service is introduced, running non-stop between Urayasu and Nishi-Funabashi.
 * (April 1, 1987: JNR is privatised. The Chūō and Sōbu lines become the property of JR East.)
 * 1996: The Rapid service that runs non-stop between Tōyōchō and Nishi-Funabashi ceases.
 * April 27, 1996: Tōyō Rapid Line opens between Nishi-Funabashi and Tōyō-Katsutadai. Through service begins.
 * January 22, 2000: Myōden station opens.
 * April 1, 2004: Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA or Eidan) becomes Tokyo Metro.
 * November 20, 2006: Women-only cars are introduced during morning rush hours.

Services
The Tōzai Line was the first Tokyo Metro line on which express services run: two types of rapid trains skip some stations east of Toyocho. The Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line began services on June 14, 2008, and also features express services.

Through services to Mitaka via the JR East Chūō Line and Tōyō-Katsutadai via the Tōyō Rapid Railway run all day. During the morning and evening peak periods, through services run to Tsudanuma via the JR East Sōbu Line.

Station list

 * Local trains stop at every station. Rapid trains stop at stations marked "●" and do not stop at those marked "｜". Some weekday westbound trains do not stop at stations marked "↑".

Present
Tōzai Line trains are 10-car formations of 20 m-long cars, with four doors per side and longitudinal seating. The maximum operating speed is 100 km/h. Newer trains feature wide doors to allow for faster boarding times.
 * Tokyo Metro
 * 05/05N series (since 1988)
 * 07 series (since 2006) (transferred from Yūrakuchō Line)
 * 15000 series (since 2010)
 * Tōyō Rapid Railway
 * 2000 series (since 2004)
 * East Japan Railway Company (JR East)
 * E231-800 series (since 2003)

Past

 * Tokyo Metro
 * 5000 series (from 1964 until 2007)
 * 8000 series (from 1987 until 1988, temporary, built for Hanzōmon Line)
 * JR East
 * 301 series (from 1966 until 2003)
 * 103-1000 series (from 1989 until 2003)
 * 103-1200 series (from 1971 until 2003)
 * Tōyō Rapid
 * 1000 series (from 1996 until 2006)

Depots

 * Fukagawa Depot (深川検車区)
 * Gyōtoku Depot (深川検車区行徳分室)
 * Fukagawa Workshop (深川工場)

title: Tokyo Metro Tozai Line