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Sawtelle, Los Angeles

Sawtelle is a neighborhood in West Los Angeles, on the Westside of Los Angeles, California. The short-lived City of Sawtelle grew around the Pacific Branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, later the Sawtelle Veterans Home, and was incorporated as a city in 1899. Developed by the Pacific Land Company, and named for its manager W. E. Sawtelle, the City of Sawtelle was independent for fewer than 30 years before it was annexed by the City of Los Angeles.

Sawtelle is noted for its thriving Japanese American community, busy restaurants and arthouse movie theaters. It has strong roots in Japanese-American history. In recognition of its historical heritage, the area was designated Sawtelle Japantown in 2015.

Early history
The future site of Sawtelle has been an important location in the Los Angeles Basin for centuries, due to its abundant spring water. The village of Kuruvungna, translated as "place where we are in the sun," has been inhabited for thousands of years by the Tongva people, centered on the Kuruvungna Village Springs. The springs still flow today, although they are constrained by urban development, especially their vicinity to University High School.

The first Europeans to visit the area were Gaspar de Portolá and his party, who camped in the area in 1769. Portolá and his party encountered an active community amidst lush greenery, centered on the springs. In 1839, the future site of Sawtelle was included in the Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, a 33000 acre rancho granted to Francisco Sepúlveda II. By 1874, the owners of the land were Robert Symington Baker and John Percival Jones.

The Pacific Branch of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, an old soldiers' home, opened in 1888 in the vicinity. The institution grew steadily, and the continuous expansion of the veterans' home prompted the construction of multiple railroad lines to the complex. With the growth of the Pacific Branch, the residents of the established city of Santa Monica quickly began objecting to the veterans' large economic and political influence, as well as their drunkenness. After an 1895 Santa Monica school board election was decided by the votes of the veterans, the Santa Monica school district boundaries were redrawn to exclude the veterans' home. Despite this animosity by Santa Monica, other parties remained interested in the area, with its large population of veterans drawing federal pensions.

Founding
In 1896, the Pacific Land Company purchased a 225 acre tract, just south of the veterans' home, and hired S. H. Taft to develop a new town. When the Pacific Land Company attempted to secure a post office for the new town, the postal authorities objected to the name "Barrett," after veterans' home manager A. W. Barrett, on account of its similarity to the city of Bassett. In 1899, the name of the town was formally changed to "Sawtelle," after Pacific Land Company associate W. E. Sawtelle, who became the company president in 1900.

The Pacific Branch served as an attraction for both tourists and local real estate speculators. In 1906, the Pacific Branch became a stop on the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad's “Balloon Route”, a popular tour of local attractions conducted by an entrepreneur who escorted tourists via a rented streetcar, often from downtown Los Angeles to the ocean and back. In 1905, residential lots and larger tracts in the new Westgate Subdivision, which joined “the beautiful Soldier’s Home”, and which were owned and promoted by Jones and Baker’s Santa Monica Land and Water Company, were for sale. The new community of Sawtelle developed around the Pacific Branch when veterans’ families, as well as veterans themselves who were drawing relief, settled there. Most of Sawtelle thus grew up after the veterans home was established.

Annexation by Los Angeles
The city of Los Angeles was steadily growing in the early 20th century, with the annexation of both incorporated and unincorporated land in Los Angeles County, empowered by its water supply from the newly constructed Los Angeles Aqueduct. Sawtelle residents began discussing the possibility of annexation in 1913, and voted for annexation on May 14, 1917, by a margin of three votes. The annexation was opposed by the city Board of Trustees, and was quickly contested in court by residents who claimed that they were not properly informed about Los Angeles' municipal debt. While the case was still pending in court, Los Angeles staged a coup.

The Los Angeles Police Department raided Sawtelle City Hall early on a Friday morning in 1918, seizing most of the city records, including the seal and the safe. One notable exclusion was the meeting minutes of the city Board of Trustees, which were in the personal custody of a trustee. Despite the seizure of City Hall by Los Angeles, the Sawtelle trustees held meetings in the council chamber for two months, until they moved to the home of the City Clerk in April 1918. The City of Sawtelle functioned as a government-in-exile for over two years, holding regular meetings, and unsuccessfully attempting to organize elections. The California Supreme Court declared the annexation invalid in September 1921, ending a conflict described by the Los Angeles Times as “one of the longest and most bitter fights in the history of municipal governments in the State." The Board of Trustees returned to City Hall on November 1, where they found that Los Angeles had taken their new firehoses and most of the chairs.

Despite their initial success, the Sawtelle city officials who resisted the annexation were replaced in the next municipal election by a slate of pro-annexation candidates. A second annexation referendum was held on June 2, 1922, and passed by a margin of over 800 votes. Sawtelle officially became a part of the City of Los Angeles in July 1922, in the 36th annexation in the city's history.

Interwar period (1930s to 1950s)
Sawtelle's history is in part defined by its Japanese American community, which formed as a response to exclusionary policies in other areas of Los Angeles. Many of Sawtelle's early Japanese residents took up farming, despite a lack of bank loans and land ownership restrictions from the California Alien Land Law. By 1941, 26 garden centers were in operation in Sawtelle, most operated by Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

These are remnants of a larger Japanese American presence in the area before the population was disrupted by World War II, when many were displaced by Japanese-American internment.

The 1950s through the present day
There is some gang activity within the area, but it has decreased considerably since the early 2000s. The Sotel 13 gang has claimed Stoner Park and its surrounding community as its territory since the 1950s, and as of 2012 gang graffiti could still be found throughout the neighborhood.

Geography
The name Sawtelle may refer to a larger district that is part of Los Angeles, a smaller unincorporated area of Los Angeles County that by definition is not part of the city of Los Angeles, or a combination of these, sometimes known as the Sawtelle area. The name has also been used to refer only to the Veterans Administration complex, including the modern hospital (West Los Angeles Medical Center) and north of Wilshire Boulevard, the former site of the historical Sawtelle Veterans Home and outbuildings.

The incorporated area of Sawtelle, to the south of the unincorporated area, includes the Sawtelle neighborhood, a 1.82 sqmi district of Los Angeles. It is roughly bounded by the Interstate 405 freeway to the east, National Boulevard to the south, Centinela Avenue to the west, and Bringham Avenue, San Vicente Boulevard, and the V.A. grounds on the north. Greater Los Angeles Health Center is in the unincorporated area. The area extends about 1.0 mi to either side of Santa Monica Boulevard, running westward about 1.3 miles (2.1 km) from Interstate 405 (the San Diego Freeway) and Sawtelle Boulevard, toward Santa Monica, ending at Centinela Avenue. Because the incorporated Sawtelle area now represents the northern part of West Los Angeles, it is bounded on the north by Brentwood and Westwood, which bound West Los Angeles. To the south is the rest of West Los Angeles, which is not considered part of the Sawtelle district.

The smaller unincorporated area of Sawtelle is 576.5 acres, or 0.90 sqmi, and completely surrounded by Los Angeles. On the south, the unincorporated area abuts the Sawtelle city district that is now part of West Los Angeles and the greater city of Los Angeles. On the north, it is bordered by Brentwood and Westwood. This unincorporated area consists of six parcels near the intersection of the San Diego Freeway and Santa Monica Boulevard, owned either by the US government or the state of California. A private utility company owns the seventh parcel. This area is under the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors' zoning control within the Third Supervisorial District. The unincorporated area contains the Wilshire Federal Building, the Los Angeles National Cemetery, the Wadsworth VA Hospital/West Los Angeles Medical Center, and many smaller federal office buildings.

The entire Sawtelle area includes portions of ZIP Codes 90049, 90064, and 90025 and all of ZIP Code 90073 (a P.O. ZIP Code within the 90025 area, used exclusively by the West Los Angeles Medical Center/Veterans Affairs Wadsworth Medical Hospital).

Transportation
Bus service in Sawtelle is primarily provided by Los Angeles Metro Bus and Santa Monica Big Blue Bus, with additional service from Culver CityBus. The Metro E Line runs along the south side of the neighborhood, with its Sawtelle stop at the Expo/Bundy station. The Westwood/VA Hospital station of the D Line Extension is expected to open in 2027, connecting the future Westwood/VA Hospital station to Downtown Los Angeles via Koreatown.

Sawtelle is part of LA Department of Transportation's Slow Streets program. By limiting car traffic and prompting drivers to slow down, the pilot program was implemented to reclaim neighborhood roads for pedestrians, joggers, children and people with disabilities. The neighborhood was rated one of Los Angeles's 10 most walkable neighborhoods in 2017.

Sawtelle Boulevard is a major thoroughfare, and is the center of the local Japanese community. Other major streets in Sawtelle include Santa Monica Boulevard and Olympic Boulevard; freeway access is provided by the Santa Monica Freeway and the San Diego Freeway.

Arts and culture
Sawtelle is home to two independent arthouse movie theaters that are important cultural institutions to greater Los Angeles's film community. The Nuart Theatre was built in 1929. It showcases domestic and foreign independent films and holds regular screenings of The Rocky Horror Show and other midnight movies. Laemmele Royal Theater, originally known as the Tivoli, was built in 1924 and is one of Southern California's last remaining single-screen theaters in daily operation.

The Village recording studio, located on Butler Avenue, has been used by many iconic artists. Albums recorded at The Village include Steely Dan's Aja, Frank Zappa's Joe's Garage, and Bob Dylan's Planet Waves. Many major motion picture and television soundtracks were also recorded here, including O Brother, Where Art Thou?, Toy Story 2, Walk the Line, The X Files, Wall-E, The Shawshank Redemption. It has a famous mural on its south wall.

The Japanese Institute of Sawtelle, a cultural center for West Los Angeles's Nikkei community, is on Sawtelle's southern edge, on Corinth Avenue.

Stoner Park is a natural hub of the Sawtelle neighborhood with its attendant tennis courts, children's playground, skate plaza, seasonal outdoor pool, recreation center and Japanese garden. It is at the end of Stoner Avenue.

Education
Public Schools

Sawtelle is part of the Los Angeles Unified School District

These elementary schools serve the incorporated Sawtelle area:
 * Brockton Avenue School
 * Richland Avenue Elementary School
 * Nora Sterry Elementary School
 * Westwood Elementary School (in Westwood)

These middle schools serve the Sawtelle area:
 * Daniel Webster Middle School
 * Emerson Middle School (in Westwood)

The Sawtelle area is within the University High School attendance district.

Private Schools

 * Arete Preparatory Academy
 * Brawerman Elementary School
 * New Horizon School
 * New Roads Elementary School
 * Park Century School
 * Saint Sebastian School
 * Southern California Montessori School
 * Wildwood School

Asahi Gakuen, a weekend Japanese supplementary school system, operates its Santa Monica campus at Daniel Webster Middle School in Sawtelle. At one time all high school classes in the Asahi Gakuen system were held at the Santa Monica campus. In 1986, students took buses from as far away as Orange County to go to the high school classes of the Santa Monica campus. As of 2024, Asahi Gakuen's Santa Monica, Orange, and Torrance campuses have high school classes.

Veterans Administration hospital, office buildings, and national cemetery
The grounds of the former Veterans Home, which was established in 1888, along with a cemetery and hospital for former soldiers and sailors, is also referred to as Sawtelle. This area, containing former hospital and apartment buildings and the historical veteran's home, and now converted to research and office space, is mostly north of Wilshire Boulevard. Since 1977, this area has formally included the Veterans Affairs (VA) Wadsworth Medical Center (now the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center), which is south of Wilshire Boulevard from the former veteran's home site (see illustration above). This major hospital serves as part of the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. The veterans home and hospital areas are both located west of the modern Interstate 405 freeway (San Diego Freeway), which bisects this federal parcel of land. It was part of a controversial plan in the 1960s, in which the property was proposed to be exchanged for Hazard Park in Boyle Heights, which would become home to a new VA hospital. The plan was shelved after seven years because of heavy public opposition., and instead, the present West Los Angeles Medical Center was built as the new hospital, in 1977. The Los Angeles National Cemetery, which is located east of Interstate 405, between Sepulveda Boulevard and Veteran Avenue, contains the remains of some 85,000 veterans and family members from the Mexican War to the present. The Wilshire Federal Building (photo at right, description below) is also east of the 405 freeway, immediately south of Wilshire Boulevard and the cemetery.

Wilshire Federal Building
A major stand-alone federal office building in the area is the 19-story Wilshire Federal Building (completed 1969) at 11000 Wilshire Blvd, Westwood, Los Angeles. The federal building is the most prominent symbol of federal power in the Los Angeles area, and is thus a popular site for protests against government policies.

It includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Los Angeles field office.

Demographics
From the 1980 U.S. Census to the 1990 U.S. Census an increase in construction caused the population to increase by 6.7%; the addition of 692 dwelling units increased the units in Sawtelle by 10.6%. The 1990 census stated that there were 14,042 residents in Sawtelle. There was no racial majority at that time. Barbara Koh of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "The racial percentages in Sawtelle in the 1990 Census were virtually unchanged from 1980". In 1990, 48% of the residents were Non-Hispanic White, 26% were Latino or Hispanic, 23% were Asian, and 3% were Black. According to 2005 Los Angeles County government estimates, the population of the unincorporated area of Sawtelle is 634.

Public services
The Los Angeles Police Department operates the West Los Angeles Community Police Station at 1663 Butler Avenue, 90025.

The Los Angeles Fire Department's Station 59, located at 11505 West Olympic Boulevard, provides fire protection for Sawtelle and surrounding areas. In the LAFD's command structure, it is organized in the West Bureau.

The West Los Angeles Regional Branch Library, a branch of the Los Angeles Public Library, is located at 11360 Santa Monica Boulevard.

In fiction and popular culture

 * Neal Stephenson's science fiction novel Snow Crash coins the name Fedland for the unincorporated Sawtelle area, because in the novel it is one of the few bits of land still under the direct control of the United States government (the rest of the city having been taken over by corporations).
 * Director Michel Gondry filmed part of Beck's video for "Deadweight" at the Nuart Theatre.
 * Because of University High School's proximity to major Hollywood studios, it has served as a shooting location for many films and television series, including Bruce Almighty, Pineapple Express, Valentine's Day, Straight Outta Compton and Arrested Development.
 * Khalid's music video "Young Dumb & Broke" and Janelle Monae's "Tightrope" were shot at University High School.
 * John Waters starred in a "No Smoking" theatrical trailer projected first at the Nuart Theatre in which he advised patrons to "smoke anyway".

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Text figures

Text figures (also known as non-lining, lowercase, old style, ranging, hanging, medieval, billing, or antique figures or numerals) are numerals designed with varying heights in a fashion that resembles a typical line of running text, hence the name. They are contrasted with lining figures (also called titling or modern figures), which are the same height as upper-case letters. Georgia is an example of a popular typeface that employs text figures by default.

Design
In text figures, the shape and positioning of the numerals vary as those of lowercase letters do. In the most common scheme, 0, 1, and 2 are of x-height, having neither ascenders nor descenders; 6 and 8 have ascenders; and 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 have descenders. Other schemes exist; for example, the types cut by the Didot family of punchcutters and typographers in France between the late 18th and early 19th centuries typically had an ascending 3 and 5, a form preserved in some later French typefaces. A few other typefaces used different arrangements. Sometimes the stress of the 0 is made different from a letter o in some way, although many fonts do not do this.

High-quality typesetting generally prefers text figures in body text: they integrate better with lowercase letters and small capitals, unlike runs of lining figures. Lining figures are called for in all-capitals settings (hence the alternative name titling figures), and may work better in tables and spreadsheets.

Although many conventional typefaces have both types of numerals in full, early digital fonts only had one or the other (with the exception of those used by professional printers). Modern OpenType fonts generally include both, and being able to switch via  and   feature tags. The few common digital fonts that default to using text figures include Candara, Constantia, Corbel, Hoefler Text, Georgia, Junicode, some variations of Garamond (such as the open-source EB Garamond), and FF Scala. Palatino and its clone FPL Neu support both text and lining figures.

History
As the name medieval numerals implies, text figures have been in use since the Middle Ages, when Arabic numerals reached 12th century Europe, where they eventually supplanted Roman numerals.

Lining figures came out of the new middle-class phenomenon of shopkeepers’ hand-lettered signage. They were introduced to European typography in 1788, when Richard Austin cut a new font for typefounder and publisher John Bell, which included three-quarter height lining figures. They were further developed by 19th-century type designers, and largely displaced text figures in some contexts, such as newspaper and advertising typography. During the period of transition from text figures to lining, a justification for the old system was that the height differences helped distinguish similar numbers, while a justification for lining figures was that they were clearer (being larger) and that they looked better by giving all page numbers the same height. Amusingly, as several later writers have noted, the printer Thomas Curson Hansard in his landmark textbook on printing Typographia describes the new fashion as 'preposterous', but the book was printed using lining figures and the modern typefaces he also criticised throughout.

While always popular with fine printers, text figures became rarer still with the advent of phototypesetting and early digital technologies with limited character sets and no support for alternate characters. Walter Tracy noted that they were avoided by phototypesetting manufacturers since (not being of even height) they could not be miniaturised to form fraction numerals, requiring an additional set of fraction characters. They made a comeback with more advanced digital typesetting systems.

Modern professional digital fonts are almost universally in one or another variant of the OpenType format and encode both text and lining figures as OpenType alternate characters. Text figures are not encoded separately in Unicode, because they are not considered separate characters from lining figures, only a different way of writing the same characters. Adobe's early OpenType fonts used Private Use Area for non-default sets of numerals, but the most recent ones only use OpenType features.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Text figures


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List of units of the United States Navy

Units (commands) of the United States Navy are as follows. The list is organized along administrative chains of command (CoC), and does not include the CNO's office or shore establishments.

Deployable/operational U.S. Navy units typically have two CoCs – the  chain and the  chain. Operational CoCs change quite often based on a unit's location and current mission.

For example, USS Roosevelt (DDG-80) is always administratively assigned to Commander, Naval Air Force, Atlantic Fleet (CNAL). It might also be operationally assigned to CNAL early in its inter-deployment readiness cycle (IDRC). Before 2010, later in the IDRC, it would have been assigned to Commander, Second Fleet, which is responsible for Carrier Strike Group (CSG) training and operations on the east coast. Once the CSG deploys and crosses over the inter-UCC boundary in the mid-Atlantic, it then reports (is "chopped") to the Sixth Fleet (responsible for European waters and the Mediterranean Sea). Once the CSG enters the Suez Canal, it "chops" to the Fifth Fleet for operational control. Operationally, the Roosevelt CSG chain of command is: Commander Fifth Fleet, Commander U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, Commander U.S. Central Command, United States Secretary of Defense, President of the United States.

United States Third Fleet (NB Point Loma, CA)

 * USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000) (NB San Diego, CA)
 * USS Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001) (NB San Diego, CA)

Carrier Strike Group 1 (CSG-1) (NB San Diego, CA)

 * USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * USS Lake Erie (CG-70)
 * USS Princeton (CG-59)
 * Destroyer Squadron 1 (DESRON-1)
 * USS Howard (DDG-83)
 * USS Shoup (DDG-86)
 * USS Sterett (DDG-104)
 * USS Higgins (DDG-76)
 * USS O'Kane (DDG-77)
 * Carrier Air Wing 2 (CVW-2) (NAS Lemoore, CA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (VFA-2)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 113 (VFA-113)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 147 (VFA-147)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 192 (VFA-192)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 113 (VAW-113) (NAS Point Mugu, CA)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 136 (VAQ-136) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30, Detachment 2 (VRC-30 Det. 2) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 4 (HSC-4) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 78 (HSM-78) (NAS North Island, CA)

Carrier Strike Group 3 (CSG-3) (NB San Diego, CA)

 * USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * USS Mobile Bay (CG-53)
 * USS Lake Champlain (CG-57) DECOM 01SEP2023
 * Destroyer Squadron 21 (DESRON-21)
 * USS Dewey (DDG-105)
 * USS Spruance (DDG-111)
 * USS Decatur (DDG-73)
 * USS Stockdale (DDG-106)
 * USS Stethem (DDG-63)

 * Carrier Air Wing 9 (CVW-9) (NAS Lemoore, CA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 14 (VFA-14)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 41 (VFA-41)
 * Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 314 (VMFA-314) (MCAS Miramar, CA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 151 (VFA-151)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 133 (VAQ-133) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 117 (VAW-117) (NAS Point Mugu, CA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 14 (HSC-14) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 71 (HSM-71) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30, Detachment 1 (VRC-30 Det. 1) (NAS North Island, CA)

Carrier Strike Group 9 (CSG-9) (NB San Diego, CA)

 * USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) (NAS North Island, CA)

 * USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) DECOM 23SEP2023
 * USS Cape St. George (CG-71)
 * Destroyer Squadron 23 (DESRON-23)
 * USS Russell (DDG-59)
 * USS Paul Hamilton (DDG-60)
 * USS Rafael Peralta (DDG-115)
 * USS Pinckney (DDG-91)
 * USS John Finn (DDG-113)
 * Carrier Air Wing 11 (CVW-11) (NAS Lemoore, CA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 154 (VFA-154)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 31 (VFA-31)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 146 (VFA-146)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 87 (VFA-87)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 115 (VAW-115) (NAS Point Mugu, CA)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 142 (VAQ-142) (NAS Whidbey Island, CA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30, Detachment 3 (VRC-30 Det. 3) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 8 (HSC-8) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 75 (HSM-75) (NAS North Island, CA)

Carrier Strike Group 11 (CSG-11) (NS Everett, WA)

 * USS Nimitz (CVN-68) (NB Kitsap–Bremerton, WA)
 * USS Chosin (CG-65)
 * Destroyer Squadron 9 (DESRON-9)
 * USS Gridley (DDG-101)
 * USS Kidd (DDG-100)
 * USS Momsen (DDG-92)
 * USS Ralph Johnson (DDG-114)
 * USS Sampson (DDG-102)
 * Carrier Air Wing 17 (CVW-17) (NAS Lemoore, CA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 22 (VFA-22)
 * Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323 (VMFA-323) (MCAS Miramar, CA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 94 (VFA-94)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 137 (VFA-137)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 139 (VAQ-139) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 116 (VAW-116) (NAS Point Mugu, CA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 6 (HSC-6) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 73 (HSM-73) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30, Detachment 4 (VRC-30 Det. 4) (NAS North Island, CA)

Naval Surface Group Middle Pacific (NS Pearl Harbor, HI)

 * USS Port Royal (CG-73)

Destroyer Squadron 31 (DESRON-31)

 * USS Hopper (DDG-70)
 * USS Michael Murphy (DDG-112)
 * USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53)
 * USS Wayne E. Meyer (DDG-108)
 * USS William P. Lawrence (DDG-110)
 * USS Chung-Hoon (DDG-93)
 * USS Preble (DDG-88)
 * USS Halsey (DDG-97)
 * USS Chafee (DDG-90)

Expeditionary Strike Group 3 (ESG-3) (NB San Diego, CA)

 * USS Portland (LPD-27)
 * USS John P. Murtha (LPD-26)
 * USS Comstock (LSD-45)
 * USS Harpers Ferry (LSD-49)
 * USS Pearl Harbor (LSD-52)
 * USS Rushmore (LSD-47)
 * USS San Diego (LPD-22)
 * USS Tripoli (LHA-7)
 * USS Boxer (LHD-4)
 * USS Essex (LHD-2)
 * USS Makin Island (LHD-8)
 * USS Anchorage (LPD-23)
 * USS Somerset (LPD-25)

Littoral Combat Ship Squadron 1 (LCSRON-1) (NB San Diego, CA)

 * USS Freedom (LCS-1)
 * USS Independence (LCS-2)
 * USS Fort Worth (LCS-3)
 * USS Coronado (LCS-4)
 * USS Jackson (LCS-6)
 * USS Montgomery (LCS-8)
 * USS Gabrielle Giffords (LCS-10)
 * USS Omaha (LCS-12)
 * USS Manchester (LCS-14)
 * USS Tulsa (LCS-16)
 * USS Charleston (LCS-18)
 * USS Cincinnati (LCS-20)
 * USS Kansas City (LCS-22)

Mine Countermeasures Squadron 3 (MCMRON-3) (NB San Diego, CA)

 * USS Ardent (MCM-12)
 * USS Champion (MCM-4)

Submarine Squadron 1 (SUBRON-1) (NS Pearl Harbor, HI)

 * USS Charlotte (SSN-766)
 * USS Greenville (SSN-772)
 * USS Texas (SSN-775)
 * USS Hawaii (SSN-776)
 * USS North Carolina (SSN-777)
 * USS Missouri (SSN-780)
 * USS Mississippi (SSN-782)
 * USS Illinois (SSN-786)

Submarine Squadron 7 (SUBRON 7) (NS Pearl Harbor, HI)

 * USS Chicago (SSN-721)
 * USS Jefferson City (SSN-759)
 * USS Springfield (SSN-761)
 * USS Santa Fe (SSN-763)
 * USS Tucson (SSN-770)
 * USS Columbia (SSN-771)
 * USS Cheyenne (SSN-773)

Submarine Squadron 17 (SUBRON-17) (NB Kitsap–Bangor, WA)

 * USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730)
 * USS Alabama (SSBN-731)
 * USS Nevada (SSBN-733)
 * USS Pennsylvania (SSBN-735)
 * USS Kentucky (SSBN-737)
 * USS Nebraska (SSBN-739)
 * USS Maine (SSBN-741)

Submarine Squadron 19 (SUBRON-19) (NB Kitsap–Bangor, WA)

 * USS Bremerton (SSN-698)
 * USS Jacksonville (SSN-699)
 * USS Olympia (SSN-717)
 * USS Louisville (SSN-724)
 * USS Ohio (SSGN-726)
 * USS Michigan (SSGN-727)
 * USS Louisiana (SSBN-743)

Submarine Development Squadron 5 (SUBDEVRON-5) (NB Kitsap–Bremerton, WA)

 * USS Seawolf (SSN-21)
 * USS Connecticut (SSN-22)
 * USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23) (NB Kitsap–Bangor, WA)

Submarine Squadron 11 (SUBRON-11) (NB Point Loma, CA)

 * USS Alexandria (SSN-757)
 * USS Scranton (SSN-756)
 * USS Hampton (SSN-767)
 * USS Indianapolis (SSN-697)

Patrol and Reconnaissance Wing 10 (PATWING-10) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)

 * Patrol Squadron 1 (VP-1)
 * Patrol Squadron 4 (VP-4)
 * Patrol Squadron 9 (VP-9)
 * Patrol Squadron 40 (VP-40)
 * Patrol Squadron 46 (VP-46)
 * Patrol Squadron 47 (VP-47)
 * Patrol Squadron Special Unit 2 (VPU-2) (MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI)
 * Unmanned Patrol Squadron 11 (VUP-11)
 * Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 1 (VQ-1)

Airborne Command Control Logistics Wing

 * Fleet Logistics Multi-Mission Squadron 30 (VRM-30) (NAS North Island, CA)

United States Seventh Fleet (CFA Yokosuka, Japan)

 * USS Emory S. Land (AS-39) (NB Guam, Guam)
 * USS Frank Cable (AS-40) (NB Guam, Guam)

Carrier Strike Group 5 (CSG-5) (CFA Yokosuka, Japan)

 * USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)
 * USS Antietam (CG-54)
 * USS Robert Smalls (CG-62)
 * USS Shiloh (CG-67)
 * Destroyer Squadron 15 (DESRON-15)
 * USS Barry (DDG-52)
 * USS Curtis Wilbur (DDG-54)
 * USS John S. McCain (DDG-56)
 * USS Benfold (DDG-65)
 * USS Milius (DDG-69)
 * USS McCampbell (DDG-85)
 * USS Mustin (DDG-89)
 * Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW-5) (NAF Atsugi, Japan)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 27 (VFA-27) (MCAS Iwakuni, Japan)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 102 (VFA-102) (MCAS Iwakuni, Japan)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 115 (VFA-115) (MCAS Iwakuni, Japan)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 195 (VFA-195) (MCAS Iwakuni, Japan)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 125 (VAW-125) (MCAS Iwakuni, Japan)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 141 (VAQ-141) (MCAS Iwakuni, Japan)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30, Detachment 5 (VRC-30 Det. 5) (MCAS Iwakuni, Japan)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 12 (HSC-12)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 77

Expeditionary Strike Group 7 (ESG-7) (CFA Sasebo, Japan)

 * USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19) (CFA Yokosuka, Japan)
 * USS America (LHA-6)
 * USS Green Bay (LPD-20)
 * USS New Orleans (LPD-18)
 * USS Germantown (LSD-42)
 * USS Ashland (LSD-48)

Mine Countermeasures Squadron 7 (MCMRON-7) (USFA Sasebo, Japan)

 * USS Patriot (MCM-7)
 * USS Pioneer (MCM-9)
 * USS Warrior (MCM-10)
 * USS Chief (MCM-14)

Submarine Squadron 15 (SUBRON-15) (NB Guam, Guam)

 * USS Key West (SSN-722)
 * USS Oklahoma City (SSN-723)
 * USS Topeka (SSN-754)
 * USS Asheville (SSN-758)

Carrier Strike Group 2 (CSG-2) (NS Norfolk, VA)

 * USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)
 * USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)
 * USS Vella Gulf (CG-72)
 * Destroyer Squadron 22 (DESRON-22)
 * USS Mitscher (DDG-57)
 * USS Laboon (DDG-58)
 * USS Mahan (DDG-72)
 * USS Cole (DDG-67)
 * USS Bulkeley (DDG-84)
 * Carrier Air Wing 7 (CVW-7) (NAS Oceana, VA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 143 (VFA-143)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 103 (VFA-103)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 86 (VFA-86)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 25 (VFA-25)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 140 (VAQ-140) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 121 (VAW-121) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 5 (HSC-5) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 79 (HSM-79) (NAS Jacksonville, FL)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40, Detachment 3 (VRC-40 Det. 3) (NS Norfolk, VA)

Carrier Strike Group 8 (CSG-8) (NS Norfolk, VA)

 * USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)
 * USS Normandy (CG-60)
 * USS Anzio (CG-68)
 * Destroyer Squadron 28 (DESRON-28)
 * USS Ramage (DDG-61)
 * USS Bainbridge (DDG-96)
 * USS Farragut (DDG-99)
 * USS Forrest Sherman (DDG-98)
 * USS Gravely (DDG-107)
 * USS Jason Dunham (DDG-109)
 * Carrier Air Wing 1 (CVW-1) (NAS Oceana, VA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 11 (VFA-11)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 81 (VFA-81)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 34 (VFA-34)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 211 (VFA-211)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 126 (VAW-126) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 137 (VAQ-137) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40, Detachment 2 (VRC-40, Det. 2) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 11 (HSC-11) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 72 (HSM-72) (NAS Jacksonville, FL)

Carrier Strike Group 10 (CSG-10) (NS Norfolk, VA)

 * USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)
 * USS San Jacinto (CG-56)
 * USS Monterrey (CG-61)
 * Destroyer Squadron 26 (DESRON-26)
 * USS Stout (DDG-55)
 * USS McFaul (DDG-74)
 * USS Oscar Austin (DDG-79)
 * USS Truxtun (DDG-103)
 * USS James E. Williams (DDG-95)
 * Carrier Air Wing 3 (CVW-3) (NAS Oceana, VA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 32 (VFA-32)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 83 (VFA-83)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 105 (VFA-105)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 131 (VFA-131)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 123 (VAW-123) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 130 (VAQ-130) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40, Detachment 4 (VRC-40 Det. 4) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 7 (HSC-7) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 74 (HSM-74) (NAS Jacksonville, FL)

Carrier Strike Group 12 (CSG-12) (NS Norfolk, VA)

 * USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)
 * USS Leyte Gulf (CG-55)
 * USS Gettysburg (CG-64)
 * Destroyer Squadron 2 (DESRON-2)
 * USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51)
 * USS Winston S. Churchill (DDG-81)
 * USS Mason (DDG-87)
 * USS Nitze (DDG-94)
 * USS Gonzalez (DDG-66)
 * Carrier Air Wing 8 (CVW-8) (NAS Oceana, VA)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 37 (VFA-37)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 97 (VFA-97)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 213 (VFA-213)
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 124 (VAW-124) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 131 (VAQ-131) (NAS Whidbey Island, VA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 40, Detachment 2 (VRC-40 Det. 2) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 9 (HSC-9) (NS Norfolk, VA)
 * Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 70 (HSM-70) (NAS Jacksonville, FL)

Surface Squadron 14 (SURFRON-14) (NS Mayport, FL)

 * USS Hué City (CG-66)
 * USS Vicksburg (CG-69)
 * USS The Sullivans (DDG-68)
 * USS Lassen (DDG-82)
 * USS Thomas Hunder (DDG-116)
 * USS Paul Ignatius (DDG-117)
 * USS Delbert D. Black (DDG-119)
 * USS Zephyr (PC-8)
 * USS Shamal (PC-13)
 * USS Tornado (PC-14)

Expeditionary Strike Group 2 (ESG-2) (NS Norfolk, VA)

 * USS Wasp (LHD-1)
 * USS Kearsarge (LHD-3)
 * USS Bataan (LHD-5)
 * USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) (NS Mayport, FL)
 * USS San Antonio (LPD-17)
 * USS Mesa Verde (LPD-19)
 * USS New York (LPD-21) (NS Mayport, FL)
 * USS Arlington (LPD-24)
 * USS Whidbey Island (LSD-41) (NAB Little Creek, VA)
 * USS Fort McHenry (LSD-43) (NS Mayport, FL)
 * USS Gunston Hall (LSD-44) (NAB Little Creek, VA)
 * USS Carter Hall (LSD-50) (NAB Little Creek, VA)
 * USS Tortuga (LSD-46) (NAB Little Creek, VA)

Littoral Combat Ship Squadron 2 (LCSRON-2) (NS Mayport, FL)

 * USS Milwaukee (LCS-5)
 * USS Detroit (LCS-7)
 * USS Little Rock (LCS-9)
 * USS Sioux City (LCS-11)
 * USS Wichita (LCS-13)
 * USS Billings (LCS-15)
 * USS Indianapolis (LCS-17)
 * USS St. Louis (LCS-19)

Submarine Squadron 6 (SUBRON-6) (NS Norfolk, VA)

 * USS Helena (SSN-725)
 * USS Newport News (SSN-750)
 * USS Albany (SSN-753)
 * USS Boise (SSN-764)
 * USS Montpelier (SSN-765)
 * USS California (SSN-781)

Submarine Squadron 4 (SUBRON-4) (NSB New London, CT)

 * USS Hartford (SSN-768)
 * USS Virginia (SSN-774)
 * USS New Hampshire (SSN-778)
 * USS New Mexico (SSN-779)
 * USS Missouri (SSN-780)

Submarine Development Squadron 12 (SUBDEVRON-12) (NSB New London, CT)

 * USS Toledo (SSN-769)
 * USS Providence (SSN-719)
 * USS San Juan (SSN-751)

Submarine Squadron 16 (SUBRON 16) (NSB Kings Bay, GA)

 * USS Florida (SSGN-728)
 * USS Georgia (SSGN-729)
 * USS Tennessee (SSBN-734)
 * USS West Virginia (SSBN-736)

Submarine Squadron 20 (SUBRON 20) (NSB Kings Bay, GA)

 * USS Alaska (SSBN-732)
 * USS Maryland (SSBN-738)
 * USS Rhode Island (SSBN-740)
 * USS Wyoming (SSBN-742)

Patrol and Reconnaissance Wing 11 (PATWING-11) (NAS Jacksonville, FL)

 * Patrol Squadron 5 (VP-5)
 * Patrol Squadron 8 (VP-8)
 * Patrol Squadron 10 (VP-10)
 * Patrol Squadron 16 (VP-16)
 * Patrol Squadron 26 (VP-26)
 * Patrol Squadron 45 (VP-45)
 * Unmanned Patrol Squadron 19 (VUP-19) (Detachment NAS Point Mugu, CA)

Strategic Communications Wing 1 (STRACOMWING-1) (Tinker AFB, OK)

 * Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 3 (VQ-3) (Detachments Travis AFB, CA; Offutt AFB, NE)
 * Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 4 (VQ-4) (Detachment NAS Patuxent River, MD)

United States Sixth Fleet (NSA Naples, Italy)

 * USS Mount Whitney (LCC-20) (NATO Base Gaeta, Italy)

Destroyer Squadron 60 (DESRON-60) (NS Rota, Spain)

 * USS Carney (DDG-64)
 * USS Ross (DDG-71)
 * USS Donald Cook (DDG-75)
 * USS Porter (DDG-78)
 * USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)

United States Fifth Fleet (NSA Bahrain, Bahrain)
==== Commander Naval Surface Squadron 5 (CNSS-5) (NSA Bahrain, Bahrain) ====

 * USS Tempest (PC-2) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2022
 * USS Hurricane (PC-3) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2023
 * USS Monsoon (PC-4) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2023
 * USS Typhoon (PC-5) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2022
 * USS Sirocco (PC-6) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2023
 * USS Squall (PC-7) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2022
 * USS Chinook (PC-9) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2023
 * USS Firebolt (PC-10) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2022
 * USS Whirlwind (PC-11) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2022
 * USS Thunderbolt (PC-12) SHIP DECOMMISSIONED 2023
 * USS Sentry (MCM-3)
 * USS Devastator (MCM-6)
 * USS Gladiator (MCM-11)
 * USS Dexterous (MCM-13)

United States Tenth Fleet

 * Commander, Naval Network Warfare Command (NNWC)
 * Commanding Officer, Navy Cyber Defense Operations Command (NCDOC)
 * Commanding Officer, Naval Information Operation Commands (NIOC)
 * NIOC Suitland (Research, Development, Test & Evaluation)
 * Combined Task Forces (CTF)

Naval Special Warfare Command (NAB Coronado, CA)

 * Naval Special Warfare Development Group
 * Naval Special Warfare Group One
 * SEAL Teams One, Three, Five and Seven
 * Naval Special Warfare Group Two (NAB Little Creek, VA)
 * SEAL Teams Two, Four, Eight, and Ten
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 3
 * SDV Teams One and Two
 * Naval Special Warfare Group Four
 * Special Boat Team 12 (NAB Coronado, CA)
 * Special Boat Team 20 (NAB Little Creek, VA)
 * Special Boat Team 22 (John C. Stennis Space Center, MS)
 * Naval Special Warfare Group 11
 * SEAL Teams Seventeen and Eighteen

Naval Network Warfare Command

 * Naval Information Operations Command (Formerly known as the Naval Security Group)
 * Naval Information Operations Detachment Fort Meade
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Naples
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Sicily
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Bahrain
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic Detachment Hampton Roads
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic Detachment LaMoure
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic Detachment Rota
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Atlantic Detachment Souda Bay
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Pacific
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Guam
 * Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Far East
 * Naval Space Operations Command

Naval Reserve Force (NSA Hampton Roads, VA)

 * Naval Air Force Reserve
 * Fleet Logistics Support Wing
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 1 (VR-1) (NAF Washington, MD)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 51 (VR-51) (MCAS Kaneohe Bay, HI)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 53 (VR-53) (NAF Washington, MD)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 54 (VR-54) (NAS JRB New Orleans, LA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 55 (VR-55) (NAS Point Mugu, CA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 56 (VR-56) (NAS Oceana, VA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 57 (VR-57) (NAS North Island, CA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 58 (VR-58) (NAS Jacksonville, FL)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 59 (VR-59) (NAS JRB Fort Worth, TX)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 61 (VR-61) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 62 (VR-62) (NAS Jacksonville, FL)
 * Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 62 (VR-64) (NAES Lakehurst, NJ)
 * Tactical Support Wing (TSW) (NAS JRB Fort Worth, TX)
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 204 (VFA-204) (NAS JRB New Orleans, LA)
 * Electronic Attack Squadron 209 (VAQ-209) (NAS Whidbey Island, WA)
 * Fighter Squadron Composite 12 (VFC-12) (NAS Oceana, VA)
 * Fighter Squadron Composite 13 (VFC-13) (NAS Fallon, NV)
 * Fighter Squadron Composite 111 (VFC-111) (NAS Key West, FL)

Operational Test and Evaluation Force
See Operational Test and Evaluation Force (OPTEVFOR)

Disbandments

 * Helicopter Wing Reserve (disbanded 31 May 2007, per OPNAV 3111.214, issued 22 May 2006)
 * Reserve Patrol Wing (disbanded 30 June 2007 as per OPNAV 3111.204, issued 6 April 2006 with Patrol Squadrons reassigned or disbanded)
 * VP 65, VP 66, and VP 94 disbanded per OPNAV 3111.454, 29 Nov 2005)

title: List of units of the United States Navy


text:
Bila Tserkva

Bila Tserkva (Біла Церква ; lit. White Church) is a city in Central Ukraine, located on the Ros river in the historical Right Bank region. The largest city in Kyiv Oblast (which oblast does not include the city of Kyiv, the regional capital), it serves as the administrative centre of Bila Tserkva Raion and Bila Tserkva urban hromada, and has a population of

The oldest preserved document that mentions the city, at that time called Yuryiv, is the Ipatiev Chronicle (1115). Historically, the city has been at the centre of the Porossia (River Ros) region. Founded as a border fortification of Kyivan Rus, Bila Tserkva later became property of Polish nobility and served as a prominent commercial centre. Since the 19th century, industry and tourism have been important elements of the city's economy. Under Soviet rule, Bila Tserkva became a centre of agricultural education. During the Cold War, a major Soviet Air Force base was located near the city.

In independent Ukraine, Bila Tserkva served as a city of regional significance until 2020. In the aftermath of the administrative reform, it became the centre of one of hromadas (communities) of Kyiv Oblast.

History
Founded in 1032, the city was originally named Yuriiv by Yaroslav the Wise, whose Christian name was Yuri. The contemporary name of the city, literally translated, is "White Church" and may refer to the white-painted cathedral (no longer extant) of medieval Yuriiv. In its long history, Bila Tserkva spent its first few hundred years privately owned, later, though the owner was typically a citizen of the ruling empire, it was organized as a fiefdom, with important trade routes to Kyiv, Hungary, the Middle East and India, passing through it.

From its earliest incarnation, Bila Tserkva was considered to provide important defense against nomadic tribes that included both the Cumans and the Tatars. However, a 13th century invasion by the Mongols devastated the city, and illustrated the fallibility of its defense.

Lithuanian and Polish rule
From 1363, Bila Tserkva belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and from 1569 to the Kingdom of Poland within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, administratively in the Kijów Voivodeship, part of Lesser Poland Province. It was crown property, but in recognition of his great service, it was granted to the Castellan of Kraków, Janusz Ostrogski. The next owner was Stanisław Lubomirski (1583–1649) and during his time the town was granted Magdeburg Rights by Sigismund III Vasa in 1620.

After subduing the rebellious Cossacks in the 1626 Battle of Bila Tserkva (1626), the next owner of the estate was Prince Jerzy Dymitr Wiśniowiecki. The castle was successfully taken by Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1648. In 1651, it was also the site of the Battle of Bila Tserkva between the warring Zaporozhian Cossack Army (and their Tatar allies) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but Bila Tserkva was also where they made peace, and signed a Treaty. It was also where peace was achieved with the signing of the Treaty of Bila Tserkva. In 1666, six-thousand Muscovite troops laid siege to Bila Tserkva. The standoff lasted until the following year when Polish reinforcements led by Jan Stachurski with the aid of allied Cossacks and Iwan Brzuchowiecki smashed Petro Doroshenko's stranglehold.

The next owner was Great Crown Hetman Stanislaw Jan Jabłonowski. In 1702, the castle was taken by the Cossack leader, Semen Paliy who made it his domain. In 1708, the town was overrun by prince Golitsyn's Russian army. The next owner of the town was Jan Stanislaw Jabłonowski, then Stanisław Wincenty Jabłonowski who erected a catholic church. After him ownership passed to Jerzy August Mniszech. The town was substantially refortified.

In 1774, Bila Tserkva (Biała Cerkiew), then the seat of the sub-prefecture (Starostwo), came into the possession of Stanisław August Poniatowski who that same year granted the property to Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Poland's Grand Hetman who then built his urban residence, the Winter Palace complex and a country residence with the "Oleksandriia" Arboretum (named after his wife Aleksandra Branicka). He founded the Catholic Church of John the Baptist, and started construction of the Orthodox church, which was completed by his successor, his son Count Władysław Grzegorz Branicki. The latter also built the gymnasium-school complex in Bila Tserkva. Aleksander Branicki, the youngest grandson of the hetman, renovated and finished Mazepa's Orthodox church. Under the rule of count Władysław Michał Branicki, Bila Tserkva developed into a regional commercial and manufacturing centre.

Various Polish Crown Army units were stationed in the city at various times, including the 5th and 6th National Cavalry Brigades and 4th Infantry Regiment.

The Russian Empire
In 1791, Russia's Catherine II, included Bila Tserkva in the region that came to be known as the Pale of Settlement, which encompassed parts of seven contemporary nations, including large swaths of modern-day Ukraine. Bila Tserkva was formally annexed into the Russian Empire as a result of the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. Meanwhile, after 1861, the Czarist authorities converted Roman Catholic churches into Orthodox Churches. By the late 18th century, however, Jews were already living in the region, and within a century they would comprise nearly half the population of the city. An important Jewish city, as a result, by the early 1900s it was a fount of idea about politics, religion, art, and culture, with an active Zionist movement, an active branch of the Decembrist movement and a branch of the Society of United Slavs formulating"plans to assassinate Tsar Alexander I by Sergei Muravev-Apostol and his co-conspirators." Home to many artists and writers, Sholem Aleichem and Shaye Shkarovsky were both writing in Yiddish, with Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky writing in Ukrainian. It also was the home of artists like Luka Dolinski and Halyna Nevinchana; as well as theater and film directors Eugene Deslaw and Les Kurbas..

Soviet rule and Nazi occupation
During the first two decades of the 20th century, the city's Jewish residents were subject to multiple pogroms. In 1919 and 1920 alone, pogroms were responsible for the deaths of 850 Jews. In 1932–1933, as many as 22,000 of greater Bila Tserkva's residents died in the Holodomor. During World War II, Bila Tserkva was occupied by the German Army from 16 July 1941 to 4 January 1944. In August 1941 Bila Tserkva was the site the Nazi massacre, now known as the Bila Tserkva massacre of the city's Jewish population, which required the separate executions of nearly 100 children. A Monument to Jewish Children and the Holocaust was unveiled in Bila Tserkva in 2019. During the Cold War, the town was host to the 72nd Guards Krasnograd Motor Rifle Division and the 251st Instructor Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment of Long Range Aviation.

Independent Ukraine
Until 18 July 2020, Bila Tserkva was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Bila Tserkva Raion even though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast to seven, the city of Bila Tserkva was merged into Bila Tserkva Raion.

During the Battle of Vasylkiv, a Russian Il-76, carrying over 100 paratroopers, was allegedly shot down over Bila Tserkva.

Jewish history
In Jewish folklore the city came to be referred to as the "Black Contamination" (Yid. Shvartse Tume), a play on its name in Russian ("White Church"). The earliest Jewish inhabitants have been traced to 1648. The population, however, has risen and fallen due to outbreaks of violence and, later, pogroms. By the end of the 19th century, Jews made up a slight majority of the population at 52.9% of the city's total population, or 18,720 total inhabitants. According to the Jewish Virtual Library, in 1904, Jews owned 250 workshops and 25 factories engaged in light industry employing 300 Jewish workers." Cossack-led attacks, Stalin's purges, pogroms and the Holocaust, including the horrors of the Bila Tserkva massacre, caused a major demographic shift. By 2001, it was mostly inhabited by ethnic Ukrainians, with a meager Jewish population of less than 0.1%.

In the late 1980s, Kyiv's Judaica Institute began taking form"after the tragic decades of Bolshevik repressions, Nazi genocide of the Jewish people, and bans on Jewish studies" to research and "popularize the past and the present of the Jewish community of Ukraine."

In 1991, Ukraine declared independence, and two years after the 2014 Revolution of Dignity, Volodymyr Groysman became Ukraine's first Jewish prime minister. Three years later, Ukraine elected Volodymyr Zelenskyy as its first Jewish president. A 2017 Pew Research study found that Ukraine was the most accepting of Jews among all Central and Eastern European countries, a later research study in 2019 confirmed those results.

Geography
The city is ocated on the Ros River about 80 km south of Kyiv. Its total area is almost 68 km2.

Climate
Bila Tserkva is located at 49°47'58.6" North, 30°06'32.9" East and is 178 m above sea level. The city has a total area of 67.8 km2.

Economy
An important regional center during Lithuanian and, later, Polish rule, Bila Tserkva remained prominent due to its close proximity to Kyiv, and its place at the center of Europe's "breadbasket," with some of the continent's most fertile land. The city economy first began diversifying in the late 1700s, when Alexandra Branicki, the wife of the Polish King Franciszek Ksawery Branicki had a 400-hectare landscaped park designed. In 1809–14, Market Stalls were created to provide space for 85 merchants at a time when the grain trade and sugar industry also began to contribute to the growth of the city. By 1850, Bila Tserkva had built its first major factory. Later, it "began to specialize in building machines for the production of feed for livestock, electrical capacitors, tires, rubber-asbestos products, shoes, clothing, furniture, and reinforced-concrete products." In 1929, the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University was founded in as a scientific research center, which now specializes in academic research focusing on environmental protection, veterinary welfare and biosafety. The Oleksandriia Dendrological Park is now a part of Ukraine's National Academy of Sciences, and currently cultivates more than 1,800 endemic and exotic plant species, with more than 600 species of exotic trees and shrubs alone, in addition to publishing academic research. Modern-day industry in the city includes Railway Brake product manufacturers "Tribo Rail", Tribo plant and a major automobile tire manufacturer "Rosava".

Culture
Architecturally, Bila Tserkva is known for a variety of late 18th and early 19th-century buildings, courtesy of the Branickis, who ruled there during this era. Highlights include: "The Winter Palace on the bank of the Ros River, the Summer Palace, an ensemble of postal station buildings, the Church of Saint John the Baptist (1789–1812), the Transfiguration Cathedral (1833–9), and the Church of Saint Mary Magdalene (1843). The Church of Saint Nicholas, whose construction was initiated by Hetman Ivan Mazepa and Colonel Kostiantyn Maziievsky in 1706, and was finally completed in 1852."By the late 19th century, Jews would comprise nearly half the population of the city. An important Jewish center, it also evolved into an active center for the exchange of influential ideas about politics, religion, art, and culture, with an active Zionist movement, an active branch of the Decembrist movement and a branch of the Society of United Slavs formulating "plans to assassinate Tsar Alexander I." A center of Hassidim, it also hosted vigorous factions arguing for assimilation. Home to many artists and writers, Sholem Aleichem and Shaye Shkarovsky spend periods writing there in Yiddish, and Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky was also writing in Ukrainian during this era.

Education
Education in Bila Tserkva is provided by many private and public institutions. Its best known is the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University was founded in 1929 as a scientific research center publishing academic studies on modern agrobiotechnology, nature and environmental protection; the latest technologies for processing livestock products; biosafety, the veterinary welfare of livestock; regulation of bioresources and sustainable nature management; rationalization of social development of rural areas; economics of agro-industrial complex, legal sciences, linguistics and translation. They partner with institutions of higher learning worldwide, and participate in programs with Erasmus+, the British Council, NATO and Fulbright, among several others.

Sports
The city is home to football team FC Ros Bila Tserkva, which plays in the lower levels of competitions managed by the Football Federation of Ukraine: Kyiv Oblast Football Championship. The city is also home to hockey club Bilyi Bars, that plays on Bilyi Bars Ice Arena, built by Kostyantyn Efymenko Charitable Foundation (Благодійний фонд Костянтина Єфименка).

Landmarks

 * A historical landscape park Arboretum Oleksandriya of 400 acres is situated in Bila Tserkva. It was founded in 1793 by the wife of Polish Hetman Franciszek Ksawery Branicki.
 * Notable buildings include the Merchant Court (1809–1814) and the Post Yard (1825–31).
 * There are also Palladian wooden buildings of the Branicki "Winter Palace" and, once, the District Nobility Assembly, prior to a fire.
 * St. Nicholas Church was started in 1706 by Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa, but not completed until 1852.
 * The Orthodox Saviour's Transfiguration Cathedral was constructed in 1833–1839.
 * The Roman Catholic St. John the Baptist Church dates to 1812.
 * The St. Mary Magdalene Church was completed in 1846 by Count Branicki.
 * The building of the mid-19th century Great Choral Synagogue is preserved. Today it is the Technology and Economic College of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University.
 * The Shukhov Water Tower, a tower that supports a water tank was built according to a project of Vladimir Shukhov, a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect.

Airports
Domestic transport and private flights provide services via Bila Tserkva Airport (UKBC), which is located southwest of the city in Hayok district.

Bila Tserkva Air Base is located nearby.

Rail
Ukrzaliznytsia provides railway transit to surrounding areas in Kyiv Oblast and the rest of Ukraine.

There are two railway stations in Bila Tserkva:
 * Bila Tserkva railway station
 * Rotok railway station

Public transit
Bila Tserkva has six trolleybus lines.

Bridges
Bila Tserkva is the location of a few large bridges, two of which cross the Ros River.

Notable people

 * Sholem Aleichem (1859–1916) – leading Yiddish author and playwright. The Fiddler on the Roof musical is based on his stories.
 * David Bronstein (1924–2006) – leading chess grandmaster and writer
 * Mother Elżbieta Róża Czacka (1876–1961) – philanthropist and nun, born in Bila Tserkva, and beatified in 2021
 * Eugene Deslaw (1898–1966) – avant-garde French cinema director, also known for introducing the Boy Scouts to Ukraine
 * Luka Dolinski (1750–1830) – painter, representative of the late Ukrainian Baroque, Rococo and Classicism, educated at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
 * Volodymyr Dyudya (born 1983) – professional Ukrainian cyclist
 * Kostyantyn Efymenko (born 1975) – president of Biofarma, Chairman of Tribo
 * Mikhail Eisenstein (1867-1920, born as Moisey Eisenstein) - civil engineer, designer many of the best-known Art Nouveau buildings of Riga, Latvia, and the father of Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein
 * David Goodman, father of Benny Goodman – American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader; widely known as the "King of Swing"
 * Axel Firsoff (1910–1981) – British astronomer, born in Bila Tserkva
 * Boris Samoilovich Iampol'skii (1912–1972) – Russian-language writer
 * Andrzej Klimowicz (1918–1996) – operative for Zegota, the government-supported resistance group, organized to help Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. They are said to have saved tens of thousands from 1942 to 1945.
 * Les Kurbas (1887–1937) – movie and theater director, co-founder of Soviet theater avant-garde and a prominent figure of the Executed Renaissance
 * Yuri Linnik (1915–1972) – Soviet mathematician
 * Ivan Mazepa (1639–1709) – Hetman of Zaporizhian Host from 1687 to 1708
 * Olexandr Medvid' (born 1937) – Soviet Belarusian wrestler
 * Halyna Nevinchana (born 1957) – painter, writer, journalist
 * Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky (1838–1918) – writer, ethnographer, folklorist, teacher
 * Lyudmila Pavlichenko (1916–1974) – World War II Soviet sniper. Credited with 309 kills, she is regarded as one of the top military snipers of all time and the most successful female sniper in history.
 * Pavlo Popovich (1930–2009) – Soviet astronaut, fourth ever person in outer space, twice Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Yossele Rosenblatt (1882–1933) – American cantor
 * Shaye Shkarovsky (1891–1945) – Yiddish author
 * Yaakov Steinberg (1887–1947) – Yiddish and Hebrew short-story writer, essayist, critic, and translator
 * Mikhael Sukernik (1902–1981) – Soviet Russian-Ukrainian chemist who contributed to the development and publication of a Russian-Yiddish dictionary published in 1984

Sister cities

 * 🇵🇱 Tarnów, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Poland
 * Jingzhou, China
 * Kaunas, Lithuania
 * 🇺🇦 Kremenchuk, Ukraine
 * 🇩🇪 Braunschweig, Germany

title: Bila Tserkva


text:
Procession (New Order song)

"Procession" is the second single by the British group New Order, released in September 1981 on 7" vinyl record. It is a double A side with "Everything's Gone Green". The single's Factory Records catalogue number is FAC 53. (Labelled as B Music)

Overview
Compared to the band's previous single "Ceremony", this one shows the band in an intermediate position between post-punk Joy Division and light electropop New Order. The lighter pop optimism, with a strong emphasis on rhythm, overcomes the song's gloomy title, "Procession". This "mixed message" may help to explain why the song remains obscure in the New Order repertoire, despite having been a single. The sound is much like Movement's opening track, "Dreams Never End", but with an even more upbeat flavor and vocals that have nearly shed the Ian Curtis imitation. The lyrics are abstract and difficult to discern, given the density of the mix and the strength of the other instruments. The song is notable, also, because there are brief backing vocals by band member Gillian Gilbert.

Though all of New Order's songs are credited as group compositions, it is stated in Peter Hook's memoir Substance: Inside New Order that the chief composer of "Procession" is Stephen Morris.

The song does not appear on any of New Order's studio albums; it does, however, appear on the EP 1981–1982, the CD, cassette, and Digital Audio Tape releases of the 1987 singles compilation Substance (where it is erroneously listed as a B-side), the 2005 compilation Singles, and the 2008 Collector's Edition of the band's debut album Movement.

Artwork
Similar to the album cover for Movement, the artwork is taken from a "Dinamo Futurista" magazine cover done by Italian futurist designer Fortunato Depero. Notably, the UK release's sleeve came in nine versions, all with different colours: black, blue, aqua, yellow, red, brown, orange, green and purple. The second side of the single contains a shortened version of "Everything's Gone Green", the full-length version of which was later released as a 12" single on its own.

Although the original UK single does not indicate which is side A or B (the runoff matrix simply lists "SOFT" and "HARD" for each side), the French edition of the single actually has "Everything's Gone Green" labeled as the A-side track, and some Spanish and Portuguese pressings have reversed labels.

title: Procession (New Order song)


text:
Targeting

Targeting may refer to:

Biology

 * Gene targeting
 * Protein targeting

Marketing

 * Behavioral targeting
 * Targeted advertising
 * Target market
 * Geotargeting, in internet marketing

Other uses

 * Targeting (gridiron football), a penalty
 * Targeting (politics), to determine where to spend the resources of time, money, manpower and attention when campaigning for election
 * Targeting (video games), a controversial strategy in online gaming where a player continuously attacks the same opponent
 * Targeting (warfare), to select objects or installations to be attacked, taken, or destroyed
 * Targeting pod, in warfare
 * Targeting tower, a radio frequency antenna
 * Geographic targeting
 * Inflation targeting, in economics

title: Targeting


text:
Talk:Goods and services tax (Australia)

Possible Wiki Links
I am currently testing an automated Wikipedia link suggester. Here are the results of running it on this article:

 * Can link bank account: ...ious minor taxes such as stamp duty and bank account debits tax. All goods and services exce...
 * Can link birthday cake: ... GST would be incurred in the cost on a birthday cake. Hewson stonewalled and was unable answ...
 * Can link Australian Labor Party: ...held a majority in the lower house, the Australian Labor Party and the Democrats held the majority col...

Notes: The article text has not been changed in any way; Some of these links may be wrong, some may be right; You can leave positive feedback or negative feedback; Please feel free to delete this section from the talk page. -- Nickj 05:38, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Restored deleted page
Hi, I've restored this page. It had a whole history, with COTW tags and everything. I'm not sure why it was deleted. - Ta bu shi da yu 10:25, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No GST Party
Should the No GST Party be mentioned here (and should that article be linked to this)? Dave.Dunford 29 June 2005 10:05 (UTC)
 * Probably not. They are a micro-party with virtually no support, and I think the article clearly establishes that there was a lot of political difficulty getting the GST implemented. Kewpid 9 July 2005 13:29 (UTC)

History section
The history section is clearly incomplete. It ends with the 1998 election and establishes the Liberal-National coalition had a reduced majority of seats but doesn't explain how Australia moved from there to the GST in 2000. Looking back into the history of the article, it looks as if someone planned to update it but never got around to it

 * IMHO the problem with this stub is that there isn't anything but the history. I've wikified it somewhat, though could do with a lot more work.
 * One bit I just chopped was "However he apparently had a change of heart and reintroduced the GST into the national agenda. While the coalition government held a majority in the lower house, Labor and the Australian Democrats held the majority collectively in the Senate effectively denying the government the necessary numbers to introduce the tax." It's too POV. Maybe with some dates and some quotes, it could be salvagable.
 * Regards, Ben Aveling 07:53, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the Mike Willesee quote needs to be checked. I've come across various wordings, but no definitive record. Can anyone assist? Fatfingers 23:14, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * IMHO the influence of the "Birthday Cake interview" is overrated, and certainly doesn't deserve to be presented in the article as the sole reason for Hewson's failure. Was any study conducted or was that just someone's speculation? What I remember more is Keating's incessant attacks, and a nauseatingly bad Liberal rally on election eve. Also the interview was not in a cake shop, in fact it was Keating who made a campaign blunder in a cake shop. Rocksong 11:50, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

didnt howard scrap the GST just before the election then reinstate it straighter after? (96) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.2.107.113 (talk) 09:30, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Democrats
"While the Democrats had opposed the GST during the 1998 election campaign" - while this is certainly the popular view, it is incorrect as far as I can tell. This quote from the ABC archive at http://www.abc.net.au/election98/news/diary/week03.htm is one of several very similar statements I found:

"Democrats leader Meg Lees announced yesterday the Democrats would block a GST in the Senate unless food was exempted from the tax and other concessions were negotiated. The other concessions included taking a GST off books and tourism packages sold offshore, tightening tax loopholes, and restructuring tax cuts to reduce benefits for high-income earners."

Also, my recollection is that Senator Stott Despoja did not cross the floor over the GST per se, but because books were not exempt. Not sure about Senator Bartlett.

In political reality probably it doesn't matter, because Democrats voters felt betrayed. But the statement that the Democrats opposed the GST doesn't seem correct. If there's no opposition, I'll rewrite that section in a few days. Rocksong 05:54, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * p.s. the Australian Democrats page seems to have the story right. Rocksong 06:01, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Too political
Too much of a focus on politics in this article. I'd suggest inclusion of:

- role of the ATO in administering the tax;

- discussion of BAS statements; and,

- the Australian Business Number system. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.63.14.70 (talk) 22:11, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Uneven Distribution
Surprising that there is no mention in the article to the current most controversial aspects of the GST, that it is distributed unevenly, where some states receive significantly more per capita than others. This was certainly not mentioned in political campaigning prior to the 1998 election, and it would be interesting to know the background to PM Howard doing it this way and deciding on the formulae.Edward Carson (talk) 02:38, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

gst free
what about talks of making energy bills amongst other things gst free — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.174.250.5 (talk) 12:25, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080809082931/http://www.ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=%2Fcontent%2F00117625.htm&page=43&H43 to http://www.ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=%2Fcontent%2F00117625.htm&page=43&H43

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Footnote 11 link is broken.
Footnote 11 link is broken. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:44B8:246:2900:3965:568A:A673:79D3 (talk) 00:48, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goods and services tax (Australia)


text:
Wootton Bridge

Wootton Bridge is a large village, civil parish and electoral ward with about 3,000 residents on the Isle of Wight, first recorded around the year 1086. The parish also contains the settlement of Wootton.

Wootton is found midway between the towns of Ryde and Newport, which are 7 miles apart, and historically centred on the old parish church of St Edmund. The hamlet of Wootton Common to the south, centres on the crossroads that bears its name.

The newer village of Wootton Bridge is found in the area immediately west of Wootton Creek, and the parish council that bears its name is now responsible for the whole of the Wootton area.

Village name
Wootton's name is said to mean "Woodtown", which means a clearing in a forest, although other interpretations do exist. The first known mention of the town as "Odetone" or "Wootten" was in 1086, and the name has evolved and changed much over the past millennium.

More recently, following the construction of the bridge across Wootton Creek, the name "Wootton Bridge" has been used to describe the settlement closest to it, however this name is now also used by some to refer to the whole of Wootton. This is possibly due in part to Royal Mail, who used the name "Wootton Bridge" to differentiate Wootton from the 19 other Woottons found across England.

"Wootton Bridge" is described by some as the "modern name" for the area. However, "Wootton" remains firmly established on wayfinding signs and maps of the island, including those of Ordnance Survey and remains the most popular name for the area.

Isle of Wight Festival 1969
The 1969 Isle of Wight Festival took place on 30 and 31 August at Woodside Bay in Wootton. The event was one of the largest music festivals to that date, and had an estimated audience of some 150,000. The line-up included Bob Dylan, The Band, The Nice, The Pretty Things, Marsha Hunt, The Who, Third Ear Band, Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, Fat Mattress and Joe Cocker.

Wootton Creek
There is a millpond on Wootton Creek formed by a sluice gate in Wootton Bridge. At one time there was a second sluice gate in the bridge that would use the tidal water from the millpond to power a mill grinding flour. The mill was demolished in 1962 and houses later built on the site.

The pond is part of a Special Area of Conservation and is important for wildfowl and for bats. The heron has been adopted as the symbol of the village. Firestone Copse is a Forestry Commission woodland open to the public which is situated on the edge of the pond.

St. Edmund's Church
St. Edmund's Parish Church dates from the 11th century. St. Mark's Church, Wootton is in the south end of the village.

The Sloop Inn
The Sloop is another prominent building in Wootton, with its prime position next to Wootton Bridge. The pub is about 150 years old, and is currently managed by Mitchells & Butlers as part of its Crown Carveries pub chain.

The Fernhill Ice House
In an area of woodland adjacent to agricultural land and public footpaths just outside the village of Wooton, an ice house can be found in excellent condition, having been maintained by the council since the 1980s. This structure is one of a few remnants of a grand estate called Fernhill, which was destroyed by fire in 1938.

Transport
Southern Vectis bus routes 4, 9 and 34 link Wootton with the towns of Newport, Ryde and East Cowes, including intermediate villages.

Wootton Station
Wootton Station is the western terminus of the Isle of Wight Steam Railway. The current station, opened in 1987, is in a different location from the original which was closed in 1953. However the authentic station signage from the original is in place in the newer station.

Notable residents
Victorian admiral Sir John Baird died in Wootton in 1908, he is buried in the churchyard.

title: Wootton Bridge


text:
John Havlicek

John Joseph Havlicek (often nicknamed Hondo) (April 8, 1940 – April 25, 2019) was an American professional basketball player who spent his entire career with the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

A swingman, Havlicek played collegiate basketball for the Ohio State Buckeyes from 1959 to 1962, winning an NCAA championship in 1960. He was drafted by the Celtics in 1962 and played with the team until his retirement in 1978. A 13-time NBA All-Star, Havlicek was named to the All-NBA First Team four times and to the All-NBA Second Team seven times. He was also named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team on five occasions and to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team three times. Havlicek is known for his stamina and his hustle as well as his abilities.

During his career with the Celtics, Havlicek won eight NBA championships, and he is also one of three NBA players with an unsurpassed 8-0 record in NBA Finals series. He is known for stealing the ball to save the game–and the Celtics' playoff hopes–near the end of Game Seven in the 1965 Eastern Conference Finals. Havlicek served as captain of the Celtics from 1969 to 1978, and was named NBA Finals MVP in 1974. Following his retirement, his number 17 jersey was retired by the Celtics. Havlicek was inducted into Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1984.

Early life
Havlicek was born in Martins Ferry, Ohio, where his parents ran a general store. He was of Czech and Croatian descent, from his father and mother respectively. Havlicek was a three-sport athlete at Bridgeport High School in Bridgeport, Ohio, where he was a boyhood friend of Baseball Hall of Famer Phil Niekro.

Collegiate career
Havlicek played college basketball at Ohio State University with future seven-time NBA All-Star Jerry Lucas, who was his roommate, future first-round NBA draft pick Larry Siegfried, future coaching legend Bobby Knight, and Mel Nowell, among many others. The 1960 Ohio State Buckeyes, coached by head coach Fred Taylor and assistant coaches Jack Graf and Frank Truitt, won the 1960 NCAA title. Havlicek was named as an alternate of the 1960 United States national team that competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Boston Celtics (1962–1978)
Havlicek was drafted by both the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League in 1962. After competing briefly as a wide receiver in the Browns' training camp that year, he focused his energies on playing for the Celtics. A swingman who could play either guard or forward,  he was known for his stamina, with competitors stating that it was a challenge just to keep up with him. Head coach Red Auerbach went on to call him "the guts of the team". Nicknamed "Hondo" (a nickname inspired by the 1953 movie of the same name starring John Wayne), Havlicek revolutionized the "sixth man" role in the NBA coming off the bench for the Celtics during his early years.

Havlicek was later immortalized for his clutch steal in the closing seconds of the 1965 Eastern Conference Finals. In the seventh and final game, played at Boston Garden on April 15, the Celtics led the Philadelphia 76ers 110–109 with five seconds left. They only needed to inbound the ball from underneath their basket to secure the victory and advance to the 1965 NBA Finals. However, Bill Russell's pass struck one of the basket's support wires hanging down from the ceiling, leading to a turnover that gave the 76ers and Wilt Chamberlain the ball and a chance to win the game. Hal Greer was set to throw the inbounds pass for the 76ers. Havlicek stood with his back to Greer, guarding Chet Walker. But as Greer's pass came inbounds, Havlicek spun, leaped, and tipped the pass to Sam Jones. Veteran referee Earl Strom, who wrote about the game in his memoir Calling the Shots, called Havlicek's reaction one of the greatest plays he ever saw in his 32 years as a professional official. Announcer Johnny Most's call of "Havlicek stole the ball!" was dubbed by the NBA as "the most famous radio call in basketball history."

Havlicek was a key player in the Celtics' dynasty during the 1960s. The team won NBA championships in six of his first seven NBA seasons.

In Game 5 of the 1968 Eastern Division Finals, Havlicek recorded a near triple-double with 29 points, nine rebounds, and 10 assists as the Celtics avoided elimination at the hands of the 76ers. He added a strong performance in Game Seven, recording 21 points, 12 rebounds, and eight assists in a 100–96 road win against the 76ers. In that series, the Celtics became the first NBA team to overcome a 3–1 playoff series deficit.

Havlicek became a full-time starter in the 1969-1970 season. He also became the Celtics' captain in 1969, and continued in that role until 1978. Havlicek "stood as the bridge from the Bill Russell era to the Celtics' next championship team". The Celtics won the 1974 NBA Championship, and Havlicek was named NBA Finals MVP.

With one second left in the second overtime of Game Five of the 1976 NBA Finals, Havlicek made a leaning, running bank shot that appeared to be the game-winner. Phoenix called an illegal timeout, resulting in a technical foul shot converted by Jo Jo White. However, Phoenix still had one final possession, and Gar Heard scored for Phoenix to tie the game. The Celtics went on to win in triple overtime. The game was hailed as the greatest NBA Finals game ever played.

Havlicek retired after the 1977–78 NBA season at age 38. In April 1978, The Sporting News stated: "The consensus is that Havlicek is still better than 80 percent of the players in the NBA".

Legacy
"'On stamina alone, he’d be among the top players who ever played the game,' longtime New York Knicks coach Red Holzman once said of John “Hondo” Havlicek. "'It would’ve been fair to those who had to play him or those who had to coach against him if he had been blessed only with his inhuman endurance. God had to compound it by making him a good scorer, smart ballhandler and intelligent defensive player with quickness of mind, hands and feet'".

Havlicek retired as a 13-time NBA All-Star, and his number 17 jersey was retired by the Celtics. At the time, Havlicek was the NBA career leader in games played (a mark surpassed in 1984 by Elvin Hayes) and was in third place on the list of all-time NBA leaders in points scored. Longtime Celtics teammate Bill Russell once described Havlicek as "'the best all-around ballplayer [he] ever saw'". At the time of his death, Havlicek was the Celtics' all-time leading scorer with 26,395 points (20.8 points per game). He was also the first player to score 1,000 points in 16 consecutive seasons, with his best scoring season coming during the 1970–71 season, when he averaged 28.9 points per game. He was named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team five times and was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team three times.

Havlicek finished his 16-year career with eight NBA championships. As of 2019, only Bill Russell (with 11) and Sam Jones (with 10)--both of whom were Celtics teammates of Havlicek's--had won more NBA championships than he had. Havlicek won all eight NBA Finals in which he participated.

In 1980, Havlicek was selected as one of the league's greatest players ever, being named to the NBA 35th Anniversary Team. In 1984, Havlicek became a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1996, he was selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History by a panel of journalists, players, coaches, executives, and general managers. He was also named the 14th best player of all-time in Bill Simmons's Book of Basketball. In October 2021, Havlicek was again honored as one of the league's greatest players of all time by being named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team. To commemorate the NBA's 75th Anniversary, The Athletic published their own list of the top 75 players of all time, ranking Havlicek as the 29th-greatest player in NBA history.

In 1974, Havlicek received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2007, Bridgeport High School in his hometown renamed their gymnasium "John J. Havlicek Gymnasium". Fellow NBA Hall of Famer Chris Mullin wore number 17 as a tribute to Havlicek. In October 2022, Havlicek was inaugurated into the Croatian-American Sports Hall of Fame. In December 2022, the NBA named the newly redesigned trophy presented to the NBA Sixth Man of the Year the “John Havlicek Trophy” in his honor.

In addition to his on-court success, Havlicek was known for his character and for his commitment to placing the team ahead of his own individual achievements. Longtime Celtics coach Red Auerbach once said, "'If I ever had a son, I would want him to be like John Havlicek'".

Post-playing career
Havlicek was shrewd with his money during his playing career, and he invested much of this income in the Wendy's fast food chain during its formative years. The success of his investments left Havlicek with a comfortable income after retirement and he never had to work for a conventional salary again. He had no desire to coach; instead, he served as a corporate speaker.

Havlicek was a member of the board of the Genesis Foundation, which assists children with disabilities and genetic disorders. He and his wife Beth held the John Havlicek Celebrity Fishing Tournament for more than three decades, with proceeds going to the foundation.

Personal life
Havlicek met his wife, Beth, while both were attending Ohio State University. The couple married in 1967. They had two children: a son named Chris and a daughter named Jill. Chris Havlicek attended the University of Virginia on a basketball scholarship in the early 1990s. Jill Havlicek married former Major League Baseball outfielder and coach Brian Buchanan.

Havlicek had Parkinson's disease during his later years. He died on April 25, 2019, in Jupiter, Florida at the age of 79. Following his death, Boston City Hall was lit in green in his memory.

title: John Havlicek


text:
Clairvoyance (album)

Clairvoyance is the 1986 debut studio album by the alternative rock band Screaming Trees, produced by Steve Fisk. Released on Velvetone Records, the album helped the band earn a contract with SST Records. While it is very much a combination of psychedelic and garage rock, it bears many similarities to early grunge. It was original limited to a pressing of 2,500 copies, which included full size, double sided inserts. In January 2005, it was re-issued on CD by Hall of Records.

Steve Fisk stated that after completing the record he attempted to book a tour for the band and sent their album to local radio stations with little to no traction, stating that "no one wanted to hear about a band from Eastern Washington".

Critical reception
Soundgarden guitarist Kim Thayil listed Clairvoyance as one of his favourite grunge albums, stating: "I like Clairvoyance for the song “Clairvoyance,” but my favorite song on there is probably “I See Stars” followed by “Orange Airplane.” After this album, they kind of fattened up their sound."

Personnel

 * Screaming Trees
 * Mark Lanegan – lead vocals, violin on "Strange Out Here"
 * Gary Lee Conner – guitar, backing vocals, organ
 * Van Conner – bass, backing vocals
 * Mark Pickerel – percussion, drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Joey Conner – backing vocals on "Orange Airplane"
 * Joanne Conner – backing vocals on "Clairvoyance"
 * Steve Fisk – producer, piano on "Lonely Girl" and "Clairvoyance," organ on "The Turning"
 * Michael Peterson – backing vocals on "Lonely Girl"

 * Additional personnel
 * Sam Albright – cover design
 * John Golden – mastering

title: Clairvoyance (album)


text:
USS Yarnall (DD-143)

The first USS Yarnall (DD–143) was a Wickes-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I later transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS Lincoln, to the Royal Norwegian Navy as HNoMS Lincoln, and subsequently to the Soviet Navy as Druzhny.

United States Navy service
Named for John Yarnall, she was laid down on 12 February 1918 at Philadelphia by William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company. The destroyer was launched on 19 June 1918; sponsored by Mrs. Marie H. Bagley. The ship was commissioned on 29 November 1918, Commander William F. Halsey, Jr., in command.

Assigned to Division 15, Destroyer Force, Yarnall served briefly with United States naval forces in France during 1919. By 1 January 1920, her division had been reassigned to Flotilla 5, Destroyer Squadron 4, Pacific Fleet, and operated out of the San Diego destroyer base. Her division—redesignated Division 13 in February—received orders in April to proceed to the Asiatic station; but she apparently did not begin that assignment until late the following fall. Yarnall returned from the Far East to the United States late in the summer of 1921 and began repairs at Puget Sound. In December, she was reassigned to Division 11 and again operated out of San Diego until 29 May 1922 when she was decommissioned there and placed in reserve.

After almost eight years of inactivity, the destroyer was recommissioned at San Diego on 19 April 1930. Assigned initially to Division 11, Squadron 10, Battle Fleet Destroyer Squadrons, Yarnall operated briefly on the west coast before being transferred to the east coast sometime late in 1930. By New Year's Day, 1931, her home port had been changed to Charleston, South Carolina. In March, she joined the Scouting Force under the command of Lt. Comdr. Thomas R. Cooley as a unit of Destroyer Division 3 but retained Charleston as her home port. The destroyer operated out of that base until late in the summer of 1934 when, though still a unit of Scouting Force Destroyers, she returned to the west coast. Based at San Diego, the warship remained active along the California coast until late in 1936. She then returned to the east coast and, on 30 December 1936, was placed out of commission at Philadelphia and berthed there with the reserve fleet.

As a part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's program to bolster the minuscule Atlantic Squadron after war broke out in Europe in September 1939, Yarnall ended her 21-month, second retirement on 4 October 1939 when she was recommissioned at Philadelphia. She became a unit of Destroyer Squadron 11 of the Atlantic Squadron, the small fleet assigned the enormous task of keeping war out of the western hemisphere. She operated out of Norfolk in the Neutrality Patrol until the fall of 1940 when the United States concluded the destroyers-for-bases deal with the United Kingdom. Yarnall was stricken from the United States Navy list on 8 January 1941 — soon after her transfer to the Royal Navy.

Royal Navy service
Yarnall was one of the 50 elderly destroyers chosen to be transferred to the Royal Navy in return for the right to establish American bases on British territory in the western hemisphere. She sailed to St. John's, Newfoundland, where she was decommissioned by the United States Navy on 23 October 1940; and, that same day, the Royal Navy commissioned her as Town-class destroyer HMS Lincoln with the pennant number G42.

The veteran destroyer departed St. John's on 3 November and arrived in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on 9 November. Lincoln moved from there to Londonderry Port where she was assigned to the First Escort Group, Western Approaches Command. For almost a year, she met troop transport and cargo convoys in mid-ocean and escorted them into ports in the British Isles. Between September 1941 and February 1942, the destroyer was refitted at Woolwich Dockyard. Lincoln was modified for trade convoy escort service by removal of three of the original 4"/50 caliber guns and one of the triple torpedo tube mounts to reduce topside weight for additional depth charge stowage and installation of Hedgehog.

Royal Norwegian Navy service
After the refit, she was transferred to the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy as HNoMS Lincoln and served with the Western Local Escort Force, operating along the Newfoundland coast between Halifax, Nova Scotia and St. John's. In July 1942, HNoMS Lincoln was loaned to the Royal Canadian Navy, though remaining under Norwegian colours. Her duty in Canadian waters continued until the end of 1943, when she returned to Britain departing Halifax on 19 December and arriving back in Londonderry Port on Christmas Day. Early in 1944, the venerable warship was placed in reserve in the River Tyne. Her service to the Allied cause, however, had not quite ended.

Soviet Navy service
On 26 August 1944, she was transferred to the Soviet Navy and renamed Druzhny (rus. Дружный, "Friendly"). There is some disagreement on her career in the Soviet Navy. Western sources indicate she was cannibalized to provide spare parts for eight sister ships provided to the Soviet Union in late 1944; one Russian source indicates she was used on active duty from 23 September 1944 until the end of the war, and was returned in August 1952 to Britain where she was sold for scrap.

title: USS Yarnall (DD-143)


text:
Saint John's

Saint John's or St. John's may refer to:

Antigua and Barbuda

 * St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda, location of the Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda
 * Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda, parish of which St. John's is a part

Australia

 * St Johns, South Australia
 * St Johns Wood, Queensland, a neighbourhood in Brisbane, Australia

Canada

 * St. Johns (electoral district), North Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John's, Newfoundland
 * St. Johns, Ontario
 * St. John's Island, British colony from 1763 to 1798, when it was renamed Prince Edward Island
 * St. John's (electoral district), a federal riding in Quebec from 1867 to 1892
 * St. Johns, now called Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec

Ireland

 * St. Johns Point, County Donegal, a headland and lighthouse in County Donegal
 * St. Johns, County Kildare, a civil parish in County Kildare
 * St. Johns, County Roscommon, a civil parish in County Roscommon

New Zealand

 * St Johns, New Zealand, a suburb of Auckland
 * St Johns Bush, a reserve in Auckland

United Kingdom

 * St John's, Isle of Man
 * St Johns, London, a district of Lewisham
 * St John's, Redhill, Surrey, a hamlet adjoining the town of Redhill
 * St. John's, Surrey, England
 * St John's, South Yorkshire, England
 * St John's, Worcester, England
 * St John's Ward, Ipswich, Suffolk
 * St John's Chapel, County Durham
 * St John's Lane, the home of Bristol City F.C. until 1904
 * Saint John's Point, County Down, Northern Ireland, a cape at the end of the Lecale Peninsula
 * St John's Rock, a 19th-century name for Dubh Artach, Scotland
 * St John's Town of Dalry, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
 * St John's Wood, a district of the city of Westminster

United States

 * St. Johns, Arizona
 * St. Johns, Maricopa County, Arizona
 * St. John's River (California)
 * St. Johns, Florida
 * St. Johns County, Florida
 * St. Johns River, Florida
 * St. Johns, Illinois
 * Saint Johns, Indiana
 * St. Johns, Michigan
 * Saint Johns, Ohio
 * St. Johns, Portland, Oregon

Elsewhere

 * St. Johns, Saba, a village on the Caribbean island of Saba, a special municipality of the Netherlands
 * Saint John's Island, Singapore

Education

 * Saint John's College (disambiguation)
 * Saint John's University (disambiguation)
 * St. John's Preparatory School (disambiguation)
 * St. John's School (disambiguation)
 * St. John's Seminary (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
 * St. John's Mine, a cinnabar mine in Vallejo, California
 * St. John's Red Storm, the athletic program of St. John's University in New York City
 * St Johns railway station, in the southeast London borough of Lewisham
 * Old St John's Buildings, historic site in Bournemouth, England
 * Adela Rogers St. Johns (1894–1988), American writer
 * HMCS St. John's (FFH 340), a Halifax-class frigate in the Canadian Navy
 * Hypericum perforatum, St John's wort herb
 * Leeds St Johns, a British rugby league football club today known as Leeds Rhinos
 * Saint John's Arms, another name for the looped square (⌘)

title: Saint John's


text:
Talk:Clairvoyance (album)

Delete
This was deleted from the 'pedia. I think it should be only deleted if it goes onto WP:VfD, so I have restored. I have placed a message on the admin's page explaining what I'm doing. - Ta bu shi da yu 10:31, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion. The result of the debate was to keep. See Votes for deletion/Clairvoyance (album) for a record of the votes and discussion.''

title: Talk:Clairvoyance (album)


text: Category:Eastern philosophy

title: Category:Eastern philosophy


text:
Wootton Creek

Wootton Creek is a tidal estuary that flows into the Solent on the north coast of the Isle of Wight. The estuary has also been known in the past as "Fishbourne Creek", "Wootton River" and "Wootton Haven".

At the mouth of the estuary is the Wightlink car ferry terminal for connections to Portsmouth. On the west bank of the creek is the village of Wootton, whilst on the east bank is the village of Fishbourne. The estuary is bridged by the main Ryde to Newport road, where there once was a tide mill. The estuary is not navigable south of the bridge, and tide controls means that water is retained south of the bridge most of the time, in the old mill pond.

To the south of the bridge, on the east side of the mill pond, is a Forestry Commission woodland called "Firestone Copse" which is about 30 acre in size.

Since 1993 Wootton Creek and the adjacent Ryde Sands have been designated as SSSIs due to their wide range of intertidal sand flats.

title: Wootton Creek