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Emily Blunt

Emily Olivia Laura Blunt (born 23 February 1983) is a British actress. She is the recipient of several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and four British Academy Film Awards. Forbes ranked her as one of the highest-paid actresses in the world in 2020.

Blunt made her acting debut in a 2001 stage production of The Royal Family and portrayed Catherine Howard in the television miniseries Henry VIII (2003). She made her feature film debut in the drama My Summer of Love (2004). Blunt's breakthrough came in 2006 with her starring roles in the television film Gideon's Daughter and the comedy-drama film The Devil Wears Prada. The former won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her profile continued to grow with leading roles in the period film The Young Victoria (2009), the romantic comedy Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011), the science fiction films The Adjustment Bureau (2011), Looper (2012) and Edge of Tomorrow (2014), and the musical Into the Woods (2014).

Blunt received critical acclaim for playing an idealistic FBI agent in the crime film Sicario (2015), an alcoholic in the psychological thriller The Girl on the Train (2016), and a survivalist mother in her husband John Krasinski's horror film A Quiet Place (2018), for which she won a SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress. She has since starred in the sequels Mary Poppins Returns (2018) and A Quiet Place Part II (2021), the fantasy adventure Jungle Cruise (2021), and the revisionist Western television miniseries The English (2022). Her portrayal of Katherine Oppenheimer in Christopher Nolan's biographical thriller film Oppenheimer (2023) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Blunt has been working with the American Institute for Stuttering since 2006 to help children overcome stuttering through educational resources and raise awareness of the realities of the condition. She is on the board of directors of the institute, and hosts a gala for it to raise funds for speech therapy scholarships for children and adults.

Early life
Emily Olivia Laura Blunt was born in London on 23 February 1983. She is the second of four children, born to a former actress and English teacher, Joanna Mackie, and a barrister, Oliver Blunt QC. Her mother gave up acting to be a full-time mother before Blunt started school. Blunt described herself as a "shy and awkward" child. In childhood, she began having difficulties with stuttering, which she described as debilitating and "like an imposter living in your body". She experienced its worst state from the ages of seven to fourteen. Intimidated by speaking, Blunt spent a lot of time watching people as well as creating elaborate games. She credits a school teacher for encouraging her to perform in class plays using voices different to her own, which allowed her to disconnect from herself and speak fluently, and gave her confidence to continue, eventually leading her to discover her love for acting. Blunt stated that her stutter largely receded in adulthood, but she still occasionally stutters when she feels stressed. She attended Hurtwood House, a sixth form boarding school in Surrey known for its performing arts programme. After performing in a school play that went to the Edinburgh Festival, Blunt was discovered and signed by an agent. She finished her school exams and began auditioning.

2001–2004: Early work
In November 2001, Blunt made her professional acting debut at age 18 in Peter Hall's West End production of the play The Royal Family, in which she played the granddaughter of Judi Dench's character. Critic Tom Keatinge hailed the production, writing that "Peter Hall's direction and Anthony Ward's tremendous set combine with all this to make The Royal Family a terrific night's entertainment", and that "it provides a vehicle for acting of the finest quality, with strong performances from the whole ensemble". For her performance, Blunt was named "Best Newcomer" by the Evening Standard. The following year, she portrayed Eugenie in Nicholas Wright's play Vincent in Brixton at the National Theatre, and Juliet in Indhu Rubasingham's production of Romeo and Juliet at Chichester Festival Theatre. In 2003, Blunt made her screen debut in the British television drama Boudica, about the life of the ancient Celtic warrior-queen who fought the Romans. That same year, she was praised for her performance as the 16th-century Queen Catherine Howard in the two-part British television drama Henry VIII.

In 2004, Blunt made her theatrical film debut in Paweł Pawlikowski's critically acclaimed independent British drama My Summer of Love, about an infatuation between two young women from different socioeconomic backgrounds in the English countryside. The film involved a lot of improvisation, which Blunt found an interesting challenge, later stating that Pawlikowski's approach was "free spirited, collaborative and alive." Co-starring as Tamsin, she received considerable attention for her performance, garnering critical praise, with David Ansen of Newsweek writing: "Press and Blunt are major discoveries ... they conjure up the role-playing raptures of youth with perfect poetic pitch". Blunt won the Evening Standard British Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer and was nominated for the British Independent Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She credited her experience making the film as having an impact on her career choices, stating that it was "such a foray into the great unknown ....[like] putting your feet to the fire" and she "loved that feeling of terror and excitement" and "looked for it ever since."

2005–2010: The Devil Wears Prada and breakthrough
Blunt's international breakthrough came in 2006. She co-starred as the troubled only child of a New Labour spin doctor in the British television drama film Gideon's Daughter, and played Emily Charlton, the senior assistant of fashion magazine editor Miranda Priestly (played by Meryl Streep), in the comedy-drama film The Devil Wears Prada. The Devil Wears Prada was a commercial success, grossing $326 million. Blunt's performance was deemed a standout, with Clifford Pugh of the Houston Chronicle asserting that "[Blunt] has many of the film's best lines and steals nearly every scene she's in." Blunt won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her performance in Gideon's Daughter, and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture for her performance in The Devil Wears Prada. She also received a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the latter. At the 79th Academy Awards, she and co-star Anne Hathaway co-presented the Academy Award for Best Costume Design, with both acting as their characters from the film. Blunt also appeared in the independent mystery drama Irresistible (2006). After The Devil Wears Prada, Streep described Blunt as "the best young actress I've worked with in some time, perhaps ever".

Blunt's profile continued to rise, and in 2007, she appeared in four films: the horror film Wind Chill, the romantic drama The Jane Austen Book Club, the comedy-drama Dan in Real Life, and the biographical comedy-drama Charlie Wilson's War. In 2008, Blunt appeared in Sunshine Cleaning in the role of Norah Lorkowski, an underachiever who starts a crime-scene clean-up business with her sister Rose (Amy Adams). The film premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival, where it received positive reviews, particularly for Adams' and Blunt's performances. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine commented "This funny and touching movie depends on two can-do actresses to scrub past the biohazard of noxious clichés that threaten to intrude. Adams and Blunt get the job done." A. O. Scott of The New York Times agreed, stating "Amy Adams and Emily Blunt [...] attack their roles with vivacity and dedication..." She then starred in The Great Buck Howard as Valerie Brennan, which premiered at the same festival.

In 2009, Blunt portrayed Queen Victoria in the independent period drama The Young Victoria, directed by Jean-Marc Vallée and written by Julian Fellowes, which focused primarily on her early life and reign, as well as her marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Blunt admitted to having little prior knowledge of the Queen, but after consulting her mother, found her to be "remarkable" and "a very 21st century sort of woman." Blunt's performance earned critical accolades, and she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress, among others. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly concluded that "Director Jean-Marc Vallée's images have a creamy stateliness, but this is no gilded princess fantasy – it's the story of a budding ruler who learns to control her surroundings, and Blunt makes that journey at once authentic and relevant." That same year, Blunt received the BAFTA Britannia Award for British Artist of the Year.

She starred in the Toby Spanton–directed short film Curiosity. She also voiced Matilda Mouseling, the mother of the titular character, in the television series Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps. In 2010, Blunt played a supporting role in the period horror film The Wolfman, starring Benicio del Toro and Anthony Hopkins. A re-adaptation of the 1941 film of the same name, the film received mainly negative reviews, and according to the Los Angeles Times, was one of the largest box-office failures of all time. Blunt was offered the role of Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow for Iron Man 2 (2010), but she was contractually obligated by 20th Century Fox to join the Jack Black-led comedy film Gulliver's Travels after the studio exercised an option it had for her when she signed on for The Devil Wears Prada.

2011–2014: Science-fiction and comedy films
In 2011, Blunt co-starred with Matt Damon in the thriller The Adjustment Bureau, playing a dancer who is "being mysteriously kept apart" from a politician. The film earned generally positive reviews, with critics praising Blunt and Damon's chemistry. Blunt starred in the British romantic comedy-drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, directed by Lasse Hallström. She played a financial adviser who recruits a fisheries expert to help realise a sheikh's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert, resulting in a spiritual journey for both in the process. The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, receiving positive reviews, as did Blunt's performance. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times noted "Blunt and [co-star Ewan McGregor] are two of the most gifted and attractive actors working today, able to play off each other with great style..." Blunt was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance. Also that year, she made a cameo appearance in Disney's The Muppets, as Miss Piggy's receptionist, and starred in the independent comedy-drama Your Sister's Sister. In November 2011, Blunt was named the ambassador of the new Yves Saint Laurent fragrance Opium.

In 2012, Blunt starred in the romantic comedy The Five-Year Engagement, directed by Nicholas Stoller and co-starring Jason Segel, in which she and Segel played a couple whose relationship becomes strained when their engagement is continually extended. The film earned positive reviews, with Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News remarking that "Blunt has never been more relaxed, and she and Segel have a believably warm chemistry." She then starred in Looper, a science fiction action film directed by Rian Johnson. Blunt played Sara, a tough farm woman and single mother, who aids and falls in love with a time-traveller. The film premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival, where it served as the opening film, and earned highly positive feedback. Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter credited Blunt for "effectively [revealing] Sara's tough and vulnerable sides." Also that year, she starred in the comedy-drama Arthur Newman as the troubled Charlotte, who is trying to run away from her past. The film received generally mixed-to-negative reviews.

In 2014, Blunt starred in Edge of Tomorrow, a film adaptation of the Japanese novel All You Need Is Kill, written by Hiroshi Sakurazaka. Blunt played Sergeant Rita Vrataski, a Special Forces warrior tasked with training a public relations officer to defeat invading extraterrestrials. Blunt trained three months for her role, "focusing on everything from weights to sprints to yoga, aerial wire work and gymnastics", and studying Krav Maga. The film was commercially successful, grossing $370,541,256, and earned positive reviews. Many critics took note of the atypically dominating role portrayed by Blunt, and Justin Chang of Variety noted that "Blunt is alert, energized and emotionally present in a none-too-taxing role." For her performance, Blunt won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie.

Blunt then played the role of the Baker's Wife in The Walt Disney Company's film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's musical Into the Woods, directed by Rob Marshall and featuring an ensemble cast. Ironically, Blunt was pregnant throughout filming, while playing a character who is barren throughout the film's first act. The film was a commercial success and earned generally positive reviews, with Blunt earning praise for her acting and singing. Richard Corliss of Time remarked that "When Blunt is onscreen, these woods are alive with the magic of a fractured fairy tale..." She was nominated for her second Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance.

2015–present: Established actress

In 2015, Blunt starred in the crime thriller Sicario, directed by Denis Villeneuve. Blunt played Kate Macer, a principled FBI agent assigned to take down the leader of a powerful Mexican drug cartel. The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it received critical acclaim. Blunt received considerable praise for her performance, with Dan Jolin of Empire magazine calling it "nuanced", and stating that "her straight-arrow-sharp determination becomes painfully dulled", and while Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian found her character implausible, he praised Blunt for "[brazening] out any possible absurdity with great acting focus and front". Blunt was nominated for her second consecutive Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie.

In 2016, Blunt co-starred in The Huntsman: Winter's War, which serves as both a prequel and sequel to Snow White and the Huntsman (2012). The film, directed by Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, was mostly dismissed by critics. Blunt then headlined the mystery thriller The Girl on the Train, directed by Tate Taylor. Based on Paula Hawkins's best-selling novel of the same name, Blunt played Rachel Watson, an alcoholic who becomes involved in a missing person investigation. While the film received mixed reviews from critics, who felt it failed to live up to the novel, Blunt's performance earned considerable praise. Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers remarked that "the movie gives away the game faster than the novel", but credited Blunt for "playing the hell out of [her character] and adding a touch of welcome empathy. [She] digs into the role like an actress possessed – there's not an ounce of vanity here, [and she] raise[s] Girl to the level of spellbinder." She was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.

After providing her voice for the 2017 animated films My Little Pony: The Movie and Animal Crackers, Blunt made her return to live action in her husband John Krasinski's horror film A Quiet Place, which follows a family being tormented by monstrous creatures that hunt by sound. The script was originally written by Scott Beck and Bryan Woods, who began writing it in January 2016 based on a concept they conceived in college, and they wanted Blunt for the role of the mother. When Krasinski re-wrote the script, he wrote it with Blunt in mind for the role, but did not ask her to do it as she had just had a child, was working on another film, and he was concerned that if he asked she would either decline it or accept it to support him. "I just thought if she does this, she has to come to it on her own." Blunt initially did not want to be cast, but after reading Krasinski's draft on a plane flight she felt she needed to do it as the story "represented some of my deepest fears—of not being able to protect my children." Blunt contributed to the pre-production stage of the film. A Quiet Place served as the opening night film at the 2018 South by Southwest film festival, where it received critical acclaim; Eric Kohn of IndieWire lauded the cast for "contribut[ing] credible intensity to their scenes with a degree of sophistication rare for this type of material", while Laura Prudom of IGN remarked that, "Blunt, in particular, is put through the wringer in ways that would seem almost farcical, if she didn't play them with such compelling conviction."

The same year, Blunt played the title character in Rob Marshall's musical fantasy film Mary Poppins Returns. It served as a sequel to the 1964 film, with Blunt taking over the role from Julie Andrews. Owen Gleiberman of Variety found Blunt to be "practically perfect in every way" and added that she "inhabits Mary Poppins' snappishly entrancing spirit, and in the musical numbers she generates her own spit-spot radiance". She received two SAG nominations for her performances in A Quiet Place and Mary Poppins Returns, winning Best Supporting Actress for A Quiet Place, and she also received her sixth Golden Globe nomination for Mary Poppins Returns. In 2020, Blunt guest-starred in her husband's web series Some Good News, which began streaming on YouTube during the COVID-19 pandemic. She starred in the romantic drama Wild Mountain Thyme – based on John Patrick Shanley's play Outside Mullingar. The part required her to speak with an Irish accent; neither the film nor her accent were well received. In the same year, Forbes ranked her as the sixth highest-paid actress in the world, with annual earnings of $22.5 million.

Blunt reprised her role in the horror sequel A Quiet Place Part II (2021), which was released after a year-long delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It became one of the first major Hollywood films to be released theatrically since the beginning of the pandemic. Peter Bradshaw bemoaned that the "excellent" Blunt did not have more screen time. As with the first film, it also emerged as a commercial success. Later that year, Blunt starred alongside Dwayne Johnson in the adventure film Jungle Cruise, based on the eponymous amusement ride. It was released simultaneously in theatres and digitally on Disney+ Premier Access. Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times disliked the picture and opined that "not even Emily Blunt, doing her best Katharine Hepburn impression, can keep this leaky boat ride afloat". The following year, Blunt played an avenging mother in the television miniseries The English, a western from Hugo Blick. Critics were impressed with her performance. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian opined, "Blunt is at her best yet, giving us a woman made brave and undauntable by resolve". She received another SAG Award nomination for it.

In Christopher Nolan's biographical film Oppenheimer (2023), starring Cillian Murphy as J. Robert Oppenheimer, Blunt portrayed the eponymous scientist's wife, Katherine, who was a member of the Communist Party USA. She took a pay cut to work on the film, earning $4 million in lieu of her usual $10- to $20-million salary. Nolan said that he thought about "running away" from the character while writing the script as she was "terrifying", but Blunt humanised her and surprised him in how she embraced her negative qualities; "No vanity, no fear of humiliation, no wanting to control the way she would appear". The film was critically acclaimed, although some criticism was made of the writing of the female characters. Blunt's performance received praise, and was singled out for elevating the limited material she had. Writing for Empire, Dan Jolin said that Blunt "busts out of the supportive/suffering wife archetype as the alcoholic but sharp-witted Kitty Oppenheimer" and delivers "one of the film's most rousing scenes in an intense verbal duel with bullish lawyer Roger Robb", and Tomris Laffly of The Wrap called her performance "subtly scene-stealing". Blunt once again received nominations for the Golden Globe, SAG, and BAFTA Award, in addition to her first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. With a worldwide gross of over $950 million, Oppenheimer emerged as Blunt's highest-grossing film. Her next release that year, the Netflix crime drama Pain Hustlers opposite Chris Evans, received poor reviews from critics.

Blunt next starred with Ryan Gosling in David Leitch's action comedy film The Fall Guy (2024). For her part as a filmmaker in it, she drew inspiration from Greta Gerwig. IGN's Siddhant Adlakha was appreciate of the romantic chemistry between Blunt and Gosling. She then had a voice role in Krasinski's live-action animated fantasy film IF. She will next star in the sports film The Smashing Machine, starring Dwayne Johnson as wrestler Mark Kerr.

Reception
Journalists have noted Blunt's versatility as an actor and her roles in various genres, including drama, comedy, musicals, and action. The Guardian observed her ability to not be pigeonholed into a type of role, and wrote that she "specialises in a sort of calculated understatement", praising her "insight into what makes characters tick and her facility for accents". Commenting on her engaging screen presence, Rachel Rosenblint of Elle stated that "she has a knack for playing subtle, unspoken notes like a virtuoso". The New York Times regarded Blunt as having a "taste for the offbeat and a fetching lack of vanity when it comes to playing disagreeable women" and noted her "adventurous spirit" as a performer. Describing the nuances of a performance, The Age wrote, "It's no wonder that Meryl Streep has already pronounced Blunt "the best young actress I've worked with in some time, perhaps ever"." Aaron Hicklin said in The Guardian that Blunt's career "has been marked by a succession of stretching new roles". The Los Angeles Times assessed that from the start of her career, Blunt "has always proved up for whatever the challenge may be", and noted her "fluidity" in working between drama and comedy. Screen Rant stated that Blunt has "a number of iconic roles under her belt". Her work in action roles has also been singled out, with Collider writing that it is "proof that action cinema has the potential to be morally, ethically, and emotionally nuanced", and deeming Blunt one of the "rare performers" that exceed as both an actor and movie star. Catherine Shoard of The Guardian named her "the biggest British female movie star of her generation", comparing her to Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan, Rachel Weisz, and Kate Winslet. Vanity Fair commented that she has portrayed "a kaleidoscope of mesmerizing characters" and found a "delicate balance" as "a movie star with character-actor range".

Advocacy
Blunt helps to promote and raise funds for the Malala Fund, a non-profit organisation that advocates for girls' education, co-founded by Malala Yousafzai. She also works with Family Reach, an organisation that helps financially support families affected by cancer. Blunt has also been working with the American Institute for Stuttering since 2006 to help children overcome stuttering through educational resources and raise awareness of the realities of the condition. She is on the board of directors of the institute, and hosts a gala for it each year to raise funds for speech therapy scholarships for children and adults.

Personal life
Blunt was in a relationship with Canadian singer Michael Bublé from 2005 to 2008. She and American actor John Krasinski were introduced to each other by a mutual friend and began dating in November 2008. They became engaged in August 2009 and married in Como in July 2010. They have two daughters, one born in 2014 and the other in 2016.

In 2012, Blunt became the sister-in-law of actor Stanley Tucci when he married her sister Felicity. In 2015, Blunt became an American citizen through naturalisation, making her a dual citizen of the UK and US.

Acting credits and awards
According to the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes and the box office site Box Office Mojo, Blunt's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful films include My Summer of Love (2004), The Devil Wears Prada (2006), Sunshine Cleaning (2008), Your Sister's Sister (2011), Looper (2012), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), Into the Woods (2014), Sicario (2015), The Girl on the Train (2016), A Quiet Place (2018), Mary Poppins Returns (2018), A Quiet Place Part II (2021), and Oppenheimer (2023).

Blunt has received multiple accolades for her work across film, television and stage, including a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award and four British Academy Film Awards.

title: Emily Blunt


text: User talk:83.72.229.204

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Komla Agbeli Gbedemah

Komla Agbeli Gbedemah (17 June 1913 – 11 July 1998) was a Ghanaian politician and Minister for Finance in Ghana's Nkrumah government between 1954 and 1961. Known popularly as "Afro Gbede", he was an indigene of Anyako in the Volta Region of Ghana.

Early life and career
Komla Gbedemah was born on 17 June 1913 in Warri, Nigeria, of Ewe parentage. He attended Adisadel College in Cape Coast for his secondary education from 1925 to 1929 and Achimota College from 1929 to 1933. He became employed as a teacher at a school in the Akuapem District in the Eastern Region of Ghana. In 1939, he became a Science Master at Accra Academy in Jamestown. Alongside teaching, he engaged in the timber and confectionery business. In 1943, he quit his teaching role at Accra Academy to engage in the timber trade full-time.

Political career
Gbedemah was originally a member of the United Gold Coast Convention. He left with Dr Kwame Nkrumah to form the Convention People's Party (CPP). Gbedemah was an important member of the CPP because of his organizational ability. He was influential in getting Nkrumah elected to the Legislative Council on 8 February 1951 at the Elections for the Legislative Assembly. He organized Nkrumah's entire campaign while Nkrumah was still in prison, detained by the colonial government. Nkrumah duly won the Accra Central Municipal seat. This led to Nkrumah being released on 12 February 1951 and his being invited to form a government. Gbedemah is in some reports named as being the first to welcome Nkrumah after his release from Fort James prison.

Gbedemah, who himself got elected into the Legislative Assembly, became the first Ghanaian Minister for Health and Labour in Nkrumah's government. In 1954, he became the Minister of Finance, a position he held for seven years. He was influential in getting an initially reluctant United States government to back the building of the Akosombo Dam. Later, as his relationship with Nkrumah deteriorated, Gbedemah was demoted by Nkrumah to the post of Minister of Health in May 1961. It is alleged by US sources that at a point, Gbedemah was considering the overthrow of Nkrumah. He is quoted as saying: "I would be sorry to have to do it but country has had enough of Nkrumah's arrogance, whims and madness." Nkrumah demanded Gbedemah's resignation in September 1961.

Gbedemah was forced into exile later the same year, after worsening relations between him and Nkrumah over what he perceived to be Nkrumah's financial indiscipline. He is alleged to have fled as there were plans to place him under preventive detention. While in exile, he is known to have continued to lobby the US over the Akosombo dam project.

Gbedemah formed and led the National Alliance of Liberals into the 1969 general election. His campaign slogan "Say it loud, I am black and proud!" was taken from the popular James Brown tune. After the election, Gbedemah was barred from taking his seat in parliament. This followed a Supreme Court ruling, upholding the NLC barring members of the CPP accused of financial crimes from holding public office for ten years. This decision led him to retire from active involvement in politics.

From 1957 to 1961, Gbedemah served as President of the World Federalist Movement, an international non-governmental organization promoting federal world government. He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.

Howard Johnson's restaurant incident
In the United States, Gbedemah is most widely known from an incident on 10 October 1957 when U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologized to him after he was refused service in a Howard Johnson's restaurant in Dover, Delaware. Gbedemah told the staff: "The people here are of a lower social status than I am, but they can drink here and we can't. You can keep the orange juice and the change, but this is not the last you have heard of this." The incident resulted in Gbedemah being invited to breakfast at the White House.

Positions
For ministerial positions, see succession box.
 * Leader, People's Movement for Freedom and Justice (1991 – ?)
 * Founder and Leader, National Alliance of Liberals (1969)
 * Member, Legislative Assembly, Ghana (1951 – ?)
 * Manager and Editor, Accra Evening News (1949 – ?)
 * Vice Chairman, Convention People's Party (1949 – ?)

Works

 * Gbedemah, K. A. It will not be "work and happiness for all"; an open letter being also an appeal to Dr. Kwame Nkrumah and comment on and criticism of the proposed new 7 year Ghana development plan. [n.p.], 1962. [32p].

title: Komla Agbeli Gbedemah


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Talk:Jeff Murdock

These quotes better off in wikiquote?? (and then you could add swadloads - Jeff is hilarious)--ZayZayEM 11:58, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I think someone should put in Porn Buddys, even though it was an agreement between Jeff and Steve, Jeff is the person that discribes it. 203.208.69.48 05:29, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

I have changed around the article quite a bit and removed some info from "Giggle Loop". If somebody wants to add it back then go ahead but I thought it was unnecessary. --Cornflake pirate 11:53, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

I went ahead and added the info on Porn Buddies today including a scene transcript. I think it is a wonderful example of how Jeff's mind and mouth work. --RJ Johnson 16:08, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

I changed "legalize" to "legalise" in the comments section.

Isn't it odd for Jeff to be the only character in Coupling to have his own article? True, the others are relatively unnotable, but, still...The Sporadic Update 18:43, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

BBC says his name is Murdock,so,shouldn't we change the name of the article?I'd do it myself if i knew how to...--200.161.136.227 18:57, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right, and I've moved the article to the right name. If you find any other mistakes, let me know and I'll fix them as well. Jayden54 20:21, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Too many quotes
I see someone has added the "too many quotes" template, and the quotes list is getting a bit much, so I'll start moving most of the quotes to Wikiquote soon (which will also allow a ton more quotes to be added!) Jayden54 20:47, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've moved most of the quotes to Wikiquote, and added the wikiquote template. If you want to add anymore Jeff quotes, add them to the Wikiquote page. Jayden54 14:33, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

No pictures?
This article must have some funny pictures of Jeff. I don't have any free ones myself, anyone?Ori 19:58, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't have any myself, but a quick search on Flickr found one image which is licensed under a CC 2.0 BY license, which is suitable for Wikipedia and the Commons, but I have to wonder if that's the correct license (i.e. didn't the flickr user just rip it from somewhere else?). Even if it's not a free image, we can always take a copyrighted one, and claim fair use, as long as we only use it in this article. I'll see what I can do, since I've got the series on DVD. Jayden54 23:15, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd rather use a free one, fair use is very problematic. The picture that you've provided is nice but I was looking for a funnier one. A picture of Jeff with that mask from the "The Freckle, the Key, and the Couple who Weren't", for instance. Or better - funny picture in which you can still recognize Jeff.Ori[[image:orimosenzon-signature.png|25px]] 12:38, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

High school
Jeff and Steve have been friends at least since high school I thought they called it secondary school. JohnathanZX4 11:42, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Richardcoyle.jpg
Image:Richardcoyle.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 23:14, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeff Murdock


text: User talk:81.240.87.251

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vladimir (Walter,Wally) Fekula

Non-notable? Deb 12:04, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Possible copyvio. What's with the title? Gamaliel 18:40, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)


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User talk:Swaggart

Do not vandalise Wikipedia. You have been warned. Dunc_Harris|☺ 12:05, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * How is chick.com relevant to a sensible encyclopedia article? And sorry, yes, I overstepped the mark you are not a malicious vandal, simply a clueless newbie, which we all were once, but please if you are going to contribute, contribute something worthwhile, otherwise it just creates work for the rest of us. Dunc_Harris|☺ 12:10, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Please, add only relevant links to the external links section of articles. Links to webcomis are usually not really relevant (If they would be, we could add thousands of external links to many articles). --Conti|✉ 12:11, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

For a discussion of the policies Dunc_Harris and Conti are referring to, please see Neutral point of view and Spam. Gazpacho 12:18, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi Swaggart welcome to Wikipedia. I'm afraid that your page "Jesus biography" has been listed on Votes for Deletion, and is almost certainly going to be deleted. This is because that page simply presents your version of Jesus' life as though it were fact. The point of Wikipedia is to present information to people. So, on the Jesus page both the belief that he is the Son of God, our Saviour, and the belief that he possibly didn't even exist are discussed. It's then upto people to make up their own minds- based partly on the extra information we've given them. Wikipedia is not the place to present one-sided biographies of people, which probably a large proportion of Christians wouldn't accept, let alone anyone else! If you read the pages that Gazpacho has suggested and read some of the discussions we've had on the Talk:Jesus and Talk:Christianity pages then you should get a better idea of how to help this project. I hope that this helps! From G Rutter 12:35, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oi! Wikipedia is not a soapbox for personal essays... Evercat 21:57, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Swaggart


text: Category:Italian people by occupation

title: Category:Italian people by occupation


text: Category:Italian astronomers

title: Category:Italian astronomers


text: Category:Astronomers by nationality

title: Category:Astronomers by nationality


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Blocker

Blocker may also refer to:

Computing

 * Ad blocker, software for removing or altering online advertising
 * Microphone blocker, a connector used to trick feature phones to disconnect the microphone

Medicine

 * Antiandrogens, also known as testosterone blockers, a class of drugs that suppress the actions of androgens
 * Receptor antagonist, sometimes called a blocker, in medicine a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response

Sports

 * Blocker (cricket), slang for a defensive-minded batsman in cricket
 * Blocker (ice hockey)
 * Blocker, a position in roller derby
 * Blocker, a position in volleyball
 * Blocker (beach volleyball), a position in beach volleyball
 * Steve Roach (rugby league) (born 1962), Australian rugby league footballer nicknamed "Blocker"

Fiction

 * Blocker (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
 * Blockers (film), a 2018 film

Other uses

 * Blocker (surname)
 * Blocker, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
 * Blocker corporation, a type of C Corporation in the US

title: Blocker


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User:S-okazaki

My name is Sohei Okazaki. I am a doctoral student in Japan, and my major is chemistry.

I will edit articles familiar to me.

title: User:S-okazaki


text: Category:Japanese astronomers

title: Category:Japanese astronomers


text: Category:Japanese people by occupation

title: Category:Japanese people by occupation


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Setuid

The Unix and Linux access rights flags setuid and setgid (short for set user identity and set group identity) allow users to run an executable with the file system permissions of the executable's owner or group respectively and to change behaviour in directories. They are often used to allow users on a computer system to run programs with temporarily elevated privileges to perform a specific task. While the assumed user id or group id privileges provided are not always elevated, at a minimum they are specific.

The flags  and   are needed for tasks that require different privileges than what the user is normally granted, such as the ability to alter system files or databases to change their login password. Some of the tasks that require additional privileges may not immediately be obvious, though, such as the  command, which must send and listen for control packets on a network interface.

File modes
The  and   bits are normally represented as the values 4 for   and 2 for   in the high-order octal digit of the file mode. For example,  has both the   and   bits (4 + 2 = 6) set, and also the file read/write/executable for the owner (7), and executable by the group (first 1) and others (second 1). Most implementations have a symbolic representation of these bits; in the previous example, this could be.

Typically,  does not have a recursive mode restricted to directories, so modifying an existing directory tree must be done manually, with a command such as find /path/to/directory -type d -exec chmod g+s '{}' '\'.

Effects
The  and   flags have different effects, depending on whether they are applied to a file, to a directory or binary executable or non-binary executable file. The  and   flags have an effect only on binary executable files and not on scripts (e.g., Bash, Perl, Python).

When set on an executable file
When the  or   attributes are set on an executable file, then any users able to execute the file will automatically execute the file with the privileges of the file's owner (commonly root) and/or the file's group, depending upon the flags set. This allows the system designer to permit trusted programs to be run which a user would otherwise not be allowed to execute. These may not always be obvious. For example, the ping command may need access to networking privileges that a normal user cannot access; therefore it may be given the setuid flag to ensure that a user who needs to ping another system can do so, even if their account does not have the required privilege for sending packets.

Security impact
For security purposes, the invoking user is usually prohibited by the system from altering the new process in any way, such as by using,   or sending signals to it, to exploit the raised privilege, although signals from the terminal will still be accepted.

While the  feature is very useful in many cases, its improper use can pose a security risk if the   attribute is assigned to executable programs that are not carefully designed. Due to potential security issues, many operating systems ignore the  attribute when applied to executable shell scripts.

The presence of  executables explains why the   system call is not available to non-root users on Unix. See limitations of  for more details.

When set on a directory
Setting the  permission on a directory causes files and subdirectories created within to inherit its group ownership, rather than the primary group of the file-creating process. Created subdirectories also inherit the  bit. The policy is only applied during creation and, thus, only prospectively. Directories and files existing when the  bit is applied are unaffected, as are directories and files moved into the directory on which the bit is set.

Thus is granted a capacity to work with files amongst a group of users without explicitly setting permissions, but limited by the security model expectation that existing files permissions do not implicitly change.

The  permission set on a directory is ignored on most UNIX and Linux systems. However FreeBSD can be configured to interpret  in a manner similar to , in which case it forces all files and sub-directories created in a directory to be owned by that directory's owner - a simple form of inheritance. This is generally not needed on most systems derived from BSD, since by default directories are treated as if their  bit is always set, regardless of the actual value. As is stated in, "When a new file is created it is given the group of the directory which contains it."

Checking permissions
Permissions of a file can be checked in octal form and/or alphabetic form with the command line tool

SUID
4701 on an executable file owned by 'root' and the group 'root'

A user named 'thompson' attempts to execute the file. The executable permission for all users is set (the '1') so 'thompson' can execute the file. The file owner is 'root' and the SUID permission is set (the '4') - so the file is executed as 'root'.

The reason an executable would be run as 'root' is so that it can modify specific files that the user would not normally be allowed to, without giving the user full root access.

A default use of this can be seen with the  binary file. needs to modify  and   which store account information and password hashes for all users, and these can only be modified by the user 'root'.

The owner of the process is not the user running the executable file but the owner of the executable file

SGID
2770 on a directory named 'music' owned by the user 'root' and the group 'engineers'

A user named 'torvalds' who belongs primarily to the group 'torvalds' but secondarily to the group 'engineers' makes a directory named 'electronic' under the directory named 'music'. The group ownership of the new directory named 'electronic' inherits 'engineers.' This is the same when making a new file named 'imagine.txt'

Without SGID the group ownership of the new directory/file would have been 'torvalds' as that is the primary group of user 'torvalds'.

Sticky bit
1770 on a directory named 'videogames' owned by the user 'torvalds' and the group 'engineers'.

A user named 'torvalds' creates a file named 'tekken' under the directory named 'videogames'. A user named 'wozniak', who is also part of the group 'engineers', attempts to delete the file named 'tekken' but he cannot, since he is not the owner.

Without sticky bit, 'wozniak' could have deleted the file, because the directory named 'videogames' allows read and write by 'engineers'. A default use of this can be seen at the  folder.

Sticky bit with SGID
3171 on a directory named 'blog' owned by the group 'engineers' and the user 'root'

A user named 'torvalds' who belongs primarily to the group 'torvalds' but secondarily to the group 'engineers' creates a file or directory named 'thoughts' inside the directory 'blog'. A user named 'wozniak' who also belongs to the group 'engineers' cannot delete, rename, or move the file or directory named 'thoughts', because he is not the owner and the sticky bit is set. However, if 'thoughts' is a file, then 'wozniak' can edit it.

Sticky bit has the final decision. If sticky bit and SGID had not been set, the user 'wozniak' could rename, move, or delete the file named 'thoughts' because the directory named 'blog' allows read and write by group, and wozniak belongs to the group, and the default 0002 umask allows new files to be edited by group. Sticky bit and SGID could be combined with something such as a read-only umask or an append only attribute.

Security
Developers design and implement programs that use this bit on executables carefully in order to avoid security vulnerabilities including buffer overruns and path injection. Successful buffer-overrun attacks on vulnerable applications allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code under the rights of the process exploited. In the event that a vulnerable process uses the  bit to run as , the code will execute with root privileges, in effect giving the attacker root access to the system on which the vulnerable process is running.

Of particular importance in the case of a  process is the environment of the process. If the environment is not properly sanitized by a privileged process, its behavior can be changed by the unprivileged process that started it. For example, GNU libc was at one point vulnerable to an exploit using  and an environment variable that allowed executing code from untrusted shared libraries.

History
The  bit was invented by Dennis Ritchie and included in. His employer, then Bell Telephone Laboratories, applied for a patent in 1972; the patent was granted in 1979 as patent number. The patent was later placed in the public domain.

title: Setuid


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vladimir (Walter, Wally) Fekula

Vladimir (Walter,Wally) Fekula was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Non-notable. Deb 12:15, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Genealogy entry, non-notable. Geogre 21:12, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain. Did she found a particular brick-and-mortar church, or a new flavour of a church? The second suggests notability (and more digging in that area in the article), the first does not. --Improv 01:20, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Huh? Are you reading the same article I am?  Genealogy, delete.  RickK 06:05, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * A non-notable Russian emmigrant. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 14:54, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Forty million stories like it in the mean streets of the nation that never sleeps.--NathanHawking 20:45, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Infrared photography

Top: tree photographed in the near infrared range. Bottom: same tree in the visible part of the spectrum.

In infrared photography, the photographic film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)

When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.

The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.

History
Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by C. E. K. Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.

Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.

Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937, 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures. A notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie, The Bride Came COD.

False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The EIR film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but has been since discontinued.

Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank Zappa and the Grateful Dead all issued albums with infrared cover photos. The unexpected colors and effects that infrared film can produce fit well with the psychedelic aesthetic that emerged in the late 1960s.

Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic.

Focusing infrared
Most manual focus 35 mm SLR and medium format SLR lenses have a red dot, line or diamond, often with a red "R" called the infrared index mark, that can be used to achieve proper infrared focus; many autofocus lenses no longer have this mark. When a single-lens reflex (SLR) camera is fitted with a filter that is opaque to visible light, the reflex system becomes useless for both framing and focusing, one must compose the picture without the filter and then attach the filter. This requires the use of a tripod to prevent the composition from changing. A sharp infrared photograph can be done with a tripod, a narrow aperture (like ) and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. Diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.

Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.

Zoom lenses may scatter more light through their more complicated optical systems than prime lenses, that is, lenses of fixed focal length; for example, an infrared photo taken with a 50 mm prime lens may have more contrast than the same image taken at 50 mm with a 28–80 zoom.

Some lens manufacturers such as Leica never put IR index marks on their lenses. The reason for this is that any index mark is only valid for one particular IR filter and film combination, and may lead to user error. Even when using lenses with index marks, focus testing is advisable as there may be a large difference between the index mark and the subject plane.

Film cameras

Many conventional cameras can be used for infrared photography, where infrared is taken to mean light of a wavelength only slightly longer than that of visible light. Photography of rather longer wavelengths is normally termed thermography and requires special equipment.

With some patience and ingenuity, most film cameras can be used. However, some cameras of the 1990s that used 35mm film have infrared sprocket-hole sensors that can fog infrared film (their manuals may warn against the use of infrared film for this reason). Other film cameras are not completely opaque to infrared light.

Black-and-white infrared film
Black-and-white infrared negative films are sensitive to wavelengths in the 700 to 900 nm near infrared spectrum, and most also have a sensitivity to blue light wavelengths. The notable halation effect or glow often seen in the highlights of infrared photographs is an artifact of Kodak High Speed Infrared (HIE) black-and-white negative film and not an artifact of infrared light. The glow or blooming is caused by the absence of an anti-halation layer on the back side of Kodak HIE film, this results in a scattering or blooming around the highlights that would usually be absorbed by the anti-halation layer in conventional films.

The majority of black-and-white infrared art, landscape, and wedding photography is done using orange (15 or 21), red (23, 25, or 29) or visually opaque (72) filters over the lens to block the blue visible light from the exposure. The intent of filters in black-and-white infrared photography is to block blue wavelengths and allow infrared to pass through. Without filters, infrared negative films look much like conventional negative films because the blue sensitivity lowers the contrast and effectively counteracts the infrared look of the film. Some photographers use orange or red filters to allow slight amounts of blue wavelengths to reach the film, and thus lower the contrast. Very dark-red (29) filters block out almost all blue, and visually opaque (70, 89b, 87c, 72) filters block out all blue and also visible red wavelengths, resulting in a more pure-infrared photo with a more pronounced contrast.

Certain infrared-sensitive films like Kodak HIE must only be loaded and unloaded in total darkness. Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.

As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.

Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. , the discontinuance of Kodak HIE and Efke's IR820 has now narrowed the selection for black and white infrared film to the Rollei Infrared 400 film, which has become the only IR film on the market with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm; the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.

Color infrared film

Color infrared transparency films are based on an emulsion which, similar to standard color film, contains at least three separate photosensitive layers. Each layer is specifically sensitized to produce a desired color. Grains of light-exposed silver halide in these layers react with a reducing agent to form metallic silver particles. This produces oxidized developer, which reacts with compounds called color couplers in the emulsion layers to form various color dyes, respective to how the silver halide was originally sensitized for each layer.

Due to the fact that silver halides are sensitive to exposure outside of the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, at longer wavelengths, they can readily be used to produce dyes which correspond with infrared light. Without specialized intervention, silver halides are only sensitive to a wavelength shorter than around 450 nm.

Conventional color film is primed with a cyan forming layer, which gets exposed to light prior to the yellow and magenta forming layers stacked behind. Since these layers are also sensitive to blue light, often times, a yellow filter layer is placed in between the cyan forming layer, and the yellow and magenta forming layers. This serves to minimize undesired passthrough of wavelengths that are not supposed to expose the latter layers. The emulsion layer design for conventional color film is fairly direct: visible wavelengths correspond with respective layers designed to produce dyes which represent how we perceive these wavelengths as colors, using subtractive means. Color infrared film, in contrast, relies on translation. For example, long-wavelength infrared radiation forms yellow and magenta dyes to produce a red color, even though red dyes in this context do not describe something we can see in color. Further, red band radiation wavelengths form cyan and yellow dyes to produce a green color. Green band wavelengths form cyan and magenta dyes to produce a blue color. Blue light is typically to be blocked out using a yellow filter. This is because the biased sensitivity towards short-wavelength radiation, characteristic of color infrared films, makes exposure to blue light undesirable, and unintended by design of the emulsion. Color infrared films have no intended blue-sensitized dye forming layer to expose, and thus, often no subsequent internal yellow filter layer built into the film. This requires photographers to use external minus-blue lens filters.

The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.

In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.

There is no currently available digital camera that will directly produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although equivalent images can be produced using a full spectrum infrared digital camera and a Kolari Vision Color IR Chrome lens filter. Similar effects can be achieved by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. A yellow (minus-blue) filter can also be used, which provides a single image that can also be post-processed to emulate the Ektachrome look. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.

Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.

Availability
In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.

Digital cameras
Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the center of the image as their coatings are optimized for visible light and not for IR.

An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.

Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.

While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.

Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. Adobe Photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.

Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.

Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".

Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.

Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see ). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well, such as this image of a cup of coffee.

title: Infrared photography


text: Category:Educators by nationality

title: Category:Educators by nationality


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Category:Japanese writers

Japanese writers are either writers of Japanese ethnicity, working primarily in Japan, or primarily in the Japanese language. Historical Japanese names, especially, can be quite complex, where some people may have multiple names, or they might change their first name, last name or both names at different stages in their life. Furthermore, some people also have professional names, such as the haiku poets who choose haigo or pen names. For further information see the Japanese names article. In general the family name (or clan name) is listed first, followed by the given name. Note that this differs from the ordering used in many other parts of the world.

title: Category:Japanese writers


text: Category:Fashion designers by nationality


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Talk:Death of Lisa McPherson

St Petersburg Times old links
There are a lot of dead links in the citations, especially for St. Petersburg Times, which was bought out by the Tampa Bay Times. I was adding the archive versions and got up to citation #13 before quitting. FYI, almost every St Pete Times story is available in the Wayback Machine (archive.org). Also, almost all the old St Pete stories about Scientology have been re-published by the Tampa Bay Times -- under a different URL, of course, but usually findable by searching tampabay.com for the title of the story. The newer copies don't have photographs in them (they're text only), but the archive.org versions do, so it's probably preferable to use the archive.org versions when they are available. Grorp (talk) 08:12, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

Death of Whitney Mills (2022)
Another Scientology/Minkoff/psychosis fuckup.

Adding here until I can figure where this should go. Other editors are encouraged to take this and run with it, without waiting for me. ▶ I am Grorp ◀ 02:49, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Death of Lisa McPherson


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Category:Military leaders by nationality

 * This category is senior military leaders such as generals, admirals and air marshals. It should consist of only subcategories.


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Basilisk II

Basilisk II is an emulator which emulates Apple Macintosh computers based on the Motorola 68000 series. The software is cross-platform and can be used on a variety of operating systems.

Christian Bauer (developer of a Mac 68k emulator ShapeShifter for Amiga) released the first version of Basilisk II in March 1999. The emulator was expected to be highly portable across several computing platforms and provided some improvements in comparison to ShapeShifter - e.g. no limit for number of emulated disks, improved CD-ROM support and support for the host file system. However, early reviews highlighted several issues like difficult configuration and limited compatibility with recommendation of ShapeShifter as a better choice for Amiga users. Newer releases mitigated these problems, 2005 review of the MorphOS version noted only slow CPU emulation (in comparison to built-in 68k CPU emulation for Amiga applications in MorphOS) as a major issue.

The latest version of Classic Mac OS that can be run within Basilisk II is Mac OS 8.1, the last 680x0-compatible version, released in January 1998. Mac OS 8.5, which came out nine months later, was PowerPC-only and marked the end of Apple's 680x0 support.

Ports of Basilisk II exist for multiple computing platforms, including AmigaOS 4, BeOS, Linux, Amiga, Windows NT, macOS, MorphOS and mobile devices such as the PlayStation Portable.

Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Basilisk II is free software, and its source code of is available on GitHub.

title: Basilisk II


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Harden

Harden may refer to:

Places

 * Harden, New South Wales, Australia
 * Harden railway station
 * Harden County
 * Harden, Walsall, England
 * Harden, West Yorkshire, England
 * Harden City, Oklahoma, U.S.
 * Harden (crater), on the Moon

Other uses

 * "Harden", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral
 * Hardens, historic home and farm in Charles City County, Virginia, U.S.
 * Harden's, a British restaurant guide
 * Harden Furniture, an American furniture manufacturer 1844–2018

People with the given name Harden

 * Harden Askenasy (1908–1975), Romanian Jewish scientist and professor of neurosurgery
 * Harden Bennion (1862–1936), American politician
 * Harden Cooper (1922–1990), American football player and coach
 * Harden Dean (1913–1982), Australian rules footballer
 * Harden M. McConnell (1927–2014), American chemist
 * Harden Sidney Melville (1821–1894), English painter, illustrator and draughtsman

People with the surname Harden

 * Alex Harden (born 1993), American basketball player
 * Alice Harden (1948–2012), American politician
 * Arlene Harden (born 1945), American country music singer
 * Arthur Harden (1865–1940), British biochemist
 * Blaine Harden (born 1952), American journalist and author
 * Bobby Harden (born 1967), American football player
 * Buddy Harden (born 1940), American politician
 * Cecil M. Harden (1894–1984), American educator and politician
 * Cedric Harden (born 1974), American football player
 * Chad Harden (born 1970), Canadian professional chuckwagon racer
 * Clinton Harden (born 1947), American politician
 * Derrick Harden (born 1964), American football player
 * Duane Harden (born 1971), German-born American musician
 * Edgar L. Harden (1906–1996), American university president
 * Frank Harden (1922–2018), American radio announcer
 * Geoff Harden (1943–2006), British journalist and folk music promoter
 * Greg Harden (fl. from 1986), life coach and motivational speaker
 * Gwen Harden (born 1940), Australian botanist and author
 * Henry Eric Harden (1912–1945), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Henry Scott Harden (1834–1879), Australian politician
 * Ingo Harden (born 1928), German music critic and writer
 * James Harden (born 1989), American basketball player
 * Janet Harden (1776–1837), Scottish diarist, also known as Jessy
 * Joel Harden (born c. 1972), Canadian politician
 * John Harden (1871–1931), Irish bishop
 * Jonathan Harden (fl. from 2001), Northern Irish actor and director
 * Joseph Harden (1824–1864), African American missionary
 * Kathryn Paige Harden (fl. 2013–2016), American government official
 * Krysta Harden (fl. 2013–2016), American government official
 * Leon Harden (1947–2017), American football player
 * Marcia Gay Harden (born 1959), American actress
 * Martin Harden (1876–unknown), Czech fencer
 * Maximilian Harden (1861–1927), German journalist
 * Michael Harden (born 1981), American football player
 * Mike Harden (born 1959), American football player
 * Myles Harden (born 2001), American football player
 * Paige Harden (fl. from 2009), American psychologist
 * Rich Harden (born 1981), Canadian baseball player
 * Richard Harden (cricketer) (born 1965), English cricketer
 * Richard Harden (politician) (1916–2000), Northern Irish politician
 * Rupert Harden (born 1985), Australian-born English rugby player
 * Sheldon Harden (1920–2005), American football player
 * Theodore Harden (1830–1900), Australian politician
 * Thomas C. Harden (c.1856 – 1925), American politician
 * Tim Harden (born 1974), American athlete
 * Ty Harden (born 1984), American soccer player
 * Wilbur Harden (1924–1969), American jazz musician
 * Wolf Harden (born 1962), German classical pianist

title: Harden


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Eine Nacht in Venedig

 Eine Nacht in Venedig  (A Night in Venice) is an operetta in three acts by Johann Strauss II. Its libretto was by F. Zell and Richard Genée based on Le Château Trompette by Eugène Cormon and Richard Genée. The farcical, romantic story involves several cases of mistaken identity.

The piece premiered in 1883 in Berlin and then Vienna. It became one of Strauss's three most famous stage works and has been seen in New York, London and elsewhere, and has been adapted for film.

History
The piece premiered in Berlin on 3 October 1883 in the Woltersdorff-Theater, and it is Strauss's only operetta to be premiered outside Vienna. Although the press praised Strauss's music, they criticized the libretto as banal and silly; for instance, references were made to roast beef made from the sole of a boot and, in the waltz scene, the character of Duke Urbino was singing passages of "meows", which was met with much embarrassment from the Berlin audience. Unperturbed, Strauss made several alterations to the work with his librettists and scored a triumph in his native Vienna at the Theater an der Wien, where it ran for 44 consecutive performances from 9 October 1883. The operetta became established as one of Strauss's three most recognisable stage works alongside Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron. A 1923 production, starring Richard Tauber at the Theater an der Wien, used a score and libretto revised by composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold and writer Hubert Marischka, which was later used in other productions and recordings.

The work played at Daly's Theatre in 1884, staged by J.C. Duff’s Comic Opera Company, and in 1900 at the American Theatre on Broadway in New York. English language versions have included one with a translation by Lesley Storm and lyrics by Dudley Glass that played at the Cambridge Theatre in London in 1944, one for English National Opera in 1976 at the London Coliseum by Murray Dickie and a 1980s production for the Light Opera of Manhattan by Alice Hammerstein Matthias. Ohio Light Opera performed the work in 1981, 1991, 1999 and 2009, recording it in 2000.

In 1934 the work was adapted as a German operetta film, A Night in Venice, directed by Robert Wiene. A Hungarian version of the film was made simultaneously. Like both films before,  (1942) uses only Strauss's music and the title "Night in Venice". The 1953 version A Night in Venice follows the libretto of F. Zell and Richard Genée.

Act 1
It is an evening in eighteenth-century Venice. In a square on the Grand Canal, with a view across to the Ducal Palace and the Isle of San Giorgio, people stroll around as the sun goes down, while the tradeswomen call out their wares. The young Neapolitan macaroni cook Pappacoda observes that, for all the splendours of the city, Venetians do not have everything without their macaroni cook. "Macaroni as long as the Grand Canal, with as much cheese as there is sand in the Lido" – that is what Pappacoda offers. The young man is approached by Enrico, a naval officer, enquiring whether the Senator Delacqua is at home. When he is told that he is at a sitting of the Senate, Enrico sees it as an opportunity for a few private minutes with the Senator's young wife Barbara. However, she also is out, so Enrico slips Pappacoda a coin to give Barbara a letter with the message that Enrico will be ready for her at nine o'clock that evening.

As the people watch, a boat arrives carrying Annina, a fisher-girl, who is hawking her fruitti di mare. Pappacoda greets her, hinting that what has really brought her hither is the imminent arrival of the Duke of Urbino, and more particularly his barber Caramello, Annina's sweetheart. "Caramello is a monster, a ne'er-do-well, and a conceited blockhead into the bargain", she pouts. "Stupidity is no hindrance to love", Pappacoda retorts, sampling an oyster. "After all, I'm passionately in love with Ciboletta, Signora Delacqua's pretty cook – a girl as stupid as this oyster, and yet just as appetising, just as worthy of catching!"

When Barbara Delacqua returns home, Pappacoda gives her the message from Enrico and receives another tip for his troubles. Annina departs with Barbara, leaving Pappacoda to greet his own girlfriend, Ciboletta. She is wondering when they are going to get married, and he promises that they will do so just as soon as he gets a position in service.

The senators return from a stormy session, discussing the banquet that the Duke of Urbino is to give today when he arrives for his annual Carnival-time visit to Venice. The Duke is a notorious womaniser and has already cast his roving eye on Barbara, so Delacqua has taken the precaution of arranging for his wife to be taken by gondola to Murano to stay with an old abbess aunt in the convent there.

The Duke's arrival is signalled by the appearance of a gondola carrying his personal barber, Caramello, who is warmly greeted by the crowd. He proceeds to show off his close acquaintance with the Duke and rounds things off with an agile tarantella for good measure. He quickly spots Annina, but she is not too pleased that he has practically ignored her for the past year. She becomes interested enough when the subject of their talk turns to marriage, but Caramello explains that he is eager to obtain a position as the Duke's steward before committing himself to matrimony.

In pursuit of amorous adventures on his master's behalf Caramello has learned with interest from Pappacoda that a gondolier is due to take Barbara Delacqua to Murano at 9 p.m. What he does not know is that his own girlfriend, Annina, has been persuaded by Barbara to take her place in the gondola, so that Barbara may spend her time with Enrico Piselli. Annina is determined to be back within the hour so that she may join in the Carnival dancing with Caramello, Pappacoda and Ciboletta in masks borrowed from their masters.

The Duke arrives and greets Venice and its people. He loves them all, he tells them, though it appears that he seems to love the pretty girls rather more than the rest. To the Duke's great delight, Caramello reveals to him his plan to take the place of the gondolier in the gondola calling for Barbara. Instead of taking her to Murano, he will then deliver her to the Duke's palace. Pulling on a gondolier's cloak and hood, he sets off on his adventure. The scene is set and the evening still, as the Duke looks up to Delacqua's balcony and sings a serenade. Inside the Delacqua house Barbara and Annina are making their final preparations, putting on the domino masks that will disguise them, as they await the sound of the gondolier's song that is to be the agreed signal. Below, Ciboletta brings Pappacoda a carnival costume.

Finally the voice of Caramello is heard from the gondola singing the gondolier's song. Delacqua helps into the gondola the masked figure he believes to be his wife and he bids her farewell as the Duke looks on with keen anticipation. A group of sailors appear and, with Enrico at their head, they sing a serenade to Delacqua for his birthday the following day. While Delacqua is on the balcony thanking the singers, Barbara slips out to join Enrico. The birthday serenade merges with the sound of Caramello's gondola song as night falls on Venice and the disguised Caramello glides away with his masked sweetheart Annina, neither knowing the true identity of the other.

Act 2
Watching from a room in his palace, the Duke is eagerly awaiting the arrival of the gondola in which Caramello is due to bring Barbara, as Agricola, Constantia and the other senators' wives arrive in their carnival costumes, ignoring their husbands' fears for their moral safety. Finally the gondola is seen approaching, and the Duke ushers his guests into the ballroom while he prepares to greet his special lady guest. When Caramello and Annina arrive and masks are removed, Caramello is dismayed to discover who it is he has brought for the Duke's pleasure, but Annina fancies making the most of the opportunity with the Duke that fate has given her.

Caramello does his best to warn the Duke off Annina. "Don't trust her. She scratches and bites!" he warns. Finally Annina and the Duke are left alone, and the disguised Annina is shocked and thrown on the defensive when the Duke rhapsodises over the receptive response that his advances to Barbara had previously aroused. As the orchestra in the ballroom strikes up a waltz, the Duke takes the reluctant Annina into his arms.

Caramello finds an excuse to interrupt the amorous scene, and Annina persuades the Duke to take her into the ballroom. While they are away, Caramello opens the doors to the Duke's apartments, and a crowd enters, including Pappacoda, prominent in a faded, shabby senator's costume with false, misshapen nose and spectacles and with his pockets stuffed with sausages, meat and pastries. Pappacoda has brought with him all his tradesmen friends, to whom he has distributed invitations given to him by Caramello. They are wide-eyed at the scale of the Duke's hospitality and, having introduced his friends to Caramello, Pappacoda invites them to help themselves.

As the Duke seeks somewhere to be alone with Annina, a group of senators and their wives detain him. Among them are Senator Delacqua and his supposed wife, and the Duke is taken aback at being introduced to a second Barbara. However, Annina identifies this "wife" for the Duke as the masked Ciboletta. The Duke goes along with Ciboletta's pretence, as he recalls the serenade he had sung to Barbara at previous carnival times. Delacqua pushes the supposed Barbara forward to put his own case for the position of the Duke's steward, but Ciboletta instead asks for a place for Pappacoda as the Duke's personal cook, and the Duke is only too ready to oblige her. Delacqua departs to join Barbara in Murano, leaving the Duke to take supper with Annina and Ciboletta. Caramello has sent away the servants, and he and Pappacoda wait on the trio personally in order to keep their eyes open for any unwelcome developments.

As the Duke courts the two ladies, Caramello and Pappacoda repeatedly interrupt. The cook gives a timely discourse on his culinary arts before the senators' wives arrive seeking the Duke's attention. By now midnight is approaching – the time when the Duke must go to lead the revels in the Piazza San Marco. When the bells of St Mark's Basilica sound out, Annina joins in the revelry, and all go off in masks to enjoy themselves.

Act 3
In the Piazza, before the moonlit cathedral, the revellers are celebrating, but Caramello stands alone, reflecting upon Annina's flirtation with the Duke and lamenting the fickleness of women. Ciboletta, meanwhile, is looking for Pappacoda to tell him of his appointment as the Duke's personal cook, a piece of news that dispels Pappacoda's wrath at Ciboletta's adventures with the Duke. Now they can marry. When Pappacoda goes to pay his respects to the Duke, Ciboletta reveals to the Duke that the young lady on whom he had been lavishing his attention was not Barbara but Caramello's sweetheart Annina. When the Duke finally catches up with Annina, he finds her telling the senators' wives all about her escapade with him. Fanfares announce the start of the grand Carnival procession, in which all sections of Venetian life are represented and, when it is over, the pigeons of St. Mark's flutter down into the square.

Delacqua has returned, distressed by the discovery that Barbara is not in Murano and, when she appears with Enrico, the young man reassures Delacqua with a story of how he has rescued his aunt Barbara from an impostor gondolier. The Duke is decidedly less interested in Barbara when he discovers that she has a nephew as big as Enrico, and he rewards Caramello for delivering him from a potentially awkward situation by making him his steward. Caramello and Annina can therefore join Pappacoda and Ciboletta in marrying, and the revelries are set fair to go on long into the night.

title: Eine Nacht in Venedig


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User:U07ch

Currently resident in England; previous resident of Iraq, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Scotland and others.

title: User:U07ch


text:
Talk:Euroa

Why move this to Euroa, Victoria? Are there many Euroas? Chameleon 12:31, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Euroa is a place name for Queensland and NSW as well as Vic (though not towns). It was agreed by concensus discussion on the Australian Wikipedians noticeboard that all Australian place names would be automatically disambiguated other than capital cities. That convention is recorded at Naming conventions (places). --AYArktos 02:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Removed a statement that in Euroa nothing much changed in the past couple of hundred years. For a locality that had its first white settlement post-1835, such a claim is a little bit exaggerated.Tonyob 23:49, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

The funiest joke to come from euroa is 'euroa the boat, I catcha the fish'.

title: Talk:Euroa


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Camp Lohikan

Camp Lohikan was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

There doesn't seem to be anything notable about this piece. It comes across more like folksy advertising than anything.
 * Lost VfD nomination. Keep. Cool Hand Luke  05:16, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Advertising. Delete. - Vague Rant 07:40, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, its a camp; the article is not a stub, and the information is easily verifiable. Posiduck 07:51, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I just performed some surgery on it to get rid of as much as advertising as I knew how. It may still just be an ad. Weak delete. — Bill 12:45, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising. --*drew 12:49, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. This needs to be rewritten for NPOV; smells of advertising. [[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 16:31, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak delete: It's advertising, and the granularity of covering for-profit entities like summer camps seems to me to be one step away from covering large car lots and particular stores.  Geogre 18:39, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence it's encyclopedic, just one camp of how many? Andrewa 21:07, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising. Indrian 20:38, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert for non-notable summer camp.   — Gwalla | Talk 23:18, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:30, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam. Delete unless rewritten. - Mike Rosoft 14:11, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User talk:U07ch

Wikinews demo up and running
Hi!

I'm writing to let you know that the Wikimedia Board of Trustees has approved the first stage of the Wikinews project. There's now a fully operational English demo site at demo.wikinews.org. This will be used for experimenting with various review models and basic policies before the site is launched officially in about a week. demo.wikinews.org will become the English version later. You voted for the Wikinews project, so I'm asking for your participation now. Everything is open, nothing is final. What Wikinews will and can be depends in large part on you. There already is a global Wikinews mailing list for discussing the project. If you are interested at all, please subscribe -- coordination is of key importance. There's also an IRC channel #wikinews on irc.freenode.net. Realtime discussion can help to polish up articles. If you're looking for something to do, check out the articles in development and articles in review. Or start a new story in the Wikinews workspace, or ignore the proposed review system - it's up to you. I hope you'll join us soon in this exciting experiment.--Eloquence* 01:59, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:U07ch


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Thierry Lincou

Thierry Lincou (born 2 April 1976, in La Réunion) is a retired professional squash player from France. He reached the World No. 1 ranking in January 2004. That year, Lincou won the World Open title, the Hong Kong Open and the Super Series Finals. He has been known as one of the greatest lateral movers in the game, as well as being one of the fittest players in the history of squash. His nickname, "titi", was founded by a former competitor, Amr Shabana. He called Thierry "titi-tight," because of his precision and tight shots.

Career overview
Lincou has enjoyed considerable success at the elite level of the game, rising steadily through the ranks since joining the professional squash circuit in 1994. He has beaten all of the world's top squash players including Peter Nicol, Jonathon Power, David Palmer, Lee Beachill, and many others. Lincou has been one of the most consistent players on the circuit – reaching the semi-finals of nine successive PSA events in 2003, and holding the World No. 1 ranking throughout 2005.

In 2003, Lincou was a member of the French team which finished runners-up to Australia at the World Team Squash Championships.

In 2004, he reached the PSA World Ranking Number 1 and became the first Frenchman to top the world rankings. In December, he won the 2004 World Open Squash Championship in Doha in Qatar against Lee Beachill 5–11, 11–2, 2–11, 12–10, 11–8. He became the first Frenchman to win the World Championship. In the same year, he won the Hong Kong Open against Nick Matthew in the final.

In 2006, he won 4 PSA World Tour titles including the Canary Wharf Squash Classic in London and the prestigious Pakistan Open in Islamabad.

He was runner-up of the prestigious British Open in 2006 against Nick Matthew and in 2007 against Grégory Gaultier.

He won 11 titles of the French Nationals and was one of only five players to have maintained themselves in the top 10 without interruption for 10 years at the PSA World Tour.

In October 2012, Thierry retired at the age of 36 after winning the Bluenose Squash Classic, the 23rd PSA World Tour title of his career.

He is currently coaching the Massachusetts Institute of Technology varsity squash team.

Singles performance timeline (since 1999)
To prevent confusion and double counting, information in this table is updated only once a tournament or the player's participation in the tournament has concluded.

Note: NA = Not Available

title: Thierry Lincou