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Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex

The Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex (CDSCC) is a satellite communication station, part of the Deep Space Network of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), located at Tidbinbilla in the Australian Capital Territory. Opened in 1965, the complex was used for tracking the Apollo Lunar Module, and along with its two sister stations at Goldstone, California and Madrid, Spain is now used for tracking and communicating with NASA's spacecraft, particularly interplanetary missions. Its DSS-43 antenna is the only antenna on Earth that can send commands to Voyager 2. It is managed in Australia by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation program (SCaN) at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Location
The complex is located in the Paddys River (a tributary of the Cotter River) valley, about 20 km from Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. The complex is part of the Deep Space Network run by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It is commonly referred to as the Tidbinbilla Deep Space Tracking Station and was officially opened on 19 March 1965 by then Prime Minister of Australia Sir Robert Menzies.

The station is separated from Canberra by the Murrumbidgee River and, more importantly, the Coolamon Ridge, Urambi Hills, and Bullen Range, which help shield the dishes from the city's radio frequency (RF) noise. Located nearby is the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve.

Management
The CSIRO manages most of NASA's activities in Australia.

In February 2010 CSIRO took over direct management of the site with the establishment of CASS (CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science). Previous to this CDSCC had been managed by external sub-contractor organisations, such as Raytheon Australia from 2003–2010; BAE Systems (formerly British Aerospace Australia) 1990–2003; AWA Electronic Services -1990.

History
During the mid 1960s NASA built three tracking stations in the Australian Capital Territory.

 * The Tidbinbilla Tracking Station (now known as CDSCC) was opened in 1965 and is the only NASA tracking station in Australia still in operation. During the Apollo program, Tidbinbilla was used for tracking the Apollo Lunar Module.
 * The Orroral Valley Tracking Station (-35.62861°N, 148.95578°W) was opened in May 1965 in what is now part of Namadgi National Park. Its role was orbiting satellite support, although it also supported the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. It was closed in 1985.
 * Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station (-35.58361°N, 148.97667°W) opened in 1967 and was built primarily to support the Apollo Moon missions, mainly communications with the Apollo Command Module. After the cancellation of the Apollo Project the station supported Skylab until its re-entry in 1979 when the station joined the Deep Space Network in support of the Viking and Voyager projects. 1981 saw the closure of the station and its 26 m antenna was moved to CDSCC to become known as Deep Space Station 46. After the antenna was removed the rest of the facility was dismantled and knocked down.  Its foundation, access road and parking area are all that remains of the facility.

Antennas
As of late 2016 the station has five large antennas, called Deep Space Stations (DSS), each identified by a number: DSS-34, DSS-35, DSS-36, DSS-43, and DSS-45. The CDSCC also uses the Parkes radio telescope in central New South Wales at busy times to receive data from spacecraft (then designated DSS-49). There has been ongoing construction since 2010 building additional 34 m beam waveguide antenna. Construction of DSS-35 began in July 2010. The station's collimation tower is located approximately 3 km to the north-west, on Black Hill.

Funding
CDSCC costs about A$20 million per year to run, and is funded by NASA.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zero Fox

Zero Fox
It's not in English. Translated, it's not notable -- it's some nickname for someone or another on some or another IRC. --jpgordon {gab} 03:01, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Yep, someone's nickname on IRC.  "Not notable" insults every non-notable school and movie ever listed. Geogre 05:12, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. jni 13:25, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Mark Burton (politician)

Richard Mark Burton (born 16 January 1956) is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the Labour Party, having served as Minister of Defence, Minister of Justice, Minister of Local Government, Minister in Charge of Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations, Deputy Leader of the House, and the Minister Responsible for the Law Commission in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand.

Early life
Burton was born in Northampton, England, but was brought to New Zealand by his family when ten years old. He attended high school in Wanganui, attending Wanganui Boys College and was in the year group ahead of future National MP Michael Laws. He has been involved in a wide range of social and community organisations, including the Red Cross, the Department of Social Welfare, the Central Plateau Rural Education Activities Programme, the Council of Social Services, the Taupō Employment Support Trust, and the Taupō Sexual Abuse Counselling Service. He received the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal for his work.

Member of Parliament
In the 1993 election, Burton stood as the Labour Party's candidate for Tongariro, an electorate in the central North Island, defeating Ian Peters. This later became the seat of Taupō, which Burton retained.

From 1996 to 1999, he served as his party's Senior Whip.

Cabinet minister
When the Labour Party won power in the 1999 election, Burton became part of the new Cabinet, assuming the roles of Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister of Defence, Minister for State-Owned Enterprises, Minister of Tourism, and Minister of Veterans' Affairs. In 2002, Internal Affairs and Veterans' Affairs were transferred to George Hawkins. In February 2005 he became the Minister of Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations, and dropped the State-Owned Enterprises portfolio.

In late 2004, with Jonathan Hunt set to retire from politics, Burton was regarded by many as the Labour Party's preferred choice to replace him as Speaker of the House of Representatives. In the end, however, Labour decided to nominate Margaret Wilson for the position.

Burton sponsored the introduction of the Electoral Finance Act, which made election funding more transparent and open by making anonymous donations illegal if they exceed the sum of $12,000. The Act capped the highest donation to the sum of $120,000 and increased public funding in elections to allow for more funding to go to a wider range of parties. The Act extended the regulated period classifying an election year to 1 January of the election year.

In November 2007 Burton resigned from his Cabinet positions during Prime Minister Helen Clark's portfolio renewal. When Labour's party list was written prior to the 2008 general election, he was given a low placing of 39. He then lost his seat in a nationwide swing to the National Party, and due to his place on the list, was not returned to parliament.

Burton stood unsuccessfully for Taupō District Mayor in the 2010 local body elections. After Darren Hughes resigned his list seat in 2011, and the next person on the Labour Party list, Judith Tizard, declined to take it up, Burton was entitled to reenter Parliament for the remainder of the term. However, he also declined the offer.

title: Mark Burton (politician)


text: User talk:203.53.201.11

title: User talk:203.53.201.11


text: User talk:66.198.196.9

title: User talk:66.198.196.9


text: File:Big Country - The Buffalo Skinners.jpg


text:
Thomas Rongen

Thomas Eddy Rongen (born 31 October 1956) is a Dutch-American football coach who has spent the majority of his playing and coaching career in the United States. In December 2016, he was named Chief Scout of the United States men's national soccer team. Rongen won the MLS Coach of the Year award in MLS's inaugural season in 1996, leading the Tampa Bay Mutiny to the best regular-season record. His stint managing the American Samoa national team was covered in the 2014 documentary Next Goal Wins, and the 2023 biographical comedy-drama also called Next Goal Wins.

Playing career
Rongen began his playing career with Amsterdamsche FC, with whom he played as defensive midfielder and defender from 1973 to 1979.

In 1979, Rongen moved to the United States, joining the Los Angeles Aztecs of the North American Soccer League. Rongen spent the entire 1979 season with the Aztecs. He then began the 1980 season in Los Angeles. On 12 July 1980, the Aztecs sold his contract to the Washington Diplomats. The team folded at the end of the season and Rongen moved to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers where he would remain for the next three seasons. In 1984, Joe Robbie, owner of the Strikers, moved the team to Minneapolis, Minnesota where it was renamed the Minnesota Strikers. Rongen moved with the team and spent the 1984 outdoor season there. The league collapsed at the end of the season.

The Strikers moved to the Major Indoor Soccer League for the 1984–1985 season. On 22 May 1985, Rongen joined the South Florida Sun of the United Soccer League. The league lasted six games, then collapsed. In October 1985, Rongen signed as a free agent with the Chicago Sting of MISL. At the end of the season, he moved to Florida to coach youth and high school soccer. In 1987, he played for the Houston Dynamos of the Lone Star Soccer Alliance. On 8 January 1988, he became the first player to sign with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the newly established American Soccer League. He continued to play for the Strikers until 1993.

Coaching career
Rongen began his coaching career as an assistant with the Pope John Paul II High School boys' team in 1984. On 27 June 1986, he was named as head coach. During his tenure coaching PJPII, he took the team to a 32–6–5 record and he was a two time Sun-Sentinel Coach of the Year. He resigned from his position on 16 May 1988. He also coached with the Plantation Eagles Soccer Club. This led to his selection as coach of the Florida U-23 soccer team which defeated the United States national team with goals from Zen Luzniak and Henry Gutierrez in an 8 March 1987 scrimmage. Rongen also served as an assistant with the Nova Southeastern University men's soccer team. In August 1988, he was hired to coach the South Plantation High School boys' team.

On 8 February 1989, he replaced Wim Suurbier as head coach of the Strikers. He took the Strikers to the 1989 ASL title and then skippered the team to a victory over the San Diego Nomads in the national championship game. He was the 1990 APSL Coach of the Year. In August 1994, he resigned as head coach. In November 1990, he replaced Hal Henderson as head coach of Nova Southeastern University. He coached the team for five seasons, compiling a 50–35–8 record.

Major League Soccer
Rongen was one of the inaugural coaches in MLS, coaching the Tampa Bay Mutiny in their first season in 1996, with whom he won the MLS regular season, and also won MLS Coach of the Year Award. After a year with the Mutiny, Rongen moved to the New England Revolution, which he coached in 1997 and 1998. After the Revolution, Rongen succeeded Bruce Arena as the head coach of D.C. United, which he led to the Supporters' Shield and MLS Cup titles in 1999. However, Rongen lost his job with United in 2001, and was replaced with Ray Hudson.

National teams
Upon leaving United, Rongen was appointed head coach of the United States men's U20 national team, which he coached from 2001 to his appointment as head coach of Chivas USA for the team's inaugural season in 2005. However, ten games into the season, with the team's record standing at one win, one tie, and eight losses, he was let go of his head coaching duties.

Rongen was appointed head coach of the United States men's U20 national team again in 2006 and led the team to the 2007 and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cups. He was fired from that position in May 2011 after the team failed to qualify for the 2011 U-20 World Cup.

American Samoa rebirth
In 2011, Rongen became the head coach of American Samoa. With Rongen at the helm, and after three weeks training them both physically and inspirationally, American Samoa registered its second ever victory on 22 November 2011, against Tonga, in the 2014 World Cup qualification. Under Rongen, American Samoa reached 173rd in the FIFA World Rankings. His work with the American Samoa team is at the center of the 2014 British documentary, Next Goal Wins and the film of the same name, starring Michael Fassbender as Rongen.

MLS and NASL
Rongen became director of TFC Academy prior to the 2012 season, joining countrymen Aron Winter and Bob de Klerk at Toronto FC.

He was named head coach of the Tampa Bay Rowdies in December 2014. Rongen was fired along with General Manager and President, Farrukh Quraishi on 21 August 2015.

In late 2016, Rongen was hired by Bruce Arena as the head international scout for the United States national team program.

Commentator jobs
Currently he is a sports commentator for CBS Sports and beIN Sports.

Personal life
Rongen married Gail Megaloudis in 1996. He is stepfather to Gail's children with Nicky Megaloudis, Nicole and Chris. In 2004, Nicole died in a single car accident on I-64 West in Goochland County, Virginia, aged 19. Rongen wore his stepdaughter's baseball cap during American Samoa's win over Tonga, as shown in Next Goal Wins.

Honours
Fort Lauderdale Strikers
 * American Soccer League: 1989

Tampa Bay Mutiny
 * Supporters' Shield: 1996

D.C. United
 * MLS Cup: 1999
 * Supporters' Shield: 1999

United States U20
 * CONCACAF Under-20 Championship: 2009

Individual
 * American Professional Soccer League Coach of the Year: 1990
 * MLS Coach of the Year Award: 1996

title: Thomas Rongen


text: User talk:68.252.46.246

title: User talk:68.252.46.246


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Talk:Parasite Eve II

Clean-up
Sept 1, 2006 - This article needs some serious spelling/grammar checking....74.105.146.115 00:34, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

from VfD:

Tis an excerpt from Parasite Eve. Redirect, no need to merge. --Valmi[[User_talk:Valmi| ✒]] 03:11, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, redirect. Next time, you could just do this yourself. --Twinxor 03:16, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Aow, now that you mention it... I guess it's too late now, sorry. ;-) --Valmi[[User_talk:Valmi| ✒]] 05:14, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. I can see why Valmi listed, though, because there is, effectively, a blanking of the page to make it an empty redirect.  I.e. no merge is involved, so there's sort of a delete.  This "article" looks like something that escaped from GameSpot, though.  Geogre 05:14, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The point is that that action would be easily reversed by anyone at any time, so it doesn't require consensus. Actual deletion is more permanent, so consensus is required. —Rory ☺ 15:21, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

 * I did some cleanup and I made a lot of links. I am not sure I did a complete job though so could someone finish? I did enough to remove clean-up tag, though. -84.169.248.87 16:46, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Ow
I just read through this and it looks like a twelve year-old wrote it. I'm not a great user of grammar either, but can someone PLEASE fix this? I read it and had almost no idea what was being said. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.154.212.92 (talk • contribs) 22:00, September 9, 2006

 * The spelling is generally ok but the grammar is horrible (making the article almost unintelligible). If no-one minds, I'll have a go at a re-write...? 136.8.152.13 13:50, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

I went ahead and rewrote the first 7 paragraphs - unfortunately I am writing from memory about a game I played many years ago, and with only the existing text to go on I can't be sure about the editing from this point on! Anyone else like to take on the rest? EyeSerene 18:38, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Addendum to the above: I changed my mind and did the rest as well, taking the story from the somewhat garbled text and memory. If anything needs changing where I've got the details wrong, please go ahead! EyeSerene 10:39, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Finally finished the edit, added the Reaction section & a few links, although the article could still do with some pictures (I couldn't find any that conform to Licensing policy).EyeSerene 17:57, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Army?
I saw a sentance towards the end that says 'But the Army shows up with lots of guns, helicopters' etc. Asside from the obvious, if I am to remember correctly it was the Marines that show up, not the Army. I'll go give this an edit.

Apologies
Maybe i`m overreacting or taking it personal but i want to say i`m sorry for the bad grammar in the article, i`m mexican, english is not my natural lenguaje, i do what i can Zidane tribal 22:05, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Plot Summary Rewrite
Have taken on the task of rewriting the plot summary to comply with MoS.  Jelli ♥ Babi  S'up 10:21, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Plot summary rewritten! :D  Jelli ♥ Babi  S'up 12:07, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Parasite Eve II


text: User talk:202.90.128.28

title: User talk:202.90.128.28


text:
Category:Provinces of Spain

The Provinces of Spain are the second tier subdivisions of Spain.

 * 1st tier: Autonomous communities
 * 2nd tier: Provinces
 * 3rd tier: Comarcas
 * 4th tier: Municipios (municipalities)

title: Category:Provinces of Spain


text:
Antonio Nariño

Antonio Amador José de Nariño y Álvarez del Casal (Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia April 9, 1765 – Villa de Leyva, Colombia December 13, 1823), was a Colombian ideological precursor of the independence movement in New Granada (present day Colombia) as well as one of its early political and military leaders.

Early life
Nariño was born to an aristocratic family. He was the third son of Vicente Nariño y Vásquez, a Spaniard from Galicia, and Catalina Álvarez. His father had moved to New Granada in 1751 as Official Royal Accountant of New Granada, headed the first gunpowder factory in Santafé (modern-day Bogotá), and was later promoted to Major Accountant, an important role that he played up to his death in 1778. Nariño's mother was the sister of Manuel Álvarez del Casal, one of the attorneys of the Royal Audience. Nariño and his numerous siblings grew up surrounded by books. Details about his early life are scarce, but apparently he studied in the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, a well-known Jesuit school in Bogotá, which had been founded in 1604. Nariño married Magdalena Ortega y Mesa in 1785, with whom he had six children. By then, he was already a merchant and proactively involved in politics. In 1789, he was appointed ordinary major of Santafé, as well as General Treasurer of Tithes. By 1793, he had opened his own print shop, and had obtained a license from the government to be allowed to print, which would later bring him trouble.

Early political activity
Nariño was intellectually curious and admired the political ideologies of the leaders of the French and American Revolutions. In his impressive library there was a portrait of Benjamin Franklin above the mantle. In his youth, Nariño was a strong influence among the progressive young people of Bogotá, Colombia, hosting secret political gatherings that he called "The Sanctuary," where the need for independence and the means of achieving it were discussed. Attendees included later notables Pedro Fermín de Vargas, José Antonio Ricaurte, Luis de Rieux, Manuel Torres and Francisco Antonio Zea. Nariño was one of the most outspoken and articulate participants at these meetings, and was widely respected by his fellow revolutionaries.

In 1794, Nariño procured a copy of the "Declaration of the Rights of Man", which was being distributed by the French Assembly. He translated the Declaration of the Rights of Man from its original French into Spanish and printed several copies from his own private press. He then circulated these translated pamphlets among his politically like-minded friends. Copies of the pamphlet were distributed to all corners of the continent and created a stirring in the political mentalities of the time. The government soon discovered the material, and any copy that was found was burned. Nariño was arrested on August 29, 1794, as were many of the fellow attendees of his Sanctuary meetings, and underwent trials during the rest of the year and the next one. His attorney, José Antonio Ricaurte, was arrested as well, so no other lawyer wanted to defend his case, and he and his followers were sentenced to ten years of imprisonment in Africa for his leading role in the political group and was exiled from South America. In addition to this, all his property was confiscated. Nariño had previously worked as a tithe collector (Recaudador de diezmos) and was also accused of fraud resulting from this activity.

Nariño managed to escape in Cádiz, however, and then fled to Paris in 1795, where he devoted himself to the study of the French Revolution and its aftermath. This convinced him of the idea that centralized government was a superior form of government. After spending some time in France, Nariño went to England to look for economic and military support from the British but when he was denied it, he decided to return to Santafé (modern-day Bogotá). He traveled in disguise, but eventually he found himself forced to surrender to the authorities, on July 19, 1797. In prison he contracted tuberculosis. He was finally released in 1803, due to his health, and he recovered little by little.

By 1809, however, following the unrest all around the colonies over the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, many people started to meet clandestinely to discuss independence. Some of these conspirators, among them the priest Andrés Rosillo y Meruelo, started discussing a coup to overthrow the government and establish a republic in its stead, and the name of Nariño started circulating. Hearing of said rumors, viceroy Amar y Borbón decided to crush the rebellion before it started, and Nariño found himself arrested yet again when insurrections started to break all over the American colonies. He was moved to the prison in Cartagena de Indias, although he managed to escape briefly, only to be captured again on December 20, 1809, in Santa Marta. Nariño remained imprisoned in Cartagena, and was about to be sent to Puerto Rico, but he was freed in June 1810, following the city's declaration of independence. Following his release from prison, he had to wait for a few months in Cartagena before returning to his family. In December, 1810, Nariño returned to Santafé, and became deeply involved in the creation of a sovereign state, independent from Spain.

The Aftermath of the Declaration of Independence and The Foolish Fatherland
Following the formation of Juntas all over the country, profound divisions became evident when trying to determine what type of government should be placed instead of the Spanish crown. In particular, disagreements on whether there should be a single state in the place of the old New Kingdom of Granada or whether the provinces should become autonomous and independent states became a matter of heated debate. The provinces, led by the province of Cartagena, called for a federal solution that gave them equal rights, and were not willing to submit to authorities sent from the capital just like they had submitted to Spanish authorities in the past. In contrast, the province of Cundinamarca, which held the former viceroyal capital, Santafé, was the richest and most populous province, and assumed that it would inherit the authority of the old regime, its leaders fearing the loss of power and privileges that would come with a federalist government. When the Cartagena junta called for a separate General Conference in Medellín, where each province would be represented in proportion to their populations, the Supreme Junta of Santafé decided to counter by inviting each province to send a delegate to form an interim government while a general congress was summoned to establish a Constitutional Assembly for the whole New Granada.

Nariño returned to Santafé just on time to participate in the organization of the Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada, being appointed secretary. The congress was irregular from the start, as it was formed by delegates from barely a handful of provinces (Santa Fe, Socorro, Neiva, Pamplona, Nóvita, and Mariquita), and was deeply divided on whether the cities of Mompós (by then part of the Cartagena province) and Sogamoso, which had sent delegates, should be considered provinces. In the congress, held between December 22, 1810, and February 2, 1811, Nariño was the leader of a push to establish the Congress permanently in Santafé, a proposal that was rejected by the provinces, which saw in this a push for deferral to Santafé, Following profound disagreements, the Congress was dissolved barely more than a month later, when the members stopped attending the sessions. As provinces were already busy establishing their own autonomous governments, under the lead of Jorge Tadeo Lozano, the Junta Suprema in Santafé called for a constitutional assembly for the province. In March, 1811, the province convened a "Constituent Electoral College of the State of Cundinamarca," which promulgated a constitution the following month declaring the creation of the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca, with Lozano as president. This constitution followed the model of the Constitution of the United States, and established Cundinamarca as a Catholic and constitutional monarchy, under the absent Ferdinand VII (it would only declare full independence from Spain in August 1813).

While the constitution was mostly federalist, centralist ideas were evident in its writing, and it provided for the eventual annexation of other provinces which would then have to obey the provincial constitution. Nariño, who was recently widowed, was appointed as mayor of the city of Santafé on August 30, 1811, and being a fervent centralist, started pushing for a strong centralist position from the newspaper he created, La Bagatela (or The Triffle), which he started publishing on July 14, 1811. In La Bagatela, Nariño became a ruthless critic of Lozano, whom he accused of indecisiveness. The aggressive criticisms by Nariño and his followers led to a riot in the city on September 19, 1811, following which president Lozano and his vice president were forced to resign. Fearful of popular rioting, the legislature elected Nariño as president and conceded to his demands, which increased the influence of the executive power.

The "Congress of the United Provinces," meanwhile, had started meeting again. In spite of Cundinamarca's opposition, the Congress finally achieved an agreement and delivered the Act of Federation of the United Provinces of New Granada on November 27, 1811, a heavily federalist act. The act provided a lot of autonomy to each province, and an extremely weak president who would be subordinate to the congress. This only made the differences between centralist and federalist ideas even stronger. Nariño and his followers became ardent opponents to federalism and to the congress, and were convinced that the economic and political power of Cundinamarca would allow the province to dominate and unify New Granada. Nariño convened an assembly to revise the constitution of the state and make it even more centralist, and then decided to annex the surrounding provinces of Tunja, Socorro, Pamplona, Mariquita, and Neiva, but was mostly unsuccessful on both enterprises. Nevertheless, the relentless hostility and harassment from Nariño's partisans pushed the members of the Congress to leave Santafé and to escape, first to Leyva and finally to Tunja. This would be the start of the period in the history of the recently founded country that would later be called "the Foolish Fatherland."

Soon, the Cundinamarca province became embroiled in civil war against other provinces, particularly Tunja, where the Congress had settled. Nariño ordered General Antonio Baraya to defeat the federalist leaders in Tunja, but Baraya decided to switch sides and support the federalist forces, and many important leaders like Santander and Caldas joined him. Baraya, and the rebels with him, signed an act that declared Nariño an usurper and a tyrant, and pledged loyalty to the Congress. Nariño used the opportunity to request extraordinary powers from the legislature of Cundinamarca, which allowed him to be appointed as a dictator. On November 26, 1812, Nariño left with his army to conquer Tunja. On December 2, 1812, his army faced a federalist army commanded by Antonio Ricaurte and Atanasio Girardot in the Battle of Ventaquemada, and was soundly defeated, having to retreat back to Santafé. The federalist troops, however, only started pursuing them more than a week later.

Following this defeat, and the subsequent declaration of independence from the Province of Socorro, Nariño resigned as soon as he arrived to the city, but not finding a suitable replacement, he was reinstalled as dictator. Nariño then prepared to defend the city, which was put under siege by the Congress' army on December 24, 1812. Nevertheless, on January 9, 1813, in the Battle of San Victorino, Nariño's troops proved superior and the federalist armies were completely defeated. In June 1813, he was appointed dictator for life, and the following month, the Republic of Cundinamarca finally declared independence from the Spanish Monarchy.

Southern campaign
In July 1813, General Nariño began an intensive military campaign against the Spanish and Royalist forces in the south of the country, intending to reach Pasto and eventually Quito. Nariño's forces, known as the 'Army of the South,' and numbering between 1.500 and 2.000 men, managed to capture Popayán in January 1814 after defeating the Royalist forces in the area in a series of initially successful battles.

After stopping to reorganize the city's government and his own forces, he pressed on towards Pasto. Historians have speculated that, had he not stopped at Popayán but actually decisively pursued the fleeing Royalist army, he might have been able to successfully capture a relatively undefended Pasto.

As things went, however, the constant raids by Royalist guerrillas, the harshness of the terrain, the lack of promised reinforcements from Antioquia, and the delays in bringing up his army's artillery contributed to weakening the morale of many of the troops under Nariño's command, when they had practically reached the gates of Pasto. On May 10, 1814, in the Battle of the Ejidos (Commons) of Pasto, the royalist army led by Melchior Aymerich attacked Nariño's army. After being wounded during combat, a false rumor of his death was spread, and most of the remaining soldiers scattered, only some 400 returning to Popayán. Waiting for reinforcements, Nariño decided to send his officers back to Popayán while he harangued his few remaining troops. Nariño was left practically alone in the battlefield, and attempted to hide in the surrounding mountains, but finally surrendered himself when Royalist scouts found him, hungry and exhausted, on May 14. He had hoped he would be able to negotiate an armistice. He was taken into Pasto in May 1814, and then sent to the Royal prison at Cádiz via Quito on July 15, 1815. From there, he was sent to Lima, where he was taken by ship to Cádiz, arriving on the first weeks of March, 1816. Nariño would remain a prisoner in Cádiz for the next four years.

Later years
Nariño was freed from imprisonment in 1821, following the revolt of Rafael del Riego, and returned to his home country, Colombia, now independent from Spain after the republican victory at the Battle of Boyacá.

Nariño was one of the candidates for election to the presidency of Gran Colombia in 1821, which he lost to Simón Bolívar by the significant margin of 50 to 6 votes in the Congress held at Cúcuta, finishing second. He also lost the election for vice president, with Francisco de Paula Santander (a former federalist soldier) eventually defeated by a 38 to 19 vote margin after several heated rounds of voting. Santander and others had been victorious in battle, while Nariño was not, and his popularity had been severely affected. This is also the year where a constituent assembly met in Cúcuta to draft a constitution for the new state.

Nariño returned to Santafé, now officially called Bogotá, in 1821, defeated politically and in poor health, following the many years of struggles and imprisonment. He was appointed military commander, a nominal charge without effective power. By then, he had lost the popularity he had enjoyed in the city during the Foolish Fatherland times. As he had done before with La Bagatela, he decided to create a newspaper: "Los Toros de Fucha" (The Bulls from Fucha), to publish his opposition against Santander and his government, but unlike Lozano, Santander was far from weak, and Nariño instead of returning to power came to be interrogated by Santander. His enemies did not want him to be in power because of his origin from Cundinamarca. According to his biographers (arguably partisans), to make sure he did not get elected they accused him of malfeasance of public funds, cowardice, and treason, but Nariño managed to defend himself. Tired and ill with tuberculosis, he decided to quit his public roles and move to Villa de Leyva. Nariño died there on December 13, 1823, having become a national hero of Colombia.

Legacy
While playing a minor role in the independence war against Spain, Nariño was widely acknowledged at his time and afterwards as a precursor of separatist ideas. He is mentioned in the last stanza of the Colombian national anthem. At the foot of his memorial statue in Bogotá he is quoted: "I have loved my country; only History will say what this love has been."

The presidential palace of the Republic of Colombia, Casa de Nariño or Palacio de Nariño, was constructed at the site of his birthplace and named in his honor.

The department of Nariño was also named in his honor.

Nariño's face has appeared in the $10 and $100 Colombian peso banknotes.

title: Antonio Nariño


text:
Talk:Therapy dog

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Possible New References to be Added
1. Cole, K.M., & Gawlinksi, A., & Steers, N., & Kotlerman, J. (2002). Animal-assisted therapy in patients hospitalized with heart failure. American Journal of Critical Care, 16(6). Retrieved from http://ajcc.aacnjournals.org/content/16/6/575.full

2. Morrison, M.L. (2007). Health benefits of animal-assisted interventions. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine, 12(1),51-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210107302397

3. Solomon, O. (2010). What a dog can do: Children with autism and therapy dogs in social interaction. Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, 38(1),143-166.

4. Richeson, N.E. (2003). Effects of animal-assisted therapy on agitated behaviors and social interactions of older adults with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 18(6),353-358. https://doi.org/10.1177/153331750301800610

5. Ward-Griffin, E., & Klaiber, P., & Collins, H.K., & Owns, R.L., & Coren, S., & Chen, F.S. (2018). Petting away pre-exam stress: The effect of therapy dog sessions on student well-being. Stress & Health. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2804

6. Hosey, M.M., & Jaskulsi, J., & Wegener, S.T., & Chlan, L.L., & Needham, D.M. (2018). Animal-assisted intervention in the ICU: A tool for humanization. Critcal Care. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-1946-8

7. Schuck, S.E.B., & Emmerson, N.A., & Abdullah, M.M., & Fine, A.H., & Stehli, A., & Lakes, K.D. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of traditional psychosocial and canine-assisted interventions for children with ADHD. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin, 6(1). Retrieved from https://www.apa-hai.org/human-animal-interaction/haib/a-randomized-controlled-trial-of-traditional-psychosocial-and-canine-assisted-interventions-for-children-with-adhd/

8. Silva, N. B., & Osorio, F.L. (2018). Impact of an animal-assisted therapy programme on physiological and psychosocial variables of paediatric oncology patients. PLoS ONE, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194731

9. Fiocco, A.J., & Hunse, A.M. (2017). The buffer effect of therapy dog exposure on stress reactivity in undergraduate students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7),707. doi:10.3390/ijerph14070707

10. Davis, R. (2018). A 4-legged approach to clinical education and research. The ASHA Leader, 23,32-33. doi:10.1044/leader.AE.23052018.32

LKnightED690 (talk) 05:43, 30 July 2018 (UTC)

Enjoyed the Nat'l Geographic Article
Good addition, Elf. Josie and I just recently got therapy dog certified. We've visited hospitals one evening a week the last three weeks. The "magic" the dogs work on patients is immediately evident.Wcrowe 03:14, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Good for you! I got 2 of my dogs tested and one passed and the other was "great BUT you need to work on him jumping on people first." Duh. He didn't jump much and wasn't rough about it, but of course that's too much for therapy dogs. At the time, he was 7 and my older guy was about to turn 9 and I just let it slide and didn't go back for training...  Now I have a wild & crazy young dog who's not at all suitable for therapy, and my older guy is almost 13 (jeez, hard to believe it was that long ago!) and I'll have to wait for another life or a different dog to try again, if I can tear myself away from agility long enough.  Elf | Talk 05:04, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Probable Incorrect Information
A recent change to the article states that an ADA certified therapy dog can legally accompany an owner anywhere. I believe this information is erroneous for two reasons: First, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is the law, not a certifying organization. To my knowledge, there is no such thing as an "ADA-certified" dog. Secondly, my research indicates that therapy dogs cannot fit the category of service animals, despite what they may be called by certain people or groups. Here is an excerpt of a transcript of a webcast sponsored by the Disability Law Resource Project at the Independent Living Research Utilization staff at The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research affiliated with the Baylor College of Medicine. The person speaking is Sally Conway of the U.S. Dept. of Justice.
 * I think part of the problem is that we have so many different labels and descriptions for animals that may in fact be service animals and somebody else using that same term for a different animal that may not be a service animal. Generally speaking, if we're talking about therapy, comfort, emotional support animals -- and I think those typically are used interchangeably.  Those are not going to be service animals under the ADA because they haven't been trained to -- remember that three-part -- that definition, they haven't been trained to do work or perform a task for the benefit of an individual with a disability.  Typically, comfort, emotional support animals by their very presence certainly performs a valuable service, but it's an innate ability. It's their mere presence.  It doesn't reach the level of having been trained to do work or perform tasks.  So if I am -- if I am using those terms sort of -- I hope that I'm using them correctly.  They would not be covered.  And, again, we would look at not necessarily what the animal is called because different people call different animals different things, we look at what service it performs on behalf of that individual with a disability.  I mean, and I know that there are issues of companion animals and I'm not really sure what a companion animal is.  Again, the bottom line is what does that animal do for that individual with a disability?  If the presence of the animal -- the mere presence performs -- you know, it meets the need of that individual with a disability, I think it's absolutely critical and it's wonderful, but as we talk about the definition as of today, that is not a service animal under the ADA.

So the problem arises because some people use the term "therapy dog" to describe a comfort or companion animal. Such animals are not true therapy dogs. Therefore, I think the recent additional text referring to ADA-certified therapy dogs should be deleted.The Dogfather 18:14, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm guessing that you're right about that, but I have no info one way or t'other. Perhaps the original poster has more clarifying info? If not forthcoming shortly, the info shd probably be removed based on this info.  Elf | Talk 22:03, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, the ADA simply states "Service animals are defined as dogs that are individually trained to do work or perform tasks for people with disabilities. Examples of such work or tasks include guiding people who are blind, alerting people who are deaf, pulling a wheelchair, alerting and protecting a person who is having a seizure, reminding a person with mental illness to take prescribed medications, calming a person with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) during an anxiety attack, or performing other duties. Service animals are working animals, not pets. The work or task a dog has been trained to provide must be directly related to the person’s disability. Dogs whose sole function is to provide comfort or emotional support do not qualify as service animals under the ADA." This being the case any doctor treating someone for PTSD can write a prescription stating that the persons pet is a certified PTSD service dog. I've seen it done.voiceofreason 18:06, 9 September 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mcgyver2k (talk • contribs)

 * I think the ADA needs to offer clearer definitions. It appears that some therapy dogs are service dogs, and some are not. This situation only confuses the public.  In the situation Mcgyver2k describes, a physician writing a script stating that a pet is a certified PTSD dog, it is a disaster waiting to happen.  This is because many personal pets have no business being in public places. I'll let the edit stand for now, but you should provide a better citation for the article than "I've seen it done."The Dogfather (talk) 15:30, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree that the ADA should clear this up. What they have done is open the barn door for anyone and everyone to simply get their doctor to write a prescription stating that the persons pet is somehow magically transformed into a service animal. Abuse of the system will be even more rampant now. Not sure if you were tracking the Vietnam Veteran with PTSD who threw a fit the other day on U.S. Airlines and got kicked off the plane but it sounds like he is a classic example of this. As for providing a 'better' citation, I provided one to the actual definitive source (ADA website) so not quite sure what you are looking for. As for you "letting the edit stand" I was unaware that you owned either Wikipedia or this page. I guess I should bow wow down to you (pun intended).208.79.15.49 (talk) 19:13, 10 September 2013 (UTC)

 * We're all editors here, and all have the ability to remove sections that are unreferenced. Lots of eyes on the articles produces quality -- at least that's the theory at Wikipedia.  If you follow the history back you will see that I created this article nine years ago, so yes I do feel a certain responsibility towards its content and quality, and I watch it closely.  The citation you provided simply quoted the ADA rules, which say nothing about certified therapy dogs being classified as service dogs.  You really should have a citation that confirms that.The Dogfather (talk) 13:56, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I understand your intent but I think your execution could have possibly been a bit less confrontational. You are correct that you could simply edit my comment out but I could simply put it back and we could do that daily. Probably would do much more harm than good though and I hope you'd agree on that. My whole point was that one person stated that a dog that simply provides emotional support doesn't qualify it as a "service animal" is incorrect according to the ADA definition. Therefore, legally and technically, that person is wrong. Do I agree with that statement "that it's not really a service animal"? Yes I do but I am not the "authority", the ADA is. I see a huge loophole that can be, and is being, exploited by people that will have the end result of bringing discredit to the service animal community. Due to the ambiguous wording of the ADA rule anyone can simply claim to have a disability without even stating what the disability is and claim that their dog is a "service animal" and that's the end of it. No need to prove you have any disability or that the animal is officially trained as "certification" is not even required. In that scope, people with PTSD (or that simply want to take their animal places others can't) can and are exploiting the loophole. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mcgyver2k (talk • contribs) 07:01, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

Removed Wiki Blather
I removed the request for citations. It's been there a while, and I think the article has enough relevant citations. I also removed the "Worldwide View" warning. I hate it when such notices get placed in an article without any apparent cause, suggestions, or discussion. The article now specifies the United States. Are therapy dogs considered service dogs in other countries? Not to my knowledge. It's asinine to invent controversy where none exists. The Dogfather (talk) 13:54, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Further Edits
I removed much of the detail about Smoky. There is now an article dedicated to Smoky, so no need to repeat all of that information. It should be enough to mention Smoky and link to that article. There were a number of redundant edits which had sneaked in. For example, the article starts out saying that therapy dogs provide comfort, but someone felt it necessary to add that a second time only a couple of sentences later. The Dogfather (talk) 13:54, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Rewrite of Benefits moved for discussion/salvage
I removed the rewrite below. The sources look rather questionable and biased given that WP:MEDRS should apply. I'm hoping the sources used might actually be based upon more reliable sources that we could use. --Ronz (talk) 19:18, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Benefits
Research has shown many benefits with people of all ages interacting with therapy dogs. The results from the studies have only been positive. Before research was even conducted, dogs were used as a “therapeutic adjunct tool” by Sigmund Freud and Boris Levinson accidently. When Freud had his Chow during sessions, he noticed that his dog “provid[ed] his patients with feelings of security and acceptance, and facilitated their analyses.” Levison’s dog, Jingles, helped him build a rapport with a child. “Levinson’s efforts stimulated research into the mental and physical health effects…in therapeutic interactions…”. “Therapy dogs have healing powers that improve physical and emotional health of those whom they visit" . Physical improvements include slower breathing rate, reduction of pain, and lower heart rate . When people are visited by the dogs, their stress and anxiety decreases, their moods are happier, no longer angry or frustrated . Therapy dogs are beneficial for “stress management assistance during disasters,” for example 9/11.  Research has shown that the mental and physical improvements are caused by biochemical and neurochemicals effects, for example the hormone oxytocin. Oxtocin increases when people pet dogs, therefore, heart rate, stress, and blood pressure, are lowered (Dogs Decoded: Nova 2010). B-endorphin, prolactin, and dopamine, also increase (Linder).  In some primary schools in Switzerland, a dog is allowed and used in the classroom. A therapist takes the children who are very shy or hyperactive. The dog makes them feel that “they are the best” and do not see them as “outsiders.” Studies have shown with a dog in the classroom, students’ stress and anxiety reduces and they can enjoy learning better. Researchers say that children should be able to stroke or pet the dog before or during tests.

In addition, the dogs “increase socialization and decrease loneliness elders in living in long-term care facilities.”Also they help “agitation and aggressive behaviors” for dementia and Alzheimer’s patients. Therapy dogs are also helping “to stimulate the congnitive, emotional, and social growth of children who are on the autistic spectrum…. [A]n intervention with a dog can interrupt the repetitive, non-interactive behaviors that these children demonstrate”.

Therapy dogs also encourage children to read. The children do not feel judgmental, make them feel better about themselves, and can read easier because they are relaxed and comfortable.

Potential reference

 * Studying for Exams Just Got More Relaxing—Animal-Assisted Activities at the University of Connecticut Library College & Undergraduate Libraries (October 2011), 18 (4), pg. 359-367. Jo Ann Reynolds; Laurel Rabschutz --Ronz (talk) 18:52, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Removal of others work
If you don't agree with someones submission the proper thing to do would be to either edit it (not delete the entire section) or post a message in the "talk" section about it. This would especially be true if most of what they post is verifiable fact and properly cited. The whole point of Wikipedia is that it belongs to everyone and nobody "owns" the information or personally controls what gets "allowed". Follow the Wiki rules.voiceofreason 05:23, 15 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mcgyver2k (talk • contribs)

 * I have just waded into this but I feel I would agree with the deletion - but perhaps for a different reason. The introduced section is about Service dogs and belongs on that article.__DrChrissy (talk) 18:09, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I"ll let DrChrissy explain further, but per WP:BRD, you can boldly edit wikipedia, and someone else can come along and edit your work. Your addition was not neutrally phrased and needs some work.  It might be reasonable to have a section, for example, that clarifies the difference between a therapy dog and a "service dog."  But WP:NPOV trumps all.  You can discuss a controversy to explain each side, but The tone of this "ZOMG FRAUDULENT USE OF THERA{Y DAWGS" material would not be appropriate for either article, it's a rant.   Montanabw (talk) 18:49, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

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Characteristics of therapy dogs
A good topic to add to this article would be what the characteristics of a good therapy dog, how the dog is trained in general and also talk about the different disorders and disabilities therapy dogs can help with. talk about how therapy dogs can be bought to have as a pet in your house to help whoever needs help. (Awolf6 (talk) 17:00, 26 November 2018 (UTC)).
 * We'd need clearly independent sources for that to avoid promotion. WP:MEDRS applies if we try to state what they can help with and how. --Ronz (talk) 17:35, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

combining topics
I feel as if the "breed" section is very minor and should not have it's on section. I think it could easily be put in with either description or classification.Emilie.mcbrayer (talk) 16:43, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree. I went ahead and merged the "breed" section into the description. I removed some minor material in the process (feel free to re-add that fluff if you feel it's important, but it seemed like non-encyclopedic content to me). ParticipantObserver (talk) 19:31, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Adding difference between therapy and service dogs
I am editing this page for a class and I think it would be important to add a section for the difference between therapy and service dogs. I am not sure about it though but I also don't know where the best place to put it would be... thoughts? Emilie.mcbrayer (talk) 15:45, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Grief therapy dog into Therapy dog
These seem like overlapping topics, and the therapy dog article is short enough that Grief therapy dog could easily be incorporated without making the article too long. Ost (talk) 22:53, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. ParticipantObserver (talk) 09:07, 29 July 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 06:45, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Therapy dog


text:
E. Gordon Gee

Elwood Gordon Gee (born February 2, 1944) is an American academic administrator. As of 2023, he is serving his second term as president of West Virginia University; his first term there was from 1981 to 1985. Gee is said to have held more university presidencies than any other American. He was head of University of Colorado Boulder from 1985 to 1990, of Ohio State University from 1990 to 1997, of Brown University from 1998 to 2000, of Vanderbilt University from 2000 to 2007, and of Ohio State University for a second time from 2007 to 2013.

Gee stepped down from the Ohio State presidency in 2013 after controversies about anti-Catholic comments allegedly made in jest about the University of Notre Dame. He headed an Ohio State-based think tank before returning to West Virginia University.

Early life, education, and early career
Gee was born in Vernal, Utah which is southeast of Salt Lake City, the son of an oil company employee and a school teacher. Growing up a Mormon in Vernal, he served a mission in Germany and Italy. He is an Eagle Scout and a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. He attended the University of Utah and graduated with a B.A. in history in 1968. After earning a J.D. from Columbia Law School in 1971 and an Ed.D. from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1972, Gee was named a judicial fellow and staff assistant to the Supreme Court for one year.

After clerking for Chief Justice Warren Burger, Gee accepted a position as professor and associate dean at Brigham Young University. He became dean and professor at West Virginia University's law school in 1979, and president of the university two years later. As president of a university at age 37, he was one of the youngest chief executives in academia at the time.

Brown University
Gee was president of Brown for only two years, and his tenure was mired in controversy. According to The Village Voice and The College Hill Independent, one of the university's campus newspapers, Gee was criticized by students and faculty for treating the school like a Wall Street corporation rather than an Ivy League university.

Critics pointed to his decisions to sign off on an ambitious brain science program without consulting the faculty, to sell $80 million in bonds for the construction of a biomedical sciences building, and to cut the university's extremely popular Charleston String Quartet, which many saw as part of Gee's effort to lead the school away from its close but unprofitable relationship with the arts.

Gee left under a storm of criticism in 2000, as members of the Brown community widely accused him of departing from the school after an uncommonly short tenure because of Vanderbilt University's offer of a corporate-level salary and a tenured teaching position for his wife. According to a 2003 article by The Chronicle of Higher Education, Gee was the second highest paid university chief executive in the country with a purported total compensation package of more than $1.3 million.

Gee's tumultuous tenure at Brown is commemorated annually with the "E. Gordon Gee Lavatory Complex," a collection of portable toilets that appears during Spring Weekend.

Vanderbilt University
Gee had high student approval ratings. In 2005, when Gee's approval saw a comparatively sharp drop, it still stood at 88.4%. During his tenure, Vanderbilt saw a dramatic increase in student applications— more than 50% in six years—and a rise in the SAT scores of incoming freshmen. Under his tenure, the university completed a $1.25 billion fundraising campaign two years ahead of schedule.

A September 2006 The Wall Street Journal article detailed that some of Gee's problems at Vanderbilt—including his wife's actions (such as smoking marijuana in the chancellor's official residence), criticism of the high cost of renovating his home, and the couple's lavish spending—had come back to haunt him. Additionally, Gee's 2002 announcement that the administration was going to rename Confederate Memorial Hall without the word Confederate provoked a series of lawsuits. While Vanderbilt's board expressed some concern about Gee's spending, they also strongly endorsed his successful leadership. According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, he received a total compensation of over $1.8 million in 2005/6, the highest of any continuing university president in the United States.

On March 11, 2003, a student satirical publication at Vanderbilt, The Slant, ran a complete mock-up of The Vanderbilt Hustler, entitled The Vanderbilt Huslter, with the headline "GEE DEAD". The hoax received some attention from national media, including an appearance on the Drudge Report. Gee's office responded to the hoax by releasing a photo of him holding a copy of the Hustler (with Gee smiling). Despite Gee's good humor about the prank, a controversy ensued.

In September 2003, Gee made national headlines when he eliminated the organized athletic department at Vanderbilt and consolidated its activities under the Division of Student Life, the university's general administrative division for student organizations and activities. Some critics cited this reorganization in the recruiting process to call into question Vanderbilt's commitment to football. However, Gee's action had its supporters, including NCAA President Myles Brand. Furthermore, a stellar spring for Vanderbilt athletic teams and a top-30 finish in the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) Director's Cup ranking of college athletic programs for the 2003–04 academic year provided some vindication for Vanderbilt and Gee.

Ohio State University
On July 11, 2007, Gee announced that he would be returning to Ohio State University as its president, ending his 7-year tenure at Vanderbilt. According to The Chronicle of Higher Education, he was to receive a base salary of total compensation of over $1 million, the highest of any public university president in the United States, though less than his pay at Vanderbilt.

Controversy arose over Gee's alleged usage of public money to live an extravagant lifestyle. The Dayton Daily News of Dayton, Ohio, reported that "Ohio State has spent more than $64,000 on bow ties, bow tie cookies and O-H and bow tie pins for Gee and others to distribute."

Gee repeatedly came under fire from the media following public statements of his. In 2010, Gee stated, when talking about the rather weaker schedules of mid-major football programs at Boise State and Texas Christian University compared to the schedules of Ohio State and other Big Ten and SEC programs, "I do know, having been both a Southeastern Conference president and a Big Ten president, that it's like murderers' row every week for these schools. We do not play the Little Sisters of the Poor. We play very fine schools on any given day". Gee would later apologize for his comments about this well established Catholic religious order, which has been operating in the United States since 1868. He later visited the Little Sisters of the Poor, and claimed he did not know about the organization when he made the comments. TCU ended up getting the last laugh, winning the 2011 Rose Bowl; following the win, a group of TCU alumni paid for space on several digital billboards in the Columbus area in which the "Little Sisters of the Poor" congratulated TCU on its victory.

In 2011, Gee came under fire again for anti-Polish sentiment after comparing being the president at Ohio State to running the Polish army. Gee would later regret making the comment after Polish-American groups strongly responded to his joke about their ethnicity. In response to Gee's remarks, the Polish American Congress demand Gee apologize for "his slur on the military of a nation that has been fighting valiantly and effectively alongside the United States" and for "bigotry and ignorance expressed by the president of such a large and prominent American university, especially since Ohio has a large Polish-American population and many OSU students are of Polish heritage."

In December 2012 Gee made further offensive anti-Catholic statements. Gee said that the University of Notre Dame should not be added to the Big Ten:"I negotiated with them during my first term and the fathers are holy on Sunday and they're holy hell on the rest of the week. You just can't trust those damn Catholics on a Thursday or Friday." On March 11, 2013, Ohio State University trustees sent Gee a letter complaining that he had embarrassed the school with his comments. The anti-defamation chair of the Ancient Order of Hibernians responded with shock that it took six months for Gee to apologize, saying that "this delayed action smacks of damage control for the media, rather than a sincere effort to address a bigoted insult to Catholics."

Bill Donohue of the Catholic League took a more sympathetic tack regarding the issue: "It's time for everyone to take a deep breath," he commented. "I have never met President Gee, but it is clear from what I read that what he said was made in jest. Was it dumb? ... yes. But context and tone matter, as does the frequency of what may be considered an offensive remark: a real bigot is someone who repeatedly, and maliciously, attacks others. Gee is not such a man. Political correctness has gone too far."

The Ohio State trustees also felt that Gee made insensitive public comments about the University of Cincinnati, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and the Southeastern Conference. The letter laid out the steps Gee must take, which included issuing personal apologies and obtaining professional help to improve personal communications and speech writing processes. Shortly thereafter, the full text of Gee's remarks became public, and it was revealed that during the same speech, he had also taken shots at former Wisconsin football head coach Bret Bielema, saying "[Wisconsin athletic director] Barry Alvarez thought he was a thug." When asked about the SEC and Louisville saying the Big Ten couldn't count after the conference added Maryland and Rutgers during the early-2010s conference realignment to expand the conference to 14 teams, Gee ridiculed the academic standards of Louisville and the SEC schools, saying once they "learned to read and write", they could start thinking about conference expansion. Gee released an official apology and called his words a poor attempt at humor.

Gee's base salary was $802,125, with a total compensation package of $1.6 million. In 2009, he donated a $200,531 bonus and his $20,053 raise to scholarship funds. In 2013, Gee earned $6,057,615 from Ohio State University.

On June 4, 2013, Gee announced his retirement. In a news release, he said, "After much deliberation, I have decided it is now time for me to turn over the reins of leadership to allow the seeds that we have planted to grow. It is also time for me to reenergize and refocus myself."

West Virginia University
On December 5, 2013, West Virginia University announced that Gee would become its interim president until the search for a permanent president concluded. Following an endorsement by the West Virginia University presidential search committee on February 28, 2014, Gee was appointed by the Board of Governors at WVU on March 3 to be the University's 24th permanent president. In August 2023, Gee announced a plan to shutter 10% of the university's majors, eliminate all language teaching, and fire 16% of its faculty, to address a budget crunch caused largely by the ill-fated expansion program that he previously pushed.

On September 6, 2023, the Faculty Assembly of the university passed a symbolic vote of no confidence resolution against Gee, citing his plans to cut faculty and majors. Similarly, in December 2023, the University Assembly published a no confidence vote against Gee, by a vote of 797 to 100.

Personal life
Gee has been married twice. His first wife was Elizabeth D. Gee, with whom he had one daughter, Rebekah Gee. Gordon and his daughter were featured on an episode of the public radio show This American Life discussing life after Elizabeth's death. Gee divorced his second wife, Constance Bumgarner Gee, in 2007. During the summer of 2016, Gee became engaged to Laurie Erickson of the Erickson Foundation. Gee's daughter Rebekah was appointed Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals in 2016.

In 2001, Gee received the Judge Elbert P. Tuttle Distinguished Achievement Award, the highest recognition of achievement in the Pi Kappa Alpha International fraternity. In 2012, Gee became the first Honorary Esteemed Member of the University of Colorado's Buff Bow Tie Bunch (BBTB).

Gee has donated more than $10,000 to Democratic and Republican political campaigns since 2010.

Gee served on the board of directors of L Brands.

title: E. Gordon Gee


text:
The Buffalo Skinners

The Buffalo Skinners is the sixth studio album by the Scottish band Big Country, which was released in 1993. Two songs, "We're Not In Kansas" and "Ships", are re-recordings of songs from their previous album. The difference is more noticeable on "Ships" which features heavy use of guitars (in contrast to the guitar-free 1991 version). The album featured two UK top 30 hits, "Alone" (No. 24) and "Ships" (No. 29).

In 2020, Cherry Red Records released a deluxe box-set Out Beyond the River: The Compulsion Years which featured an expanded version of the original album augmented with bonus tracks and the previously released live album Without the Aid of a Safety Net. The set also included a DVD with highlights from the Glasgow Barrowlands concert and promo videos for "Ships" and "Alone". The set is housed in a clamshell box.

Background
After the disappointing sales of their 1991 album No Place Like Home, Big Country were dropped by their label, Phonogram. The band decided to split up, but a couple of weeks later lead vocalist and guitarist Stuart Adamson phoned guitarist Bruce Watson to suggest the band give things another go, and in turn he and bassist Tony Butler agreed to reunite. The band were quickly signed to Compulsion by the label's boss Chris Briggs, who as an A&R man, had originally signed the band to Phonogram in 1982. They recorded The Buffalo Skinners as a trio alongside session drummer Simon Phillips.

In a 1993 interview with Sunday Life, Watson revealed that both Peace in Our Time and No Place Like Home (1991) were "stodgy affairs aimed at the American market" and a compromise to meet with Phonogram's commercial expectations for the band. Watson said, "Now we're back to doing what we do best – being Big Country. The new album is what we are about – we produced it ourselves and are really proud of it." In an interview with The Lennox Herald, Adamson said, "We decided to produce ourselves because ultimately we know what kind of sound we're looking for. In terms of the spirit and commitment this is the best record we've made since the first two. We were told [by Compulsion] just to go in, record it and get over what we wanted musically."

Once the band's former drummer Mark Brzezicki heard the album, he asked to rejoin the band and did so in time for the band's forthcoming tour.

Critical reception
On its release, Neil McKay of Sunday Life praised The Buffalo Skinners as "a long overdue return to form". He wrote, "With the guitars right up front this strays close to hard rock territory, but the songs are as rousing and tuneful as in their early heyday." Adam Sweeting of The Guardian described the album as "quaintly old-fashioned, but performed with conviction". He added, "Big Country still write strident rock anthems with a tartan twist, and reflect on love, greed and blue-collar angst."

Johnny Dee of NME noted that, despite the "echo-urban-warrior chest thumpery", the album is "still plain old flag-waving rock" which "couples squalling six-string excess" with the band's "more familiar triumphant, fists in the air, 'we-shall-overcome-just-be-yourself' lager advert choruses". He praised the band's "talent for exultant, fanfaring stadium rock" but felt that their "resolutely poker-faced earnestness makes them so ripe for ridicule". He felt the overriding lyrical theme saw them "cast as some kind of new world superheroes surveying a planet destroyed by mega-corp empire building" which would be "fair enough if the lyrics themselves weren't so much hackneyed school project marvellous". Dee concluded, "One man's passionate anthemic epic-rock is another man's heap of steaming soft metal dung. Whatever your persuasion, The Buffalo Skinners, destined to be Big Country's sixth top ten album, won't disappoint."

Personnel
Big Country
 * Stuart Adamson – guitar, vocals
 * Tony Butler – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Bruce Watson – guitar, mandolin

Additional personnel
 * Colin Berwick – keyboards
 * Joe Bull – programming
 * Simon Phillips – drums

title: The Buffalo Skinners


text:
Baron Robartes

Baron Robartes was a title that was created twice in British history. It was first created in the Peerage of England on 26 January 1625 for Sir Richard Robartes, 1st Baronet. This creation became extinct in 1757.

The second creation came in the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 13 December 1869 for Thomas Agar-Robartes.

title: Baron Robartes


text:
Gladys Moncrieff

Gladys Moncrieff (13 April 1892 – 8 February 1976) was an Australian singer who was so successful in musical theatre and recordings that she became known as 'Australia's Queen of Song' and 'Our Glad'.

Early years
Moncrieff was born in Bundaberg, Queensland. Her father Robert Edward Moncrieff was a piano tuner, and her mother, who went by the stage name Amy Lambell, was a professional singer; they lived in North Isis. She attended several schools in north Queensland, and quickly became involved in music. Her first stage performance was at the age of six at the Queen's Theatre in Bundaberg, where she sang the American folk song "The Merriest Girl That's Out" with her father accompanying on piano. She performed in Gilbert and Sullivan productions. At the 1907 Charters Towers eisteddfod, Gladys shared first prize for her junior soprano rendition of "O for the Wings of a Dove" with local girl Eileen Coleman.

When she left school, she and her parents travelled around far north Queensland performing. Moncrieff was billed as 'Little Gladys: The Australian Wonder Child' and her performances helped her to raise funds to move to Brisbane to pursue her career. She worked in Brisbane and Toowoomba during 1909, and then went to Sydney with her mother. In Sydney she auditioned for Hugh J. Ward for a position in J. C. Williamson's theatre. She was successful, and with a starting salary of £3 per week she spent 18 months receiving singing lessons from Ward's wife, Madame Grace Miller. In January 1913 she had a small part in The Sunshine Girl at Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney. In 1914 she was in the chorus of a house Gilbert and Sullivan production; for there she took on leading roles such as Josephine in H.M.S. Pinafore. The company toured New Zealand and performed in Melbourne.

Moncrieff toured South Africa and New Zealand as a leading lady in numerous productions. When she returned to Australia she landed her most famous role as Teresa in Harold Fraser-Simson's light opera The Maid of the Mountains, which she first performed in Melbourne in 1921. The waltz song "Love Will Find a Way" became particularly associated with her. The Maid was to become the most frequently revived musical of the Australian stage, and Moncrieff appeared in it some 2,800 times. She also was a success in A Southern Maid in 1923.

Contemporary critics wrote of the purity, richness, power and wide range of her voice, her conviction of style and her clear enunciation. H. Brewster-Jones spoke of the "richness of quality and expression in her well produced voice, and makes a striking appeal to a concert audience with her platform manner and interpretive abilities" in a 1938 review of a concert performance at the Adelaide Town Hall.

Later years
In May 1924, Moncrieff married Thomas Henry Moore, at St James' Church, Sydney in a ceremony that attracted a large crowd. Moore became her manager. While honeymooning in England and France, she made her first gramophone recordings for the Vocalion Company. In Australia she was hugely successful as a musical comedy performer. She earned £150 a week, which made her one of the highest-paid performers in the history of Australian theatre. She left Australia for the stage in England in 1926. Her first show there was poorly received, but when she appeared in Franz Lehár's The Blue Mazurka in 1927, her success in England was assured. While in England she made 37 more gramophone recordings, which were sold locally and exported to Australia where they sold successfully.

Her marriage was not successful and she began to live apart from her husband, and then returned to Australia to appear in John Fuller's Rio Rita. The production was a commercial success and her career in Australia bloomed. She had a radio show in Australia and in the 1930s undertook tours for the New Zealand Broadcasting Service with New Zealand pianist Gil Dech. She also appeared in the Australian musicals Collits' Inn and The Cedar Tree for producer F. W. Thring.

Her career was put on hold in March 1938 when she was involved in a motor vehicle accident, and she did not return to the stage until June 1940. She returned to perform in musical comedy, and was engaged to entertain Australian troops fighting in the Second World War at home and in New Guinea, and she became very active raising funds for war-related charities. In 1951 she toured Japan and Korea to entertain British and Australian occupation forces. For her wartime contributions, she was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1952 for services to patriotic and charitable movements.

She continued her stage and radio work, and during 1958 and 1959 began her farewell stage tour of Australia and New Zealand. Her final stage appearance was at Hamilton, New Zealand, and her last public performance was in a televised concert in Brisbane in 1962. She retired to the Gold Coast, Queensland in 1968 and prepared her memoirs My Life of Song which was ghosted by Lillian Palmer and published in 1971. In 1962 Moncrieff made guest appearances on George Wallace Jnr’s television show Theatre Royal.

Moncrieff came outside of her Gold Coast home on a canal to wave to the people on the canal cruise boats whilst they played her arias.

Moncrieff died at Pindara Private Hospital at the Gold Coast at the age of 83.

Legacy
The federal electoral division of Moncrieff in Queensland, and the Canberra suburb Moncrieff are both named in her honour. Her image was featured on an Australian postage stamp in 1989. The main entertainment complex in Bundaberg was named the Moncrieff Theatre, later changed to the Moncrieff Entertainment Centre. A Gold Coast park was named in her honour, and the Queensland Performing Arts Centre maintains the Gladys Moncrieff Library of the Performing Arts.

A book Gladys Moncrieff : Australia's Queen of Song was published in 1996; a 2-CD release of her recordings was put out in 2012 entitled "Gladys Moncrieff – Our Glad: The Queen of Song", based on her 1920s and 1930s recordings; four earlier CDs contain all of the songs on this 2-CD release plus others, and were released in the 1990s: "Gladys Moncrieff sings musical comedy & operetta", "Gladys Moncrieff: the Golden Years;", "Gladys Moncrieff: Australia's Queen of Song;" "Gladys Moncrieff: favourite popular ballads;" a few additional songs are found on the double cassette: "Gladys Moncrieff: Stage Musicals";

Her personal papers, including correspondence, photographs, newspaper clippings and theatre programs are held at the State Library of Queensland.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Gladys Moncrieff was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for her role as an "Influential Artists".

Select album discography

 * 1996 – Australia's Queen Of Song (EMI Records Australia)

title: Gladys Moncrieff


text: Category:Cuenca province

title: Category:Cuenca province


text:
Democratic Defense

Democratic Defense (Δημοκρατική Άμυνα) was one of the many anti-dictatorial struggle groups that fought against the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. It evolved from the "Alexandros Papanastasiou" political research group in 1967, as a response to the regime.

In reality, there was no leader, but after arrest, the members nominated as leader a prominent retired general, general George Iordanides, because he was the best-known personality among all the participants as he had held high ranking positions in the NATO during the 1950s. The organisation responded to the brutal regime with bombings to some targets that represented the financial supporters of the junta (like the Esso-PAPPAS gas station blowing in 1969).

Among its most widely known members were film director Jules Dassin, Costas Simitis, subsequently Prime Minister of Greece, Nikos Konstantopoulos, subsequently president of the Synaspismos party, professor of economics in Panteion University, , professor of criminal law in the University of Athens, Pavlos Zannas,a writer and film critic, general Georgios Iordanides, a well known military analyst and a national security advisor of Georgios Papandreou during , Vasilis Filias, professor of sociology in Panteion University, lawyer Dimosthenis Konaris, John Starakis, a journalist, Christos Rokofyllos, subsequently minister of Foreign Affairs, , a trade union member, Athanasios Filias, a mechanical engineer, Georgios Kouvelakis, subsequent minister of Justice, brothers Antonios Michalakeas (later on a judge of the Supreme Court of Greece) and Athanassios Michalakeas (later on a president of the court of Appeal), Georgios Kosmas (later on also a member of the supreme court of Greece), (later on also a judge of the Supreme Court of Greece and a member of the European Parliament elected with PASOK), Ioannis Papadopoulos, a well known plastic surgeon (later on a minister of Health during the  formed by PASOK in 1981) etc.

The trial began in March 1970, and most of the members were condemned to heavy sentences after months of trial. The trial attracted the attention of the press, and it was considered as a major act of resistance against the regime of the colonels because many of the accused persons held important positions in the public life of Greece and they represented an intellectual elite with center/center left views of governance. Many people who belonged to different political camps like Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, an ex prime minister, or Georgios Rallis and, both significant ministers in the ERE government, stood up as witnesses of defence, while it was known that they did not share the same convictions with the accused, giving the idea to the people of a solid front against the junta. Thus this organisation achieved to shake the impression that people who belonged to the establishment were continuing to support the junta, especially when it was revealed to the eyes of the public that generals, lawyers or active judges, who were amongst them, had developed a dynamic form of resistance against the military regime. With the collapse of the junta in 1974 most of the members of the group aligned with Andreas Papandreou and they were integrated in the PASOK political party, even though their views were not absolutely similar to the political beliefs of the party leader,

Andreas Papandreou

title: Democratic Defense


text:
Hyl

Hyl or HYL may refer to:
 * Helsingin yhteislyseo, a school in Kontula, Helsinki, Finland
 * Hydroxylysine, an amino acid
 * HYL, the IATA code for Hollis Seaplane Base, Alaska, US
 * HYL, the National Rail code for Hayle railway station, Cornwall, UK
 * Hyl (unit) or metric slug, a unit of mass
 * Nils Hylander (1904–1970), Swedish botanist, author abbreviation

title: Hyl


text: User talk:68.11.241.194

title: User talk:68.11.241.194


text:
User:TUF-KAT/music of the United States before 1900

Music of the United States before 1900
This is an accounting of specific citations used in the article Music of the United States before 1900.

Introductory paragraphs
Examples (of occasional songs of great popularity prior to the late 19th century) include "The Star-Spangled Banner," "Dixie," "Jump Jim Crow," "Oh Susana," "Oh My Darling, Clementine," "The Old Folks at Home," "My Old Kentucky Home," "Battle Hymn of the Republic," "Just Before the Battle, Mother," and "When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again."

 * Source: Chase, p. 242 - "Dixie" (as (the song) came to be generally called) became an instant success, with several publishers clashing over the copyright.
 * Source: Chase, p. 249 - The pontifical John Sullivan Dwight, in his higbrow Journal of Music'' (1853), had to admit that tunes such as "Old Folks at Home" were sung and whistled by everybody."
 * Source: Chase, p. 253 - Cincinatti remained Stephen's home base until January 1850, when he returned to Allegheny, and it was during these years that he sprang into sudden fame as a songwriter--particularly of "Ethiopian" melodies, and especially with the immense success of "Oh! Susanna," first performed publicly in September 1847.
 * Source: Chase, p. 296 - In the spring of 1862 he published a rousing patriotic concert piece for piano titled Union, paraphrasing and combining the three most popular "national" airs: "Star-Spangled Banner", "Yankee Doodle," and "Hail Columbia."
 * Source: Crawford, p. 206 - Its melodic idiom fits with that of Jump Jim Crow, Zip Coon, Coal Black Rose, and other early blackface favorites.
 * Source: Crawford, p. 277 - Band performances of such numbers as The Battle-Hymn of the Republic, The Bonnie Blue Flag, The Battle Cry of Freedom, and Dixie popularized their melodies and enhanced the band's inspirational role.
 * Source: Crawford, p. 288-289 - One of the most popular Civil War songs, When Johnny Comes Marching Home'', was published in (Boston) in 1863, "introduced and performed by Gilmore's Band," as its cover proclaimed."
 * Unsourced: "My Old Kentucky Home", "Just Before the Battle, Mother" and "Oh, My Darling Clementine"

most scholars would point to Native American music, Civil War ballads or the First New England School (as the first form of distinctly American music)

 * Source: Struble, p. xvii - Apart from the music of the colonial New England singing masters..., the ballads of the Civil War became the first American folk music with discernible features that can be considered unique to America: the first "American" sounding music, as distinct from any regional style derived from another country.

New England choral traditions
The original Puritan immigrants to New England sang a number of spiritual psalms

 * Source: Chase, p. 3 - It is true that the so-called Pilgrims--actually a separatist Puritan sect--were psalm singers both by ordinance and predilection, as were many other dissenting Protestant sects, both in Great Britain and on the continent.
 * Source: Crawford, p. 22 - The Pilgrims at Plymouth sang from a psalter translated by the Reverent Henry Ainsworth, a separatist clergyman who had brought out The Book of Psalmes: Englished both in Prose and Metre in Amsterdam in 1612.

but (the original Puritan immigrants to New England) generally disliked secular music, or at least those varieties which they viewed as encouraging immorality and disorder.

 * Source: Chase, p. 3 - The only sort of "secular music" that they "hated"--more correctly, "deplored"--was that which they had good reason to believe was inimical to morality.
 * Source: Struble, p. 2 - But before very long a livelier tradition of singing grew up in the rural communities, and the Puritan fathers of Boston took pains to discourage what they viewed as wanton, frivolous and sensual ornamentation in the singing of these psalms.

They also objected to the use of musical instruments in churches and a complex vocal liturgy, both being associated with Roman Catholicism.

 * Source: Chase, p. 3 - It is also true that the early Puritans objected to the use of musical instruments in churches, as well as to an elaborate vocal liturgy, because they associated these with the "Romish" ritual that they strongly repudiated.

The well-known minister Cotton Mather wrote, in Directions for a Candidate of the Ministry, on the subject:

 * Source: Chase, p. 4 - While insisting on the importance of skill in singing, Cotton Mather, in his Directions for a Candidate of the Ministry, took what may be fairly regarded as a permissive view of playing an instrument for personal recreation: (followed by quote, reproduced verbatim, emphasis in Chase)


text:
Yoichiro Nambu

Yoichiro Nambu (南部 陽一郎) was a Japanese-American physicist and professor at the University of Chicago.

Known for his contributions to the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 for the discovery in 1960 of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics, related at first to the strong interaction's chiral symmetry and later to the electroweak interaction and Higgs mechanism.

The other half was split equally between Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."

Early life and education
Nambu was born on 18 January 1921 in Tokyo, Empire of Japan (Now Japan). After graduating from the then-Fukui Secondary High School in Fukui City, he enrolled in the Imperial University of Tokyo (Now University of Tokyo) and studied physics. He received his Bachelor of Science in 1942 and Doctorate of Science in 1952. In 1949, he was appointed to associate professor at Osaka City University and promoted to professorship the next year at the age of 29.

In 1952, Nambu was invited by the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, to study. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1954 and was promoted to professor in 1958. From 1974 to 1977, Nambu was also served as the Chairman of the Department of Physics, and then he became as an American citizen from 1970 until his death in 2015.

Career in physics
Nambu proposed the "color charge" of quantum chromodynamics, having done early work on spontaneous symmetry breaking in particle physics, and having discovered that the dual resonance model could be explained as a quantum mechanical theory of strings. He was accounted as one of the founders of string theory.

After more than fifty years as a professor, he was Henry Pratt Judson Distinguished Service Professor emeritus at the University of Chicago's Department of Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute.

The Nambu–Goto action in string theory is named after Nambu and Tetsuo Goto. Also, massless bosons arising in field theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking are sometimes referred to as Nambu–Goldstone bosons.

Death
Nambu died of heart failure at the hospital in Osaka on 5 July 2015, at the age of 94. The announcement of his death was delayed until 17 July, just 12 days after his death. His funeral and memorial services were held among close relatives.

Nambu was survived by his wife, Chieko, and his son, John.

Recognition
In 2017, the Nambu Hall was opened on the second floor of Osaka University Graduate School of Science, J Building in memory of Emeritus Professor Nambu.

Nambu won numerous honors and awards including:
 * 1970: Dannie Heineman Prize
 * 1977: J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize
 * 1978: Order of Culture, Japan
 * 1978: Person of Cultural Merit, Japan
 * 1979: Honorary Citizen of Fukui City, Japan
 * 1982: National Medal of Science
 * 1985: Max Planck Medal, Germany
 * 1986: Dirac Prize
 * 1994: Sakurai Prize
 * 1994/1995: Wolf Prize in Physics
 * 2003: Fukui Prefectural Award, Japan
 * 2005: Benjamin Franklin Medal, Franklin Institute
 * 2005: Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture
 * 2008: Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics".
 * 2011: Honorary Citizen of Toyonaka City

title: Yoichiro Nambu


text:
Talk:Acrolect

With professional jargon such as "acrolect" some of the interest for the ordinary reader is in knowing who coined this phrase, when, and in what context? Wetman 03:30, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I looked it up; I did not know that it was Derek Bickerton who coined the word. I was pleased to learn that we already had a stub article about him.  Smerdis of Tlön 04:37, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Good! an improvement. "Basilect" is a curious and unlucky barbarism that makes an educated person think naturally of "the King's English"—basileus is not what its misguided coiner had in mind. A counterfeit coining, I'm sorry to relate. The following text displays failure of nerve: "An acrolect is a register of a spoken language that is considered formal and high style." Is considered?  Considered by whom, inquiring minds wish to know? What of those who speak in paragraphs and dream in "acrolect": are we acrofolk? --Wetman 07:50, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I would have said that it brings to mind the word basis - the bottom of something, as opposed to akros - the top of something. Even the average educated person is not hugely likely to spring to the word basileus before the word basis. thefamouseccles 03:05, 23 Aug 2005 (UTC)

As far as I know, Arabic could make a good example - Arabic TV broadcasts and newspapers form a register that is distinct from both literary and spoken Arabic, but relies on both. Is there anyone who could elaborate, and maybe incorporate this into the article? (my knowledge is very rudimentary)
 * This is true for TV broadcasts in Chinese languages. For example, Cantonese TV broadcasts in a register distinct from both Cantonese and Standard Written Chinese, but relies on both. However, reputable newspapers in Hong Kong are always written in Standard Written Chinese. --142.151.135.10 02:30, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Also Katharevousa, the literary invented modern form of Greek. See Modern Greek and Katharevousa --Wetman 16:15, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Information removal
I've removed all text that doesn't go in accordance with the notion that this is a term purely used for creole language. All sources I've ever seen go in accordance with this notion so those wishing to add information that extends this notion should source it. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  07:15, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acrolect


text: Talk:Whip (disambiguation)

title: Talk:Whip (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Basilect

With professional jargon such as "basilect" some of the interest for the ordinary reader is in knowing who coined this phrase, when, and in what context? Wetman 03:30, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Information removal
I've removed all text that doesn't go in accordance with the notion that this is a term purely used for creole language. All sources I've ever seen go in accordance with this notion so those wishing to add information that extends this notion should source it. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  07:25, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Basilect


text:
Dinner Key

Dinner Key is a marina complex in the Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida, along the shore of Biscayne Bay on South Bayshore Drive. It was originally an island, but was connected to the mainland in 1914 by filling in the intervening space. An early source attributes the name to the island being a convenient place to stop to eat while traveling by boat between the mouth of the Miami River and Snapper Creek south of Miami. Dinner Key is accessible by public transit via the Coconut Grove Circulator from the Miami Metrorail at Coconut Grove and Douglas Road stations. Formerly, it has been the location of Coast Guard Air Station Dinner Key and International Pan American Airport (whose terminal building is now Miami City Hall).

Dinner Key Auditorium
One of Pan Am's hangars was used for many years as an exhibition hall and auditorium, the Dinner Key Auditorium, which was renamed the Coconut Grove Convention Center. From 2007 to 2013, the center was used as a permanent set for the USA television series Burn Notice. The building was demolished in early 2014 to make way for a new plan from the City of Miami.

Jim Morrison arrest
This was the site of the March 1, 1969 incident in which Jim Morrison of The Doors was arrested for allegedly exposing himself to the audience.

title: Dinner Key


text:
Penuche

Penuche (, from panucci) is a fudge-like candy made from brown sugar, butter, and milk, using no flavorings except for vanilla. Penuche often has a tannish color, and is lighter than regular fudge. It is formed by the caramelization of brown sugar; thus, its flavor is said to be reminiscent of caramel. Nuts, especially pecans, are often added to penuche for texture, frequently in the making of penuche candies. It is primarily a regional food, found in New England and some places in the Southern United States, though in the latter it goes by different names, including creamy praline fudge, and brown sugar fudge candy.

Origins
Panocha is said to come from the Spanish word for 'raw sugar'. It was also long rumored to be slightly dirty or naughty in nature in Portuguese as slang. Penuche is thought to have origins in Portugal and was made popular in New England among Portuguese whaling families in New Bedford, MA, and Essex, CT, during the whaling period of the mid to late 1700s through the end of commercial whaling. Penuche is also used as a boiled icing flavor. In Hawaii, its name is localized as panocha or panuche. As an icing, it was common as topping for prune cake.

Recipes
Penuche is classed in the fudge family because it follows a similar method of preparation: Most traditional (i.e. not "no-cook" or "quick") fudges follow a similar preparation method. What distinguishes penuche is the use of brown sugar rather than white.
 * 1) A fat-sugar solution is heated to the soft ball stage, about 236 °F.
 * 2) The solution is cooled without disturbance to lukewarm, about 110 °F.
 * 3) Flavorings are added and the solution is beaten until thick.
 * 4) The mixture is poured into a pan, allowed to cool, and cut into bite-sized pieces.

In recent years, it has become common in New England to add maple syrup to the recipe for penuche fudge. Some confectioners will call this "maple syrup penuche fudge", and others do not make any distinction at all.

One penuche-style recipe is called "no-bake penuche drop cookies", which is made from brown sugar, milk, butter, oats, and nuts.

A very similar confection is Sucre à la Crème (cream sugar), a Québec confection traditionally prepared during the winter holiday season. The universality of the brown sugar and dairy confection manifests in the form of a slightly crumblier treat called Tablet originating in Scotland.

title: Penuche


text: User talk:67.101.86.189

title: User talk:67.101.86.189


text: User talk:69.88.24.235

title: User talk:69.88.24.235


text: File:Big Country - Without the Aid of a Safety Net.jpg


text:
Talk:Penuche

social context
Wikipedia foods generally have some social context, some history, beyond the ingredients or the bald recipe, for which there is a Wiki Cookbook somewhere. Wetman 03:36, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penuche


text: Category:Pacific Ocean

title: Category:Pacific Ocean


text:
User talk:Wood Thrush

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wood Thrush