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Tiundaland

Tiundaland is a historic region, Folkland, and since 1296 part of the modern province of Uppland. It originally meant the land of the ten hundreds and referred to its duty of providing 1000 men and 40 ships for the Swedish king's leidang.

A list from 1314 defines Tiundaland as Bälinge Hundred, Gästrikland, Håbo Hundred, Hagunda Hundred, Norunda Hundred, Närding Hundred, Oland Hundred, Rasbo Hundred, Ulleråker Hundred and Vaksala Hundred.

During the Viking Age it probably extended from the coast of the Baltic Sea by Norrtälje to the bay which today is the lake Mälaren. A very strategic position.

According to Snorri Sturluson in the Heimskringla it was the location of Uppsala and the Thing of all Swedes, where every year there were great blóts which were attended by many kings. He relates that Tiundaland was the richest and most fertile region of Sweden where was the seat of the Swedish kings at Uppsala, the Swedish Archbishopric and from which Uppsala öd had taken its name. All the Swedish lawspeakers were subordinate to the one of Tiundaland.

 * The third portion of Svithjod proper is called Tiundaland; the fourth Attundaland; the fifth Sialand (Roslagen), and what belongs to it lies eastward along the coast. Tiundaland is the best and most inhabited part of Svithjod, under which the other kingdoms stand. There Upsala is situated, the seat of the king and archbishop; and from it Upsala-audr (Uppsala öd), or the domain of the Swedish kings, takes its name. Each of these divisions of the country has its Lag-thing, and Its own laws in many parts. Over each is a lagman [ lawspeaker ], who rules principally in affairs of the bondes [ yeomen ] : for that becomes law which he, by his speech, determines them to make law: and if king, earl, or bishop goes through the country, and holds a Thing with the bondes, the lagmen [law speakers] reply on account of the bondes, and they all follow their lagmen; so that even the most powerful men scarcely dare to come to their Al-thing without regarding the bondes' and lagmen's law. And in all matters in which the laws differ from each other, Upsala-law is the directing law; and the other lagmen are under the lagman who dwells in Tiundaland.

title: Tiundaland


text:
Talk:Master gunnery sergeant

Untitled
The rank of sergeant major is not an administrative position in the U.S. Marine Corps, it is a separate and distinct rank of grade E9. There is no lateral movement between the two. To reflect this, I have moved references to Sergeant Major and Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps to the sergeant major page. —Fox1 October 11, 2004

 * According to the entry for David W. Sommers, he was promoted to Master Sergeant, before switching tracks over to First Sergeant|. I do not know how rare this is, but it shows that such a switch is not unheard of.—MJBurrage • TALK  • 02:38, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

master gunnery insignia description
description of insignia of master gunnery

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 17:33, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

E8 and E9 Billet question
It use to be, but not sure if it still holds true. A MSgt and MGySgt could hold a 1stSgt and SgtMaj Billet but not the other way around. Would this still be true? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.80.95.230 (talk) 14:40, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Master gunnery sergeant


text:
The Courier (Dundee)

The Courier (known as The Courier & Advertiser between 1926 and 2012) is a newspaper published by DC Thomson in Dundee, Scotland. As of 2013, it is printed in six regional editions: Dundee, Angus & The Mearns, Fife, West Fife, Perthshire, and Stirlingshire. However, by 2020 this had been reduced to three regional editions for Perth and Perthshire; Angus and Dundee; and Fife. In the months July to December 2019 the average daily circulation of the Courier was 30,179 copies.

History
Established in 1801 as the Dundee Courier & Argus, the entire front page of The Courier used to contain classified advertisements – a traditional newspaper format for many years. In 1809 it was taken over by Robert Rintoul who used the paper to campaign for political reform, and criticism of local politicians such as Alexander Riddoch.

In 1926, during the General Strike The Courier was merged with The Advertiser. From the 10 May to 28 May 1926, the paper adopted the headline-news format of The Advertiser, before reverting to its previous format which it maintained until 1992. The next major change to the newspaper came on 21 January 2012, when it changed to a compact format, having previously existed as a broadsheet. Editor Richard Neville said the move represented the "dawn of a new era" and that the company was "investing in new sections, increasing content across the title and investing significantly in resources." Just over a year later, a digital version of the newspaper was launched. In 2016, the year of its bicentenary, The Courier was named the UK Regional Newspaper of the Year.

In 2022, The Courier was named Scotland's news website of the year at the Scottish Press Awards.

Archive
Historical copies of the Dundee Courier, dating back to 1844, are available to search and view in digitized form at The British Newspaper Archive.

title: The Courier (Dundee)


text:
Suite for Microtonal Piano

Suite for Microtonal Piano (1978) is a suite for specifically microtonally tuned piano(s) by Ben Johnston written in 1977 (see also just intonation). According to Bob Gilmore the piece, "take[s] extended just intonation well beyond the point reached by Harry Partch."

"The piano is tuned to a selection of overtones from the fifth octave of the harmonic spectrum of C. All octaves are tuned in the same scale....The lowest C (33 Hz.) can be used to tune the scale by ear. In succession, touch the nodes producing the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, [and] 19th partials. Then G, D; D, A; E, B; [and] B-flat, F; are just (beatless) fifths."

Movements

 * 1) Alarum
 * 2) Blues
 * 3) Etude
 * 4) Song
 * 5) Toccata

Alarum is a Shakespeare era stage direction indicating "a grand entrance" and an archaic word for a call to arms, so "Alarum" is a fanfare.

"Blues" and "Song" are both slow movements. "Blues" uses as blue notes the minor seventh (C-B♭) and mediant (in D dorian exactly halfway between E and G). "Song" is in E phrygian.

"Etude" is a study in serial technique and six-against-five polyrhythms in which Johnston indicates "blur with pedal". This, "clues us in that the linear intricacies are only part of the story here: the amazing swirl of overtones resulting from an atonal application of this tuning are of equal importance."

"Toccata" features diatonic outer sections and a spikier chromatic middle section.

The piece has been recorded and released on:
 * Microtonal Piano by Ben Johnston (1997). Phillip Bush, piano. Koch International Classics 3-7369-2.

title: Suite for Microtonal Piano


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Olof Johansson

Sten Olof Håkan Johansson (born 31 July 1937) is a Swedish politician, who was the leader of the Swedish Centre Party from 1987 to 1998 and Minister for the Environment from 1991 to 1994.

Olof Johansson was born in Ljungby, Kalmar County. He studied at the Stockholm School of Economics, and was the leader of the Centre Party youth organisation from 1969 to 1971. In 1971 he was elected a Member of the Swedish Parliament, a position he held until 1976, and again 1978–1979 and 1982–1998. He held cabinet posts in the centre-right governments 1976–1978 and 1979–1982. In 1987 he succeeded Karin Söder, who stepped down for health reasons, as the leader of the Centre Party. When the centre-right regained power in 1991, Johansson became Minister for the Environment in the Carl Bildt government, but left the post over his opposition to the construction of the Oresund Bridge in the summer of 1994, shortly before the Social Democrats regained power in the September elections.

After having seen his party doing badly in the elections of 1994 and still trailing in the polls less than a year before the upcoming 1998 elections, Johansson stepped down as party leader, leaving the fate of the party in the hands of his little-known successor Lennart Daléus, prompting the Centre Party to print election posters with a portrait of Daléus, simply saying "This is Lennart".

In 1999, he was awarded the Illis quorum.

After his withdrawal from politics he has been appointed as Chairman of the board of various institutions and companies. Most notably, he was the chairman of the Swedish state-owned alcohol monopoly company, Systembolaget, between 2002 and 2009.

title: Olof Johansson


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Roman Catholic Diocese of Surat Thani

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Surat Thani (Diœcesis Suratthanensis, สังฆมณฑลสุราษฎร์ธานี) in southern Thailand was founded in 1969, when it was split off from the Diocese of Ratchaburi by the papal bull Qui Regno Christi. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Bangkok. The area of Surat Thani was evangelized by the Salesians of Don Bosco in the 1930s.

The diocese covers an area of 76,562 km2, covering all of the southern provinces of Thailand, including Prachuap Khiri Khan as its northernmost province. As of 2001, of its nine million citizens, 6,682 or 0.1% are members of the Catholic Church. The diocese is divided into 39 parishes, which are grouped by four regions.

Bishops

 * Pietro Luigi Carretto, S.D.B. (June 26, 1969 - June 21, 1988 retired)
 * Michael Praphon Chaicharoen, S.D.B. (June 21, 1988 - May 20, 2003 died)
 * Joseph Prathan Sridarunsil, S.D.B. (October 9, 2004 - July 8, 2024)
 * Paul Trairong Multree (July 8. 2024 – present)

Cathedral
The St.Raphael Cathedral (Thai: อาสนวิหารอัครเทวดาราฟาเอล) is in the town of Surat Thani at 9.15°N, 99.33444°W. The church was built in 1962, and became a cathedral when the diocese was established in 1969.

title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Surat Thani


text: User talk:209.66.200.63

title: User talk:209.66.200.63


text:
Talk:Sergeant Major(General Military)

I disagree that this page needs to be merged with Sergeant Major - the CSM and RSM have different responsibilities (and actual ranks) and are fine as seperate pages.Michael Dorosh 19:15, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

USMC
I have moved references to Sergeant Major and Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps from the Master Gunnery Sergeant page to this one. Sgt. Major is not an administrative position in the U.S. Marine Corps, it is a separate and distinct rank of grade E9. There is no lateral movement between the two.

I will add to the section later.

--Fox1 October 11, 2004

Isn't it a little bit early to list the next Sergeant Major of the Army, it says he will start January.

I didn't realize Sergeant Major of the Army was a unique post. It seems there must be a lot more to say about it then the current 3 sentences. Could anyone expand it? -R. fiend 00:33, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added a bit from a few sources on the web. If anyone who knows more than I do on the subject (not difficult) thinks anything is incorrect or needs expansion please go right ahead and change it. -R. fiend 20:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

-

The References for WOI and WOII relating to the British Army should not be amaglamated. CSM/RQMS et al are different actual ranks to RSM/GSM et al, even though they are adressed in a similar fasion by the majority of Elisted Men and Officers.

It would be similar to amalgamating Corporal with Sergeant, and likely to offend someone who holds a WOI position.

Edit: Rick Leeming (rick@prestone.co.uk) 14nov 2005

- I'm confused here. Why would someone want merge the Brit's Company Sergeant Major (CSM) into the Sergeant Major article? They aren't the same rank, a CSM in the British Army is equivalent to a 1st Sergeant in the U.S. Army. It might make sense to combine the British CSM with the U.S. 1st SGT. Whoever suggested this is confused by the similarity of name and ignoring the rank structure and respective position responsibilities.Virgil61 13:19, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

__________ The page on needs to be updated. There are no such "ranks" as RSM/ CSM/ RQMS/ TQMS. They are in fact all appointments to either Warrant Officer Class 2 (in the case of RQMS/ TQMS/ CSM,etc) and Warrant Officer Class 1 in the case of RSM/ GSM/ ACM etc. Additionally the arcticle is incorrect by saying that RSM are only referred to as "Sergeant Major" in the Coldstream Guards. Infact the whole Guards division refers to their respective RSM as THE Sergeant Major. They are also not the only WO's that wear Sam Brownes. WO2s with the appointment of Drill SGT (D/SGT) in the footguards regiments also wear Sam Brownes when in No 2 dress. Additionally RSM and D/SGTs wear swords (shealthed) when in ceremonial dress order.
 * Where in this article does it say that RSM/CSM etc are ranks? It says quite clearly that they are appointments of Warrant Officer. Neither does it mention Sam Brownes or terms of address here. If you have something to add then add it. Don't complain that the article is wrong. -- Necrothesp 16:37, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The Coldstream Guards reference is over at the RSM article. I only found the reference to addressing an RSM as "Sergeant Major" at the Coldstream Guards site; if someone wishes to add the other regiments that address their RSMs that way, they should. By the way, it does not say "only the Coldstream Guards" but includes them as an exception. SigPig 04:07, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation
The differences between the varios ranks, billets, and appointment that fall under the name Sergeant Major in one form or another are diverse enough that amalgamating all of them into one article does not make sense. What is needed is a disambiguation page.--Counsel 04:38, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sergeant Major(General Military)


text:
Lee–Metford

The Lee–Metford (also known as the Magazine Lee–Metford) is a British bolt action rifle which combined James Paris Lee's rear-locking bolt system and detachable magazine with an innovative seven-groove rifled barrel designed by William Ellis Metford. It replaced the Martini–Henry as the standard service rifle of the British Empire in 1888, following nine years of development and trials, but remained in service for only a short time until replaced by the Lee–Enfield.

Design
Lee's bolt action mechanism was a great improvement over other designs of the day:

- The rear-mounted lugs placed the operating handle much closer to the rifleman, over the trigger. This made it much quicker to operate than other, forward-mounted lug designs which forced the rifleman to move his hand forward to operate the bolt. It also enabled the rifleman to operate the trigger with his middle finger while still holding the bolt between thumb and index finger.

- The bolt's distance of travel was identical with the length of the cartridge, whereas in forward mounted lug designs bolt travel was cartridge length plus lug length. This also meant the firer did not have to lift his face out of the way when drawing back the bolt.

- The bolt lift was 60 degrees compared to the 90 degree rotation of some French and Mauser-style actions, both speedier and also meaning the rifleman did not lose the sight picture when the bolt handle was in the open position.

In addition Lee introduced a superior detachable box magazine to replace the integral magazines in use with most repeaters, and this magazine offered greater capacity than the competing Mannlicher design. Metford's polygonal rifling was adopted to reduce fouling from powder residue building up in the barrel, and to make cleaning easier. The magazines were also chained to the weapon to prevent it missing as it was expensive at the time.

In spite of its many advantageous features, the Lee–Metford was something of an anachronism, due to its use of a black powder–loaded cartridge. By the time of the rifle's introduction, rifle design had moved on to using small-calibre smokeless powder cartridges, which allowed bullets to be propelled at much higher velocities without as much smoke or residue. The .303 ammunition designed for the rifle was in fact originally intended to be loaded with a smokeless propellant, but as a result of protracted development, selection of a smokeless propellant was delayed, forcing the British to rely on black powder in the interim. By the time Cordite cartridges were available, it was found that they were wholly unsuited for use with the shallow Metford rifling, which would wear out and render barrels unusable after approximately 6,000 rounds, compared to the 10,000 rounds that the deeper, square-cut Enfield rifling pattern rifles could deliver. The Lee rifles fitted with Enfield barrels became known as Lee Enfields. Regardless of the shortfalls brought about by the use of black powder, the Lee–Metford went through several revisions during its short service life, with the principal changes being to the magazine (from eight-round single stack to ten-round staggered), sights, and safety. Starting in 1895, the Lee–Metford started to be phased out in favor of the Lee–Enfield for the reasons outlined above, involving a change to Enfield barrels and sights adjusted for the flatter trajectory enabled by the smokeless propellant.

Replacement
Replacement of the Lee–Metford rifles took several years to achieve, and they were still in service in some units during the Second Boer War in 1899. Poor sighting-in and quality control at the factory level resulted in British rifles being woefully inaccurate at ranges greater than 400 yd. Nonetheless, captured Lee–Metford rifles became the primary weapon for the Boers too when their Mauser ammunition ran out.

The British considered an entirely new rifle, the Pattern 1913 Enfield, based upon a modified Mauser design, but its development was cut short by the First World War and the eminently adaptable Lee–Enfield served for another half century.

In British service the Lee–Metford was also upgraded to the standards of later rifle patterns (e.g. to charger loading and Short Rifle, the SMLE pattern), though the barrel was almost always switched to one with Enfield pattern rifling. The Lee–Metford was produced commercially and used by civilian target shooters until the outbreak of World War I, as it was considered to be inherently more accurate than the Enfield pattern of rifling. In this context, barrels and boltheads could be replaced as frequently as the owner wished, or could afford. It remained a reserve arm in many parts of the British Empire into WWII, even being issued to the New Zealand Home Guard and the Australian Volunteer Defence Corps until more modern rifles could be obtained. The Lee–Metford is still in ceremonial use with the Atholl Highlanders.

Charlton Automatic Rifle
Small numbers of Lee–Metford rifles were built as, or converted to, experimental semi-automatic loading systems, such as the British Howell and South African Reider and the best-known of which was the Charlton Automatic Rifle, designed by a New Zealander, Philip Charlton in 1941 to act as a substitute for the Bren and Lewis gun light machine guns which were in chronically short supply at the time. During the Second World War, the majority of New Zealand's land forces were deployed in North Africa. When Japan entered the war in 1941, New Zealand found itself lacking the light machine guns that would be required for local defence should the Japanese invade, and so the New Zealand Government funded the development of self-loading conversions for the Lee–Metford rifle. The end result was the Charlton Automatic Rifle (based on the obsolete MLE), which was issued to Home Guard units in NZ from 1942. Over 1,500 conversions were made, including a handful in Australia by Electrolux using Lithgow SMLE Mk III* rifles.

The two Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance (amongst other things, the New Zealand Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod, whilst the Australian one did not), but shared the same operating mechanism. Most of the Charlton Automatic Rifles were destroyed in a fire after the Second World War, but a few examples survive in museums and private collections.

Users

 * undefined
 * 🇵🇾 paraguay: 3000 were brought into the country by liberal rebels in 1904. Also in service during the Chaco War
 * undefined
 * undefined: At the beginning of the 20th century, copies were made in local arsenals by Indian gunsmiths. In 1914, 5000 surplus British rifles were bought
 * 🇬🇧 united kingdom: Still in use with the Atholl Highlanders for ceremonial purposes

title: Lee–Metford


text:
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Kohlberg began work on this topic as a psychology graduate student at the University of Chicago in 1958 and expanded upon the theory throughout his life.

The theory holds that moral reasoning, a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for ethical behavior, has six developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor. Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages studied earlier by Piaget, who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages. Expanding on Piaget's work, Kohlberg determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice and that it continued throughout the individual's life, a notion that led to dialogue on the philosophical implications of such research.

The six stages of moral development occur in phases of pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional morality. For his studies, Kohlberg relied on stories such as the Heinz dilemma and was interested in how individuals would justify their actions if placed in similar moral dilemmas. He analyzed the form of moral reasoning displayed, rather than its conclusion and classified it into one of six stages.

There have been critiques of the theory from several perspectives. Arguments have been made that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other moral values, such as caring; that there is such an overlap between stages that they should more properly be regarded as domains or that evaluations of the reasons for moral choices are mostly post hoc rationalizations (by both decision makers and psychologists) of intuitive decisions.

A new field within psychology was created by Kohlberg's theory, and according to Haggbloom et al.'s study of the most eminent psychologists of the 20th century, Kohlberg was the 16th most frequently cited in introductory psychology textbooks throughout the century, as well as the 30th most eminent. Kohlberg's scale is about how people justify behaviors and his stages are not a method of ranking how moral someone's behavior is; there should be a correlation between how someone scores on the scale and how they behave. The general hypothesis is that moral behaviour is more responsible, consistent and predictable from people at higher levels.

Stages
Kohlberg's six stages can be more generally grouped into three levels of two stages each: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Following Piaget's constructivist requirements for a stage model, as described in his theory of cognitive development, it is extremely rare to regress in stages—to lose the use of higher stage abilities. Stages cannot be skipped; each provides a new and necessary perspective, more comprehensive and differentiated than its predecessors but integrated with them.

 * Level 1 (Pre-Conventional)
 * 1. Obedience and punishment orientation
 * (How can I avoid punishment?)
 * 2. Self-interest orientation
 * (What's in it for me?)
 * (Paying for a benefit)

 * Level 2 (Conventional)

 * 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity
 * (Social norms)
 * (The good boy/girl attitude)
 * 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
 * (Law and order morality)

 * Level 3 (Post-Conventional)

 * 5. Social contract orientation
 * 6. Universal ethical principles
 * (Principled conscience)

The understanding gained in each stage is retained in later stages, but may be regarded by those in later stages as simplistic, lacking in sufficient attention to detail.

Pre-conventional
The pre-conventional level of moral reasoning is especially common in children and is expected to occur in animals, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. The pre-conventional level consists of the first and second stages of moral development and is solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner. A child with pre-conventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring.

In Stage one (obedience and punishment driven), individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves. For example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished. "The last time I did that I got spanked, so I will not do it again." The worse the punishment for the act is, the more "bad" the act is perceived to be. This can give rise to an inference that even innocent victims are guilty in proportion to their suffering. It is "egocentric", lacking recognition that others' points of view are different from one's own. There is "deference to superior power or prestige".

An example of obedience and punishment driven morality would be a child refusing to do something because it is wrong and that the consequences could result in punishment. For example, a child's classmate tries to dare the child to skip school. The child would apply obedience and punishment driven morality by refusing to skip school because he would get punished.

Stage two (self-interest driven) expresses the "what's in it for me" position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest, or whatever is "convenient," but understood in a narrow way which does not consider one's reputation or relationships to groups of people. Stage two reasoning shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individual's own interests. As a result, concern for others is not based on loyalty or intrinsic respect, but rather a "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours" mentality, which is commonly described as quid pro quo, a Latin term that means doing or giving something in order to get something in return. The lack of a societal perspective in the pre-conventional level is quite different from the social contract (stage five), as all actions at this stage have the purpose of serving the individual's own needs or interests. For the stage two theorist, the world's perspective is often seen as morally relative. See also: reciprocal altruism.

Conventional
The conventional level of moral reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults. To reason in a conventional way is to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations. The conventional level consists of the third and fourth stages of moral development. Conventional morality is characterized by an acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society's norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however, and a rule's appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned.

In Stage three (good intentions as determined by social consensus), the self enters society by conforming to social standards. Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects society's views. They try to be a "good boy" or "good girl" to live up to these expectations, having learned that being regarded as good benefits the self. Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in terms of a person's relationships, which now begin to include things like respect, gratitude, and the "golden rule". "I want to be liked and thought well of; apparently, not being naughty makes people like me." Conforming to the rules for one's social role is not yet fully understood. The intentions of actors play a more significant role in reasoning at this stage; one may feel more forgiving if one thinks that "they mean well".

In Stage four (authority and social order obedience driven), it is important to obey laws, dicta, and social conventions because of their importance in maintaining a functioning society. Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three. A central ideal or ideals often prescribe what is right and wrong. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would—thus there is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules. When someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong; culpability is thus a significant factor in this stage as it separates the bad domains from the good ones. Most active members of society remain at stage four, where morality is still predominantly dictated by an outside force.

Post-conventional
The post-conventional level, also known as the principled level, is marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual's own perspective may take precedence over society's view; individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles. Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles—principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice. People who exhibit post-conventional morality view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms—ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights. Rules are not absolute dictates that must be obeyed without question. Because post-conventional individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level.

Kohlberg has speculated that many people may never reach this level of abstract moral reasoning.

In Stage five (social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights, and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts. Those that do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary to/that meet "the greatest good for the greatest number of people". This is achieved through majority decision and inevitable compromise. Democratic government is ostensibly based on stage five reasoning.

In Stage six (universal ethical principles driven), moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Legal rights are unnecessary, as social contracts are not essential for deontic moral action. Decisions are not reached hypothetically in a conditional way but rather categorically in an absolute way, as in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. This involves an individual imagining what they would do in another's shoes, if they believed what that other person imagines to be true. The resulting consensus is the action taken. In this way action is never a means but always an end in itself; the individual acts because it is right, and not because it avoids punishment, is in their best interest, expected, legal, or previously agreed upon. Although Kohlberg insisted that stage six exists, he found it difficult to identify individuals who consistently operated at that level. Touro College Researcher Arthur P. Sullivan helped support the accuracy of Kohlberg's first five stages through data analysis, but could not provide statistical evidence for the existence of Kohlberg's sixth stage. Therefore, it is difficult to define/recognize as a concrete stage in moral development.

Further stages
In his empirical studies of individuals throughout their life, Kohlberg observed that some had apparently undergone moral stage regression. This could be resolved either by allowing for moral regression or by extending the theory. Kohlberg chose the latter, postulating the existence of sub-stages in which the emerging stage has not yet been fully integrated into the personality. In particular Kohlberg noted a stage 4½ or 4+, a transition from stage four to five, that shared characteristics of both. In this stage the individual is disaffected with the arbitrary nature of law and order reasoning; culpability is frequently turned from being defined by society to viewing society itself as culpable. This stage is often mistaken for the moral relativism of stage two, as the individual views those interests of society that conflict with their own as being relatively and morally wrong. Kohlberg noted that this was often observed in students entering college.

Kohlberg suggested that there may be a seventh stage—Transcendental Morality, or Morality of Cosmic Orientation—which linked religion with moral reasoning. Kohlberg's difficulties in obtaining empirical evidence for even a sixth stage, however, led him to emphasize the speculative nature of his seventh stage.

Theoretical assumptions (philosophy)
Kohlberg's stages of moral development are based on the assumption that humans are inherently communicative, capable of reason and possess a desire to understand others and the world around them. The stages of this model relate to the qualitative moral reasonings adopted by individuals and do not translate directly into praise or blame of any individual's actions or character. Arguing that his theory measures moral reasoning and not particular moral conclusions, Kohlberg insists that the form and structure of moral arguments is independent of the content of those arguments, a position he calls "formalism".

Kohlberg's theory follows the notion that justice is the essential characteristic of moral reasoning. Justice itself relies heavily upon the notion of sound reasoning based on principles. Despite being a justice-centered theory of morality, Kohlberg considered it to be compatible with plausible formulations of deontology and eudaimonia.

Kohlberg's theory understands values as a critical component of "the right". Whatever the right is, for Kohlberg, it must be universally valid among societies (a position known as "moral universalism"): there can be no relativism. Morals are not natural features of the world; they are prescriptive. Nevertheless, moral judgments can be evaluated in logical terms of truth and falsity.

According to Kohlberg, someone progressing to a higher stage of moral reasoning cannot skip stages. For example, an individual cannot jump from being concerned mostly with peer judgments (stage three) to being a proponent of social contracts (stage five). On encountering a moral dilemma and finding their current level of moral reasoning unsatisfactory, an individual will look to the next level. Realizing the limitations of the current stage of thinking is the driving force behind moral development, as each progressive stage is more adequate than the last. The process is therefore considered to be constructive, as it is initiated by the conscious construction of the individual and is not in any meaningful sense a component of the individual's innate dispositions or a result of past inductions.

Formal elements

Progress through Kohlberg's stages happens due to the individual's increasing competence, psychologically and in balancing conflicting social-value claims. The process of resolving conflicting claims to reach an equilibrium is called "justice operation." Kohlberg identifies two of these justice operations: "equality," which involves impartial regard for persons, and "reciprocity", which means regard for the role of personal merit. For Kohlberg, the most adequate result of both operations is "reversibility," in which a moral or dutiful act within a particular situation is evaluated in terms of whether or not the act would be satisfactory even if particular persons were to switch roles within that situation (also known colloquially as "moral musical chairs").

Knowledge and learning contribute to moral development. Specifically important are the individual's "view of persons" and their "social perspective level", each of which becomes more complex and mature with each advancing stage. The "view of persons" can be understood as the individual's grasp of the psychology of other persons; it may be pictured as a spectrum, with stage one having no view of other persons at all, and stage six being entirely socio-centric. The social perspective level involves the understanding of the social universe, differing from the view of persons in that it involves an appreciation of social norms.

Examples of applied moral dilemmas
Kohlberg established the Moral Judgement Interview in his original 1958 dissertation. During the roughly 45-minute tape recorded semi-structured interview, the interviewer uses moral dilemmas to determine which stage of moral reasoning a person uses. The dilemmas are fictional short stories that describe situations in which a person has to make a moral decision. The participant is asked a systemic series of open-ended questions, like what they think the right course of action is, as well as justifications as to why certain actions are right or wrong. The form and structure of these replies are scored and not the content; over a set of multiple moral dilemmas an overall score is derived.

A dilemma that Kohlberg used in his original research was the druggist's dilemma: Heinz Steals the Drug In Europe. Other stories on moral dilemma that Kohlberg used in his research were about two young men trying to skip town, both steal money to leave town but the question then becomes whose crime was worse out of the two. A boy, Joe, saving up money for camp and must decide whether to use his money for camp or give it to his father who wants to use the money to go on a trip with his friends. And a story about Judy and Louise, two sisters, and whether Louise should tell their mother the truth about Judy telling a lie to their mother, that she didn't have money to spend on clothes because she went to a concert.

Androcentrism
A critique of Kohlberg's theory is that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values and so may not adequately address the arguments of those who value other moral aspects of actions. Carol Gilligan, in her book In a Different Voice, has argued that Kohlberg's theory is excessively androcentric. Kohlberg's theory was initially based on empirical research using only male participants; Gilligan argued that it did not adequately describe the concerns of women. Kohlberg stated that women tend to get stuck at level 3, being primarily concerned with details of how to maintain relationships and promote the welfare of family and friends. Men are likely to move on to the abstract principles and thus have less concern with the particulars of who is involved. Consistent with this observation, Gilligan's theory of moral development does not value justice above other considerations. She developed an alternative theory of moral reasoning based on the ethics of caring. Critics such as Christina Hoff Sommers of the American Enterprise Institute argued that Gilligan's research is ill-founded and that no evidence exists to support her conclusion.

Cross-cultural generalizability
Kohlberg's stages are not culturally neutral, as demonstrated by its use for several cultures (particularly in the case of the highest developmental stages). Although they progress through the stages in the same order, individuals in different cultures seem to do so at different rates. Kohlberg has responded by saying that although cultures inculcate different beliefs, his stages correspond to underlying modes of reasoning, rather than to beliefs. Most cultures do place some value of life, truth, and law, but to assert that these values are virtually universal requires more research. While there had been some research done to support Kohlberg's assumption of universality for his stages of moral development, there are still plenty of caveats and variations yet to be understood and researched. Regarding universality, stages 1, 2, and 3 of Kohlberg's theory can be seen as universal stages cross culturally, only until stages 4 and 5 does universality begin to be scrutinized. According to Snarey and Kelio, Kohlberg's theory of moral development is not represented in ideas like Gemeinschaft of the communitive feeling. While there had been criticism directed towards the cross-cultural universality of Kohlberg's theory, Carolyn Edwards argued that the dilemma interview method, the standard scoring system, and the cognitive-development theory are all valid and productive in teaching and understanding of moral reasoning across all cultures.

Inconsistency in moral judgments
Another criticism of Kohlberg's theory is that people frequently demonstrate significant inconsistency in their moral judgements. This often occurs in moral dilemmas involving drinking and driving and business situations where participants have been shown to reason at a subpar stage, typically using more self-interested reasoning (stage two) than authority and social order obedience reasoning (stage four). Kohlberg's theory is generally considered to be incompatible with inconsistencies in moral reasoning. Carpendale has argued that Kohlberg's theory should be modified to focus on the view that the process of moral reasoning involves integrating varying perspectives of a moral dilemma rather than simply fixating on applying rules. This view would allow for inconsistency in moral reasoning since individuals may be hampered by their inability to consider different perspectives. Krebs and Denton have also attempted to modify Kohlberg's theory to account for conflicting findings but eventually concluded that the theory cannot account for how most individuals make moral decisions in their everyday lives. Immanuel Kant "predicted" and rebutted that argument when he considered such actions as opening an exception for ourselves in the categorical imperative.

Reasoning vs. intuition
Other psychologists have questioned the assumption that moral action is primarily a result of formal reasoning. Social intuitionists such as Jonathan Haidt argue that individuals often make moral judgments without weighing concerns such as fairness, law, human rights or ethical values. Thus the arguments analyzed by Kohlberg and other rationalist psychologists could be considered post hoc rationalizations of intuitive decisions; moral reasoning may be less relevant to moral action than Kohlberg's theory suggests.

Apparent lack of postconventional reasoning in moral exemplars
In 1999, some of Kohlberg's measures were tested when Anne Colby and William Damon published a study in which the development was examined in the lives of moral exemplars that exhibited high levels of moral commitment in their everyday behavior. The researchers utilized the moral judgement interview (MJI) and two standard dilemmas to compare the 23 exemplars with a more ordinary group of people. The intention was to learn more about moral exemplars and to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the Kohlberg measure. They found that the MJI scores were not clustered at the high end of Kohlberg's scale; they ranged from stage 3 to stage 5. Half landed at the conventional level (stages 3, 3/4, and 4) and the other half landed at the postconventional level (stages 4/5 and 5). Compared to the general population, the scores of the moral exemplars may be somewhat higher than those of groups not selected for outstanding moral behaviour. Researchers noted that the "moral judgement scores are clearly related to subjects' educational attainment in this study". Among the participants that had attained college education or above, there was no difference in moral judgement scores between genders. The study noted that although the exemplars' scores may have been higher than those of nonexemplars, it is also clear that one is not required to score at Kohlberg's highest stages in order to exhibit high degrees of moral commitment and exemplary behaviour. Apart from their scores, it was found that the 23 participating moral exemplars described three similar themes within all of their moral developments: certainty, positivity, and the unity of self and moral goals. The unity between self and moral goals was highlighted as the most important theme as it is what truly sets the exemplars apart from the 'ordinary' people. It was discovered that the moral exemplars see their morality as a part of their sense of identity and sense of self, not as a conscious choice or chore. Also, the moral exemplars showed a much broader range of moral concern than did the ordinary people and go beyond the normal acts of daily moral engagements.

Rather than confirm the existence of a single highest stage, Larry Walker's cluster analysis of a wide variety of interview and survey variables for moral exemplars found three types: the "caring" or "communal" cluster was strongly relational and generative, the "deliberative" cluster had sophisticated epistemic and moral reasoning, and the "brave" or "ordinary" cluster was less distinguished by personality.

Continued relevance
Kohlberg's bodies of work on the stages of moral development have been utilized by others working in the field. One example is the Defining Issues Test (DIT) created in 1979 by James Rest, originally as a pencil-and-paper alternative to the Moral Judgement Interview. Heavily influenced by the six-stage model, it made efforts to improve the validity criteria by using a quantitative test, the Likert scale, to rate moral dilemmas similar to Kohlberg's. It also used a large body of Kohlbergian theory such as the idea of "post-conventional thinking". In 1999 the DIT was revised as the DIT-2; the test continues to be used in many areas where moral testing is required, such as divinity, politics, and medicine.

William Damon's contribution to Kohlberg's moral theory
The American psychologist William Damon developed a theory that is based on Kohlberg's research. Still, it has the merit of focusing on and analysing moral reasoning's behavioural aspects and not just the idea of justice and rightness. Damon's methodology was experimental, using children aged between 3 and 9 who were required to share toys. The study applied the sharing resources technique to operationalise the dependent variable it measured: equity or justice.

The results demonstrated an obvious stage presentation of the righteous, just behaviour.

According to William Damon's findings, justice, transposed into action, has 6 successive levels:

Level 1 – nothing stops the egocentric tendency. The children want all the toys without feeling the need to justify their preference. The justice criterion is the absolute wish of the self;

Level 2 – the child wants almost all of the toys and justifies his choice in an arbitrary or egocentric manner (e.g., "I should play with them because I have a red dress", "They are mine because I like them!");

Level 3 – the equality criterion emerges (e.g., "We should all have the same number of toys");

Level 4 – the merit criterion emerges (e.g., "Johnny should take more because he was such a good boy");

Level 5 – necessity is seen as the most important selection criterion (e.g., "She should take the most because she was sick", "Give more to Matt because he is poor");

Level 6 – the dilemmas begin to come up: can justice be achieved, considering only one criterion? The consequence is the combining of criteria: equality + merit, equality + necessity, necessity + merit, equality + necessity + merit.

The final level of Damon's mini theory is an interesting display, in the social setting, of the logical cognitive operationalisation. This permits decentration and the combination of many points of view, favouring allocentrism.


text:
User talk:Mike Halterman/archive10

This archive is for notes addressed to me, written from September 26 to October 11, 2004.

The Killers
I do listen to current music, but I never heard of these guys. I don't watch MTV, though. RickK 23:41, Sep 26, 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't Be
Y'alright? could you check ther Liam Gallagher history page and look at the edit done by 213.106.248.77, I don't think it should be, has this bloke been vandlising or something? Maybe keep an eye out for him. Cheers bud.--Crestville 09:15, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

TV articles
I know you're quite the television fan, but is it just daytime TV that you're interested in? I've been looking at some of the articles in Category:Drama television series - most of them are in need of a lot of help, and there doesn't seem to be many interested people, which is a shame - I'd be tempted to dive in otherwise. Ambi 13:28, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Marcy Walker
I am p*ssed that TIIC have let her go. There was no way she deserved this kind of treatment. RickK`

Corrie
I don't know where you got all that info from so quickly, but lots of interesting stuff - and a good go at redressing the balance between current storylines and old ones. (I know more recent storylines will always win in the end as that's what people will update for.) I hadn't heard the Florizel/disinfectant story before (I'd love to know the source), but that's exactly the sort of humorous and interesting stuff I like to read! In summary: Good work! Jongarrettuk 22:16, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Hope you don't mind too much, I've 'Britishfied' a small number of US words/terms - I still don't understand what an American's doing knowing so much about Corrie. :) Jongarrettuk 22:33, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)

But he is
Tyler is a Carter-loving loserkid. Why don't you understand? Sigh. --128.196.194.167 07:28, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Who gives a shit? Not me, or Wikipedia. Mike H 07:30, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject
Hi Mike, Thanks for your messages on my page. I've added the British TV info box to quite a few channels now, so I thought I might as well tell you that I have started a Wiki Project for British TV Channels at WikiProject British TV channels. ANy help you would care to offer would be much appreciated - catch ya later MrWeeble 21:53, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedian notice boards
Mike, I like the work you've done setting up U.S. Southern Wikipedians' notice board. I'll try to contribute when I can. About List of Wikipedian notice boards: do you have any objections to converting this into Category:Wikipedian notice boards? It would make maintenance easier. • Benc • 23:23, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. • Benc • 23:44, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Wikipals list
I know it's extremely lame but I've just started a wikipals list on my user page and you're on it. It's a list of generally "nice people" I've met in the year since I first signed up. If you don't want to to be on it let me know and I'll take you of. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 01:00, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Edits
I sure hope I don't get on your nerves too much by correcting your every edit to the "Years of television" series of articles :))--Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 22:25, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
I just thought I'd come and offer some thanks to you. I followed your example today and started the UK wikipedians' notice board (based on your Southern US example). I have only been advertising it to other people for a few minutes and six people have already expressed what a good idea it is - very satisfying! So thanks for the inspiration. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:38, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Jesse and Angie Hubbard
Some anon started this. Wanna work on it? RickK 00:11, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

I can't do anything about it today, but maybe tomorrow or in a couple of days. RickK 00:17, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

Stuck
Actually, I'm still at work...and my lovely wife is asleep by 10:30. Can you give me a shout tomorrow at about the same time? Doesn't look like I'll be getting home for a while. Thanks!! - Lucky 6.9 00:49, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Beautiful. Talk to you tomorrow! - Lucky 6.9 00:51, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ken and Deirdre
Hmm, not sure. I've already done a Ken Barlow article. Deb 21:55, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

VfDs
My contributions to the VfD page are simply part of my way to clean up Wikipedia; I edit and add extensively, too, but VfDs are just as necessary to ensure its utmost potential and quality. If people don't agree, fine; that's why I've put up that policy proposal page, so that we can discuss these things. We're both trying to do our best with making Wikipedia a better encyclopedia; let's not make a petty argument of it. Ian Pugh 03:08, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Oops...!
Glad you caught me, pal. My wife's in bed and I was getting ready to pack it in myself since I have to be at work a bit early. If you'd like to call me at work, I'd enjoy hearing from you. E-mail me at production@dc.rr.com and I'll send you the number. 'Night! :^) - Lucky 6.9 04:41, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

(Po')Folks
That's interesting, 'cuz all the ones in Metro Atlanta are "Folks". Do you know what they are elsewhere in the South? I'll try to look it up... Ellsworth 15:07, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for calling!
It was great hearing from you again. Ah, but we've also heard from our favorite playmate this evening. Just one so far: Hot Shots!. I e-mailed RickK but if you happen to get to it first, I thought you'd take pleasure in making it go bye-bye. Tell your mom this total stranger (and totally strange individual) wishes her a happy birthday. - Lucky 6.9 00:42, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Fred Feast
Confession - I didn't even know Fred Feast had died! Deb 20:18, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC) It's tragic, that's what it is. Poor old Fred. Deb 20:21, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Template:COTWs
I see you removed the NEW! labels from the COTWs template. While I know they're all fairly new, and IMHO they look a bit commercial (like how McDonalds would advertise a new product on their menu :-), but I feel they're a good way of advertising new COTWs, a good alternative to spamming COTW, announcements, VP or something like that. I think from now on they're a good idea for all new COTWs just for the first day. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 21:30, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

URGENT: Opposition to "Sam Spade": See User:Spleeman/Sam Spade
See a critic's tracking of SamSpade's activities on Wikipedia at User:Spleeman/Sam Spade Vote "NO", or reverse your vote, even at this late hour. This is criticle (and critical) information! IZAK 09:55, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

See: User:Spleeman/Sam Spade:

 * From Sam's own user page: User:Sam_Spade/Theoretical_Biases
 * Removes references to groups such as the KKK as "right-wing"
 * Attempts to sugarcoat racist views
 * The claim the Geli Raubal was Hitler's mistress is just that, a claim.
 * Wants Hitler labeled as a socialist on the communism page (see Talk:Communism)
 * Insists on including his personal theories regarding a relationship between nazism and Chinese communism in nazism article:
 * User_talk:Andries
 * Talk:Nazism
 * From Talk:Socialism:
 * "I intend to do what I always have, which is insist that the Nazi's were socialist because... they were." (Sam Spade 00:32, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Called another editor a "fascist" (Talk:Socialism). This is similar to his attempts to try to provoke me by implying that I was a nationalist, or not an anarchist:
 * "Enforcing american spelling is a sign of nationalism, and would therefore seem to suggest your not an anarchist? Or perhaps your a "anarcho-nationalist"? ;p" (Sam Spade 08:06, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC), User_talk:Spleeman)
 * "Censorship isn't very anarchist" (Sam Spade 23:25, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC), Talk:Anarchism/Archive10)
 * More on belief in non-racial eugenics: Why Sam is Right Wing (a list by User:Stopthebus18)
 * Stopthebus18: "People (including our country) have done horrible things in the name of eugenics." (StoptheBus18 16:02, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Sam Spade: "Seems to work in Singapore. Bad things have been done in the name of all sorts of medicine, but we don't stop going to the doctor, do we?" (Sam Spade 17:21, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC))
 * Guess what everybody!!! "The attempt to paint them [the Nazis] as "reactionaries" is a propagandistic fraud." (Sam Spade 16:11, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC), Talk:Nazism) Wow! You learn something new everyday.... Not.
 * Hmm. For some reason, Sam doesn't want anybody to know that white-supremacist Wolfgang Droege was involved in drug trafficking.

Coranation Python
Monty Python so very rarely did deliberate parodies, and I really cvan't remember seeing anbything to do with coranation street. They did loads of ratbag-women who could be interpreted as being based on those characters, but I doubt it were deliberate. Also, it would definately not have been a recurring thing, 'cause they didn't really have recvurring sketches. Sorry to dissapoint.--Crestville 12:42, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mike Halterman/archive10


text: Category:Flamenco singers

title: Category:Flamenco singers


text:
Newhalen River

The Newhalen River (Dena'ina: Nughiltnu) is a 22 mi stream in the Lake and Peninsula Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Beginning at Six Mile Lake, the Newhalen flows south to enter Iliamna Lake about 3 mi south of Iliamna.

Alaska Fishing describes the river as "the major pathway for a mind-boggling migration of sockeye salmon" that ascend the stream in early summer. The main game fish in addition to sockeye are rainbow trout.

It is possible to float parts of the Newhalen in rafts and kayaks. However, waterfalls rated Class V (extremely difficult) on the International Scale of River Difficulty and other sections of whitewater rated Class IV (very difficult) mean that the river "is rarely run in its entirety". The first 8 mi below Six Mile Lake are Class I (easy), and there is a take-out point, Upper Landing, at the end of this stretch. More difficult water begins below Upper Landing.

title: Newhalen River


text:
Talk:Ella Jenkins

Discography
It seems that Folkways Records rereleased many records on CD starting in 1989, so most of the release dates on this list are wrong in that they refer to the rerelease date. I hope that people with the original vinyl copies will correct these release dates. Edwinstearns 21:11, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Edit request from Dph6k123, 11 January 2011
Please ADD 2011:A Life of Song (2011) SFW 45067 (CD) to DISCOGRAPHY section. This album will be released 2/22/2011 according to amazon.com and smithsonian folkways

Dph6k123 (talk) 16:34, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Partly done:I added the album with a citation to the Smithsonian Folkways site. I couldn't find proof of the catalog number there or on Amazon; that can be added later once album is released. At that point the reference can be removed as well--we only need it now since it's still technically a forthcoming release. Qwyrxian (talk) 01:19, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

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Biography in progress
Gayle Wald has a biography of Ella Jenkins in progress. - Jmabel | Talk 22:14, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Recent excellent conference talk by Wald on YouTube. I will link it as an external link. - Jmabel | Talk 02:03, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ella Jenkins


text: Category:American composers

title: Category:American composers


text:
Talk:Cessna Skymaster

A reference would be appreciated to the incident described.

As for the C337 accidents during the same year, NTSB MIA94WA092 describes a take-off nonfatal mishap by the same operator. (The other 4 accidents involving a C337 that year were all fatal). BACbKA 21:12, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Center Line Thrust
The Centerline Thrust notation on a pilots certificate is a restriction, not an endorsement, ie a pilot without it on his multi engine certificate can still fly a centerline thrust aircraft, but a pilot with the a centerline thrust restriction can not act as PIC in a normal multi engine aircraft. PPGMD 02:48, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Brothers to the Rescue
Although the Brothers to the Rescue story is undeniably related to the Skymaster, there is a dedicated WP article on the subject. I suggest we either start working on an Accident/Incident list, as is common in other aircraft pages, or add a reference to the BttR article in the See also section. In any case, I propose the Operational history section, including the irrelevant Aircraft type clubs subsection (name one light aircraft which does not have such a club...), be deleted. The fact that the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection used Skymasters can be moved to the Variants section. Ma.rkus.nl (talk) 20:16, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Since the main Brothers to the Rescue article is now much longer than what is contained in this article I have replaced the duplication tag with a main article template. I believe the existing shorter version in this article is appropriate for this topic and the main template will send readers to the main article for more detail if they are interested. - Ahunt (talk) 11:36, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

 * User:Murrayabc123 deleted this whole section with the edit summary Removed brothers to the rescue portion due to it being a political statement. Having reread it I don't see it as a "political statement", but as a cited and factual account of one operational use of this aircraft. It doesn't seem to be any different than the operational use sections of other aircraft articles, such as Zlín_Z_42. The main Brothers to the Rescue article contains much more detail on the incident. I have reverted the removal, but if anyone would like to see it removed then it should be discussed in detail here first, explaining why and gain a concensus to remove it. - Ahunt (talk) 22:07, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * User:Murrayabc123 You can't just keep deleting content that you disagree with citing the same Removed brothers to the rescue portion due to it being a political statement. You need to discuss your reasons here and gain consensus. - Ahunt (talk) 23:57, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I concur that the "Brothers" section should remain in some form, though probably with less detail. ALso, usage should not be in the Variants section, but in Operational history. As to the Type club section, this is listed in other light aircraft articles. Ahunt and I do disagree on this, but it's not an area of strong contenion between us. Perhaps it needs to be taken up at WT:AIR. Until then, the type club section should remain. - BillCJ (talk) 01:53, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I copied the main details to the Brothers article since that was sourced here. The details about where exactly they were downed and other details did not seem important here.  If I removed something needed here, add it back. -Fnlayson (talk) 15:39, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * That looks okay - enough detail for this article and the main article has the rest. No need for too much duplication. - Ahunt (talk) 17:46, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Jeff. That looks good to me too. - BillCJ (talk) 18:44, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Conversions/Modifications
With the recent earthquake in Haiti I was observing via Google maps and found the following view. Could these be the Summit Sentry aircraft sold to Haiti in the 1980s? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jetfried (talk • contribs) 21:30, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

 * They are 337s all right, but they aren't flying anywhere anymore! Too bad. - Ahunt (talk) 23:42, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Earlier "Skymasters" ?
There must have been earlier "Skymasters". Churchill writes, in his book "The Second World War", that he flew at Christmas 1944 with his private "Skymaster" to Athens; refuelling was in Naples.
 * Nothing to do with this Skymaster it was a four-engined transport see Douglas C-54 Skymaster. MilborneOne (talk) 15:42, 16 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Yup, common term, different aircraft. - Ahunt (talk) 19:26, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cessna Skymaster


text: Template:Globalize

title: Template:Globalize


text:
Duchy of Poznan

Duchy of Poznan may refer to:
 * Duchy of Poznań, 12th–14th century
 * Grand Duchy of Posen, 1815–1848

title: Duchy of Poznan


text:
User:KeithTyler/Brutalism references

Keeping track of my online references for the list of buildings in Brutalism. (Other than other WP arts.)

 * YB=year built information
 * Ar=architect information
 * Img=images (evidence of qualification)
 * Qual=Other qualifying notes when images not available
 * Dem=information on demolition

Brantford City Hall
 * YB/Ar/Img: http://mail.city.brantford.on.ca/inventory.nsf (search features)

Chapel On The Water
 * YB/Ar: http://bibliotecnica.upc.es/bib210/consultesib/Capella%20de%20l'aigua.doc
 * Img: http://www.flickr.com/photos/handa/284812/

Boston City Hall
 * YB/Ar/Img: http://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/ma/ma1200/ma1243/data/

Cameron Offices
 * YB/Ar: http://www.canberrahouse.com.au/shorthistory.html
 * Img: http://www.abc.net.au/canberra/stories/s597191.htm (proxy source)

Group Residence for Young Adults
 * YB/Ar/Img: http://www.friends-ues.org/modern_exhibit14.htm

High Court of Australia
 * YB/Ar/Img: http://www.hcourt.gov.au/about_04.html

Manhattan Church of Christ
 * YB/Img: http://www.manhattanchurch.org/index.asp

Notre Dame du Haut
 * Img/Ar: http://www.demel.net/fs-ronchamp.html

Robarts Library
 * YB: http://www.library.utoronto.ca/news/utlnews/winter98_99/25.html
 * Ar: http://www.thestrand.ca/news/2001/10/03/Features/Those.Nasty.Rumours-111864.shtml

Monastery of Saint Marie de la Tourette
 * YB/Ar/Img: http://architecture.mit.edu/~krfeng/4203index.html

Park Hill
 * YB/Ar/Img: http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/parkhill.htm

Simon Fraser University (Good job at recording your architectural history, SFU!!)
 * YB/Ar: http://www.sfu.ca/FacilitiesManagement/history/

Thomas Rees Carillon
 * YB: http://www.carillon-rees.org/html/the_history.html
 * Ar: http://abelincoln.com/ornaments/st_joseph_rees_carillon.html

Trellick
 * YB/Img: http://www.open2.net/modernity/3_14.htm

Tricorn Centre
 * Ar/Dem: http://www.bbc.co.uk/southampton/webcams/tricorn.shtml
 * YB: http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/owenluder/

UCal Irvine
 * Ar/YB/img/qual: http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/collections/special/bibarchitect.html

UCal Berkeley

Canberra Student Residences
 * Ar/YB/Img: http://www.canberrahouse.com.au/profiles/ccae.html

King George Tower
 * Ar: http://www.canberrahouse.com.au/profiles/ccae.html
 * Img/YB: http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/caut/html/KGC/front.htm

Weldon Library (not bad, UWO.)
 * YB/Ar: http://www.lib.uwo.ca/weldon/welcome/facts&statistics.shtml

Woodruff Library
 * Ar: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/BerryBaker/VoxMain.html

basingstoke
 * Img: http://www.voa.gov.uk/where/ wesse/basingstoke_office.htm
 * Qual: http://www.world66.com/europe/unitedkingdom/england/south_east/basingstoke
 * Img: http://www.bstoke.com/

Buffalo City Court
 * Ar/Img/YB: http://ah.bfn.org/a/del/50/index.html

Kuala Lumpur buildings
 * Img: http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/portfolio/azrul/html/prac1.html
 * Ar: http://thestar.com.my/news/archives/story.asp?ppath=%5C2004%5C10%5C6&file=/2004/10/6/nation/9056192&sec=nation

Hayward Gallery
 * Dem: http://www.touruk.co.uk/london_galleries/hayward_gallery1.htm
 * Img: http://www.c20society.demon.co.uk/docs/casework/hayward.html
 * Ar/YB: http://www.hayward.org.uk/about/faq.html
 * Ar?: http://www.archpedia.com/Styles-New-Brutalism.html

Hunstanton School
 * Img/Ar/YB: http://www.open2.net/modernity/3_9.htm

Robin Hood Gardens
 * Ar/YB: http://www.hughpearman.com/articles5/smithsons5.html

Tel Aviv City Hall
 * Img/YB: http://telavivinf.com/prat/built/mig/iriya/page.html

http://www.richmangalleries.com/brutalism.htm (Qual/Img for Kingsbury Apartments and Lauderdale Tower)

http://www.emporis.com/en/ab/ds/sg/ra/bu/ca/ap/sy/mo/br/ (Img/Ar/YB/Qual for a bunch)

Brunswick Centre
 * Img/Ar/YB: http://www.tate.org.uk/tateetc/issue2/architecture60s.htm

Smithsons (various)
 * http://www.wdw.nl/ENG/text/projects/smithsons/bio.htm#

J. Edgar Hoover building
 * All: http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/hooverbuilding/hqhistory.htm

Berkshire House/ La Brasilia / Daniel Morits / Wells Fargo all came from Emporis

Moore Office Building All: http://www.northwestwatch.org/publications/pricetags31.pdf

Nazareth Hopsital Center Chicago Img: http://www.reshealth.org/locations/hospitals.cfm

TESC
 * Img/Ar/Yr: http://www.evergreen.edu/facilities/

title: User:KeithTyler/Brutalism references


text:
Harmonic spectrum

A harmonic spectrum is a spectrum containing only frequency components whose frequencies are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency; such frequencies are known as harmonics. "The individual partials are not heard separately but are blended together by the ear into a single tone."

In other words, if $$\omega$$ is the fundamental frequency, then a harmonic spectrum has the form
 * $$\{\dots, -2\omega, -\omega, 0, \omega, 2\omega, \dots\}.$$

A standard result of Fourier analysis is that a function has a harmonic spectrum if and only if it is periodic.

title: Harmonic spectrum


text:
Faizabad

Faizabad (Hindustani pronunciation: [fɛːzaːbaːd]) is a city located in Ayodhya district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is situated on the southern bank of the River Saryu about 6.5 km from Ayodhya City, the district headquarter, 130 km east of the state capital Lucknow. Faizabad was the first capital of the Nawabs of Awadh and has monuments built by those Nawabs, like the Tomb of Bahu Begum, Gulab Bari. It was also the headquarters of Faizabad district (now Ayodhya district) and Faizabad division (now Ayodhya division) before November 2018. Faizabad is a twin city of Ayodhya and it is administered by Ayodhya Municipal Corporation.

History

According to The Imperial Gazetteer of India, "[w]hen Saadat Khan was appointed governor of Oudh he built a hunting lodge 4 miles west of Ayodhya [in 1730 ], then the head-quarters of the province. Gardens were laid out and shops sprang up in the neighbourhood, and during the time of his successor Safdar Jang the name Faizabad was first applied.  Shuja-ud-daula, the third Nawab, lived chiefly at Lucknow during the early part of his reign; but after his defeat at Buxar in 1764 he made Faizabad his residence, and during the remainder of his life added largely to its defences and also laid a large town.  Shuja-ud-daula died early in 1775, and before the close of the year Asaf-ud-daula moved permanently to Lucknow. The importance of Faizabad declined, but it remained the home of Asaf-ud-daula's grandmother and mother, the Nawab Begam and Bahu Begam, whose treatment was the subject of charges against Warren Hastings. After the death of Bahu Begam in 1816 Faizabad decayed still farther". Oudh State was annexed by the British in 1856. Local self-government for Ayodhya and Faizabad was introduced in 1865. The two cities were administered jointly as a municipality.

Establishment of Princely state of Awadh
Gulab Bari stands in a garden surrounded by a wall, approachable through two large gateways. These buildings are particularly interesting for their assimilative architectural styles. Shuja-ud-daula's wife was the well known Bahu Begum, who married the Nawab in 1743 and continued to reside in Faizabad, her residence being the Moti-Mahal. Close by at Jawaharbagh lies her Maqbara, where she was buried after her death in 1816. It is considered to be one of the finest buildings of its kind in Avadh, which was built at the cost of three lakh rupees by her chief advisor Darab Ali Khan. A fine view of the city is obtainable from top of the begum's tomb. Bahu Begum was a woman of great distinction and rank, bearing dignity. Most of the Muslim buildings of Faizabad are attributed to her. From the date of Bahu Begum's death in 1815 until the annexation of Avadh, the city of Faizabad gradually fell into decay. The glory of Faizabad finally eclipsed with the shifting of capital from Faizabad to Lucknow by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula.

Faizabad was also a centre of one of many battles of the Mutiny of 1857. A detailed history of Faizabad can be read in 'Tareekh-e-Farahbaksh', written by Munshi Mohd. Faiz Baksh, (after whom Faizabad is named) a courtier in the Shuja-ud-Daula's court. This book has been translated into English by Hamid Afaq Qureshi as 'Memoirs of Faizabad'. Faizabad also finds a prominent and detailed mention in Guzashta Lucknow written by Abdul Halim Sharar. The fourth nawab of Awadh, Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula, shifted the Capital of Avadh to Lucknow in 1775 after his terms with his mother became sour.

Hanging of Ashfaqulla Khan
Ashfaqulla Khan was hanged in Faizabad jail on 19 December 1927 for his role in the Kakori Train robbery on 9 August 1925.

Demographics
The 2011 Census of India has separate data for Faizabad municipal council (N.P.P.) and Faizabad Cantonment, which were counted as separate towns: The following data are for Faizabad municipal council in the 2011 census. The following data are for Faizabad Cantonment in the 2011 census.
 * Faizabad municipal council (N.P.P.), which had a population of 165,228 in 28,150 households.
 * Faizabad Cantonment, which had a population of 12,391 in 2,014 households.
 * There were 85,620 males and 79,608 females.  The sex ratio was 929.8 females per 1,000 males.
 * There were 17,781 children of six and under: 9,310 boys and 8,471 girls, giving a sex ratio of 909.9 girls per 1,000 boys.
 * There were 123,895 literates (84% of the population over six), of which 66,519 were male and 57,376 were female (78% and 72% of the male and female population over six).
 * There were 7,744 males and 4,647 females.  The sex ratio was 600.1 females per 1,000 males.
 * There were 1,368 children of six and under: 716 boys and 652 girls, giving a sex ratio of 910.6 girls per 1,000 boys.
 * There were 9,783 literates (89% of the population over six), of which 6,595 were male and 3,188 were female (85% and 69% of the male and female population over six).

Climate
Typical of the central plains of India, Faizabad has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer (March to July) temperatures can range from 35 to 45 C, whilst winter (November to February) temperatures can range from 6 to 25 C. More than 85 per cent of the annual rainfall of 1100 mm falls during the southwest monsoon from June to September.

By Road
Faizabad is situated on National Highway 27 and has connectivity with Kanpur (213 km), Lucknow (127 km), Varanasi (202 km), Prayagraj (161 km) and Gorakhpur (165 km). The state government's Road Transport Service runs regular and frequent buses to and from these cities. NH27 connects Lucknow to Barauni via Faizabad and Gorakhpur whilst NH330 connects Faizabad to Prayagraj via Sultanpur. Nawab Yusuf Road connects Faizabad to Varanasi via Jaunpur, NH330A connects Faizabad to Raebareli via Kumarganj, Ayodhya and Jagdishpur and NH 330 connects Faizabad to Bharich via Gonda, NH 330C is connected by Azamgarh to Faizabad via Ambedkar Nagar and Balrampur is connected by Faizabad via NH334 and Utraula and Mankapur connects Faizabad by SH14.

By Train
Ayodhya Cantt railway station: The Indian Railways network connects Faizabad directly with Kanpur (4 hours) Lucknow (3 hours), Varanasi (4 hours.) and Prayagraj (5 hours).

Ayodhya Cantt Superfast Express is a train which runs weekly connecting Ayodhya Cantt railway station to Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai. Its one of the two trains which runs between Faizabad to Mumbai the other one is Saket Express which runs twice a week. It is numbered as 22103/22104. Rameswaram - Faizabad Shraddha Sethu Express is a weekly Superfast Express connecting Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Faizabad in Uttar Pradesh. It takes nearly 3 days to reach the destination and one of the longest running train in India. A few mail express trains also connect Faizabad to Kolkata, New Delhi and Mumbai. In addition, the Faizabad-Delhi express runs daily from Faizabad to Delhi and Delhi to Faizabad, whilst a new railway line will be proposed from Lalganj to Faizabad via Raebareli Akberganj station.

Ayodhya Junction railway station: Ayodhya Junction is the second major railway station in Ayodhya city.

Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar railway station: This station is another gateway to the city via rail and it lies in the heart of the city.

By Air
The nearest airports from Faizabad are Ayodhya International Airport (5 km), Lucknow International Airport (128 km), Prayagraj Airport (144 km) and Varanasi International Airport (200 km).

Tourism
Gulab Bari: Literally meaning 'Garden of Roses', the tomb of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula (third Nawab of Awadh), this place has a collection of roses of various varieties set by the sides of water fountains. Gulab Bari also houses a maqbara (Mausoleum) of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula in the campus.

Bahu Begum ka Maqbara: (The Mausoleum of the Queen Bride) the memorial built for queen of Nawab Shujah-ud-Daulah,  Unmatuzzohra Bano Begum. Its one of the tallest buildings in Faizabad and is an example of non-mughal Muslim architecture.

Military Temple: (The Dogra Regimental Centre/ Corps of Military Police CMP Temple) Located in cantonment area.

Guptar Ghat: the Ghat (Jetty) where Lord Rama is believed to have taken 'jal samadhi' (leaving the earth for 'Baikuntha', the divine abode of Lord Vishnu, by drowning himself). It has view of the Saryu River and its green banks and has several ancient temples.

Company Gardens : Adjoining Guptar Ghat, on the banks of River Saryu, is Company Gardens, a botanical garden built during British Rule. it has a well maintained, sprawling garden set amidst lush greenery. It also has an orchard spread over acres. Plants and Trees can also be bought here. The remains of the fort built by Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula after the battle of Buxar is also within walking distance.

Ghanta Ghar: The heart of Faizabad city, houses a clock tower (Ghanta means 'clock' in Hindi and Ghar is the Hindi word for 'house') in the middle of the city center. All distances within the city are measured from this location. The place is also known as Chowk, which houses the main vegetable and spice market in the town.

Shringi Rishi Ashram: 35 km from Faizabad in Goshainganj is ashram of Sage (Rishi in Sanskrit/Hindi) Shringi. Shringi Rishi performed 'Putrakameshti Yajya' for King Dashrath of Ayodhya, after that Lord Rama and his three brothers were born. There is an ashram of Shringi Rishi situated at Sherwaghat near Mehbubganj 11 km from Goshainganj on the banks of Saryu river at Sherwa Ghat. A temple of Shringi Rishi, is also located at Sherwaghat, and a fair is held every year in May in his honour. A cave is also located in Ayodhya district near Mehbubganj Near Goshainganj where he is supposed to have stayed.

Maharshi Balmiki Ashram Babuapur : Named after the saint Maharishi Balmilki who wrote Ramayan in Sanskrit language in the time of Lord Rama. It is located 28 km from Faizabad city in Babuapur village directly connected with Dilasiganj.

Shopping places

Faizabad Chowk: Next to Ghanta Ghar, is the central market of Faizabad town. One can find vegetables, fruits and spices, jewellery shops, clothing and other retail.

Rikabganj: About a kilometre away from Chowk (towards Lucknow) lies the Rikabganj market which has a multitude of pharmacies. The market also has some seed shops which cater to the farmers of the adjoining regions.

Bajaja: (now known as Subhas Nagar)A place adjacent to Chowk towards Sultanpur Road holds a market for Clothes and garments. In Urdu Bajaja means cloth market. This area also holds major banks such as Union Bank of India, SBI and Allahabad Bank.

Fatehganj: This is a market mainly for wholesale grocery and other house hold items. This area is on the same road on which Bajaja falls. Hotel Krishna Palace is adjacent to the fountain near Ayodhya jail. This is the place which is near to Bus Station as well as Railway Station.

Universities

 * Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University
 * Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology

Other Colleges

 * K.S. Saket P.G. College, which is on National Highway 28 between Faizabad and Ayodhya.

Sports
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar International Sports Stadium Loc: 26.72972°N, 82.13806°W is an international standard sports complex being built on NH 330 (Faizabad to Sultanpur Road) in Ayodhya district. The new sports complex would have astro turf, synthetic track, olympic size swimming pool, cricket field, hostels and other required facilities. It is the part of multi crore Rs. project for sports complex by state government. The Lokayukta office has received a complaint from one Bhanu Pratap Singh of Ayodhya who has accused the minister of corruption in the construction of Ayodhya International stadium. According to the complainant, the sports minister had a nexus with former sports director Hari Om and former project manager R.D. Prasad and had deliberately delayed the construction of the ₹ 86 crore Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar stadium, paving the way for an escalation of costs to ₹ 1.50 billion.

Notable people

 * Begum Akhtar or Akhtari Bai Faizabadi, singer
 * Mir Anees, Urdu poet
 * Pooja Batra, actress
 * Brij Narayan Chakbast, nineteenth-century Urdu poet who is credited with the first translation of the Ramayana into Urdu
 * Abhishek Chaubey, Bollywood film director
 * Kathleen Crofton, an English dancer, was born is Faizabad
 * Narendra Deva, political theorist
 * Barry Hay, pop singer born in Faizabad
 * Indu Jain, owner of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd, Times of India Group, Forbes India's top 20 richest person
 * Vinay Katiyar, politician
 * Tariq Umar Khan, production designer, art director and film director in Bollywood
 * Akhil Kumar, Indian boxer and Olympian
 * Kunwar Narayan, Hindi poet
 * Francis Quinton, an English cricketer, was born Faizabad.
 * Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda, born in Faizabad.
 * Ahmadullah Shah (1787–1858), Indian freedom fighter
 * Anushka Sharma, Bollywood actress
 * Lallu Singh, politician, won the 2014 and 2019 elections for the Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)
 * Ravindranath Tewari, former minister
 * Nivedita Tiwari, actress
 * Brij Bhushan Mani Tripathi, Indian Politician
 * Mitrasen Yadav, politician

title: Faizabad


text:
Talk:Intimate relationship

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 March 2019 and 8 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): TT in NYU.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:44, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

overreliance on one source
Fully two-thirds of the citations made in this article are to works by David Perlman. The remainder are dominated by pop-psych books, articles, and blogs. Surely that can't be good. Weeb Dingle (talk) 00:11, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Looking at the References section before my edit that tweaked, cut and sourced parts of the article, we can see that "The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships," Cambridge University Press source was also used extensively. It still is. I wouldn't classify such a source as a pop-psych book. And I'm wondering which sources you consider a pop-psych book. We go with the sources that are adequate for this topic, the ones that are usually available for this topic while also being reliable for it. It's easy to see that when looking for sources on the topic of "intimate relationships" (and its forms) and "intimacy" on Google Books or Google Scholar, the sources are psychology books, sociology books, guide books (which may or may not be psychology or sociology books), sexuality books, and books we shouldn't even consider using for the topic. When it comes to the psychology books or similar, some are college-level sources, but such sources are acceptable for this topic. Some of the sources are reprints. When it came to my recent sourcing of the article, I used the best sources available. If you have "better" sources, then do present them here on the talk page. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:52, 12 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Apologies, my archaic English can occasionally baffle some; clearly, commas are confusing nowadays. By "pop-psych books, articles, and blogs" I meant
 * pop-psych books, AND
 * pop-psych articles, AND
 * pop-psych blogs.
 * As well, when I say that the population of a list is DOMINATED BY a commonality (thereby, incidentally, indicating a potential bias toward a particular viewpoint), that would once have been intended to indicate that while the commonality is not shared by ALL or perhaps even MOST of the individual instances in that universe, it stands out as a recurring theme, a sort of voting bloc if you will that is not inherently representative of each resident in the universe.
 * That is to say: picking out a single example that doesn't happen to possess that commonality in no way invalidates the summary description. (Waving that example around doesn't improve its value.)
 * The article relies far too much on articles and books written and/or edited and/or co-written and/or co-edited by a lone individual. That would not be surprising for some abstruse topic, but is immediately questionable (at best!) here.
 * (Sorry, highfalutin' words again. Britannica Online: The term universe is used to denote whatever body of people is being studied. I'm a stats guy; others might prefer to think of a set (mathematics).)
 * I'll return eventually to address issues more directly — feel free to note any other troublesome concepts. Weeb Dingle (talk) 03:16, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Again, the sources currently used for this topic in the article are fine for the most part. I explained above that these are the types of sources available for this topic. The vast majority are not sources I would classify as pop psychology. In fact, the "How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You" source seems to be the only pop psychology source in the article. When I sourced and cleaned up the article somewhat, I removed some poor sources. To repeat: "It's easy to see that when looking for sources on the topic of 'intimate relationships' (and its forms) and 'intimacy' on Google Books or Google Scholar, the sources are psychology books, sociology books, guide books (which may or may not be psychology or sociology books), sexuality books, and books we shouldn't even consider using for the topic. When it comes to the psychology books or similar, some are college-level sources, but such sources are acceptable for this topic." When I stated that, I should have also mentioned academic journals seen on Google Scholar. I'm not sure what other type of sources, what "higher quality" sources, you are expecting for this topic, but they are not there. With regard to "The article relies far too much on articles and books written and/or edited and/or co-written and/or co-edited by a lone individual.", if one looks around at our Wikipedia articles, most of the sources have one author. A source having one author is not a problem as long as, per WP:YESPOV, the author's statements are not presented as fact when they are opinion and the author is not given WP:Undue weight. If what the author is stating is that author's opinion, it should be presented as such via WP:In-text attribution. Looking at the literature on "intimate relationships" (and its forms) and "intimacy," I see that enough of what the sources in the article state is supported by other sources on the topic; so it's not the author's lone opinion. And some of the sources have more than one author and/or other contributor. I don't think that sourcing in the article is a big issue. Coverage is. There are some other things that should be covered in the article. And, of course, there are parts of the article that need tweaking and the primary studies material is something we should try to replace with more general information from the literature. So that means also getting rid of those primary sources. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 13:59, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

what the article is about
The beginning of the article concerns close interactions between human beings by which I assume the focus is those that are emotionally close — if, say, you are undergoing thoracic surgery, every person up to their elbows in your duodenum is definitely in intimate contact with you, even though you may never see their faces.

Let's set aside for the moment that close interactions between animals is given short shrift, even though most WP articles about human behaviors delight in comparing to the lessers (often to literally ridiculous extreme: Monogamy brings the parallels and precedents up repeatedly despite the existence of Monogamy in animals). And there certainly ought to be more space granted to close interaction &/or emotional attachment between human beings and animals.

However, as Intimate relationship progresses, it morphs ever more into the wonders of social research on human relationships. This is obvious hatracking (or, as it's called hereabouts, coatracking). As stated previously, this looks to me like
 * contributors simply pasting in whatever random bits they haven't forgotten from Sociology 1-02.

Irrelevant filler related only tenuously to the article's actual purpose, squirrelled in to pad the contributor's "cred."

Hence, changes. Weeb Dingle (talk) 22:01, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Preparatory to overhaul, I've blanked the three sections that are almost entirely about social research, NOT intimate relationships proper.

 * But there still remains much salted throughout, such as the fourth sentence in the body:
 * Dalton (1959) discussed how anthropologists and ethnographic researchers access "inside information" from within a particular cultural setting by establishing networks of intimates capable (and willing) to provide information unobtainable through formal channels.
 * Much remains to be done. Weeb Dingle (talk) 22:42, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

 * What???? I reverted you on this. Followup note here. You blocked out the "Empirical research" section, stating "rewrite so it's actually RELEVANT to article topic." Empirical research on the topic is relevant to the topic. If you think you can write it better, then do so. And with reliable sources. You hid the "Current studies" section stating, "Article is about human relationships, NOT the study of them." Again, what???? Exactly what topic on Wikipedia that is partly academic in nature does not have information about studies, current or otherwise, on the topic? WP:SCHOLARSHIP would not exist if it wasn't the case that we are going to report on studies. Research on a topic is going to concern studies. We are not going to create a Wikipedia article specifically about studies on a topic, unless it's specific to what aspect it concerns and it's the case that the topic should have its own article. For example, we have a Prevalence of teenage pregnancy article. You hid the History section, stating "first get a better title, else content would be 'the history of intimate relationships'; second, as article IS NOT about social research, place the RELEVANT bits properly in the article; third, remove section." Again, what???? We cover history material in the article on the topic, often with a section titled "History." This is easy to see from various articles on Wikipedia. Where else should the history material go in the article? Per WP:Spinout, WP:No page and WP:No split, we are not going to create a "History of" article unless necessary. It is not necessary in this case. And even in such cases, we still have a "History" section in the main article per WP:Summary style. And given that the topic of intimate relationships is a sociology topic in addition to being a psychology, sexology and anthropology topic, of course it's going to include social research; this goes back to what I stated about studies/academic research. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 21:36, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

 * And looking at something like this (which I will tweak per WP:Dated and WP:In-text attribution), you know that we include material on research in our articles. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 21:46, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

 * More tweaking to the Intimate relationship article by me is seen here. I will look to access the "Miller, Rowland & Perlman, Daniel (2008). Intimate Relationships (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill" source to get the exact page numbers. I will also look to add more sources to the "Other studies" section so that the section has more variety. As you know, it currently almost exclusively relies on the "Intimate Relationships (5th ed.)" source. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 22:07, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Apologies for repetitiveness, but the fact remains that the article IS NOT about social research. (If it were, the page title would be different.)
 * mentioning specific studies that have led to conclusions about (ahem) intimate relationships is obviously germane, and painting me as being somehow against that is not only irrelevant here but (to be polite) obviously unsupportable.
 * detail about vague groupings of study that might (or might not) at some point have something to do with intimate relationships is kinda pointless and will readily lead to trivia about such trivia as whether a given statistical method is generally acceptable, the sort of thing that bores even sociologists to tears.
 * raising issues about general techniques of social research and methods is in the wrong article entirely.
 * In short, loading this up with chaff is an activity that flies directly against W'pedia's supposed intent to inform a general audience. Weeb Dingle (talk) 17:44, 7 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't have anything else to state on this matter other than what I've stated above. I disagree with you and I've been clear why. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 19:58, 7 November 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:24, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Rogelio Guerra y Amadeé Chabot en Las sicodélicas (1968).jpg

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology 220A
— Assignment last updated by A.mollusk (talk) 22:46, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Hi everyone! Just wanted to write here that I plan to work on this article fairly extensively in the next few weeks. I hope to address some of the issues raised here and add more diverse and updated sources. Looking forward to feedback and improving this article! — Preceding unsigned comment added by A.mollusk (talk • contribs) 18:41, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi wikipedians! I've given this page quite the overhaul in terms of both structure and sources. I'd be very grateful for feedback and I hope to continue to improve this article based on any thoughts anyone has! A.mollusk (talk) 03:34, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your improvements! I think you've added a lot to the article. —Ganesha811 (talk) 00:28, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intimate relationship